-------
Sulfur Dioxide
(SO,)
gaseous
usually measure 50,,but consider
other sulfur oxides In studies and
control strategies
non-flammable/non-explosive
colorless
detectable taste/odor a( high
concentrations
acids present as droplets/vapor
Chemical Characteristics
* either oxidizing or reducing
agent
* easily oxidizes to S03, which
combines with H20 to form
H,S04
Typical Sources
Combustion Nonferrous Other
Operations Smelters Industrial
Processes
Concentrations
natural background:
2 ftg/m1 (0.7 ppbv)
severe episode peaks:
^3,000 |ig/m] (1.05 ppmv)
Carbon Monoxide
(CO)
gaseous
colorless
odorless
tasteless
-------
Chemical Characteristics
flammable
strong affinity for
02-bonding sites of
hemoglobin
Typical Sources
Transportation Vehicles Industrial Processes
Miscellaneous Burning Stationary Fuel Combustion
Concentrations
natural background:
^O.OS mg/m1 (44 ppb)
global average:
~0.12 mg/m3 (1OO ppb or
0.1 ppm)
urban "hot spots":
>50 mg/m3 (44 ppm)
Oxides of Nitrogen
(N0X)
nitrogen dioxide (NOi J,
nitric oxide (NO)
gaseous
riO colorless; odorless
NO, red-brown; pungent
odor
Chemical Characteristics
no
coainon prodacl of combuatioo
eatily oxMlied to NO)
no2
quite reactive
cm comiMik with MjO to give HIWj
droplet*/vapor
2-6
-------
Typical Sources
Transportation Power Industrial
Vehicles Plants Processes
Concentrations
* natural background:
~ I ng/m3 (0.6 ppb)
peaks:
2750 jjg/m* (0.4 ppm)
Criteria Pollutants
Primary Secondary
tame form In air a*
when emitted from
source
particulate or gaaeous
particulate matter,
lead, sulfur dioxide,
carbon monoxide,
oxide* of nitrogen
ป change form after
leaving source
particulate or gaseous
oione, sulfate*,
nitrate*
Ozone
(Os)
photochemical oxidant
gaseous
faintly bluish
distinctive sharp odor
Chemical Characteristics
powerful oxidizing agent
breaks down rapidly
-------
o. Formation
solar
\radiation
NO, ' VOCs <
\ /
Typical Soures of VOCs
Transportation Vehicle* Petroleum Storage/
Marketing
Industrial Solvent tปe Chemical Manufacturing
Typical Sources of NOx
Transportation Power
Vehicles Plants
Sulfates and nitrates
not currently criteria pollutants,
but contribute to TSP and play
role in acid deposition
mostly fine, solid particles
readily form acids in contact
with II jO
-------
formed by oxidation of SOt,
NO*, and combination with
other pollutants
sources same as for SO, and
DO* . especially power plants
* Sulfates
/ug/m3 to <^>20 /ug/m3 (annual)
fv0.1|Ug/m5 (LDL) to >80ptg/m3
(24-hour)
(Nitrates
< 1 jug/m2 to /ug/m3 (annual)
0.5 jjg/m1 to ~10 pig/m3 (24-hour)
ฆ
tear
National Trend
in Average
Particulate
Levels,
1960 1979
so
National Trend
in Particulate
Emissions
20
*
6
9
8
8
70 7 I 72 73 7* 75 76 77 79 79
Year
(Transportation (Fuel Combustion in Stationar> Sources
|laduariซl rracniei |solM Waste amt Miscellaneous
2-9
-------
(National Trend
in Average
Sulfur Dioxide
Levels.
1965 - 1979
ง
.2 8
* ฉ
* w
II
National Trend
in Emission of
Sulfur Oxides,
1970 1979
70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79
Year
|Transportation |Fuel Combustion in Stationary Sources
(Industrial Processes
National Trend
in Average
Carbon Monoxide
Levels,
1972 1979
72 73 74 75 76 77
Year
1 10
100
U
national Trend
in Emission* of
Carbon Monoxide,
1970 ฆ 1979
| Transportation | Fuel Combustion in Stationary Sources
ฆ industrial Processes ฆ Solid Mastc and Miscellaneous
si
I*
national Trend
in Oione
Levels.
1974 - 1979
7' 75 76 77 > 79
Veai
-------
(National Trend
in Emissions of
Volatile Organic
Compounds
70 71 71 73 74 75 76 77 78 79
Year
^Transportation | Furl Combustion in Stationary Sources
(Industrial Processes (Solid Waste and miscellaneous
l-lon-lndustrlat Organic Solvent
76 77
Year
National Trend
in Average
INitrogen Dioxide
Levels,
1975 1979
I 72 73 7* 75 76 77 78 79
National Trend
in Emissions of
Nitrogen Oxides.
1970 1979
CTiansportation (Fuel Combustion In Stationary Sources
(Industrial Proteซปes
Control Approach for
Criteria Pollutants
standards set for ambient
concentrations
aau per volume or
volume per volume
specified averaging lime
criterion determine* If standard
yloialed
control strategy is mix of
emission controls and other
measures
NSPS Regulated Pollutants
standards specifying emission
limits
within specific source categories
for new sources
for major modifications
operational or performance
standards
require emission control
technology considering cost
and other factor*
-------
* Criteria Pollutants
* Fluorides
* Sulfuric Acid Mist
* Hydrogen Sulfide
* Total Reduced Sulfur
Fluorides
various fluorine compounds
particulate matter and
gases
sources include:
aluminum refining plants
fertilizer manufacturing
plating operation pickling tanks
Sulfuric Acid Mist
primarily particulate matter
some gas
sources include;
acid manufacturing
pulp and paper mills
* pickling tanks
* power plants
Hydrogen Sulfide
(H2S)
gas
colorless
pungent, "rotten egg'-like odor
ซ very toxk at high concentrations
converts easily to HjSO* In contact
with h20
sources Include:
petroleww reflBlปง pulp and paper nillt
iimI aiRilictariRfl
Total Reduced Sulfur
(TRS)
* blanket term for sulfur-bearing
gaseous compounds
* H,S. NeSN. DMDS. and DNS
* sources Include:
pulp and paper nllls
* line kilns
-------
Hazardous Air Pollutants
* pollutants regulated under NESHAPs
* controlled by limitations on emissions
from new source*
from eMsting source*
* cause or contribute to irreversible or
incapacitating illness
* importance Is in close proximity
to source
Asbestos
* small particulate matter (fibers)
* various calcium and magnesium
silicates
* sources include:
' milting opซrซltoAi
tenlile manufacturing
Nreprooling material*
brake lining*
building demolition
Beryllium
(Be)
elemental metal
" beryllium silicate
very light and elastic
sources Include:
* extraction plant*
* ceramic plant*
* foundries
* incinerator*
* rocket motor propซllant manufacture
and stationary test firing
Mercury
(Hg)
* elemental metal
* silvery liquid
' cinnabar (HgS)
* sources Include:
* mercury-ore processing
* (fudge drying
* sludge Incineration
* mercury cell cblor-alfcali pianU
ฆ
Vinyl Chloride
* organic compound
0a.
ethylene dlcblorlde, vtayl chloride,
polyvinyl clilortde
* sobicci
" rfcinltnl ฆฆnnfailmlng ptant*
2-13
-------
Benzene
VOC (C.H. ring)
usually liquid at ambient temperatures
emitted as vapor/mist mixture
sources includes
chemical Manufacturing plant*
aolvcBl uปe
ซll refining
Inorganic Arsenic
(As)
* elemental nonferrous metal
* solid at ambient temperatures
* emitted In gaseous arsenic trioxide,
which condenses on particulate matter
* sources include:
* copper- ana lead-ore roatttng
* incinerator*
Radionuclides
* radioactive particles
* unstable atomic nuclei - decompose or
disintegrate spontaneously, emitting
radiation
' uranium, actinium, thorium
' radioactive character unaffected by
chemical change
Radionuclides
(continued)
sources include:
* nuclear power plants
* nuclear fuel processing
* medical facilities
ป laboratories and research facilities
* mining and milling operations
* fossil-fuel'fired power plants
Conclusion
focus on pollutants as substances
of interest because of their adverse
effects on human health or welfare
no list of air pollutant* can be
exhaustive and exclusive
overlaps rrtrtnn are ioevJCaMe
-------
Chapter 3
The Effects of Air Pollution
Lesson Goal
To familiarize you with the effects on human health and welfare of the air
pollutants of principal concern.
Lesson Objectives
Upon completion of this lesson, you should be able to:
1. define the key terms required for discussion of the effects of air pollutants on
receptors.
2. identify the principal human body systems and structures affected by gaseous
or particulate air pollutants, and associate health damages with pollutant
types.
3. recognize the general types of damage to vegetation and property which can
be caused by air pollutants.
4. identify the most important health and welfare effects of the criteria
pollutants.
References
1. Heck, Walter C. and Brandt, C. Stafford. 1977. Effects on vegetation:
native, crops, forests. Chapter 4 in A. C. Stern, ed., Air Pollution, Vol. II.
New York: Academic Press.
2. U.S. EPA. See generally the Summary and Conclusions chapter of most
recent Air Quality Criteria for [Pollutant].
3. Williamson, Samuel J. 1973. Fundamentals of Air Pollution, Chapter 2,
Some adverse effects, pp. 8-54. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
S-l
-------
gg] THE EFFECTS
| OF AIR
D POLLUTION
Ambient Air
Pollutant
a contaminant which
can have an adverse
effect on public health
or welfare
Dose
total amount of
pollutant received
by receptor
(concentration x exposure time)
ฆ
Receptor
item or system
affected by
pollution
-------
Dose-Response
Relationship
10"* IO* 10ป 10"' 10"' 10ฐ
Dose >
Types of Effects
Health Welfare
Methods of Study
epidemiology comparison of
concentration statistics with
health / welfare statistics
case studies - study of group(s)
exposed to naturally occurring
pollutant levels
laboratory studies ฆ controlled
experiments
Systems of the
Human Body Affected
\ ,0
a
ฆ - m
* *ฆ
A-r-'^
K," S i
wV M
ฆ z.
V
Reปpifปlor> Heart and Skin and General
0lood Vessels Eye*
Respiratory System
Upper Part Lower Part
-------
Defense and Accumulation
Mechanisms
L
)
Q
^ -\ "
Hairs
l*1UCOUซ
Membrane
Phagocyto&is
Effects on
Respiratory System
bronchitis
acute
chronic
pulmonary emphysema
lung cancer
pneumoconiosis
Effects on Heart and
Blood Vessels
* indirect effects of lung damage
increased load on heart and pulmonary
cinubijoR
enlargement and weakening of heart and
blood vcfitit
direct effects
inflammation or poisoning of blood,
heart, or ve*ปel*
Effects on Skin and Eyes
direct Irritation
allergic and other
blood-media ted
reactions
Effects on Body in General
cancer
resulting from transport of
pollutants in body
resulting from metastasis of
lung cancer through lymphatic
system
-------
Vegetation Effects
Target Systems
Types of Damage
Target Systems
upper epidermis
palisade cells
spongy parenchyma
~) S.S33[&lower epidermis
stomata I
guard cells
Types of Damage
acute
chronic
adaptive
-------
Abcission
Significance of
Vegetation Damage
visible damage may be
important
ornamental plants
wild plants
damage may be diagnostic sign
decrease /abnormality of growth of
cash crop
Effects of the Criteria Pollutants
suspended particulate matter
sulfur dioxide
carbon monoxide
ozone
nitrogen oxides
hydrocarbons
lead
Suspended Particulate Hatter
(TSP)
physical damage to respiratory
system
toxic, mutagenic, and
carcinogenic damages
soiling
reduction of open-air visibility
3-6
-------
Sulfur Dioxide
(S02)
alone
Increased rttliUntt of airway. adding to heart'
lung load
deterioration of metal aid stone
in synergism with fine particulate matter
ฆ carried deep into lung*, greatly aflgtavallng other
respiratory damage*
other
tan product acidt and particulate >ulfateป
Carbon Monoxide
(CO)
directly toxic ฆ ties up sites on
hemoglobin molecules,
resulting in hypoxia
effects are usually acute and
reversible
high ambient levels may lead
to diminished functioning
Ozone
(03)
irritates respiratory system
acute
chronic
irritates eyes
attacks materials
impairs visibility
Nitrogen Oxides
(MO*)
apparently are toxic at high levels (rare)
contribute to bronchitis, pneumonia,
and lowered Infection resistance
take part In Os-produclng cycle with
hydrocarbons
produce adds and particulate nitrates
Hydrocarbons
(HC)
take part in Oj -producing cycle
have little direct health effect
at ordinary ambient
concentration*
some may have toxic,
mutagenic, or carcinogenic
effects
-------
Lead
(Pb)
must consider routes of entry (to body)
other than inhalation
* total lead concentrates in bones and
soft tissues
* accumulated lead poisons the blood-
forming. nervous, and renal systems
especially damaging to children
3-8
-------
Chapter 4
Air Pollution and the Law:
The Clean Air Act
Lesson Goal
To familiarize you with constitutional, common-law, and statutory bases for
governmental air pollution control organization and activity; to introduce the
elements of the administrative regulatory and adjudicatory process, with its legal
bases; and to familiarize you with the purposes and general structure of the Federal
Clean Air Act.
Lesson Objectives
Upon completion of this lesson, you should be able to:
1. describe what is meant by the terms constitutional law, common law,
statutory law, administrative law, and enabling legislation, and identify how
each influences air pollution control efforts.
2. identify the provisions of the U.S. Constitution which authorize Federal
activity in the area of air pollution control.
3. identify the importance of the 4th, 5th, 10th, and 14th amendments to the
U.S. Constitution in relation to air pollution programs.
4. recognize the relationship between the U.S. Constitution, Federal laws, State
laws, and local laws pertaining to air pollution control.
5. describe the general structure of the Clean Air Act and identify the Federal
publication in which the Act can be found.
6. name at least one nonauthoritative current source for information regarding
the Act and for regulations implementing it.
7. identify a brief description of its major provisions when given a section
number from Title I of the Clean Air Act.
4-1
-------
References
1. Enmronment Reporter (staff), 1979. EPA issues memorandum to Regions on
post-Barlow inspection procedures. Environ. Rep. 9:2362-63 (April 20,
1979).
2. Grad, F. P. 1978. Public Health Law Manual. 1st ed.( rev., 5th printing.
Washington, DC: American Public Health Association, Inc., pp. 5-40,
76-107, 122-174 passim, 194-221.
3. Office of the Federal Register. 1980. The Federal Register: What it is and
how to use it. Washington, DC: GPO.
4. Pritchett, C. H. 1971. The American Constitutional System. 3rd ed. New
York: McGraw-Hill, pp. 1-84, 107-115.
5. Reed, J. C. 1979. Searches by Administrative agencies after Barlow's and
Tyler: Fourth Amendment pitfalls and short-cuts. Land 9 Water L. Rev.
14:207-26.
6. U.S. Senate Comm. on Environment and Public Works. 1977. The Clean
Air Act as amended August 1977. Serial No. 95-11. Washington, DC: GPO.
7. Weissberg, L. G. 1978. Marshall v. Barlow's Inc.: Are warrantless routine
OSHA inspections a violation of the Fourth Amendment? Environ. Affairs.
6:423-47.
4-2
-------
AIR POLLUTION
AND THE LAW:
The Clean Air Act
LEGAL BASES FOR AIR POLLUTION
CONTROL REGULATIONS
2
r^Tl
Common Law
Constitutional Law
Statutory law Administrative Law
Common Law
not enacted by
legislature
based on custom,
usage
grows from court
rulings, findings,
etc.
Significance of Common Law
general system of principles from
which other legal definitions/ideas
evolve
forms "frame" for constitutional
and statute law
Common Uw
4
: Uv
-------
Common Law Principles Affecting
Air Pollution Control
right of person to use property as
desired
right of person to be secure in
person and property
reconciliation of conflict of rights
right to sue for nuisance, trespass,
or negligence
"Police Power"
power of sovereign state to make/
enforce laws to protect public
safety, health, and welfare
inherent - accepted as a "given"
violation is usually a crime
Constitutional Law
based on provisions
of a constitution
U.S. Constitution
written
resistant to change
U.S. Constitution
incorporates separation of
powers
consists of preamble,
articles, amendments
Preamble
gives bask purposes of
Constitution
* helps interpret purpose of
provisions
4-4
-------
"Sneak Preview"
Congress Executive Branch Judiciary Branch
makes the laws * tames Qui the Us interprets the laws
ARTICLE I - Congress
Congress holds legislative power to:
provide I or the "general Welfare of the
United States"
S regulate commerce among states
make laws necessary to enforce the
above powers
ARTICLE II - The Executive
* power vested in President
structure of Executive Branch
established by law
President has reorganization
powers (subject to approval
by Congress)
ARTICLE III - The Judiciary
Supreme Court
other courts established
by legislation (Congress)
power to judge all cases
ARTICLE IV - The States and the Union
ARTICLE V - The Amending Process
ARTICLE VI - Status of the Constitution
(Supremacy Clause)
ARTICLE VD - Ratification
-------
Protection of Rights
Bill of Rights - first ten
amendments
Fourteenth Amendment
Fourth Amendment
* protection against
unreasonable search
and seizure
* probable cause, oath
or affirmation, specific
descriptions
Relevance to Air Pollution
Control Inspections
must not gain warrantless entry by
threat
agency rules/procedures must
dearly set out reasons and methods
for routine inspections
if in doubt, obtain a warrant
Fifth Amendment
is broad in scope
protects against
double jeopardy
seV-incrimiiMtion
ensures due process
of law
limits taking of
property
Ninth and Tenth Amendments
ensure that
constitutional rights
do not aboish
common-taw rights
principle of States'
rights
4-6
-------
Fourteenth Amendment
extends "due process"
prevents individual states
from violating most Bill
of Rights restrictions
creates "U.S. citizenship"
to States
State Constitutions
framework for States'government
and laws
usually more detailed than U.S.
Constitution
often limit government power more
than U.S. Constitution
Constitutional Rights
Implementing
most constitutional provisions
require further interpretation
and mechanisms
often implemented via specific laws
often implemented via enabling acts
that delegate the power to make
rules
Significance to
Air Pollution Control
most governmental control
activity is through
administrative agencies
national
state
local
Administrative Law
authority delegated
through enabling
legislation
carried out through
agencies, boards,
commissions, etc
* expertise
* limebtfti
-------
Administrative Procedure
* tells regulated parties what
to do or not do {but due
process rights are protected)
* provides procedural
safeguards tot rights
most "informal" rule making
governed by Administrative
Procedure Act (Title 5, U.S.
Code)
Rule Making
"rules" are generally
administrative regulations
almost all air pollution
control requirements
come from administrative
regulations
procedural safeguards for due
process rights
notice to affected parties
opportunity to prepare
opportunity to present
positions
fair and properly recorded
"hearing
notice of final action
substantive due process
protection
certainty - must tell those
regulated just what is
necessary to avoid penalty
reasonableness
reasonable classification
hearings
tor permits
for enforcement - abatement
order, administrative penalty
fairly strict legal requirements
reviews and appeals always
available
Adjudication
-------
information
on Administrative Action
Official Systems
* provide the notice required in rule
making and adjudication
vary in form
running record
code or compilation
Federal Register System
basic means of proposing
and promulgating Federal
administrative regulations/
decisions
daily Federal Register
Code of Federal Regulations
* daily Federal Register
issued every working day '
contains
proposed rules
rules and regulations
notices
proclamations, executive orders, etc
46 Fed. Reg. 9660 (Jan. 29,1981)
Code of Federal Regulations
annual compilation of all
administrative regulations
organized by:
title
chapter subchapter (rarely
referred to)
part
section
40 CFR 50.1 (1980)
Information
on Administrative Action
Unofficial Systems - "Services"
Bureau of National Attain (BNA)
Environment Reporter
Air Poiubon Control
Commerce Clearing House (CCH)
Mwfcw Control Cwde
4-9
-------
Content of Services
current news
Federal law
Federal regulations
State laws and regulations
case reports
indexes
The Clean Air Act
* statute law
enabling law
CAA - where to find it
TITLE 42 - Public
Health arid Welfare
Sections 7401-7642
42 U.S.Gงง 7401 et seq.
LJ.S.CODE
Other Places
to Find CAA
Statutes at Large
Congressional
publications
services
CAA - General Organization
TITLE I - Air Pollution Prevention
and Control (ง101 -178)
TITLE II - Emission Standards for
Moving Sources (ง201 -
234)
TITLE ID - General (ง301 - 327)
-------
CAA - Major Provisions
will discuss by title, part,
and section
brief discussion - overview
TITLE I (Stationary Sources)
Part A - Air Quality and Emission Limitations
ง 101 - Findings and Purposes
ง105 - Giants for Support of Programs
ง 107 - Air Quality Control Regions
k 108 - Air Quality Criteria and Control Techniques
ง109 - National Ambient Air Quality Standards
TITLE I (Stationary Sources)
Part A - Air Quality and Emission Limitations
(continued)
ง110 - Implementation Plans
ง 111 - Standards of Performance foi
New Stationary Sources
ง112 - National Emission Standards for
Hazardous Pollutants
ง113 - Federal Enforcement
ง114 - Inspections, Monitoring, and Entry
TITLE I (Stationary Sources)
Part B - Ozone Protection
ง150-159
Part C - Prevention of Significant
Deterioration ง160-169A
Part D - Nonattainment Area Plan
Requirements ง171-178
TITLE II (Mobile Sources)
ง 201 - 234
TITLE III (General)
ง 303 - Emergency Powers
ง 304 - Gtizen Suits
ง 307 - Administrative Proceedings and
Judicial Review
ง 323 - National Commission on Air
Quality
-------
REVIEW
Legal Background
Common Uw
VS. Constitution
Administrative bw
administrative regulations with force
of law
due process fights protected
various sources of information available
REVIEW
(continued)
Clean Air Act
Federal statute
* sets up US. air pollution control program
delegates administrative powers to IPA
primary control responsibility rests with
Slate and local agencies
* Federal involvement based on General
Welfare and Commerce Clauses
* basic approach is "air quality management"
-------
Chapter 5
Factors Affecting Pollutant Dispersion
Lesson Goal
To familiarize you with (1) the factors that influence the wind, (2) the major
meteorological factors of wind and turbulence, and (S) the relationship of stability
to turbulence; and the effect of these on pollution dispersion.
Lesson Objectives
Upon completion of this lesson, you should be able to:
1. identify the four major meteorological factors that affect pollution
dispersion.
2. describe the effect of each of the above meteorological factors on the pollu-
tion dispersion process.
3. identify three basic types of stability.
4. distinguish between the two types of turbulence and indicate the cause of
each.
References
1. Byers, H. R. 1956. General Meteorology. New York: McGraw-Hill,
pp. 511-520.
2. Donn, W. L. 1975. Meteorology. New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 96-117,
160-213, 236-261.
5-1
-------
INTRODUCTION
TO METEOROLOGY
: 7
Pressure
Gradient
Force
Coriolis /
Force <
(2Qsin0)
Frictional
Force ,
Meteorological
Scales of Motion
Macroscale
Synoptic Scale
Mesoscale
Microscale
-------
Mlcroscale
vertical:
^1 surface 100 m ^ km)
horizontal:
1 mm 2 km
Mesoscale
ฆ vertical:
100 m ป~ 2 km
horizontal:
2 km 200 km
I
Macroscale
I vertical:
300 m (i-u-i- km) stratosphere
horizontal:
Synoptic Scale
vertical:
200 m ^ km ] ^ 5 km
horizontal:
200 km *ฆ 1000 km
Single
Cell
5-3
-------
Polar TropopauM
Jet Scream*
Front
Tropical .
Cell A
Tropical
Tropopaute
Trtw
METEOROLOGICAL FACTORS
AFFECTING DISPERSION
~y
o
1
O* Wind Speed
Wind Direction
Stability
Turbulence
%
Wind
Speed
5280'
6080'
mile
-| knot
} 3300| kilometer
/r _i or - Wind Speed
D ' ^ ฆ ,
* as wind speed increases,
concentration of pollutant
decreases proportionally
5-4
-------
Wind Speed Instruments
Cup Propeller Hot Wire UVW
Wind
Direction
Direction
Point
Source
Area
Source
Mean Wind = II
(1 hour average)
Wind Direction Instruments
Flat Plate Sptayad Airfoil Bivam
Vaac Van* Van*
-------
Stable
rr.
r environmental lap^e rate
rd = dry adiabatic lapse rate
Dry Adlobots
1
1
1
l
1
I
$
$
A
\
S
J
\
0
;S
\Y
A
V
K
-40-30 20 10 0 10 JO 90 40
Tปmp*fOtUf* (ฐC)
1. Superadiabatlc
2. Dry Adiabatic
j 2 3 4 5 'WC/lOO m
\ \ \
/ 3. Subadiabatic
\\\
/ 4. Isothermal
/.
Temperature, "C
Stable
J Vv>Sunrise Sunset/
Unstable
V J
i y ป
7 am
7 pm
Plume Types
^ Kr ^ 3^ Looping
Coning
Fanning
5-6
-------
Turbulence and
Dispersion
O {J / )
I /
m
ฆ lObjectl
o'
Locations of Turbulence
ฆ Mo;
" r=.
\)
G
j
,o
Turbulence
]0
Geometric Thermal
(Mechanical) (Convective)
s Wind
/ Vane
\ Fluctuations
Mechanical
E
^ ฆ "V.
"N ' < Convective
= lป.
5-7
-------
Plume
Growth
-Linear*
-Parabolic -
0 100
Distance, meters
-------
Chapter 6
Influence of Topography
on Pollutant Dispersion
Lesson Goal
To familiarize you with the types of topography and the resulting influence of each
type on pollution.
Lesson Objectives
Upon completion of this lesson, you should be able to:
1. identify the four types of topographical shapes.
2. identify the basic effects that topography has on wind.
3. identify dispersion conditions given a specified meteorological situation over
a land-water interface.
References
1. Slade, D. H., ed. 1968. Meteorology and Atomic Energy 1968. Oak Ridge,
Tennessee: U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, Div. of Tech. Information,
pp. 24-28.
6-1
-------
TOPOGRAPHY
Land 3691 ซf
earth's surfec*
Plane
Mountain
Valley
Urban
Land
Sea
-------
Roughness Factor
Roughness Factor
1
yy
Stability: neutral to unstable
Geometric Effect
Thermal Effect
% *> \ \
-------
Mountain
Valley
Flow Near A Ridge
Flow
Over
A Ridge
Downwash
6-4
-------
Impaction
Fumigation
inversion
-v T**Tr-
" 4.. - A-'s * * *Q
. *.... ' * ฆ . - *
XV> <
*. ฆ \V-* *'('
Down-
Slope
air cools near
surface causing
denser air to
sink along
slopes
Urban
-------
Roughness Factor
ji-r.
Stability: neutral to unstable
vx
ฆ *
Orv"-
Point
Source
Area
Source
-------
Thermal Effect
u Neutral
V Lapse
V Rate
Temperature
Thermal Effect
Land
Sea
Land - Sea Interface
6-7
-------
Thermal Effect
Fumigation
5> <ฃ=
Stratification
-------
Chapter 7
Air Pollution Sources
and Source Regulations
Lesson Goal
To familiarize you with the terminology associated with standards and regulations
set for stationary sources of air pollutants.
Lesson Objectives
Upon completion of this lesson, you should be able to:
1. recall the terminology used by EPA in identifying sources of air pollution
(such as stationary, mobile, extended area, and fugitive emissions).
2. list at least five types of regulations which deal with stationary sources.
3. define the acronyms BACT, RACT, NSPS, NSR, PSD, LAER, NESHAPs.
4. recognize at least four different types of standards used to regulate stationary
sources.
References
1. U.S. Office of the Federal Register. 1981. Code of Federal Regulations,
Title 40, Protection of Environment, Parts 53-80. Washington, DC: U.S.
Government Printing Office.
7-1
-------
AIR POLLUTION SOURCES
AND SOURCE REGULATIONS
EXAMPLES OF SOURCE TYPES
1
, r ซ 11 i
Mobile
Ltae
Indirect
~sJL
roiM
Multiple
Point
Fugitive
Emission
Mobile Source
transportation vehicle whose
engine burns
fossil fuel.
Line Source
continuous band
where mobile source
activity generates
emissions
Indirect Source
airport or
federally
funded streets
and highways
-------
Point Source
stationary source
causing emissions in
excess of lOO
tons/year HIH_
ฆฆ
Multiple Point
Source
stationary source having
many emission points in a
^concentrated
area
Area Source
group of residential (or small
commercial) installations
a cjcausing emissions
itT "7, from
combustion
operations
Fugitive Emissions
Source
1 source whose emissions are
generated by an external
force acting on
the source
Mkl.
REGULATIONS
-------
Regulations must be:
understandable
fair
enforceable
attainable
PROGRAM ACRONYMS
SIPState Implementation Plan
PSDPrevention of Significant
Deterioration
NSR-New Source Review
CONTROL TECHNOLOGY
ACRONYMS
NSPS-New Source Performance Standards
BACT-Bcst Available Control Technology
RACT Reasonably Available Control
Technology
LAERLowest Achievable Emission Rate
SCS-SuppJemental Control Strategy
NESflAPsnational emission Standards
for Hazardous Air Pollutants
REGULATIONS AFFECTING
EXISTING SOURCES
Examples:
SIP and RACT
* Federal, State and
Local Permit Systems
RACT
Reasonably Available
Control Technolofly
reasonably available
technology
considers cost
-------
REGULATIONS
AFFECTING NEW SOURCE
CONSTRUCTION
New Source Review (NSR)
process for reviewing new sources
source must comply with:
NSPS PSD Offset
BACT . LAER
NSPS
New Source
Performance Standards
promulgated for various source
categories
specify emission limitations
can be found in CFR
BACT
Best Available
Control Technology
best technology available
considers cost and energy
requirements
PSD
Prevention of
Significant Deterioration
EPA policy applied to
new sources in an
attainment area
LAER
Lowest Achievable
Emission Rate
control devices to achieve
lowest possible emission rate
required for sources in
non-attainment areas
-------
Offset Policy
required for new sources
in non-attainment areas
"trade-off" of emissions
TYPES OF
SPECIFIC
REGULATIONS
REGULATIONS SPECIFYING
AN EMISSION STANDARD
OR AN EMISSION LIMIT
For example:
1.2 lbs S02/ 10ฎ Btu heat
input
20% opacity
REGULATIONS SPECIFYING
TYPES OF FUEL
For example:
* low sulfur coal
* coal/oil/natural gas
fMooni
Ibs/hr
T*300I
jbs/hrj
OFFSET
Existing Source
[New Source
-------
REGULATIONS SPECIFYING
TYPES OR USE OP
PROCESS EQUIPMENT
For example:
low excess air or staged
combustion to reduce NO,
emissions
REGULATIONS SPECIFYING
USE OF CONTROL EQUIPMENT
AND PERCENTAGE
REDUCTION OF EMISSIONS
For example:
flue gas desulfurization
systems on power plants
vapor recovery systems on
petroleum storage tanks
REGULATIONS SPECIFYING
THE CONTINUOUS MONITORING
OF EMISSIONS AND OF
CONTROL EQUIPMENT OPERATION
For example:
SO, monitors on FFFSG's with FGD
systems
measurement of pressure drop across
scrubbing system of a fertilizer facility
REGULATORY
ENFORCEMENT
AUTHORITY
Section 114 of the Clean Air Act
State Laws
* entry, inspection, source
testing
* action during air
pollution episodes
REGULATIONS
LIMITING NUISANCE
OCCURRENCES
For example:
odor regulations
dustfall
-------
REGULATIONS DEFINING
PROCEDURES FOR CONTROL
AND MEASUREMENT OF
HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS
For example:
NESMAPs for polyvinyl chloride reactors
is
.02 g vinyl chloride/kg polyvinyl
chloride product
EMISSION STANDARDS
FOR SOURCES
Concentration of Stack Gas (Cs)
Pollutant Mass Rate (PMR)
Emission Rate (E)
Process Weight Rate (E)
Opacityout-of-stack
Opacity in-stack
Concentration of Stack Gas
(Cs)
Can be expressed in:
ppm
g/dscm
gr/dscf
For example:
The NSPS for asphalt
concrete plants
is
0.04 gr/dscf -<->90 mg/dscm
Pollutant Mass Rate
(PMR)
Can be expressed in:
Ib/hr
g/hr
-------
stack gas
PMR = concentration X volumetric
flow rate
lbs v dscf
_ dscf * hr
lbs
hr
For example:
In Illinois the maximum
emission rate for organic
pollutants is
8lbs/hr
Emission Rate
(E)
Can be expressed in:
lbs / lO6 Btu heat input
ng/Joule heat input
pollutant mass rate
heat input rate
Ibs/hr
10s Btu's/hr
lbs
10* Btu's
For example:
The NSPS emission rate
for FFFSG
is
particulate emissions
limited to 0.03 lb/ lO6 Btu .
-------
Process Weight Rate
(E)
Can be expressed in:
lbs /tons of product
Kg /metric tons of product
For example:
The NSPS for sulfuric acid
plants
is
S02 emissions limited to
2 kg SO]/metric ton H3SO*
produced.
Opacity out-of-stack
Is expressed in:
percent
For example:
The NSPS for
fossil fueled steam
generators
is
20%
Opacity in-stack
Is expressed in:
percent
7-10
-------
For example:
The California
Bay area
requirement
is
20%.
Circumvention
RELATING
SOURCE EMISSIONS
TO AMBIENT
AIR QUALITY
MODELING
Gaussian
Simulation
Statistical
Empirical
EKNA
Rollback
ROLLBACK METHOD
Determines:
amount of source emissions
reduction necessary to
improve ambient air quality
7-11
-------
100
Ibs/hr
Ibs/hr
PPm
EKMA
O.20
0.16
0.1 J
0.32 %
0.28 S
0.2 O.G I.O l.ซ
NMMC, ppm C
-------
Chapter 8
Measurement of Source Pollutant Emissions
Lesson Goal
To familiarize you with the Federal Reference Methods for source testing and the
EPA continuous monitoring program.
Lesson Objectives
Upon completion of this lesson, you should be able to:
1. recognize the procedures necessary for manual sampling from an exhaust
stack of an industrial source.
2. explain the purpose of manuals and continuous monitoring and the uses of
data obtained.
5. relate the uses of Reference Methods 1-4 to the other Reference Methods.
4. explain how Reference Methods 5 and 6 are performed.
5. identify the pollutants measured by Reference Methods 5-8.
6. briefly describe Reference Method 9 for plume opacity determination.
7. distinguish between extractive and in situ continuous emission monitoring
systems.
References
1. U.S. Office of the Federal Register. 1981, Code of Federal Regulations,
Title 40, Protection of Environment, Parts 53-80. Washington, DC: U.S.
Government Printing Office.
8-1
-------
MEASUREMENT
OF SOURCE
S POLLUTANT
X EMISSIONS
METHODS FOR
MEASURING EMISSIONS
Manual Sampling
Visual Emissions Observation
Continuous Monitoring
extractive
in-situ
Remote Sensing
MANUAL SAMPLING
extract mamplca from various
points In stack
ana/yze samples in off-ait* lab
procedures described by
reference methods
iplinfl
VISUAL EMISSION
OBSERVATION
reads opacity
across the
plume
CONTINUOUS MONITORING
OF SOURCE EMISSIONS
Extractive Method
continuously at
various points In stack
continuously onolyie samples
-------
ฆxi
-II
...jn-
CONTINUOUS
MONITORING OF
SOURCE EMISSIONS
IimUu Method
monitor ilti In tack
no Minpl* extraction
continuous point or
Integrated aampfe*
4 continuous anolyalf by
' monitor
REMOTE SENSING
monitor at ground level
some distance from stack
no sample extraction
point or Integrated samples
on-site analysis by the
device
USES OF DATA OBTAINED
Manual Sampling
to determine compliance status
VE Observation
to determine compliance status
USES OF DATA OBTAINED
(continued)
Continuous Monitoring
to meet NSPS requirements
to determine compliance status
(Bay Area only)
Remote Sensing
to determine compliance status
(possibly in future)
MANUAL
SAMPLING
-------
STEPS IN PROCEDURE
identification of problem
obtaining entry and cooperation
conducting pre-survey
designing experiment
final preparation
actual sampling
STEPS IN PROCEDURE
(continued)
cleanup after sampling
* handling of sample
* analysis of sample
reporting results
IDENTIFY
PROBLEM
OBTAIN ENTRY
,-sf \
AND COOPERATION
PRE-SURVEY
-------
DESIGN
EXPERIMENT
FINAL PREPARATIONS
leak check
calibration
correct
temperature
meet regulations
procc operating
at normal condition*
SAMPLING
SAMPLE
CLEANUP
SAMPLE
HANDLING
-------
ANALYSIS V
THE
REPORT ^ ,
EPA
REFERENCE METHODS
used for source compliance
testing
describe actual testing procedure
found in Code of Federal
Regulations
REFERENCE METHODS
1 THROUGH 4
used in ail other reference methods
used to determine:
* number of sampling ports (RM 1)
* stack gas velocity (RM 2)
* stack gas molecular weight (RM 3)
" stack gas moisture content (RM 4)
selection of
traverse points
EPA RM1
8-6
-------
EPA RM 2
(\ฆ
).
\
determination of
stack gas velocity
and volumetric flow
rate (using s-type
pitot tube)
EPA RM3
it-i
determination of the
dry molecular weight
of flue gas (using orsat
apparatus measuring
%02. XCO2. and
% CO)
.b
orsat
EPA RM 4
determination of
moisture content
of stack gas (by
condensation
method)
REFERENCE METHODS
5 and 6
describe measurement procedures
for particulate matter and S02
Every state has set emission limits
for these two criteria pollutants.
EPA RM5
sampling method
for particulate
matter (isokinetic
collection of
particles on a filter)
ปn = O.
-------
sampling and
analytic method
for determining
SO2 emissions
(barium-thorin
titration)
EPA RM7
determination of
NOx emissions
(colorimetric
phenoldisulfonic
acid method)
EPA RM 8
sjsh
determination
of H2SO4 mist
and SO 2
emissions
(Intended for
H2SO4 plants)
EPA RM9
determination
of stack
plume opacity
(by visual
observation)
8-8
-------
Method 10 - Determination of CO
Method 11 ฆ Determination of H2S
Method 13 and 14 - Determination of Fluorides
Method 15 - Determination of H2S,
COS, CS2
Method 16 - Determination of Total
Reduced Sulfur
Method 17 - Determination of
Particulates
(in-stack filtration method)
CONTINUOUS MONITORING
OF SOURCE EMISSIONS
u extractive
" 1 *
== Z In-sltu
CONTINUOUS MONITORING
EXTRACTIVE
CONTINUOUS
MONITORS MEASURE:
gaseous emissions
-------
__rr
the clack)
CONTINUOUS
MONITORING OF
SOURCE EMISSIONS
ln-ซltu Method
monitor fits in tack
no sample extraction
continuous point or
Integrated wmpte*
continuous analyst* by
monitor
IN-SITU
CONTINUOUS
MONITORS MEASURE:
* gaseous emissions
opacity
j?} REMOTE
SENSING
^ DEVICES
REMOTE SENSING
; y " monitor at ground level
\some distance from stack
no sample extraction
point or Integrated samples
I ,
on-site analysis by the
device
REMOTE SENSING
DEVICES MEASURE:
* gaseous emissions
opacity
8-10
-------
Manual Sampling
reference methods
Visual Emissions Observation
Continuous Monitoring
extractive
in-situ
Remote Sensing
-------
Chapter 9
Ambient Air Quality Monitoring
Lesson Goal
To familiarize you with ambient air quality monitoring techniques, considerations,
and regulations.
Lesson Objectives
Upon completion of this lesson, you should be able to:
1. list at least six possible objectives of ambient air quality monitoring.
2. describe an ambient air monitoring network including its major subsystems.
3. distinguish between a reference and an equivalent measurement method.
4. describe the reference method or the measurement principle and calibration
procedure currently specified by EPA for each criteria pollutant.
5. explain the purpose, findings, and recommendations of the Standing Air
Monitoring Work Group (SAMWG).
6. briefly outline the contents of the 40 CFR 58 air monitoring regulations.
References
1. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 1977. Air Monitoring
Strategy for State Implementation Plans. EPA 450/2-77-010.
2. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Ambient Air Quality
Monitoring, Data Reporting, and Surveillance Provisions. 40 CFR 58 (July
1980).
3. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). National Primary and Secon-
dary Air Quality Standards. 40 CFR 50, App. A-G (July 1980).
9-1
-------
AMBIENT AIR QUALITY
MONITORING
AMBIENT AIR QUALITY
MONITORING
OBJECTIVES
* Determine whathar
NAAQS have baan
mat
* Evaluata progratt
toword attoinmant
of NAAQS
* Davalop or ravita SIPป
Review
impact of
new sources
~ Establish
U ; - baseline
AQlevels
* for PSD
"
i, ป 5 ^ J-
9-2
-------
Develop
control
policies
* Develop
models
Support
enforcement
actions
Document
episode and
initiate
controls
j Document exposure
- Provide information
to the public
-------
- AMBIENT
AIR
QUALITY
MONITORING
NETWORK
DESIGN
1/ -J '
Sensor System
MONITORING
NETWORK
/ฆ :
' Data System
SPECIFICATION OF
MONITORING METHODS
State/Local Regulations
StatoAocal Measurement Method
SIPs
EPA Reference or Equivalent Mettxxk
9-4
-------
Equivalent
Reference
Both carry the same weight under the law!
EPA Specified Measurement Method
Manual Reference Method
two part wriHซn (cookbook) procedure
Automated Reference Method
designated Instrument which:
mutt um **rtttปn moomrwrwnt prtndpto
mutt um written calibration procedure
Reference Methods
Monuol
only on* per
pollutant
Automata!
may bซ many
par pollutant
Mr
a
i N
40 CFR 50
Pollutants and
Their Reference Methods
Pollutant
Method
TSP
Manual High Volume
Sampler
LEAD
Manual High Volume
Sampler with
Atomic Absorption
Analysis
-------
Pollutant Method
SO) Manual Pararosaniline Method
O3 Automated MP: Chemiluminescence
with Ethylene
CP: Ultraviolet Photometry
NMHC Automated MP: Gas Chromatography
with Flame Ionization
Detector
CP: Calibration Gases
Pollutant Method
no3
Automated
MP:
Chemiluminescence
with Ozone
CP:
Gas Phose Titration of
an NO Standard with
Ozone or NO?
Permeation Device
CO
Automated
MP:
Nondispersive
Infrared Spectrometry
CP:
Calibration Gases
TOTAL SUSPENDED
PARTICULATE MATTER (TSP)
High Volume (Hi-Vol) Sampler
-------
Calculations for TSP Using Hi-Vol Sampler
massfinol - massinitial
TSP = * 10*
^ initial ^ hnol ^ y Q
moss ป mass of filter, (g)
Q = flow rotฎ. (mVmin)
0 = elapsed sampling time, (min)
10* = conversion factor, (g to (jg)
Potential Sources
of Error
nonuniform dซcrซaMซ
In flow rot*
artifact formation
hygroKopk porticlM
LEAD
e c
etc
,J_Sj
HIGH
VOLUME
SAMPLER
ATOMIC
ABSORPTION
SPECTROPHOTOMETER
Potential Sources
of Error
sampling near roadways
load content variation
among filters
SULFUR DIOXIDE (SO?)
iff' Collection
A
Reaction
Spectrophotometry
9-7
-------
Flow
Controller
Glass
Impinger
Glass
WooIj
Flowmeter
Collection Phase
PararoMnilln* or-
plut Formaldehyde
k'irk
TCM Bright
SO2 Complex Vlolet-PInk
Solution
Reaction Phase
light Sourc*
Sample
Spectrophotometry 5
Phase I
Potential
Sources
of Error
Chloro Mercurate
K,HgCI4 TctK
-------
OZONE (Oa)
Automated Method
Measurement Principle
MP
Calibration Procedure
CP
Measurement Principle
03+C2H4light
Ozone* Ethylene* Ozonide-flight
(highly (420 nm)
untTobto)
A" with Oton*
CHEMILUMINESCENCE A
WITH 1>W
ETHYLENE V
Potential Source
of Error
h2o
Calibration Procedure
OZONE GENBtATOK
-------
ULTRAVIOLET (UV)
PHOTOMETRY CALIBRATION
flowmeter
Analyzer
under
NONMETHANE
HYDROCARBONS (NMHC)
Automated Method
Measurement Principle
MP
Calibration Procedure
CP
Measurement Principle
CAS CHROMATOGRAPHY USING
FLAME IONIZATION DETECTOR
n
n
Calibration
Procedure
CALIBRATION GASES
Nonlinear FID Response
s
s
5
Number of Carbon Atom*
-------
GC UU GC
Eg QB
NITROGEN DIOXIDE (N02)
Automated Method
* Measurement Principle
MP
* Calibration Procedures
CP
-------
Measurement Principle
CHEMILUMINESCENCE
Optical Wind**
NO~ 0ซ -~NO
NO*~NO?* fight
multiplier
Light
'umc
Vx13
"O'--5 Q Jjim
[noJ=[nox] - [no]
Calibration Procedures
ALTERNATIVE A: Rapid Gas
Phase Titration
ALTERNATIVE B: NOj Permeation
System
9-12
-------
no+o3-no2+o2
N02 GPT CALIBRATION SETUP
Dilution Air
Standard Gas
To AnatyMf undar CoilbroMen
N02PERMEATION TUBE
tParrrMMting'.
' -Atm '
..j
GtMซ-
Tub*
"-Stainless
Steel
Bands
v Liquid
Nitrogen
Dioxide
PERMEATION SYSTEM
Metered
Corner Flow
Dilution Air Mixing
Bulb
Constont
ฆ Temperature
Both
NO AND NO, RESPONSES
Dilution Air Mixing
! Bulb
NO * I
ฆ ป To
Anolyzer
9-13
-------
Potential Source
of Error
PAN
CARBON MONOXIDE (CO)
Automated Method
# Measurement Principle
MP
* Calibration Procedure
CP
Measurement Principle
NONDISPERSIVE
INFRARED SPECTROMETRY
NDIR ANALYZER FOR CO
Sompl* Sompl*
wc.
sT,:::r MT
M'ormd
Source
NDIR ANALYZER FOR CO
Sompซ Sompl#
Wr f.hou.-
i||VVV'AA/yyv
So^p*e Ce" " L
^ophrogm -
III V/AVVtfVV
Re'ปrป,xป Cei' 1
I ฆ
-------
A A A
CO j CO CO
Calibration
Procedure
CALIBRATION GASES
Potential Sources
of Error
co2
HjO
Hydrocarbons
Lilt o*
R^roc/^quWo,n,
Mป*hodป
Available from:
US EPA
Offic* of ปorth and
Davolopnwnt
EMSl
RMvareh Trtongl# Pork,
North Carolina 27711
Siting Approach
DaAn* purpOM of tMซ
Mnwfw mi ipvcnp nonnvnvi
Palfmlw pnปral ซH
-------
v jsrf ฆ * o
K--;
ซ. V.
3-15 rn
i.Vv>.s-rw<:.4
11"
ฐ"-L u
t L
1 ._ _ L_. I I I
ฆ -1 -!ฆ- l j"
>2 nv
MONITORING NETWORK
Dota System
Sensor System
Recording
and
Transmission
Data
9-16
-------
Data Recording
J q :
Data
Transmission
Data Handling
Fofmottmg Volidonon AnolyS'S
i ~m. ..
Storage
Reporting
Format
clear
understandable
well documented
interchangeable
Aerometric and Emissions
Reporting System
(AEROS)
source data
emissions data
air quality data SAROAD
9-17
-------
Validation
performed by air
pollution professional
ensures quality
Analysis
data grouped or
mathematically
processed
Storage
systematic
Sf * protective
GV
Retrieval
easy access
for authorized
personnel
Reporting
periodic data
reports
daily public
reports
-------
Air Quality Data Handling System
(AQDHS-II)
stores, analyzes, and retrieves
air quality data
prepares EPA-required reports
/ Todoy s air \
quolity mdeซ ฆป
499 In other words
it s bซtt*r if you do not
breathe today11 J
758
83 \
80 A
775 \
203
46
28
413
67
987
45
1
QUALITY
ASSURANCE
PROGRAMS
J
* V \ * / >
'mmh. >1 rnrnT< erf*
CLCMCMTS
OF A CwrMthI tttM
QA FtOMAM .
' / *f ซ \\ \
/ /I"5 V
-------
w*
US EPA
Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory
Quality Assurance Division
MD-77
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 277) 1 i
STANDING
AIR
MONITORING
WORK GROUP
(SAMWG)
Major Findings
inappropriate monitor siting
questionable data quality
lack of monitoring activities
coordination
inflexible SIP regulations
SAMWG Recommendations
Improve data quality by
formal quality ossurance programs
uniform monitor siting
uniform monitoring methodology
Improve timely submittal of data
Improve cost effectiveness of monitoring
Improve monitoring program s responsiveness
to data needs
-------
40 CFR 58
air quality monitoring
requirements for SIP networks
quality assurance requirements
for PSD networks
Monitoring Stations
ci a no State and Local Air
SLAMS
Monitoring Stations
NAMS Na1iฐnalAir
Monitoring Stations
SPMS SpeC'al PurPฐse
Monitoring Stations
9-21
-------
Chapter 10
Control of Particulate Emissions
from Stationary Sources
Lesson Goal
To familiarize you with common methods used to control particulate emissions
from stationary sources.
Lesson Objectives
Upon completion of this lesson, you should be able to:
1. distinguish between methods of controlling emissions that require a control
device and those which do not require one in the control of pollutant
emissions.
2. list the types of devices used to control particulate emissions.
3. discuss the influence of particle size and composition on collection efficiency.
4. recognize the structure of settling chambers and cyclones and briefly describe
how they collect particulate matter.
5. recognize the structure of wet collectors used to control particulate matter
and briefly describe their operation.
6. recognize the structure of electrostatic precipitators and briefly describe their
operation.
7. recognize the structure of fabric filtration systems (baghouses), briefly
describe their operation, and list at least three methods of bag cleaning.
Reฃerences
1. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 1980. APT1 Course 413
Control of Particulate Emissions, Student Manual. EPA 450/2-80-066.
10-1
-------
CONTROL OF PARTICULATE
EMISSIONS FROM
r y STATIONARY
- SOURCES
- -
REDUCING PARTICULATE
EMISSIONS
substituting fuel, process, material,
or equipment
regulating the location of sources
using control devices
PARTICULATE EMISSIONS
CONTROL DEVICES
Wet
Collectors
Cydones
Electrostatic
Precipitator*
EVALUATING
CONTROL DEVICES
particle sizing
PARTICLE
SIZING
10-2
-------
Electronic Microscope i Optical Microscope
[_ Optical Counter
Electrical Aerosol Analyzer !
Dohco Counter
Inert iol Impactor
0.001 0.01 0.1 1
(microns)
10 100
Gas Inlet
Oifflcr
Impaction Collection Plate
Got StaamllM
CASCADE IMPACTOR
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION CURVE
Particle Size (jjm)
EVALUATING
CONTROL DEVICES
particle sizing
collection efficiency
COLLECTION EFFICIENCY
high efficiency for large particles
low efficiency for snul particles
10-3
-------
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Particle Size (fUm)
EVALUATING
CONTROL DEVICES
particle sizing
collection efficiency
pressure drop
space requirement
initial cost
operating cost
COLLECTION FORCES
gravity
centrifugal force
impaction
direct interception
diffusion
electrostatic attraction
GRAVITY
streamlines
CENTRIFUGAL FORCE
streamlines
10-4
-------
IMPACTION
streamlines
DIRECT INTERCEPTION
streamlines
DIFFUSION
streamlines
ELECTROSTATIC ATTRACTION
llll
streamlines
SETTLING CHAMBERS
Collection
Force
gravity
10-5
-------
SETTLING CHAMBER
SETTLING CHAMBERS
Advantages
inexpensive to purchase
economical to operate
SETTLING CHAMBERS
Disadvantage
high efficiency limited
to particles > 60^m
CYCLONES
Collection Forces
centrifugal
force
gravity
10-6
-------
SINGLE
CYCLONE
-v^Ih
MULTIPLE
CYCLONE
CYCLONES
Advantages
relatively inexpensive to
purchase
relatively economical to
operate
CYCLONES
Disadvantages
Single Cyclone
high efficiency limited to particles
> 20/um
Multiple Cyclone
high efficiency limited to particles
> 3 - 10^m
WET COLLECTORS
Scrubbers
Collection Forces
a impaction
* diffusion
* direct interception
-------
ZONES
1. Contact
dfrtyi
gas
J
iwm
~L
\W>
2. Separation
U L
cleaned
gas
WET COLLECTORS
Spray Towers
Venturi Scrubbers
Impingement Plate Scrubbers
Cyclonic Spray Scrubbers
'*4 "* t,""
* - " *. _~*_ฃ
SIMPLE
SPRAY
CHAMBER
SPRAY
VENTURI
SCRUBBER
IMPINGEMENT
SCRUBBER
-------
DETAIL
OF A
BAFFLE
PLATE
CYCLONIC
SPRAY
SCRUBBER
WET COLLECTORS
Advantages
no secondary dust sources
small space requirements
gas collection as well as particle collection
handles gas streams of high humidity
and temperature
minimal fire and explosion hazard
WET COLLECTORS
Disadvantages
corrosion problems
meteorological problems
high pressure drops and power
requirements for increased efficiency
difficulty of by-product recovery
ELECTROSTATIC
PRECIPITATORS
Collection Force
electrostatic
attraction
10-9
-------
ELECTRODES
Wires
Plates
discharged
electrode
collection
plate
collection plate
J rappers
support and
anvil beam
rapper rod
10-10
-------
ELECTROSTATIC
PRECIPITATORS
Advantages
can treat laige volumes of gas
high collection efficiency (99ฐo)
good for high-temperature use
economical to operate
ELECTROSTATIC
PRECIPITATORS
Disadvantages
expensive to purchase
require a great deal of space
cannot use around explosive dust
ih
w
FABRIC FILTERS
Baghouses
Collection Forces
impaction
direct interception
diffusion
slight electrostatic
attraction
BACHOUSE
10-11
-------
FABRIC FILTER DESIGNS
Interior Filtration
top feed
bottom feed
Exterior Filtration
INTERIOR FILTRATION
Dirty,
Air
V
V
V
w
\y
Dirty
Bottom Food
Clซanซd Air
EXTERIOR
FILTRATION
Dirty*
Air *
FILTER MATERIAL
woven felt
TYPES OF FIBERS
wool Nomex
cotton Teflon
nylon Fiberglas
Dacron
1 f\ l-O
-------
TYPE OF CLEANING
Shaking
Reverse Air Cleaning
Pressure Jet - Pulse Jet
SHAKING
A. Sonic
Cleaning
B. Oscillating
C. Vertical
Shaking
Altering Cycle Cleaning Cycle
CImi>
K*r
ftlrty
Air
REVERSE
AIR
CLEANING
AIR NOZZLE
PRESSURE-JET
CLEANING
FABRIC FILTERS
Baghouses
Advantages
very hig^i collection efficiency
* product collected is dry
1013
-------
FABRIC FILTERS
Baghouses
Disadvantages
require a great deal of space
have temperature limitations
operation and maintenance is
expensive
10-14
-------
Chapter 11
Control of Gaseous Emissions from
Stationary Sources
Lesson Goal
To familiarize you with methods of controlling gaseous emissions.
Lesson Objectives
Upon completion of this lesson, you should be able to:
1. distinguish between common control methods for gaseous emissions from
combustion sources and those used in process industries.
2. briefly describe absorption, adsorption, condensation, and combustion.
3. define the acronym FGD.
4. name two types of processes for removal of SO* from a gas stream.
5. recognize three nonregenerable FGD processes.
6. recognize three regenerable FGD processes.
7. list four combustion modification processes used to reduce NOx emissions
from combustion sources.
8. recognize two flue gas treatment processes used to reduce NO, emissions
from combustion sources.
References
1. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 1981. APT I Course 415
Control of Gaseous Emissions, Student Manual. EPA 450/2-81-005.
11-1
-------
CONTROL OF GASEOUS
EMISSIONS FROM
STATIONARY SOURCES
Control of gaseous emissions
from:
combustion sources
process industry sources
CONTROL OF GASEOUS EMISSIONS
From combustion sources:
g
CONTROL OF CASEOUS EMISSIONS
From process industry sources:
tgjJCondensation
Combustion
^^^Adsorption
ft
:-.-i Absorption
ft
Is CONDENSATION
m
-------
TYPES OF CONDENSERS
Surface Condensers
Contact Condensers
SHELL-AND-TUBE CONDENSER
vapor
water
non-condensate
water
condensate
non-condensate
SPRAY TYPE
CONTACT
CONDENSER
condensate
TYPICAL APPLICATIONS
rendering plants
vapor degreasing operations
petrochemical industries
COMBUSTION
Incineration
Thermal Oxidation
Afterburning
11-3
-------
TYPES OF
INCINERATION
* Process Boiler;]* |
~\ $ฃ#
Direct Flame
~ ~ ป
~ ' *
m
Catalytic H
I
DIRECT FLAME INCINERATION
Fum#
lichaust
CATALYTIC INCINERATION
-------
TYPICAL APPLICATIONS
coating operations
paint baking ovens
printing operations
petroleum refineries
ADSORPTION
> adsorbed
;as molecules
granule
of carbon
MATERIALS USED FOR
ADSORPTION
activated carbon
silica gels
-molecular sieves
11-5
-------
TYPICAL APPLICATIONS
coating operations
dry cleaning operations
plastic manufacturing
vapor recovery systems
ABSORPTION
FACTORS AFFECTING
ABSORPTION
temperature
pressure
solubility
reaction
ABSORPTION EQUIPMENT
Spray Chambers
Venturi Scrubbers
Packed Towers
Cross Flow Scrubbers
SIMPLE
SPRAY
CHAMBER
11-6
-------
clean gas
mist eliminator
scrubber liquor
packing
feed gas
to dram
PACKED
TOWER
COMMON I I
TOWFR "ฆ * Sadd e
PACKINC *******
MATERIALS
Pall Ring * o
Tellerette
CROSS FLOW SCRUBBER
TYPICAL APPLICATIONS
acid manufacturing
pickling operations
Claus Tail Gas operations
Flue Gas DesuKurization
-------
REDUCTION OF SOz EMISSIONS
From Combustion Sources
flue Gas DesuKurization (FGD)
New Sources after September 1978
liquid gaseous fuel 0.8 lb/10' Btu
or 340 ng J
and 90"c> scrubbing
(It below 02 lb 10' Btu, or 86 ng J,
then no scrubbing required)
New Sources after September 1978
(continued)
solid fuel 12 lb 10' Btu
or 520 ng J
and 90% scrubbing
0.6 lb 10' Btu
or 260 ng )
and 70ฐo scrubbing
FGD SCRUBBING
e i -
- ป i .* r
: ^' s 02
JIaAj&l
Wet Dry
WET FGD SCRUBBING
Sulfur
J *
Nonregenerable Regenerate
-------
TYPICAL FGD SCRUBBER EQUIPMENT
Spray Chambers
Venturi Scrubbers
Packed Towers
Cross Flow Scrubbers
S02 REDUCTIONS
Wet Scrubbingat least 90"o
Dry Scrubbingat least 75-83"<>
NONREGENERABLE
PROCESSES
Lime Scrubbing
Limestone Scrubbing
Double Alkali Scrubbing
SCRUBBER
WASTE DISPOSAL
Ponding
Mine Disposal
LIME SCRUBBING
Ca(OH)
Sprav
Ca(OH)2
Sprat
-------
UMESTONE SCRUBBING
DOUBLE ALKALI SCRUBBING
Sodium
Alkaline r
Solution
ume or ,
J|jmestong
REGENERABLE
PROCESSES
Wellmari-Lord/Allied
Chemical
Citrate
Magnesium Oxide
TYPICAL
regeneration
PRODUCTS
Sulfur
Sulfuric Acid
Gypsum Wallboard
WELLMAN-IORD/
ALLIED CHEMICAL PROCESS
Paniculate .
Matter Removed , jfagenerated
AfaKxtorj'
3^
11-10
-------
CITRATE PROCESS
Particulate
Matter Removed
Regenerated
Absorbent
Absorber
Reaction
MAGNESIUM OXIDE PROCESS
Particulate
Matter Removed
Ai fa J,
Regenerated Absorbent
Cj loner
Absorber
DRY FGD
SCRUBBING
TYPICAL DRY PROCESSES
Spray Dryer with Baghouse, ESP
Dry Injection
Alkali and Coal Combustion
SPRAY DRYER WITH BAGHOUSE
SO
11-11
-------
ALKALI SPRAYS
Sodium Bicarbonate
Nahcolhe
Lime
CONTROL OF NOx
EMISSIONS FROM
FOSSIL FUEL
BURNING SOURCES
METHODS OF REDUCTION
Combustion
Modifications
Flue Gas
Treatment
FFFSC rated > 250 x 10' Btu hr
New Sources after September 1978
gaseous fuel
liquid fuel
subbituminous coal
bituminous anthracite
coal, lignite
lignite in slag top
furnace
0.2 lb 10' Btu
0J lb 10' Btu
Oj lb 10' Btu
0.6 lb 10' Btu
0.8 lb 10' Btu
COMBUSTION
MODIFICATIONS
Low Excess Air
Staged Combustion
Flue Gas Recirculation
Low NOx Burners
-------
a
TT
FLUE GAS
TREATMENT
Exxon Thermal De-NOx
Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)
UOP Shell Process
Wet NOx /SOs Process
ammonia injection
SELECTIVE CATALYTIC REDUCTION
_____
EXXON
THERMAL
DE-NOx
ammonia injection
-------
Chapter 12
Emission Inventories
Lesson Goal
To acquaint you with the concept of emission inventories and their principal uses,
their place in control strategy development, and general methods of inventory
preparation.
Lesson Objectives
Upon completion of this lesson, you should be able to:
1. define the terms emission inventory and emission factor.
2. state the uses of emission inventories.
3. identify the role of emission inventories in the development of air pollution
control strategies.
4. name the types of sources and classes of pollutants inventoried.
References
1. Armentrout, David W. 1979. Development of an Emission Inventory Quality
Assurance Program. Report to EPA by PEDCo Environmental, Inc.
EPA 450/4-79-006.
2. DiGasbarro, Philip, and Bornstein, Mark. 1976. Methodology for Inven-
torying Hydrocarbons. Report to EPA by GCA/Technology Division.
EPA 600/4-76-013. Material on reactivity indices dated.
3. Hammerle, James R. 1976. Emission Inventory. In Air Pollution, 3rd ed.,
ed. A. C. Stern, Vol. Ill, pp. 718-84. New York: Academic Press.
4. Stern, A. C., Wohlers, H. C., Boubel, R. W., and Lowry, W. P. 1973.
Emission Inventory, Ch. 24 in their Fundamentals of Air Pollution, pp.
379-84. New York: Academic Press.
5. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 1974. Guide for Compiling a
Comprehensive Emission Inventory. 2nd ed. APTD-1135. Partly obsolete due
to regulatory and computer system changes, but narrative descriptions of EI
methods remain among the clearest in the literature.
6. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 1978. National Air Pollutant
Emission Estimates, 1940-1976. EPA 450/1-78-003.
12-1
-------
7. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 1980a. National Air Pollutant
Emission Estimates, 1970-1978. EPA 450/4-80-002.
8. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 1980b. NEDSNational
Emissions Data System Information. EPA 450/4-80-013
9. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 1980c. Final Emissions Inven-
tory Requirements for 1982 Ozone State Implementation Plans.
EPA 450/4-80-016.
10. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 1980d. 1978 National Emis-
sions Report: National Emissions Data System (NEDS) of the Aerometric and
Emissions Reporting System (AEROS). EPA 450/4-80-029 (microfiche only).
11. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 1981. Compilation of Air
Pollution Emission Factors, 3rd ed., with Supplements. AP-42.
12. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). National Commission on Air
Quality (NCAQ). 1981. Study of the Quality of Emission Inventories: Assess-
ment of Emission Inventory Adequacy for Regulatory Programs. Report to
NCAQ (#22) by Arthur D. Little, Inc. 2 vol. Washington: NCAQ.
12-2
-------
EMISSION INVENTORIES
= Emissions Inventory Summary
fuel Combustion
Utrrn.il,
InnsporUlion
EMISSION
INVENTORY
What It's Not
Major Characteristics
2/n
nasi / Unit Time Average Over Time
1
Controlled and Limited Precision
Uncontrolled Sources
Control Strategy
Ambient
Monitoring
Planning
Dispersion
Plodding
Enforce
and Permitting
12-3
-------
Methods
We'll discuss...
Levels of Analysis
Source Inventories
Pollutant Types
Quantification of Emissions
Organization/Presentation of Data
Uses of Data
Levels of Analysis
Gross Estimation
Rapid Survey
Comprehensive
Inventory
Gross Estimation
* applied to U.S. data back to 1940
* based on readily available
statistics
* applies crude emission estimates
* uses source categories to which
more precise methods are
aggregated
Rapid Survey
used from 1966 into 1970's
individually survey major point
sources
group and estimate other
sources
Comprehensive Inventory
has superseded earlier methods
survey individual point sources
collect detailed stack and
operating data
group other sources
account for temporal and other
variation
need analysis for all but crudest
model application
-------
Source Inventories
Point Sources
Area Sources
Line Sources
Point Sources
stationary
counted one by one
variable size limit
fairly extended
geographical area
usually plant/
facility on
connected property
Area Sources
stationary or mobile
similar sources
scattered over area
individually too
small to count
very variable in
individual emission
rates
random route and
rate of travel for
mobile sources
mobile
major traffic routes
predictable speed
and other factors
Pollutant Types
Criteria Pollutants
Hazardous Pollutants
Other Regulated Pollutants
Nonregulated Pollutants
-------
Criteria Pollutants
they must be
inventoried/reported because
of EPA regulations
data correlated with ambient
concentrations
Hazardous Pollutants
must be inventoried for control
strategy, enforcement purposes
relation to ambient data is
seldom relevant
Other Regulated Pollutants
data used for enforcement/
research applications
* modeling and ambient
correlations may or may not
be relevant
Nonregulated Pollutants
data used for research
pollutants are candidates for
regulation
data is scarce and scattered
Quantification of Emissions
Source Measurements
Ambient Monitoring and Modeling
Emission Factors
Implications
-------
Source Measurements
continuous relatively
expensive
limited to major point sources
sampling short-term
measurement
projected to longer periods
assumes normal operation
Ambient
Monitoring and Modeling
receptor-to-source modeling
complex and expensive
not in general use
Emission Factors
most often used
estimate of rate at which
pollutant released to
atmosphere -f level of
activity
various units
pollutant mass rate
Combustion; ฆ
heat input rate
Process:
pollutant mass rate
item or mass process rate
Transportation; P0'1"""' "ปปป rate
vehicle miles traveled
Space Heating: . J|* ฆ persons
person-day Btu
Emission Factors
most often used
estimate of rate at which
pollutant released to
atmosphere -j- level of
activity
various units
various characteristics
-------
Emission Factor: constant multiplier
representing a function
Emission Estimate: average from study of
typical operations
May include seasonal, time of day,
etc., adjustments
Implications
continuous emissions monitoring
desirable for large point sources
projections based on emission
testing
other source emissions estimated
from standard emission factors
limit on accuracy)
Organization / Presentation
of Data
Tables
Charts
Computer Files
Tables
* most usual form
- organized by source
. . categories, pollutants,
_ or units
- * advantages
accessible and flexible
. _ - disadvantages
nonintuiUve and
overwhelming
70 71 7) 71 7ซ 7* 74 77 7ซ 79
Charts
may be bar/line chart
or emission
density map
advantages
intuitive and permits
insight into nature
of problem
disadvantages
aggregation,
oversimplification,
and inflexibility
-------
Computer Files
used for most El data
storage
useful for large
quantities of data
allows simple or
complex presentation
of data
essential for use of CI
data in sophisticated
dispersion model
Uses of Data
Control Strategy Applications
Enforcement and Permitting
Applications
Other Applications
Control Strategy
Applications
strategy development
progress tracking
Enforcement and Permitting
Applications
source types, locations
emissions and other operating
data
compliance status
Other Applications
monitoring network design
research
public Information
-------
Legal and Regulatory
Requirements
We'll discus9....
Baseline Emission Inventories
Projected Inventories
Reports
Baseline Emission Inventories
describe "starting point"
situation
are fixed to base year
cover AQCRs, criteria pollutants
are comprehensive, accurate,
and current
Projected Inventories
are explicitly treated in
nonattainment area plan
provisions
are estimate of future emission
inventory
comprise data base for modeling
future air quality
Reports
annual reports (basic)
* nonattainment area
plan reports (additional)
Automatic Data Processing
We'll discuss...
Organization
EPA Systems
Compatible Systems
Permit and Registration Systems
-------
Organization
"bookkeeping" data categorized
and stored
emissions model data base
includes
emission
factors, other
variables
EPA Systems (Part of NADB)
NEDS - PM, SO NO*, CO, HC
ป HATREMS other pollutants,
including Pb
SOTDAT detailed point source
testing data
Others enforcement and
research applications
Compatible Systems
EIS/PS Point Sources
E1S/AS Area Sources
Both permit easier computation,
manipulation, and display of
data and submission in NEDS
format
Permit
and Registration Systems
handle data for new sources and
operating permits
permit continuous emission file
update
produce reports required by State
law, regulations, or policy
produce EPA-required reports
Summary
* Definition
* Characteristics
* Uses
* Elements
* Special Items
-------
Chapter 13
Enforcement Procedures
and Source Inspections
Lesson Goal
To familiarize you with air pollution agencies' enforcement and source inspection
procedures.
Lesson Objectives
Upon completion of this lesson, you should be able to:
1. briefly describe the new source review procedure in terms of State and local
agency responsibility.
2. name three surveillance procedures and explain the role of each,
3. recognize seven steps of a source inspection.
4. briefly describe three types of action for sources not in compliance with air
pollution regulations.
5. briefly describe an episode control plan for an air pollution agency.
References
Aone
13-1
-------
ENFORCEMENT
PROCEDURES AND
SOURCE
INSPECTIONS
New Source
Review
q?Q
-------
13-3
-------
ฉ
AftC STfB
A.*
13-4
-------
-------
Chapter 14
State Implementation PlansI:
Goals and Development
Lesson Goal
To develop, on the basis of the preceding introduction to the legal and regulatory
bases of air pollution control programs, your understanding of the specific goals
and mechanisms set up by the Clean Air Act (as amended) for developing and
revising State Implementation Plans as the principal means of carrying out the air
quality management principle.
Lesson Objectives
Upon completion of this lesson, you should be able to:
1. describe the concept of Air Resource Management.
2. associate the legal requirements from Section 110 of the Clean Air Act for
State Implementation Plans (SIPs) with their corresponding regulatory
requirements.
3. recognize essential content features of a State Implementation Plan.
4. identify the steps followed in SIP development from identification of a
problem to promulgation of a State Implementation Plan.
References
1. de Nevers, N. H., Neligan, R. E., and Slater, H. H. 1977. Air Quality
Management, Pollution Control Strategies, Modeling and Evaluation. In
A. C. Stern, ed. Air Pollution. 3rd ed. Vol. V, pp. 4-40. New York:
Academic Press.
2. English, A. 1975. State Implementation Plans and air quality enforcement.
Ecol. Law Quarterly 4:595.
3. Faith, W. L. and Atkisson, A. A. Jr. 1972. Air Pollution. 2nd ed. New
York: Wiley, pp. 332-351.
4. Heller, A. N., Schueneman, J. J., and Williams, J. D. 1966. The Air
Resource Management Concept./ Air Pollution Control Association.
16:307-309.
14-1
-------
5. Marchand, L. 1979. The Importance of Clean Air to Canada .J. Air Pollu-
tion Control Association. 29:104-105.
6. Parish, G. E., 1979. Enforcement and Litigation under the Clean Air Act
Amendments of 1977. Natural Resources Lawyer. 12:435-489.
7. Schueneman. J. J. 1977. Organization and operation of air pollution control
agencies. In A. C. Stern, ed. Air Pollution. 3rd ed. Vol V, pp. 109-207 New
York: Academic Press.
8. Suess, M. J. and Craxford, S. R., eds. 1976. Manual on Urban Air Quality
Management. WHO Regional Publications. European Series No. 1.
Copenhagen: WHO Reg. Off. for Europe.
9. Weber, E. 1981. Air Pollution Control Strategy in the Federal Republic of
Germany./. Air Pollution Control Association. 31:24-30.
14-2
-------
STATE
cip I IMPLEMENTATION
X PLANS:
Goals and
Development
MANAGING THE
AIR RESOURCE
Air Resource Management
Concept
Air Resource Management
Systems Approacht
analysis/description of effects
determination of air quality
standards
control of emissions
monitoring/assessment of
air quality
revision of control strategy
Purpose
control of nature/rate/
location of emissions
explicit conditions for
control strategy and its
evaluation
efficient allocation of
resources
Implementation
* Air Quality Control Regions
(AQCRs)
* AirQualit> Criteria and
Control Techniques
* >atปonal Ambient Air Qualit)
Standards (YAAQS)
* Implementation Plans
* Continuing Monitoring and
Cross-C Necking
-------
MANAGING THE
AIR RESOURCE
Air Resource Management
Concept
Other Concepts
Best Practicable Means Approach
Economic Strategies
Land Use Control
Best Practicable Means
emission control standards are
based on technological and
economic factors
standards may vary from source
to source
ambient concentrations are
disregarded
this approach is a component of
INSPS and NESHAPs
Economic Strategies
* open emission rights
market
computed noncompliance
penalties
Land Use Control
emission density zoning
green belt/industrial
strip planning
AQM Techniques
for Conflict Resolution
In theory...
case b> case
In practice...
usual)* applied to disputed
ambient standards, technology
etc.
-------
STATE IMPLEMENTATION PLANS
SIP Legal and Regulatory
Requirements
Legal Requirements
Regulatory Requirements
Summary
Legal Requirements
Clean Air Act ง110
* is a long, detailed section
needs detailed regulations
on mechanisms for carryinq
it out
notice and Hearing
Reasonable
notice
Public
Hearings
Attainment and Maintenance
Measures
Attainment
Maintenance
Air Quality Data
Monitoring
Network
EPA
-------
Enforcement Program
Non-interference with
Other States
NAAQS
PSD
notification of
new sources
with interstate
impacts
petition to EPA
New Source Review
it lor compliance unit
State standards
interlocks with Federal
program*
relates to ง I l I review
and Federal/State
environmental impact
review
Binding Commitments by State
Reporting Requirements
feu-Monitoring
Requirement*
EptMdc nana
Motor Vehicle Inspection
^and Testing
periodic -
annual,
semiannual
j to enforce
) compliance
with
standards
-------
Other Legal Requirements
revision
nonattainment and PSD
requirements
permit fee requirements
ban on EPA requiring indirect
source review
other technical requirements
Regulatory
Requirements
found in 40CFR
Parts 51 and 52
States
have primary
n c I ) resPฐnsibi,ity
sip V for developing
a Sip and
carrying it out
Local Governments
level of
government
(other than
state) with
responsiblity
to carry out
part of SIP
Point Source
(stationary)
single major source
emission control and
emission inventory
required
listed in Appendix C
of 40CFR Part 51
-------
Area
Source
a group
of small
sources
Emission Standard
A regulation that sets:
rate of emissions
level of opacity
equipment or fuel
specifications
other measures
Stipulations
States should not:
' ignore cost or socio economic impacts of
plans
limit control measures or analysis
techniques to those in CPA regulations
limit controls to only those required to
attain IfAAQS
adopt "blanket" controls if standards can
be achieved in other ways
Classification of Regions
used to establish priorities for
resource allocation
based on concentrations of SO,.
TSP, CO, no2, and O3
consists of Classes I, IA, II, and
III
Public Hearings
required for:
basic SIP adoption
SIP regulation or compliance
schedule revision
adoption of transportation
control measures
14-8
-------
must be public
reasonable notice required
must keep record of
proceedings
certification of hearing to
be submitted with plan or
revision
may submit alternate
procedures
Submission and Review
of SIPs
must be submitted by the
Governor
must submit within
a) 9 months after promulgation of
primary and secondary standards
b) 60 days if PSD pro\isions were
inadequate
c) nonattainment areas
Januar) I, 1979 for 1982 attainment
Jul* I 1982 lor 1987 attainment
Revisions
follow requirements of
Clean Air Act
may be at State's option
require 60-day response
or submitted time
Approval by
EPA Administrator
SIP must meet requirements
of Clean Air Act
approval may be in parts
revisions are not "official"
until final approval
Plan Contents
-------
General Requirements
consideration of alternative
strategies encouraged
attainment dates
primary standardsas soon as
possible, but within 3 years
secondary standards within a
reasonable time
nonattainment area plans-
December 3, 1982 or
December 3 1, 1987
General Requirements
(continued)
non-interference with NAAQS
attainment/maintenance in
any other region
public availability of emission
data
Legal Authority
adopt emission standards, etc.
enforce law, regulations, and
standards
carry out emergency abatement
actions
prevent construction,
modification, or operation of
facilities
Legal Authority
(continued)
obtain compliance information, require
record keeping, and perform
inspections and tests
require installation of self monitoring
equipment, require reporting of data,
and provide data to public
delegate authority
authority actually available
Control Strategies
purpose
attainment / maintenance
of VVAQS
approach
development of emission
reductions / limitations
-------
Control Strategies
(continued)
* methods
reglonbyregton
rmlssion data
air quality data
emission reduction*/
(imitations
demonstration
example region
modeling
Compliance Schedules
Variance
Schedule
Increments
of
Progress
Emergency Episode
Prevention
purpose
to pre\ent pollutant concentration'
from reaching high levels which
could cause significant harm to
the health of persons"
Emergency Episode
Prevention
(continued)
requirements
at leaปt 2 les el* of action
public announcement
adequate emission control actions
forecast data irom >*S
source inspection
ซ communications procedures
^iew Source Review
is complementary to regulations for
existing sources
consists of legal and administrative
procedures to:
* determine it proposed construction
modification Mill violate SIP
* present construction modification where
nete**ar>
require emission etc. data
allots for public comment
-------
Source Surveillance
purpose
lo determine compliance with control
vtrateg)
approach
records and reports
periodic source inspection
visible emission investigation
complaint investigation
motor vehicle emission and traffic flow
measurements
continuous emission monitoring
Resources
definition
people and money required to
implement SIP
contents
available resources at time SIP
submitted and I. 3. and 5
years after
dollars and people allotted to
agencies for each AQCR
Rules and Regulations
must be actual, enforceable rules
must require emission reductions,
etc. necessary to implement
control strategy
are a large, complex part of any
SIP
Legal and Regulatory
Requirements
complexity
variability
changeability
SIP DEVELOPMENT
AND PROMULGATION PROCESS
General Information about
Process
Assessment of Problem
Development of Alternatives
Proposal of Plan
Public Hearings
Submission to EPA
Approval / Promulgation of
Plan
Revision of Plan
14-12
-------
General Information
about Process
variability
State* haปe different problems. Ian%. etc.
I.PA region* tar) in review approach
guidance
ป regulation* (40 Cf R 5 1)
manual*
letter* / memoranda
ป informal responses to inquiries
Assessment of Problem
assessment can be generated within
State/local control agency
* by data on hand
* bt external force*
assessment can be generated outside
State/local control agency
b> citl/en* group* or indu*tr> group*
to get SIP prate** *tarted. to get I.PA to force
SIP action, to get court* to force SIP action or
affect *ource* directl*
Assessment of Problem
(continued)
all approaches involve
goals
basic data and assumptions
control strategies
legal responsibility is
on State control agency
Development of Alternatives
technical considerations
* degree of control required
* appropriate control technique*
* available control technique*
economic/other considerations
* io*t effectivene**
* co*t benefit anal>*i*
* economic availabilit* ol tontrol
techno! og>
* social con*ideration*
Proposal of Plan
purpose
to int ite public participation
means
State Administratis Procedure
Act requirements
Federal requirements
additional publicity
-------
Public Hearings
purpose
to resolve value questions
requirements
notice of hearing
record of proceedings
certification of hearing
Submission to CPA
time
NAAQS-9 months after
promulgation
nonattainment plans (1987
attainment)July 1, 1982
PSD60 days after EPA
finding, or as negotiated
methods
in parts (as completed)
as a final, official package
Approval /Promulgation of Plan
full appro\al (all parts satisfactory)
prom u I cj J led in federal Register i U) CI R ^ 2 i
is a rare occurrence
partial approval (portions
satisfactory)
valid portions promulgated in federal
Register
unsatisfactory portions sent back to State
for revision or replaced b> CPA
W
Approval / Promulgation of Plan
(continued)
conditional approval (all parts Mill be
satisfactor) if certain provisions
added)
conditional approval announced in Federal
Register
SIP sent back' to State for revision
if no timely jction tPA substitutes provisions
or disapproves
Approval / Promulgation of Plan
(continued)
disapproval (entire plan
unsatisfactory)
' disapproval announced in Federal
Register
CPA substitute provisions proposed and
adopted
1 continuing work teith State to obtain SIP
to replace CPA provisions
-------
Revision of Plan
mandatory
WAAQ5 chiingct/
-------
Chapter 15
State Implementation PlansII:
Structure and Provisions
Lesson Goal
To familiarize you with the regulatory structure and typical procedural and
substantive provisions of SIPs. Emphasis will be on examples of provisions in
current SIPs.
Lesson Objectives
Upon completion of this lesson, you should be able to:
1. name the first-level components of a typical State Implementation Plan.
2. state the purposes for which SIP provisions are developed.
S. identify the levels of a typical emergency episode plan; associate control
actions with each.
4. define: PSD, nonattainment area plans, BACT, LAER, and RACT;
associate these terms with legal requirements for SIPs.
5. describe generally the new source review (NSR) process; recognize differences
for PSD and nonattainment area plans.
References
1. Floy, Kent R. 1981. Prevention of Significant Deterioration of Air
QualityThe Regulations After Alabama Power B.C. Env. Aff. L. Rev. 13.
2. Goldberg, Stephen A. 1980. Source Planning Under the New PSD Regula-
tions. Environ. Rep. Monograph No. 29. Washington: BNA.
3. Raffle, Bradley I. 1978. The New Clean Air ActGetting Clean and
Staying Clean. Environ. Rep. Monograph No. 26. Washington: BNA.
4. Raffle, Bradley I. 1979. Prevention of Significant Deterioration and Non-
attainment Under the Clean Air ActA Comprehensive Review. Environ.
Rep. Monograph No. 27. Washington: BNA.
5. Reinwand, Jerry. 1978. The Shaping of National Policy on Prevention of
Significant Deterioration. Introduced for the Record by Sen. Gravel. 124
Cong. Rec. SI 139 (daily ed., Feb. 2, 1978). Reprinted at 9 Environ.
Rep. Curr. Devel. 1569.
15-1
-------
6. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Requirements for prepara-
tion, adoption, and submittal of implementation plans. 40 CFR 51
(July 1980).
7. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Approval and promulgation
of implementation plans. Subpart AGeneral Provisions. 40 GFR
50.01-50.24 (July 1980).
8. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Prevention of significant
deterioration of air quality. [Basic Federal regulations, amended August 7,
1980.] 40 CFR 52.21 (July 1980).
9. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). "Requirements for Prepara-
tion, Adoption, and Submittal of Implementation Plans; Approval and
Promulgations of Implementation Plans." [PSD and related nonattainment
area regulatory changes in response to Alabama Power v. Costle. ] 45 Fed.
Reg. 52676 (August 7, 1980).
15-2
-------
STATE
IMPLEMENTATION PLANS - II:
Structure
and
Provisions
SIP STRUCTURE
basically the
same since 1971
Air Quality
Control
Regions
(AQCRs)
basic
geographical
units for detailed
control strategy
development
AQCRs
Purposes
treatment of common problems
together
classification by priority and
attainment status
Review / Revision
boundaries - by governor with
EPA approval
classification - based on air
quality data
Legal
Authority
to
Carry Out
SIP
15-S
=3
-------
Adoption
of Regulations
State Administrative Procedure Act
authorizes agency to adopt
enforceable regulations
State law directs agency to adopt
regulations
Emission
Standards
regulations in force
prescribed controls
Emergency
Abatement
v:l
* authority to seek injunctions, etc.
enforceable contingency plans
"ฆ I, Control of Source
* Construction /
Operation
New Source Review
formal procedure
authority to prevent construction/
modification
Control of Operation
permit system
authority to stop operation
authority to set compliance schedules
v. _ Inspection /
Testing/
Obtaining
Information
require recordkeeping by sources
emissions data
process data
perform inspections
conduct emissions testing
-------
Emissions Data
and Monitoring
require installation, maintenance,
and use of emission monitoring
devices
require periodic reporting of data
require reporting of data to public
'=
Enforcement
authority to enforce applicable
laws, regulations, and standards
authority to seek court orders
Other Authority
motor vehicle inspection
and maintenance
land use measures
SIPs usually contain copies
of actual laws, documenting
that required authority
exists and is in effect.
Emission
Inventories
information
base for strategy
development
and validation
quantitative
description
of sources and
amounts of
emissions
15-5
-------
Uses of Emission Inventories
ambient monitoring network
design
control strategy design
dispersion modeling input
control strategy progress
evaluation
Requirements
for Emission Inventories
Nonattainment Area Plans
comprehensive
current
complete
General
categorization
criteria pollutant coverage
units
location
Revision of
Emission Inventory
continuing
periodic
Air Quality Data
information base for initial
or nonattainment area
strategy development
and evaluation
Existing Data
baseline for initial or
nonattainment area
strategy development
monitoring network
measurements
15-6
-------
Projected Data
data for evaluation
of control strategy
monitoring network
measurements
Control Strategy
* combination of
measures to
achieve overall
emission
reductions
needed for NAAQS
attainment and
maintenance
Possible Measures
Emission Limitations
f-
Emission *
Facility
Closings/Relocations
flSSh...
CLOSED
Operating
or Process Changes
Possible Measures
Motor
Vehicle Controls
Transportation
Controls
ฆ. *ฆ-
0
Land Use Controls
Other Measures/
Combinations
Reduction Estimates
Methods
rollback
dispersion modeling
simulation modeling. thMA. etc.
Allocation
to areas
to source categories
to specific sources
15-7
-------
Reduction Estimates
Proposed Application
existing and planned sources
control technology
other reduction methods
Result
mix of proposed measures for
attainment/maintenance of NAAQS
Emission Control
Regulations
* principal means
of carrying out
most reduction
General Regulations
are administrative
regulations with force of law
forbid certain actions,
require others
are enforceable against
violators
Stationary Source Regulations
largest and most varied class
of regulations
general
by source category
source-specific
In-Use
Vehicle Regulations
inspection and
maintenance (I /1*1)
retrofit
15-8
rules
for
air quality
control
F3BQHW
-------
Fugitive Emissions Regulations
designed to control road dust,
process leaks, process
malfunctions, etc.
regulate equipment and work
practice
Open-Burning Regulations
prohibitions
time and place restrictions
special permit systems
Nuisance
and Odor Regulations
administrative abatement
government and private
citizen court action
Compliance
Schedules
general keyed to
effective date of
control regulations
source-specific
keyed to special cases
and very large source
Incorporated in SIP as
detailed source
schedules
Review of
I>ew Sources
and Modifications
authority to prevent
construction or
operation
source sUe criteria
application and
preliminary retievt
process
Jan
Feb
Mar
-------
Review of New Sources
and Modifications
public comment process*
engineering analysis
air quality impact analysis
final permit determination process
Emergency
Episode
Plans
for priority I
regions
Episode Plan
Requirements
legal very brief and broad
regulatory ฆ in ง51.16 and
Appendix L to Part 51
Basic Episode Plan Features
levels which could cause
significant harm to health of
persons (PSI 500)
two or more levels below
significant harm level
public announcement
Basic Episode Plan Features
emission control actions for
each stage
acquisition of NWS atmospheric
stagnation advisories
source inspection procedures
communications procedures
-------
Episode Criteria and Levels
forecast
alert (PSI 200)
warning (PSI 300)
emergency (PSI 400)
f: -f
(ft
u
\
si
Communications
and Enforcement
effective public notice
official notice to
sources
inspection
administrative/court
orders
liaison with other
agencies
notice of episode
stage change or
termination
Other Features
disaster powers
* noncriteria
pollutant control
Prevention of Significant
Deterioration (PSD) Plans
Pre-1972
Sierra Club vs Ruckelshaus
1974 EPA Regulations
1977 Clean Air Act
Amendments
Pre-1972
proposed SIP guidelines
final SIP guidelines
15-11
-------
Sierra Club vs Ruckelshaus
enjoined immediate approval
of any SIP
required review
did not define "significant"
D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals
upheld District Court findings.
Affirmed by Supreme Court.
1974 EPA Regulations
provisions in place of missing
PSD portions ol every SIP
TSP and S02 control
area class system
BACT for 19 source categories
impact review by modeling
1977 Clean Air Act Amendments
formal listing of PSD areas
increment changes
mandatory Class I areas
expansion of source category
coverage
BACT definition
preconstruction monitoring
expanded modeling
Set II pollutants and lead
Current Legal Requirements
Purposes
protection of public health I welfare
preservation of natural values
assurance of economic growth
assurance against interstate PSD
interference
requirement of informed decision making
Area Classifications
mandatory Class I or II
initial Class U for all others
better than secondary NAAQS
or unclassifiable
15-12
-------
Area Redesignations
Class I or II restrictions
executive/legislative /
intergovernmental concurrence
notice and public hearing
notice to federal land manager
EPA review/approval
EPA resolution of interstate
disputes
Ceilings and Increments
for TSP and S02
increments - maximum
permissible increases in
concentration
ceilings - concentration in no
case to exceed lowest NAAQS
special cases
Notice and
Public Participation
in redesignation process
in source permit process
Preconstruction Requirements
permit
permit review /analysis and
public hearing
demonstration of compliance
BACT
air quality monitoring
Regulatory Requirements
Important Terms
potential to emit
stationary source
major stationary source
major modification
construction
-------
* Applicability
geographic - states, areas
sources - stationary only
pollutants - criteria, NSPS,
NESHAPs
Permit Application
source information location. opeiatimi
specs, construction schedule, emission
estimates, site / meteorologii.it djt.i
impact anal>ses ฆ rNAAQS. increment
consumption, general air qiiaht) impacts.
visibilit>. soils, vegetation
public hearing
State and tPA revien
Nonattainment Areas
primary NAAQs attainment set
for 1975
failure of many AQCKs to meet
1975 attainment
EPA regulatory attempts to deal
with nonattainment
Clean AirAct Amendments - 1977
Legal and Regulatory
Requirements
legal requirements found in
CAA Title I, Part D, งง171-178
regulatory requirements found
in 40 CFR, Parts 5 1 and 52
Major Provisions
SIP Revision
nonattainment areas to revise
SIP to show INAAQS attainment
by 12/31/82.
unless impossible for 0,/C0
by 12/31 / 87, for 03/C0
15-14
-------
* Approval / Disapproval
of Submissions
by 7 / 1 / 79 for basic revisions
by 7/ 1 /82 for further measures
pertaining to 1987 attainment
Plan Provisions
notice/hearing requirements
implementation of reasonably
available control measures
reasonable further progress (RFP)
emission inventory
emission allowances
major source construction/
operation permit system
Plan Provisions (continued)
resource identification and
commitment for implementation
emission limits, compliance
schedules, etc.
intergovernmental consultation
and public involvement on
effects analysis
evidence of legal authority
* Plans for 1987 Attainment
analysis of alternatives for major
source permit
schedule for vehicle inspection/
maintenance
identification of other measures
further enforceable measures
for 1987 attainment
Permit System
major stationary sources or
major modifications
new source emissions ฆ RFP
LAER standard
other major sources
carry ing out of nonattainment
SIP
-------
Sanctions
Federal grants and projects
sewage treatment grants
new major source permits
Status
Initial (1979) Submissions
all 51 states with nonattainment areas
submitted SIP revisions
final approval /disapproval continued
into 1981
most approvals conditional
l/M provisions remain controversial
area status subject to continuing update
Status
Second (1982) Submission for
1987 Attainment
due January 1982
measures beyond what were RACM in
1979
' argued impossibility of attainment for
certain areas ฆ possible changes in law
Conclusion
SIP structure and provisions
exist to apply AQM approach to
the situation in a particular State
It is a complex area of law.
regulation, and technology.
-------
Chapter 16
Control Program History:
Effect on Current and Future Patterns
Lesson Goal
To review and emphasize topics covered by category in other lessons by historical
exposition of why air pollution control programs have their present form; and to
acquaint you with areas of programs that are subject to continuing change, and
the directions these changes are likely to take.
Lesson Objectives
Upon, completion of this lesson, you should be able to:
1. name the major steps in legislative development leading up to the Clean Air
Amendments of 1970.
2. identify the types of air pollution episodes which have influenced program
and legal developments.
3. recognize the names of major episodes and associate them with their impor-
tant characteristics.
4. identify the important policy elements in the Clean Air Amendments of
1970.
5. name the very important policy issues dealt with in the 1977 Amendments
which continue to be centers of discussion.
References
1. Ashby, E. and Anderson, M. 1976-77. Studies in environmental protection:
the historical roots of the British Clean Air Act, 1956. Interdisciplinary Sci.
Rev. 1:279-290, 2:9-29 and 2:190-211 (3 articles).
2. Brimblecombe, P. 1976. Attitudes and responses towards air pollution in
medieval England./ Air Poll. Control Assoc. 26:941-45.
3. Brimblecombe, P. 1978. Air pollution in industrializing England./. Air
Poll. Control Assoc. 28:115-118.
4. Dyck, R. G. 1970. Evolution of Federal air pollution control policy
1948-1967. Unpub. diss., Univ. of Pittsburgh.
161
-------
5. Evelyn, J. 1661. Fumifugium: or, the inconvenience of the aer, and smoake
of London dissipated... Reprinted 1772. London: B. White.
6. Fromson, J. 1969. A history of Federal air pollution control. Ohio State Law
f. 30:516-36.
7. Goldsmith, J. R. and Friberg, L. T. 1977. Effects on human healthII. A.
Air pollution episodes, in A. C. Stern, ed. Air pollution. 3rd ed. Vol. II.
New York: Academic press, pp. 469-77.
8. Halliday, E. C. 1961. A historical review of atmospheric pollution. In Air
Pollution. World Health Organiz. Monograph Series No. 46. Geneva: WHO.
9. Ripley, R. B. 1965. Air pollution and public policy: the Clean Air Act of
1963. Paper pres. to American Univ. Seminar on Economics of Air Pollu-
tion, May 5, 1965. Washington: Brookings Institution.
10. Schrenk, H. H., et al., 1949. Air pollution in Donora, Pa.: epidemiology of
the unusual smog episode of October 1948. Pub. Health Bull. No. 306 (U.S.
Pub. Health Svce.). Washington: GPO.
11. Smith, A. R. 1966. Some aspects of air pollution (3-19). Air pollution and
the Alkali Act (22-24). The Clean Air Act in operation (83-87). In his Air
Pollution, a survey...Monograph No. 22. London: Soc. of Chem. Industry.
12. Stern, A. C. et al., 1973. History of the problem. Chapt. 6 in their Fun-
damentals of air pollution. New York: Academic press, pp. 53-67.
13. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 1971. History of episodes.
Appendix B in Guide for air pollution episode avoidance. OAP AP-76.
14. U.S. Senate. Public Works Comm. 1963. History of the Federal program.
Chapt. Ill in A study of pollutionAir. Staff Report to Senate Comm. on
Public Works. Washington: GPO.
15. U.S. Senate. Environment and Public Works Comm. 1975-79. Legislative
history of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1970 [1977]. Cong. Res. Svce.
Report. 8 vols. Washington: GPO.
16-2
-------
CONTROL PROGRAM HISTORY:
Effect on Current and
Future Patterns
Before Federal
Involvement
Chronic, "Nuisance"
Problems
Acute Problems
England
sporadic actions
Alkali Works Regulation Act of
1863
local ordinances early 1800s
major local efforts
bans and combustion
operation rules
efforts
concentrated
on abatement
of black
smoke
16-3
-------
Before Federal
Involvement
Chronic, "Nuisance"
Problems
Acute Problems
Meuse Valley. Belgium
December 1930
dense fog. no wind, temperature inversion
S02. h2S04. Iff, NOj. CO. C02
(concentrations unknown)
cardiovascular problems, hypotension,
alkalosis, sore throat, cough, nausea,
vomiting
60 to 80 excess deaths; injury to livestock
Donora, Pennsylvania
1948
fog. temperature inversion, stagnant
high pressure
SOj, hiSO,, other sulfur compounds.
Ov N0X, organic compounds, smoke
(concentrations unknown)
coughs, respiratory problem*, eye
irritation, nausea, vomiting,
cardiovascular problems
possibly 16 excess deaths
London
December 5-9, 1952
* fog, black smoke, light winds
SO], black suspended particulate
matter
* bronchitis, respiratory problems,
cardiovascular problems, fever,
yellow-black sputum
4.OOO excess deaths: injury to
litestock
New York
1953-1966
series of episodes; not detected at the time
all in fall or winter
usually light wind conditions
SO2 suspended particulate matter
respiratory problems, aggravation of "flu"
s)mptoms. eye irritation, cardiovascular
problems
excess deaths noted
ฆ 1963 200-400 * 1964. 168
-------
Poza Rica, Mexico
1950
isolated, accidental episode
one source ฆ sulfur recovery plant
fog
MjS
almost immediate symptoms
respiratory and central nervous
system
22 deaths: 320 hospitalizations
Los Angeles
1940s - Present
series of episodes; "smog" complaints
summer and fall
Oj, hydrocarbons. NO,
eye irritation, runny nose, "funny" smell,
mild breathing problems
sharp visibility reductions
Growth of
U.S. Federal Involvement
Background
Early Interest (before 1950)
Congressional Action (1950-
1970)
police power
resides in states
early control
experience was
at State/local
level
limitations on
extent of
Federal power
Early Interest (before 1950)
largely studies and
conferences
little funding
noncentralized efforts
-------
Congressional Action
(1950-1970)
Research Funding Proposals
Air Pollution Control Act - 1955
Increasing PHS Interest and
Experience
Clean Air Act ฆ 1963
Motor Vehicle Air Pollution Control
Act - 1965
Air Quality Act 1967
Air Pollution Control Act of 1955
"to preserve and protect the primary
responsibility and rights of the States
and local aovernments in controlling
air pollution"
HEW assistance to State and local
agencies
1962 amendment to study motor vehicle
exhaust
Increasing PHS Involvement
Clean Air Act of 1963
basis of current air pollution law
grants for establishing/expanding
programs
Federal abatement authority - new
absence of air quality or emission
standards
Motor Vehicle Air Pollution
Control Act of 1965
-------
Air Quality Act of 1967
atmospheric areas and air quality
control regions
air quality criteria
State-set ambient air standards
implementation plans
Federal action In case of State failure
emergency authority
1970 - Present
Clean Air Amendments of 1970
Establishment of EPA - 1970
Implementing the 1970 Amendments
Proposed Amendments of 1976
Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977
Clean Air Amendments of 1970
national Ambient Air Quality Standards ("NAAQS)
ฆ Air Quality Control Regions - total coverage
implementation Plans
national Standards of Performance for
Stationary Sources (!>SPS)
national Emission Standards for haxardous Air
Pollutants OESHAPs)
national loblle Source Control Program
federal Facilitv Compliance
Judicial Ret lew Procedures
Citiien Suit Provisions
Establishment of EPA ฆ 1970
Existing 'National APC Programs in
HEW-PHS
President's Reorganization Plan
Number 3 of 1970
Organizational Principles
functional -
rs compromises
categorical*
decentralisation
Implementing the
1970 Amendments
Federal-State Interactions
Problems with 1975 Attainment
Lawsuits
4ir Quality Maintenance
Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD>
Regulatory Action-Forcing
-------
Proposed
Amendments of 1976
Nonattainment and Offsets
PSD Controversy
Lack of Resolution - Failure
of Amendments
Clean Air Act
Amendments of 1977
Prevention of Significant Deterioration
fNonattainment Area Plans
(Upper Atmosphere) Ozone Protection
NSPS Expansion
Enforcement
New Motor Vehicle Standards
Penalties and Sanctions
Miscellaneous (e.g., INCAQ)
& *ฆ
A*. Coming
y V Attractions
V- ^
Regulatory Development
and Litigation
PSD Regulations and
Alabama Power
PSD Set II Regulations
Visibility Regulations
Nonattainment Plans and
State Suits
Recurring Issues
PSD and Economic
Development
Transportation Planning
Federal versus State/Local
Authority and Responsibility
-------
The Next Round of
CAA Amendments
When?
How extensive?
Progress or reaction? By
whose definitions?
-------
Chapter 17
Current Developments in Control Programs
Lesson Goal
To familiarize you with current technical and policy developments in Federal, State
and local control programs and to encourage class discussion and exchange of
information regarding these developments.
Lesson Objectives
completion of this lesson, you should be able to:
name at least two current technical developments that potentially have an
effect on control programs.
name at least two current policy developments that potentially have an effect
on control programs.
discuss the effect of the technical developments named in objective #1.
discuss the effect of the policy developments named in objective #2.
References
None
Upon
1.
2.
3.
4.
17-1
-------
Chapter 18
Sources of Information
and Professional Development
Lesson Goal
To familiarize you with sources of information that will help you perform your job
and with sources of information about job training.
Lesson Objectives
Upon completion of this lesson, you should be able to:
1. identify sources of technical and policy information related to your
particular job.
2. identify sources of information about formal academic programs and short-
term training programs in the field of air pollution control.
3. name a national professional association for air pollution control personnel.
References
1. Directory of Governmental Air Pollution Control Agencies as of June 30,
1981. Pittsburgh: APCA.
2. Colgate, C. Jr., and Broida, P. eds. National Trade and Profes-
sional Association of the United Sates and Canada and Labor Unions.
[latest] ann. ed. Washington: Columbia Books, Inc.
S. Halpin, P. 1977. Literature resources in A. C. Stern, ed. Air Pollution. 3rd
ed. New York: Academic Press, Vol. II, pp. 611-663.
181
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO. 2.
EPA-450/2-82-011
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION>NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
APTI Course 452
Principles and Practice of Air Pollution Control
Student Workbook
S. REPORT DATE
January 1982
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
J. E. Maroney, D. S. Beachler, B. M. Ray,
D. R. Bullard, G. T. Joseph, K. M. Leslie
B. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME ANO AOORESS
Northrop Services, Inc.
P.O. Box 12313
Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
B 18A2C
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-2374
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME ANO ADDRESS
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Manpower and Technical Information Branch
Air Pollution Training Institute
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT ANO PERIOD COVERED
Student Workbook
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA-OANR-OAQPS
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
Project Officer for this workbook is R. E. Townsend, EPA-ERC, MD-17, RTP, NC 27711
16. ABSTRACT
This Student Workbook is used in conjunction with Course #452, "Principles and
Practice of Air Pollution Control," as designed and presented by the EPA Air
Pollution Training Institute (APTI). It supplements the course lecture materials
with lesson goals and objectives, literature references, and major slide images for
note-taking. Topics covered are:
Air Pollutants and Their Sources Control of Gaseous Emissions from
Effects of Air Pollution Stationary Sources
Air Pollution and the Law: Emission Inventories
The Clean Air Act Enforcement Procedures and Source
Factors Affecting Pollutant Dispersion Inspections
Influence of Topography on Pollutant State Implementation Plans
Dispersion Control Program History
Air Pollution Sources and Source Current Development in Control
Regulations Programs
Measurement of Source Pollutant ป Sources of Information and
Emissions Professional Development
0 Ambient Air Quality Monitoring
Control of Particulate Emissions
from Stationary Sources
11. KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
a. DESCRIPTORS
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
Air Pollution Control
Training Manual
Training Course
Student Workbook
13 B
5 I
68 A
is. distribution statement Unlimited
Available from: National Technical
Information Service, 5825 Port Royal Rd.,
Snringflftld. VA 22161
1#. SECURITY CLASS (This Reportj
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
30- SECURITY CLASS (This pap)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2210-1 (>-71)
18-2
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