EPA 908 1-76-004
DECEMBER 1975
AREA SOURCE EMISSION
INVENTORY
FOR SOUTH DAKOTA
US. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
REGION VIII
AIR & HAZARDOUS MATERIALS DIVISION
DENVER,COLORADO 60203
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EPA-908/1-76-004
PEDCo - ENVIRONMENTAL
SUITE 13 . ATKINSON SQUARE
CINCINNATI. OHIO 45246
513 / 771-4330
AREA SOURCE EMISSION INVENTORY
FOR SOUTH DAKOTA
Prepared by
PEDCo-ENVIRONMENTAL SPECIALISTS, INC.
Suite 13, Atkinson Square
Cincinnati, Ohio 45246
Contract No. 68-02-1375
Task Order No. 19
EPA Contract Officer: David Kircher
Prepared for
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Region VIII
Air Planning and Operations Section
Denver, Colorado 80203
December 1975
BRANCH OFFICES
Suit* 110, Crown Cantar
KantM City, Mo. 64108
Suit* 104-A, ProfMtionsI Vllltga
Ch»p«l Hill, N.C. 27614
iraraxDQ
o
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This report was furnished to the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency by PEDCo-Environmental Specialists, Inc.,
Cincinnati, Ohio, in fulfillment of Contract No. 68-02-1375,
Task Order No. 19. The contents of this report are repro-
duced herein as received from the contractor. The opinions,
findings, and conclusions expressed are those of the author
and not necessarily those of the Environmental Protection
Agency.
Material included in this report was not originally
intended for publication, but to document the data sources
and assumptions made in preparing the area source emission
inventory. Therefore, the text may be sketchy and the
report more useful as a resource document than a general
procedures manual for emission inventories. It should also
be pointed out that the area source emission inventory is
subject to frequent updating so that data presented herein
may soon become obsolete.
Publication No. EPA-908/1-76-004
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CONTENTS
Page
SUMMARY 1
1. BITUMINOUS COAL 1-1
2. FUEL OIL-DISTILLATE 2-1
3. FUEL OIL-RESIDUAL 3-1
4. NATURAL GAS 4-1
5. OTHER FUELS 5-1
6. HIGHWAY MOTOR VEHICLES 6-1
7. AIRCRAFT 7-1
8. RAIL LOCOMOTIVE 8-1
9. OFF-HIGHWAY VEHICLES 9-1
10. INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES 10-1
11. OPEN BURNING 11-1
12. INCINERATORS 12-1
13. UNPAVED ROADS 13-1
14. DUST FROM PAVED ROADS 14-1
15. AGRICULTURAL TILLING 15-1
16. CONSTRUCTION 16-1
17. AGGREGATE STORAGE PILES 17-1
REFERENCES 1
ii
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TABLES
No. Page
1 Total Emissions from Area Sources 2
2 Data Accuracy of Source Categories 3
1.1 1974 Particulate Emissions from Bituminous 1-2
Coal Combustion
2.1 1974 Particulate Emissions from Distillate 2-3
Oil Combustion
2.2 Projected Distillate Oil Emissions 2-4
3.1 1974 Particulate Emissions from Residual 3-2
Oil Combustion
4.1 1974 Particulate Emissions from Natural 4-3
Gas Combustion
4.2 Projected Natural Gas Emissions 4-4
5.1 Residential Wood Consumption 5-2
5.2 Residential LPG Consumption 5-4
5.3 Commercial-Institutional LPG Consumption 5-5
5.4 Industrial LPG Consumption 5-6
5.5 1974 Particulate Emissions from Wood and 5-7
LPG
5.6 Projected Other Fuel Emissions 5-7
6.1 1974 Annual VMT by County 6-1
6.2 1974 Annual VMT by Vehicle Type 6-2
6.3 1974 Particulate Emissions from Highway 6-3
Motor Vehicles
6.4 Projected Emissions from Highway Motor 6-4
Vehicles
7.1 1974 Aircraft Operations and Emissions 7-2
7.2 Projected Emissions by Airport 7-5
in
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8.1 County Railroad Data 8-2
8.2 1974 Particulate Emissions from Rail 8-3
Locomotives
12.1 1974 Particulate Emissions from 12-2
Incinerators
13.1 Unpaved Roads—Miles and ADT 13-1
13.2 Unpaved Roads—VMT 13-2
13.3 Speeds and Percent Silt Content 13-3
13.4 1974 Emission Factors and Fugitive Dust 13-4
Emissions from Unpaved Roads
13.5 Projected Unpaved Road Fugitive Dust 13-4
Emissions
15.1 Agricultural Acreage Planted by County 15-2
15.2 1974 Total Emissions from Agricultural 15-5
Activity
16.1 Fugitive Dust Emissions from Building 16-4
Construction
16.2 1974 Fugitive Dust Emissions from Highway 16-5
Construction
16.3 Projected Emissions from Building 16-6
Construction
iv
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SUMMARY
This project was undertaken to prepare an inventory of
area sources of air pollutant (particulate) emissions in
Rapid City and Sioux Falls, South Dakota for use in analysis
and modeling of air quality in these designated Air Quality
Maintenance Areas (AQMA's) for the period of 1975 to 1985.
A base year of 1974 was specified for which much of the
published national, state, and local data were available.
The base year area source emissions are projected to
two different future years—1980 and 1985—as part of this
project. These analysis years are specified in the EPA
regulations on preparation of AQMA plans.
The area covered by this study is comprised of six
counties, four in the Rapid City AQMA (Pennington, Meade,
Custer, Lawrence) and two in the Sioux Falls AQMA (Minnehaha,
Lincoln).
Total emissions from fuel usage are summarized by area
source category for the base year and two projection years
in Table 1. This list of categories was compiled at the
initial project meeting of the participants (EPA—Region
VIII, South Dakota DEP, and PEDCo). It is conventional
except for the six fugitive dust source categories.
Survey data, emission estimating procedures, and pro-
jection techniques that were used to calculate the emissions
for each source category are documented in detail in the
individual sections of this report.
The accuracy of the data used in compiling this area
source inventory has been estimated based upon the level of
accuracy and reliability of the contacts made and sources
used. Table 2 shows PEDCo's assessment of the accuracy
(order 3 = highest accuracy) of data used in computing the
1
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Table 1. TOTAL EMISSIONS FROM AREA SOURCES
Particulate emissions, ton/yr
Rapid City Sioux Falls
Source category
1974
1980
1985
1974
1980
1985
Bituminous coal
3
3
3
2
2
2
Fuel oil-distillate
13
13
14
38
41
42
Fuel oil-residual
neg
neg
neg
neg
neg
neg
Natural gas
23
24
26
31
33
35
Other fuels-LPG
12
13
13
12
13
13
-wood
11
12
12
6
6
7
Highway motor
vehicles-gasoline
464
471
428
491
512
537
-diesel
102
135
150
87
117
148
Aircraft
58
61
65
19
23
27
Rail locomotive
9
9
9
3
3
3
Of f-highway
vehicles-gasoline
17
17
17
22
23
24
-diesel
107
109
113
139
143
147
Industrial processes neg
neg
neg
neg
neg
neg
Open burning
1,245
1,254
1,254
neg
neg
neg
Incinerators
17
17
17
14
14
14
Fugitive dust-
unpaved roads
62,814
60,360
57,970
61
,679
47,577
33,474
agricultural
17,645
19,833
21,650
24
r 17 4
27,172
29,662
tilling
construction
1,585
1,606
1,622
75
94
109
aggregate storage
20
20
20
neg
neg
neg
piles
paved roads
966
1,282
1,424
988
1,326
1,679
road sanding
3,136
4,163
4,620
3
,210
4,307
5,456
TOTAL
88,237
89,402
89,427
90
,990
81,406
71,379
2
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Table 2. DATA ACCURACY OF SOURCE CATEGORIES
Source category Area-
-wide emissions
Projections
Bituminous coal
3a
la
Fuel oil-distillate
1
1
Fuel oil-residual
1
1
Natural gas
2
2
Other fuels
2
2
Highway motor vehicles
3
3
Aircraft
3
3
Rail locomotive
3
2
Off-highway vehicles
1
1
Industrial processes
-
-
Open burning
3
3
Incinerators
2
1
Fugitive dust-
unpaved roads
3
3
paved roads
1
2
road sanding
1
2
agricultural tilling
3
3
construction
2
2
aggregate storage piles
3
3
Order 1 = least detail and accuracy
2 = moderate detail and accuracy
3 = most detail and accuracy
3
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area-wide emissions, projections, and subarea distribution
for each source category. PEDCo has attempted to use the
best available data and methods in compiling this area
source inventory for South Dakota.
4
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1. BITUMINOUS COAL
DATA INVENTORY AND METHODOLOGY
Base year residential and commercial coal consumption
was determined by contacting distributors in each county. A
list of distributors was provided by the South Dakota Energy
Policy Committee.1 Also, the number of dwelling units using
2
coal in each county was obtained.
Residential and commercial
coal consumption, ton/yr
1974 Coal sales 1970 Dwelling units
Pennington3
100
0
Meade^^
100
18
5
Custer
24
Lawrence^
100
52
•7 0
Minnehaha '
200
141
Lincoln
0
Due to the small amount of coal usage in South Dakota,
apportioning state totals was not necessary.
It was assumed that all industrial coal users burned
large enough quantities of coal to be included in the point
source inventory.
BASE YEAR EMISSIONS
The particulate emission factor for hand-fired units is
g
20 lb/ton. Applying this factor to the coal consumption
(above) results in the following emissions:
1-1
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Table 1.1. 1974 PARTICULATE EMISSIONS FROM
BITUMINOUS COAL COMBUSTION
(ton/yr)
Pennington
Meade
Custer
Lawrence
Minnehaha
Lincoln
1.0
2.0
1.0
1.0
PROJECTIONS
Residential and commercial coal consumption is either
steadily declining or has stabilized. Due to the small
amount of emissions estimated for the base year, it is
assumed that the emissions will remain constant for 1975,
1980, and 1985.
1-2
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2. FUEL OIL-DISTILLATE
DATA INVENTORY AND METHODOLOGY
Analysis of data provided by fuel oil dealers in the
counties and the South Dakota Independent Oil Men's Asso-
ciation indicated that many of the sales totals were either
vague and inconclusive or not computed in coincidence with
the geographic boundaries of this study. Therefore, more
generalized and less accurate methods of fuel usage were
relied upon for this source category.
Residential
Consumption of distillate fuel oil by residential
heating was calculated by the degree-day method:
County
Dwellings
using oil
Heating
requirement
x factor3
Degree-
days/yr
Rooms,1.
x dwlg. 5
_ Oil usage,
10^ gal/yr
Pennington
1,018
0.18
7,324
4.8
1,288
Meade
373
0.18
7,324
5.0
492
Custer
598
0.18
7,324
4.7
741
Lawrence
80
0.18
7,324
4.8
101
Minnehaha
3,727
0.18
7,838
5.0
5,258
Lincoln
1,432
0.18
7,838
5.7
2,303
References
2
10
11
2
gallons oil/dwelling unit-degree-day
Commercial-Institutional
To obtain the commercial-institutional area source
distillate oil usage, the following state data were used:
2-1
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12
Kerosene used for heating
12
Distillate type heating oils
12
Distillate used by military
Total
2,130 x 103 bbl
x 42 qal/bbl
3 x 103 bbl
2,126 x 103 bbl
1 x 103 bbl
Total state commercial-
institutional and residential ~
distillate oil consumption = 89,460 x 10 gal
The state residential distillate oil usage must be subtracted
from the above:
Total state dwelling units
using distillate oil in 19702 = 76,258
It is assumed that the dwelling units using distillate oil
for heating in 1970 equals those in 1974:
Average annual heating
degree-days (average of
Rapid City, Sioux Falls,
Aberdeen, and Huron)^ = 7,958
Total state residential
distillate oil consumption
Therefore, estimated statewide residential fuel oil
usage accounts for more than the reported total usage, so
none is left for allocation as commercial-institutional fuel
using this method. Obviously, the degree-day method overes-
timates actual residential fuel usage in South Dakota.
Since this is a relatively minor source category, the resi-
dential subtotal has been used to represent total distillate
oil usage in the AQMA counties.
UlUfcS UXWil — -
in 1974 = (76,258) (7,958) (0.18) (^4-
J • J>
= 109,235 x 10J gal
2-2
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Industrial
3
Only 34 x 10 bbl of distillate oil were used by indus-
12
try in South Dakota in 1974. All of this is accounted for
by point sources in the statewide emission inventory, so no
area source emissions are included.
BASE YEAR EMISSIONS
The particulate emission factor for combustion of
3
distillate oil in home heating is 10 lb/10 gal. The total
area source emissions from this category are summarized in
Table 2.1.
Table 2.1. 1974 PARTICULATE EMISSIONS FROM
DISTILLATE OIL COMBUSTION
County
Distillate oil,
10-* gal/yr
Particulate emissions,
ton/yr
Pennington
1288
6
Meade
492
2
Custer
741
4
Lawrence
101
1
Minnehaha
5258
26
Lincoln
2303
12
PROJECTIONS
Almost all of the present distillate oil usage is
associated with residential heating. Large price increases
and questionable future availability for this fuel have
reduced the desirability of oil heating. However, similar
problems exist with alternative fuels. Therefore, it is
assumed that fuel oil will continue to maintain its small
market share for new housing and fuel conversions, and that
fuel oil usage will increase approximately in proportion to
population in the AQMA counties. Population growth factors
are developed in Section 4.
2-3
-------
Table 2.2. PROJECTED DISTILLATE OIL EMISSIONS
County
(ton/yr)
1980 emissions
1985 emissions
Pennington
6
7
Meade
2
2
Custer
4
4
Lawrence
1
1
Minnehaha
28
29
Lincoln
13
13
2-4
-------
3. FUEL OIL-RESIDUAL
DATA INVENTORY AND METHODOLOGY
Data for total state consumption of residual fuel oil
12
were obtained from Bureau of Mines data and the methods of
computation described in Reference 10 were followed. It was
assumed that all industrial residual oil consumption was by
those industries accounted for in the point source inventory.
Residential
Contact with several local fuel oil distributors indi-
cated that there was no residential usage of residual oil in
South Dakota.
Commercial-Institutional
The total state consumption of residual fuel oil for
the commercial-institutional sector is the combination of:
12 3
Residual type heating oil = 2 x 10 bbl
12
Residual used by military = 0
2 x 103 bbl
Total state commercial- x 42 gal/bbl
institutional residual oil 3
consumption = 84 x 10 gal
The total fuel usage when apportioned to the counties
by the ratio of the commercial-institutional employees
(wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, real estate;
13
and services categories) in the counties to those in the
state (84,552) equals:
3-1
-------
County
No. of commercial-
institutional
employees
Commercial-institutional
residual oil usage,
10^ gal/yr
Pennington
9,963
9.9
Meade
956
0.9
Custer
260
0.3
Lawrence
1,659
1.6
Minnehaha
21,395
21.3
Lincoln
763
0.8
BASE YEAR EMISSIONS
The particulate emission factor for the combustion of
3
residual oil is 23 lb/10 gal. The total area source partic-
ulate emissions resulting from the combustion of residual
oil follow:
Table 3.1 1974 PARTICULATE EMISSIONS FROM RESIDUAL
OIL COMBUSTION
County
Total residual oil
usage, 103 gal/yr
Particulate emissions,
ton/yr
Pennington
9.9
0.1
Meade
0.9
neg
Custer
0.3
neg
Lawrence
1.6
neg
Minnehaha
21.3
0.3
Lincoln
0.8
neg
PROJECTIONS
Normally, projections for future residual oil usage by
the commercial-institutional sector would be best derived
14
from BEA forecast economic growth data. However, the
total emissions from this category of 0.4 ton/yr are so
small as to be considered negligible. Therefore, projected
emissions for 1980 and 1985 will remain at this 1974 level.
3-2
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4. NATURAL GAS
DATA INVENTORY AND METHODOLOGY
The consumption of natural gas in the AQMA's would
generally be best determined through contact with the natural
gas distributors (Montana-Dakota Utilities Company in Rapid
City and Central Telephone and Utilities Corporation in
Sioux Falls). However, data specific to the counties studied
herein were not available from these sources, as sales
reports reflected distribution to their entire sales district
and not specific counties.
Residential
The residential natural gas usage was calculated by
apportioning the state sales totals for 1973. The consump-
tion in 1973 was assumed representative of that in 1974,
since actual 1974 data is unavailable at this time. The
actual apportioning was per the number of occupied dwelling
units in each county using natural gas for heating. A
tabular summary of the consumption by county follows this
example calculation for Pennington County:
Total state residential
natural gas consumption _ _
(1973)15 = 11,190 x 10® ftJ (1973)
Dwelling units in Pennington
County using natural gas
(1970)2 = 15,117a
Total state dwelling units
using natural gas (1970)2 = 80,531
a Assume the 1970 census data to be representative of 1974.
4-1
-------
Total residential natural
gas consumption in , ^ ,, 7
Pennington County = (11,190)(qq'531^
= 2100 x 106 ft3/yr
County
1970 Dwelling units
heated w/natural gas
1974 Residential
natural gas con-
sumption, MMCF
Pennington
15,117
2,100
Meade
2,751
382
Custer
118
16
Lawrence
4,318
600
Minnehaha
23,307
3,239
Lincoln
1,771
246
An alternate computation to determine residential
consumption involved application of the degree-day method as
in preceding sections. The following tabulates the calcula-
tions involved:
County
Dwellings
using gas
Heating
requirement
x factor3
Degree-
days/yr
Rooms,1\
dwlg.*5
_ Gas usage,
MMCF
Pennington
15,117
22.5
7,324
4.8
2,391
Meade
2,751
22.5
7,324
5.0
453
Custer
118
22.5
7,324
4.7
18
Lawrence
4,318
22.5
7,324
4.8
683
Minnehaha
23,307
22.5
7,838
5.0
4,110
Lincoln
1,771
22.5
7,838
5.7
356
References
2
10
11
2
Square feet gas/dwelling unit degree-days
The quantity computed by this method exceeds that
computed using the state data by 22 percent. Though inaccur-
acies are inherent in both methods, it was decided to use
the first (6,583 x 10® ft^/yr) for computing emission
estimates.
4-2
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Commercial-institutional
To obtain commercial-institutional natural gas consump-
tion in 1974 (again using 1973 data):
15 6 3
State commercial sales = 9,854 x 10 ft
X 5 6 3
State other consumers = 714 x 10 ft
Total state commercial-
institutional natural gas _
usage = 10,568 x 10 ft /yr
No data on point source consumption of natural gas
could be obtained at the time this area source inventory was
finalized. The assumption has been made that there are no
point sources. If such data becomes available, the natural
gas totals should be reduced so that point source usage is
not counted twice.
BASE YEAR EMISSIONS
The particulate emission factor for the combustion of
6 3
natural gas is 10 lb/10 ft . The total area source partic-
ulate emissions resulting from the combustion of natural gas
follow:
Table 4.1. 1974 PARTICULATE EMISSIONS FROM NATURAL
GAS COMBUSTION
County
Total natural gas
usage, MMCF
Particulate emissions,
ton/yr
Pennington
3345
16.7
Meade
501
2.5
Custer
48
0.2
Lawrence
807
4.0
Minnehaha
5913
29.6
Lincoln
341
1.7
4-3
-------
PROJECTIONS
Projected emissions from natural gas usage were based
on forecasts of county population as follows:
Table 4.2. PROJECTED NATURAL GAS EMISSIONS
1980
1985
Growth
Emissions,
Growth
Emissions,
County
Population
factor
ton/yr
Population
factor
ton/yr
Pennington
77,218
1.053
17.6
82,967
1.131
18.9
Meade
1,683
1.006
2.5
17,150
1.023
2.6
Custer
5,058
1.038
0.2
5,296
1.087
0.2
Lawrence
16,862
1.037
4.1
17,074
1.050
4.2
Minnehaha
116,000
1.065
31.5
122,000
1.120
33.2
Lincoln
13,650
1.050
1.8
14,300
1.100
1.9
4-4
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5. OTHER FUELS
DATA INVENTORY AND METHODOLOGY
Two types of fuels were considered in this area source
category: wood and LPG (liquefied petroleum gas). The
procedure used to determine the consumption of each fuel is
discussed below.
Wood
Residential wood consumption was calculated using the
degree-day heating method. The heating requirement factor
used for the tons of wood burned per dwelling unit per
degree-day is 0.0017."^ The number of dwelling units,
degree-days, and calculated residential wood consumption is
shown in Table 5.1.
There were no data available to indicate that wood was
consumed by commercial-institutional or industrial area
sources.
LPG
Since obtaining fuel sales from distributors is diffi-
cult due to the large number of LPG distributors, the
apportioning technique was used.
The 1973 state total commercial and residential LPG
consumption was 98,512,000 gallons. 6 It was assumed that
1973 data were representative of 1974.
In order to break out the state total into residential
and commercial, the natural gas residential to commercial
5-1
-------
Table 5.1. RESIDENTIAL WOOD CONSUMPTION
Counties
Pennington Meade Custer Lawrence Minnehaha Lincoln
1970 Dwelling units
using wooda
91
64
40
31
48
1974 Dwelling units
using wood, assume same
as 1970
91
64
40
31
48
1970 Average rooms/
dwelling unita
•
00
5.0
4.7
4.8
o
•
in
t-»
•
in
1974 Average annual
heating—degree-days*3
7324C
7324°
7324C
7324C
7838d
7838d
1974 Residential wood
consumption, ton/yr
1088
749
478
413
729
a Reference 2
k Reference 11
c Rapid City
d Sioux Falls
-------
ratio—11,190/9,854—"^was used. Therefore, the 1974 resi-
dential LPG consumption is approximately 52,400,000 gallons
and the 1974 commercial LPG consumption is approximately
46,100,000 gallons.
Residential - Residential LPG consumption for each county
was calculated by apportioning the state total by number of
dwelling units using LPG. This is shown in Table 5.2. The
increase in LPG usage from 1970 to 1974 was paralleled with
population growth for the state and each county.
Commercial-Institutional - Commercial-institutional LPG
consumption for each county was calculated by apportioning
17
the state total by county/state population. This is shown
in Table 5.3.
Industrial - The 1973 state total industrial LPG consumption
was 6,172,000 gallons^ and was assumed to be representative
of 1974. Industrial LPG consumption for each county was
calculated by apportioning the state total by manufacturing
employees. This is shown in Table 5.4.
Total - The estimated total LPG consumption for 1974 from
residential, commercial, and industrial for each county is
as follows:
. 3 ~
1974 LPG consumption, 10 gal/yr
Pennington 7,316
Meade 1,630
Custer 1,390
Lawrence 2,177
Minnehaha 11,540
Lincoln 1,496
5-3
-------
Table 5.2. RESIDENTIAL LPG CONSUMPTION
Counties
State Pennington Meade Custer Lawrence Minnehaha Lincoln
1970 Dwelling units
using LPGa 32,518 1417 208 589 685 1417 295
1974 Dwelling units
using LPG 33,396 1518 225 633 663 1467 311
1974 Residential
LPG consumption,
103 gal/yr 52,400 2382 353 993 1040 2302 488
a Reference 2
-------
Table 5.3. COMMERCIAL-INSTITUTIONAL LPG CONSUMPTION
State
Pennington
Meade
Counties
Custer Lawrence
Minnehaha
Lincoln
1973 Population,3
assume represen-
tative of 1974
685,000
63,600
18,400
5,100
16,400
98,600
12,400
1974 Commercial-
institutional LPG
consumption,
10-3 gal/yr
46,100
4,280
1,238
343
1,137
6,636
835
a Reference 17
-------
Table 5.4. INDUSTRIAL LPG CONSUMPTION
Counties
State Pennington Meade Custer Lawrence Minnehaha Lincoln
1972 Manufacturing
employees,a
assume same for 1974
17,042
1806
108
150
7184
479
1974 Industrial LPG
consumption,
10^ gal/yr
6,172
654
39
54
2602
173
a
Reference 13
-------
BASE YEAR EMISSIONS
Particulate emissions were calculated for the two types
of fuels: wood and LPG. The average emission factor for
wood burning in boilers is 10 lb/ton and the emission factor
for LPG is 1.9 lb/103 gal.9
Applying these factors to the county fuel totals
results in particulate emissions for each fuel type:
Table 5.5. 1974 PARTICULATE EMISIONS FROM WOOD AND LPG
(ton/yr)
Wood
LPG
Total
Pennington
5
7
12
Meade
—
2
2
Custer
4
1
5
Lawrence
2
2
4
Minnehaha
2
11
13
Lincoln
4
1
5
PROJECTIONS
Projected emissions for both wood and LPG were calcu-
lated by applying population growth factors. Since base
year wood and LPG emissions were small, population was
considered to be an adequate measure for projecting these
emissions.
Table 5.6. PROJECTED OTHER FUEL EMISSIONS
(ton/yr)
Growth
factor
1980
LPG
Wood
Growth
factor
1985
LPG
Wood
Pennington
1.053
7.4
5.3
1.131
7.9
5.7
Meade
1.006
2.0
neg
1.023
2.0
neg
Custer
1.038
1.0
4.2
1.087
1.0
4.3
Lawrence
1.037
2.1
2.1
1.050
2.1
2.1
Minnehaha
1.065
11.7
2.1
1.120
12.3
2.2
Lincoln
1.050
1.0
4.2
1.100
1.0
4.4
5-7
-------
6. HIGHWAY MOTOR VEHICLES
DATA INVENTORY AND METHODOLOGY
The South Dakota Department of Transportation was
contacted to obtain traffic data. Total state vehicle miles
18
traveled (VMT) and county rural VMT were provided for 1973.
The Sixth District Council of Local Governments and South
East Council of Local Governments (COG's) provided total VMT
projections for 1975, 1980, and 1985 for the counties in the
19
Black Hills AQMA and Sioux Falls AQMA, respectively.
This data was extrapolated to obtain the 1974 VMT. Table
6.1 shows the annual total VMT and rural VMT for each county
representing 1974.
Table 6.1. 1974 ANNUAL VMT BY COUNTY
County
Total VMT, 106
1973 Rural VMT, 106
Pennington
363
216
Meade
136
38
Custer
81
62
Lawrence
128
82
Minnehaha
582
234
Lincoln
140
115
State, 1973
5136
2939
In order to disaggregate total county VMT by light duty
vehicles (LDV), light duty trucks (LDT), heavy duty gasoline
vehicles (HDV), and heavy duty diesel vehicles (HDD), the
1974 South Dakota Department of Transportation speed study
20
was used. This study contained the number of vehicles by
passenger, pickups, panels, other 2 axle, 3 axle, semi-
trailers, full trailers, and busses. The vehicle counts
were taken at various stations throughout the state.
6-1
-------
Vehicle counts used were from 7 a.m. to 2 p.m. and station
locations were on rural highways and interstates. Five
stations were used to represent the Rapid City AQMA and
three stations represented the Sioux Falls AQMA. Passenger
vehicles were used to represent LDV. Pickups and panels
were combined to represent LDT. Other 2 axle, 3 axle, and
half of the semitrailers were combined for HDV. Full
trailers, busses, and half of the semitrailers were used to
represent HDD. The percent of total vehicles was calculated
for each station for LDV, LDT, HDV, and HDD and then aver-
aged for each AQMA:
Rapid City AQMA
LDV LDT HDV HDD
53% 29% 11% 7%
Sioux Falls AQMA
LDV LDT HDV HDD
62% 19% 13% 6%
These breakdowns were then applied to the total VMT.
Percentages by vehicle type are not critical in calculating
particulate emissions. The county annual VMT for LDV, LDT,
HDV, and HDD is shown in Table 6.2.
Table 6.2.
1974 ANNUAL
VMT BY
VEHICLE TYPE
VMT, x 106
County
LDV
LDT
HDV
HDD
Pennington
192
105
40
26
Meade
72
39
15
10
Custer
43
23
9
6
Lawrence
68
37
14
9
Minnehaha
361
111
76
35
Lincoln
87
27
18
8
There were no available summaries of gasoline sales by
county to check the county annual VMT. Therefore, calculated
total VMT was used in estimating emissions.
6-2
-------
BASE YEAR EMISSIONS
Emission factors for LDV, LDT, HDV, and HDD for partic-
q
ulates were taken from AP-42, Supplement 5, and are as
follows:
Emission factors, gm/mile
LDV
LDT
HDV
HDD
Exhaust
.34
.34
.91
1.30
Tire wear, assume 6
wheels for HDV and
HDD
.20
.20
.30
.50
Brake wear
.02
.02
.03
.03
.56
.56
1.24
1.83
The calculated emissions for each county and vehicle
type are shown in Table 6.3.
Table 6.3. 1974 PARTICULATE EMISSIONS FROM
HIGHWAY MOTOR VEHICLES
County
LDV
LDT
(ton/yr)
HDV
HDD
TOTAL
Pennington
119
65
55
52
291
Meade
44
24
20
20
108
Custer
27
14
12
12
65
Lawrence
42
23
19
18
102
Minnehaha
223
68
104
71
466
Lincoln
54
17
25
16
112
PROJECTIONS
Projecting vehicular emissions at this time, given the
following uncertain trends:
° federal motor vehicle emission control programs,
° average new vehicle gas mileage,
° federal regulations governing gasoline lead
content, and
6-3
-------
0 number of people buying new cars
is a matter to be approached with extreme caution. All
aspects of the current energy market must be brought to
bear. Although the above issues all generally suggest
declining VMT in the future, other considerations and trends
suggest that because of expected increases in population and
probable increases in fuel economy in future motor vehicles,
some upward trend in VMT could be expected over the next ten
years. The major point to be impressed here is that,
although the VMT projection factors presented herein prob-
ably represent the best available estimates, they should not
be regarded as absolute prophecies of future activity.
Projections of future emissions from highway motor
vehicles are based on total forecast VMT provided by the
Sixth District and South East COG's and the South Dakota
Department of Transportation. From these projections,
growth factors (base year 1974) were developed. Also,
emission factors for LDV and LDT change in future years due
to availability of unleaded gasoline, which produces much
lower particulate exhaust emissions. Emission factors for
these two vehicle types are 0.39 gm/mile in 1980 and 0.29
gm/mile in 1985. Using these factors and assuming the same
rural to urban VMT ratio and the same aggregate vehicle mix,
the projected total vehicle emissions in each county are:
Table 6.4. PROJECTED EMISSIONS FROM HIGHWAY
MOTOR VEHICLES
1974 1980 1985
Partic emis Growth Partic emis Growth Partic emis
County gas diesel factor gas diesel factor gas diesel
Pennington
239
52
1.34
245
70
1.50
225
78
Meade
88
20
1.32
89
26
1.45
80
29
Custer
53
12
1.26
51
15
1.36
45
16
Lawrence
84
18
1.34
86
24
1.49
78
27
Minnehaha
395
71
1.34
411
95
1.72
438
122
Lincoln
96
16
1.35
101
22
1.61
99
26
6-4
-------
7. AIRCRAFT
DATA INVENTORY AND METHODOLOGY
The effects of aircraft upon air quality in the six
counties are attributed to nine civil airports and one
military air base of significant size for which operational
data are available. Three airfields for which data are
unavailable (Skie Air Service in Lincoln County, Custer
State Park Airstrip in Custer County, and Faith Municipal
Airport in Meade County) were considered to be so small as
to assert negligible impact on air quality in their respec-
tive counties.
The operational activity by aircraft category for each
airport was obtained by several means and formed the basis
for emissions calculations. These data are summarized in
Table 7.1.
BASE YEAR EMISSIONS
9
Emission factors were obtained directly from AP-42.
They are based on specific aircraft or engine type where
possible, in all cases reflecting the factor appropriate for
the aircraft category. It was necessary to make several
assumptions in order to classify the operational activity by
aircraft type and select the appropriate emission factors.
The assumptions were:
1. The single engine to multi-engine operational
mix was computed for all airports based on
the mix of the single engine and multi-engine
aircraft based at the respective airport.
7-1
-------
Table 7.1. 1974 AIRCRAFT OPERATIONS AND EMISSIONS
Airport
Air carrier
fanjet
Annual LTO cycles
Air carrier General
turboprop aviation Military
Partic
emissions,
ton/yra
Rapid City
Regional
Airport
3679
2891 57930
6500
7
Wall Municipal
-
1500
-
neg
Ellsworth AFB
-
1066
23060
51
Sturgis
Municipal
-
7500
-
neg
Black Hills
Airport
-
8000
-
neg
Custer County
Airport
-
550
-
neg
Joe Foss Field
6830
5367 32712
3963
19
Weelborg
Airport
-
2450
-
neg
Skyhaven
Airpark
-
3250
-
neg
Canton
Municipal
—
300
-
neg
a Emission factors in lb/LTO per engine are:
fanjet = 0.41
turboprop = 1.10
general aviation = 0.02
military F-100 = 0.31
military C-130 = 1.10
7-2
-------
2. No data were available to indicate the
complete military aircraft mix at Ellsworth
AFB. Therefore, the aircraft population was
assumed to consist predominately of C-130
transport type aircraft.
3. The Rapid City Regional Airport Master
Planning Study^l did not include detailed
breakdowns of operations by air carrier type
aircraft. Therefore, this breakdown was
obtained by assuming the same proportionate
aircraft mix as existed at Joe Foss Field,
where detailed data were available.
4. Civil general aviation operations at Ellsworth
AFB were assumed to be single engine piston
aircraft, most probably operated by military
flying clubs on base.
5. For all airports, the 1975 aircraft mix was
assumed to prevail through 1985 and fore-
casted emissions were based solely on
projected total operations for the airport.
6. The general aviation operations at Joe Foss
Field include 916 air taxi operations.
PROJECTIONS
Air carrier traffic, in general, has been cut back in
efforts to conserve fuel and promote more efficient utili-
zation of aircraft. However, analysis of projected air
21
traffic activity at Rapid City Regional Airport portends
significant facilities expansion programs to properly accom-
modate anticipated increases in operational activity of 106
percent (base 1974) through 1985.
This growth potential is also reflected for Joe Foss
22
Field in Sioux Falls where the level of operational
activity in 1985 is expected t;o exceed that in 1975 by 41
percent. Indications are that general aviation air traffic
is also expected to increase at several of the smaller
airports according to the FAA-Aviation System Plan (FAA-
23
Rocky Mountain Regional Office, Denver, Colorado). For
those general aviation type airports for which no forecast
7-3
-------
statistics were available, emissions projections were made
based on the average estimated annual increase in operational
activity for those airports for which forecasts were available.
Projections of military flying activity are extremely
difficult to prepare due to cutbacks in defense budget
appropriations and military-wide austerity and streamlining
programs. The total amount of military flying done is
dependent upon defense policies and the number of aircraft
in the military inventory. Currently, Pentagon policy is to
reduce active force strength and promote greater expansion,
utilization, and mobilization of air reserve programs.
Thus, it is assumed that an increase in one will be offset
by a decrease in the other and, therefore, emissions from
aircraft at Ellsworth AFB are shown to remain level through
1985. Projected emissions by airport are presented in Table
7.2.
7-4
-------
Table 7.2. PROJECTED EMISSIONS BY AIRPORT
Airport
Projected
1980
LTO cycles
1985
Growth
1980
factor
1985
Emissions,
ton/yr
1980 1985
Rapid City
Regional
Airport
107,500
146,000
1.51
2.06
10
14
Wall Municipal
2,300
3,300
1.53
2.18
neg
neg
Ellsworth AFB
48,000
48,000
1.00
1.00
51
51
Sturgis
Municipal
10,500
14,000
1.40
1.87
neg
neg
Black Hills
Airport
11,000
15,500
1.38
1.94
neg
neg
Custer County
Airport
1,000
1,500
1.82
2.73
neg
neg
Joe Foss Field
58,500
69,000
1.20
1.41
23
27
Weelborg
Airport
3,700
5,300
1.53
2.18
neg
neg
Skyhaven
Airpark
5,000
7,000
1.53
2.18
neg
neg
Canton
Municipal
500
700
1.53
2.18
neg
neg
7-5
-------
8. RAIL LOCOMOTIVE
DATA INVENTORY AND METHODOLOGY
The South Dakota Public Utilities Commission was con-
tacted to obtain the existing miles of track for each rail-
24
road in the AQMA counties. Each of the railroad companies
was contacted to obtain data on the average frequency of
trains run on each rail line. Table 8.1 presents a summary
of the data by county and railroad.
Burlington Northern provided a fuel consumption rate of
24
2 gallons per mile per locomotive. Since the remainder of
the companies did not provide fuel usage data, this fuel
consumption rate was assumed to apply to all railroads.
The fuel consumption rate was multiplied by the number
of locomotives, miles of track, train frequency, and days or
weeks per year to determine annual fuel consumption in each
county.
County
Fuel
BN
consumption,
CNW
103 gal/yr
CMSP&P
Total
Pennington
52.4
280.3
87.4
420.1
Meade
—
73.0
—
73.0
Custer
49.9
87.6
—
137.5
Lawrence
31.2
49.6
—
80.8
Minnehaha
21.8
71.5
44.9
138.2
Lincoln
1.6
2.5
83.2
87.3
Since this technique for calculating county fuel con
sumption for railroads is more accurate than apportioning
statewide railroad fuel consumption by track miles, these
fuel totals were used to calculate emissions.
8-1
-------
Table 8.1. COUNTY RAILROAD DATA
County/
Railroad
Train
frequency
Locomotives
per train
Track
mileage
Pennington
Burlington
Northern (BN)a
6/week
2
42
Chicago &
Northwestern
(CNW)b
2/day
2
96
Chicago, Mil-
waukee, St.
Paul & Pacific
(CMSP&P)c
6/week
2
70
Meade
CNW13
2/day
2
25
Custer
BNa
6/week
2
40
CNW13
2/day
2
30
Lawrence
BNa
6/week
2
25
CNV/h
2/day
2
17
Minnehaha
BNa
6/week, 1/day
1
60
CNWd
3/week, 2/day
2
41
CMSP&P°
8/week
2
27
Lincoln
BNa
1/week
1
15
CNWd
3/week
1
8
CMSP&P0
10/week
2
40
. Reference 25
Reference 26
- Reference 27
Reference 28
8-2
-------
BASE YEAR EMISSIONS
3 9
The emission factor for particulates is 25 lb/10 gal.
Therefore, the annual particulate emissions due to fuel
consumption by railroads are:
Table 8.2. 1974 PARTICULATE EMISSIONS FROM
RAIL LOCOMOTIVES
Pennington 5.3
Meade 0.9
Custer 1.7
Lawrence 1.0
Minnehaha 1.7
Lincoln 1.1
PROJECTIONS
The railroad industry in general has shown a decrease
in activity in the past several decades. However, at least
one factor can be cited to indicate a possible growth trend
in railroad activity for succeeding years. Energy and fuel
market policies indicate that the hauling of coal by the
railroads is likely to increase as dwindling supplies of
cleaner fuels place more importance on coal as an energy
source. However, specific quantifications of this supposi-
tion or other projections pertinent to the railroad industry
in South Dakota were not available.
Both Burlington Northern and Chicago and Northwestern
indicated that projections are not prepared on a 5-10 year
basis; rather, the lines are continually monitored and
29 30 31 32
service is altered as required. ' ' ' Both indicated
that future decreases in operational activity were not
planned, and that local movements of coal to power plants
may increase operations somewhat.
On the basis of this information, emissions from fuel
consumption by railroads in the six county study area were
projected level to 1985.
8-3
-------
9. OFF-HIGHWAY VEHICLES
DATA INVENTORY AND METHODOLOGY
This category includes off-highway sources using gaso-
line and diesel fuel. It is assumed that in South Dakota
the off-highway tractors are 80 percent agricultural equip-
ment and 20 percent construction equipment. Also, agricul-
tural and construction equipment are divided into two
types—wheeled tractors and other machinery.
Gasoline
To calculate gasoline fuel consumption, two fuel usage
factors were used:^
Tractor gasoline
fuel usage factor
1,000 gal/tractor/yr
Population gasoline
fuel usage factor
13 gal/person/yr
33 17
The total number of tractors and the 1973 population
in each county are as follows:
Tractors
1969 1974
Population
County
1973
Pennington
Meade
Custer
Lawrence
Minnehaha
Lincoln
1418 1489
1957 2055
577 606
549 576
3941 4138
2857 3000
63,600
18,400
5,100
16,900
98,600
12,400
9-1
-------
It was assumed that the number of tractors has increased
1 percent per year or 5 percent from 1969 to 1974, which is
proportional to statewide population growth.
Assuming that 60 percent of the tractors are gasoline
powered and applying the fuel usage factor results in the
gasoline consumption by tractors.
1974
Tractor gasoline consumption,
Agricultural
103 gal
Construction
Pennington
714
179
Meade
986
247
Custer
291
73
Lawrence
277
69
Minnehaha
1986
497
Lincoln
1440
360
Since 1974 population was not available, 1973 population
was used to calculate gasoline consumption by other gasoline
machinery.
3
1974 Gasoline machinery consumption, 10 gal
Pennington
826.8
Meade
239.2
Custer
66.3
Lawrence
219.7
Minnehaha
1281.8
Lincoln
161.2
It is assumed that this gasoline machinery is all farm
equipment.
Diesel
To calculate diesel fuel consumption, two fuel usage
factors were used:"^
Tractor diesel = 1,000 gal/tractor/yr
fuel usage factor
9-2
-------
Construction diesel =
fuel usage factor
5,000 gal/employee/yr
The total number of non-building construction employees
in 1972*3 in each county is as follows:
Non-building construction employees
Pennington
857
Meade
Custer
Lawrence
Minnehaha
1017
Lincoln
Employees for 1972 are assumed to be representative of
1974.
Assuming that 40 percent of the tractors are diesel
powered and applying the fuel usage factor results in the
diesel consumption by tractors.
1974 Tractor diesel consumption,
Agricultural
10"* gal
Construction
Pennington
477
119
Meade
658
164
Custer
194
48
Lawrence
184
46
Minnehaha
1324
331
Lincoln
960
240
Applying the construction fuel usage factor to the
number of non-building employees results in the diesel con-
sumption by other diesel machinery.
3
1974 Diesel machinery consumption, 10 gal
Pennington
4285
Meade
Custer
Lawrence
Minnehaha
5085
Lincoln
9-3
-------
It is assumed that this diesel machinery is all con-
struction equipment.
BASE YEAR EMISSIONS
For particulate emissions from farm equipment there are
9
three types of emission factors.
3
Emission factors for agricultural equipment, lb/10 gal
Diesel farm tractor - 4 5.7
Gasoline farm tractor - 8.0
Gasoline farm machinery - 6.9
Also, for particulate emissions from construction
~
equipment, there are three types of emission factors.
3
Emission factors for construction equipment, lb/10 gal
Diesel construction tractor, wheeled - 46.5
Gasoline construction tractor, wheeled - 8.3
Diesel construction machinery - 24.0
The diesel construction machinery emission factor is an
average factor for tracklaying loaders, off-highway trucks,
rollers, and miscellaneous machinery.
Applying these factors to each off-highway fuel cate-
gory results in the total emissions for each county.
1974 Emissions,
ton/yr
Pennington
72
Meade
25
Custer
6
Lawrence
7
Minnehaha
113
Lincoln
37
9-4
-------
PROJECTIONS
Since most of the off-highway fuel is used for agricul-
ture-related purposes, fuel consumption will probably change
approximately in proportion to farming activity. Projections
for farming activity, developed in Section 15 of this report,
are for relatively constant farm acreage over the next ten
years in the AQMA counties.
Emissions from off-highway vehicles in all projection
years should be the same as in the base year.
9-5
-------
10. INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
All known industrial process sources in the AQMA
counties with emissions of one ton/yr or more have been
inventoried by the State Air Pollution Control Program.
Pertinent emission data and stack parameters have been
tabulated for each source. Because of the relatively few
point sources in these counties, even the small sources can
be considered individually in AQMA analyses rather than
grouping them into an area source category. Therefore,
emissions from the industrial processes area source category
are negligible.
10-1
-------
11. OPEN BURNING
DATA INVENTORY AND METHODOLOGY
Three types of open burning were reviewed in estimating
emissions: agricultural burning, slash burning, and forest
fires. Agricultural burning includes intentional field
burning done by ranchers and farmers. Slash burning includes
waste from logging operations and brush piles from land
clearing. Forest fires are self-explanatory.
Agricultural Burning
The South Dakota Department of Environmental Protection
stated that this type of burning was not recorded but that
the number of acres burned was very small and should be
neglected.
Slash Burning
The U.S. Forest Service in Rapid City was contacted to
34
obtain the amount of slash burned in 1974. It was reported
that 1056 acres were burned with an average of 5.5 tons of
slash per acre. Also, this slash burning was equally distrib-
uted in Pennington, Custer, and Lawrence Counties. Therefore,
the tons of slash burned in each of the three counties are
as follows:
1974 Tons of slash burned
Pennington
Custer
Lawrence
1936
1936
1936
11-1
-------
Forest Fires
The U.S. Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Regional
Office, was contacted to obtain data on the number, loca-
tion, and acres of forest fires that occurred on federal
land in 1974.35
The Black Hills National Forest covers part of Pennington,
Custer, and Lawrence Counties. The following is the total
commercial and non-commercial acres of forest land burned in
each county:
19 74 Acres
burned
Pennington
332
Custer
4349
Lawrence
10
Since forest land in the Black Hills is about 90 percent
federally owned, it is assumed that fires occurring on state
and private land are negligible. The Black Hills are moder-
ately forested and it was assumed that 30 ton/acre of vege-
tation were burned.1^ This results in the following:
1974 Tons of
forest burned
Pennington
9,960
Custer
130,470
Lawrence
300
BASE YEAR EMISSIONS
The particulate emission factor for the open burning of
9
wood is 17 lb/ton. Applying this factor to the total tons
of slash and forest burned results in the following particu-
late emissions:
1974 Emissions,
ton/yr
Pennington
101
Custer
1125
Lawrence
19
11-2
-------
PROJECTIONS
Since the number of forest fires varies from year to
year, it is impossible to predict the tons of forest that
will be burned in 1975, 1980, and 1985. In reviewing past
trends of forest fires, the occurrence of these fires
remains almost constant when averaged over a twenty year
period. Therefore, the emissions are assumed to remain
constant from the base year to 1985.
The U.S. Forest Service stated that slash burning would
increase by 20 percent from 1975 to 1980 and remain constant
34
thereafter. It is assumed that 1975 tons will be the same
as 1974.
Therefore, the projected emissions for each county are
as follows:
Projected emissions
, ton/yr
1975
1980
1985
Pennington
101
104
104
Custer
1125
1128
1128
Lawrence
19
22
22
11-3
-------
12. INCINERATORS
DATA INVENTORY AND METHODOLOGY
A list of non-point source incinerators in the AQMA
counties was obtained from files maintained by the South
Dakota Department of Environmental Protection. The files
were reviewed and the following data were extracted:
° type of waste
° amount burned
° days operated.
It was assumed that these data would be representative of
1974.
Emission factors were determined according to the data
obtained from the files. The following are the two general
factors used:
Type of incinerator Emission factor, lb/ton
Single chamber 15
Multiple chamber with no 7
afterburner
Pathological waste 8
Commercial incinerators were assumed to be multiple chamber
unless indicated as pathological. Sewage sludge incinera-
tors were assumed to be controlled.
BASE YEAR EMISSIONS
Table 12.1 shows the base year particulate emissions
and the number of incinerators in each county.
12-1
-------
Table 12.1. 1974 PARTICULATE EMISSIONS
FROM INCINERATORS
County
No. of incinerators
Emissions, ton/yr
Pennington
26
12.0
Meade
3
5.4
Custer
1
neg
Lawrence
3
neg
Minnehaha
31
13.8
Lincoln
— —
neg
PROJECTIONS
There has existed a recent trend to shut down on-site
incinerators and use compactors or dumpsters for commercial,
institutional, and industrial solid waste disposal. However,
this trend probably will moderate because all of the remaining
incinerators are expected to be in compliance with air
pollution control regulations and will not require upgrading.
Most incinerator operators probably will not change their
means of waste disposal unless the economics of an alternate
disposal method change or the facility nioves or is renovated.
Also, the possibility of new on-site incinerators
exists. Therefore, it has been assumed that solid waste
disposal in and emissions from on-site incinerators will
remain almost constant over the next ten years at the esti-
mated 1975 level.
12-2
-------
13. UNPAVED ROADS
DATA INVENTORY AND METHODOLOGY
The South Dakota Department of Transportation provided
the approximate unpaved road mileages and the percent of
18
heavy duty vehicle (HDV) use of these roads in each county. '
The unpaved road mileage was broken down into two types of
road surfaces: unsurfaced and gravel. Since actual traffic
counts were not available for these roads, the average daily
traffic (ADT) was assumed to be 20 vehicles per day on both
road surface types for the counties in the Rapid City AQMA
and 35 vehicles per day for the counties in the Sioux Falls
AQMA. Miles of unpaved roads, percent HDV, and ADT is
shown in Table 13.1 for each county.
Table 13.1 UNPAVED ROADS—MILES AND ADT
Miles of road/surface type HDV
County Unsurfaced Gravel Total ADT (%)
Pennington
441
879
1320
20
4.62
Meade
430
1072
1502
20
6.92
Custer
195
467
662
20
7.53
Lawrence
74
338
412
20
4.21
Minnehaha
30
1176
1206
35
4.31
Lincoln
63
800
863
35
9.07
The percent HDV includes all trucks with three or more
axles. Since emission factors are based on vehicles having
four wheels, the ADT was corrected for vehicles having more
than four wheels. It is assumed that each HDV is equivalent
13-1
-------
to two four-wheeled vehicles. Therefore, the corrected ADT
and calculated annual VMT appears in Table 13.2.
Table 13.2 UNPAVED ROADS—VMT
3
County Corrected ADT Calculated annual VMT, x 10
Pennington
20.9
10,070
Meade
21.4
11,732
Custer
21. 5
5,195
Lawrence
20.8
3,128
Minnehaha
36.5
16,067
Lincoln
38.2
12,033
BASE YEAR EMISSIONS
The equation for estimating the emission factor for
dust from unpaved roads was obtained from AP-42, Supplement
5.9
EF = (0.6) (0.81) (s) (S/30) (^§f^) (eq.l)
where EF = particulate emission factor, lb/VMT
s = silt content, percent
S = average vehicle speed, mph
W = number of days with precipitation > 0.01 in.
This equation was modified with a factor of 0.6 to
account for those particles less than 30 microns in diam-
eter, which would most probably remain in suspension and
have an impact on a regional scale.
The South Dakota Department of Transportation indicated
that 40 mph was an average speed for both road surface
3 6
types. However, speeds for unpaved roads in Pennington,
Custer, and Lawrence Counties were modified to reflect
unpaved mountain roads where average speeds would be lower.
The percent silt content for both road surface types was
13-2
-------
assumed to be 12. The speeds and percent silt content by
county are shown in Table 13.3.
Table 13.3.
SPEEDS AND
PERCENT SILT CONTENT
County
Speeds
Percent silt content
Pennington
30
12
Meade
40
12
Custer
30
12
Lawrence
30
12
Minnehaha
40
12
Lincoln
40
12
Using the data from Table 13.3, the following emission
factors were calculated for each county:
Emission factors, lb/VMT
Pennington
5.83
Meade
7.78
Custer
5.83
Lawrence
5.83
Minnehaha
7.78
Lawrence
7.78
These emission factors are not corrected for wet days
or days with snow cover on the roads where emissions do not
occur. Therefore, the number of days with 0.01 inches or
more of precipitation, and the number of days with a trace
of snow or more and freezing conditions were obtained from
the 1974 monthly Local Climatological Data.^
The Rapid City National Weather Service (NWS) station
data was used to represent Pennington, Meade, Custer, and
Lawrence Counties and the Sioux Falls NWS station was used
to represent Minnehaha and Lincoln Counties. The total
number of days for dusting in 1974 was 252 for Rapid City
and 206 for Sioux Falls. Therefore, the corrected emission
factors and fugitive dust emissions (based on annual VMT)
are presented in Table 13.4.
13-3
-------
Table 13.4. 1974 EMISSION FACTORS AND FUGITIVE DUST
EMISSIONS FROM UNPAVED ROADS
County
Corrected emission factors,
lb/103 VMT
Fugitive dust
emissions, ton/yr
Pennington
4030
20,291
Meade
4390
25,752
Custer
4030
10,468
Lawrence
4030
6,303
Minnehaha
4390
35,267
Lincoln
4390
26,412
PROJECTIONS
Based on. the total inventoried mileage of unpaved roads
(Mr. Ridgeway, South Dakota Department of Transportation)
from 1965 to 1975, growth factors were developed to predict
fugitive dust emissions from unpaved roads in 1980 and 1985.
They are as follows:
Table 13.5. PROJECTED UNPAVED ROAD FUGITIVE
DUST EMISSIONS
1980
1985
Growth
Emissions,
Growth
Emissions,
County
factor
ton/yr
factor
ton/yr
Pennington
1.00
20,291
1.00
20,291
Meade
1.00
25,752
1.00
25,752
Custer
0.88
9,212
0.76
7,956
Lawrence
0.81
5,105
0.63
3,971
Minnehaha
0.69
24,334
0.38
13,401
Lincoln
0.88
23,243
0.76
20,073
13-4
-------
14. DUST FROM PAVED ROADS
BASE YEAR EMISSIONS
Very little information exists on emission rates or
procedures for estimating dust emissions from paved streets
and highways. The American Public Works Association,
Midwest Research Institute, and other groups are currently
conducting studies to obtain data on the air pollution
impact of reintrained dust from roads.
Until more definitive data become available, it is
assumed that these emissions are directly proportional to
the amount of traffic (VMT) on the streets.
The VMT data for the AQMA counties have already been
generated to estimate exhaust emissions. The VMT on unpaved
roads (also already estimated) were subtracted from the VMT
totals to obtain VMT on paved roads. These data are summar-
ized below:
1974 Annual traffic on paved roads,
County 1000 VMT
Pennington
353,000
Meade
124,000
Custer
76,000
Lawrence
125,000
Minnehaha
566,000
Lincoln
128,000
In South Dakota, the normal amount of loose material on
road surfaces is increased substantially by the periodic
sanding of roads during the winter for snow and ice control.
All roads maintained by the State Highway Department and
major streets in most municipalities are sanded. Since none
of the sand is removed by street cleaners until spring, any
14-1
-------
day during the winter when the road surfaces are dry would
be subject to higher emission rates due to sand on the paved
roads. It was assumed that these conditions would exist
approximately 20 days a year.
An emission factor of 1.75 gm/VMT on days with no
precipitation or snow cover has been used in a previous
37
emission inventory. It was based on a single test of a
3 6
clean paved road in the Seattle area. Data from a differ-
ent test site in the same Seattle study indicated an emis-
sion rate of 77 gm/VMT for streets with sand and dirt on
them.
If the emission factor of 77 gm/VMT is applied to the
VMT for 20 days and the factor of 1.75 gm/VMT to the remain-
ing days of the year with no precipitation (270 days),
particulate emissions from paved roads are calculated to be:
Estimated 1974 particulate emissions,
ton/yr
County
Dry winter days
Remainder of yr
Total
Pennington
1,632
503
2,135
Meade
574
177
751
Custer
352
108
460
Lawrence
578
178
756
Minnehaha
2,618
806
3,424
Lincoln
592
182
774
It should be emphasized that the calculations in this
section do not have the same accuracy as those in other
sections of this report, and that the resulting emissions
estimates are only order-of-magnitude values.
PROJECTIONS
The VMT projections from Sections 6 and 13 provide the
necessary input data for projecting emissions from this
source category. The emission factors should remain the
same ih the projection years.
14-2
-------
Annual traffic on
paved
Estimated
partic
emissions,
roads,
million
VMT
ton/yr
County
1975
1980
1985
1975
1980
1985
Pennington
353
488
544
2135
2861
3203
Meade
124
179
197
751
992
1089
Custer
76
102
110
460
580
626
Lawrence
125
171
191
756
1012
1126
Minnehaha
566
782
1002
3424
4588
5889
Lincoln
128
189
226
774
1045
1246
14-3
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15. AGRICULTURAL TILLING
DATA INVENTORY AND METHODOLOGY
There are two sources of fugitive dust from agricultural
activity. Windblown dust from tilled fields was estimated
by use of the wind erosion equation, a procedure explained
in detail in Reference 38. Briefly, a separate emission
factor is established for each crop type in an area as a
function of resistance to wind erosion provided by that
crop. The emission factors also vary according to the
common soil types characteristic of agricultural land in an
area and its climate.
The fugitive dust component generated by the actual
implement tilling operation has also been estimated. Emission
calculations for tillage operations account for the limited
periods when the farming equipment is actually used in the
fields. Annual emissions from tilling may be quite small in
comparison with suspended particulate emissions generated by
wind erosion.
A summary of the acres planted by crop type for each
39
county, compiled from South Dakota Agricultural Statistics,
is presented in Table 15.1.
BASE YEAR EMISSIONS
An adaptation of the U.S. Department of Agriculture's
wind erosion equation was used to calculate an emission
factor in tons per acre per year for wind erosion losses.
The modified equation for estimating suspended particulate
38
emissions is:
15-1
-------
Table 15.1. AGRICULTURAL ACREAGE PLANTED BY COUNTY
1974 Acres planted by county
Crop
Pennington Meade Custer
Lawrence
Minnehaha
Lincoln
Corn
3,200
6,700
1,000
1,600
198,000
148,000
Wheat
65,400
54,300
1,760
2,050
440
210
Oats
10,500
30,000
2,400
3,000
64,000
53,000
Barley
2,100
5,700
640
360
8,500
450
Rye
200
1,000
400
50
40
70
Flaxseed
-
-
-
-
240
-
Soybeans
-
-
-
-
31,000
48,400
Sorghum
3,100
4,700
200
200
1,300
1,300
Alfalfa seeda
4,300
10,400
1,700
300
400
100
Hay
43,300
141,400
19,600
22,400
37,400
20,100
b
Corn silage
-
-
-
-
-
-
Total
132,100
254,200
27,700
29,960
341,320
271,630
a 1973 values; 1974 values unavailable.
Estimates not available by county.
15-2
-------
E =
a I K C L' V'
(eq.2)
where E = emission factor, ton/acre/yr
a = portion of total wind erosion losses
that would be measured as suspended
particulate, estimated at 0.025
I = soil erodibility, ton/acre/yr
K = surface roughness factor
C = climatic factor
L' = unsheltered field width factor
V' = vegetative cover factor
In this equation, K, C, L*, and V1 are all dimensionless.
The K, L', and V' are functions of the crop being grown, and
the climatic factors (C) for the Rapid City and Sioux Falls
areas are 0.3a and 0.2, respectively. In both areas, the
predominant soil types as shown on U.S. Geological Survey
soil maps have an erodibility (I) of 47 ton/acre/yr.
The emission factor for tillage operations is estimated
38
by the following equation:
E. (lb/acre) = ^ (eq.3)
C (PE/50)
where S - implement speed (mi/hr), assumed
to be 5.5 mi/hr
s = silt content of soil (%), assumed
to be 12%
PE = Thornthwaite's precipitation-evap-
oration index = 65 (Lawrence and
Custer), 45 (Meade and Pennington),
68 (Minnehaha and Lincoln).
Using these tillage emission factors and assuming an
average of three tillings per year, this component of agri
cultural emissions was calculated.
a Meade County has a C factor of 0.50 and Custer County has
a C factor of 0.40.
15-3
-------
The total fugitive dust emissions from agricultural
activity are summarized in Table 15.2.
PROJECTIONS
The number of acres statewide in farmland has not
changed significantly during the past 15 years—45.6 million
in 1960, 45.5 million in 1970, and 45.5 million in 1975.^
This trend of constant acreage is expected to continue over
the next 10 years, especially given the strong demand for
grain and shrinking reserves during the past few years. Any
losses in cropland resulting from land development would
probably be offset by more intensive agricultural use of the
remaining land in that area. Emissions from agriculture in
all projection years are assumed to be the same as in the
base year.
15-4
-------
Table 15.2. 1974 TOTAL EMISSIONS FROM AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITY
County
Acres
tilled
Emissions from
implement tilling
operations,
ton/yr
Emissions from
wind erosion,
ton/yr
Total
agricultural
emissions,
ton/yr
Pennington
132,100
4,110
538
4,648
Meade
254,200
7,908
3,736
11,644
Custer
27,700
413
294
707
Lawrence
29,960
447
199
646
Minnehaha
341,320
4,649
8,107
12,756
Lincoln
271,630
3,700
7,718
11,418
-------
16. CONSTRUCTION
DATA INVENTORY AND METHODOLOGY
For purposes of estimating emissions from construction
activities in the AQMA's, two types of construction were
identified: building and highway. The first category
included construction in Rapid City and Sioux Falls only,
due to the difficulty in obtaining data from smaller commun-
ities. Therefore, the calculated particulate emission
estimates may be somewhat low. The second category included
highway construction throughout all six counties. The 1974
annual building construction summaries were obtained from
the building permit offices in Rapid City and Sioux Falls.
This included the number of projects by type and their total
estimated valuation. The South Dakota Department of Highways
and the Rapid City engineering department provided reports
of highway construction in 1974.
Since the building construction summaries did not
contain the total square footage constructed for each project
type, reasonable estimates were derived by applying average
building cost valuation data ($/ft2) from Building Standards.4^
It was then assumed that the actual earth exposed or regraded
during the period of construction would be a multiple of the
estimated total building area. The magnitude of the correc-
tion multiplier was selected for each project type so as to
distinguish those requiring major grading and earth moving
from those where only the immediate area of the foundation
would be disturbed. Applying this factor (range: 1-4) to
the total building area yielded the estimated total exposed
acreage. Finally, estimates were made of the actual time
that each project type would remain under construction with
the earth exposed (range: 2-6 months).
16-1
-------
Several assumptions were necessary in order to calculate
emissions from highway construction. It was assumed that
the majority of the emissions would emanate from those
projects requiring clearing and grading of the construction
area prior to road surfacing. Therefore, other projects
were not considered. It was assumed that the average urban
or rural road (both county and state) was 50 feet wide and
that an interstate highway was 300 feet wide. Estimates of
the total acreage exposed were derived from the product of
the section length and estimated width. The time during
which active grading occurred was assumed to be during the
first half of the project.
BASE YEAR EMISSIONS
The average emission factor for particulate emissions
from construction was derived by adjusting the empirical
38
emission rate of 1.2 ton/acre/mo. This emission factor
was corrected to reflect the climatic differences between
South Dakota and the test sites used to determine the empir-
ical factor.
EF . 1.2 ton/acre/mo (eq 4)
(PE/30)
where PE = Thornthwaite's precipitation-
evaporation index
30 = the average PE index for the
test sites
The following summarizes the corrected emission factors
for each county:
16-2
-------
County
PE index Emission
factor, ton/acre/mo
Pennington
45
0.53
Meade
45
0.53
Custer
65
0.25
Lawrence
65
0.25
Minnehaha
68
0.23
Lincoln
68
0.23
Rapid City
45
0.53
PROJECTIONS
Localized
activity in the
estimates of future building
AQMA's were not available.
construction
The South Dakota
Department of Transportation provided tentative five-year
highway construction estimates through fiscal year 1980
based on current rates of federal and state highway funding.
These forecasts were not used due to their apparent unreal-
istic representation of the total mileage of highway under-
going grading operations. The estimated graded section
lengths in miles in fiscal 1976 was 9.3, decreasing to 1.8
in fiscal 1980. This is to be compared with 84.6 miles of
grading accomplished in 1974. For lack of more definitive
estimates, emissions from highway construction will be
projected to 1985 at the 1974 rate.
The Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of
14
Commerce has prepared growth projections of contract
construction earnings for U.S. air quality control regions.
These forecasts have been used as indicators of emissions
from building construction in the AQMA's. Note that the
1974 values are in close agreement with the total project
valuation ($) in Table 16.1 for both AQMA's: 1974 BEA
estimated contract construction earnings = $13,277,000 for
Black Hills AQCR and $16,558,000 for Sioux Falls AQCR. The
projected emissions for building construction are tabulated
in Table 16.3.
16-3
-------
Table 16.1. FUGITIVE DUST EMISSIONS FROM BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
Occupancy/
type
Estimated Estimated
No. of valuation, bldg cost,
projects dollars $/sq ft
Est. total
project
area,
sq ft
Correction
multiplier,
dimension-
less
Est. total
exposed
acreage,
acres
Est. time
under con-
struction
months
Fugitive
dust
emissions,
ton/yr
Rapid City
Residential
dwellings
139
3,058,472
21.92
139,529
3
9.6
3
15.3
Multi-family
dwellings
18
2,976,460
23.17
128,462
2
5.9
6
17.8
Office bldgs
7
1,411,870
28.13
50,191
2
2.3
6
7.3
Comral bldgs
and stores
19
1,654,455
22.60
73,206
4
6.7
6
21.3
Mobile home
parks
2
369,988
5.00
73,998
1
1.7
2
1.8
Fire station
1
529,878
17.75
29,852
2
1.4
6
4.5
Sewage plant
1
77,000
-
-
-
0.5
6
1.6
Other non-res
bldgs
14
1,400,000
13.58
103,000
2
4.8
4
10.3
Foundations/
excavations
115
1,069,961
5.00
213,992
2
9.8
1
5.2
Total
85.1
Sioux Falls
Residential
dwellings
271
6,475,210
21.92
295,402
3
20.3
3
14.0
Multi-family
dwellings
23
1,962,800
23.17
84,713
2
3.9
6
5.4
Office bldgs
14
5,161,653
28.13
183,493
2
8.4
6
11.6
Coranl bldgs
and stores
17
2,749,254
22.60
121,648
4
11.2
6
15.5
Industrial
bldgs
22
1,868,012
15.52
120,362
2
5.5
6
7.6
School
1
285,000
29.77
9,573
3
0.7
3
0.5
Other non-res
bldgs
S3
1,212,000
13.58
89,000
2
4.0
4
3.7
Non-bldg
structures
8
164,200
5.00
32,840
3
2.3
2
1.1
Total
59.4
-------
Table 16.2. 1974 FUGITIVE DUST EMISSIONS FROM HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION
Est. time
Section Est. section Estimated of active Emission Particulate
length, width, acreage grading, factor, emissions,
County miles feet disturbed months ton/ac/mo ton/yr
Pennington
34.000
50
206.1
5.9
0.53
639.5
6.000
300
220.6
1.0
116.9
Meade
0.511
50
3.1
5.5
0.53
9.0
Custer
4.223
50
25.6
6.5
0.25
41.6
7.900
32
30.7
1.5
11.5
Lawrence
4.300
50
26.7
3.5
0.25
23.5
9.697
300
352.6
6.7
590.6
Minnehaha
1.650
50
10.0
4.3
0.23
9.8
1.500
32
5.8
0.8
1.1
Lincoln
3.000
32
11.6
1.6
0.23
4.3
Rapid City
4.920
50
29.8
4.3
0.53
67.9
-------
Table 16.3. PROJECTED EMISSIONS FROM BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
Contract Fugitive dust
construction, emissions,
$ x 10° Growth factor ton/yr
AQMA 1980 1985 1980 1985 1980 1985
Black Hills
16.4
19.0
1.24
1.43
106
122
(Rapid City)
Sioux Falls
22.0
26.1
1.33
1.58
79
94
16-6
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17. AGGREGATE STORAGE PILES
DATA INVENTORY AND METHODOLOGY
The South Dakota Department of Transportation, Division
of Highways was contacted to obtain the amount of aggregate
stockpiled in the AQMA's during the year 1974. It was
reported that only one state-maintained stockpile existed in
Lawrence County and no others existed in the remaining
counties. An annual average aggregate of 25,000 tons was
stockpiled at this one site.
BASE YEAR EMISSIONS
The particulate emission factor for estimating the dust
emissions with a drift potential greater than 1000 feet
38
(particles < 30 y in diameter) is as follows:
E = (0.33 v (PE/100)2 (eg.5)
where E = emission factor, lb per ton
PE = Thornthwaite1s precipitation-evaporation
index
Using the map of PE values for state climatic divisions
38
xn the EPA publication, Emission Factors for Fugitive Dust,
the PE index for Lawrence County is 46. This results in an
emission factor of 1.56 lb/ton and 1974 emissions of 19.5
ton/yr for Lawrence County.
17-1
-------
PROJECTIONS
It is difficult to determine how much aggregate will be
stockpiled in the year 1985. Therefore, it is assumed that
the emissions for this one site will remain the same for
1975, 1980, and 1985.
17-2
-------
REFERENCES
1. Communication with Pat Jacobs. South Dakota Energy
Policy Committee. Pierre, South Dakota. June 1975.
2. Detailed Housing Characteristics, 1970 Census of
Housing. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the
Census. Washington, D.C. 1970.
3. Communication with manager. Black Hills Masonry Supply,
Rapid City, South Dakota. August 1975.
4. Communication with manager. Bagley Grain Company.
Faith, South Dakota. August 1975.
5. Communication with Melven Hiermeier. Custer, South
Dakota. August 1975.
6. Communication with David Wallace. Deadwood, South
Dakota. August 1975.
7. Communication with Mr. Robinson. Girton Adams Company.
Sioux Falls, South Dakota. August 1975.
8. Communication with Joe Reichel. Dell Rapids Co-op and
Grain Company. Dell Rapids, South Dakota. August
1975.
9. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina. Second Edition, Publication
Number AP-42. March 1975.
10. Guide for Compiling a Comprehensive Emission Inventory.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina. Revised, Publication Number
APTD-1135. March 1973.
11. Local Climatological Data. National Oceanic and Atmos-
pheric Administration, Environmental Data Service.
National Climatic Center. Asheville, North Carolina.
1974.
12. Mineral Industry Survey, Sales of Fuel Oil and Kerosene
in 1974. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of
Mines. Washington, D.C. 1975.
13. County Business Patterns. U.S. Department of Commerce,
Bureau of the Census. Washington, D.C. 1973.
1
-------
14. Projections of Economic Activity for Air Quality Control
Regions. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of
Economic Analysis. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. August
1973.
15. Mineral Industry Survey, Natural Gas Production and
Consumption: 1973. U.S. Department of the Interior,
Bureau of Mines. Washington, D.C. 1974.
16. Mineral Industry Survey, Sales of Liquefied Petroleum
Gases and Ethane in 1972. U.S. Department of the
Interior, Bureau of Mines. Washington, D.C. 1973.
17. Current Population Reports, Federal-State Cooperative
Program for Population Estimates. U.S. Department of
Commerce, Bureau of the Census. Washington, D.C.
Series P-26, No. 61. March 1974.
18. Vehicle Usage of Existing State and Local Roads and
Streets in 1973. South Dakota Department of Transpor-
tation, Office of Systems Analysis. 1973.
19. Proposed Scope of Work for Air Quality Maintenance Plan
for the Black Hills Air Quality Maintenance Area, Sixth
District Council of Local Governments. Rapid City,
South Dakota. April 1975.
20. Speed Study, Office of System Analysis. South Dakota
Department of Transportation. 1974.
21. Master Planning Study, Rapid City Regional Airport,
Rapid City, South Dakota. Thomas and Lockwood Consult-
ing Engineers. Rapid City, South Dakota. April 1974.
22. Environmental Impact Assessment Report for the Improve-
ments to Joe Foss Field, recommended by the Master Plan
Study for Sioux Falls Joe Foss Field. Ralph H. Burke,
Incorporated. Chicago, Illinois. 1974.
23. Military Air Traffic Activity Report. U.S. Department
of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration.
Washington, D.C. 1973.
24. Communication with Pat Springer, Rate Analyst. South
Dakota Public Utilities Commission. Pierre, South
Dakota. July 1975.
25. Communication with Mr. Edmonds, Transportation Section.
Burlington Northern Railroad Company. Denver, Colorado.
August 1975.
2
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26. Communication with Paul Macenicz, Agent. Chicago and
Northwestern Railroad Company, Freight Office. Rapid
City, South Dakota. August 1975.
27. Communication with Lowell Shuck, Agent. Chicago,
Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad Company.
Rapid City, South Dakota. August 1975.
28. Communication with Gordon Story, Agent. Chicago and
Northwestern Railroad Company, Freight Office. Sioux
Falls, South Dakota. August 1975.
29. Personal communication with James McDonald. Chicago
and Northwestern Railroad Company. November 11, 1975.
30. Personal communication with Gordon Story. Chicago and
Northwestern Railroad Company. November 11, 1975.
31. Personal communication with Mr. Edmonds. Burlington
Northern Railroad Company. November 11, 1975.
32. Personal communication with Dale Propp. Burlington and
Northern Railroad Company. November 14, 1975.
33. Census of Agriculture, County Data. U.S. Department of
Commerce, Bureau of the Census. Washington, D. C.
1969.
34. Communication with Rudy Anderson, Assistant Fire Staff
Officer. U.S. Forest Service, Black Hills National
Forest. July 197 5.
35. Individual Fire Report Data, Computer Summary. U.S.
Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Regional Office. 1974.
36. Total Road and Street Mileage—1974. South Dakota
Department of Transportation. Pierre, South Dakota.
December 1974.
37. Roberts, J. W. and H. A. Watters. Cost and Benefits of
Road Dust Control in Seattle's Industrial Valley.
(Presented at 67th Annual Meeting of Air Pollution
Control Association. Denver, Colorado. June 1974.)
38. Development of Emission Factors for Fugitive Dust
Sources. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. Publication
Number EPA-450/3-74-037. June 1974.
39. South Dakota Agricultural Statistics for 1974. South
Dakota Crop and Livestock Reporting Service. U.S.
Department of Agriculture. Washington, D.C. 1974.
40. Building Valuation Data. Building Standards. January-
February 1975.
3
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Industrial
bldgs
School
Other non-res
bldgs
Non-bldg
structures
22 1,868,012 15.52
1 285,000 29.77
83 1,212,000 13.58
8 164,200 5.00
Total
120,362 2 5.5 6 7.6
9,573 3 0.7 3 0.5
89,000 2 4.0 4 3.7
32,840 3 2.3 2 1.1
59.4
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Est. total Correction Est. total Est. time Fugitive
Estimated Estimated project multiplier, exposed under con- dust
Occupancy/ No. of valuation, bldg cost, area, dimension- acreage, struction emissions,
type projects dollars $/sq ft sq ft less acres months ton/yr
Rapid City
Residential 139 3,058,472 21.92 139,529 3 9.6 3 15.3
dwellings
Multi-family 18 2,976,460 23.17 128,462 2 5.9 6 17.8
dwellings
Office bldgs 7 1,411,870 28.13 50,191 2 2.3 6 7.3
Comml bldgs 19 1,654,455 22.60 73,206 4 6.7 6 21.3
and stores
Mobile home 2 369,988 5.00 73,998 1 1.7 2 1.8
parks
Fire station 1 529,878 17.75 29,852 2 1.4 6 4.5
Sewage plant 1 77,000 - - - 0.5 6 1.6
Other non-res 14 1,400,000 13.58 103,000 2 4.8 4 10.3
bldgs
Foundations/ 115 1,069,961 5.00 213,992 2 9.8 1 5.2
excavations
Total 85.1
Sioux Falls
Residential 271 6,475,210 21.92 295,402 3 20.3 3 14.0
dwellings
Multi-family 23 1,962,800 23.17 84,713 2 3.9 6 5.4
dwellings
Office bldgs 14 5,161,653 28.13 183,493 2 8.4 6 11.6
Comml bldgs 17 2,749,254 22.60 121,648 4 11.2 6 15.5
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Ifutructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO. 2.
EPA-908/W6-004
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSIOWNO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Area Source Emission Inventory for South Dakota
6. REPORT DATE
Dflrfiinhflr 1Q75
S. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION COOE
7. AUTHOR
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