EPA 908 1-76-002
NOVEMBER 1975
NORTH DAKOTA AQMA
AREA SOURCE EMISSION
INVENTORY
US. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
REGION VIII
AIR 8c HAZARDOUS MATERIALS DIVISION
DENVER .COLORADO 802O3
-------
EPA-908/1-76-002
PEDCo- ENVIRONMENTAL
PEDC O-ENVIRONMENTAL SPECIALISTS, INC.
Suite 13, Atkinson Square
Cincinnati, Ohio 45246
Contract No. 68-02-1375
Task Order No. 19
EPA Project Officer: David Kircher
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Region VIII
Air Planning and Operations Section
Denver, Colorado 80203
SUITE 13 • ATKINSON SQUARE
CINCINNATI. OHIO 45246
513 / 77 1-4330
NORTH DAKOTA AQMA AREA SOURCE
EMISSION INVENTORY
Prepared by
Prepared for
November 1975
ii
branch offices
Suit* 110, Crown C*nt*r
KantmClty, Mo. 64108
Suit* 104-A, Prof*wlon*l Vlll«ot
Ch*p*l Hill, N.C. 27814
-------
This report was furnished to the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency by PEDCo-Environmental Specialists, Inc.,
Cincinnati, Ohio, in fulfillment of Contract No. 68-02-1375,
Task Order No. 19. The contents of this report are repro-
duced herein as received from the contractor. The opinions,
findings, and conclusions expressed are those of the author
and not necessarily those of the Environmental Protection
Agency.
Material included in this report was not originally
intended for publication, but to document the data sources
and assumptions made in preparing the area source emission
inventory. Therefore, the text may be sketchy and the
report more useful as a resource document than a general
procedures manual for emission inventories. It should also
be pointed out that the area source emission inventory is
subject to frequent updating so that data presented herein
may soon become obsolete.
Publication No. EPA-908/1-76-002
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CONTENTS
Page
SUMMARY
1. LIGNITE COAL 1-1
Base Year Emissions 1-1
Projections 1-2
2. DISTILLATE OIL 2-1
Base Year Emissions 2-1
Projections 2-3
3. RESIDUAL OIL 3-1
Base Year Emissions 3-1
Projections 3-2
4. NATURAL GAS 4-1
Base Year Emissions 4-1
Projections 4-2
5. LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS 5-1
Base Year Emissions 5-1
Projections 5-2
6. WOOD 6-1
Base Year Emissions 6-1
Projections 6-2
7. OPEN BURNING 7-1
Base Year Emissions 7-1
Projections 7-2
8. INCINERATORS 8-1
Base Year Emissions 8-1
Projections 8-2
9. AGRICULTURAL BURNING 9-1
Base Year Emissions 9-1
Projections 9-1
10. HIGHWAY MOBILE SOURCES 10-1
Base Year Emissions 10-1
Projections 10-6
i
-------
11. OFF-HIGHWAY VEHICLES 11-1
Base Year Emissions 11-1
Projections 11-4
12. AIRCRAFT 12-1
Base Year Emissions 12-1
Projections 12-2
13. RAILROADS 13-1
Base Year Emissions 13-1
Projections 13-3
14. INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES 14-1
15. EVAPORATIVE LOSSES 15-1
Base Year Emissions 15-1
Projections 15-2
16. UNPAVED ROADS 16-1
Base Year Emissions 16-1
Projections 16-4
17. AGRICULTURE 17-1
Base Year Emissions 17-1
Projections 17-3
18. CONSTRUCTION 18-1
Base Year Emissions 18-1
Projections 18-2
19. MINING 19-1
Base Year Emissions 19-1
Projections 19-3
20. DUST FROM PAVED ROADS 20-1
Base Year Emissions 20-1
Projections 20-3
REFERENCES
ii
-------
TABLES
NO.
Page
1
Area Source Particulate Emissions
for Cass County
2
2
Area Source Particulate Emissions
for NRDA Counties
4
3
Area Source Emissions of S02, Hydrocarbons
and Oxides . . . for AQMA Counties
5
10.1
1974 Vehicle Miles of Travel in AQMA
Counties
10-3
10.2
Emission Factors for North Dakota
10-5
10.3
1974 Emissions from Highway Mobile Sources
10-5
10.4
Projected Vehicle Miles of Travel in AQMA
Counties
10-7
10.5
Emission Factors for Future Years
10-8
10.6
Projected Emissions from Motor Vehicles
10-9
11.1
1974 Emissions from Off-Highway Vehicles
11-3
16.1
Travel on Unpaved Roads
16-2
iii
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SUMMARY
This report presents a 1974 air pollutant emissions
inventory of area sources in the two North Dakota Air
Quality Maintenance Areas (AQMA's), plus projections of
emissions in these areas for 1975, 1980, and 1985. The
Fargo AQMA includes only Cass County and is designated only
for particulates. The Natural Resource Development Area
presently encompasses three counties—McLean, Mercer, and
Oliver—and is designated for particulates, sulfur dioxide,
nitrogen oxides, and oxidants. After the AQMA boundaries
were originally set, plans to build coal gasification plants
in Dunn County were announced, so this county has been added
to the study area for the emissions inventory.
Designation of an AQMA by the North Dakota Department
of Health and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
indicates that there is a possibility that future growth in
the area may cause the national ambient air quality stan-
dards to be exceeded despite enforcement of source control
regulations. This area source inventory is to be used in a
detailed analysis of each AQMA to better determine the
impact of future growth on air quality.
A base year of 1974 was specified for the inventory in
order that it be consistent with the time frame of the point
source emission inventory also being prepared. At the time
that the inventory was done, 1974 was the most recent year
for which data could be obtained.
The area source categories included in the inventory
are shown in Table 1 of this summary. The inventory includes
1
-------
Table 1. AREA SOURCE PARTICULATE EMISSIONS
FOR CASS COUNTY
Particulate emissions, ton/yr
Source category 1974 1975 1980 1985
Fuel combustion:
1. Lignite coal
neg
neg
neg
neg
2. Distillate oil
109
110
114
119
3. Residual oil
92
92
113
131
4. Natural gas
11
11
12
14
5. LPG
3
3
3
3
6. Wood
2
2
2
2
Burning:
7. Open burning
4
4
4
4
8. Incinerators
4
4
4
4
9. Agricultural burning
0
0
0
0
Mobile sources:
10. Highway mobile sources
351
328
287
175
11. Off-highway vehicles
119
119
119
119
12. Aircraft
6
6
7
7
13. Railroads
34
40
61
82
Processes:
14. Industrial processes
0
0
0
0
15. Evaporative losses
0
0
0
0
Fugitive dust:
16. Unpaved roads
57,300
57,300
57,300
57,300
17. Agriculture
14,745
14,745
14,745
14,745
18. Construction
518
518
585
689
19. Mining
0
0
0
0
20. Paved roads
1,856
1,876
2,068
2,241
Total
75,154
75,158
75,424
75,635
2
-------
all conventional source categories described in APTD-1135,
Guide for Compiling a Comprehensive Emission Inventory, plus
some additional categories of fugitive dust sources. For
the source category of mining, no directly applicable emis-
sion factors were available so an estimate was developed
based on data from a site visit to one of the surface mines.
The estimated annual particulate emissions in Cass
County for each study year are summarized in Table 1.
Particulate emissions for the base year and projection years
in the four NRDA counties are presented in Table 2, and
emissions of the other three pollutants (S02, nitrogen
oxides, and hydrocarbons) in the NRDA counties are shown in
Table 3. For source categories omitted in summary Tables 2
and 3/ emissions are negligible in all the NRDA counties.
The survey data and methodology used to estimate emis-
sions for each source category are documented in detail in
the body of this report. Each category is discussed in a
separate section and the procedures for estimating base year
emissions are described separately from the procedures for
projecting emission rates to future years.
The particulate area source categories with the greatest
emissions are all fugitive dust sources. In every county,
fugitive dust accounts for at least 99 percent of the inven-
toried area source emissions. Unpaved roads are by far the
most significant source, with agriculture being the only
other important source.
For the gaseous pollutants, motor vehicles, off-highway
vehicles, and lignite coal combustion are generally the
greatest contributors. However, area source emissions of
SO2t N0x, and hydrocarbons are all quite small in the NRDA
counties.
The emission projections do not show any trends or
substantial changes in county-wide emissions associated with
future growth and development in the AQMA's. For particu-
lates, the stability in total emissions is due to the
3
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Table 2. AREA SOURCE PARTICULATE EMISSIONS FOR NRDA COUNTIES
Particulate emissions, ton/yr
McLean County Mercer County Oliver County Dunn County
Source category 1974 1975 1980 1985 1974 1975 1980 1985 1974 1975 1980 1985 1974 1975 1980 1985
Fuel combustion:
1.
Lignite coal
63
62
56
51
130
127
115
104
53
52
47
42
64
63
57
51
2.
Distillate oil
9
10
16
11
5
5
9
6
2
2
3
2
3
3
5
4
3.
Residual oil
7
7
8
9
4
4
5
5
1
1
1
1
3
3
3
4
4.
Natural gas
3
3
5
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5.
LPG
1
1
2
1
2 .
2
3
2
neg
neg
neg
neg
1
1
2
1
Burning:
7. Open burning
5
5
5
5
neg
neg
neg
neg
5
5
5
5
11
11
11
11
Habile sources:
10. Highway vehicles
72
72
102
65
27
27
38
24
14
14
20
13
27
27
38
24
11. Off-highway
67
67
67
67
33
33
33
33
23
23
23
23
34
34
34
34
13. Railroads
4
5
7
10
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
2
Fugitive dust:
16. Unpaved roads
39,610
39,610
39,610
39,610
16,180
16,180
16,180
16,180
10,240
10,240
10,240
10,240
19,770
19,770
19,770
19,770
17. Agriculture
4,679
4,679
4,679
4,679
3,439
3,439
3,439
3,439
2,551
2,551
2,551
2,551
4,221
4,221
4,221
4,221
18. Construction
39
171
0
0
96
0
835
96
96
160
0
0
0
0
643
0
19. Mining
0
0
0
1,725
1,587
1,587
4,904
5,635
437
437
1,256
1,256
0
0
0
2,300
20. Paved roads
267
284
597
406
96
102
220
149
45
49
110
73
86
92
180
139
Total
44,826 44,976 45,154 46,643 21,600 21,507 25,783 25,675
13,468 13,535 14,258 14,208
24,221 24,226 24,966 26,561
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Table 3. AREA SOURCE EMISSIONS OF SO , HYDROCARBONS,
AND OXIDES OF NITROGEN FOR AQMA COUNTIES
Pollutant emissions, ton/yr
so2
HC
NO
X
County/Source category
1974
1975
1980
1985
1974
1975
1980
1985
1974
1975
1980
1985
McLean County:
Lignite coal
39
38
34
31
3
3
3
2
16
16
14
13
Distillate oil
6
6
10
7
2
2
3
2
17
18
30
21
Residual oil
25
25
29
32
1
1
1
1
19
19
22
25
Natural gas
neg
neg
neg
neg
2
2
3
2
25
27
44
31
LPG
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
8
9
14
10
Open burning
neg
neg
neg
neg
9
9
9
9
2
2
2
2
Highway vehicles
32
33
59
43
1095
979
1312
563
736
770
1098
737
Off-highway vehicles
44
44
44
44
308
308
308
308
564
564
564
564
Railroads
10
12
18
24
17
20
31
41
66
78
119
160
Evaporative
0
0
0
0
96
101
162
105
0
0
0
0
Total
157
159
196
182
1534
1426
1834
1034
1453
1503
1907
1563
Mercer County:
Lignite coal
B1
79
71
65
5
5
5
4
32
31
28
25
Distillate oil
3
3
5
4
1
1
2
1
12
13
21
15
Residual oil
14
14
16
18
1
1
1
1
11
11
13
14
LPG
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
11
12
19
14
Open burning
neg
neg
neg
neg
1
1
1
1
neg
neg
neg
neg
Highway vehicles
12
13
22
16
413
369
495
212
277
290
413
277
Off-highway vehicles
22
22
22
22
153
153
153
153
281
281
281
281
Railroads
2
2
4
5
3
4
5
7
14
17
25
34
Evaporative
0
0
0
0
41
43
69
46
0
0
0
0
Total
135
134
142
131
619
578
733
426
638
655
800
660
Oliver County:
Lignite coal
33
32
29
26
2
2
2
2
13
13
12
11
Distillate oil
1
1
2
1
neg
neg
neg
neg
8
9
14
10
Residual oil
5
5
6
6
neg
neg
neg
neg
3
3
3
4
LPG
neg
neg
neg
neg
neg
neg
neg
neg
3
3
5
4
Open burning
neg
neg
neg
neg
10
10
10
10
2
2
2
2
Highway vehicles
6
6
11
8'
218
195
261
112
147
154
219
147
Off-highway vehicles
15
15
15
15
108
108
108
108
196
196
196
196
Railroads
2
2
4
5
3
4
5
7
11
13
20
27
Evaporative
0
0
0
0
19
20
33
22
0
0
0
0
Total
62
61
67
61
360
339
419
261
383
393
471
401
Dunn County:
Lignite coal
40
39
35
32
3
3
3
2
16
16
14
13
Distillate oil
2
2
3
2
1
1
1
1
3
3
5
4
Residual oil
9
9
10
12
neg
neg
neg
neg
7
7
8
9
LPG
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
9
10
16
11
Open burning
1
1
1
1
20
20
20
20
4
4
4
4
Highway vehicles
12
13
22
16
417
373
500
214
216
226
322
216
Off-highway vehicles
23
23
23
23
160
160
160
160
290
290
290
290
Railroads
1
1
2
2
2
2
4
5
9
11
16
22
Evaporative
0
0
0
0
36
38
57
40
0
0
0
0
Total
89
89
98
89
640
598
647
443
554
567
675
569
5
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prediction that neither of the major source categories,
unpaved roads and agriculture, will change significantly
during the next ten years. For the other pollutants,
emissions due to increased development are projected to be
offset by emission reductions from the Federal Motor Vehicle
Emission Control Program.
6
-------
1. LIGNITE COAL
BASE YEAR EMISSIONS
Consumption of coal by area sources in the five counties
was estimated from contacts with all known retail coal
distributors in these counties. Several small mines pre-
viously sold lignite to individuals in the Mercer-McLean-
Oliver-Dunn area, but most of these had closed by 1974.
Only two remaining retail distributors were located in these
counties:1'2
North American Coal, Lignite Div., Zap - 15,000 tons
locally
Consolidation Coal, Western Div., Stanton - 10,760 tons
The only retail distributor listed in the Fargo area had
quit handling coal about a year ago and was not aware of any
3
remaining coal-heated homes m Cass County.
Consolidation Coal estimated that about 6000 tons were
consumed in Mercer and Oliver Counties, and the remainder
went to McLean County. North American Coal could not pro-
vide such a breakdown, but indicated that customers came
from as far as Killdeer (Dunn) and Garrison (McLean).
Therefore, the lignite sales from the two dealers were
distributed to the four counties on the basis of number of
homes heating with coal, obtained from the 1970 Census of
4
Housing. Since most of the sales were residential, emis-
sion factors for residential hand-fired units were applied
5
to estimate emissions.
1-1
-------
Pollutant
Emission factor, lb/ton of lignite
Particulate 3A, or 24 with 8% ash
SC>2 30S, or 15 with 0.5% sulfur
HC 1
NO 6
x
Estimated 1974
1970 coal- Coal emissions, ton/yr
County heated homes consumption Partic SC^ HC NO
Cass
196
neg
—
McLean
377
5,240
63
39
3
16
Mercer
779
10,820
130
81
5
32
Oliver
315
4,380
53
33
2
13
Dunn
383
5,320
64
40
3
16
Total, NRDA 1854 25,760
The degree-day method of estimating space heating coal con-
sumption could not be used to check the above data because
no average values of lignite consumed per dwelling unit-
degree day are available.
PROJECTIONS
Residential coal usage had been steadily declining in
the NRDA area until 1973. The past two winters, total
retail usage has remained almost constant. This is appar-
ently due to increased costs and reduced availability of
competitive fuels, and will probably continue through 1975.
Longer term# no new homes will be heating with coal but few
of the older homes will be converting to other fuels. A two
percent annual attrition rate has been assumed.
1-2
-------
2. DISTILLATE OIL
BASE YEAR EMISSIONS
Distillate oil consumption in AQMA counties was estimated
by apportioning 1974 state totals obtained from Mineral
g
Industry Surveys, Sales of Fuel Oil and Kerosene. Although
fuel oil sales by company were available from the State
7
Laboratories Commission, it was not possible to determine
sales by county from this data because the major oil companies
did not report sales by individual distributor.
Residential distillate oil usage (a portion of total
heating oil usage) was first calculated based on degree-day
0
heating requirements. The average number of gallons of oil
g
burned per dwelling unit per degree-day is 0.18. The
dwelling units in each county heating with oil, the average
number of rooms per dwelling unit (compared to the national
average of 5.0), the 1974 heating degree-days, and the
estimated residential fuel oil consumption are shown below:
Oil heated
Av. rooms
1974 heating
Residential
County
homes
per dwelling
degree-days
fuel oil, 1000 gal
Cass
12,426
4.8
9,392
20,167
McLean
789
5.0
9,194
1,306
Mercer
353
4.9
9,194
573
Oliver
120
5.2
9,194
207
Dunn
342
5.0
9,194
566
Total distillate heating oil consumption (residential,
commercial, and institutional) was obtained by apportioning
the 1974 statewide total of 86,940,000 gal to each county in
2-1
-------
proportion to its share of state population (1973 population
data was considered to be sufficiently accurate for this
purpose). Commercial-institutional distillate oil usage was
then estimated as the difference between each county's total
distillate heating oil consumption and its residential
usage. These calculations are summarized below. This
methodology indicated more fuel oil used for residential
heating in Cass County than the county's proportion of total
distillate heating oil/ so no additional oil for commercial-
institutional heating was assumed.
County
1973
population
1974 distillate
heating oil,
1000 gal
1974 commercial-
institutional distillate
oil, 1000 gal
Cass
79,500
10,800
neg
McLean
11,700
1,590
284
Mercer
6,200
842
269
Oliver
2,400
326
119
Dunn
4,600
625
59
State
640,000
86,940
Industrial usage of distillate oil was estimated by
apportioning statewide industrial distillate oil usage of
4,872,000 gallons to the counties according to number of
manufacturing employees.
"—
1974
1973
industrial distillate oil,
County
manufacturing employees
1000 gal
Cass
2,421
1,150
McLean
40
19
Mercer
36
17
Oliver
0
0
Dunn
2
1
State
10,262
4,872
No point sources of distillate oil combustion were
identified in the AQMA counties for subtraction from the
2-2
-------
county totals. Therefore, the values shown represent area
source fuel usage by category.
Emission factors for distillate oil combustion are
5
presented below:
Emission factor,
Pollutant lb/1000 gal
Particulate
Residential 10
All other 15
SO2 ~j 7
(0.05% av. S content)
HC 3
NO
x Residential 12
All other 60
The resulting emissions from distillate oil combustion
are summarized in the following table:
Estimated 1974 emissions,
ton/yr
County
Partic
S02
HC
NO
X
Cass
109
a
a
a
McLean
9
6
2
17
Mercer
5
3
1
12
Oliver
2
1
neg
8
Dunn
3
2
1
3
not determined
PROJECTIONS
Most of the present distillate oil usage is associated
with residential heating. Large price increases and ques-
tionable future availability for this fuel have reduced the
desirability of oil heating. However, similar problems
exist with alternative fuels, and natural gas is not even
available in three of the five counties. Therefore, it is
2-3
-------
assumed that fuel oil will continue to maintain its market
share for new housing and fuel conversions, and that fuel
oil usage will increase approximately in proportion to
population in the AQMA counties.9'10'1"1
County
Growth factor
1975 1980 1985
Cass
1.01
1.05
1.09
McLean,
Mercer
1.07
1.74
1.24
Oliver,
and
Dunn
2-4
-------
3. RESIDUAL OIL
BASE YEAR EMISSIONS
Residual oil consumption in AQMA counties was estimated
by the same methodology as that used for distillate oil,
except that there was no residential usage of residual oil.
Thus, statewide residual heating oil for commercial-institu-
tional use (30,954,000 gal) was apportioned to counties
according to population and statewide residual oil for
industrial use (17,682,000 gal) was apportioned to counties
\
according to manufacturing employees. The county apportion-
ing factors for the population and employment were presented
in the previous section.
Residual Industrial
heating oil, residual oil,
County 1000 gal 1000 gal
Cass 3,845 4,172
McLean 566 69
Mercer 300 62
Oliver 116 0
Dunn 222 3
No point sources of residual oil combustion were iden-
tified in the AQMA counties for subtraction from the county
totals. Therefore, area source residual oil usage is simply
the sum of the heating oil and industrial oil gal'lonage in
each county.
Emission factors for commercial or industrial residual
5
oxl combustion are summarized below. The resulting emis-
sions are also presented.
3-1
-------
Pollutant
Emission factor,
lb/1000 gal
Particulate 23
S02 78
(assume 0.5% av.
S content)
HC 3
NO 60
x
Estimated 1974 emissions,
ton/yr
Residual oil,
County 1000 gal Partic S02 HC NC>x
Cass
8,017
92
a
a
a
McLean
635
7
25
1
19
Mercer
362
4
14
1
11
Oliver
116
1
5
neg
3
Dunn
225
3
9
neg
7
a not determined
PROJECTIONS
Growth factors for residual oil consumption were
derived from OBERS Projections of Regional Economic Activity
in the U.S.^ by assuming that future consumption would be
proportional to projected activity in the manufacturing,
wholesale and retail trade, services, and government sectors.
The growth factors are summarized below.
County
Growth factor
1975 1980 1985
Cass
a
1.23
1.42
McLean,
Oliver,
Dunn
Mercer
and
a
1.16
1.30
a could not determine from available data,
assume 1.0.
3-2
-------
4. NATURAL GAS
BASE YEAR EMISSIONS
Consumption of natural gas by county for 1974 was
obtained from records of the State Public Service Commis-
13 14
sion. ' The data had been submitted to this agency by
the two natural gas utilities operating in the AQMA's,
Montana-Dakota Utilities (McLean) and Northern States Power
(Cass). The natural gas sales were provided by community
for three classes of customers—residential, commercial, and
industrial.
There is no natural gas service in Mercer, Oliver, or
Dunn Counties. Also, the sales data showed that there are
no industrial rate customers in Cass or McLean Counties.
Therefore, all natural gas combustion in the AQMA's falls
within the category of domestic and'commercial heating for
emission calculation purposes, and has the following emis-
sion factors:5
Pollutant Emission factor, lb/mmcf
Particulate 10.0
S02 0.6
HC 8.0
NO 100.0
X .
Natural gas usage by point sources was subtracted from the
county totals before calculating area source emissions from
this category.
4-1
-------
Estimated 1974 emissions,
1974 nat. Pt. source ton/yr
County
gas, mmcf
totals, jomcf
Partic
S02
HC
NO
x
Cass
3544
1370
11
a
a
a
McLean
501
0
3
neg
2
25
Mercer
0
0
0
0
0
0
Oliver
0
0
0
0
0
0
Dunn
0
0
0
0
0
0
not determined
PROJECTIONS
Natural gas supplies appear to be adequate to provide
15
for new customers m existing service areas, but it is
unlikely that distribution systems for residential/commer-
cial customers will be expanded into the three remaining
counties in the NRDA prior to 1985. Population projections
are an adequate indicator of expected increases in natural
gas demand. Growth factors based on county populations are
, , , 9,10,11
summarized below:
Growth factor
County
1975 1980 1985
Cass
1.01 1.05 1.09
McLean
1.07 1.74 1.24
4-2
-------
5. LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS
BASE YEAR EMISSIONS
The 1974 statewide consumption of liquefied petroleum
gas (LPG) was 66,486,000 gal, of which 57,892,000 gal were
for either residential or commercial use and 5,351,000 gal
were used by industry.Residential-commercial consumption
by county was estimated from the ratio of dwelling units
4
using LPG in the county to the state total. It was assumed
that the dwelling unit ratio for 1974 was the same as for
1970. Industrial consumption was estimated by the ratio of
total county mining, contract construction, and manufactur-
17
ing employees to the state total.
The following emission factors were used to estimate
5
emissions:
1.9 lb/1000 gal
0.9 lb/1000 gal
0.8 lb/1000 gal
12.0 lb/1000 gal
1974 LPG^consumption,
Estimated 1974
emissions,
10 gal
ton/yr
Residential-
County
commercial
Industrial
Partic
so2
HC
NO
X
Cass
2,147
1,285
3
a
a
a
McLean
1,283
22
1
1
1
8
Mercer
1,748
69
2
1
1
11
Oliver
471
6
neg
neg
neg
3
Dunn
1,488
4
1
1
1
9
not determined
5-1
Particulate
S02
HC
NO
-------
PROJECTIONS
Population projections9'"L0'3,1 provide an adequate
indicator of expected increase in LPG demands. Growth
factors based on county populations are summarized below:
Growth factor
County
1975
1980 1985
Cass
1.01
1.03 1.09
McLean, Mercer,
1.07
1.74 1.24
Oliver and Dunn
5-2
-------
6. WOOD
BASE YEAR EMISSIONS
4
According to 1970 Census of Housing data, there were
22 homes in Cass County heated by wood, but none in McLean,
Mercer, Oliver, or Dunn Counties. It is assumed that
approximately the same number of homes used wood for fuel in
1974. There were no data available to indicate that wood
was consumed by commercial-institutional or industrial area
sources in AQMA counties, so both were considered to be
negligible.
The amount of wood burned in Cass County homes was
O
estimated by the degree-day heating method. The number of
heating degree-days for 1974 in Fargo was 9392, the factor
for average wood burned (tons) per dwelling unit per degree-
g
day is 0.0017, and the average number of rooms per dwelling
4
unit in Cass County is 4.8.
Wood burned = (22) (9392) (.0017)
(ton/yr)
= 337
The particulate emission factor for wood combustion in
boilers is 10 lb per ton of wood. Using this factor,
particulate emissions from home heating by wood in Cass
County are estimated to be 2 tons per year.
6-1
-------
PROJECTIONS
It is unlikely that wood will become a significant home
heating fuel in the future or that any new homes will be
heated with wood. On the other hand, there is no information
to indicate the removal or conversion of existing units.
Therefore, emissions from this category are projected to
remain at 2 tons per year for all three projection years.
6-2
-------
7. OPEN BURNING
BASE YEAR EMISSIONS
Open burning is prohibited in Cass County. However, 12
variances for specified burning were issued in 1974. From
information on the variance request forms, the total amount
of material burned was estimated to be 417 tons. With a
particulate emission factor of 17 lb/ton for wood refuse,
the 1974 emissions in Cass County were calculated to be 4
tons.
In the NRDA counties, open burning dumps and backyard
burning both exist. The type of solid waste disposal in
each town was determined from State Department of Health
18
personnel. For towns with open burning dumps and/or
backyard burning (no sanitary landfill or private trash
collection service), a factor of 3 lb/capita/day was used to
estimate the amount of refuse generated and burned. The
survey of towns did not account for all the population, so
the assumption was made that in each county the same percen-
tage of rural residents burned refuse as did persons living
in the towns.
The estimated tons of refuse burned annually in each
county is summarized below. Emission factors for open burn-
ing of municipal refuse were applied to calculate emissions.5
County
Refuse burned,
ton/yr
Estimated
Partic
emissions,
S02 HC
ton/yr
NO
X
McLean
Mercer
Oliver
Dunn
ilb
53
655
1343
5
neg
5
11
neg
neg
neg
1
9
1
10
20
2
neg
2
4
7-1
-------
PROJECTIONS
The State regulations permit open burning of refuse
under specified conditions in areas with no municipal
collection service. Therefore, some open burning should
continue in low population density areas in the future. The
trend toward improved disposal sites (with no burning) in
small towns will probably be offset by population increases
and higher per capita refuse generation rates so that total
refuse burning will remain about constant through 1985.
Due to the nature of the variances for burning in Cass
County, primarily for disposal of bulky demolition wastes
and tree trimmings, it is likely that these periodic activ-
ities will also continue at about their 1974 level in future
years.
7-2
-------
8. INCINERATORS
BASE YEAR EMISSIONS
All companies which have requested a permit to operate
an incinerator or have been issued a notice of violation
have a source file in the State agency's office. The incin-
erator source files for the AQMA counties were reviewed and
pertinent data extracted. Missing data were supplemented by
estimates provided by agency staff.
There are 43 files for incinerators in Cass County.
However, only 19 of these were still in operation during
1974, and all were multiple chamber. The amount of material
charged annually into each of the 19 incinerators was esti-
mated, and one of three emission factors was used to calcu-
5
late particulate emissions:
Type of incinerator
Emission factor, lb/ton
2 chamber with burner in
7
one chamber
2 chamber, burners in both
5
chambers or an afterburner
pathological waste
8
incinerator
Total estimated emissions for the 19 incinerators were
4 ton/yr.
No incinerators were identified in McLean, Mercer,
Oliver, or Dunn Counties.
8-1
-------
PROJECTIONS
The recent trend in Cass County has been to shut down
on-site incinerators and use dumpsters for solid waste
disposal. However, this trend is expected to moderate
because all of the remaining incinerators are in compliance
with air pollution control regulations and will not require
additional upgrading. Most incinerator operators probably
will not change their method of disposal unless the eco-
nomics of an alternate disposal method change or the facil-
ity moves or is renovated. Also, the possibility of new on-
site incinerators exists. Therefore, it has been assumed
that solid waste disposal in on-site incinerators will
remain almost constant over the next ten years at the
estimated 1974 level.
8-2
-------
9. AGRICULTURAL BURNING
BASE YEAR EMISSIONS
County agricultural extension agents in each of the
five counties were contacted to obtain estimates of the
number of acres of stubble burned each year. None of the
agents had seen any field burning within the past two years
and all estimated that the numbers of acres burned within
their counties were negligible. Therefore, pollutant
emissions from this source category are also estimated to be
negligible.
PROJECTIONS
A recent bulletin published by the North Dakota exten-
19
sion service recommends that fields not be burned. This
statement of progressive farming practices plus current lack
of agricultural burning indicate that emissions from this
category will continue to be negligible in future years.
9-1
-------
10. HIGHWAY MOBILE SOURCFS
BASE YEAR EMISSIONS
Information on motor vehicle travel was obtained from a
State Highway Department publication, North Dakota Traffic
20 "
Report, 1973. This report is updated annually, but the
1974 edition was not yet available when the present emission
inventory was prepared. It was assumed that the 1973 data
are representative of 1974 because the general upward trend
in annual vehicle-miles of travel (VMT) was moderated by the
substantially higher costs of travel in 1974 compared to
1973.
Emissions were estimated by the procedure described in
EPA's Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors,
Supplement 5. Particulate and SO2 emissions are each
calculated as the product of annual VMT for the county and
average emission factors per VMT (obtained from the above
publication). For hydrocarbon and NO , the emission rates
are a function of average vehicle operating speeds as well.
Speeds were estimated by highway system (i.e., Interstate,
Federal Aid Primary, State, County, other rural, and city
streets). Therefore, VMT data were needed by highway
system by county.
Emission factors vary for different vehicle types, so
it was also necessary to determine the percent of total VMT
traveled by each of four classes of vehicles—light duty
vehicles (LDV), light duty trucks (LDT), heavy duty gasoline-
powered vehicles (HDV), and heavy duty diesel (HDD).
10-1
-------
Total annual VMT by county were obtained from the
summary on page 59 of the North Dakota Traffic Report, 1973.
The VMT by specific road system were compiled by adding
values for city and rural travel as found on pages 57 and
60, respectively, and allocating any remaining unaccounted
VMT among Federal Aid Primary, County FAS, and unincorpor-
ated city street systems in the ratio of 1:1:2.
The percentages of LDV, LDT, HDV, and HDD by road
system for each county were assumed to be the same as state-
wide percentages derived from data on pages 53 through 56 of
the report cited above. The following definitions for
vehicle types were used:
LDV = passenger cars
LDT = panel and pickup trucks
HDV = 2-axle, 6 tire and 3-axle
HDD = semitrailers, full trailer combinations,
buses
The VMT by county, road system, and vehicle type are
summarized in Table 10.1.
Average speeds for each road system were estimated
based on posted speed limits and speed measurements made by
the State Highway Department:
Interstate = 55 mph
FAP =55 mph
State, County FAS = 55 mph
Other rural = 35 mph
City streets = 25 mph
The emission factors were calculated from test data
presented in Compilation of Emission Factors, Supplement 5,
and the following additional data:
10-2
-------
Table 10.1. 1974 VEHICLE MILES OF TRAVEL
IN AQMA COUNTIES
Annual VMT x 10^
by road type
Vehicle
Inter-
State, FAS,
Other
City
County
type
state
FAP
County FAS
rural
streets
Total
Cass
LDV
98,032
67,368
27,041
..3, 771
103,396
303,608
LDT
37,564
19,468
19,316
8,353
19,421
104,122
HDV
15,152
7,288
6,967
3,090
2,508
35,005
HDD
17,632
4,421
1,254
801
94
24,202
Total
168,380
98,545
54,578
26,015
125,419
472,937
McLean
LDV
22,180
14,007
8, 690
3,743
48,620
LDT
-
10,161
7,805
8,047
1,336
27,349
HDV
-
4,643
3,122
3,018
267
11,050
HDD
-
3,620
1,082
362
-
5,064
Total
—
40,604
26,016
20,117
5,346
92,083
Mercer
LDV
-
7,798
5,679
3,090
1,618
18,185
LDT
-
3,727
3,300
2,688
714
10,229
HDV
-
1,722
1,280
1,008
123
4,133
HDD
-
1,353
406
135
-
1,894
Total
—
14,600
10,665
6,721
2,455
34,441
Oliver
LDV
-
2,244
4,814
2,433
205
9,696
LDT
-
1,027
2,412
1,942
73
5,454
HDV
-
453
933
803
. 15
2,204
HDD
-
384
450
176
—
1,010
Total
—
4,108
8,609
5,354
293
18,364
Dunn
LDV
—
8,367
4,455
4,787
863
18,472
LDT
-
3,798
2,517
3,773
312
10,390
HDV
-
1,651
1,007
1,500
40
4,198
HDD
-
1,375
412
137
—
1,924
Total
—
15,191
8,391
10,197
1,205
34,984
10-3
-------
Altitude = 1700 ft in NRDA (low altitude)
Percent cold start = 20%
Cold start correction = 1.0
Distribution by model
22
year
Age of vehicle
Passenger cars, %
Trucks, %
1
10.3
8.3
2
10.1
6.3
3
8.8
5.0
4
8.3
4.6
5
8.6
5.8
6
7.9
4.9
7
7.0
4.5
8
7.6
5.0
9
6.9
4.4
10 & older
24.5
51.2
Mean temperature by season -
Winter = 17
Spring = 52
Summer = 63
Fall = 31
Temperature correction factor by season
HC
NO
X
Winter
=
1.62
1.28
Spring
=
1.22
1.12
Summer
=
1.10
1.07
Fall
=
1.46
1.22
Speed correction
factors by
road type
HC
NO
X
Interstate
=
.56
1.23
FAP
=
.56
1.23
State, County FAS
=
.56
1.23
Other rural
=
.65
1.14
City streets
=
.83
1.05
The resulting emission factors are summarized in Table 10.2.
The annual emissions calculated with the VMT data and
emission factors presented above are shown in Table 10.3.
10-4
-------
Table 10.2. EMISSION FACTORS FOR NORTH DAKOTA
Emission factor, gm/VMT
Vehicle type
Partic
S02
HC
NO
X
LDV
0.56
0.13
7.
. 68Vb
¦f
2.
.36°
4 .47V
LDT
0.56
0.18
13.
.96V
+
5 .
.40
5.35V
HDVa
1.31
0.36
25.
,16V
+
8.
.27
9.51V
HDD3
1.70
2.80
4.
,60
20.90
a assumes average of 8 tires per vehicle
b V = speed correction factor, specific for each
highway system
c crankcase and evaporative emissions
Table 10.3. 1974 EMISSIONS FROM HIGHWAY MOBILE SOURCES
Estimated 1974 emissions,
County
1974 VMT x 10
Partic
S°2
HC
NO
X
Cass
472,937
351
a
a
a
McLean
Mercer
Oliver
Dunn
92,083
34,441
18,364
34,984
72
27
14
27
32
12
6
12
1095
413
218
417
736
277
147
216
a values not determined
10-5
-------
PROJECTIONS
The VMT projections for the entire state were published
in the North Dakota Traffic Report, 1973. These data
indicated that VMT would increase at a faster rate than
population during the next ten years, so that annual VMT per
capita (statewide) would move from 6,558 in 1975 to 7,071 in
1980 and to 7,326 in 1985.
As shown in Table 10.4, there is considerable variation
from the statewide average travel in different counties.
Therefore, the base year values for VMT per capita in each
county were modified by the projected percentage changes in
statewide travel in future years. These modified values
were multiplied by population projections to obtain projected
annual VMT for each year. One additional assumption was
made—that the predicted population growth in the NRDA
counties would be evenly distributed among the four counties.
The resulting VMT values are summarized in Table 10.4.
Emission factors for the projection years were derived
by the same procedures as those used to determine the 1974
emission factors. The factors for future years are summar-
ized in Table 10.5. In order to derive these values, the
assumption was made that vehicle age distribution, tempera-
ture correction, etc. would remain the same as in the base
year. Also, in calculating motor vehicle emissions, it was
assumed that the percent of travel by vehicle type and
average highway speeds would remain constant.
The annual emissions for each projection year were then
calculated as the product of VMT and the appropriate emission
factor. The emissions by county, projection year, and
pollutant are shown in Table 10.6.
10-6
-------
Table 10.4. PROJECTED VEHICLE MILES OF TRAVEL
IN AQMA COUNTIES
Area
Year
Population
VMT x 10°
VMT/capita
State
1975
645,000
4,230
6,558
1980
659,000
4,660
7,071
1985
692,000
5,070
7,326
State
1973-74
640,000
4,300
6,719
Cass
1973-74
79,500
472.9
5,948
McLean
1973-74
11,700
92.1
7,872
Mercer
1973-74
6,200
34.4
5,548
Oliver
1973-74
2,400
18.3
7,625
Dunn
1973-74
4,600
35.0
7,609
Cass
1975
80,300
466.0
5,805
1980
83,400
522.0
6,260
1985
86,700
562.3
6,485
McLean
1975
12,500
96.0
7,683
1980
20,400
169.0
8,284
1985
14,500
124.5
8,583
Mercer
1975
6,600
35.7
5,415
1980
10,800
63.1
5,839
1985
7,700
46.6
6,049
Oliver
1975
2,600
19.3
7,442
1980
4,200
33.7
8,024
1985
3,000
24.9
8,314
Dunn
1975
4,900
36.4
7,427
1980
8,000
56.7
8,008
1985
5,700
47.2
8,296
10-7
-------
Table 10.5. EMISSION FACTORS FOR FUTURE YEARS
Emission factor, gm/VMT
Vehicle type
Year
Partic
so2
HC
NO
X
LDVa
1975
0.
52
0.
13
6.
, 99V
4-
2.
, 24
4.43V
1980
0.
36
0.
13
3.
,98V
+
1.
.69
2.40V
1985
0.
27
0.
13
1.
.88V
+
0.
.92
1.39V
LDTa
1975
0.
52
0.
18
13.
,15V
+
4.
.33
5.38V
1980
0.
36
0.
18
8.
,47V
+
3.
.35
5.02V
1985
0.
27
0.
18
5.
.15V
+
1.
.78
4.59V
HDVb
1975
1.
31
0.
36
23,
.92V
+
7.
.80
9.84V
1980
1.
31
0.
36
18.
,72V
+
6.
.80
10.26V
1985
1.
31
0.
36
8.
.90V
+
5.
.80
12.18V
HDDb
1975
1.
70
2.
80
4.6
20.90
1980
1.
70
2.
80
4.6
20.20
1985
1.
70
2.
80
4.6
20.20
1975 and later model year LDV and LDT are assumed
to use unleaded fuel
Id
assumes average of 8 tires per vehicle
c
V = speed correction factor, approximately the
same as for 1974
^ crankcase and evaporative emissions
10-8
-------
Table 10.6. PROJECTED EMISSIONS FROM MOTOR VEHICLES
County
Year
Estimated emissions,
Partic SO2 HC
ton/yr
NO
X
Cass
1975
328
a
a
a
1980
287
a
a
a
1985
175
a
a
a
McLean
1975
72
33
979
770
1980
102
59
1312
1098
1985
65
43
563
737
Mercer
1975
27
13
369
290
1980
38
22
495
413
1985
24
16
212
277
Oliver
1975
14
6
195
154
1980
20
11
261
219
1985
13
8
112
147
Dunn
1975
27
13
373
226
1980
38
22
500
$22
1985
24
16
214
216
10-9
-------
11. OFF-HIGHWAY VEHICLES
BASE YEAR EMISSIONS
This category includes gasoline- and diesel-powered
equipment such as farm tractors, lawnmowers, construction
equipment, snowmobiles, self-powered farm equipment, and
electric generator units. The emissions were estimated
based on fuel consumption and published emission factors per
gallon of fuel used in specific off-highway equipment.
Data on statewide off-highway gasoline and diesel sales
22
were available because the tax on this fuel is either
refunded or charged at a lower rate than for fuel used on-
highway. In 1974, tax was refunded for 101,861,000 gal of
gasoline sold for off-highway use. Tax was refunded on
7,807,000 gal of diesel fuel; this was assumed to be for
construction equipment.
A total of 310,584,000 gal of diesel and fuel oil were
subject to a $.02/gal nonhighway tax rate in 1974. This
total included agricultural diesel fuel use, heating oil,
industrial fuel oil, and railroad fuel. The statewide
gallonages for heating, industrial, and railroad fuels were
subtracted (236,208,000 gal according to Mineral Industry
Survey report),^ leaving 74,376,000 gal of diesel fuel sold
for agricultural purposes.
The state fuel usage totals were allocated to the AQMA
counties by two parameters—percent of tractors in the state
(for agricultural fuel) and percent of heavy construction
workers in the state (for construction fuel). In North
Dakota, agriculture is the major off-highway fuel use.
11-1
-------
According to a rcugh procedure for estimating fuel usage in
8 a
areas where fuel sales data cannot be obtained, ' agricul-
tural uses would account for about 89 percent of the state's
off-highway gasoline consumption and 88 percent of the off-
highway diesel consumption.
Emission factors for off-highway sources were obtained
from EPA's Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors,
- - — —— ¦
Supplement 4. Factors for agricultural fuels were derived
by averaging the published factors for farm tractors and
other farm equipment. Similarly, factors for construction
equipment were developed by averaging the published emission
factors for several different construction vehicles. The
average emission factors are shown below:
Emission factor, lb/1000 gal
Equipment Partic S0o HC NO
2 x
^ .. H i - '1" Jt ¦*-- '»" it 1
Gasoline farm tractor
Other farm equipment, gasoline
Av. agricultural off-highway,
gasoline-powered
8.0
6.9
7.4
5.3
5.3
5.3
150
162
156
X.
151
99
125
Diesel farm tractor
Other farm equipment, diesel
Av. agricultural off-highway,
diesel-powered
45.7
51.3
48.5
31.2
31.1
31.2
61
57
59
335
307
321
Ten diesel construction
vehicles, range
14.8-
46.5
31.1-
31.2
13-
51
240-
524
Ten diesel construction
vehicles, average
26.1
31.2
29
407
The estimated off-highway
fuel use
by county
and :
result-
ing emissions are summarized in
Table 11
.1.
1000 gal/tractor, 13 gal/capita, 5000 gal/heavy construction
employee; 60 percent of farm tractors gasoline-powered, 40
percent diesel-powered
11-2
-------
Table 11.1. 1974 EMISSIONS FROM OFF-HIGHWAY VEHICLES
Estimated 1974 emissions,
Off-highway Farm diesel, Const, diesel, ton/yr
County
gas., 1000 gal
1000 gal
1000 gal
Partic
S°2
HC
NO
X
Cass
4,162
3,039
2,270
119
a
a
a
McLean
3,087
2,254
46
67
44
308
564
Mercer
1,531
1,118
30
33
22
153
281
Oliver
1,078
787
14
23
15
108
196
Dunn
1,605
1,172
7
34
23
160
290
a not determined
-------
PROJECTIONS
Since most of the off—highway fuel is used for agricul-
ture-related purposes, fuel consumption will probably change
approximately in proportion to farming activity. Projections
for farming activity, developed in Section 17 of this report,
are for relatively constant farm acreage over the next ten
years in the AQMA counties.
The recent trend in statewide off-highway fuel sales
has been a slight decrease, as shown below.22
Off-highway Tax refunded
Year gasoline, 1000 gal diesel, 1000 gal
1965 115,110 5,930
1966 116,383 7,445
1967 109,990 7,408
1968 108,560 8,554
1969 112,542 11,684
1970 105,650 17,521 .
1971 104,922 10,194
1972 110,033 14,141
1973 105,442 11,947
1974 101,861 7,807
However, further declines in fuel sales are not anticipated,
so emissions from off-highway vehicles in all projection
years should be the same as in the base year.
11-4
-------
12. AIRCRAFT
BASE YEAR EMISSIONS
The Hector Airport, Cass County, is the only commercial
airport in the AQMA counties. There are no other airports
of significance or any military airfields in these counties.
The number of landing and takeoff (LTO) cycles at
Hector Airport by type of craft were obtained by direct
23
contact with the airport manager. The air carrier LTO
cycles were divided into aircraft classifications by esti-
mating 71 percent to be medium range jet and 29 percent
O A
turboprop. General aviation was equally divided between
23
single and twin engine aircraft.
The 1974 particulate emissions from aircraft in Cass
County are as follows:
Emission factor,5 1974 - Estimated 1974
Aircraft (engines) lb/engine-LTO LTO cycles emissions, ton/71
Air carrier
medium range jet (3)
turboprop (2)
0.41
1.10
3,224
1,317
2
1
Air taxi, piston (2)
0.02
1,327
neg
Military, jet (2)
0.31
5,924
2
General aviation
piston (1)
piston (2)
0.02
0.02
19,276
19,276
neg
1
Total
6
12-1
-------
PROJECTIONS
A master plan has been prepared for this airport project-
ing 65,500 LTO's in 1975 and 93,000 LTO's in 1980.25 It
should be pointed out that these appear to be optimistic
projections. The airport manager reports LTO's to date in
1975 have declined slightly from 1974 when the total was
50,344. in addition, the projected 1975 to 1980 increase
Q
in population for the city of Fargo is 4.6 percent, while
the master plan projects a 42 percent increase in LTO's over
the same period. The 1980 master plan projections appear
high, but they are the best available data.
The master plan did not make projections for 1985. The
1975 to 1985 population increase in the city of Fargo is
9
estimated at 9.3 percent. Since this is still well below
the 1975 to 1980 projected increase in LTO's, it is estimated
that the 1980 LTO's from the master plan are also valid for
1985. Air carrier and general aviation categories were
separated into aircraft classifications by the same method
as used for the 1974 data. The same emission factors were
also used. The projected 1980 and 1985 emissions are as
follows:
Aircraft (engines)
1980 and 1985
LTO cycles^5
Estimated 1980 and 1985
emissions, ton/yr
Air carrier
medium range jet (3)
turboprop (2)
4,438
1,812
3
2
Air taxi, piston (2)
1,850
neg
Military, jet (2)
4,300
1
General aviation
piston (1)
piston (2)
40,300
40,300
neg
1
Total
7
The total 1980 and 1985 projected particulate emissions
from aircraft in Cass County are therefore 7 ton/yr.
12-2
-------
13. RAILROADS
BASE YEAR EMISSIONS
Emission estimates were based on fuel consumption by
diesel locomotives in each county. The fuel consumption was
estimated by a combination of methods, including use of data
obtained from the railroad companies and the State Public
Service Commission and allocation of statewide locomotive
C
fuel sales as published in the Mineral Industry Surveys.
For the three counties served only by a single Bur-
lington Northern line from Mandan to Killdeer, the following
information was obtained from the company:
0 one train per day on this track (not
one each direction)
° two locomotives per train
° average fuel consumption rate of 2 gal/
mile/locomotive
Track mileages on this line in Oliver, Mercer, and Dunn
Counties were scaled from the official state railroad map
published by the Public Service Commission: 39, 51, and 35
miles, respectively.
Calculated fuel consumption is shown in the table
below. These values are approximately 20 percent as high as
estimates for the same counties obtained by allocating total
statewide railroad fuel sales according to miles of track
per county. This discrepancy is expected because of the
extremely light traffic on this line; the values presented
13-1
-------
in the table should be much more accurate than allocations
of statewide totals.
1974 diesel
Estimated
1974
emissions,
fuel usage,
ton/yr
County
1000 gal
Partic
so2
HC
NO
X
Cass
2693
34
a
a
a
McLean
356
4
10
17
66
Mercer
74
1
2
3
14
Oliver
57
1
2
3
11
Dunn
51
1
1
2
9
a not determined
McLean County is served primarily by Soo Line Railroad,
with an east-west route and a north-south route through the
county. Data submitted by Soo Line to the Public Service
Commission indicated 1,904,600 locomotive unit-miles of
travel in North Dakota in 1974. Soo Line has 1321 miles of
track in North Dakota, 113 of which are in McLean County.
If it is assumed that the track in this county receives an
average amount of traffic, there would be 170,130 locomotive
unit-miles in McLean County. With a fuel consumption rate
of 2.0 gal/mile/locomotive, Soo Line's fuel usage is calcu-
lated to be 340,260 gal/year.
Burlington Northern has a line in McLean County that
deadends at Turtle Lake, it has approximately the same
operating conditions as the Mandan-Killdeer line, and runs
for 11 miles in McLean County. Estimated diesel fuel usage
is 16,060 gal/year.
In Cass County, Burlington Northern has a complex
network of lines and switching yards with approximately 323
miles of track. Also, Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and
Pacific Railroad has 18 miles of track in the county.
Because many of the lines in Cass County are more heavily
traveled trunk lines, estimates of number of trains per day
13-2
-------
could not be obtained. Therefore, the statewide fuel totals
were used to estimate Cass County consumption based on the
percentage of track mileage (341 miles out of 5192; 41
million gallons of locomotive fuel in North Dakota).
Emission factors per thousand gallons of fuel were from
5
AP-42. Area-wide emissions are summarized in the preceding
table.
PROJECTIONS
While rail traffic in most parts of the country has
shown a slight decrease or no change over the past few
years, activity in North Dakota has greatly increased:**
Year Fuel use in N.D. by railroads, 1000 bbl
1970 617
1971 413
1972 695
1973 976
1974 869
This is attributed to increased demand for and production of
grain, the state's primary shipping commodity.
It is doubtful that further increases in grain shipping
will sustain the recent rate of growth in rail use, but
shipment of mechanical equipment and construction products
into the energy development areas may provide an alternate
source of growth in rail traffic, especially in the two
AQMA's. Therefore, the 1970 through 1974 rate of increase
in railroad fuel usage has been extrapolated to 1985 to
obtain growth factors for railroad activity in the AQMA's:
Year
Projected fuel usage, 1000 bbl
Growth factor
1975
1034
1.19
1980
1568
1.80
1985
2101
2.42
13-3
-------
14. INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
All known industrial process sources in the AQMA
counties with emissions of one ton/yr or more have been
inventoried by the State Air Pollution Control Program.
Pertinent emission data and stack parameters have been
tabulated for each source. Because of the relatively few
point sources in these counties, even the small sources can
be considered individually in AQMA analyses rather than
grouping them into an area source category. Therefore,
emissions from the industrial processes area source category
are negligible.
14-1
-------
15. EVAPORATIVE LOSSES
BASE YEAR EMISSIONS
Evaporative hydrocarbon losses are attributed to gaso-
line handling, dry cleaning, surface coating, and degreasing
operations.
The quantity of gasoline sold in the state for highway
22
use in 1974 was 305,316,000 gal. This was apportioned to
20
county totals using the percent of travel by county. To
calculate emissions, the following emission factors were
used:^
Filling underground storage tank = 7.30 lb/1000 gal
Filling motor vehicle, vapor loss = 11.00 lb/1000 gal
Filling motor vehicle, liquid = 0.67 lb/1000 gal
spillage
The total
emission factor used was
therefore
19 lb/1000
gal.
1974 highway gasoline
Estimated
1974 HC emissions
County
usage, 1000 gal
from gas
handling, ton/yr
McLean
6,534
62
Mercer
2,443
23
Oliver
1,313
12
Dunn
2,473
23
Dry cleaning solvent losses have been estimated at 2.7
Q
lb/person/yr in colder climates. Solvent usage for surface
coatings and degreasing has been estimated at 3 lb/person/yr
15-1
-------
in counties with a population less than 100,000. Census
estimates for 1973 were projected to 1974 assuming the same
4
rate of change as from 1970 to 1973.
Estimated Estimated 1974
1973 Growth 1974 solvent emissions,
County population factor population ton/yr
McLean 11,700 1.01 11,800 34
Mercer 6,200 1.00 6,200 18
Oliver 2,400 1.01 2,400 7
Dunn 4,600 0.98 4,500 13
PROJECTIONS
Gasoline usage in future years is expected to increase
due to greater VMT, but also to decrease somewhat per VMT
because of more efficient automotive engines in new vehicles.
The VMT projections from Section 10 of this report were used
in estimating growth factors. However, no data on average
gasoline mileage rates for future vehicle fleets were dis-
covered, so the assumption was made that gasoline consump-
tion per VMT will decrease 10 percent by 1980 and 25 percent
by 1985. The gasoline usage by county calculated with these
data are shown below.
The emission factor of 19 lb/1000 gal was used to
estimate projected gasoline handling emissions.
Highway gasoline Estimated HC emissions
usage, 1000 gal from gas handling, ton/yr
County 1975 1980 1985 1975 1980 1985
McLean
6,811
10,791
6,624
65
103
63
Mercer
2,535
4,033
2,482
24
38
24
Oliver
1,385
2,176
1,340
13
21
13
Dunn
2,572
3,606
2,501
24
34
24
Emissions from dry cleaning solvent losses, surface
coating operations, and degreasing in the base year were
15-2
-------
estimated on a per capita basis. Therefore, it is reasonable
to project that these emissions will increase in proportion
to population. The NRDA population growth factors of 1.07
for 1975/ 1.74 for 1980, and 1.24 for 1985 were applied to
the 1974 emission estimates for each county to calculate the
projected emissions.
15-3
-------
16. UNPAVED ROADS
BASE YEAR EMISSIONS
Information on travel on unpaved roads was obtained
primarily from two State Highway Department publications,
22
North Dakota Highway Statistics and North Dakota Traffic
2 0
Report. The number of miles of unpaved road surfaces by
county was reported on pages 9 and 10 of the former docu-
ment, and is summarized for the AQMA counties in Table 16.1.
In order to estimate traffic volumes on the unpaved
roads, county VMT totals for the road systems generally
consisting of unpaved roads (i.e., county FAS, other rural
roads, unincorporated village streets) were obtained from
the North Dakota Traffic Report. These data are also pre-
sented in Table 16.1.
The VMT on paved roads in these systems were subtracted
by first assuming that the VMT on unpaved roads averaged
only half that of paved roads in the same system. For
example, 93 percent of the county FAS road mileage in Mercer
County is unpaved (see Table 16.1). Therefore, it was
9 3
assumed that 93+(2) ( 07)' or Percent °f the total VMT
on county FAS roads in Mercer County occurs on unpaved
roads.
The emissions per vehicle-mile were estimated by the
method described in Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission
21 ~~
Factors, Supplement 5:
16-1
-------
Table 16.1 TRAVEL ON UNPAVED ROADS
County
Cass McLean Mercer Oliver Dunn
Road mileage, mi
County FAS
unpaved
total
% unpaved
320
568
56
299
355
84
191
206
93
113
113
100
258
258
100
Other rural roads
unpaved
total
% unpaved
2,452
2,507
98
1,412
1,426
99
584
589
99
430
436
99
848
849
100
Village streets
unpaved
total
% unpaved
12
20
60
10
12
83
3
3
100
1
1
100
3
3
100
VMT, 103/yr
County FAS
total
unpaved
43,778
17,025
13,080
9,472
6,364
5,531
2,468
2,468
4,671
4,671
Other rural roads
total
unpaved
26,015
24,995
20,117
19,719
6,721
6,588
5,354
5,248
10,197
10,197
Village streets
total
unpaved
263
113
991
703
92
92
11
11
53
53
Total VMT on all
unpaved roads
42,133
29,894
12,211
7,727
14,921
16-2
-------
EF =
(0.6) (0.81) (s) (S/30) (l-W/365)
(eq.l)
where EF = emission factor, lb/VMT
0.6 = average fraction of emitted particulate
in the suspended particulate size range
(less than 30 u diameter)
s = silt content, percent
S = average vehicle speed, mph
W = days with 0.01 inch or more of precipi-
tation or reported snow cover
The percent silt on gravel road surfaces was estimated
to be 12 percent based on analytical data presented in the
EPA publication, Development of Emission Factors for Fugitive
2 6
Dust Sources. For graded and drained road surfaces, no
aggregate material is applied to the roadbed so it is com-
posed of compacted native soil. The fine material origi-
nally on the surface is probably rapidly removed by turbu-
lance from passing vehicles or by wind and water erosion
forces. The remaining stable surface is composed of sand-
and pebble-sized particles, with dust being generated
primarily by the continuing mechanical breakdown of these
particles as a result of traffic. It is assumed that the
percent of silt-sized particles on a seasoned dirt road
surface is approximately the same as that for gravel, or 12
percent.
No measurements were available for average speeds of
vehicles on unpaved roads in North Dakota. Based on conver-
sations with State Highway Department staff, a value of 30
mph has been used for unpaved roads in all road systems.
The number of days with 0.01 inch or more of precipita-
tion and the days with snow cover were estimated from the
National Weather Service 1974 Climatological Summary for the
nearest NWS station. The resulting values for W and emis-
sion factors by county are presented below.
16-3
-------
Total emissions from unpaved roads in each county were
calculated by simply multiplying estimated VMT on unpaved
roads by the emission factor for that county. The emissions
from unpaved roads are also summarized below.
County
Days with rain
or snow cover
EF, lb/VMT
1974 partic
emissions, ton/yr
Cass
195
2.72
57,300
McLean
199
2.65
39,610
Mercer
199
2. 65
16,180
Oliver
199
2.65
10,240
Dunn
199
2.65
19 ,770
PROJECTIONS
Current State Highway Department projections of state-
wide VMT on all roads show the same upward trend as that
22
observed during the past ten to fifteen years. Therefore,
VMT on unpaved roads have been projected by extrapolating
the past rate of increase.
Energy-related development in the Mercer-McLean-Oliver
AQMA should not increase VMT on rural local roads substan-
tially, as most of the travel generated during construction
and operation should be on state highways. Also, higher
vehicle operating costs should have a minimal impact in
reducing VMT on local rural roads because most of the trips
on these roads are essential, short-distance trips.
The VMT on local rural roads and unincorporated village
streets statewide have increased approximately linearly an
average of 17.6 x 106 VMT/yr since 1959. With this constant
rate of increase, percentage increases from the 1974 base
year would be 1.5 percent by 1975, 8.9 percent by 1980, and
16.3 percent by 1985. Projections by county could not be
made with available data.
The planned paving of some of the local roads would
offset the effect on emissions from unpaved roads resulting
16-4
-------
from increased VMT. The total mileage of local roads in the
state has remained almost constant over the past ten years,
as shown on page 13 of the 1974 North Dakota Highway Statistics.
However, about 190 miles of local roads in the state have
been paved each year during this period. While this is an
annual rate of 0.25 percent of the local road miles (much
less than the annual rate of increase in VMT on local
roads), the VMT carried on the roads that are paved would be
a higher percentage because heavily travelled roads are
selected for paving first. Therefore, within the accuracy
of the projection data, net VMT on unpaved roads statewide
are not expected to change in the next ten years. Growth
factors would be 1.0 for 1975, 1980, and 1985.
16-5
-------
17. AGRICULTURE
BASE YEAR EMISSIONS
Wind erosion and tilling operations both cause dust
emissions on active agricultural land. On an annual basis,
emissions due to wind erosion are much greater than those
from tilling. Therefore, only the emissions from wind
erosion are considered for this source category.
The number of acres subject to wind erosion was deter-
27
mined from published North Dakota crop statistics. The
number of acres of each crop type planted in each county is
summarized below:
1974
acres planted
Crop
Cass
McLean
Mercer
Oliver
Dunn
Corn
16,800
5,700
15,500
13,200
18,200
Wheat
423,200
337,100
106,500
49,300
119,100
Oats
19,000
52,800
32,800
26,400
49,800
Barley
129,100
21,800
9,000
6,400
11,700
Rye
2,900
2,600
300
200
300
Soybeans
89,300
-
-
-
-
Sugar beets
18,400
—
—
-
-
An adaptation of the U.S. Department of Agriculture's
wind erosion equation was used to calculate an emission
factor in tons per acre per year for wind erosion losses.
The modified equation for estimating suspended particulate
26
emissions xs:
17-1
-------
E = a I K C L' V' (eq.2)
where E = emission factor, ton/acre/yr
a = portion of total wind erosion losses
that would be measured as suspended
particulate, estimated at 0.025
I = soil erodibility, ton/acre/yr
K = surface roughness factor
C = climatic factor
L' = unsheltered field width factor
V' = vegetative cover factor
In this equation, K, C, L1, and V1 are all dimensionless.
The K, L', and V* are functions of the crop being grown, and
the climatic factors (C) for Cass County and the NRDA are
0.3 and 0.5, respectively. In both areas, the predominant
soil types as shown on U.S. Geological Survey soil maps have
an erodibility (I) of 4 7 ton/acre/yr.
The calculated emission factors for each crop are
summarized below:
Crop
Emission
Cass
factor, ton/acre/yr
NRDA counties
Corn
0.050
0.120
Wheat
0. 003
0. 008
Oats
0.007
0.018
Barley
0.005
0.015
Rye
0.003
0.008
Soybeans
0.110
a
Sugar beets
0.110
a
a no crop acreage, so value not determined
The emission factors were multiplied by corresponding
crop acreages in each county to arrive at total annual
emissions from agriculture:
17-2
-------
Estimated 19 74 partic emissions,
ton/yr
Cass
McLean
Mercer
Oliver
Dunn
14,745
4,679
3,439
2,551
4,221
PROJECTIONS
The number of acres statewide in farmland has not
changed significantly during the past 15 years--42.1 million
27
in 1960, 41.8 million in 1970, and 41.6 million in 1975.
County extension agents indicated that neither urbanization
in Cass County nor mining development in the NRDA counties
has reduced total crop acreage in these counties.
This trend of constant acreage is expected to continue
over the next 10 years, especially given the strong demand
for grain and shrinking reserves during the past few years.
Any losses in cropland resulting from land development would
probably be offset by more intensive agricultural use of the
remaining land in that area, as evidenced by the recent
downward trend in number of farm acres (statewide) allowed
27
to remain fallow in the summer:
1972 - 9.5 million
1973 - 7.8 million
1974 - 7.5 million
Emissions from agriculture in all projection years are
assumed to be the same as in the base year.
17-3
-------
18. CONSTRUCTION
BASE YEAR EMISSIONS
2 8
In Cass County, data on building permits issued were
used to estimate the number of acres of building construc-
tion in 1974. The number of permits issued for each cate-
gory, the assumed average area with regrading, and the
assumed duration of construction are summarized below:
Type construction
No. of
permits
Av. area,
acres
Av. duration,
months of
Acre-months
construction
One & two family
residential
309
0.17
3
155
Apartments
28
0.50
4
56
Commercial &
institutional
51
1.00
8
408
Industrial
13
2.00
8
208
In the NRDA counties, building permits are not required.
However, with the exception of the two power plants under
construction in 1974 (the Basin unit at Stanton and the
Minnkota unit at Center), building construction was probably
negligible. The estimated active construction area at each
of these plants was 20 acres, and duration was about eight
months.
Information on highway construction during 1974 was
provided by the State Highway Department, Construction
29
Section:
18-1
-------
County
Miles of road construction with grading3
1974 1975
Cass
1.5
2.7
McLean
9.0
17.3
Mercer
0
4.1
Oliver
0
0
Dunn
0
0
a all two
McLean
lane roads except 10%
County, which is four
of mileage in
lane divided
With average regrading width of 50 feet (150 feet for four
lane divided) and active construction period of four months,
the miles of highway construction were converted to acre-
months of construction.
A particulate emission factor of 1.2 ton/acre-month of
21
construction was used to estimate fugitive dust emissions
for this category. Also, a 50 percent reduction for water-
21
ing has been used because this control method is commonly
employed on large construction projects. The estimates are
summarized below:
Acre-months of Estimated 1974 particulate
County heavy construction emissions, ton/yr
Cass 863 518
McLean 65 39
Mercer 160 96
Oliver 160 96
Dunn 0 0
PROJECTIONS
For Cass County, future construction activity was
12
projected based on OBERS economic projections of contract
construction earnings for 1980 and 1985 in the Fargo Standard
Metropolitan Statistical Area compared to earnings for 1975.
The resulting growth factors for this source category were
1.13 for 1980 and 1.33 for 1985.
18-2
-------
For the NRDA counties, construction projections were
made from available information on proposed major construc-
tion projects. As with the base year emission estimates,
the assumption was made that residential and commercial
construction would be inconsequential in comparison with the
large industrial construction projects. Also, highway con-
struction activity will probably be very small in comparison
30
with industrial construction in the NRDA counties.
The environmental impact report for Michigan Wisconsin
Pipe Line's coal gasification plant indicated that 535 acres
would be required for construction during the years 1977 to
1980. If one-fourth of the total area is under construction
in each of the four years and the construction season is
eight months, then 134 x 8 = 1072 acre-months of construc-
tion would occur during any of these years. The same level
of construction activity has been assumed for the Natural
Gas Pipeline coal gasification plant, but for the years 1978
to 1981.
Several power plant units are scheduled for construc-
tion during the projection years. For each of these units,
20 acres of active construction have been assumed for eight
months of the years in which the plant is to be under
construction. The Minnkota plant at Center will be com-
pleted in 1977; the United Power plant at Underwood will be
under construction from 1975 to 1979; the MDU plant at
Beulah will have two units built consecutively from 1977
through 1985; and Basin Electric will construct a new plant
in Mercer County from 1978 to 1981.
Emission estimates for construction activities in 1975,
1980, and 1985 are summarized below:
18-3
-------
County
Estimated
1975
particulate
1980
emissions, ton/yr
1985
Cass
518
585
689
McLean
171
0
0
Mercer
0
835
96
Oliver
160
0
0
Dunn
0
643
0
18-4
-------
19. MINING
BASE YEAR EMISSIONS
Fugitive dust emissions from mining occur at the lignite
strip mines in the NRDA counties. Information on the tons
of coal and acres mined was obtained from the State Planning
31
Division's Coal Impact Project Report, contacts with the
mining companies, and the Northern Great Plains Resource
32
Program reports. Data from different references were in
good agreement; all assumed the addition of two coal gasifi-
cation plants and approximately 4000 megawatts of coal-fired
power plant capacity as major new coal consumers in the NRDA
prior to 1985. Estimated annual production by mine for
1974, 1980, and 1985 is summarized below:
Coal production,
£
10 ton/yr Acres/yr mined
Mine County 1974 1980 1985 1974 1980 1985
Knife River
Mercer
00
.
o
3.1
5.6
54
212
371
North American,
Beulah
Mercer
0.9
0.9
0.9
54
54
54
North American,
Fallkirk
McLean
-
-
5.5
-
-
375
Consolidation
Mercer
3.0
3.8
3.8
237
300
300
Baukol-Noonan
Oliver
1.5
4.3
4.3
95
273
273
Mich-Wis Coal
gasification
Mercer
—
12.0
12.0
-
500
500
Nat Gas Pipe-
line gasifi-
cation
Dunn
"
13.0
500
19-1
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Emission estimates were based on a factor developed
33
from a survey of one of the mines—Consolidation Coal in
Stanton. At this strip mine, the major dust sources identi-
fied were:
Scrapers for topsoil removal - 59 ton/yr
Dragline operation - 800
Haul road traffic - 204
Haul road repair and - 22
construction (graders)
Shovels and front-end - 38
loaders
Vehicle exhaust - 15
Truck dump 38
Wind erosion - 192
Total - 1,368 ton/yr
Since most of the estimated emissions were associated
with overburden removal (scrapers, dragline) and surface
wind erosion rather than coal removal, it was determined
that the most representative general emission factor would
be in terms of acres mined rather than tons of coal mined.
The mine surveyed was being mined at a rate of 300 acres/yr
at the time of the visit, for a particulate emission factor
of 4.6 ton/acre.
Battelle Memorial Institute has also studied air pollu-
34
tion emissions from strip mining and found overburden
removal to be the major source. Their study proposed an
emission factor of 0.1 lb/ton of overburden. For an average
3
overburden depth of 60 ft and a soil density of 100 lb/ft ,
this is equivalent to 6.5 ton/acre, which is in good agree-
ment with the value derived above.
Using the emission factor of 4.6 ton/acre for the other
mines, the 1974 particulate emissions by county are:
19-2
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County
Estimated 1974 particulate emissions
ton/yr
McLean
Mercer
Oliver
Dunn
1,587
437
PROJECTIONS
By using the projected mining rates for 1980 and 1985
presented above and the same emission factor, estimated
emissions can be calculated directly. These are summarized
below:
Estimated particulate emissions
ton/yr
County
1980
1985
McLean
Mercer
Oliver
Dunn
4,904
1,256
1/725
5,635
1,256
2,300
19-3
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20. DUST FROM PAVED ROADS
BASE YEAR EMISSIONS
Very little information exists on emission rates or
procedures for estimating dust emissions from paved streets
and highways. The American Public Works Association,
Midwest Research Institute, and other groups are currently
conducting studies to obtain data on the air pollution
impact of reintrained dust from roads.
Until more definitive data become available, it is
assumed that these emissions are directly proportional to
the amount of traffic (VMT) on the streets.
The VMT data for the AQMA counties have already been
generated to estimate exhaust emissions. The VMT on unpaved
roads (also already estimated) were subtracted from the VMT
totals to obtain VMT on paved roads. These data are summar-
ized below:
1974 Annual traffic on paved roads,
County 1000 VMT
Cass 430,804
McLean ~ 62,189
Mercer 22,230
Oliver 10,637
Dunn 20,063
In North Dakota, the normal amount of loose material on
road surfaces is increased substantially by the periodic
sanding of roads during the winter for snow and ice control.
All roads maintained by the State Highway Department and
20-1
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major streets in most municipalities are sanded. Since none
of the sand is removed by street cleaners until spring, any
day during the winter when the road surfaces are dry would
be subject to higher emission rates due to sand on the paved
roads. Review of 1974 weather records for Fargo and Bismarck
and discussions with local street department personnel
indicate about 15 such days in December through April.
An emission factor of 1.75 gm/VMT on days with no
precipitation or snow cover has been used in a previous
35
emission inventory. It was based on a single test of a
3 6
clean paved road in the Seattle area. Data from a differ-
ent test site in the same Seattle study indicated an emis-
sion rate of 77 gm/VMT for streets with sand and dirt on
them.
If the emission factor of 77 gm/VMT is applied to the
VMT for 15 days and the factor of 1.75 gm/VMT to the remain-
ing days of the year with no precipitation or snow cover
(155 in Cass County, 151 in NRDA counties), particulate
emissions from paved roads are calculated to be:
Estimated 1974 particulate emissions,
ton/yr
County Dry winter days Remainder of yr Total
Cass 1,503 353 1,856
McLean 217 50 267
Mercer 78 18 96
Oliver 37 8 45
Dunn 70 16 86
It should be emphasized that the calculations in this
section do not have the same accuracy as those in other
sections of this report, and that the resulting emissions
estimates are only order-of-magnitude values.
20-2
-------
PROJECTIONS
The VMT projections from Sections 10 and 16 provide the
necessary input data for projecting emissions from this
source category. The emission factors should remain the
same in the projection years.
Annual traffic on paved Estimated partic emissions,
County
roads
1975
, million
1980
VMT
1985
1975
ton/yr
1980
1985
Cass
435.5
479.9
520.2
1876
2068
2241
McLean
66.1
139.1
94.6
284
597
406
Mercer
23.5
50.9
34.4
102
220
149
Oliver
11. 6
26.0
17.2
49
110
73
Dunn
21.5
41.8
32.3
92
180
139
20-3
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references
1. Telephone communication. North American Coal Company.
Beulah, North Dakota. June 12, 1975.
2. Telephone communication with Tom Fritty. Consolidation
Coal Company, Western Division. Stanton, North Dakota.
June 12, 1975.
3. Telephone communication. Horace Farmers Elevator
Company. Horace, North Dakota. June 12, 1975.
4. The 1970 Census of Housing, North Dakota Detailed
Housing Characteristics. U.S. Department of Commerce,
Bureau of the Census. Washington, D.C. 1970.
5. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Second
Edition. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. Publication
Number AP-42. March 1975.
6. Mineral Industry Surveys, Sales of Fuel Oil and Kerosene
in 1974. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of
Mines. Washington, D.C. 1975.
7. Petroleum Products and Antifreeze, 1974 Report. State
Laboratories Commission. Bismarck, North Dakota.
Bulletin Number 175. April 1975.
8. Guide to Compiling a Comprehensive Emission Inventory,
Second Edition. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. Publication
Number APTD-1135. December 1974.
9. Communication with Mr. Ostenson, unpublished projections.
North Dakota State University, Agricultural Economics
Department. Fargo, North Dakota. October 1975.
10. Environmental Impact Report: North Dakota Gasification
Project for ANG Coal Gasification Company. Woodward-
Clyde Consultants. March 1975.
11. Tentative Peak Employment Projections for Construction
and Operation of New Coal Conversion Plants and Mines
in the Dunn-Mercer-Oliver-McLean Counties Area. Pre-
pared by the North Dakota State Planning Division.
August 1975.
1
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12. The 1972 OBERS Projection Regional Economic Activity in
the U.S. Series E Population. U.S. Water Resources
Council. Volumes V and VII. Washington, D.C. April
1974 .
13. Monthly Operating Report—Gas. Report of Montana-
Dakota Utilities to Public Service Commission, State of
North Dakota. December 31, 1974.
14. Sales of Natural Gas by Communities. Annual Report of
Northern States Power to Public Service Commission,
State of North Dakota. December 31, 1974.
15. North Dakota Industrial Location Facts. North Dakota
Business and Industrial Development Department.
Bismarck, North Dakota. March 1974. p. 37.
16. Mineral Industry Surveys, Sales of Liquefied Petroleum
Gases and Ethane in 1974. U.S. Department of the
Interior, Bureau of Mines. Washington, D.C. 197 5.
17. North Dakota County Business Patterns. U.S. Department
of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. Washington, D.C.
1973.
18. Personal communication with Henry Flohr, Solid Waste
Program; telephone communications with John Fields,
Dunn County; Lloyd Lindquist, Cass County; Walter
Lindsey, McLean County; and Ivor Unterseher, Mercer and
Oliver Counties. North Dakota State Department of
Health. Bismarck, North Dakota. June 13, 1975.
19. Effects of Burning Crop Residues. Cooperative Extension
Service, North Dakota State University of Agriculture
and Applied Science. Fargo, North Dakota. Circular
Number S-F 590. September 1974.
20. North Dakota Traffic Report, 1973. North Dakota State
Highway Department, Planning and Research and U.S.
Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Adminis-
tration. Bismarck, North Dakota. 1974.
21. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Supple-
ment 5. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina. Publication Number AP-
42. April 1975.
22. North Dakota 1974 Highway Statistics. North Dakota
State Highway Department, Planning and Research and
U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway
Administration. Bismarck, North Dakota. 1975. p. 40.
2
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23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
Telephone communication with airport manager's office,
Hector Airport. Fargo, North Dakota. October 28,
1975.
Community Data for Industry. North Dakota Business-
Industrial Development Department. Bismarck, North
Dakota. April 1975.
Hector Airport Master Plan Study. Prepared by Ralph H.
Burke Associates. 1975.
Development of Emission Factors for Fugitive Dust
Sources. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. Publication
Number EPA-450/3-74-037. June 1974.
North Dakota Crop and Livestock Statistics--1974.
North Dakota State University Agricultural Experiment
Station and U.S. Department of Agriculture. Fargo,
North Dakota. Volume Number 35. May 1975.
Ninth District Building Permits, Annual Summary 1974.
Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, Research Depart-
ment. Minneapolis, Minnesota. May 1975.
Telephone communication with Erling Henrickson, Con-
struction Department. North Dakota Department of
Highways. Bismarck, North Dakota. November 1975.
Communication with Ben Dwight, Programming and Surveys.
North Dakota Department of Highways. Bismarck, North
Dakota. November 1975.
Metzger, C.F., et al. Summary Report: Coal Impact
Project. North Dakota State Planning Division.
Bismarck, North Dakota. June 1975.
Atmospheric Aspects Work Group Report. Northern Great
Plains Resource Program. Denver, Colorado. Discussion
Draft. December 1974.
Axetell, K. Unpublished notes and calculations from
site visit to Consolidation Coal Company's Stanton
mine. July 30, 1975.
Energy Alternatives: A Comparative Analysis. Univer-
sity of Oklahoma, Science and Public Policy Program.
Prepared for CEQ, ERDA, EPA, FEA, FPC, Department of
the Interior, and NSF. Washington, D.C. May 1975.
3
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35.
Particulate Area Source Emission Inventory for Nashville-
Davidson County, Tennessee. PEDCo-Environmental
Specialists, Inc. Cincinnati, Ohio. February 1975.
36. Roberts, J. W., et al. The Measurement, Cost, and
Control of Traffic Dust in Seattle's Duwamish Valley.
(Presented at the APCA Pacific Northwest Section Annual
Meeting. Eugene, Oregon. Paper Number AP-72-5.
November 197 2.)
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
I Please read J/utructloni on the reverse before completing)
1 R \ HUM! NO, 2.
EPA-908/1-76-002
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4 T I T ..L AND SUBTITLE
North Dakota AOMA Area Source Emission Inventory
5. REPORT DATE
November 1975
S, PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR
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