CIRCULATION AND BENTH1C
CHARACTERIZATION STUDIES
ESCAMBIA BAY, FLORIDA
Environmental Protection Agency
Water Quality Office
Southeast Water Laboratory
Technical Services Program
Athens, Georgia
February 1971
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CIRCULATION AND BENTHIC
CHARACTERIZATION STUDIES
ESCAMBIA BAY, FLORIDA
Environmental Protection Agency
Water Quality Office
Southeast Water Laboratory
Technical Services Program
Athens, Georgia
February 1971
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page
INTRODUCTION 1
FINDINGS 2
RECOMMENDATIONS 4
PHYSIOGRAPHY 5
Geomorphology 5
Hydrology 6
Tidal Considerations and Flushing Characteristics . . 7
Climatology 7
CIRCULATION 8
Circulation Studies at High Escambia River Discharge . 8
Circulation Studies at Low Escambia River Discharge . 10
L&N Railroad Bridge 11
Discussion 12
BENTHIC CHARACTERIZATION 15
Sediment Organic Carbon Distribution 15
Sediment Total Organic Nitrogen Distribution .... 16
Sediment Total Phosphorus Distribution 17
Sediment Total Oxygen Demand Distribution 18
Discussion 18
REFERENCES 20
APPENDICES 21
ii
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LIST OF FIGURES
Follows
Number Title Page
L Tide Height Escambia Bay, Sept. 23-25, 1969 7
2 Tide Height Escambia Bay, June 5-10, 1970 7
3 Escambia Bay Current Patterns, Flooding Tide, June 1970 8
4 Escambia Bay Current Patterns, Ebbing Tide, June 1970 8
5 Mean Chloride Profile, Escambia Bay Centerline,
June 8-10, 1970 9
6 East and West Escambia Bay, Longitudinal Chloride
Profiles, June 8-10, 1970 10
7 Escambia Bay Current Patterns, Flooding Tide, Sept. 1969 10
8 Escambia Bay Current Patterns, Ebbing Tide, Sept. 1969 10
9 Longitudinal Mean Chloride Profiles, Escambia Bay,
September 23-25, 1969 11
10 Escambia Bay Cross Section, Immediately North of L&N
Railroad Bridge, June 8, 1970 12
11 Escambia Bay Sediment Depth, June 1970 15
12 Escambia Bay Sediment, Organic Carbon Distribution,
June 1970 15
13 Escambia Bay Sediment, Organic Carbon Distribution,
September 1969 16
14 Escambia Bay Sediment, Total Organic Nitrogen Distribu-
tion, June 1970 17
15 Escambia Bay Sediment, Total Phosphorus Distribution,
June 1970 17
16 Escambia Bay Sediment, Total Oxygen Demand Distribution,
June 1970 18
Foldout Escambia Bay, Florida, Sampling Locations and Waste
Map Sources, September 1969-June 1970 32
iii
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LIST OF TABLES
Number Title Follows Page
I Escambia River near Century, Florida,
Monthly Mean Discharge, 1951-1966
Water Years 6
II Escambia River Discharge near Century,
Florida, September 1969 and June 1970
Studies 6
III Mean Temperature and Rainfall Data, Pensacola
Airport Weather Station 7
iv
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INTRODUCTION
The "Effects of Pollution on Water Quality - Escambia River and Bay,
Florida" (1) were investigated during a period of low Escambia River dis-
charge (1,068 cfs) in September and October, 1969. The tidal circulation
and bottom sediment characteristics of the bay were reported. Further
circulation and more extensive sediment characterization studies were made
in June, 1970, at much higher river flows (59,533 cfs). This report
presents these results and compares them with those of the 1969 study.
1
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FINDINGS
Both studies show that Escambia Bay sediments are highly organic and
tidal circulation in Upper Escambia Bay is poor. Because of these con-
ditions, sediment disturbances—such as result from dredging—can cause
severe oxygen depletion. Massive fish kills could result.
Escambia Bay circulation is generally counterclockwise at both low
and high Escambia River flows (1,068 and 59,533 cfs). Water flows out
from the west portion of the bay; saline water intrudes on the eastern
side. Fresh-water flushing is more significant than saline water circu-
lation exchange when river discharge exceeds the mean annual discharge.
The Escambia River flows southeastward into the bay, creating a large
eddy current counterclockwise to the north, which impedes tidal exchange
in Upper Escambia Bay. During low-flow periods, the small creeks in the
extreme northern end of the bay do not discharge a sufficient amount of
fresh water to flush the area, and persistent pollutants are effectively
trapped.
The piling—primarily unused and unnecessary piling—of the Louisville
and Nashville Railroad Company bridge restricts circulation between Upper
and Lower Escambia Bay.
Organic carbon content of bay sediment ranges from 2.3 to 5.0%.
Sediment containing more than 3.0% organic carbon covers 46% of the upper
bay. These results agree with the previous study.
About 40% of the upper bay sediment contains more than 0.2% total
organic nitrogen; 35% of the same area contains more than 0.03% phosphorus.
Total oxygen demand (TOD) of sediments ranged from 25 to 100 g/kg (dry
weight). Thirty percent of upper bay sediment TOD exceeds 100 g/kg.
2
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Unconsolidated sediment depth ranged from less than two to greater
than six feet. About one-third of the upper bay is covered with uncon-
solidated sediment greater than six feet deep.
The benthic characterization study also shows counterclockwise bay
circulation. The benthic study suggests that wastes discharged along the
eastern shore of the bay (from American Cyanamid and Escambia Chemical
companies) are generally swept northwestward and deposited along with
wastes from Monsanto and Container Corporation in the central and western
portions of the upper and lower bay.
3
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RECOMMENDATIONS
1. Recommendations Numbers 1 and 2 of the 1970 Federal-State Enforcement
Conference(2) which deal with adequate treatment and/or complete removal
of Escambia Bay waste sources should be implemented at the earliest
date in order to eliminate the continued buildup of organic sediment
deposits in Escambia Bay.
2. The prohibition on construction and control of maintenance dredging,
Enforcement Conference Recommendation Number 4, should be extended
until the artificial buildup of organic sediment deposits ceases and
these deposits stabilize. Spoil from all dredging—now and in the
future—should be deposited on diked upland locations.
3. Modification of the Louisville and Nashville Railroad trestle,
Enforcement Conference Recommendation Number 5, should include removal
of unused and unnecessary bridge piling and old construction debris.
This should minimize any effect the bridge has on bay circulation.
4
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PHYSIOGRAPHY
Gemorphology
Escambia Bay is one of the northeast branches of Pensacola Bay (see
foldout map). It is a relatively shallow body of water, ranging from one
to 20 feet deep, averaging eight feet at mean low water (M.L.W.). Water
depth increases from the northern end southward to the mouth, a distance
of 11 miles.
The Escambia River enters the bay along the western shore approxi-
mately miles south of the head of the bay. Marshy wetlands and small
creeks characterize the north end of the bay. The principal physiographic
features of the eastern shore include Mulatto Bayou, located across the
bay and south of the Escambia River mouth, and Indian and Trout Bayous,
located just south of mid-bay. The bay is approximately two miles wide
from its extreme northern portion to the Escambia River. The bay width
increases to 3H miles just below the Escambia River, decreases to approxi-
mately two miles between Lora and Live Oaks points, then increases
relatively uniformly to its maximum of 5h miles at the mouth. The sur-
face area of the bay is 24,300 acres (1.02 x 109 square feet) and the
volume is 194,400 acre-feet (8.47 x 10^ cubic feet), both at M.L.W.
The principal man-made features of the bay include: The U. S. High-
way 90 bridge, which crosses the bay at the extreme northern end; the L&N
Railroad bridge, which crosses the bay between Lora and Live Oaks points;
and the I. S. Highway 10 bridge, which crosses the bay just south of the
L&N Railroad bridge. A 100-foot wide navigation channel, maintained at
a depth of ten feet (M.L.W.), traverses the bay from north to south.
5
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For the purpose of this report, the bay will be artifically divided
into Upper Escambia Bay—that portion of the bay north of the L&N Railroad
bridge—and Lower Escambia Bay. Upper Escambia Bay has a surface area of
7,000 acres (3.05 x 10® square feet), a volume of 35,000 acre-feet (1.52 x
10^ cubic feet), and a mean depth of five feet, all at M.L.W. The lower
bay has a surface area of 17,300 acres (7.54 x 10® square feet), a volume
of 159,400 acre-feet (6.94 x 109 cubic feet), and a mean depth of nine
feet, all at M.L.W.
Hydrology
The principal fresh-water input to Escambia Bay is the Escambia
River. The Escambia River is 91.8 miles long and drains 4,200 square
miles of southeastern Alabama and northwestern Florida. The majority of
the drainage basin in in Alabama and is characterized by hilly terrain
with many perennial streams.
The furthest downstream measurement of discharge is the U. S.
Geological Survey gaging station at river mile 48.8 near Century, Florida.
The drainage basin area above the gage is 3,817 square miles. Based on
a 30-year record at this station, the maximum recorded river flow is
77,200 cfs, and the minimum is 596 cfs. The seven-day minimum flow with
a recurrence interval of ten years is 785 cfs. Table I shows the mean
monthly flows for the water years 1951-1966. The mean annual discharge
for the period of record was 5,460 cfs(3, 4, 5).
The Escambia River discharge during the studies of September, 1969,
and June, 1970, is shown in Table II. Allowing for a four-day time of
travel (1) from Century, Florida, to Escambia Bay, the average discharge
during the study periods was 1,068 cfs and 59,533 cfs respectively.
6
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Table 1
Maximum
Mean
Minimum
ESCAMBIA RIVER NEAR CENTURY, FLORIDA
MONTHLY MEAN DISCHARGE
1951-1966 Water Years
cfs
Jan. Feb. March April May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. ANNUAL
12,970 21,160 19,630 26,960 16,160 8,910 7,022 6,143 6,037 8,735 6,971 24,600 26,960
6,045 9,197 10,409 11,420 5,044 3,211 3,187 2,539 2,651 2,743 2,477 5,434 5,460
1,895 3,588 1,783 2,995 1,556 1,256 1,365 939 708 666 1,033 1,157 666
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Table II
ESCAMBIA RIVER DISCHARGE NEAR CENTURY, FLORIDA
September 1969 and June 1970 Studies
DATE MEAN DAILY DISCHARGE
cf s
Sept. 1969
17 932
18 914
19 914
20 1,030
21 1,260
22 3,960
23 9,130
24 11,600
25 11,500
June 1970
1 18,300
2 26,600
3 37,600
4 56,800
5 65,700
6 56,100
7 51,200
8 49,900
9 51,000
10 52,800
11 49,800
Provisional discharge
NOTE: Data supplied by the USDI, Geological
Survey, Tallahassee, Florida.
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M -
Tidal Considerations and Flushing Characteristics
Tides in the Pensacola Bay system are of the mixed type with generally
one high and one low tide daily. Escambia Bay has a tidal range of 1.5
feet at Lora Point, which is larger than the 1.1-foot tidal range at the
entrance to Pensacola Bay(6). During the September, 1969, and June, 1970,
studies, a tide gage was located at McMillan's Fish Camp (see foldout map)
to record relative tide heights, which are shown in Figures 1 and 2.
The tidal prism is one of the flushing parameters of an estuary,
defined as the mass of water exchanged on an average tidal cycle. The
tidal prism of Escambia Bay is 36,450 acre-feet (1.59 x 10^ cubic feet),
compared to a total bay volume of 194,400 acre-feet (8.47 x 10^ cubic feet).
Therefore, 18.8% of the bay volume is exchanged every tidal cycle due to
tidal considerations only. Another flushing parameter is the displace-
ment time, defined as the time required to fill, or displace completely,
the volume of an estuary with the incoming fresh water. The displacement
time for Escambia Bay as a whole is 18.0 days; for Upper Escambia Bay
alone it is 3.2 days (both based on the mean annual river discharge).
Climatology
The mean annual temperature for the Pensacola area is 68°F, and the
average rainfall is 63 inches. Monthly temperatures and rainfall vari-
ations for Pensacola, which influence circulation patterns in Escambia
Bay, are shown in Table 111(7).
7
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5
4
3
2
I
TIDE HEIGHT ESCAMBIA BAY
SEPT 23-25,1969
<7>
NOTE
TIDE GAUGE AT McMILLAN FISH CAMP
NO REFERENCE TO M.S L
m
0
2400
1200
1200
24O0
1200
2400
9/23/69 9/24/69 9/25/69
TIME
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4
3
TIDE HEIGHT ESCAMBIA BAY
JUNE 5-10,1970
NOTE
TIDE GAUGE AT McMILLAN FISH CAMP
NO REFERENCE TO MSL
0 12 0 12 0 12 0 12 0 12 0 12 0 12 0 12 0 12 0 12 0 12 0 12 0 12 O 12 0
TIME
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 15
JUNE, 1970
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Table III
MEAN TEMPERATURE AND RAINFALL DATA
Pensacola Airport Weather Station
Jan. Feb. March April May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. ANNUAL
Temp. °F 53.5 56.1 61.0 67.9 75.5 81.1 81.7 81.5 78.2 70.4 59.5 54.3 68.4
Rainfall 4.22 4.25 6.04 5.25 4.56 5.43 8.02 6.97 7.69 2.98 3.24 4.22 62.9
(inches)
Mean values represent 30-year average for period 1931-1960.
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CIRCULATION
Dispersion and advection of freshwater into an estuary can be
measured through the use of chloride data. The major factors affect-
ing chloride concentrations in an estuary are: advection caused by
freshwater input, and turbulent diffusion caused by tidal and wind
action. The principal source of freshwater to Escambia Bay is the
Escambia River. The effects of Escambia River discharge on the dis-
persion and advection patterns in the bay can be seen from chloride
isopl eths traced from synoptic chloride data.
Circulation Studies at High Escambia River Discharge (59,533 cfs)
The predominate circulation patterns in Escambia Bay for high dis-
charge are illustrated in Figures 3 and 4. These current patterns were
derived from synoptic sampling at thirty-three sampling stations in
Escambia Bay during the period June 8-10, 1970. Advection during this
study caused by the discharge of the Escambia River (which was near the
historical peak of 77,200 cfs of April 5, 1960) was more important than
dispersive or tidal forces. As a consequence, the waters of Upper
Escambia Bay were essentially fresh (chloride range: 4-143 mg/1) and
distinct chloride gradients necessary for accurate interpretation of
current patterns were not present. However, a general picture of the
upper bay circulation patterns was obtained.
During flood tide some freshwater from the Escambia River spread
over the surface of the upper bay (Figure 3). Most of the freshwater
moved down the bay, west of the bay centerline, approximately paralleling
8
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FIGURE 3
Monsanto
Floridotown
Escambia Chemical
.American Cyonamid
SCALE
Statute Miles
Yards
1,000
2,000
1,000
Escombia
Loro
Ba\
Trout
Devil Pt
•Red Bluff
KEY
Northeast S T P
Surface Currents
Bottom Currents
Bohemia
SOUTHEAST WATER LABORATORY
GEORGIA
ATHENS
ESCAMBIA BAY CURRENT PATTERNS
FLOODING TIDE
JUNE, 1970
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
rEOERiL OjAuTv ADUl\l$T»*.T.ON
ATLANTA, GEORGIA
NOTE Escambia River Discharge = 59,553 cfs
SOUTHEAST REGION
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FIGURE 4
-Monsanto
Floridafown
Escambia Chemical
5fT\
American Cyanamid
SCALE
Statute Milet
Riverview
A
Yards
1,000 z.oco
1,000
Escambia
Lora Pt
\
Devil Pt
Red Bluff
Northeast S T P-
Bohemia
Jpd/an
Boy
KEY
Surface Currents
Bottom Currents
NOTE' Mean Escambia River Discharge = 59,533 cfs
SOUTHEAST WATER LABORATORY
ATHENS GEORGIA
ESCAMBIA BAY CURRENT PATTERNS
EBBING TIDE
JUNE, 1970
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
FEDERAL «A7E" JjALiTY ADMINISTRATION
SOUTHEAST REGION ATLANTA, GEORGIA
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the navigation channel. The highest chloride values in the upper bay
were found near the eastern shore in the vicinity of Mulatto Bayou.
Some saline water moved up the eastern shore, apparently creating the
counterclockwise surface eddy shown in the northeast quadrant of the
upper bay. This eddy and the movement of the unusually large fresh-
water mass down the bay apparently trapped saline water in Mulatto
Bayou. The principal movement of saline water took place on the bottom,
moved up the eastern side of the bay as shown, and undoubtedly contributed
to the eddy.
Figure 4 shows the predominate current patterns of the ebb tidal
cycle. The bulk of the freshwater moved down the western half of the
bay more or less parallel to the navigation channel. The highest upper
bay chloride concentrations were found off the mouth of Mulatto Bayou
indicating that circulation near Mulatto Bayou is poor.
The mean centerline chloride profile, Figure 5, illustrates the
extent of the very low chloride concentrations which were present in
the upper bay. Bottom chloride concentrations increased just south
of the L&N railroad bridge. This increase could have been caused by
the L&N railroad bridge hindering freshwater flushing, and blocking the
inflow of saline Pensacola Bay water. However, it is just as likely,
that the saline water did not intrude into the upper bay because of
the sheer volume of freshwater being discharged from the Escambia River,
or the chloride increase could have resulted from a combination of both
conditions.
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2,800
PENSACOLA
BAY
o 6
NORTH
% Bottom Volues
O" -O Surface Values
O
a
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The lateral chloride profiles for the east and west sides of the
bay, Figure 6, also illustrate the freshwater nature of the upper bay
and the increase in chloride concentration just south of the L&N rail-
road bridge. These lateral profiles indicate the intrusion of more
saline water along the eastern shore.
Circulation Studies at Low Escambia River Discharge (1068 cfs)
Chloride samples were collected 12 times synoptically at 28 sampling
stations in Escambia Bay during the period September 23-25, 1969. The
results of the 1969 study are described in detail in the report on that
study (1) and are summarized below.
During flood tide, freshwater from the Escambia River dispersed
over the upper bay toward the western shoreline (Figure 7). Saline
water from Pensacola Bay moved northward along the eastern shore bottom,
impeded freshwater flushing, and pushed the freshwater into the rela-
tively stagnant marshy wetlands that characterize the northern part of
the Bay in the vicinity of the U.S. 90 highway bridge. Poor circulation
in this area was indicated by little variation in chloride concentration
over tidal cycles.
During ebb tide, freshwater flowed south through a narrow zone on
the surface, generally to the west of the bay centerline, and dispersed
very little (Figure 8). Saline water receded along the bottom, primarily
along the eastern shore.
The net outflow of water from the bay was generally along the
western portion with intrusion of salt water on the eastern side, in-
dicating a counterclockwise circulation pattern. Very little flushing
10
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FIGURE 6
100
EAST 8 WEST ESCAMBIA BAY
LONGITUDINAL CHLORIDE PROFILES
JUNE 8-10,1970
90
E-24
80
70
E-19
60
E-22
CE
O
I
o
40
30
E-99
E-21
E-18
IE-16
E-15
KEY
East Surface
West Surface
West Bottom
East Bottom
E-13
NORTH
SOUTH
0
2
3
MILES
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FIGURE 7
Monsanto
Floridafown
Escambia Chemical
\
American Cyanamid
SCALE
Stolute Milei
Riverview
fards
1.000
lora Pt
Devil Pt
Escambia
Red Bluff
Northeast S TP
Bohemia
NOTE Escambia River Discharge = 1,068 cfs
Surface Currents
Bottom Currents
SOUTHEAST WATER LABORATORY
ATHENS GEORGIA
ESCAMBIA BAY CURRENT PATTERNS
FLOODING TIDE
SEPTEMBER, 1969
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
FEDERAL WATER OJALITY ADMINISTRATION
SOUTHEAST REGION ATLANTA, GEORGIA
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FIGURE 8
'Monsanto
Escambia Chemical
¦American Cyanamid
Yards
1,000
2.000
Escambia
Lora Pt
Devil Pt
Red Bluff
KEY
Northeasl S T P
Surface Currents
Bottom Currents
Bohem ta
SOUTHEAST WATER LABORATORY
GEORGIA
ATHENS
ESCAMBIA BAY CURRENT PATTERNS
EBBING TIDE
SEPTEMBER, 1969
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
"DEGAi M'is ,'jtu '¦ aDMiMSTRUiOri
ATLANTA, GEORGIA
NOTE Escambra River Discharge = 1,068 cfs
SOUTHEAST REGION
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occurred above the mouth of the Escambia River in the northern marsh
flats.
Low chloride concentrations found during the September 1969 study
on the northeast side of the upper bay, north of the L&N railroad bridge
(Figure 9), indicated that freshwater in the upper bay was unable to
disperse to the lower bay at a significant rate. The hypothesis was
proposed that the closely spaced piling of the L&N railroad bridge may
contribute to restricted circulation between Upper and Lower Escambia
Bay. It was postulated, therefore, that the wastes discharged above the
trestle (all sources except the northeast sewage treatment plant) would
remain in this section of the bay and exercise an organic demand for a
long period of time.
L&N Railroad Bridge
To assess more accurately the effect of the L&N trestle on the cir-
culation patterns of the bay, a measurement of the cross-sectional area
of Escambia Bay affected by the trestle was made on June 8, 1970. The
number of visible piles in the cross-section were counted and a fathometer
trace of the bay cross-section immediately adjacent to the trestle was
made.
Piles supporting the trestle were counted in addition to those which
had been replaced but which still remained in the bay. A total of 1,149
piles with an average diameter of 12 inches were observed. This represents
1,149 square feet per foot of water depth lost because of the cross-
sectional area of the piles.
11
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16,000
E-23
E-25
E-24
E-20
E-17
X>
E-21
14,000
E-15
E-ie
o-
s
o>
E
E-13
UJ
O
E-14
E-16
-------
A fathometer trace was made immediately adjacent (within ten feet)
and parallel to the south side of the trestle, within 0.2 feet of high
water slack. The gross cross-sectional area of the bay at this tidal
condition was 77,668 square feet, with a mean depth in the cross-
section of 7.2 feet. For these conditions, 10.6% of the bay cross-
section is obstructed by trestle pilings (Figure 10).
The tidal range for the cycle in which the cross-sectional measure-
ments were made was 1.64 feet as monitored by a portable water level
recorder. Tidal ranges for the period June 5-10 varied from 1.47 to
2.08 feet. In order to illustrate the effect of rising and falling tides
on cross-section blockage, an arbitrary tide cycle range of 1.9 feet was
picked from the tide chart. For this tidal range, an additional 0.3 feet
of water was present in the bay at high water slack and 1.6 feet less at
low water slack. Under these conditions, 10.6% of the cross-section was
blocked for both tidal conditions. Examination of the cross-section re-
veals that the relative percentage blocked would not be materially changed
unless water depths in the bay were decreased more than six feet--an
unlikely event except under hurricane conditions.
Since only visible piles were counted, it is possible that piling
and/or obstructions below the water line could significantly affect the
percentage of the cross-section blocked. In view of this fact, the
actual cross-section blockage may be greater than 10.6%.
Discussion
Both low and high Escambia River discharge circulation studies
indicate a counterclockwise circulation in Escambia Bay. During both
12
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FIGURE 10
ESCAMBIA BAY CROSS SECTION
IMMEDIATELY NORTH OF L&N RAILROAD BRIDGE
JUNE 8,1970
West
East
1,310
2,170
3,030
3,890
4,750
5,610
6,970
7,330
8,190
450
9,050
9,910
10,785
0
DISTANCE (FEET)
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studies poor circulation was found north of Mulatto Bayou, along the
eastern shore of the upper bay. Poor circulation in the northern end
of the upper bay near the U.S..90 highway bridge occurred during low but
not high river flows because of the quantity of fresh water discharged
at high flows from the Escambia River and freshwater bleeding from the
marshy area above the bridge.
The areas of poor tidal exchange in the upper bay are caused by
the geometry of the bay system and the prevailing counterclockwise cir-
culation. Escambia River discharge flows to the southeast, hindering
the tidal exchange of saline water flowing northward into the upper bay,
during flood tides. This condition creates a shortcircuiting effect
in the upper bay, resulting in poor tidal exchange.
The effect of river discharge on bay circulation may be illustrated
through a comparision of the tidal prism concept with the physical dis-
placement time of the bay at high and low river discharge. Escambia
Bay normally has one complete tidal cycle per day resulting in tidal
exchange of 18.87o (the tidal prism) of the bay volume. Thus assuming
complete mixing conditions, 5.3 days would be required to completely
flush the bay volume by tidal exchange alone. Physical displacement
time at low river flow (1068 cfs) is 92 days, at mean annual discharge
(5460 cfs) is 18.0 days and at high river discharge (59,533 cfs) is
1.6 days. Thus as river discharge increases above the mean annual flow,
it becomes increasingly important in exchange of bay waters.
The effect of the L&N railroad bridge on bay circulation is not
clear-cut. Chloride profiles from the circulation studies show that
the L&N railroad trestle causes more backwater at high Escambia River
13
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discharge than at low discharge. However, with 10.6% of the available
cross-section blocked, it is doubtful that any appreciable increase in
tidal flow would result from the removal of the trestle. The effects
of the trestle would be minimized by removing any unnecessary piling
and old construction debris as recommended by the Federal-State Enforce-
ment Conference (2).
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BENTHIC CHARACTERIZATION
Eighteen Escambia Bay sediment samples were collected and analyzed
for organic carbon, total organic nitrogen, total phosphorus, and total
oxygen demand. A record was kept of how deep sampling station markers had
to be driven in the bottom sediment to achieve firm support. This crude
measurement gave depths of unconsolidated sediment from two feet or less
to greater than six feet (Figure 11). Approximately one-third of the
upper bay was covered with sediment greater than six feet deep.
Sediment Organic Carbon Distribution
Organic carbon (O.C.) concentrations ranged from a high of 5.0% at
the confluence of the Escambia and East Rivers near the mouth of the
Escambia River (Station E-l), to a low of 2.37» in the southeast section
of the upper bay above the L&N railroad bridge off Mulatto Bayou. (See
Figure 12 for detailed data.) Organic carbon decreased southward from
the highest values in and around the mouth of the Escambia River. Most
of the total organic carbon (72.2%) is discharged to Escambia Bay via the
Escambia River in which Monsanto and Container Corporation discharge
waste. The O.C. content of the upper bay sediment increases southward
to 3.5% from 1.570 at the U.S. 90 highway bridge. This increase is un-
doubtedly caused by the sediment load of the Escambia River and its
associated waste sources and the wastes from the American Cyanamid
Company. The American Cyanamid Company discharges 26.3% of the total
organic carbon to the Escambia Bay system along the eastern shore of the
upper bay. Another area of high O.C. (2.5% to greater than 4%) extends
15
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FIGURE II
-Monsonto
2 Feet or Leu
5 Feet or Lets
Greater than 5 Feet
Floridatown
Escambia Chemical
American Cyanamid
SCALE
Statute Miles
Riverview
Yards
Escambia
Loro Pt
m
Devil Pt
Red Bluff
Northeast S T P
Bohemia
NOTE- Feet of Sediment
I
J!
SOUTHEAST WATER LABORATORY
ATHENS GEORGIA
ESCAMBIA BAY SEDIMENT
DEPTH
JUNE, 1970
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
fFDER£L alter OjAUTY ADMINISTRATION
SOUTHEAST REGION ATLANTA, GEORGIA
-------
FIGURE 12
Monsanto
Organic Carbon
Floridatown
Escambia Chemical
American Cyanamid
SCALE
Statute Miles
Riverview
rords
1,000
1,000 2,000
Escambia
Lora Pt
Devil Pt
Red Bluff
Northeast S T P
Bohemia
ORGANIC CARBON AREAL DISTRIBUTION
UPPER ESCAMBIA BAY SEDIMENT
Area of Upper Bay Affected
UNITS- Percent organic carbon,dry weight basis
SOUTHEAST WATER LABORATORY
ATHENS GEORGIA
ESCAMBIA BAY SEDIMENT
ORGANIC CARBON DISTRIBUTION
JUNE, 1970
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
r A- ¦ A- .!l\lSIUZ.7,0l,
SOUTHEAST REGION £JL HNT4, GEORGIA
-------
along the western shore from an area south of the L&N railroad bridge
to just north of it. The O.C. concentration in this area and in the
pocket along the western shore just below and west of the Escambia River
are probably caused by poor circulation. A table is included at the
top of Figure 12 giving the area of the upper bay covered by various
concentrations of O.C. as a percentage of the upper bay area.
During the September 1969 study, sediment samples were collected
at ten stations for O.C. analysis (Figure 13). The only major dif-
ference in O.C. distributions found in the two studies is that in
September 1969 the highest O.C. concentrations were adjacent to the
eastern shore of the upper bay near the outfalls of the American Cyanamid
and Escambia Chemical companies. Except for this one exception, the two
studies show very similar sediment O.C. distributions. For example,
during the September 1969 study, sediment with O.C. concentrations
greater than 4°L was found in 29.5% of the area of the upper bay; during
the June 1970 study 22,6% of this area was covered with the same concen-
tration. It is possible that the sediment in the upper bay was rearranged
during the period of high discharge of the Escambia River in June. The
spatial distribution of O.C. in upper bay sediments in this study are
shown at the top of Figure 13.
Sediment Total Organic Nitrogen Distribution
The highest total organic nitrogen (T.O.N.) sediment concentration,
0.27%, was located at Station E-20 in the channel, just below the L&N
railroad bridge, and at Station E-l at the confluence of the Escambia
and East Rivers. The lowest concentration, 0.05%, was located off
16
-------
FIGURE 13
ORGANIC CARBON AREAL DISTRIBUTION
UPPER ESCAMBIA BAY SEDIMENT
Area of Upper Bay Affected
%
Monsanto
Organic Carbon
%
Flondatown
Escambia Chemical
American Cyonamid
SCALE
Statute Milet
Rtverview
YarOS
1.000
Escambia
Loro Pt
Devil Pt
Red Bluff
Northeast STP-
Bohemio
UNITS '• Percent organic carbon, dry weight basis
SOUTHEAST WATER LABORATORY
ATHENS GEORGIA
ESCAMBIA BAY SEDIMENT
ORGANIC CARBON DISTRIBUTION
SEPTEMBER, 1969
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
rPO£c-w A£."£0 " f aDMlVS7£"-TiOrj
SOUTHEAST REGION ATLANTA, GEORGIA
-------
Mulatto Bayour at Station E-L8. Sediment total organic nitrogen (Figure 14)
decreased from greater than 0.2% at the mouth of the Escambia River to 0.05%
southeastward; it decreased from 0.15% in the area of the Escambia Chemical
Company to 0.10% northward; and it increased from 0.10% in the area of the
U.S. 90 highway bridge to 0.15% southward. The Escambia River contributes
20.67» of the total Kjeldahl nitrogen (T.K.N.) discharged to the bay system.
The Escambia and American Cyanamid Chemical Companies, located along the
eastern shore of the upper bay, contribute 54.7%. An area of high sediment
T.O.N, exists along the western shore of the bay, above the Northeast
Sewage Treatment plant and extends from just below Devil Point to just
above the L&N railroad bridge. The Northeast Sewage Treatment plant dis-
charges 14.7% of the T.K.N, to the bay system. This area of high sediment
nitrogen is probably the result of the sewage treatment plant discharge
and poor circulation.
Sediment Total Phosphorus Distribution
The spatial distribution of total phosphorus (Figure 15) is very
similar to the O.C. distribution (Figure 12). The highest total phos-
phorus concentration, 0.085%, was located at the confluence of the
Escambia and East rivers at Station E-l; the lowest, 0.005%, was located
at Station E-18, just west of Mulatto Bayou. The concentration gradients
in the sediment are similar to those of O.C. for the same reasons. A
total of 51.7% of the total phosphorus is discharged to the bay via the
Escambia River (Monsanto and Container Corporation discharges), 29.1%
from the American Cyanamid and Escambia Chemical plants along the eastern
17
-------
FIGURE 14
¦ Monsanto
TOTAL ORGANIC NITROGEN AREAL DISTRIBUTION
UPPER ESCAMBIA BAY SEDIMENT
Total Organic Nitrogsn
1.
Area of Upp«r Boy Affected
%
<0.05
<0 10
<0 15
<0 20
>0 20
Floridatown
Escambia Chemical
American Cyanamid
SCALE
Statute Miltt
Riverview
Yards
1,000
Lora Pt t
Escambia
Devil Pt
Red Bluff
Northeast S T P
Bohemia
SOUTHEAST WATER LABORATORY
ATHENS GEORGIA
ESCAMBIA BAY SEDIMENT
TOTAL ORGANIC NITROGEN DISTRIBUTION
JUNE, 1970
UNITS' Percent total organic nitrogen,dry weight basis
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
rEOERAL AATE<* OjAliTY UDMIMSTRfcTlON
SOUTHEAST REGION ATLANTA, GEORGIA
-------
FIGURE 15
¦Monsanto
TOTAL PHOSPHORUS AREAL DISTRIBUTION
UPPER ESCAMBIA BAY SEDIMENT
Total Phosphorus
%
Araa of Uppar Boy Affected
*
Floridotown
Escambia Chemical
American Cyanamid
SCALE
Statute Miltt
Riverview
Yards
t.000
Escambia
Lora PI
m
Devil Pt
Red Bluff
Northeast S T P
Bohemia
NOTE: Percent total phosphorus, dry weight basis
SOUTHEAST WATER LABORATORY
ATHENS GEORGIA
ESCAMBIA BAY SEDIMENT
TOTAL PHOSPHORUS DISTRIBUTION
JUNE,1970
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
FEDERAL E" JjAL'Tv A0mi\iSt9ATi0n
SOUTHEAST REGION ATLANTA, GEORGIA
-------
shore, and 19.2% from the Northeast Sewage Treatment plant in the lower
bay along the western shore.
Sediment Total Oxygen Demand Distribution
The spatial distribution of total oxygen demand (T.O.D.) in Escambia
Bay sediment (Figure 16) is almost a carbon copy of the O.C. and T.O.N,
distributions. T.O.D. is based on a theoretical calculation in which the
organic carbon is assumed to be oxidized to carbon dioxide and the organic
nitrogen to nitrate according to the following stochiometric equation:
TOD = 2.67 C + 4.75 N (8). This theoretical calculation may be used as
an indication of the oxygen demanding properties of a waste or sediment
material.
The T.O.D. spatial distribution in the upper bay is shown in a table
at the top of Figure 16. A T.O.D. concentration of lOOg 02/dry KG of
sediment means that theoretically 100 grams of oxygen would be required
to completely oxidize (stabilize) 1 kilogram of sediment material.
Discussion
The organic sediment of Escambia Bay serves as a reservoir of
nitrogenous, phosphatic, and carbonaceous material for the aquatic
organisms of the bay. However, the immediate concern is the devastating
effect that this material in the sediment could have on the oxygen re-
sources of the bay should it become resuspended through dredging, or
other means, and exert its potential oxygen demand.
The sediment of lowest organic carbon content was located along
the eastern shore of the upper bay off Mulatto Bayou; the sediment
18
-------
FIGURE 16
' Monsanto
TOTAL OXYGEN DEMAND AREAL DISTRIBUTION
UPPER ESCAMBIA BAY SEDIMENT
Total Oxygtn Dtmand
9/kg
Aria of Upper Boy Affected
%
Floridotown
/
Escambia Chemical
American Cyanamid
SCALE
Siaiuta MIMi
Riverview
Yards
1,000
Lora PI
Escambia
Devil Pt
Red Bluff
Northeast S T P
Bohemia
SOUTHEAST WATER LABORATORY
ATHENS GEORGIA
ESCAMBIA BAY SEDIMENT
TOTAL OXYGEN DEMAND DISTRIBUTION
JUNE, 1970
UNITS'- g of Oxygen per dry kg of sediment
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
FEDERAL *ATER QUA Y ADMINISTRATION
SOUTHEAST REGION ATLANTA, GEORGIA
-------
highest in organic carbon content was located off the mouth of the
Escambia River and west of center of the upper and lower bays. The
location and character of these sediment deposits support the chloride
circulation study conclusions regarding the counter-clockwise nature
of bay circulation. The wastes discharged along the eastern shore
(American Cyanamid and Escambia Chemical) are swept westward and are
deposited along with wastes (primarily those from Monsanto and Con-
tainer Corporation) and the sediment load from the Escambia River in
the central and western portions of the upper and lower bays.
19
-------
REFERENCES
1. "Effects of Pollution on Water Quality Escambia River and Bay, Florida,""
U. S. Department of the Interior, Federal Water Quality Administration,
Southeast Water Laboratory, Technical Services Program, Athens, Georgia,
January 1970.
2. "Conclusions and Recommendations of the Federal-State Enforcement Confe-
rence on Pollution of Escambia River and Bay, Florida-Alabama," January
1970.
3. "Compilation of Records of Surface Waters of the United States through
September 1950," Part 2B, Water-Supply Paper 1304, USDI, Geological
Survey, 1960.
4. "Compilation of Records of Surface Waters of the United States, October
1950 to September I960," Part 2B, Water-Supply Paper 1724, U.S.D.I.,
Geological Survey, 1963.
5. "Water Resources Data for Florida, Part 1, Surface Water Records,"
Vol. 1, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, U.S.D.I., Geological Survey,
1962-66 Editions.
6. "Tide Tables, East Coast of North and South America," 1971, U.S.D.C.,
ESSA, Coast and Geodetic Survey, 1970.
7. "Climatological Data," Florida, Annual Summary, 1969, Vol. 73, No. 13,
U.S.D.C., ESSA.
8. Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, "Effects of Polluting
Discharges on the Thames Estuary," Water Poll. Res. Tech. Paper No. II,
Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London (1964).
20
-------
APPENDICES
21
-------
APPENDICES
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Appendix
Title
Page No.
I
Southeast Water Laboratory Project Personnel
23
II
Sampling Procedures and Analytical Methods
24
III
Chloride Data Summary
28,29
IV
Sediment Analytical Data Summary
30
V
Sampling Station Locations
31,32
22
-------
Name
M. D. Lair
Dennis T. Cafaro
L. W. Olinger
P. L. Wagner
T. Bennett
R. T. Wilkerson
R. A. Wiemert
H. C. Vick
M. R. We Idon
C. M. Swinford
T. P. Gallagher
APPENDIX I
PROJECT PERSONNEL
Escambia Bay Study
June 8-10, 1970
Title
Sanitary Engineer
Sanitary Engineer
Sanitary Engineer
Sanitary Engineer
Project Chemist
Technician
Technician
Technician
Aquatic Biologist
Technician
Sanitary Engineer
23
-------
APPENDIX II
SAMPLING PROCEDURES AND ANALYTICAL METHODS
Escambia Bay Study
June 8-10, 1970
1) PROCEDURES
The Escambia Bay field survey was conducted from noon on June 8 to noon
on June 10, 1970. Thirty-five sampling stations were located in the field
by compass-bearing techniques. Twenty-eight of these stations, E-l through
E-28, were used on the previous Escambia Bay study. These sampling stations
are shown on the fold-out map at the rear of this report and the geographic
locations are given in Appendix V.
a) Chloride Circulation Study
Chloride sampling runs were made every four hours around the clock
for a total of 12 complete runs.
Samples were collected with Kemmerer samplers at one foot below
the surface (surface sample), one foot above the bottom (bottom sample)
and at mid-depth according to the following schedule:
Water Depth Sampling Depth
0-3 feet mid-depth
3-6 feet surface and bottom
over 6 feet surface, mid-depth and bottom
Samples were collected in plastic bottles and returned to the Southeast
Water Laboratory for analysis.
24
-------
Samples were collected at 33 locations. One station was located
at the confluence of the Escambia and East Rivers (E-l), two in Mulatto
Bayou (M-l and M-2), 20 in upper Escambia Bay (E-2 through E-18, E-36, E-59
and E-99) and 10 in the lower Escambia Bay (E-19 through E-28).
b) Sediment Characterization
Eighteen sediment samples were collected from Escambia Bay for
chemical characterization during the study. These samples were collected
on the chloride sampling runs as time permitted. Samples were collected at
the following sample locations: E-l, E-2, E-3, E-6, E-7, E-9, E-10, E-13,
E-15, E-16, E-18, E-20, E-22, E-24, E-25, E-27, EB-1, EB-2.
Sediment samples were collected with a Peterson dredge, stored in
plastic containers and returned to the Southeast Water Laboratory for analy-
sis. The samples were analyzed for organic carbon, organic nitrogen and
total phosphorus.
2) ANALYTICAL METHODS
a) Circulation Study
Chloride
Reference: Automated Ferricyanide Method, FWQA Methods for Chemical
Analysis of Water and Wastes, November 1969.
Thiocyanante ion is liberated from mercuric thiocyanate by sequester-
ing mercury with chloride ion to form unionized mercuric chloride. In the
presence of ferric ion, the liberated thiocyanate forms highly colored ferric
thiocyanate, whose concentration (color) is proportional to the original
chloride concentration.
25
-------
b) Sediment Characterization Study
• Pre-treatment
All sediment samples were oven dried overnight at 103°C. The samples
were then ground and aliquot portions were used for chemical analysis.
# Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
Reference: Chemical Oxygen Demand Method, FWQA Methods for Chemical
Analysis of Water and Wastes, November 1969.
Organic materials are oxidized by potassium dichromate solution in
507o sulfuric acid. The excess dichromate is titrated with standard ferrous
ammonium sulfate using ferroin indicator. The amount of dichromate used in
the oxidation is proportional to the amount of organic and oxidizable inor-
ganic matter in the sample.
• Total Organic Nitrogen (TON)
References: Bottom Sediments, Chemistry Laboratory Manual, Great
Lakes Region, FWQA, 1969. Automated Alkaline Hypochlorite Dried Procedure
for Phosphorus, FWQA, Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes,
November 1969.
Sediment samples were manually digested by the referenced Great
Lakes procedure and distilled. The ammonia was determined by the automated
alkaline hypochlorite procedure.
* Total Phosphorus
References: Automated Ascorbic Acid Method, FWQA, Methods for
Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes, November 1969. Dried sediment
samples were manually digested with acid persulfate.
Phosphorus is reacted with ammonium molybdate complex. This complex
26
-------
is reduced to an intensely blue colored complex by ascorbic acid. The color
is proportional to the phosphorus concentration.
27
-------
APPENDIX III
CHLORIDE DATA SUMMARY JUNE 8-10, 1970
jn
Date
June
1970
Beg.
Time
of Run
End.
Time
of Run
Depth*
' E-l
E-2
E-3
E-4
C H
E-5
LOR
E-6
I D
E-7
E C
E-8
0 N
E-9
C E N
E-10
T R A
E-ll
T I
E- 12
0 N S
E-13
(mg/1)
E-14 E-15
E-16
e-i;
1
8
1325
1530
S
<10
11
11
14
12
11
12
11
10
11
13
10
23
11
11
13
15
M
<10
-
-
-
-
11
-
-
11
12
-
-
20
11
-
18
16
B
<10
11
15
30
12
14
44
12
45
23
19
28
34
16
20
39
17
2
8
1655
1950
S
10
10
10
23
10
12
21
17
12
11
29
26
18
13
27
19
17
M
10
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
24
11
-
-
28
17
-
-
-
B
10
10
11
12
12
18
23
26
27
18
48
33
58
20
30
45
18
3
8-9
2140
0105
S
10
10
-
68
-
11
54
21
11
16
-
24
20
30
19
18
16
M
10
-
11
-
12
-
-
-
-
-
36
-
-
12
-
-
-
B
10
12
-
30
-
13
56
22
14
14
-
22
33
14
20
-
16
4
9
0135
0335
S
6
-
-
-
-
11
17
-
10
18
32
24
16
16
-
23
12
M
6
7
7
16
9
-
-
13
-
19
-
-
-
-
22
-
-
B
12
-
-
-
-
12
17
-
12
19
35
28
14
16
-
27
12
5
9
0502
0612
S
5
-
-
-
-
12
18
-
10
13
-
25
12
12
-
22
10
M
5
7
8
15
7
-
-
12
-
-
42
-
-
-
23
-
-
B
9
-
-
-
-
14
19
-
11
14
-
25
12
13
-
23
12
6
9
0835
0949
S
5
-
-
-
-
11
45
-
10
13
-
25
14
9
-
24
10
M
5
7
9
17
8
-
-
14
-
-
47
-
-
-
21
-
13
B
5
-
-
-
-
13
29
-
11
13
-
29
15
13
-
24
14
7
9
1300
1505
S
<10
-
12
23
12
12
25
11
18
11
19
31
16
12
11
27
12
M
10
17
-
-
-
12
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
13
-
-
-
B
10
-
12
25
13
19
101
13
14
13
26
20
37
17
24
26
12
8
9
1645
1815
S
10
-
-
28
-
11
49
13
15
12
32
15
18
12
22
16
14
M
10
12
11
-
10
11
-
-
18
-
-
-
-
13
-
-
-
B
12
-
-
49
-
19
28
16
25
18
68
22
21
52
24
15
15
9
9
2130
2335
S
-------
APPENDIX III (contd)
CHLORIDE DATA SUMMARY JUNE 8-10, 1970
Date
June
Run 1970
Beg.
Time
of Run
End.
Time
of Run
Depth* E-18
C H L
E-19 E-20
0 R
E-21
IDE
E-22
C
E-23
0 N 1
E-24
SEN
E-25
T R A
E-26
L T I
E-27
0 N
E-28
(mg/1)
E-36 E-59
E-99
M-l
M- 2
1 8
1325
1530
S
15
74
-
17
28
38
222
19
96
278
218
10
10
10
49
247
M
15
72
83
25
30
81
450
40
330
415
760
12
-
-
-
247
B
20
71
5800
42
31
6100
560
6000
6700
5750
8700
13
10
13
72
234
2 8
1655
1950
S
21
35
72
19
92
88
65
189
135
211
390
11
11
19
153
194
M
-
-
93
-
100
104
-
253
170
243
420
-
-
-
-
-
B
30
35
320
21
84
725
118
4400
5250
4950
4300
12
12
137
240
210
3 8-9
2140
0105
S
23
16
19
224
36
64
66
193
88
11
-
-
-
-
M
-
-
22
-
-
210
-
283
111
149
115
-
12
11
160
-
1
B
20
-
62
19
-
300
37
550
1550
258
2300
11
-
-
-
-
4 9
CI135
0335
S
21
52
10
16
44
19
26
22
73
34
72
11
-
-
-
-
M
-
-
12
-
-
22
-
20
112
35
112
-
7
14
-
-
B
22
52
11
16
57
145
26
120
390
690
6650
12
-
-
-
-
5 9
0502
0612
S
23
58
<10
238
38
12
23
23
93
51
54
11
-
-
-
-
M
-
-
-
-
-
13
-
20
97
50
5200
-
8
15
-
-
B
24
58
10
22
39
12
24
44
272
1550
-
11
-
-
-
-
6 9
0835
0949
S
22
47
<10
21
31
12
42
21
69
66
66
11
-
-
-
-
M
-
-
14
-
-
12
-
22
130
264
75
-
6
7
-
-
B
19
128
465
18
42
1550
27
450
1530
4600
6200
12
-
-
-
-
7 9
1300
1505
S
16
75
12
15
29
12
24
22
58
157
168
12
10
10
57
151
M
-
-
12
-
30
14
-
34
167
245
310
-
-
-
-
-
B
32
86
16
20
28
655
31
3750
3600
2850
5500
14
11
18
70
149
8 9
1645
1815
S
14
116
16
20
76
16
24
30
28
113
278
14
12
13
76
167
M
-
-
16
-
75
18
-
33
32
112
300
-
-
-
-
-
B
13
95
15
23
50
42
28
3400
1850
3550
7400
14
13
15
76
180
9 9
2130
2335
S
20
49
14
19
46
28
84
27
47
47
73
10
-
< 10
-
-
M
-
-
14
-
-
28
-
27
57
55
82
-
clO
-
-
-
B
20
47
14
20
46
28
60
46
1090
1490
2450
11
-
<10
-
-
10 10
0100
0215
S
47
50
<10
19
42
11
21
26
27
30
98
U
-
-
-
-
M
-
-
<10
-
-
19
-
29
28
33
98
-
11
33
-
-
B
28
51
<10
18
42
-
23
10
290
50
4200
11
_
_
11 10
0505
0618
S
143
41
10
21
46
10
27
18
74
29
145
9
_
-
75
150
M
-
-
10
-
-
<10
-
16
139
26
80
-
7
8
-
152
B
26
40
11
23
46
10
21
400
300
271
4950
10
-
-
_
158
12 10
0838
1035
S
43
76
10
22
40
10
24
14
25
144
142
9
-
-
74
142
M
-
-
10
-
-
12
-
13
30
96
140
-
7
7
-
150
B
26
67
12
25
22
12
24
36
182
3550
4150
10
-
-
75
170
^Surface
samples
were taken at one foot
dep
th - bottom sample
s one
foot
from
the bottom.
-------
Errata
APPENDIX IV
SEDIMENT ANALYTICAL DATA SUMMARY
Escambia Bay Study
June 8-10, 1970
Station
Number
Date
(1970)
Chemical
Oxygen
D emand
(mg/kg)
Total
Phosphorus
(nig/kg)
Total
Organic
Carboni^
(mg/kg)
Total
Oxygen
Demand—
(mg/kg)
Total
Organic
Nitrogen
(mg/kg)
June
E-l
9
132,500
850
49,625
146.4
2,695
E-2
10
30,100
85
11,273
32.8
525
E-3
9
49,000
142
18,352
53.1
770
E-6
10
105,000
275
39,326
114.6
1,820
E-7
9
70,200
288
26,292
76.3
1,155
E-9
9
122,500
370
45,880
134.3
2,275
B-10
10
88,000
208
32,959
96.4
1,610
E-13
10
126,100
388
47,228
138.0
2,275
E-15
9
6,200
55
2,322
7.6
292
E-16
9
65,200
288
24,419
71.6
1,242
E-18
9
13,900
50
5,206
15.2
252
E-20
9
125,700
550
47,079
139.8
2,748
E-22
9
110,000
400
41,198
122.8
2,520
E-24
9
66,800
215
25,019
73.8
1,348
E-25
9
92,500
455
34,644
105.6
2,625
E-27
9
89,700
325
33,596
97.8
1,540
EB-1
9
82,200
262
30,787
89.1
1,295
EB-2
9
89,100
362
33,370
98.5
1,820
1J Calculated stoichicmetrically from the chemical oxygen demand analysis
from the chemical reaction: C + O2 ^CC^.
Total Oxygen Demand = 2.67 organic carbon + 4.57 organic nitrogen.
Reference: Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, "Effects
of Polluting Discharges on the Thames Estuary." Water Poll. Res. Tech.
Paper No. II, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London (1964).
30
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APPENDIX IV
SEDIMENT ANALYTICAL DATA SUMMARY
Escambia Bay Study
June 8-10, 1970
S tation
Number
Date
(1970)
Chemical
Oxygen
Demand
(mg/kg)
Total
Phosphorus
(mg/kg)
Total
Organic
Carbon!/
(mg/kg)
Total
Oxygen
Demands'
(g/ke)
June
E-l
9
32,500
850
49,625
146.4
E-2
10
30,100
85
11,273
32.8
E-3
9
49,000
142
18,352
53.1
E-6
10
105,000
275
39,326
114.6
E-7
9
70,200
288
26,292
76.3
E-9
9
122,500
370
45,880
134.3
E-10
10
88,000
208
32,959
96.4
E-13
10
126,100
388
47,228
138.0
E-15
9
6,200
55
2,322
7.6
E-16
9
65,200
288
24,419
71.6
E-18
9
13,900
50
5,206
15.2
E-20
9
125,700
550
47,079
139.8
E-22
9
110,000
400
41,198
122.8
E-24
9
66,800
215
25,019
73.8
E-25
9
92,500
455
34,644
105.6
E-27
9
89,700
325
33,596
97.8
EB-1
9
82,200
262
30,787
89.1
EB-2
9
89,100
362
33,370
98.5
—^ Calculated stoichiometrically from the,chemical oxygen demand
analysis from the chemical reaction: C + 0^ > CO2.
—t Total Oxygen Demand = 2.67 organic carbon +4.57 organic nitrogen.
Reference: Department of Scientific and Industrial Research,
"Effects of Polluting Discharges on the Thames Estuary." Water
Poll. Res. Tech. Paper No. II, Her Majesty's Stationery Office,
London (1964).
30
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APPENDIX V
SAMPLING STATION LOCATIONS
Escambia Bay Study
June 8-10, 1970
Station
Designation
General Location
Geographic Position
Latitude
Longitude
E-l
E-2
E-3
E-4
E-5
E-6
E-7
E-8
E-9
E-10
E-11
E-12
E-13
E-14
E-15
E-16
E-17
E-18
E-19
Confluence of Escambia
and East Rivers
Upper Escambia Bay
Lower Escambia Bay
30° 32' 52"
30° 34' 05"
30° 34' 29"
30° 34' 33"
30° 33' 28"
30° 33' 52"
30° 34' 11"
30° 32' 19"
30° 32' 50"
30° 33' 17"
30° 33' 42"
30° 31' 34"
30° 31' 55"
30° 32' 17"
30° 32' 43"
30° 31' 25"
30° 31' 46"
30° 32' 07"
30° 30' 38"
87° 11' 25"
87° 10' 56"
87° 10' 05"
87° 09' 38"
87° 10" 28"
87° 09' 39"
87° 09' 13"
87° 11' 10"
87° 10' 02"
87° 09' 17"
87° 08' 47"
87° 10* 46"
87° 10' 05"
87° 09' 28"
87° 08" 48"
87° 09' 47"
87° 09' 78"
87° 08' 21"
87° 09' 35"
31
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Station Geographic Position
Designation General Location Latitude Longitude
E-20 Lower Escambia Bay 30° 31' 07" 87° 08' 56"
E-21 " 30° 31' 34" 87° 08' 11"
E-22 " 30° 30* 15" 87° 09' 17"
E-23 " 30° 30' 34" 87° 08' 41"
E-24 " 30° 31' 02" 87° 07' 54"
E-25 " 30° 29' 40" 87° 08' 15"
E-26 11 30° 28" 53" 87° 07' 52"
E-27 " 30° 28' 05" 87° 07' 28"
E-28 " 30° 27' 20" 87° 07' 28"
E-36 Upper Escambia Bay 30° 34' 09" 87° 09' 54"
E-59 11 30° 33' 08" 87° 10' 15"
E-99 " 30° 32' 15" 87° 10' 17"
EB-1 Lower Escambia Bay 30° 30' 25" 87° 07' 58"
EB-2 " 30° 28' 26" 87° 08' 46"
M-l Mulatto Bayou at L&N
Railroad Trestle 30° 32' 54" 87° 07' 38"
M-2 Mulatto Bayou 30° 32' 15" 87° 07' 36"
32
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PAGE NOT
AVAILABLE
DIGITALLY
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