SOLID WASTE HANDLING
IN METROPOLITAN AREAS
DEPARTMENT OF
HEALTH. EDUCATION. AND WELFARE
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE

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SOLID WASTE HANDLING
IN METROPOLITAN AREAS
Prepared for the
SURGEON GENERAL'S ADVISORY COMMITTEE
ON
URBAN HEALTH AFFAIRS
February 1964
Reprinted December 1966
Reprinted January 1968
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
Public Health Service
Bureau of Disease Prevention and Environmental Control
NATIONAL CENTER FOR URBAN AND INDUSTRIAL HEALTH
Solid Wastes Program
CINCINNATI

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
The Problem			3
Public Health Implications 	 .....	5
Economic Impact 	 ..... 		10
Legal Aspects			11
Effect of Community Differences
and Technological Advances .. 	 13
Lack of Public Concern ....................lU
Development of Standards 	 , 	 15
Research and Training 				.18
The Metropolitan-wide Approach			27
State and Local Action 	 .....29
Role of the Public Health Service 	 3^
Policy Questions			31
Bibliography			38

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.J
THE PROBLEM
By the year 2000, the population of the United States is expected to
double. Our cities and their surrounding urbanized areas are already
bearing the brunt of this explosive growth with its accompanying in-
crease in industrial activities. This grovth, coupled with the
increasing per capita rate of refuse production, results in an ever
increasing volume of solid wastes that must be regularly collected,
transported, and ultimately disposed of on suitable land. This long-
term trend is shown in the accompanying graphs.
Land required for waste disposal facilities is also in demand for many
other more attractive uses in every metropolitan complex. Therefore,
unless workable plans are made and implemented, metropolitan areas
will be forced to haul refuse long distances, thus placing an addi-
tional economic burden on this essential public service. To realisti-
cally meet even short-term needs, suitable areas must be reserved for
refuse disposal as a part of the over-all metropolitan area environ-
mental health plan.
A recent study has shown, for example, that most of the existing
refuse disposal capacity in Northeastern Illinois is at sites on the
periphery, too remote for efficient, economical use by areas of high
population density. A key finding in this study was that "A growing
menace to the beauty and healthfulness of the Chicago area will reach
crises proportions well before 1980, unless better methods are used
in disposing of a huge expected accumulation of garbage and other
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refuse." **/

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k
Refuse disposal facilities in urbanized areas must be operated
without creating public health hazards or nuisances in order to "be
acceptable to nearby residents. Too often, refuse disposal opera-
tions are open dumps—festering scars that disfigure the land-
scape* Flies, rats, and other disease-carrying pests find large
quantities of food, a favored breeding media, and suitable harbor-
age in the piles of exposed refuse. The polluted drainage from
open dumps is an additional insult to ground and surface water
supplies in the area. The characteristic foul odors, produced
by the decomposition of the refuse, together with the smoke
created by inefficient open burning, are often identifiable for
miles*
Unless an objectionable dump is nearby, the average citizen's
interest is limited to having his refuse collected regularly. This
lack of public concern is a real handicap to responsible local
officials in securing the necessary funds to operate adequate
refuse collection and disposal systems, usually preventing the
planning and construction of needed facilities in time to pre-
vent them from being overloaded. The technical problems involved
have appeared so deceptively simple compared to other environ-
mental problems that only a handful of communities have maintained
sufficient records to enable them to determine their unit costs
of providing this service or to make realistic plans for needed
facilities.

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TOTAL REFUSE PRODUCTION IN THE U.S.
350
300
250
200






I
t





260
*
i
t
i
/
~





¥
/
/
/




15(
/1
/





rH

















PO
0)
>-
8.
on
c
o
.1 150
100
50
0
1920
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
Year

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PER CAPITA REFUSE PRODUCTION
7.0
6.0
8. 4.0
CL
rg
CJ>
a>
2.0
1960
1970
1980
1950
1940
1930
1920
Year

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5
PUBLIC HEALTH IMPLICATIONS
The storage, collection, and disposal of solid -wastes have been
shown to have a variety of public health implications. Research
efforts by a variety of disciplines have demonstrated that in addi-
tion to the traditional sanitation aspects, air pollution, water
pollution, vector control, occupational health, accident preven-
tion, and fire prevention aspects of solid waste handling are fre-
quently important in metropolitan areas.
Serious air pollution problems are commonly caused by inadequate
refuse disposal facilities. Recent studies in New Orleans ^
revealed a definite relationship between the number of asthma
cases admitted to Charity Hospital Emergency Clinic and the presence
of a silica crystal associated with poor combustion products.
Large quantities of the substance were produced by subterranean
burning at an abandoned refuse dump. Although all possible sources
of this material were not examined, a correlation was shown between
the number of asthma admissions and the number of fire department
calls for dump fires during the same period.
Open dumps, where burning is used to reduce the volume of solid
wastes, often produce large quantities of smoke and odors. Im-
properly designed and operated municipal incinerators also con-
tribute significant quantities of objectionable air contaminants.
In addition, single chamber incinerators and backyard trash burners
that contribute additional air contaminants are used in most commun-
ities. Fortunately, both sanitary landfills and incinerators, when

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6
properly designed and operated, can dispose of municipal refuse
without creating air pollution problems.
The available information concerning the effects of refuse fills
on the quality of the adjacent ground water has been organized
and reviewed by a research contractor for the California State
3/
Water Pollution Control Board. Three basic mechanisms by which
refuse fills can pollute the ground vater were given. They are:
1.	Direct horizontal leaching of the refuse by ground
water,
2.	Vertical leaching by percolating water, and
3.	The transfer of gases produced during refuse decom-
position by diffusion and convection.
Further investigations were recommended on gas production and
movement, leaching rates, percolation, and methods of controlling
the movement of gas and water in landfills.
An earlier study, sponsored by the California State Water Pollu-
tion Control Board, —/ concluded that the movement of water through
incinerator ash dumps will leach soluble salts and alkalies from
the dump. An investigation at a sanitary landfill proved that
ground water in the immediate vicinity will become grossly polluted
by continuous or intermittent contact with deposited refuse .¦£/ it
was found that continuous leaching of an acre-foot of sanitary
landfill extracted a minimum of approximately 1.5 tons of sodium
plus potassium, 1.0 ton of calcium plus magnesium, 0.91 ton of
chloride, 0.23 ton of sulphate, and 3,9 tons of bicarbonate. This
amount of leaching would take place in less than one year, with
a much slower leaching rate occurring over subsequent years.

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Prom the fly production aspect alone, refuse handling deserves
careful consideraxion. The ability of flies to quickly find and
oviposit on any suitable material, including garbage, is veil
6/
known. Siverly and Schoof found that Phaenicia pallescens adults
displayed the ability to enter garbage containers through openings
as small as one-eighth of an inch in diameter.
In other studies, Siverly and School 1/ found that as many as 70,000
flies were produced per cubic foot of garbage that was exposed to
ovipositing flies.
When flies infest garbage, the larvae are usually concealed in the
garbage or in the lower part of the can so that ordinarily the
householder is unaware of their presence. Although many of these
larvae are carted away when the refuse is collected, studies have
shown that during warm weather large numbers of larvae migrate
from the cans before the refuse is collected and pupate in the
backyards. Campbell and Black, for example, found that an
average of 1,128 fly larvae per can, per week migrated from refuse
cans to pupate before the combined refuse was collected at
Concord, California. During the two years of study, a maximum
count of 23,208 larvae was obtained from one can in a single week.
The fly infested refuse that is ordinarily collected during warm
weather must be carefully handled to prevent fly production.
9/
A study —' conducted in California shows that there are four es-
sential factors to consider to prevent fly emergence from compacted
cover material at sanitary landfills:

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1.	Soil that can be compacted,
2.	Suitable equipment for compacting the soil,
3.	Adequate range of soil moisture, and
Ik Adequate thickness of cover.
Although no reasonable amount of uncompacted cover would prevent
emergence, since house flies emerged through five feet of uncom-
pacted cover, only a six inch layer of compacted cover vas suffi-
cient to prevent fly emergence.
The practice of feeding raw garbage to swine has both public health
and economic implications. Consumers of improperly cooked pork,
produced from swine fed raw garbage, are exposed to trichinosis, a
disease caused by a parasitic roundworm contained in the infected
pork. The fact that some ethnic groups in metropolitan areas eat
foods containing raw or partially cooked meats may account for the
continued high incidence of trichinosis in these areas. Swine
fed raw garbage are exposed to trichinosis as well as vesicular
exanthema, a disease that caused the slaughter of more than
400,000 swine during an outbreak in 1953 through 1955* Respite
State and Federal regulations and generally effective control meas-
ures that prohibit the feeding of raw garbage to swine, approxi-
mately lj-0,000 swine are still being fed raw garbage in the
United States annually.
Solid wastes handling presents a formidable problem from an occu-
pational health point of view, in a detailed study of the New
York City Department of Sanitation, Sliepcevich ii/ found that

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sanitation workers have an extremely high injury frequency rate
—69.2 average injuries per million man-hours worked for
New York City sanitation men as opposed to 12.1 for manufacturing
employees'^/Arthritis, cardiovascular disease, muscle and tendon
diseases (particularly muscle ailments affecting the back), skin
disease, and hernia could all he classified as occupational diseases
of refuse collectors. The following table contains figures for
the number of injuries per million man-hours worked for various
occupations.
12/
Occupation
No. of Injuries
Wholesale & retail trade
Local fire protection
12.6
28.6
Police
Contract construction
Lumber & wood products
(not including furniture)
32.4
3^.5
U0.5

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ECONOMIC IMPACT
The storage, collection, and disposal of solid wastes is one of the
major economic problems of urban areas. As the American Public
Works Association recently pointed out:
"The annual outlay for refuse collection and disposal services
—over $1.5 billion--is exceeded only by expenditures for
schools and roads."
In addition to the expenditures by local governmental agencies, the
editors of Refuse Removal Journal ±y have estimated that the annual
expenditures of the private sanitation industry are over $1.3 billion.
Prom the standpoint of the average person, these costs can no
longer be considered minor. For example, the Washington Suburban
Sanitary District charges the average homeowner $40.20 per year for
water and sewer charges, and $30 per year for refuse service. Thus,
the refuse service charge amounts to *t-3 percent of the total charge
of $70.20.
Field studies have shown that at least 85 percent of the total cost
of providing refuse service is spent on collection. Since labor
charges account for the major cost in the collect on operation, the
development of new and more efficient methods for planning and
operating refuse collection systems would suggest a most productive
area for research investigation*

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11
LEGAL ASPECTS
Although municipalities generally have ample legal authority to
regulate solid waste handling within their corporate limits, few
States have enacted laws which enable local governmental units in
metropolitan areas to deal effectively with solid wastes. While
municipalities can exercise the power of eminent domain within their
corporate limits, the land available for refuse disposal is fre-
quently insufficient to meet their needs. Even when a city finds
land to purchase in a neighboring community or an unincorporated
area, political boundaries are formidable obstacles which may pre-
vent the site from being used for refuse disposal facilities.
Few State laws provide any protection for city residents from the
effects of nuisances that are maintained in neighboring communities.
Illinois is one exception. The Criminal Code of Illinois authorizes
municipalities to prohibit any offensive or unwholesome business
or establistment located within one mile of their corporate limits
(Illinois Revised Statutes (1961) ch. 2k, Sect. 11-^2-9, ch. 100-1/2,
Sect. 27). In the recent case of the City of Chicago v. Fritz,
1814- N»E. 2d. 713 (1962), the City sought to enjoin Fritz from
operating a dump within one mile of the corporate limits of Chicago.
The dump, where garbage was burned, was found to be both a statutory
public nuisance violation of the Criminal Code and a common law
public nuisance. Therefore, the operation was abated by court
injunction.
State legal authority to provide refuse services on an area-wide
basis is urgently needed in metropolitan areas. A few cities are

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12
currently sharing disposal facilities on a fee or prorated cost
basis, and some counties have county-vide refuse disposed, systems,
but State statutes often do not provide the legal authority for
establishing and financing refuse disposal services on an area-wide
basis* Although communities naturally wish to retain their rights
of home rule, and therefore are often reluctant to give up their
jurisdiction over such matters, scarcity of disposal sites and the
economic advantages of using area-wide refuse disposal systems are
forcing more metropolitan areas to consider this approach.

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EFFECT OF COMMUNITY DIFFERENCES
AND TECHNOLO G I CAL ADVANCES
The composition and quantity of solid wastes are affected "by the
type of area served, the economic level of the area, the type and
frequency of collection, and the types of industry served.
Industrial and technological changes are resulting in the produc-
tion of ever increasing quantities of refuse. Hospitals, for exam-
ple, are making more use of inexpensive equipment which, can be dis-
carded, instead of sterilized for reuse. Over 170 disposable items
are available, ranging from paper blankets and latex surgeon's
gloves to plastic cutlery and cardboard bedpans.
Some technological developments have changed the place where solid
wastes are produced rather than introducing new kinds of wastes.
Consumer prepackaging of vegetables, for example, produces size-
able quantities of trimmings and culls at the packing plant, but
has virtually eliminated waste production in marketing some foods.

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Ik
LACK OF PUBLIC CONCERN
The "garbage man" going about hia dirty, noisy work is a frequent
and familiar sight in any neighborhood. He is generally conceded
to have the most demeaning job, that requires no skill, and so is
poorly paid. It is no wonder that the average citizen does not give
a second thought to his refuse collection service unless a failure
occurs or his rates are increased.
Actually^ however, constantly increasing labor costs have triggered
the use of complex and costly equipment to speed the job of refuse
collection. This use of specialized equipment generally is forcing
a more careful evaluation of the amount of work performed and
usually results in higher wages. Refuse collection is hard physical
work that is particularly hazardous, but usually unappreciated by
the public. Aside from perfunctory coverage of the annual "clean-
up" campaign, mass media find little that is newsworthy in any
community's refuse collection service.
Lack of public concern is too frequently translated into public
apathy when city officials attempt to secure support for the expendi-
tures necessary to provide adequate refuse collection and disposal
systems.

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15
PEVE&QFMZNT OF STANDARDS
Comprehensive survey procedures, together with applicable standards
and criteria for the handling of solid wastes, are sorely needed.
Although there are wide variations in the refuse handling procedure a
used throughout the country, there is ample justification for estab-
lishing minimum standards and criteria. These functional areas
include storage; collection; and disposal, including incineration,
sanitary landfilling, and composting.
Research has played em important role in the development of Banitary
and efficient handling procedures. For example, the practicality of
using the sanitary landfill method of disposal in cold climates vas
developed and demonstrated in a study conducted at Mandan, North
16/
Dakota. — This experimental operation helped to develop procedures
for operating sanitary landfills under severe winter conditions, and
provided new information on operating procedures that were succes-
ful under these conditions.
Recommended Standards For Sanitary Landfill Operations,
11/
together
with a rating system, were developed "by the Public Health Service
as an aid to "both public works and public health officials who
share responsibility for providing and maintaining adequate refuse
disposal operations. A draft copy of these standards has been
distributed for thorough review by State and local officials. It
is hoped that the use of such standards will facilitate the exchange
of technical information and provide the basis for further improve-
ments in operating practice.

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The orderly development of incinerator design practices and opera-
tional procedures is handicapped by the lack of generally accept-
able standards, particularly those oriented toward the reduction
of air pollution. Several research studies have "been made on the
effect of incinerator design and operation on stack discharges.
Steriberg, et al», in a study of the effect of fuel moisture,
combustion air, and rate of burning on pollutant emissions from
central incinerators, found that the amount and distribution of
combustion air had the greatest effect on particle emissions. In
another study, Stenberg, et al., i^/pointed out the difficulties
involved in burning highly volatile solid, waste materials without
contributing appreciably to atmospheric pollution.
The Process Industries Division of the American Society of Mechani-
cal Engineers has established an Incinerator Committee to bring
together as many diversified interests in one group as possible.
Committee members represent many phases of the incineration indus-
try—equipment manufactures, consulting engineers, and operational
people. The Committee is studying many aspects of incineration
including air pollution, design, instrumentation, materials
handling, operations, refractories, and research.
The wide-spread use of flue-fed, apartment house incinerators and
other on-site incinerators, to reduce refuse volumes before
collection, creates serious air pollution problems in many metro-
politan areas. In an effort to find economical and practical
solutions to these problems, the Building Research Advisory Board
recently has formed a special committee to evaluate the available
information.

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Several methods to improve present flue-fed incinerator designs
have "been suggested. MacKnight, et al., recommended converting
the single chamber design into multiple chambers and adding a
storage lain or installing an afterburner and a draft control damper.
21/
Kaiser, et al., —'recommended charging only during noriburning
periods, using auxiliary gas burners, controlling combustion air,
scrubbing the flue gas, or combinations of these methods.
Sterling evaluated 35 different models of incinerators in con-
Junction vith Detroit's regulations on domestic incinerators. The
results showed that multiple chamber incinerators with gas burners
produced less smoke, odor, and fly aBh than did single chamber
units. Several modifications in design were recommended for further
investigation.
The development of workable standards for solid wastes handling
requires the combined efforts of many interested groups. Competency
in various aspects of solid wastes technology can be drawn from
many sources, including researchers, professional societies and
organizations, and Federal, State, and local health authorities.

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RESEARCH AND TRAINING
The Public Health Service has awarded research grants, some of
which have been completed, for a variety of projects in the field
of solid wastes. The title of the project, the name of the
principal investigator, the institution, and a brief description
of the scope of the work involved in these projects are listed
below.
SUCCESSION AND ECOLOGY OF DIPTERA IN CATTLE DROPPINGS
Mr. John R. Anderson
Assistant Professor of Parasitology
Department of Entomology and Parasitology
University of California
Berkeley California
Grant No. EF-00515-01
Scope of Work: To ascertain the factors which determine the
chronological appearance of different fly species on and in cattle
droppings of various ages. Studies will be conducted under both
undisturbed field and experimental conditions to determine the
effects of the succession of spec es jn the population dynamics
of the various species comprising the cattle dropping community.
INTEGRATED CONTROL OF THE HOUSEFLY
Mr. R. C. Axtell
North Carolina State College
Raleigh, North Carolina
Grant No. EF—00^5^-01
Scope of Vork: To determine the effects of insecticides on manure-
inhabiting mites and the factors affecting the behavior of macro-
chelidae. The effects of various fly control techniques on the
mites will also be investigated

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SANITARY ASPECTS OF COMPOSTED SEWAGE SLUDGE
Mr. Anton H. Berkman
Professor of Biological Sciences
Texas Western College of the University of Texas
El Paso, Texas
Grant No. RG-5510
Scope of Work: To determine whether or not pathogenic, enteric,
waterbo'rne organisms can survive the temperatures generated in
composting processes. Survival time of pathogenic "bacteria vill
be determined by inoculation on laboratory scale composting pile
vith species from the American Culture Collection and local
isolated species.
Isolation and identification of protozans, helminth ova and cysts,
will be done by;
1.	Screening and washing,
2.	Sedimentation,
3.	Centrifugation,
4.	Flotation, and
5.	Microscopic examination.
Viability of these pathogenic forms will be determined by feeding
white rata and by inoculation of culture media, with life cycles
to be completed when necessary.
GARBAGE AM) WASTES FOR MUSHROOM PRODUCTION
Dr. Seymour S. Block
Assoc. Research Professor
Department of Chemical Engineering
University of Florida
Gainesville, Florida
Grant No. EF-085-04
Scope of Work: The investigators will attempt to prepare composts
from municipal and industrial wastes that are capable of yielding

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mushrooms for human consumption, protein and vitamin-ricb fungus
mycelium for animal feed, and humus fertilizer for plant growth.
Work to date on this project has demonstrated that when properly
"blended, fortified and composted, these materials will support
mushroom growth and produce, in good yield, mushrooms for food,.
Analysis of the spent residue, which is largely made up of mush-
room mycelium, shows it to contain over 15 percent nitrogen,
which will be evaluated as an animal feed. If found nutritious
and palatable, large quantities of wastes can "be composted and
inoculated with different fungi for protein feed production. The
composted wastes will also "be tested for their suitability as a
humus-type fertilizer to supply structure, drainage, moisture
holding and base exchange properties to soils.
THE PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF MUNICIPAL REFUSE
Mr. Don E. Bloodgood
Professor of Sanitary Engineering
Purdue University
Lafayette, Indiana
Grant No. EF-146-05
Scope of Work: Development of methods of sampling and analyzing
municipal refuse. The investigators will obtain analytical
information regarding the physical and chemical composition of
refuse, and secure accurate data on the total amount of refuse
produced.

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BACTERIAL CONTAMINATION FROM HOSPITAL SOLID WASTES
Mr. Richard G. Bond, Professor
School of Public Health
University of Minnesota
Minneapolis lU, Minnesota
Grant No. EF-007-03
Scope of Work: Study of the sanitary hazards involved in solid
waste handling and associated housekeeping procedures in a repre-
sentative cross section of hospital institutions. Waste handling
and resulting "bacteriological contamination will "be investigated
at production areas, storage and utility areas, and at the location
of ultimate disposal. In addition to such solid wastes as waste-
basket trash; disposable medical and surgical supplies; and con-
taminated instruments, laundry, and materials destined to be
reused; other hospital solid wastes will also be studied. The
techniques associated with waste handling will be duplicated in
a chamber where the microbiological environment can be controlled,
and the quantitative and qualitative bacteriology associated with
the method of solid waste handling can be assessed.
SANITARY LANDFILL INVESTIGATION
Mr. Jerry C. Burchinal, Assoc. Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
West Virginia University
Morgantown, West Virginia
Grant No. EF-O^O-Ol
Scope of Work: Bacteriological study of a sanitary landfill.
The investigators will attempt to identify the groups and numbers
of microorganisms which are active in aerobic and in anaerobic
refuse decomposition, to determine the rate of change in the
environment of buried refuse from aerobic to anaerobic conditions,
and the effect of high temperatures on Escherichia coll and

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Aerobacter aerogenes and whether nitrogen, potassium, or phos-
phorus is a limiting factor. They will make "both chemical and
bacteriological analyses of the landfill seepage, and its effect
on streams and vails in the vicinity of the landfill.
MATHEMATICAL SIMULATION OP REFUSE COLLECTION AND DISPOSAL SYSTEhE
Dr. Abraham Cher ens
Professor of Applied Mathematics and Economics
Northwestern University
Evanston, Illinois
Grant No. EP-355-01
Scope of Work: Development of a mathematical model to simulate
the refuse collection and disposal problem. The mathematical model
will give an optimum solution to the problem based upon considera-
tions of direct cost factors and pollutional levels to be expected
from the operation of the disposal process involved (i.e., expected
contribution to air pollution from incineration of refuse); the
model will describe the influence of each significant variable
upon the optimum solution; and the model will delineate the per-
formance standards which any new procedure or process must meet in
order to be competitive with existing methods.
SANITARY ENGINEERING APPLIED TO LIVESTOCK MANURES
Dr. Samuel A. Hart, Assoc. Professor
Department of Agricultural Engineering
University of California
Davis, California
Grant No. EF-265-01
Scope of Work: Development of sanitary and effective methods of
rqgmflgHng the manure produced on concentrated livestock farms, such
as dairies, beef feedlots, and poultry farms. The investigator
will attempt to develop methods and machinery to collect the
manure from where it is defecated by the animals. Laboratory and

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pilot plant operations of various processing and stabilization
techniques—such as digestion, algae ponds, activated sludge com-
posting, and drying—will "be conducted to develop methods that are
successful and feasible at the farm level. Pinal disposal tech-
niques and outlets vill he developed and evaluated. The most prob-
able disposal will be on the agricultural land, where it must com-
pete with inorganic fertilizers. Attention will be paid to getting
manure into a better competitive position.
HANDLING, TREATMENT, AMD DISPOSAL OF ANIMAL WASTES
Messrs. G. E. Hazen and E. R. Baumann
Iowa State University
Ames, Iowa
Grant No. EF-OO^lO-Ol
Scope of Work: To determine the physical, chemical, and bacterio-
logical characteristics of animal manure and to devise and test
economically feasible methods of rendering the manure safe from
the standpoint of public and animal health protection. Anaerobic
digestion, incineration, and stabilization ponds will be among
the methods Investigated*
INCINERATION OF AUTOMOBILE BODIES AND BULKY WASTE MATERIALS
Mr. Elmer R. Kaiser
Senior Research Scientist
College of Engineering
New York University
New York, New York
Grant No. RG-676O
Scope of Work: The investigation of present methods and facilities
used by cities to incinerate bulky waste materials* Development
of design parameters for incinerators capable of consuming bulky
wastes not normally handled in conventional municipal incinerators

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2b
was also carried out. This work has been completed and the results
published.
FYROLYSIS OF MUNICIPAL REFUSE
Mr. Elmer R. Kaiser
Senior Research Scientist
College of Engineering
New York University
New York, New York
Grant No. EF-00530-01
Scope of Work: To determine the nature and quantity of the vola-
tile matter from the pyrolysis of refuse constituents, such as
paper, wood, fats, oils, waxes, garbage, sewage sludge, etc. From
the data it will be possible to calculate the possibilities for
gasifying refuse to produce hot, raw combustible gas for boiler
firing. The fundamental nature of the data will permit other uses
related to refuse burning, such as calculation of combustion air
requirements for incineration.
FACTORS CONTROLLING UTILIZATION OF SANITARY LANDFILL SITE
Mr. Robert C. Merz
Professor of Civil Engineering
University of Southern California
Los Angeles 7, California
Grant No. EF-l60-03
Scope of Work: To study the effects of physical and chemical
phenomena on the rate of decomposition of organic matter in a
sanitary landfill. The investigators will include practical field
tests at a large disposal operation in the vicinity of Los Angeles.
The field tests will consider the influence of moisture, soil
admixture, depth of fill, type of soil, aeration, and temperature.
2k/
Preliminary results of this work have been published. —'

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AEROBIC DECOMPOSITION OF ORGANIC WASTE MATERIALS
Dr. Karl L. Schulze
Associate Professor of Civil Engineering
Michigan State University
East Lansing, Michigan
Grant No. RG-4180
Scope of Work: To investigate the process of aerobic decomposi-
tion of organic waste materials, including a study of:
1.	The effect of moisture, temperature, and air supply
upon the end product; and
2.	The utilization rates and breakdown of solid protein
material under aerobic conditions.
Thermoelements and solenoid valves will be used to control the
temperature by controlling the air supply for the first study.
Casin will be absorbed on vermiculite and placed Under aerobic
conditions at optimum temperature and moisture. Paper chroma-
tography will then be used to study the breakdown products ob-
tained in the second study. Results of some of this work have
been published.
The Public Health Service has conducted research on a number of
solid waste handling methods. Examples of such research are:
the practicality of using the sanitary landfill method of dis-
16/
posal in cold climates,—' the effects of community-wide instal-
lation of household garbage grinders on environmental sanitation,
the effects of food waste grinders on septic tank systems, ^ tto
effect of improving refuse handling facilities on community fly
populations, ^^the field study of small-scale windrow and bin
composting operations, ^2/ and laboratory studies of aerobic
thermophilic decomposition including the effect of heating and
cooling on the composting process. ^

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26
Research efforts were recently reviewed by the American Public
31/
Works Association in their report, Solid Wastes Research Needs.—
This study indicated that a comprehensive research program is defi-
nitely needed in the solid wastes field. It suggests many worthy
projects and points out that "the annual expenditures in this
field—using industry standards as a guide—Justify the annual
investment of at least $7*5 million in research." It also indicates
that the Federal Government has already set a precedent of finan-
cing research on liquid and gaseous wastes and that it should
logically support a broad, well-conceived research program in the
solid wastes field.
Since only introductory courses on solid wastes engineering are
offered by a few colleges and universities, even professionally
trained public works officials receive little formal training in
this field. Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute has applied for a
Public Health Service research training grant to prepare a graduate
training program. Although this application was approved, unfortu-
nately, it could not be funded.

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27
THE METROPOLITAN-WIDE APPROACH
The question which so frequently confronts communities that are con-
sidering metropolitan-vide refuse services is, "What level of the
local government should provide refuse collection and disposal serv-
ices?" One of the "biggest obstacles to organizing efficient refuse
collection and disposal systems in metropolitan areas is the multitude
of local governmental units. In Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, for
example, there are 129 local political subdivisions.	These local
political subdivisions may be separated by natural boundaries, such
as rivers or mountains, or by the political boundaries of satellite
communities that surround a central city. The provision of economical
refuse service under such conditions is complicated and may be further
hampered by State or international boundaries.
Traditionally, ama].1 and large cities have provided their own "total"
service. During the last few years, however, there is a trend in
metropolitan areas toward each conrunity continuing to provide col-
lection service, with disposal service provided on an area-wide basis#
The increasing population and higher population density has resulted
in a shortage of land for disposal sites, an Increase in the quant i»-
ties of refuse that must be collected, and longer hauling distances
to disposal sites that may even be located beyond the limits of the
urbanized area.
Area-wide refuse disposal service is being provided in a few metro-
politan areas by special purpose districts, by counties, or by cooper-
ative agreements between cities and other local political subdivi-
sions. Unfortunately, many States do not have enabling legislation,

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28
which permits special purpose districts to be formed or counties
to provide these services, with the result that investments are
needlessly duplicated and some areas are not provided adequate serv-
ice. The scarcity of disposal sites and the economic advantages
gained by using transfer stations with fewer and larger scale dis-
posal facilities are forcing more metropolitan areas to consider the
establishment of some type of metropolitan-wide refuse disposal serv-
33/
ice. In a recent Refuse Study, —^ conducted for the Connecticut
Capitol Region, for example, it was pointed out that a regional
operation could lead to "more suitable, efficient, and economical
disposal practices." It was estimated that savings of up to 15 per-
cent would be possible with region-wide disposal service.
This fragmentation of responsibility for providing refuse collection
and disposal services and other functions of local governments was
recognized as a problem worthy of study by the Advisory Commission
on Intergovernmental Relations. Hopefully, new methods of organ-
izing such essential services can be devised.

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STATE AND LOCAL ACTION
29
State leadership is essential to successfully attack solid waste
problems in metropolitan areas. Two recent studies have concluded
that State legislation must compliment local governmental action
in order to make it possible to provide adequate refuse disposed
the Northeastern Illinois and the Hartford, Connecticut, metropoli-
tan areas. Both reports point out the need for area-vide refuse
disposal agencies. Unfortunately, few States have delegated the
authority necessary to establish area-wide refuse collection and/or
disposal systems. The Census of Governments: 1962,for example,
reports that only nine States--California, Connecticut, Kentucky,
Michigan, New Jersey, Ohio, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Washing-
ton—have provisions for the formation of districts or authorities
to organize and operate such area-wide systems.
In September, 19^3, a questionnaire concerning the status of State
health department solid wastes programs, was sent to the States
via the Public Health Service Regional Offices. The four questions
asked and the answers received are tabulated below. For the
individual State tabulations, see page 31*
1 33/
services for metropolitan areas. These studies ? • '
were made in
No. 0/0
l) Does the Sta-fce agency consider
that it has a responsibility
in the solid waste field?
Unqualified yes
Little
No
43 86
^ 8
3 6
2) Is the State responsibility Unqualified yes
covered by specific legisla- Qualified yes
tive authority? If so, please	No
furnish copies of applicable
statutes.
25 50
7 Ik
18 36

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30


No.
212
Is there a specific State
Unqualified yes
16
32
program directed at this
Partial program
3
6
proTHam?
Program being developed
2
4

No
29
58
How much professional time
Equal to or less than 0.25
10
20
does the State agency
Equal to or less than 0.5
22
44
devote to this activity?
Less than 1
26
52
(Number of man years).
1
7
14

Greater than 1
7
14

Unknown
10
20
In many cases the State4s legislative authority is not clearly
defined or lacks adequate power. The authority for some States in
the "qualified yes" group is "based on general health or nuisance laws
or for the control of dumping refuse on public and private property
without permission. This last group could be considered anti-litter
laws. Only a few of the States have specific legislation giving
authority to the State health department for the control of the
storage, collection, and disposal of solid wastes.
The amount of time spent by the State health departments indicates
the inadequate amount of work being devoted to solid wastes. Fifty-
two percent of the departments spend less than one man-year per
year and forty-four percent less than one-half man-year, whereas
Mew York devotes fifteen to twenty man-years per year.
This survey indicates that most State health departments have a
lack of clearly defined responsibility and adequate programs
directed at solid wastes problems which are currently facing in-
corporated and unincorporated communities.

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31
Region
State
i Responsi-
• bility
Legislative
Authority
(State Programs • Man Years
I Connecticut
Yes
Yes
Yes |
Unknown
Maine !
No
No !
No j
Less than 1
Massachusetts |
Yes
Yes :
Partial j
2
New Hampshire j
Yes
Yes !
No !
0.25
Rhode Island
No
No j
No j
1/12
Vermont j
No
NO !
• i
No |
Unknown
11 Delaware ;
Yes
Yes iBeing developed Less than 1
fJev-Jersey j
Yes
Yes |
Yes
1.5
< .New' York ;
Yes
Yes 1
Yes
15-20
• Pennsylvania
Yes
Qualified yes J
Yes !
7
III Kentucky
Yes
j
Yes 1
Yes !
0.5
Maryland !
Yes
Yes Being developed'
0.75
North Carolina!
Yes
No ;
Yes
0.5
Virginia
Yes
No I
Yes
1.75
West Virginia i
Yes
Yes i
No
0.5
TV Alabama ]
Yes
No
No
1/12
Florida I
Yes
No
NO
1/12
Georgia
Yes
No j
No
1/12
Mississippi '
Yes
No j
No
1/12
South Carolina 1
Yes
NO
No
1/12
Tennessee 1
Yes
No i
NO
f
1/12
V Illinois
Yes
Qualified yes•
NO
1
Indiana t
Yes j Qualified yes 1
Yes
0.5
Michigan '
Yes
Yes |
Partial
0.33
Ohio j
Yes
No
NO
0.5
Wisconsin j
Yes
Yes
NO
0.7
VI Iovra, |
Yes
Yes
NO
Unknown
Kansas 1
Yes
No
No
Unknown
Minnesota
Little
No
No
Unknown
Missouri I
Yes
Qualified yes
Yes
Unknown
Nebraska
Yes
Yes
Yes
Unknown
North Dakota
Yes
Yes
Yes
Unknown
South Dakota
Yes
No
No
Unknown
VII Arkansas
Yes
Yes
No
0.1
Louisiana
Yes
Yes
No
1.0
Kew Mexico
Yes
Qualified yes
No
0.5
Oklahoma
Yes
Qualified yes
No
1.0
Texas
Yes
Yes
No
1.0
VIII Colorado
Little |
No
No
0.5
Idaho
Yes i
Yes
No
1.0
Montana
Little 1
No
No
0.02
Utah
Yes
Yes
No
0.25
Wyoming
Little
No
No
0.04
IX Alaska
Yes |
Yes
Partial
Unknown
Arizona
Yes 1
Yes
Yes
1
California
Yes |
Yes
Yes
k
Hawaii
Yes 1
Yes
Yes
1
Nevada
Yes j
Qualified yes
No
0.5
Oregon
Yes !
Yes
Yes
2
Washington
i Yes •
Yes
Yes
i 0.5

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32
Several States have, however, made important contributions toward
the solution of solid waste problems. New York and New Jersey, for
example, have recently revised their State sanitary codes to con-
trol the use of open dumps for refuse disposal. Extensive studies
of ground water pollution by refuse fills have been sponsored by
the State of California.
Local governmental officials have used a variety of legal provi-
sions and technical approaches to solve solid waste problems in
some metropolitan areas. The Los Angeles County Sanitation Dis-
36/
tricts, for example, made a detailed study and report, —' which
led to the establishment of a system of transfer stations and
sanitary landfills, which now serve more than fifty cities and a
large unincorporated area in the county. In neighboring Orange
County, the Highway Department prepared a Master Plan of Refuse
Disposal, ^ which anticipated the county's disposal needs up to
the year 2000. The county-wide system of transfer stations and
sanitary landfills was subsequently established with the support
of all the cities and other local governmental units.
38/
A recent survey by the Housing and Home Finance Agency — reports
that twenty-four planning agencies have completed seventeen solid
waste disposal studies, fourteen others are underway, and six
more are anticipated. The planning agencies doing these studies
are evenly divided between three types--multi-jurisdictional,
city-county, and county.

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33
Comprehensive planning is an essential step in the design of effi-
cient area-vide refuse collection and disposal services. Local
conditions must be evaluated, the possible solutions investigated,
and the best methods of providing service determined. Such engi-
neering studies can be made by either local public works agencies
or consulting engineering firms.

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34
R 0 L E OP THE PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
Under provision of the Public Health Service Act of 19^4, the
Public Health Service supplies technical assistance, guidance, and
consultation to State and local governmental agencies, individuals,
and professional organizations concerned with solid waste handling.
This work is performed by three full-time professional staff person-
nel in Headquarters and two full-time and one half-time regional
consultants. In addition, the Public Health Service awards research
grants for the investigation of various aspects of solid waste
handling methods, as shown by the projects that are described in
detail in the preceding section on Besearch and Training.
The Environmental Sciences and Engineering Study Section, one of the
Advisory Committees on research matters to the Public Health Service,
proposed a national conference to stimulate research on solid wastes
storage, collection, and disposal. The conference was supported
by a Public Health Service grant (EF-005^9-01) and conducted in
cooperation with the American Public Works Association and the
Division of Environmental Engineering and Food Protection of the
Public Health Service. It was held at the University of Chicago
Center for Continuing Education on Deceniber 2-4, 1963. Over 200
university, public works, public health, and industry officials,
as "well as representatives of two European countries, participated
in the conference.
The Public Health Service, in cooperation with the Tennessee Valley
Authority, is planning to assist in the design and operation of a
full-scale composting plant and study the public health aspects

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35
of the operation. In addition, the Tennessee Valley Authority plans
to study the marketability and fertilizer value of the finished
compost. Preliminary efforts are underway to locate the plant in
a city within the area served by the Tennessee Valley Authority.
Many communities are interested in this process and are looking
increasingly to the Public Health Service for recommendations con-
cerning the applicability of this refuse disposal method.
The Public Health Service is cooperating with a variety of public
and private organizations to improve solid wastes handling. Assist-
ance, for example, was provided to the American Public Works Associ-
ation in the preparation of Municipal Refuse Disposal 39/ and
Refuse Collection Practice,^/which are manuals presently serving
both health and public works officials as major guidelines for
designing and evaluating refuse collection and disposal systems.
In addition, the American Public "Works Association is conducting or
has conducted several other studies, Including: an inventory of cur-
rent Bolid waste handling practices, the use of paper bags for refuse
storage and collection, ifl/ and a delineation of solid waste research
31/
needs. ^ Many other organizations are interested in various
aspects of solid waste handling, They include: the American
Public Health Association, the American Society of Civil Engineers,
The Conference of State Sanitary Engineers, the Building Research
Advisory Board, the American Society of Agricultural Engineers,
and Keep America Beautiful, Inc.
Even a casual perusal of the technical literature indicates that all
aspects of solid waste handling technology have received increased

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36
attention during recent years. This growing interest becomes clear-
ly evident "by comparing the number of items listed in the series of
annotated bibliographies on refuse collection and disposal that
have been prepared by the staff of the Division of Environmental
42/
Engineering and Food Protection. The 1958 - 1959 bibliography,—'
for example, lists 358 items while the i960 - 1961 bibliography
lists 627 items.
In order to realistically meet the present and foreseeable needs
in the solid waste field all levels of government—local, State,
and Federal—will have to devote more attention to this subject.
The role of the Public Health Service would be to:
1.	Increase research and development work in both extra-
mural and intramural programs. Legislation and
additional funds would be needed to establish a larger
research grants program.
2.	Increase technical assistance, basic data collection,
and dissemination of technical information to States
and local governmental agencies. Additional funds
would be required to place solid waste consultants
in each of the nine regional offices.

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37
POLICY QUESTIO N—S OLID WASTE PROBLEM
1.	In some metropolitan axeas the responsible agency collects only
the garbage and the householder is responsible for arranging
for collection and disposal of all other refuse. Therefore,
should local government agencies be urged to assume responsibil-
ity for the collection and disposal of all household refuse?
2.	What should be the role of local agencies with regard to the
collection and disposal of commercial and industrial wastes?
3.	What should be the role of the States with respect to local
solid waste collection and disposal?
a)	Should States authorize their local units to jointly and
cooperatively provide refuse service?
b)	Should they authorize transfer of solid waste functions
from municipalities to the county agencies?
c)	Should they provide more technical assistance to local
agencies on solid wastes than they currently do?
d)	Are current State regulations on solid wastes adequate?
i+. What should be the role of the local health agency (county,
municipal, etc., to other local agencies (e. g., public works)
in connection with solid wastes?
5* Should solid wastes functions be urged upon the smallest possible
local, jurisdiction that can be persu'ded to accept the responsi-
bility—or should it be urged upon tne largest jurisdiction that
can efficiently perform the service?
6.	Are waste disposal site decisions sufficiently coordinated with
land use plans and should metropolitan regional planning agencies
be required to Include planning for location and acquisition of
land for future disposal sites for all parts of the metropoli-
tan area?
7.	Should private solid waste operations be considered as similar
to utilities—with regard to monopoly, public service, health
and welfare, State-wide licensing, etc.?
8.	Should Federal grants be made to encourage regional or area-
wide solid waste handling operations?
9* Is it feasible to develop multi-purpose districts to encompass
several Jurisdictions and services?
10.
What should be the role of the Public Health Service in im-
proving solid waste operation*?

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38
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1.	Sheaffer, 'John R.j von Boehm, Berndt; and Hackett, James E.
Refuse Disposal Needs and Practices in Northeastern Illinois.
Technical Report No. 3» Chicago: Northeastern Illinois
Metropolitan Area Planning Commission; 72 pp. June 19&3.
2.	Lewis, Robert; Gilkeson, Murray M.; and McCaldin, Roy D.
Air Pollution and New Orleans Asthma, Public Health Reports
77:11:947, November 1962.
3.	California State Water Pollution Control Board. Effects of
Refuse Dumps on Ground Water Quality. SWPCB Pub. No. 2k,
Sacramento: California State Printing Office; 107 pp. 196l.
k, ibid. Report on the Investigation of Leaching of Ash Dumps.
SWPCB Pub. No. 2. Sacramento: State Water Pollution Con-
trol Board; 100 pp. 1952.
5,	ibid. Report on the Investigation of Leaching of a Sanitary
Landfill. SWPCB Pub, No. 10. Sacramento: State Water
Pollution Control Board; 92 pp. 195^.
6,	Siverly, R. E.j and Schoof, H» F. Utilization of various
production media by muscoid flies in a metropolitan area,
I. Adapability of different flies for infestation of preva-
lent media. Annals Entomological Society of America
48:k:258, July 1955.
7,	ibid. Utilization of various production media by muscoid
flies in a metropolitan area, II. Seasonal influence on
degree and extent of fly production. Annals Entomological
Society of America ^3:5:320, September 1955*
8,	Campbell, Ernest; and Black, Ralph J. The problem of migra-
tion of mature fly larvae from refuse containers and its
implication on the frequency of refuse collection. California
Vector Views 7:2:9* February i960.
9,	Black, Ralph J.; and Barnes, A. M. Effect of earth cover on
fly emergence from sanitary landfills. Public Works
89:2:91, February 1958.
10.	U, S. Department of Agriculture, National Status on Control
of Garbage Feeding. Mimeo. Janaury 1962 - June 1963.
11.	Sliepcevich, Elna M. Effect of work conditions upon the
health of the uniformed sanitationmen of New York City.
Doctoral Dissertation, 253 PP» June 1955. Springfield Col-
lege, Springfield, Massachusetts,

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39
12.	U. S. Bureau of the Census. Statistical Abstract of the
United States, 19&L. 82nd Edition. Washington: U. S.
Government Printing Office; 1961.
13.	Bugher, Robert D. Progress begins with research. The APWA
Reporter 29:4:1, April 1962.
14.	Anonymous. Figure in APWA release gives wrong impression.
Refuse Removal Journal 5:10:6, October 1962.
15.	University of California, Sanitary Engineering Research
Project. An Analysis of Refuse Collection and Sanitary
Landfill Disposal. Technical Bulletin No. 6, Series 37 •
Berkeley: U. C. Press; 134 pp. 1952.
16.	Weaver, Leo; and Keagy, Donald M. The Sanitary Landfill Method
of Refuse Disposal In Northern States. Public Health Service
Publication No. 225. Washington: u7 S. Government Printing
Office; 31 pp. 1952.
17.	Black, Ralph J.; Bogue, M. EeVon; Mallison, George F.; and
Wiley, John S. Recommended Standards for Sanitary Landfill
Operations (draft). U. S. Department of Health, Education,
and Welfare, Public Health Service; 44 pp. September 1961.
18.	Stenburg, Robert L.; Horseley, Ronald R.; Herrick, Robert A.;
and Rose, Andrew H., Jr. Effects of design and fuel mois-
ture on incinerator effluents. Journal of the Air Pollution
Control Association 10:2:114, April I960.
19* Stenburg, Robert L.; Hangebrsuch, Robert P.; Von Lehmden,
Darryl J.; and Rose, Andrew I;.*, Jr. Effects of high volatile
fuel on incinerator effluents. Journal of the Air Pollution
Control Association 11:3:376, August 1961.
20.	MacKhight, Robert J.; Williamson, John E«; Sableski, Joseph
J., Jr.3 and Dealy, James 0. Controlling the flue-fed
incinerator. Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association
10:2:103, April I960.
21.	Kaiser, E. R.; Halltsky, J.; Jacobs, M. B.; and McCabe, L. C.
Modifications to reduce emissions from a flue-fed incinera-
tor. Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association
10:3:IB3# June i960.
22.	Sterling, Morton. Air pollution control and the gas industry.
Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association 11:8:354,
August 1961.
23.	Kaiser, E. R.; and Tolciss, J. Incineration of Automobile
Bodies and Bulky Waste Material. Technical Report 76^.1,
Project S-96. New York: Research Division, College of
Engineering, New York University; 20 pp. i960.

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40
24.	Stone, Ralph; and Merz, Robert C. Scientific analysis of
sanitary landfills, p. 2^0. American Public Works Associa-
tion Yearbook, 1961. Chicago: American Public Works
Association; 503 PP« 1961.
25.	Schulze, Karl L. Rate of oxygen consumption and respiratory
quotients during the aerobic decomposition of a synthetic
garbage. Compost Science 1:1:36, Spring i960.
26.	Er^anian, George K.; Belter, Walter G.j and Graber, Ralph C.
Effects of Community-Wide Installation of Household Garbage-
Grinders on Environmental Sanitation. Public Health Service
Publication No. 224, Washington: u7 S. Government Printing
Office; 4l pp. 1952.
27.	Bendixen, Thomas W.; McMahan, Anthony A.; Thomas, Richard E.;
and Coulter, James B. Effect of Food Wastes Grinders on
Septic Tank Systems. Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engineering
Center Report, Cincinnati: Public Health Service; 91 pp.
November 15, 19&1.
28.	Waldrop, R. H.; Pel, R.; and Schoof, H. P. Fly movement
study shows benefits of control program. Modem Sanitation and
Building Maintenance 10:9:19> September 1958T
29.	Maier, Paul P.; Williams, Edward R.j and Mallison, George F.
Composting studies. I. Composting municipal refuse by the
aeration bin process, p. 590. Engineering Bulletin, Proceed-
ings of the Twelfth Industrial Waste Conference. Series
No. 94. Purdue: University of Purdue; September 1958*
30.	Wiley, John S. Composting studies. II. Progress report on
high-rate composting studies, p. 596. Engineering Bulletin,
Proceedings of the Twelfth Industrial Waste Conference.
Series No. 94. Purdue: University of Purdue; September 1958.
31.	Bugher, Robert D. Solid Wastes Research Needs. APWA Research
Foundation Project No. 113« Chicago: American Public Works
Association; 80 pp. 1962.
32.	James, Joseph A. A county-wide disposal program for Alle-
gheny County, problems and issues, p. 102. Municipal
Solid Wastes Disposal, Proceedings of the Third Pittsburgh
Sanitary Engineering Conference. Pittsburgh: The Institute
of Local Governments, University of Pittsburgh; 124 pp.
November 4, 1961.
33.	Refuse Study. Prepared for the Capital Region Planning
Agency, East Hartford, Connecticut, "by Goodkin and O'Dea,
and Leonard S. Wegman Company; February 1963. 96 pp.

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kx
3^. Advisory Commission On Intergovernmental Relations, Perform-
ance of Urban Functions: Local and Areawide. Report M-21.
Washington: Advisory Commission On Intergovernmental
Relations; 283 pp. September 1963.
35.	U. S. Bureau of Census. U. S. Census of Governments: 1962.
Vol. I. Governmental Organization. Washington: U. S. Govern-
ment Printing Office; 376 pp. 19&3.
36.	Los Angeles County Sanitation Districts, Joint Administrative
Staff. Planned Refuse Disposal, A Report to the Directors
of the County Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles County,
California. Los Angeles: Los Angeles County Sanitation
Districts; 118 pp. 1955*
37- Orange County Highway Department. Master Plan of Refuse
Disposal. Santa Ana: Orange County, California, Highway
Department; 58 pp. 1959*
38. U. S. Housing and Home Finance Agency. National Survey of
Metropolitan Planning. Washington: U. S. Government Print-
ing Office; 156 pp. December 16, 1963.
39» American Public Works Association, Committee on Refuse Dis-
posal. Municipal Refuse Disposal. AIWA Research Foundation
Project No. 104. Chicago: Public Administration Service;
506 pp. 1961.
40.	American Public Works Association, Committee on Refuse
Collection. Refuse Collection Practice. APWA Research
Foundation Project No. 101. Chicago: Public Administration
Service; 562 pp. 1958.
41.	American Public Works Association. Paper Bags for Refuse
Handling. APWA Research Foundation Research Project
No. 115. Chicago: American Public Works Association; 39 pp.
August 1963.
k2, Williams, Edward R.; and Black, Ralph J. Refuse Collection
and Disposal—An Annotated bibliography, 1958-1959* PHS
Publication No. 91--Supplement D. Washington: U. S. Govern-
ment Printing Office; 74 pp. 1961.
43. Black, Ralph J.; and Davis, Peter L. Refuse Collection and
Disposal—An Annotated Bibliography, 1960-1961. PHS
Publication No. 91—Supplement E. Washington: U. S. Govern-
ment Printing Office; 6k pp. 1963.
*U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE ; 1968 O - 293-366

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