BLACK- WATER
IMPOUNDMENT
INVESTIGATIONS
TECHNICAL ADVISORY AND INVESTIGATIONS BRANCH
DIVISION OF TECHNICAL SUPPORT
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
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BLACK-WATER IMPOUNDMENT INVESTIGATIONS
by
Richard W. Warner, R. Kent Ballentine,
and. Lowell E. Keup
Technical Advisory and Investigations Branch
Division of Technical Support
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
United States Department of the Interior
5555 Ridge Avenue
Cincinnati, Ohio ^5213
1969
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FOREWORD
On April 2k, I96S, a meeting vsus held at the Wilmington
District Corps of Engineers Office to discuss the need for a
multiple-level outlet structure and the adequacy of water quality
in the proposed Kornegay Reservoir for vater supply and recreational
uses. At the conclusion of the meeting the FWPCA Middle Atlantic
Region was requested to develop a study proposal for investigation
of the effects of organic sediments on vater quality and the need
for removal of these materials during construction. By letter
dated May 20, 1968, the Corps of Engineers requested a field
reconnaissance survey of the proposed Reservoir site and nearby
vater supply impoundments at Wilson, North Carolina. A preliminary
field survey vas conducted on June 5, 1968, and the Corps of
Engineers requested that a cooperative field investigation be made
to determine the expected vater quality in the proposed Kornegay
Reservoir and the effects of bottom organlcs on the impounded water.
This study vas carried out in accordance with the provisions
of Section 5(a) of the Water Pollution Control Act, as amended, and
Executive Order 11288.
1
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
£2f£
Fbreword. 1
7igure Index k
Table Index 5
ourwiary 6
Conclusions 11
Recommend at ionc 13
Introduction Ik
Field Studios 18
Morphonetry 18
Chemistry 19
Color and Lignin 19
Light Ponctration 21
Nutrients and U.itcr Quality 21
Mineral Quality 26
Stratification 27
Bottom Oxygon Demand 32
Biological Studies 33
Phytoplankton 33
Periphyton 35
Primary Production 38
benthos
2
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont.)
Page
Soil Leaching Studies 1+1
Results 1+5
Lignin (Color) 1+5
Iron 1+7
Manganese 1+9
Phosphorus 51
Nitrogen 53
Acknowledgements 56
Appendix 58
Methods 59
References 69
Tabulated Data 71
5
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JTGU3E INDEX
Figure Fsge
A Heservoir mop or proposed Kornop-.y project $6
B Hydrocrarhic nicp of Ldze 7ilson, II. C 97
C Kydrographic map of Vigcins Hill Pond, N. C 98
1 Schematic diacrcm of sanpling stations l6
2 Lcke sc/'iplinc stations 17
3 Stratification, 7 August 1968 29
1+ Lake Wilson, tonperr.tvrc and dissolved 0x3 gen
profiloe 30
5 Wiex.in.1 Kill Pond, tenpor.iturc and dissolved
oxygon profiles 31
6 Wiggins Mill Pond periphyton 36
7 Lake 'Jilcon periphyton 36
8 Wiggins Hill Pond chlorophyll a 37
9 Lake Wilson chlorophyll a 37
10 Wi^&ins I'lill Pond gross photosynthesis 39
11 Lake Uilcon gross photosynthesis 39
12 Scatter diagram; leaching studies, color vs. lignin. . 1*3
13 Lignin leeched from soils 1*6
1^- Iron leached from soils 1*8
15 r'anjy-ncDo leached froii soils 50
lo Total phosphorus leuchcd from soils 52
17 Tot.: 1 nitrogen leached from soils 5^
k
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TAUL33 INDEX
Table P&(-re
1 Chemical D.vfcr; - IV. E. Cape Fear River ~t Duplin Co.
Road 1502 (Stution CF-l) 71
2 Chemical Drtc - Poley Branch of K. E. Cape Feru- River
tt N. C. Ki&hvay 111 (Station P3-2). ... 72
3 Chemicrl Data - N. E. Cape Fear River nt Duplin Co.
Road ljOb (Station CF-3) 73
l; Chemical Date - T. E. Ccpc Fe?r River rt Duplin Co.
Road 1519 (Stction CF-li) 7^
5 Chemical Data - N. E. Cape Fear River at N. C. Highway
11 (near Korncgay Dan site) (Station CF-5). 75
6 Chemical Date - Contentnoc. Ck. at Wilson Co. Road 1154
(Station CC-6) 76
7 Chemiccl Dc.ta - Contentnea Ck. at Wilson Co. Road 1162
(Station CC-7) T7
8 Chemical Data - Wiggins Mill Pond surface outlet (Station
CC-8) 78
9 Chemical Data - Toisnot Ck. at N. C. Highway 5& near
Silver Lake (Station T-9) 79
10 Chemical Data - Lake Wilson surface outlet (Station T-10).. 80
5
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TABLfl IBDSX (Cont.)
Toble Page
11 Chemical Drto - Toisnot Ck. ,vt Wilson Co. Road
1527 (Station T-ll) 8l
12 Chenical Data - Toibnot Ck. immediately downstream
from Lcl'.e Toisnot (Ct-"tion T-12). . . .82
lj Chemical Data, evirfc.cc vs. bottom, Wiggins Mill Fond
and Lake Wilson .... 85
ll+ Average stcjiding crop of phytoplarkton, Wiggins Mill
Pond cxid Lake Wilson, 29 July - 10
August, 1966 8k
15 Si;-aiding crop of periphyton, Wiggins Mill Pond and Lake
Wilson, 26 July - 7 August, 1968 ... .85
16 Bcnthic invertebrates, Wiggins Mill Pond and Lake Wilson,
August, I966 86
17 Chemical constituents in waters used in leaching studies. 87
lS Chemical constituents in waters leaching leaf litter ... 88
19 Chemical constituents in waters leeching muck 89
20 Chemical constituents in waters leaching loon 90
21 Chemical constituents in waters leaching sand 91
6
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TABLE INDEX (Cont.)
Table Page
22 Weather information, Wilson W2 Station, Wilson, N. C. . . . 92
23 Bottom oxygen uptake rates, July-August, 1966 93
2k Waste inventory, Mt. Olive, H.C 9^
25 Chemical qualities of ground water supplies 93
7
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SUMMARY
In late July and early August, 1968, a study was conducted to pre-
dict the quality of Northeast Cape Fear River waters to be impounded In
Kornegay Reservoir, Duplin County, North Carolina. This study was requested
by the Corps of Engineers because the highly colored river water will Inun-
date rich organic soils and vegetation that may leach undesirable materials
and affect water quality adversely for fish propagation, wildlife, flow
augmentation, water supply, and recreation. To assess the magnitude of
the problem and to predict the effects of removal of vegetation and soils
from the reservoir site, chemical and biological conditions of the North-
east Cape Fear River were compared with those of two small reservoirs
with highly colored Influents near Wilson, N. C. Laboratory tests were
conducted to assess the quality and quantity of materials that could be
leached from several soils collected at the reservoir site.
Wiggins Mill Pond, one of the reservoirs studied, occupies an
undisturbed lake bed. Surface waters here contained 9-5 mg/l lignin,
k2 percent greater than the concentration in inflowing Contentnea Creek.
Total nitrogen averaged O.7U mg/l; O.69 mg/l was organic nitrogen. Total
phosphorus concentrations averaged 0.10 mg/l, iron averaged 1.9 mg/l and
manganese averaged 0.08 mg/l. Waters collected near the lake bottom were
8
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anaerobic and contained significantly greater concentrations of llgnln
(19-6 mg/l), ammonia nitrogen (0.19 mg/l), total phosphorus (0.23 mg/l),
\
iron (10.2 ng/l), and manganese (O.85 mg/l) them did surface waters.
The bottom oxygen demand rate vas 1.2 grams O^/M /day. Sunlight
penetrated to 4.2 feet; however, respiration exceeded gross primary pro-
duction in all but the upper 1 foot of water. Phytoplankton numbered
7,300/ml (4.7 ppm) in Wiggins Mill Pond and 760/ml in inflowing Contentnea
g
Creek. Benthic invertebrates numbered only 40-390/ft .
Lake Wilson, the other reservoir studied, occupies a lake bed that
has been cleared of vegetation and organic soil. Surface waters contained
13.1 mg/l llgnln, 14 percent more than In inflowing Tolsnot Creek. Total
nitrogen averaged 0.82 mg/l; 0.77 mg/l of this was as organic compounds.
Lake Wilson surface waters contained 0.06 mg/l total phosphorus, 1.5 mg/l
iron, and 0.08 mg/l manganese. Waters collected near the lake bottom,
although anaerobic, contained concentrations of llgnln (16.9 mg/l), total
nitrogen (0.96 mg/l), organic nitrogen (0.88 mg/l), ammonia nitrogen (0.08
mg/l), total phosphorus (0.08 mg/l), Iron (3*8 mg/l), and manganese
(0.22 mg/l) that were not greatly Increased over those of surface waters.
The oxygen demand rate of lake bed materials was 0.9 grams Og/M^/day.
Sunlight penetrated to 3-5 feet; however, respiration exceeded gross
9
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primary production at all levels. Phytoplankton numbered 18,000/ml
(8.9 ppm) in Lake Wilson and 5>900/nil in infloving Toisnot Creek.
2
Benthic invertebrates numbered only 36-5© /ft .
The Northeast Cape Fear River to be impounded in Kornegay
Reservoir contained high concentrations of lignin (13.6mg/l), total
nitrogen (2.7 mg/l), ammonia nitrogen (0.7 mg/l), nitrate nitrogen
(l.1* mg/l), and manganese (0.7 mg/l). Laboratory studies indicated
that this water can leach additional quantities of lignin, iron,
manganese, and total phosphorus from leaf litter from the reservoir
site. Iron and manganese were leached at a greater rate under anaerobic
conditions. Manganese concentrations increased slightly in tests with
muck. Leaching tests involving loam and sand indicated no significant
increases in the concentrations of water quality constituents.
10
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CONCLUSIONS
Fortheest Cape Fear River water to be impounded in Kornegay Reservoir
is highly colored. This wter will remain highly colored after
impoundment; lake bee1 preparation would retard the leaching of
additional color-producing materials frcm the soil.
Although the ITortheast Cape Fear River carries sufficient nutrients
for massive elgal blooms, limited light penetration is expected to
restrict the numbers and volumes of phytoplankton in Kornegay
Reservoir tc moderate levels comparable to those of Lake Wilson and
Wiggins Mill Fond.
Sufficient light for photosynthesis is expected to be limited to a
depth of k to 5 feet in the proposed Kornegay Reservoir. This vill
limit the contribution of dissolved oxygen by phytoplanlrton. Algal
respiration and decomposition of organic materials will probably
require more dissolved oxygen then that produced by the algae.
If thermal and chemical stratification approximates the depth of
photosynthesis in the summer, anaerobic water will occupy a large
volume of Kornegay Reservoir. If the thermocline is deeper, a greater
volume of the reservoir will be aerobic.
SurCace waters of the reservoir will be aerobic. Most of the
nitrogen in the surface waters will be in the rorm of organic
11
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compounds or biological growths. Phosphorus, Iron, and manganese
concentrations will approximate those of the Northeast Cape Pear
River.
6. If rich organic soils are removed from or plowed into the reservoir
bottom, the concentrations of ammonia nitrogen, iron, and manganese
in deep, hypo limnetic waters are expected to approximate those in
surface waters. These recommended site-preparation procedures can
enhance the use of Komegay Reservoir for all desired purposes,
including flood control, flow augmentatleu, water supply, recreation,
fisheries, and wildlife.
7« If rich organic soils are not removed or plowed under, the anaerobic
waters of the Komegay Reservoir hypollmnion are expected to contain
concentrations of ammonia nitrogen, iron, and manganese that will
exceed permissible levels for raw water recommended in Water Quality
Criteria during summer. Difficulty may be experienced in the treat-
ment of such water for domestic use.
8. Improved wastewater treatment at Mt. Olive, North Carolina, would
improve water quality in the proposed Komegay Reservoir.
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RECOMMENHATIONS
1. That organic rich material*, especially leaf litter, be removed
or plowed into the soil to prevent leaching of excessive iron,
manganese, and lignixt to the vater.
2. That provision be made for vater supply intakes at the surface
and for bi-level penstock releases from near the surface and
near the bottom of the reservoir to permit selection of good
quality vaters during critical periods and the wasting of waters
vlth undesirable materials during non-critical periods.
3- That Kbrnegay Reservoir be initially filled to the conservation
pool level and then drained to flush undesirable materials down-
stream from the disturbed and recently inundated reservoir bed.
k. That all wastewaters discharged at Mt. Olive, N. C., receive
secondary treatment, and that existing and proposed secondary
waste treatment facilities be maintained at an operating
efficiency of at least 85 percent waste removal.
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INTRODUCTION
The U. f>. Amy Corps or Engineers proposes to impound the
Kortheast Cape Pear River near the coranunity of Korne£,ay, Duplin
County, North Carolina. Kornesay Reservoir will be designed for
multiple uses including flood control, water supply, flow
augmentation Tor t1 own stream water quality improvement, recreation,
fisheries, and vildlife. The river* water is highly colored.
Korne£,e.y Reservoir uill inundato rn area of rich organic soils that
ma; leach additional undesirable materials to the water, adversely
affecting voter quality for proposed uses. The Corps of Engineers
requested the Middle Atlantic Region of the Federal Water Pollution
Control Adininistration to assess the magnitude of the problem and to
recctmnend nethods to alleviate or reduce the addition of undesirable
materials to the impounded waters. In turn, the Region requested that
this survey be conducted by the Technical Advisory and Investigations
Branch, F.-7PCA Headquarters, Cincinnati, Ohio.
To predict the effects of site preparation on Komegay Reservoir,
limnolo^ical investigations of tvo water supply reservoirs, Lake Wilson
and Wiggins Mill Tond,near Wilson, North Carolina, were conducted in
1U
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late July and early August 1966. Both of these reservoirs receive
highly colored waters that are chemically similar to the water of
the Northeast Cape Fear River. Lake Wilson, an impoundment on
Toisnot Creek, occupies a lake bed that was cleared of organic soil.
Wiggins Mill Pond, an impoundment on Contentnea Creek, occupies an
undisturbed lake bed, and contains many stumps, trees, and other
vegetation. Wiggins Mill Pond vas impounded in I91S and Lake Wilson
vas impounded In i960. Chemical and biological characteristics of
these impoundments and their Influents vere compared with present
characteristics of the Northeast Cape Fear River, located in similar
environs fifty miles south of the reservoirs studied. Schematic
diagrams of station locations and designations on the Northeast Cape
Fear River and the reservoirs and Inflowing streams are shown in
Figures 1 and 2.
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T -12
T-ll
T-IO
T-9
TOISNOT CREEK
SILVER LAKE LAKE
LAKE WILSON TOISNOT
CC-8
CC-7
CC-6
CONTENTNEA CREEK
WIGGINS MILL
POND
PB-2 CF-3
CF-4
CF-5
CF-I
777/
MT. OLIVE
NORTHEAST CAPE FEAR RIVER
FLOW > PROPOSED
KORNEGAY
DAM
FIGURE I. SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF SAMPLING STATIONS
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LAKE WILSON
WIGGINS MILL POND
,6C
5A
6A
3C
3A 4A
2A
2C
FIGURE 2. LAKE SAMPLING STATIONS (maps not to scale).
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FIELD STUDIES
MOBFECMEFRT
Maps of the proposed Kornegay Reservoir, Lake Wilson, and Wiggins
Mill Pond are inserted in the appendix of this report. The pertinent
physical data for these lakes are summarized as follovs:
Komegay Reservoir
Wiggins Mill Flood Conservation
Lake Wilson
Pond
Pool
Pool
Length (feet)
it, 300
8,150
60,000
1^8,000
Mean Breadth (feet)
888
1,9'jS
U,860
i|,200
Maximum Depth (feet)
9
33
26
Mean Depth (feet)
k.l
k.S
11.9
10
Area (acres)
88
37^
6, TOO
4,700
Volume (acre feet)
L,6ll
80,000
3,000
Wiggins Mill Pond i/as impounded iriLthout clearing of trees or
vegetation. The Lake Wilson site vas cleared and much of the organic
rich surface soil was removed from over 90 percent of the lake bed area
during the process of deepening the basin to increase the reservoir
capacity.
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CHEMISTRY
Color and Lignin
The waters flowing Into Wiggins Mill Pond (Contentnea Ck.) and
Lake Wilson (Toisnot Ck.) and in the Northeast Cape Fear River were
chemically similar (Tables 1, 3> 5> 6, 1, 9)» Each was soft and
weakly buffered, containing low concentrations of alkalinity and
acidity and each was highly colored. Pertinent chemical data are
summarized as follows:
Contentnea Toisnot Northeast Cape
Creek Creek Pear River
(CC-T) (T-9) (CF-l)
Acidity (mg/l CaCO^) 4 5 6
Alkalinity (mg/l CaCOj) 17 9 16
pH (units) 6.9 6A 6.5
Color (units) 114 126 l^l
Lignin1 (mg/l) 6.7 11.5 13-6
High color levels may cause many problems in impounded waters;
sunlight penetration is restricted to very shallow depths and algal
photosynthesis occurs only in the uppermost water. Respiration of
1 Standard Methods (1965) Includes other "lignin-like" substances
such as tannin.
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algae and other organisms and organic decomposition produce an oxygen
deficit in deeper waters, especially during summer months when thermal
stratification prevents mixing of surface and bottom waters. Anaerobic
waters are uninhabitable to fish cud other aquatic animals and ma;y
cause difficulty in water treatment because of increased quantities of
\
iron and manganese, nitrogenous materials reduced to armonia, noxious
tastes and odors, and increased color.
Surface waters of Lake Wilson contained 13*1 mg/l lignin, lb
percent more than in inflowing Toisnot Creek (Tables 9 and 10). Waters
collected near the lake bottom contained quantities of lignin (16.9 nig/l)
that were not greatly increased over those of surface waters (Table 13).
Lignin concentrations in Wiggins Mill Pond surface waters averaged ') 5
mg/l, k-2 percent higher than those of inflowing Contentnea Creek (Tables
7 and 8); waters near the lake bed contained significantly more lignin
(19.6 mg/l) than did surface waters (Table 13). Significant quantities
of color-producing lignin &xe being leached from the undistrubed bed
of Wiggins Mill Pond. Studies by Raabe (1968) indicate that lignin
decomposes on storage in water; thus, the high concentrations of lignin
detected in Wiggins Mill Pond deep waters are aot coasidered to "be derived
20
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frcm high-flow spring runoff. Lignin concentrations in the Northeast
Cape Fear River averaged scmevhat higher (1J.6 mg/l) than in either
Toisnot Creek or Contentnea Creek end are ejected to be at least as
high when impounded in 'Iomega; Reservoir (see Soil Leaching Studies
section, p. kl).
Light Penctrotion
Because of the high degrees of color in the reservoirs, inci-
dent sunlight penetration was restricted. In Lake Wilson, light
penetrated to approximately 3*5 feet (l percent insolation level),
giving Secchi disc readings of about 1.5 feet. Sunlight penetrated
approximately k.2 feet in Wiggins Hill Pond (l percent insolation
level), and a Secchi disc was visible to about the 2 feet depth. The
Northeast Cape Fear River also contained high concentrations of color-
producing materials (Tables 1, 3, h, 5)> and is expected to exhibit
similar conditions of poor light penetration vhen impounded.
Nutrients and Water Quality
Analyses of Contentnea Creek and Wiggins Mill Pond waters
revealed that storage in the reservoir had little effect on the
concentrations of surface water nutrient components; an exception to
this was the conversion of most inorganic nitrate to organic nitrogen
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(Tables 7 and 8). During the period of study, nitrate concen-
trations decreased frcm 0.3 mg/l N in Contentnea Creek to less
than 0.1 mg/l N in the surface waters of Wiggins Mil Pond.
Most of the nitrogen in the surface waters of Wiggins Mill Pond
was in the form of organic compounds which averaged 56 percent
higher than the 0.39 mg/l N recorded for Contentnea Creek, and
resulted from uptake by biological growths. In both the
reservoir and Contentnea Creek, ammonia concentrations averaged
only 0.05 mg/l N. High total phosphorus (avg. 0.12 mg/l P) and
iron (avg. 2.2 mg/l) levels in Contentnea Creek were not substan-
tially reduced in the epilimnion of Wiggins Mill Pond. Manganese
levels were less than 0.08 mg/l in both water masses.
Nutrient concentrations in the epilimnion of Lake Wilson and
in its influent (Toisnot Creek) were similar to those found in
Wiggins Mill Pond. Eighty-nine percent of the nitrogen in Toisnot
Creek was as organic compounds (avg. 0.68 mg/l N), and remained in
this form in Lake Wilson surface waters (Tables 9 and 10). Both
nitrate (< 0.1 mg/l) and ammonia nitrogen (0.06 mg/l) were measured
at low average concentrations in Lake Wilson surface waters. Total
phosphorus concentrations averaging 0.07 mg/l in Toisnot Creek
22
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decreased slightly to 0.06 mg/l P in Lake Wilson. Iron concen-
trations averaging 1-5 mg/l in Toisnot Creek remained at the same
high level on storage in Lake Wilson. Manganese concentrations
in the reservoir surface water (0.08 mg/l) were not significantly
different from those in the Influent (0.13 mg/l)
In the deeper waters (hypollmnion) of Wiggins Mill Pond,
chemical changes occurred that could be important in water treatment.
Ammonia nitrogen concentrations averaged over three times higher
(0.19 mg/l) in the anaerobic hypollmnion than in the aerobic epilimnion;
average values for phosphorus (0.23 mg/l), iron (10.2 mg/l), and
manganese (O.85 mg/l) were about double, five times, and eight times
higher, respectively, in the hypollmnion (Table 13). The average con-
centrations of iron and manganese in hypolimnetic waters would require
additional chemical treatment and expense to be reduced to the accept-
able combined concentration of 0.3 mg/l recommended for finished water
in Drinking Water Standards (U. S. P. H. S., 1962). Without adequate
treatment, noxious tastes and odors, discoloring of laundry goods,
and pipeline fouling problems could be encountered. Waters collected
near the bottom of Lake Wilson contained concentrations of ammonia
nitrogen (0.08 mg/l), phosphorus (0.08 mg/l), iron (3*8 mg/l), and
manganese (0.22 mg/l) that were not greatly increased over those of
23
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surface waters. The City of Wilson, N. C., withdraws surface waters
from both Lake Wilson and Wiggins Mill Pond and successfully and
economically treats then for municipal use.
The waters to be impounded In Kornegay Reservoir are rich In
nutrients. These chemicals, which stimulate the growth of planktonic
algae, are derived In part from the soils of the drainage basin,
but, to a large extent from sewage and food processing waters being
discharged to the Northeast Cape Fear River near Mt. Olive, North
Carolina. The Northeast Cape Fear River at upstream station CF-1
will be the major water source for Kornegay Reservoir and contained
3 times more nitrogen (2.7 mg/l) and 8 times more phosphorus (Q.k-6 mg/l)
than tributary Poley Branch which does not carry waste materials
(Tables 1 and 2). In the free-flowing river, 0.7 mg/l of the total
nitrogen was ammonia, and l.U mg/l was nitrate. If these waters were
Incorporated In an anaerobic hypolimnIon, the nitrate ions would be
subjected to denltrifieatlon and thereby be reduced to ammonia. This
process mAy produce a 200 percent increase in ammonia concentration,
which would require an Increased amount of chlorine for disinfection.
Chlorine Is an oxidizing agent; it requires 5.7 mg of chlorine to
react with 1 mg of ammonia, before a free chlorine residual is present
2k
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to assure adequate bactericidal action. The net chlorine require-
ment for reaction with the present and potential ammonia concentration
of 2 mg/l would he 10 - 14 mg/l, without regard to the excess of
free chlorine required for disinfection. The cost of chlorinating
anaerobic hypoHanetlc waters would increase 200 percent above the
cost of chlorinating aerobic eplllmnetlc waters. The already high
levels of nitrogen (org. 2.7 mg/l N) and phosphorus (avg. 0.46 mg/l)
P) would be a source of nuisance algal blooms in clearer water;
however; the high levels of color measured (avg. 141 color units at
station CF-l) are expected to restrict the penetration of sunlight,
thus serving as a counterbalance to limit the development of nuisance
algae.
Impoundment of the Northeast Cape Fear River will create
additional problems for water treatment. The already high average
concentration of 1.5 mg/l iron is expected to increase in the anaerobic
waters of the hypollanion. Manganese concentrations averaged about the
same (0.07 mg/l) as in Lake Wilson and Wiggins Mill Pond, but, are
expected to Increase in the hypolimnion of Kornegay Reservoir. An-
aerobic water withdrawn from the hypolimnion of this reservoir for
domestic consumption will require extensive treatment.
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Mineral Quality
The 770 mg/l average total solids concentratloo In the North-
east Cape Fear River near Mt. Olive, North Carolina, vas reduced to
370 mg/l near the proposed Kornegay Dam site by dilution with tribu-
tary Inflows. Calculations^ indicate that about 250,000 lb ./day
of total solids were added In the upper drainage basin over what
would occur normally from drainage. Two major sources of total
solids vera the treated sewage discharges from. the community of
Mt. Olive, North Carolina, and the treated wastes from the Mt. Olive
Pickle Company (Table 2V).
The flow during the survey period approximated the 136 cfs
average annual flov in the Northeast Cape Fear River at the Kbrnegay
Dan site (based on drainage area adjustments of the Chinquapin, North
Carolina, U.S.G.S. gage). If the discharge of solids occurring during
the survey period was normal (The discharge of solids vas higher than
it should have been because the Mt. Olive secondary treatment plant
vas not operating properly.), the average total solids concentration in
(2)
the Kornegay Reservoir would be about 370 ng/lv . This concentration
^ The 55 ng/l total solids concentration in Poley Branch (PB-2) was
considered normal for drainage in the upper Northeast Cape Fear
Basin. Subtraction of this concentration fraa that observed at
the four Northeast Cape Fear stations (CF 1,3 Aj and 5) and con-
verting the remaining concentration to pounds/day yields about
250,000 pounds/day.
(2)
x Total solids at station CF-5 consisted of 97 percent dissolved
solids.
26
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is greater than the 15^ mg/l total dissolved solids found in ground
waters in the same area (Table 25).
Iron concentrations averaged Q.38 mg/l in typical veils In
the area (Table 25). This concentration Is k2 percent of the 0.9
mg/l iron concentration vhich occurred in the Northeast Cape Fear
River at station CF-5-
Northeast Cape Fear River vater Is of poorer mineral quality
for vater supplies than is ground vater in the majority of veils in
the vatershed. But, with adequate treatment, this vater could he
made acceptable. The mineral quality of vater in the proposed
reservoir should not substantially affect vater uses other than
domestic supply vhen impounded. The depth at vhich vater is vith-
dravn from the reservoir vill influence that vater quality and affect
downstream uses.
Strat ifIcat ion
Wiggins Mill Pond and Lake Wilson are not thermally stratified
permanently during the sunnier season. Thermal gradients from surface
to bottom vere exhibited by both reservoirs on July 29, 30 and 31, but,
temperature differences vere insufficient to prevent vind-induced mixing.
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During the period from August 1 to 7, clear skies, light winds, and
high air temperatures (Table 22.) accelerated and intensified stratifi-
cation. Solar radiation (light) penetrated the dark waters to depths
of less than 5 feet and was absorbed as heat. High air tenperatures
restricted radiation of this absorbed heat back to the atmosphere, and
winds were insufficient to induce nixing, of warm surface waters with
cooler deeper waters. As a product of these short-lived climatic con-
ditions, temporary but distinct thermal stratification was established
in both "Wiggins Mill Pond and Lake Wilson (Figure 3)
In Lake Wilson, water devoid of dissolved oxygen (D. 0.) occurred
at depths greater than 8 ft. on July 31 and at depths greater than 6.2
feet on August 7 (Figure k). The k mg/l D. 0. concentration contour
occurred at the 6.2 foot depth on July 31, and at the ^.8 foot depth on
August 7« Thus, water of low D. 0. content occupied a greater portion of
Lake Wilson's volume at the end of the survey period than at the beginning.
In Wiggins Mill Pond, anaerobic water was detected at the 9.5 foot
depth on July 30, and at the 7*0 foot depth on August 7 (Figure 5). Here
the k mg/l D. 0. contour occurred at the 7 foot depth on July J>Q, and at
the 5 foot depth on August 7«
28
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DISSOLVED OXYGEN (mg/l)
EPILIMNION
12-
HYPOLIMNION
13-
25
30
35
20
TEMPERATURE (°C)
WIGGINS MILL POND
DISSOLVED OXYGEN (mg./l.)
EPILIMNION
6-
o. 7-
HYPOLIMNION
20
25
35
30
TEMPERATURE CC)
LAKE WILSON
Stratification - 7 August, 1968
TEMPERATURE
DISSOLVED OXYGEN
THERMOCLINE MM
FIGURE 3 .
29
-------
JULY 31, 1968
TEMPERATURE, °C
0 12 3 4
DISTANCE FROM DAM, IOOO FT
AUGUST 7, 1968
o
2
34
33
4
32
6
30
29
28
e
TEMPERATURE,#C
0
2
4
6
8
0 0, mg/
o
2
3
4
DISTANCE FROM DAM, 1000 FT
AUGUST 2. I960
TEMPERATURE
DQ, mg/ I
2 3
DISTANCE FROM DAM, IOOO FT
TEMPERATURE AND DISSOLVED
OXYGEN PROFILES
LAKE WILSON, N C
FIGURE 4
-------
JULY 30, 1968
AREA HAS TREES, STUMPS 8 BRUSH
TEMPERATURE,*C
0.0 , ma / I
AUGUST I, 1968
AREA HAS TREES, STUMPS S BRUSH
12 3 4 6
DISTANCE FROM t)AM, 1000 FT
TEMPERATURE.*C
D 0 , ma/
12 3 4 0
DISTANCE FROM DAM, 1000 FT
AUGUST
AREA HAS TREES. STUMPS
7. I960
a BRUSH
TEMPERATURE
D 0, mg/l
TEMPERATURE AND DISSOLVED
OXYGEN PROFILES
WIGGINS MILL POND
N C
FIGURE 5
12 3 4 5
DISTANCE FROM DAM, 1000 FT
-------
Stratification in the proposed Kornegay Reservoir cannot be
precisely predicted. This reservoir will have a maximum depth of
26 feet in its conservation pool, which Is greater than the depth
at vhlch vind generally maintains mixing of warm epilimnetic vaters.
Seasonal thermal stratification may become established, with a veil
mixed epilimnlon 15-20 feet in depth overlying colder anaerobic
vaters. In addition, distinct short-term stratification, such as
observed in the reservoirs studied, may occur occasionally. The ten-
dency for this to occur in Kornegay Reservoir vlll be less than in
Wiggins Mill Pond and Lake Wilson because the proposed reservoir vlll
have a greater surface area, and vlll be more subject to vlnd-lnduced
mixing.
Bottom Oxygen Demand
Oxygen uptake by bottom materials is a significant factor in the
dissolved oxygen balance of a thermally stratified lake. When a black-
water lake stratifies into two thermally distinct layers, the lover layer
is deprived of two major oxygen sources: surface aeration and photo-
synthesis . The rate at vhich oxygen is used by organic decomposition
and biotic respiration in this vater layer and by decomposition of bottom
materials determines the period of time this sequent of vater remains
aerobic.
32
-------
Bottom oxygen demand rates (Table 23) in Wiggins Mill Pond
2
(1.2 grams 02/neter /daj) averaged JO percent higher than those in
Lake Wilson (0.9 grains Og/meter /day). The greater utilization rate
in Wiggins Mill Pond was caused principally by the lack of land
clearing "before lake filling. Over half of the area of the lake is
studded with stumps, trees, and heavy brush; these increase the
sedimentation of suspended materials by reducing wind-induced mixing
and by reducing the amount of flushing during spring runoff. Graving
plants also contribute significant ariounts of organic materials
(leaves, twigs, etc.) to the lake bottom.
Bottom ox; gen demand rates in the proposed Kornegay Reservoir
will be high for several years following filling of the reservoir.
Following the initial stabilization period, and depending on site prepar-
2
at ion, bottom oxygen demands will probably range from 0.7 gms C^/meter /
2
day if the lakebed ic stripped of organic soil to 1.2 gas O^/meter /day
if the lake bed is not stripped.
BIOLOGICAL STUDIES
Because of restricted light penetration in the reservoirs studied,
the coafcribv.Lion of dissolved oxygon from planktonic algae was liiiited
33
-------
severely. Wiggins Mill Pond contained abundant nitrogen and phosphorus
and supported pit;~toplanl;ton populations with large numbers (avg. 7,300
algae/nl) of very snail Tonus such as Gloeocystio and Chlorella-like
coccoid green algae (Table Ih). Lake Wilson supported even greater
numbers of phv toplankton (avg. 18,000 algae/ml), the majority' of these
being the ver;j snail diatoms Asterionella and S^nedra. The Northeast
C?pe Fear River supported phytoplankton populations (780 algae/r.l)
similar to those of Contentnea Creek (760 algae/ml), the influent to
Wiggins Hill Pond. It is expected that the numbers of phytoplankton in
Kornegay Reservoir will be similar to those in Wiggins Hill Pond. Toisnot
Creek contained 5,900 algae/ml, but, this high number represents a con-
tribution from Silver Lake upstream rather than a stream-inhabiting popu-
lation.
Numbers of planktonic algae inhabiting both Lake Wilson and Wiggins
Mill Pond were similar to those in eutrophic Lake Sebasticook, Maine,
during much of the year (Mackenthun, et al., 1968). However, the volumes
of algae inhabiting the North Carolina reservoirs were extremely low in
comparison to those of the eutrophic lake in Maine. Lake Sebasticook was
inhabited by large colonial planktonic forms that occupied a volume of
3b
-------
560 ppm during the July-August period, while the highest volume of
algae encountered (in Lake Wilson) during this study vas 29 ppm.
Phytaplankton inhabiting the North Carolina reservoirs vere small
forms; Wiggins Mill Pond contained only W.7 ppm of algal cells and
Lake Wilson contained only 8.9 ppm (Table lit)* It is expected that,
although the Northeast Cape Fear River carries sufficient nutrient
concentrations for massive algal bloans, restricted light penetration
vill confine the quantities and volumes of phytoplanktcm in Kornegay
Reservoir to levels comparable to Lake Wilson and Wiggins Mill Pond.
Limited light penetration influenced the growth patterns of
perlphyton (attached algae) in both reservoirs (Table 15). In both
reservoirs, perlphyton growths occurred down to about the 1 percent
level of insolation (ca. k feet). Wiggins Mill Pond supported a
maximum perlphyton papulation of nearly kOQ,OQQ algae/in at the 3'
level; Lake Wilson had a perlphyton maxlanm of 175*000/ln at the
2* level (Figs. 6 and j). Perlphyton communities vere numerically
dominated by pennate diatoms (mostly Asterionella sp. and Synedra sp.)«
Chlorophyll a profiles (Figures 8 and 9 and Table 15) vere similar In
pattern to the numerical distribution of perlphyton.
35
-------
0-
I-
2-
3-
4
.C
o. 5
-------
Chlorophyll a (pg/in2) Chlorophyll £ (ng/ in2)
OJ FIGURE 8 WIGGINS MILL POND CHLOROPHYLL a. FIGURE 9 LAKE WILSON CHLOROPHYLL a
-------
To determine elTects on dissolved oxygen concentrations in Lake
Wilson and Wiggins Mill Pond "by algal populations, primary production
experiments were conducted. In both reservoirs, production of oxygen by
algae occurred from the surface to the depth of penetration of 1 percent
of incident solar radiation vith a progressive decrease in oxygen pro-
duction from the surface to deeper water (Figures 10 and ll). In
Wiggins Mill Pond, only algae in surface water (the uppermost 1 foot)
were able to produce more dissolved oxygen than was required by biotic
community respiration; respiration exceeded production at 1 levels in
Lake Wilson. Gross photosynthesis was greater in Wiggins Mill Pond than
in Lake Wilson.
Photosynthesis occurred to the 1 percent insolation level in both
reservoirs; this depth also approximates the mean depth (Wiggins Mill
Pond, b.6 feet; Lake Wilson, ^.1 feet) and the temporary thermocline
(Figure 3) of each reservoir. All waters below the wean depths of these
reservoirs are likely to be anaerobic during part of the summer. Because
of the high concentrations of lignin measured in Northeast Cape Fear
River waters, it is expected that the 1 percent light penetration level
in Kornegay Reservoir will also be U to 5 feet. Only in this shallow
zone would algal photosynthesis be expected to contribute dissolved oxygen
58
-------
0-
OJ
ID
i - -
2--
3--
4--
CL 5. .
o
7- -
8- -
9- -
O 4
OS
2 4
2 0
Gross Photosynthesis (LB-DB), mq / liter /day(l2)
FIGURE II LAKE WILSON GROSS PHOTOSYNTHESIS
-------
to the reservoir* During the hottest simmer periods, atmospheric
heating and the adsorption of radiant energy by surface waters could
cause the thermocline to be at shallow depths approximating those
observed in Wiggins Mill Pond and Lake Wilson.
Examination of lake bed materials collected from 3 more
feet below the surface of each reservoir revealed invertebrate
communities consisting of sludgeworms, chlroneold midges, and
phantom midge larvae (Table 16). These Invertebrates typically in-
habit waters containing a rich supply of organic materials, and are
tolerant of lour dissolved oxygen levels. Shallow shoreline areas of
Lake Wilson (depth less than 3 feet), which supported rooted vascular
plants (Potamogeton sp.) and beds of the alga Nltella sp., vere in-
habited by more diverse benthlc communities consisting of the above
named invertebrates plus up to six other forms. The benthos pppu-
p
latlons of both Wiggins Mill Pond (range M)-390 organisms/ft ) and
g
Lake Wilson (range 36-310 organisms/ft ) vere low, and constituted a
poor supply of food for fishes because of a predominance of burrowing
forms. The numbers of fish reportedly taken by local fishermen probably
receive additional nourishment from allochthonous sources, such as
terrestrial and arborlal Insects that fall into the reservoirs.
AO
-------
SOIL LEACHING STUDIES
Impounding vater may result In the leaching of undesirable
materials from the flooded soils. When present In excessive concen-
trations, these materials can interfere vith desired vater uses.
Investigations vere made during these studies to ascertain if signifi-
cant quantities of materials Important to water quality might he
leached frcm the flood-plain soils present in the reach of the North-
east Cape Fear River subject to proposed impoundment. Five water
quality constituents were investigated; additional information on
their effects on vater quality may be found in Anonymous (1962),
Anonymous (1968) and APHA, et al. (1965).
(l) Color is important in vater supply sources because it is
objectionable aesthetically. The maximum recommended limit in Water
Quality Criteria is 75 units in raw vater, and, less than 10 units in
finished vater are desirable. Complaints from consumers occur at 15
units and increase vith additional color. The measurement of color is
based on an empirical scale that Is affected by the true color of the
vater, as veil as the material suspended in the vater. In these investi-
gations, lignin analyses vere related to color (Figure 12) because
the principal color imparting materials in the dark-brown waters of this
kl
-------
region are organic materials leached from the 8vamplands of the water-
shed. By comparing lignin concentrations rather than the arbitrary-
color unit, quantitative changes can toe measured.
(2) Iron in vater supplies should not exceed 0.3 mg/l, and
its absence in finished vater is desirable. In excess, it stains
laundry, produces a disagreeable taste, Interferes vith filtration,
and supports iron bacterial growths within a vater system. The amount
of iron present in vater is dependent upon other chemical characteristics
of the vater:
(a) It is more soluble when oxygen is absent.
(b) It is more soluble In acidic waters.
(c) Organic materials increase its solubility.
(3) Manganese should not exceed 0.05 mg/l in rav vater and
should be absent from finished vater because of stains imparted to
laundry, and objectionable tastes. Factors that affect its quantity
in vater are similar to those for iron.
(^) Phosphorus concentrations in excess of 0.1 mg/l may inter-
fere vlth coagulation In vater treatment plants, and in excess of 0.05
mg/l in vater supplies may stimulate the growth of excessive algae and
other aquatic plants. Excessive growths impart undesirable tastes and
k2
-------
300-
(/)
I
200-
q:
o
-j
o
o
100-
\ \ V
r* *
"T
10
T-
15
T
20
"i
25
T
5
LIGNIN Mg/I
30
SCATTER DIAGRAM
LEACHING STUDIES
COLOR vs LIGNIN
FIGURE 12.
43
-------
odors to water, Interfere vlth water treatment, become aesthetically
unpleasing, Interfere with recreation and aquatic life, and alter
the chemistry of waterways.
(5) The chemical state of nitrogen Is dependent on the over-
all limnology of the waterway. The decomposition of organic materials
produces ammonia that, in an environment without abundant oxygen, nay
not he oxidized to nitrate; ssmonla reacts with chlorine to form
chloramines which interfere with disinfection. In addition, nitrogen
is a nutrient that supports excessive aquatic vegetation that can
interfere with water uses.
To determine the susceptibility of various soils from the
Kornegay Reservoir site to leaching of materials to overlying waters,
an experiment was conducted. Four soils (sand, loam, muck, and leaf
litter) were exposed for ten days to Northeast Cape Fear River water
(dark) under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. A parallel study
was conducted using non-colored (clear) waters from a borrow pit near
Wilson, N. C. Additional information on experimental design and
methods is located in the appendix.
Uk
-------
RESULTS
Lignin (Color)
Lignin, a principal component of color, vas reduced in the dark
water overlying each of the soils except the leaf litter where the con-
centration of lignin continued to increase throughout the 10-day period
of study (Figure 13). Lignin decreased in the dark water overlying
soils other than the leaf litter; a result of biochemical degradation
(Raabe, 1968).
In the clear water experiments, lignin concentrations were sig-
nificantly greater after ten days of leaching. The amount of lignin
increased at a faster rate with soils of high organic content than with
soils of lower organic content. After ten days, the leaf litter and muck
had added sufficient lignin to the clear water so that concentrations
were nearly equal to those In the dark Northeast Cape Fear water.
Lignin data Indicate the dark Northeast Cape Fear River water
had lignin concentrations in equilibrium with each of the soils except
the leaf litter, which would leach additional lignin to the water. In.
contrast, clear water initially containing little lignin (color), could
leach sufficient lignin from each soil type to increase the color and
damage a water supply.
*5
-------
30-
CLEAR WATER AEROBIC
20-
\
d>
2
10-
DARK WATER AEROBIC
DARK WATER ANAEROBIC
8
0 2 4
6
10
CLEAR WATER ANAEROBIC
30-
20-
o>
10-
i1n
6 8 10
DAYS
2 4
0
KEY- NO SOIL SAND LOAM MUCK LEAF LITTER
FIGURE 13. LIGNIN LEACHED FROM SOILS.
46
-------
Iron
la the dark water experiments, iron concentrations increased
when the leaf litter was leached; vlth other soils, there was a tendency
for the iron concentrations to decrease (Figure 1^). In the clear water
experiments^ iron increased with all the soils except sand; the increases
were proportional to the quantities of organic matter in the soils. Iron
concentrations are probably related to the concentrations of organic
colloids in the water (Ruttner, 1953) In the dark water experiments,
a biochemical reduction of organic materials was indicated by a decrease
in iron; in contrast, the clear waters continued to leach organic
material with a subsequent increase in the iron concentrations. Lignin
concentrations also exhibited this trend, whereby the two waters (dark
and clear) after ten days had similar concentrations of organic materials.
Iron concentrations were higher in both the clear and the dark
anaerobic waters than they were in the aerobic waters.
Water quality degradation resulting from increased iron would be
evident in clear water impounded over organic rich soils. Little change
would be expected In the impoundment of already iron-rich Northeast Cape
Fear River water, unless large quantities of leaf-litter are present at
the mud-water interface.
*7
-------
4-
DARK WATER AEROBIC
CLEAR WATER AEROBIC
# *
CLEAR WATER
ANAEROBIC
DARK WATER ANAEROBIC
4-
2-
0
2
4
6 8 10
DAYS 0
KEY. NO SOIL SAND LOAM MUCK LEAF LITTER
# LESS THAN ** ERROR IN SAMPLING
FIGURE 14 . IRON LEACHED FROM SOILS.
48
-------
Manganese
Manganese concentrations were higher in the clear voter (0.1
mg/l) than in the dark water (.Ok ng/l) at the start of the studies.
In the aerobic water, manganese was reduced in concentration except
in the dark water overlying muck or leaf litter; the leaf litter in-
creased the manganese concentration by 200 percent (Figure 15).
The anaerobic clear water samples after ten days contained
equal or lower manganese concentrations than at the start of the
experiment, but, for all soil types this decrease was less than in
the aerobic water. In the dark anaerobic water, the soila tended to
Increase the manganese concentrations slightly with the exception of
the leaf litter, which Increased the concentration 600 percent.
With the exception of the organically rich soil experiments,
especially the leaf litter, manganese concentrations tended to decrease
in the aerobic dark waters. However, some Increases occurred in an-
aerobic dark water; the Increase with leaf litter was very significant.
The Increases in manganese concentrations indicate that leaf litter
should be removed from the reservoir site because, within two days of
the start of the experiment, concentrations were greater than those
*9
-------
CLEAR WATER AEROBIC
I
CLEAR WATER ANAEROBIC
\
d»
.05-
DARK WATER AEROBIC
r
i
t r
i T
10 DAYS - 0
r
DARK WATER ANAEROBIC
NO SOIL
SAND
~ Less Than
LOAM
MUCK
LEAF LITTER
FIGURE 15. MANGANESE LEACHED FROM SOILS
50
-------
recommended in Water Quality Criteria for water supplies. Anaerobic
waters also Increased the manganese concentrations above the recom-
mended .05 mg/l limit of concentration.
Phosphorus
The clear vater initially had a low phosphorus concentration
(0.05 mg/l). The addition of soil Increased the phosphorus content.
The more organic material In the soil, the greater was the increase.
Anaerobic water increased phosphorus concentrations significantly
more than did the concentrations In aerobic water (Figure 16).
The dark Northeast Cape Fear River water was phosphorus rich
(0.25 mg/l); and, with the exception of leaf litter, concentrations
decreased with time. The dark water changes In phosphorus concen-
tration generally paralleled those observed for the llgnln, indicating
that phosphorus is active in the biochemical degradation of organic
compounds in the dark water resulting in an eventual movement of phos-
phorus to the sediment8.
In the phosphorus-rich dark waters, the tendency was for the
phosphorus concentrations to reduce. An exception to this decrease
51
-------
DARK WATER AEROBIC
CLEARWATER AEROBIC
DARK WATER
ANAEROBIC
CLEAR WATER
ANAEROBIC
.6-
.4-
\
d»
.2-
8 10DAYS 0 2 4 6 8 10
2 4 6
KEY: NO SOIL SAND LOAM MUCK LEAF UTTER
FIGURE 16. TOTAL PHOSPHORUS LEACHED FROM SOILS.
92
-------
was with the phosphorus rich leaf litter. After a few years of
impoundment^ phosphorus concentrations should tend to decrease as
biological growths assimilate phosphorus, settle to the bottom,
and are Incorporated into the sediments. There may be aquatic
growth stimulation in many other environments, but the Northeast
Cape Fear River's dark water should limit this stimulation because
of poor light penetration.
Nitrogen
Total nitrogen concentrations increased in the initially nitrogen-
poor clear water (Figure IT). The more organic nitrogen in the soil,
the greater was the increase. Increases were also greater in anaerobic
water than in aerobic water.
Dark Northeast Cape Fear River water initially contained abundant
nitrogen (2 mg/l). In the aerobic dark water, all tests except those
with loam indicated a decrease in total nitrogen by the fifth day; but,
by the tenth day, concentrations had returned to near the initial concen-
tration. In anaerobic water, there was a slight tendency for nitrogen
concentrations to decrease.
Nitrogen in the water of the Northeast Cape Fear River may be in
equilibrium with the nitrogen in the soils to be flooded; changes that
53
-------
CLEAR WATER AEROBIC
DARK WATER AEROBIC
t 1 1 1 r
CLEAR WATER ANAEROBIC
/
KEY; NO SOIL
10 DAYS
SAND LOAM
DARK WATER ANAEROBIC
MUCK
8 10
LEAF LITTER
FIGURE 17. TOTAL NITROGEN LEACHED FROM SOILS.
54
-------
may occur after impoundment could not be predicted on available infor-
mation, and would be more dependent on other factors such as pollution,
fixation of atmospheric nitrogen, etc. In other waters with low
nitrogen concentrations (< 1 mg/l), sufficient nitrogen could be
leached to Increase the production of aquatic life.
55
-------
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This study was conducted cooperatively by the Technical
Advisory and Investigations (TA&l) Branch of 5VPCA, the Middle
Atlantic Region of JWPCA, and the Wilmington, North Carolina
District of the Army Corps of Engineers. Field studies were con-
ducted by TA&I Branch and Middle Atlantic Region personnel. Stream
sampling and flow measurements were performed by Anny Corps of
Engineers personnel. Samples for chemical analyses were either
preserved and shipped to the TA&I Branch laboratory at Cincinnati,
Ohio, or were analyzed in a mobile laboratory operating at the Wilson,
North Carolina, sewage treatment plant. The soil leaching studies
were conducted at the treatment plant by TA&I Branch personnel. This
report was written by the Technical Advisory and Investigations Branch
of IVPCA.
Participants in the study were:
1. TA&I Branch, PVPCA.
L. E. Keup, Aquatic Biologist; R. K. Ballentine,
Sanitary Engineer; R. W. Warner, Aquatic Biologist;
E. W. Raabe, Chemist; and G. D. McKee, Chemist.
56
-------
2. Middle Atlantic Region, EVPCA.
J. S. Hall, Sanitary Engineer
3. Wilmington, N. C. District Army Corps of Engineers.
L. Rogers, Hydraulic Engineer
The cooperation of the City of Wilson, North Carolina, in
providing facilities at the city sewage treatment plant, a boat,
outboard motor, and lake access is appreciated.
57
-------
APPENDIX
-------
METHODS
Water Sampling
A schematic diagram of sampling station locations and desig-
nations on the Northeast Cape Fear River, Contentnea Creek, and Toisnot
Creek is shown in Figure 1. Both Wiggins Mill Fond and. Lake Wilson
discharge surface waters; these surface discharges were sampled
routinely at stations CC-8 (Wiggins Mill Fond) and T-10 (Lake Wilson)
and chemical data from them vere reported as those for reservoir sur-
face waters. Figure 2 shows the locations of sampling stations on
Wiggins Mill Fond and Lake Wilson.
Water samples were collected daily at each sampling station,
iced, and transported to a mobile chemical laboratory at the Wilson,
N. C., sewage treatment plant. Aliquot a were preserved and shipped to
the TA&I Branch laboratory for nutrients and metals analyses. Other
chemical analyses were performed In the mobile laboratory.
Morphometry
Hydrographlc maps of Wiggins Mill Pond and Lake Wilson were
prepared from recordings made along transects of these reservoirs,
using a Bludworth Marine Model ES130 Portable Echo Sounding Survey
Recorder.^"
Mention of a commercial product does not constitute endorsement
by the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, United
States Department of the Interior.
59
-------
Chemical
Analyses for all chemical constituents measured, except for
nutrients, metals, and seme dissolved oxygen determinations, were
performed as outlined in "Standard Methods" (A.P.H.A. et al. 19&5)*
Ammonia-nitrogen, nitrate, and total and soluble phosphorus
vere determined on a Technicon Autoanalyzer.
The phenolate method with the addition of nitroprusside
(Ternberg and Hershey, i960) was used for ammonia-nitrogen determin-
ations. Organic nitrogen was measured "by the Micro-Kjeldahl procedure
(Rabat end Mayer, I9U8) with preliminary discharge of ammonia-nitrogen
at pH 7*k. Nitrate nitrogen was determined manually by the method of
Jenkins and Medsker (196k).
The ammonium molybdate-stannous chloride procedure (Kroner and
Gale, I96U) was used to determine phosphorus concentrations. Soluble
phosphorus was determined by examination of the filtrate, after fil-
tration through a membrane filter of 0A5 millimicron pore size.
All nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) data were reported as the
quantity of the element; not the ionic state.
Heavy metals were determined by atomic absorption vising a Perkin-
Etoer Model 303 instrument, operated according to the manufacturer's
instructions and methodology manual.
60
-------
Temperature and dissolved oxygen (D. 0.) profiles in both
Wiggins Mill Pond and Lake Wilson vere determined on three occasions.
Dissolved oxygen concentrations vere determined with a Weston and
Stack D. 0. Analyzer. This instrument vas standardized using methods
outlined in "Standard Methods" (A.P.H.A. et al., 1965) Temperatures
vere measured vith a thermistor attached to the D. 0. probe. Tempera-
tures and D. 0. vere measured along transects perpendicular to the
long axes of the lakes.
Bottom Oxygen Demand
Bates of oxygen demand by bottom materials vere measured vith an
experimental, in situ benthic respircmeter. The respirometer consisted
of a clear plexiglass chamber that vas lowered and Inserted into the
lake bed. A pimp circulated the vater in the chamber over the bottom
and past a dissolved oxygen (D. 0.) probe vbich continuously monitored
0. 0. concentrations. Bottom oxygen demand rates vere calculated from
the changes of D. 0. concentrations measured in the circulated vater.
Biological
Water samples containing plankton vere collected in Kesmerer
bottles, transferred to liter bottles, and preserved by adding formalIn
61
-------
to effect 5 percent formalin solutions. Counting of plankton was "by-
direct count (no concentration of samples) of one milliliter aliquots
in a Sedgwick-Rafter Counting Cell (A.P.H.A. et al., 1965)*
Periphyton, or attached algal growths, were sampled in Wiggins
Mill Pond and Lake Wilson using artificial substrates. These sub-
strates consisted of groups of four glass microscope slides suspended
at each 1 foot interval from the surfaces of the reservoirs to the
lake beds. After a 15 day exposure period (26 July - 7 August, 1968),
the substrates were removed from the reservoirs. Two slides from each
group were scraped free of periphyton and preserved in 5 percent formalin
solution. The suspensions of algal cells were adjusted to known volunes,
and aliquots were counted in a Sedgwick-Rafter Counting Cell (A.P.H.A.
et al., 1965)* Results were expressed as algal cells per square inch of
substrate. The other two microscope slides were placed in 90 percent
acetone solution. Chlorophyll a concentrations in these solutions were
determined with a Beckman Model DB spectrophotometer using procedures
described by Richards with Thompson (1952). Results were expressed as
micrograms per square inch of substrate.
Penetration of incident sunlight was measured in each reservoir
by submerging a photoelectric cell, encased in a waterproof housing, and
62
-------
recording electrical output at 1 foot intervals from the surface to the
bottom. Primary production rates were measured by suspending racks of
light and dark bottles containing surface water of the reservoir being
studied at various levels between the surface and the depth of pene-
tration of 1 percent of incident sunlight. Two of the glass-stoppered
bottles suspended at each level were clear; algal photosynthesis and
biotic respiration could proceed in these bottles if insolation was
sufficient. The other two bottles at each level were covered with
aluminum foil to exclude sunlight. Dissolved oxygen concentrations in
the bottles were measured at the start of the experiment. The racks
containing bottles were suspended in the reservoirs for 6 hours (from
1000 to 1600). Respiration at each level was the difference between
the initial D. 0. concentration and that in the dark bottles at the end
of the exposure period. Gross photosynthesis at each level was the
difference between the D. 0. concentration of the light (clear) bottles
and that of the dark bottles at the end of the exposure period (Gaarder
and Gran, 1927) Results were extrapolated and expressed as respiration
and gross photosynthesis/liter/l2 hour day.
Lake bed inhabiting invertebrate animals (benthos) were collected
in an Ekman dredge (A.P.H.A. et al., 1965). Samples were screened on a
63
-------
No. }0 U. S. Standard Series sieve. Those animala retained on the
sieve are considered in this report.
Soli Leaching Studies
An experiment was undertaken to determine the susceptibility
of flood-plain soils for leaching materials by oxygenated (aerobic)
overlying vater such as may be expected in the surface layers of the
reservoir during the summer period of thermal stratification and in
the entire vater mass when well circulated, and by vater without
dissolved oxygen (anaerobic) such as may be expected during periods
of weak circulation and in the deeper stagnant vaters during stumer
thermal stratification. Four soil types common to the river bottom
lands were selected:
1. Sand - Selected from sand bars deposited on the
Northeast Cape Fear River flood-plain.
2. Loam - A mixture of sand, silt and clay.
5. Muck - A mixture of silt and clay with much organic
material incorporated.
k. Leaf Litter - Highly decomposed plant detritus that
overlies much of the river bottom lands.
6k
-------
Chemical characteristics of these soils were as follows:
Soil
°/o Moisture
°jo Carbon
% Nitrogen
1o Phosphorus
Sand
2.57
0.19
0.02
0.005
Loam
23.76
2.7
0.19
0.02
Muck
I4-6.36
7.3
0.52
0.014-
Leaf Litter
63.32
28.3
1.63
0.11
Pour hundred, grams (wet weight) of each soil type was placed in
five gallon carboys. Sixteen liters of water were added to the carboy.
In half the carboys an oxygenated environment was maintained by aeration
with compressed air. In the remaining carboys, an anaerobic environment
was produced by bubbling nitrogen through the water. A nitrogen atmos-
phere was maintained by sealing the carboy. A vent (protected from the
air with a water-filled air lock) was provided to allow the escape of
gases generated by decomposition in the jar. Water for analyses was
withdrawn from the sealed carboys by siphons and nitrogen gas replaced
the volume of water withdrawn.
Aerobic and anaerobic environments were also established without
soil added to the carboys, thereby providing information on changes that
might occur in the water without the soil effects (Table 17).
65
-------
Since the water of the Northeast Cape Fear River is highly
colored and may react differently with soils than other waters,
another series of carboys was maintained using a less colored water.
Clear water was selected from "borrow-pit sources to approximate the
chemical characteristics of Northeast Cape Fear water (dark), with
the exception of color. The chemical characteristics of the two
waters were as follows:
Dark Water Clear Water
Total alkalinity
Nitrate N
PH
Acidity
Total phosphorus
Ammonia nitrogen
Organic N
Color
Lignin
5.9 units 6.8 units
8 mg/l 12.0 mg/l
4 mg/l 2.0 mg/l
0.25 mg/l 0.0^ mg/l
1.2 mg/l < 0.1 mg/l
0.55 mg/l 0.28 mg/l
0.22 mg/l 0.02 mg/l
12.8 mg/l 1.2 mg/l
10U units 18 units
66
-------
This resulted in a total of twenty bottles designated as follows:
Dark Clear
Northeast Cape Fear Water Borrow Pit Water
Aerobic Anaerobic Aerobic Anaerobic
No soil
10 AO*
10 NO
9 AO
9 NO
Sand
k AS
4 NS
3 AS
3 NS
Loam
6 AD
6 ND
5 AD
5 ND
Muck
8 AM
8 NM
7 AM
7 NM
Leaf litter
2 AL
2 NL
1 AL
1 NL
* Laboratory sample number
The experimental carboys were covered with black polyethylene
sheeting to exclude light, thus eliminating effects of photosynthesis.
Rocci temperatures (75 - 80°F) were used. On the second, fifth, and
tenth days, 1200 ml water samples were removed from the carboys for
chemical analyses.
Chemical changes observed are summarized in Figures 9 through 13.
No adjustments have been made in these presentations for the volume of
water withdrawn for analyses or for the moisture present in the soils.
Data are presented in Tables 18-21. The illustrated curves do not
67
-------
indicate that these volume or moisture adjustments would have merit.
Material leached was not at a steady rate and the moisture present
in the soil was a small percentage of the total water volime (maximum
< 2 percent).
68
-------
REFERENCES
American Public Health Association, et al.
1965. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and
Wastewater. Amer. Public Health Assoc., N. 7.,
N. Y., xxxi + 769 pp.
Anonymous
1962. Public Health Service Drinking Water Standards.
Dept. Health, Education & Welfare, Public Health
Service, Washington, D. C., vii + 6l pp.
Anonymous
1968. Water Quality Criteria. Fed. Water Pollution
Control Admin., Washington, D. C., x + 23^ pp.
Gaarder, T. and Gran, H. H.
1927. Investigations of the production of plankton in the
Oslo Fjord. Rapp. et Proc. Verb., Cons. Internatl. Explor.
Mer., 42:1.
Jenkens, D. and L. L. Medsker
1964. Brucine method for the determination of nitrate in ocean,
estuarine, and fresh waters. Analytical Chemistry, 3^(3)J
610-612.
Kabat, E. A. and M. Mayer
I9U8. KJeldahl nitrogen determination. Chapter 12, pp. 282-291
in: Experimental Immunochemistry. C. Thomas, Springfield,
111., 567 pp.
-------
Kroner, R. C. and M. E. Gale
1964. Determination of phosphate, nitrate, and alkylbenzene
sulfonates (ABS) in water with the autoanalyzer. U.S.P.H.S.,
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, Water Pollu-
tion Surveillance System, Applications and Development
Report No. 13.
Mackenthun, K. M., L. E. Keup, and R. K. Stewart
1968. Nutrients and Algae in Lake Sebasticook, Maine.
Jour. Water Poll. Control Federation, 40(2, 2) Research
Supplement: R72-R8l.
Raabe, E. W.
1968. Biochemical Oxygen Demand and Degradation of Lignin in
Natural Waters. Jour. Water Pollution Control Federation.
Research Supplement Uo(5, 2): IU5-I50.
Richards, F. A. with T. G. Thompson
1952. The estimation and characterization of plankton populations
by pigment analysis. II. A spectrophotometry method for
the estimation of plankton pigments. Jour. Marine Research,
11(2): 156.
Ruttner, F.
1953. Fundamentals of Limnology. Univ. Toronto Press,
xi + 2k2 pp.
Ternberg, J. L. and F. B. Hershey
i960. Colorimetric determination of blood ammonia. Clinical
Medicine, 56: 766-771.
-------
Table 1. Cheaical Data
Northeast Cape Fear River at DupLin Co Road 1502
(Station CF-1)
Date
Sample
Time
Ttemp
°C
PH
Units
A1X.
mg/l CaCOj
Acidity
tag/l C&COj
Turbidity Tot. Sua
Units Solids
mg/l
Solids
Total Volatile
mg/1 mg/l
Specific
coed
tuaho/cm
Color
Units
mg/l
BOD
2 day
mg/l
5 day
Og/1
D 0
mg/l
COD
mg/l
Flow
cfs
Gauge
Et
Org H
ag/l
KHt-H
mg/l
NOi
Og/
Tot Phos
mg/l (P)
Iron
ag/l (Fla)
Kangane
og/1 (H
July 29,1968
9 20A
25
6 7
30
8
4
< 5
1290
"
140
13.4
1 5
4 2
4 2
130
52 8
1 8a*
0 69
3 98
0
9
0 57
2 5
0 22
30
U 05A
«
6 4
12
7
5
< 5
710
«
140
14.4
0 7
1 7
4.7
78
51 7
1 78'
0 63
0 60
1
3
0 41
1 8
0 07
51
12 U5P
24
6.4
10
6
4
5
650
"
140
14.8
0 1
0 6
4 4
82
50 4
1 72'
0 66
0 29
1
5
0 40
1 8
0 04
Aug. 1
1 15P
25
6.4
9
5
1+
< 5
510
«
152
14 B
"
0 6
5 2
65
46 5
1 65'
0 65
0 13
1
8
0 48
1 4
0 03
£
7 50A
2»l
6 if
10
6
4
< 5
750
"
128
11.8
0 6
0 4
4 4
58
47 3
1 60'
0 69
0 33
2
5
0 40
1 3
0 04
5
12 50P
26
6.5
--
-
4
--
750
65
1350
124
12 8
"
"
5 0
45
44 5
1 48'
0 66
0 12
1
4
0 40
1 2
0 05
6
11 U5A
25
6 5
«
--
5
"
1460
152
15 8
"
"
5 1
81
44 5
1 48'
0 63
0 10
1
3
0 42
1 4
0 06
7
1 1CP
27
6 5
"
-
4
"
"
"
1544
124
13-8
"
"
4 8
92
43 7
1 45'
0 70
0 23
0
8
0 49
1 2
0 08
B
10 05A
26
6 5
"
-
u
--
-
-
1400
160
13.8
"
4 0
119
*3 3
1 43'
0 78
0 42
1
1
0 56
1 2
0 07
9
8 IDA
26
6,1+
"
-
5
--
"
"
1585
148
12 4
"
"
4 2
110
42 6
1 40'
0 73
0 32
1
3
0 50
1 2
0 08
Avg.
25
6.5
16
6
4
-
770
"
1470
141
13 6
0 7
1 5
4 6
a 6
46 9
0 68
0 65
1
4
0 46
1 5
0 07
Max.
27
6 7
38
8
5
"
1290
"
1585
160
14 8
5 2
130
52 8
--
0 78
3 96
2
5
0 57
2 5
0 22
M1d
24
6 4
9
5
h
"
510
"
1350
124
11 8
"
-
4 0
45
42 6
mm
0 63
0 10
0
8
0 40
1 2
0 03
-------
Itate
r 29,1
50
51
I
2
5
6
7
8
9
Avg.
HAX.
Min
Table 2 Chealcol Data
Foley Branch of Northeast Cape Fear River at N. C Highway LLL
(Station PB-2)
Sample
Time
Temp
°C
PH
(Jolts
AUt
mg/l CaCOj
Acidity
mg/l CsCQj
Turbidity
Units
Tot Sus
Solids
e/i
Solids
Total Volatile
Dg/l mg/l
Specific
ccnd
umho/au
Color
Units
Ligain
ng/l
BOD
2 day 5 day
me/l »g/l
D 0
mg/l
COD
mg/l
Plow Qauge
cfs Ht
Org. N
Qg/l
NH3-N
mg/l
NOj-N
Dg/l
Tot J
mg/l
10 1QA
23
6 1
1*.
U
5
< 5
50
--
9*1
8
2
0 1
0 9
9 3
24
17
2
1 »»2
0.34
0.06
1 1
0 05
9 JOA
-
5 9
U
k
7
< 5
50
--
"
104
10
1 8
u 0
7
20
18
5
1 57
0*32
0.07
0.9
0.06
2 15P
23
6 1
k
h
5
5
50
--
»
90
10
It
7 ^
23
18
1
1 52
0.37
0.05
0 u
0.05
11 U5A
23
£ 1
k
3
U
< 5
U5
--
-
88
9
6
"
--
7 8
19
17
6
1 U6
0 33
0.05
1.1
0 05
6 JOA
22
6 1
k
6
< 5
90
--
"
62
8
2
0 5
0 u
7 2
20
16
7
1 37
0 35
0 ou
0 9
0.05
12 OQN
25
6 2
-
-
5
-
*5
25
50
82
8
e
--
7 0
U1
16
2
l 32
0 38
0 06
0.8
0 05
12 55P
25
5 9
-
-
6
-
-
"
60
82
9
u
--
7 2
18
16
5
1 35
0.26
0.05
0 9
0 07
U UOA
25
6.2
-
-
6
-
--
--
50
88
8
2
"
--
7 8
11
16
1
1 30
0.58
0.07
0.3
0 06
9 00A
2ii
6 2
-
-
6
-
--
--
50
90
9
0
"
--
6 9
20
15
7
1 26
O.36
0.05
0.5
0 06
7 05A
23
6*2
-
-
6
-
-
--
^5
82
6
8
"
--
7 1
20
15
7
1 26
0.38
0.07
0 5
0.06
2U
6 l
k
k
6
-
55
--
50
86
9
1
0.6
1 8
7 5
19
16
0
--
0.35
0.06
0 t
0 06
25
6 2
k
h
7
-
90
--
60
10U
10
1*
-
9 3
--
10
5
"
0.38
0 07
1 l
0.07
22
5 9
k
3
5
-
l»5
-
45
6a
8
2
6 9
--
15
7
"
0 32
0 cm
0 3
0.05
^ot used In Average
-------
Table 3 Chemical Data
N E Cape Fear River at Duplin Co Road 1306
(Station CF-3)
Date
Sample
Tlae
Temp
°C
PH
IIalts
Aix
tng/l CaCOj
Acidity
mg/l CaCOj
Turbidity
Unit a
Tot Sus
So 11 da
mfi/l
Sollda
Total Volatile
mg/1 mg/l
Specific
cond
ii mho/cm
Color
Unite
Lignin
mg/1
BOD
2-day 5-day
mg/l mfi/l
D.O.
mg/l
COD
mg/l
Flow
cfs
Gay*e
lit
org. N
mg/l
NH3-N
mg/l
no3-n
Dg/l
Tot. Pbos
ng/1 (P)
Iron
mg/l
(Pe)
Manganese
mg/l (Mn)
July 29,1968
9 55A
25
6 5
10
5
5
< S
720
--
150
11 6
--
9 2
50
115
3 61
0.72
0.2
1.5
0.32
1.1*
0.05
50
10 l+QA
6 5
10
It
6
< 5
6S0
"
"
136
13 k
«
6 6
59
120
3 78
0.1*3
0.1*8
1.1
0.25
1.2
0.06
3*
1 OOP
2U
6 it
8
h
6
< 5
590
-
"
lWi
13 U
--
6 8
66
115 5
3 62
O.W
0.18
0.7
0.27
1.2
0.01*
Aug 1
12 U5P
25
6 6
8
K
6
< 5
It 60
--
"
136
Ik 1*
-
7 2
56
113
3 5^
0.1*2
0.06
1.7
0.33
1-3
0.03
2
7 30A
21*
6.5
9
5
6
< 5
1)60
--
"
136
13 0
--
6 8
UO
no 5
3 1(2
0.52
0.03
2.2
0.35
l.U
0 02
5
12 lJP
25
6.6
--
-
6
-
535
uo
1120
108
13.2
-
6 5
62
107
3 26
0.60
0.08
1.5
0.30
0.9
0.01*
6
12 UQP
26
6.*
-
-
5
-
-
-
1250
12k
12.6
-
6 8
66
107
3 25
0.04-
0.05
1.1
0.30
1.0
O.Ok
7
12 50P
27
6.6
-
-
5
-
-
--
1255
128
12.2
-
6 8
ko
107
3 2k
0.6U
0 06
0.8
0.36
1 2
0.05
8
9 50A
26
6 6
-
-
5
-
-
~
1360
116
12.8
-
6 9
100
106
3 16
0.70
0.06
0.7
O.36
1.0
o.d*
9
T 55A
26
6 6
-
-
5
-
-
-
1525
121+
13.0
--
6 8
69
105
3 15
0 62
0.09
1.2
0.1*1
1 2
0.01*
Avg.
25
6 5
9
it
6
-
570
--
1260
130
13 0
--
7 0
61
110 6
"
0.57
0 13
1 2
0 32
1 2
0 ol*
Max.
27
6 6
10
5
6
-
720
-
1560
150
It) U
--
9 2
100
120
"
0 72
0 1.0
2 2
0 kl
1 I
0 06
Mm.
2fc
6 i.
8
5
5
-
1 60
--
1120
108
11 6
--
6 5
UO
105
""
0 hZ
0 03
0 7
0 25
0 0
0 02
a
-------
Table U Chemical Data
j E Cape Fear River at Duplin Co Road 1519 (Station CF-U)
Date
Sample
Time
Temp
°C
PH
Unite
Alk. Acidity
mg/l CaCOj mg/l CaCOj
Turbidity
Units
Tot Sus
Solids
mg/l
Solids
Total Volatile
mg/1 mg/1
Specific
cond.
umho/cm
Color
Units
Llgnln
mg/l
2-day
mg/l
BOD
5-day
mg/l
D 0
ag/l
COD
mg/l
Flew
cfs
GaaigP
Ht
Org. N
mg/l
NH,-N
mg/l
NOt-N
mg/l
Tot Phos.
¦a/i (p)
Iroo
mg/l
(Fb)
Manganese
Dg/l (Mn)
July 29,19^5
10
30A
25
6.5
9
5
U
< 5
570
172
11.2
0.2
0 2
9.2
63
129
2 58
0.5li
0.09
1.0
0.26
1.2
0 03
30
10
15A
-
6.5
U
i»
8
10
5UO
-
-
132
1U h
O.fa
1 6
6 8
62
165
3 Ul
0.66
0.69
0.5
0.25
lJi
0.05
31
1
JOP
Zk
6.2
6
5
5
5
360
-
"
156
15 0
"
"
7 0
52
151
3 08
0.53
0.12
0.5
0.20
1 1
0.03
Aug 1
12
JOP
2k
6.6
9
u
5
< 5
U30
--
"
152
13 0
"
0.1
7.2
52
13*
2 69
0.37
0.06
1A
0.25
1.1
0.03
2
7
20A
2h
6 5
9
k
5
< 5
U10
-
-
152
12 h
0 1
--
6.9
36
127
2.5it
0 Ul
0.05
1 9
0.28
l.k
0.02
5
11
30A
26
6.6
-
-
5
-
550
kO
1015
108
13.2
"
"
6 B
56
118
2 25
0.5U
o.ou
1 it
0.27
0 fa
0.02
6
12
00N
26
6 6
-
-
5
-
-
--
1260
10U
10.8
"
--
7-U
60
116
2 20
0.50
0 05
0.7
0.26
1-0
O.OU
7
12
IfOP
£7
6.6
-
-
U
-
-
-
1335
10k
11. U
--
"
7 5
85
116
2 20
0 52
0.05
0 &
0.27
0.7
0.0U
8
9
15A
26
6 5
-
-
U
-
-
-
1230
108
11 2
-
--
6 8
61
110
2 lb
0 60
0.05
0 a
0.31
1 0
0.02
9
7
^5
26
6 6
-
-
5
-
-
-
1255
132
11 k
"
"
6 9
63
108
2 10
0.86
0.05
0.9
0 32
1.1
0 03
Avg.
25
6 5
9
5
-
U77
"
1219
132
12 5
C I
0 6
7 2
57
127
"
0.55
0.12
1 0
0 27
1 1
0 03
Max.
27
6 6
11
5
8
-
570
~
1335
172
15 0
"
-
9 2
05
I65
"
0 86
0 69
1 9
0 32
1 k
0 05
M±n.
21;
6 2
a
3
i.
-
360
1015
10b
10 8
-*
6 b
36
108
"
J' ,7
0 Or
0 5
0 20
0 7
0 02
*
-------
Table 5 Chemical Data
N E. Cape Fear River at N C Highway 11 (near Komegay Dam Site)
(Station CF-5)
Date
Sample
Time
Temp.
°C
pH
Unltg
Alls.
CaC03
mg/l
Acidity
CaCOj
ng/l
Turbidity
Units
Tot Sua
Solids
og/l
Solids
Total Vol
og/l og/l
Specific
Cood
/umho/aa
Color
Units
Llgnln
Og/l
B 0
2-day
mg/l
D
5-day
Bg/l
0
a if
COD
mg/l
Flov
cfe
Gouge
ht
Org.H
mg/l
NHj-N
mg/l
NOj-H
mg/l
Tot Phoe.
mg/l (P)
Iron
mg/l
(Ft)
Mang
mg/l
(Mn)
7-29-60
10
50
A
25
6 3
7
4
U
< 5
48o
-
-
136
11
0
0 8
1 6
9 6
64
132
3 17
0 53
0 04
1 2
0
19
0 9
0 02
30
9
55
A
-
6 3
7
5
12
15
320
-
-
120
15
U
0 8
1 9
7 2
51
151 5
4 2>t
0 58
0 06
0 8
0
19
1 1
0 30^
31
1
*5
P
ai».
6 2
6
4
5
ID
270
-
-
152
15
4
-
0 2
7 8
45
145
3 9^
0 48
0 08
0 4
0
11
0 7
0 03
8- 1-68
12
15
P
24
6 5
7
It
It
< 5
350
-
-
132
12
6
-
0 2
7 8
54
13*t
3 35
0 37
0 06
1 2
0
16
1 0
0 03
2
7
00
A
24
6 6
9
it
it
< 5
380
-
-
132
11
2
0 2
-
7 4
51
132
3 22
0 1+2
0 05
1 0
0
19
1 0
0 02
5
11
00
A
26
6 6
-
-
5
-
445
40
830
104
12
It
-
-
7 2
!»3
130
2 94
0 lt5
0 04
1 4
0
21
0 8
0 02
6
12
15
P
26
6 7
-
-
5
-
-
-
840
12lt
11
8
-
-
7 9
52
129
2 88
0 50
0 06
0 6
0
2U
0 9
0 03
7
12
30
P
27
6 6
-
-
It
-
-
-
1035
100
10
8
-
-
7 2
67
129
2 86
0 44
0 05
0 6
0
21
0 7
< 0 02
8
9
30
A
26
6 6
-
-
It
-
-
-
1025
10lt
9
8
-
-
7 7
65
129
2 82
0 <13
0 05
0 6
0
21
0 8
< 0 02
9
7
30
A
25
6 6
-
-
It
-
-
-
995
100
10
It
-
-
7 1
62
128
2 79
0 53
0 05
0 8
0
2h
0 8
0 02
Avg
25
6 5
7
It
5
-
370
-
945
120
12
1
0 6
1 0
7 7
55
13l*
--
0 1+7
0 05
0.9
0
20
0.9
OJ
O
O
V
Max
27
6.7
9
5
12
-
lt80
-
1055
152
15
It
-
-
9.6
67
152
-
0.58
0 08
1 4
0
2h
1 1
0 30
Mill.
24
6 2
6
It
4
-
270
-
830
100
9
8
-
-
7 1
"13
128
0 37
0 04
0.6
0
11
0 7
< 0 02
used in average
-------
Table 6. Chemical Data
Contentnea Creek at Wilson Co. Road 115^ (station CC-6)
Date
Sample
time
Tenp
c
PH
Units
A Ik
CaCOj
mg/l
Acidity
CaC°3
mg/l
Turbidity
Units
Tot Sue
Solids
mg/l
Solids
Total Vol.
mg/l mg/l
Specific
Cond
unho/cs
Color
Units
Lignin
mg/l
B 0
2-day
mg/l
D
5-day
mg/l
D 0
ag/l
COD
ng/l
Flo*
cfs
Gauge
Ht
Org.N
mg/l
NHj-R
ag/l
NOj-N
mg/l
Tot Pbos
ng/l (P)
Iron Mang
mg/l mg/l
(Fe) (Mn)
7-29-68
12 55 P
25
6 7
16
5
12
< 5
110
-
152
6 2
0 1
0 2
7 1
27
55 5
2 18
0 U7
0 07
0 U
0 11
25 0 07
30
1 00 P
-
6 8
18
4
12
10
65
-
l4o
8 8
0 1
0 T
6 5
21
54
2 15
0 41
0 07
0 4
0 15
23 0 08
31
10 30 A
2h
6 8
13
4
12
< 5
80
-
132
7 4
0 3
0 2
5 8
23
54
2 15
0 38
0 06
0 U
0 11
2 4 < 0 02
8- 1-68
9 50 A
2b
6 9
18
3
10
< 5
65
-
116
6.0
-
0 3
6 0
21
52 5
2 10
0 39
0 06
0 U
0 12
2 4 0 08
2
10 00 A
26
6 9
18
4
10
< 5
95
-
148
5 4
0 2
-
5 7
18
52
2 08
0 33
0 05
0 4
0 11
2 2 0 06
5
2 10 P
28
6 8
-
-
8
-
60 30
TO
124
7 0
-
-
5 7
14
52
2 08
0 33
0 05
0 4
0 11
2 0 0 08
6
9 50 A
26
6 9
-
-
8
-
-
75
104
5 8
-
-
6 0
20
50 5
2 0>t
0 26
0 06
0 2
0 11
2 2 0 06
7
10 00 A
28
6 9
-
-
8
-
-
75
108
5 8
-
-
6.1
15
50 5
2 OH
0 30
0 06
0 2
0 11
2 0 0 08
8
12 00 N
28
6 9
-
-
8
-
-
TO
120
4 ^
-
-
6 1
29
48 5
1 98
0 35
0 05
0 2
0.10
1 8 0 04
9
10 10 A
28
6 8
-
-
8
-
-
65
108
4 2
-
-
6 0
10
1.7 5
1 96
0 3U
0 05
0 2
0 11
2 0 0 06
Arg
26
6.8
17
4
10
-
80
TO
185
6 1
0 2
0 4
6 1
20
52
-
0.36
0.06
0 3
0.11
2 2 < 0.06
Max
28
6.9
18
5
12
-
110
75
152
8.8
-
-
7.1
29
56
--
0.1*7
0.07
0 k
0.15
25 0 08
Kin
2b
6-T
1}
3
8
-
60
65
104
4 2
-
-
5 7
10
M
0.26
0.05
0 2
0 10
1.8 < 0.02
-------
PH
Units
b 9
6 9
6 6
6 0
7 0
6 8
6 9
6 9
7 0
6 9
6 9
7 O
6 a
0 07
O 05
0 02
0 06
0 07
0 08
0 08
0 09
0 06
0 09
0 07
0 09
0 02
Table 7 Chemical Data
Contentnea CreeX at Vllncn Co Road II62 (Station CC-7)
Al*
pg/l CaC03
Acidity
wg/l CaC03
Turbidity
Units
Tot Sub
Solids
me/i
Solids
Total Volatile
og/1 mg/l
Specific
cond
umho/cm
Color
Units
Lignin
ng/1
BOD DO
?-day 5-day mg/1
COD
"«A
Plow
cfs
Gauge
Ht
Org N
ng/1
HH--H
5/i
R0,-N
3/1
15
U
13
< 5
110
-
-
12 If
6 0
7 2
30
51*
2 17
0 U3
0 ou
0 u
17
U
13
5
60
-
-
12 li
9 2
6 8
2U
52
2 08
0 U3
0 06
0 3
16
2
12
10
00
-
-
120
8 0
6 8
20
51 5
2 06
0 38
0 01
0 U
18
b
12
5
65
-
-
12k
6 U
6 6
22
50 3
2 00
0 Uo
0 06
0 5
10
la
11
5
90
-
-
10U
7 0
6 2
19
U9 1
1 9U
0 36
0 05
0 u
-
-
12
-
65
25
65
10*»
7 6
6 0
17
Ui 8
1 87
0 U7
0 0«»
0 5
-
-
10
-
-
-
70
100
5 2
6 5
10
*47 5
1 8U
0 26
0 07
0 2
-
-
10
-
-
-
75
100
6 8
6 8
60
US 7
1 80
0 50
0 10
0 1
-
-
8
-
-
-
75
116
U 8
6 2
23
U£ 0
1 75
0 28
0 05
0 2
-
-
8
-
-
-
70
120
h It
6 2
6
^5
1 70
0 36
0 06
0 2
17
U
-
00
-
70
11U
6 7
--6 5
25
"~9
"
0 39
0 05
0 5
18
J»
15
-
110
-
75
L2U
9 2
7 2
60
-
0 50
0 10
0 5
15
2
0
-
60
-
65
100
It k
6 0
6
^5
-
0 26
0 01
0 1
-------
Table 8 Chemical Data
Wiggins Kill Food Surface Outlet
(Station CC-8)
Date
Sample
Time
Top
°C
PH
Units
Alk. Acidity
mg/l CaCOj mg/l CaCOj
Turbidity
Units
Tot. Sua
Solids
mg/l
Solids
Total Vol.
mg/l mg/l
Specific
cood
Mmho/cm
Color
Unite
Llgnln
mg/l
BOD
2-
-------
Table 9 Chemical Data
Toianot Creek at H C Highway 58 near Silver Lake
(Station T-9)
Date
Sanple
Time
Tesp
°C
PH
Units
AIR
mg/l CaCO^
Acidity
mg/l C&CO3
Turbidity
Units
Tot bus
Solids
mg/l
Solids
Total Volatile
mg/l mg/l
Specific
cond
Mmho/cm
Color
Units
Lignin
mg/l
BOD
2-day 5-day
rag/1 mg/l
D 0
ng/l
COD
mg/l
Flov
cfs
Gaage
Ht
Ore N
ag/1
NHj-N
mg/l
NO.-H
mg/l
Tot Fhoe
tag/1 (P)
Iron
mg/l
(r*)
Mangane
Blg/l
July 89,1966
1 35P
28
6 3
8
6
7
10
65
litfi
12 6
--
7 0
36
17 5
1 20
0 81
0 06
<01
0 06
1 6
0 08
50
1 50P
"
6 ^
10
U
7
15
60
152
1U u
..
6 1
33
17 5
1 20
0 60
0 08
0 1
0 06
1 6
0.09
31
9 30A
27
6 3
8
5
7
15
110
-
152
12 2
--
7 5
35
16 6
1 17
0.76
0.06
< 0.1
0 08
1.6
0.09
Aug 1
9 10A
26
6 5
9
6
7
10
60
--
12U
11 8
--
7 3
35
17 0
1 lb
0 71
0,11
< 0.1
0.06
--
"
2
10 1*5A
27
6 i*
9
5
6
30
65
--
152
11 6
--
5 8
Ul
15 6
1 lit
0.6J
0.09
0 2
0.06
1 6
0 10
5
2 U5P
29
6 5
-
-
6
-
50 15
50
12U
12 6
--
6 U
1U
15 6
1 11*
0.60
0.08
0.1
0.05
1 3
0.12
6
9 OOA
26
6 k
-
-
7
-
-
55
100
9 k
6 0
31
15 6
1 1U
O.63
0.09
<01
0.06
1 7
0.19
7
9 OOA
27
6 5
-
-
7
-
-
55
96
10 6
-
6 0
27
15 6
1 lU
0.53
0.08
<01
0.05
1 2
O.lU
e
12 hJP
29
6 5
-
-
6
-
-
50
106
9 2
»
6 1
34
15 5
1 13
0.86
0.10
<01
0 10
1.6
0.20
9
10 50A
28
6 U
-
-
5
-
-
55
10U
10 2
5 7
22
15 6
1 lit
0.60
0.07
< 0.1
0.06
1 k
O.lU
Ave
27
6 1,
D
5
6
15
TO
55
126
11 5
6 -
31
16 2
t 68
0 08
-
0 07
1 5
0 13
Max
29
6 5
10
6
7
30
110
55
152
lit V
--
7 5
itl
17 5
--
0 66
0 11
-
0 10
1 7
0 20
Min
26
6 3
8
lr
5
10
50
50
96
9 2
__
5 7
1U
15 5
__
c 58
0 06
.
0 05
1 2
0 06
-j
vO
-------
Table 10 Chenical Data
LaXe Wilson Surface Outlet (Station T-l6)
Sample Temp pH Alls. Acidity Turbidity Tot Sua. Solids Specific Color Llgnln BOD 0 0 COD Flow Ga&ee Org. N Mfe-H NO,-N Tot. Ptaoe. Iron Manganese
Date Time °C Units mg/l CaCOj mg/l CaCOj unite Solids Total Vol. cond -units mg/l 2-*iay 5-day mfi/l ng/l cfs Ht mg/l mg/l ng/l mp/i mg/l rag/l
mg/1 mg/l mg/l umho/ca og/l "g/l above belcw (p)
July 29.1968
2
05P
50
6.K
8
U
6
10
90
--
--
1&
1^.2
7.6
8 7
U2
lfc 5
0 58
0.83
0 Oi+
< 0
1
0.07
1 6
0 08
30
2
10P
"
6 7
8
3
3
15
70
--
-
160
16 6
8 U
7 fc
U2
1^.5
0 58
0 78
0 05
< 0.
.1
0 07
1*5
0.09
51
9
OOA
27
6 U
8
1*
8
15
95
-
-
1U8
13 U
6.8
7 7
Itl
Ik
0 56
0 76
0 Oil
< 0
1
0 05
1.6
0 09
Aug 1
8
UOA
27
6.5
8
k
8
10
65
--
-
160
15 2
8.0
7.1
UO
13 8
0 55
0 63
0 07
< 0
1
0 06
1-5
0.06
2
11
OOA
28
6 5
9
5
8
uo
85
-
--
1W
13 k
-- 6 5
7 2
*9
13 2
0 52
0.91
u u6
< 0
1
0 07
1 6
0.06
5
5
15P
33
6 9
-
-
8
"
60
60
50
1U0
1U 1»
8 2
7 0
20
12 U
0 U8
0.85
0 05
< 0
1
0.05
1 u
0 10
6
8
30A
30
6 7
-
-
8
"
-
--
50
lWi
11 tv
7 9
7 3
35
12 k
0 fc8
0.72
0.05
< 0
1
0.05
1 it
0 08
7
8
50A
31
6 6
-
-
7
"
--
-
50
Ikh
12 2
- 7 8
6 6
38
12 h
0 t+8
0 70
0 05
< 0.
.1
0 05
l.U
0 08
B
l
10P
l
32
6.3
-
-
6
--
--
--
50
1J2
11 U
8 0
T.fc
3^
11 8
0 U6
0.69
0 06
< 0
1
0 05
1.2
0 06
9
11
15A
31
6 6
-
-
7
--
-
-
50
156
11 2
7 u
6 9
3^
12 0
0 U7
0.8U
0.06
< 0.
.1
0.06
1 u
0.07
Avg
30
0 C
J!
1.
0
20
¦JO
~
50
150
13 1
7 7
7 3
3C
13 1
C 77
0 06
0 06
1 5
0 c£
Max
32
6 >
)
-
'-0
--
IS*,
16 5
CJ I
8 7
it?
Ik 5
t 1
0 03
0 07
1 c
0 10
Mln
27
O L
J
3
6
10
Co
--
yO
132
11 2
C 8
6 6
20
11 8
--
3
C 0*T
c 05
1 2
0 Ou
s
-------
r 29:
30
31
. 1
2
5
6
7
8
9
Avg
Max
Kin,
mg/1
(Kn)
0 05
0 06
0 08
0 06
0 05
0 06
0 07
0.07
0 08
0 06
0 06
0.06
0.05
Chemical Data
Toisnot Creek at Wilson Co Rood 1327
(Station T-ll)
Sample
Time
P'l
Units
Alk
mg/1 CaCO.,
Acidity
mg/1 CaCOj
Turbidity
Units
Tot Sue.
Solids
mg/1
Solids
Total Volatile
mg/1 mg/1
Specific
cond
pmho/cm
Color
Units
Llgnin
mg/1
BOD D.O.
2 day 5 day mg/1
mg/1 ng/1
COD
mg/1
Org N
mg/1
NH.-N
mg/1
NO -N
mi/1
Tot Phos
mg/1 (P)
2 25P
29
6 U
7
It
8
10
65
-
160
13 U
8 0
1*1
0 6fc
0
10
0.2
0 07
2 UOP
-
6.6
a
3
10
20
70
-
1U0
lU u
8 6
37
0 75
0
03
<01
0 09
8 35A
26
6 5
8
3
12
15
95
-
172
lU 2
7 0
39
0.85
0
11
0 1
0 09
8 20A
27
6 7
8
3
10
20
60
-
168
1U.U
8.6
38
0.79
0
10
< 0.1
0 07
11 20A
29
6.6
8
U
6
15
55
-
1UU
13 U
7 7
U2
0 66
0
06
<01
0 06
3 30P
31
6.6
-
-
10
-
65 35
50
lWt
12.8
«1
CO
1
1
1
1
5U
0 79
0
05
<01
0 07
8 OOA
28
6.7
-
-
11
-
-
55
152
12 8
7 2
35
0 79
0
10
<01
0 08
8 OOA
29
6.6
-
-
10
-
-
50
12U
13-U
7 8
1*3
0 73
0 06
< 0.1
0 08
1 30P
32
6 7
-
-
12
-
-
50
172
12.8
7 6
kz
0 76
0.06
<01
0 08
11 30A
31
6.8
-
-
10
-
-
50
1UU
12.2
7 8
3U
0 77
0
ou
<01
0 08
29
6 6
8
J
10
15
70
50
152
13 >
7.8
UO
0 ?6
0 07
-
0 08
58
6 8
8
It
12
20
95
55
17?
lit it
8 6
5^
o 85
0
11
-
0.09
26
6 it
7
3
8
10
55
50
LSb
12 2
7 0
0 66
0 03
-
0.06
-------
Table 12 Che-iical Data
Toisnot Creek immediately downstream from Lake Toisnot
(Station T-12)
Date
Sample Temp
Time °C
pH A1X.
Units mg/l CaCOj
Acidity
mg/l CaCOj
Turbidity
Units
Tot Sua
Solids
ng/l
Solids
Total Vol.
mg/l mg/l
Specific
cand
nmho/cm
Color
Units
Mgnln
mg/l
BOD
2-day 5-day
mg/l mg/l
D.O
mg/l
abore below
Wilson
Pump
cfs
Flow,
Stream
cfs
Total
Gauge
Ht
Org N
mg/l
NHx-N
mg/l
NOa-N
mg/l
Tot. Phos.
Iron
mg/l
M
Manganese
mg/l
(Mn)
COD
July 29,1968
2 UOP
29
6 6
7
It
9
15
90
168
1U.U
9.0
8 2
5 i*
19 7
25 l
L.ft
0.91
o.ofc
< 0.1
0.08
1.8
0.07
50
3 OOP
-
6 7
9
3
10
15
70
--
176
lit U
--
--
8 It
8 0
3 ^
-
-
-
0 75
0.03
< 0.1
0 06
1.6
0 06
31
8 20A
27
6 6
e
2
9
15
110
-
152
lb h
--
-
8 U
8 it
5 2
21 0
26 2
1.72
O.85
o.oit
< 0.1
0.09
1 U
0 07
kh
Aug. 1
6 00A
26
6 it
9
5
U
20
80
-
172
15 2
-
"
5 0
7 3
6 0
lfi 1
2k 1
1 52
0 81
0.12
< 0.1
0.09
2 0
0.12
39
2
11 35A
29
6.6
8
3
13
U5
60
"
180
lit k
»
»
8 l
7 8
u 9
19 5
21* U
1.62
0 89
0.05
< 0.1
0.09
1.8
0 07
53
5
h OOP
52
7.2
-
-
10
-
60 60
50
152
11 6
--
-
7 l
8 0
5 2
17.5
22 7
1.U8
0.8l
0.05
< 0.1
0.06
l.k
0 08
i*9
6
7 ^5A
28
6 7
-
-
9
-
--
50
120
12 6
--
7 h
7 5
5 7
19 0
2U 7
1.59
0.86
0.09
< 0.1
0 07
1-7
0 08
0
7
7 ^5A
50
6.6
-
-
11
--
-
55
1ft
13 It
"
"
TA
7 k
7 0
17 0
24 0
1.1+4
0 95
0 lit
<01
0.09
1 6
0 07
39
B
1 U5P
3^
6.9
-
-
10
-
-
50
1ft
13 0
-
-
8 it
7 2
5 01
18 8
23 8
1.58
0.8l
0 06
< 0.1
0.07
1.6
0.07
itl
9
12 00N
31
6.8
-
-
10
-
--
50
160
12.6
--
-
7 9
7 2
5 01
17-5
22 5
1 ue
O.85
0 Ck
<01
0.06
1.7
0.07
35
Avg
30
6 7
6
3
10
20
Bo
50
l£l
13 6
"
"
7 7
7 7
-
-
2U 2
-
0 85
0 07
0 08
1 7
0 08
4 3
Max.
&
7 2
9
5
lit
'*5
110
55
180
15 2
"
9 0
8 Ir
-
-
26 2
-
0 95
0 lU
-
0 09
2.0
0 12
53
Min.
26
6 1*
7
2
9
15
60
50
120
11.6
--
--
5 0
7 2
-
-
22 5
-
0 75
0 03
-
0 06
1 L
0 07
0
^estin&ted
2
not used in average
s
-------
Table 13. Chemical Data, surface vs bottom
(Milligrams per liter)
Lake
Depth
Date Lignin Org -N
NO3-N NH^-N Total N
Total
Phosphorus
(P)
Iron Manganese
Lake Wilson
Surface
8-1-68
11. k
0.71
< 0.1
0.06
0.77
0.10
2.1
0.10
8-5-68
9-6
0.5U
< 0.1
0.05
0.59
0.09
1.8
0.09
Average
10.5
0.62
< 0.1
0.06
0.68
0.10
2.0
0.10
Bottom
(13 ft.)
8-1-68
2k.k
0.91
0.1
0.25
1.26
0.30
12.5
0.85
8-5-68
Ut.8
0.58
0.1
0.13
0.81
0.16
8.0
0.85
Average
19.6
0.7^
0.1
0.19
1.03
0.23
10.2
0.85
Surface
8-6-68
llf.4
0.82
< 0.1
0.03
0.85
0.07
l.k
0.08
8-7-68
11.8
1.10
< 0.1
0.03
1.13
0.07
1-9
0.06
Average
13.1
O.96
< 0.1
0.03
0.99
0.07
1.6
0.07
Bottom
(9 ft-)
8-6-68
17.U
0.77
< 0.1
0.10
0.87
0.07
3A
0.28
8-7-68
16.1*
1.00
< 0.1
0.05
1.05
0.10
U.2
0.16
Avsrsge
16.9
0.88
< C.l
0.08
a <->£
0.C8
1 0
C.22
00
AX
-------
Greens
Bluegreens
Diatoms
Other
Total
Greens
Bluegreens
Diatoms
Other
Phytoplankton
Average Standing Crop
29 July - 10 August, 1968
Table Ik
Contentnea Creek
No»/ml
650
100
32
trace
762
Volume(ppm)
0.35
0.02
0.08
0.45
Wiggins Mill Pond
No. /ml Volume(p-pm)
6,5^9 2.87
79 0.02
472 1.02
157 0.82
Total 7,257
4.73
Northeast Cape Fear River
Greens
Bluegreens
Diatoms
Other
Total
No./ml
746
trace
35
trace
781
Volume(ppm)
0.04
0.77
0.81
Toisnot Creek
No. /ml
1,844
730
3,31k
46
Volume(ppm)
1.68
0.07
1.10
0.20
5,93^
3.05
Lake Wilson
No./ml VolvBne(ppm)
6,550 1.94
229 0.13
10,622 4.24
771 2.69
18,172
8.90
84
-------
Periphyton
Standing Crop
Exposure Period - 26 July - 7 August 1968
Table 15
Lake
Depth
(ft-)
Greens
Bluegreens Diatoms
(numbers/in*)
Other
Total
Chlorophy!
(ug/in2)
Wilson
1
27,825
2,550
80,050
850
111,275
1.37
II
2
33,365
k,63k
139,020
927
177,9^6
1.27
tr
5
23,021
10,624
108,903
k,k27
1^6,975
2.8k
ir
k
11,816
8kk
53,172
1,688
67,520
I.36
ti
5
10,010
18,352
28,362
1.68
tt
6
2,227
8,017
10,2kk
0.k8
if
7
mm m*
3,531
3,531
m w
it
8
k29
2,lk6
mm m
2,575
Wiggins
1
U8,686
6,310
5k,988
1,803
111,787
0.53
II
2
35,993
11,998
27,99k
2,000
77,985
0.77
II
3
67,303
312,868
12,733
tmmm
392,90k
O.56
ft
k
12,159
255,339
12,159
3,k7k
283,131
0.28
II
5
7,22k
5A18
2,709
2,709
18,060
If
6
88k
2,210
kk2
3,536
II
7
-
3kl
--
3kl
--
85
-------
Lake Wilson Wilson Wilson Wilson Wilson
Station C E G F H
Depth (ft) 1 2 3 3 5
Clam 4 8
Leech 12
Snail 20
Flatvorm 4
Scud 20
Shrimp 8
Mayfly 4
Dragonfly 4
Caddisfly 4
Chironcmid. 96 96 4 84
midge
Fhantca aldge 32 48
Sludgevorm 112 204 104 108
Total/ft2 128 308 160 140 240
00
c\
Benthic Invertebrates
Nvmbers/ft2
1 August 1968
Table 16
Wilson Wilson Wiggins Wiggins Wiggins Wiggins Wiggins
D A 4-A 6-A 2-A 3-A 5-A
6.58 4 47 8 11
16
24
8
8
28
16
16
16
48
4
12
28
28
228
160
32
216
260
28
36 80 40 64 388 256 292
-------
TABLE IT* Chemical Constituents in Waters
Used in Leaching Studies
(¦migrans per liter)
Day
N03-N
NH3-5
Total
Inorganic
N
Organic
N
Total
N
Total
Phosphorus
OP)
Jron
Manganese
Lignin
Aerobic Clear* Water
9A0*
0
< 0.1
o.oi*
0.04
0.28
0.32
0.02
< 0.2
0.10
1.2
2
< 0.1
0.06
0.06
0.27
0.33
o.ce
< 0.2
0.05
3.8
5
< 0.1
0.05
0.05
0.17
0.22
0.01
00
< o.oe
1.2
10
< 0.1
0.07
0.07
0.26
0.33
0.01
0.2
00
0.2
Aerobic Dark* Water
1° AO
0
1.2
0.25
l.*5
0.55
2.0
0.22
1.1
o.ol*
12.8
2
0.6
0.23
0.83
0.57
1.1*0
0.26
1.2
0.02
13.0
5
0.2
0.11
0.21
0.38
0.59
0.18
0.8
< o.oe
11.6
10
1.1*
0.11
1.51
oM
1.96
0.19
0.8
00
10.2
Anaerobic Clear Water
9N0
0
< 0.1
0.03
0.03
0.23
0.26
0.03
< 0.2
0.10
1.6
2
< 0.1
0.05
0.05
0.19
0.2H
0.02
< 0.2
0.07
1.6
5
< 0.1
0.06
0.06
0.18
0.21*
0.01
< 0.2
o.oi*
0.6
10
< 0.1
0.07
0.07
0.16
0.23
0.02
< 0.2
0.03
00
Anaerobic Dark Water
1QN0
0
1.3
0.30
1.6
0.70
2.30
0.25
1.3
0.03
13.8
2
0.9
0.33
1.23
o.kk
1.63
0.21*
1.0
0.03
12.8
5
0.9
0.1*1
1.31
0.62
1.93
0.20
1.0
0.05
11.1*
10
0.9
0A3
1.33
0.1*7
1.80
0.19
0.8
0.03
11.2
~see text
87
-------
TABLE lB. Chemical Constituents in Waters
Leaching Leaf Litter*
(milligrams per liter)
Day
NOj-N
NHj-N
Total
Inorganic
N
Organic
N
Total
Total Phosphorus
N (?)
Iron
Manganese
Lignir
Aerobic Clear* Water
1AL*
0
< 0.1
0.04
0.04
0.28
0.32
0.02
< 0.2
0.10
1.2
2
< 0.1
0.21
0.21
0.82
1.03
0.17
0.8
0.03
12.8
5
< 0.1
0.28
0.28
0.81
1.09
0.25
0.7
0.02
16.0
10
0.1
0.19
0.20
0.76
0.96
0.48
1.4
< 0.02
20.8
AeroMc Dark* Water
2AL
0
1.2
0.25
1^5
0.55
2.0
0.22
1.1
0.04
12.8
2
1.1*
0.37
1.77
0.73
2.50
0.26
1.0
0.10
14.4
5
0.2
0.60
0.80
0.60
1.40
0.20
0.9
0.11
16.4
10
0.3
0.53
O.83
0.82
1.65
0.41
2.0
0.12
23.4
Anaerobic Clear Water
UK.
0
< 0.1
0.03
0.03
0.23
0.26
0.03
< 0.2
0.10
1.6
2
< 0.1
0.51
0.51
1.2
1.72
0.33
1.0
0.06
15.6
5
< 0.1
0.84
0.84
O.85
1.69
0.40
1.3
0.07
16.2
10
< 0.1
1.00
1.00
O.98
1.98
0.66
2.6
0.10
28.8
0
1-3
0.30
Anaerobic Dark Water
1.6 0.70 2.30
2NL
0.25
1.3
0.03
13.8
2
1.0
0.61
1.61
O.78
2.39
0.30
1.6
0.20
17.0
5
0.5
0.78
1.28
0.59
1.87
0.31
1.8
0.21
18.0
10
< 0.1
1.00
1.00
0.87
1.87
0.66
4.4
0.24
26.6
*See text
86
-------
TABLE 19- Chemical Constituents in Waters
Leaching Muck*
(milligrams per liter)
Day
N05-N
NHj-N
Total
Inorganic
N
Organic
N
Total
N
Total
Phosphorus Iron
(*)
Manganese
Lignj
Aerobic
Clear* Water
7AM*
0
< 0.1
0.04
0.04
0.28
0.32
0.02
< 0.2
0.10
1.2
2
0.1
0.04
0.14
0.82
O.96
0.15
0.9
0.05
9.0
5
0.1
0.06
0.16
0.73
O.89
0.12
1.0
0.02
6.6
10
0.3
0.05
0.35
0.82
1.17
0.17
1.4
0.00
9.0
Aerobic Dark* Water
8am
0
1.2
0.25
1A5
0.55
2.0
0.22
1.1
0.04
12.8
2
0.8
0.19
0.99
0.60
1.59
0.24
1.0
0.04
12.0
5
0.3
0.07
0.37
0.40
0.77
0.13
0.6
0.04
8.6
10
1-3
0.05
1.35
O.38
1.73
0.11
0.6
0.05
7.6
Anaerobic Clear
Water
7NM
0
< 0.1
0.03
0.03
0.23
0.26
0.03
< 0.2
0.10
1.6
2
0.2
0.15
0.35
1.6
1.95
0.46
5-5
0.07
6.4
5
< 0.1
0.16
0.16
0.82
O.96
0.24
1.0
0.05
12.2
10
< 0.1
0.25
0.25
0.85
1.10
0.34
1.6
0.04
7.8
Anaerobic Dark
Water
8nm
0
1.3
0.30
1.6
0.70
2.30
0.25
1.3
0.03
13.8
2
1.3
0.32
1.62
0.44
2.06
0.22
1.2
0.04
12.4
5
1.4
0.39
1.79
0.43
2.22
0.16
0.6
0.04
10.6
10
0.8
0.42
1.32
*See text
0.35
1.67
0.13
1.2
0.06
8.6
89
-------
TABU! 20. Chemical Constituents In Waters Leaching Loam*
(milligrams per liter)
Day
N03-N
NH^-N
Total
Inorganic
N
Organic Total
N N
Total
Phosphorus
(P)
Iron
Manganese
Ligi
Aerobic Clear* Water
5AD*
0
< 0.1
0.04
O.Ol*
0.28
0.32
0.02
< 0.2
0.10
1.2
2
< 0.1
0.03
0.03
0.1*9
0.52
0.10
0.7
0.03
5-U
5
0.1
0.02
0.12
O.38
0.50
o.oi*
0.1*
0.02
1.6
10
0.2
O.Ol*
0.21*
0.1*1
O.65
0.10
0.1*
00
2.6
Aerobic Dark* Water
6ad
0
1.2
0.25
1M
0.55
2.0
0.22
1.1
O.Ol*
12.8
2
1.1*
0.18
1.58
0.1*8
2.06
0.21
1.0
0.02
12.6
5.
1.7
0.07
1.77
0.1*5
2.22
0.12
0.6
0.06
9.0
10
1.7
0.02
1.72
O.38
2.10
0.10
0.6
o.oi*
8.0
Anaerobic
Clear Water 5ND
0
< 0.1
0.03
0.03
0.23
0.26
0.03
< 0.2
0.10
1.6
2
< 0.1
0.11
0.11
0.62
0.73
0.16
1.0
0.01*
8.6
5
< 0.1
0.16
0.16
0.51*
0.70
0.13
0.9
o.oi*
5.0
10
< 0.1
0.26
0.26
0.1*9
0.75
0.10
1.1
0.05
1*.6
Anaerobic
Dark Water
&D
0
1.3
0.30
1.6
0.70
2.30
0.25
1.3
0.03
13.8
2
1.3
0.33
I.63
0.1*8
2.11
0.21
1.1*
0.03
13 A
5
1.0
0.1*1
1.1*1
0.1*2
1.83
0.16
1.3
0.01*
11.8
10
0.5
0A5
0.95
0.1*0
1.35
0.11
1.0
0.05
8.8
*See text
90
-------
TABLE 21. Chemical Constituents In Waters Leaching Sand*
(milligrams per liter)
Day
N05-N
NH3-N
Total
Inorganic
N
Organic
N
Total
N
Toted
Phosphorus
(P)
Iron
Manganese
Llgi
Aerobic Clear* Water
3AS*
0
< 0.1
0.01+
0.01+
0.28
0.32
0.02
< 0.2
0.10
1.2
2
< 0.1
0.05
0.05
0.28
0.33
0.03
< 0.2
0.03
1.6
5
0.1
0.01+
O.lU
0.21+
O.38
0.03
A
0
ro
< 0.02
0.0
10
0.2
0.03
0.23
0.28
0.51
0.06
00
00
1.0
Aerobic Dark* Water 1+AS
0
1.2
0.25
1.1+5
0.55
2.0
0.22
1.1
0.01+
12.8
2
0.8
0.16
O.96
O.56
1.52
0.22
1.0
< 0.02
12.1+
5
0.5
0.1k
0.61+
0.55
1.19
0.21
0.6
< 0.02
10.2
10
1.7
0.07
1.77
0.50
2.27
0.17
0.6
00
10.8
Anaerobic Clear Water
3NS
0
< 0.1
0.03
0.03
0.23
0.26
0.03
< 0.2
0.10
1.6
2
< 0.1
0.11
0.11
0.25
O.36
0.07
0.2
0.06
1.1+
5
< 0.1
0.2k
0.21+
0.1+0
0.61+
0.09
0.3
0.05
1.0
10
< 0.1
0.31
0.31
0.27
0.58
0.13
0.2
0.01+
2.1+
Anaerobic Dark Water
1+NS
0
1.3
0.30
1.6
0.70
2.30
0.25
1.3
0.03
13.8
2
1.3
0.31
1.61
0.55
2.16
0.22
1.0
0.01+
11.6
5
1.2
0.28
1.1+8
O.38
1.86
0.20
0.8
0.03
10.2
10
1.6
0.13
1.73
0.1+3
2.16
0.20
0.8
0.05
9.6
*See text
91
-------
TABLE 22
WEATHER INFORMATION
WIISON 2 W STATION
Wilson, N. C.
Date Temp. °F. Rainfall
1968
July
August
Avg.
Avg.
Max.
Min.
Mean
In.
1
98
69
83.5
2
96
71
83.5
-
3
9k
69
81.5
2.39
k
71
67
69.O
0.19
5
73
68
70.5
1.17
6
86
67
76.5
0.01
7
86
61+
75.0
-
8
85
62
73.5
-
9
76
61*
70.0
o.kk
10
82
69
75.5
0.02
11
83
71
77-0
1.21
12
85
71
78.0
0.1k
13
89
72
80.5
0.38
1U
90
72
81.0
0.03
15
93
73
83.O
-
16
92
70
81.0
T
17
92
71
81.5
T
18
91
69
80.0
0.05
19
90
70
80.0
0.05
20
88
67
77.5
T
21
89
6k
76.5
-
22
91
67
79-0
-
23
93
70
81.5
-
2k
92
71
81.5
-
25
9U
70
82.0
0.03
26
90
7k
82.0
0.23
27
88
72
80.0
T
28
92
73
82.5
-
29
83
71
77.0
0.0k
30
87
69
78.0
-
31
88
69
78.5
m
Sua.
88.0
69.2
78.6
6.38
1
92
73
82.5
_
2
93
72
82.5
-
3
95
73
8k.0
-
9k
73
83.5
0.10
5
95
71
83.O
6
97
72
. 5
-
7
99
73
86.0
8
96
7k
85.O
-
9
97
73
85.0
1.26
Sum.
95.3
72.7
8k.0
1.36
Survey-
93-0
71-9
82.14-
l.kO
92
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TABLE 23
BOTTOM OXYGEN UPTAKE RATES
July-August, 1968
Location Temperature Oxygen Uptake Rate
°C gm. Og/sq.m/day
Wiggins Mill Pond, N. C.
Channel, 3,700 ft. from dam 27 1.27
Out of channel, 3>200 ft.
from dam 27 1.50
Entrance of Contentnea Creek 25 0.70
Average 1.16
Lake Wilson, N. C.
3,000 ft. from dam 27 0.9^
2,000 ft. frail dam 26 0.86
Average 0.90
93
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TABLE 2k
Waste Inventory, Mt. Olive, N. C.
Est. Pop. Avg. Daily Pop. Equiv. Receiving
Source Served Plow, MGD Discharged Treatment Stream
Mt. Olive 3>600 O.387 h62 Secondary N. E. Cape
Fear River
Mt. Olive - 0.110 2,700 Secondary Barlow
Pickle Co. Branch
^ ^Anon. 1967. Water Quality Control Study - Northeast
Cape Fear River Basin - North Carolina. U. S. D. I.,
Fed. Water Pollution Control Admin., Charlottesville,
Va.
9*
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TABLE 25
CHEMICAL QUANTITIES OF GROUND WATER SUPPLIES^
Total
Total Dissolved
Well Well Iron Calcium Hardness pH Solids
No. Location mg/l nig/l nig/l CaCO^ Units nig/l
2
Calypso
0.14
8.1
26
6.5
88
9
Faison
1.1
15
46
6.8
96
32
Warsaw
O.36
56
144
7-3
177
43
Kenans-
ville
0.18
43
112
7.7
148
47
Beaula-
ville
0.35
35
115
7.9
164
57
Rose
Hill
0.21
52
136
7.7
166
84
Wallace
0.55
7^
218
7.3
272
21
Kornegay
0.16
30
88
7-7
122
Avg. O.38 39 HO 7.4 154
Le Grand, Harry E., "Geology and Ground-Water Resources of
Wilmington-New Bern Area," Ground Water Bull. No. 1, North
Carolina Department of Water Resources, Raleigh, N. Carolina,
i960.
95
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