I AREA SOURCE EMISSION ^ฆmWry I B\u/ US. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY REGION VIII AIR a HAZARDOUS MATERIALS DIV6ION DENVER , COLORADO 80295 ------- Publication No. EPA-908/1-76-006 PEDCo- ENVIRONMENTAL SUITE 13 ATKINSON SQUARE CINCINNATI. OHIO 45246 513 1-7-7 1-4330 WYOMING AQMA AREA SOURCE EMISSION INVENTORY Contract No. 68-02-1375 Task Order No. 19 Prepared for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region VIII, Denver, Colorado Prepared by PEDCo-Environmental Specialists, Inc. Suite 13 - Atkinson Square Cincinnati, Ohio 45246 June 1975 BRANCH OFFICE! Suit* 110, Crown Cantar Kanui City, Mo. 64108 Suit* 104-A, Profaulonal Villaga Chapal Hill, N.C. 27514 jpaaxDฎ ------- This report was furnished to the. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency by PEDCo-Environmental Specialists, Inc., Cincinnati, Ohio, in fulfillment of Contract No. 68-02-1375, Task Order No. 19. The contents of this report are repro- duced herein as received from the contractor. The opinions, findings, and conclusions expressed are those of the author and not necessarily those of the Environmental Protection Agency. Material included in this report was not originally intended for publication, but to document the data sources and assumptions made in preparing the area source emission inventory. Therefore, the text may be sketchy and the report more useful as a resource document than a general procedures manual for emission inventories. It should also be pointed out that the area source emission inventory is subject to frequent updating so that data presented herein may soon become obsolete. Publication No. EPA-908/1-76-006 ii ------- SUMMARY CONTENTS Page 1 CATEGORIES 1. Bituminous Coal 2. Distillate Oil 3. Residual Oil 4. Natural Gas 5. Other Fuels 6. Open Burning 7. Highway Vehicles 8. Off-Highway Vehicles 9. Railroads 10. Aircraft 11. Industrial Processes 12. Evaporative Losses 13. Unpaved Roads 14. Agriculture 15. Construction 16. Aggregate Storage Piles 17. Dust from Paved Roads REFERENCES iii 6 10 16 20 23 29 34 47 52 57 60 65 68 76 81 85 88 91 ------- FIGURES TABLES Page 13.1 Distribution of ADT vs percent 7 3 of miles of unpaved roads Page 1. Campbell County Base Year and 3 Projected Emissions 2. Converse County Base Year and 4 Projected Emissions 3. Sweetwater County Base Year and 5 Projected Emissions 7.1 Projected Annual VMT (10^) 45 13.1 Wyoming Unpaved Roads 1974 69 15.1 Highway Construction in 1974 82 iv ------- SUMMARY This report presents a base year and projected air pollutant emissions inventory of area sources in the two Wyoming Air Quality Maintenance Areas (AQMA), The Powder River AQMA en- compasses Campbell and Converse Counties and is designated for particulates and photochemical oxidants. The Sweetwater AQMA includes only Sweetwater County and is designated for particulates and SO2 Designation by the Wyoming Department of Environmental Quality and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency indicates that there is a possibility that future growth in the AQMA may cause the National Ambient Air Quality Standards to be exceeded despite enforcement of source control regulations. The area source inventory is to be used in a detailed analysis of each AQMA to better determine the impact of future growth on air quality. A base year of 1974 was specified for the inventory in order that it be consistent with the time frame of the point source emission inventory also being prepared. At the time that the inventory was completed, 1974 was the most recent year for which data could be obtained. The area source categories used in the inventory include all conventional source? categories described in APTD-1135, Guide for Compiling a Comprehensive Emission Inventory, plus some additional categories of fugitive dust sources. Two of the conventional categories, incinerators and vessels, were excluded since these sources are negligible in the AQMA's. Special consideration was given to the estimation of emissions from two industrial processes, pipeline compressors and heater treaters, and from the burning of spilled oil in oil fields. An attempt was made to develop a particulate emission factor for the open burning of crude oil in a sump. Also 1 ------- particulate emissions from mining operations were not in- cluded in this inventory, since they will be inventoried as point sources. The base year and projected annual emissions are shown in Tables 1 through 3 for Campbell, Converse, and Sweetwater counties. Each section of this report shows the data and methodology used to estimate emissions, base year emissions, and projections for each source category. The area source categories showing the greatest particulate emissions are fugitive dust sources. Fugitive dust accounts for about 98 percent of the area source particulate emissions in the Powder River Basin AQMA and 98 percent in the Sweet- water AQMA. Unpaved roads are responsible for most of the fugitive dust emissions. Mobile sources account for about 85 percent of the identi- fied hydrocarbon area source emissions in the Powder River Basin AQMA, and they also account for about 72 percent of the SC>2 emissions in the Sweetwater AQMA. The procedure used to project emissions was to apply growth factors to the base year emissions for each source category. Separate growth factors were developed for each category for 1975, 1980, and 1985. Particulate emissions are shown to increase from 1975 to 1985 by about 139 percent in Campbell County and about 38 percent in Converse and Sweetwater Counties. Hydrocarbon emissions will remain about the sajme in Campbell County and decrease about 33 percent in Converse County from 1975 to 1985. SC>2 emissions in Sweetwater County are shown to remain almost constant for the next ten years. 2 ------- Table 1. CAMPBELL COUNTY BASE YEAR AND PROJECTED EMISSIONS Particulates (tons/yr) Hydrocarbons (tons/yr) Source Category 1974 1975 1980 1985 1974 1975 1980 1985 Bituminous Coal 98 99 104 109 98 99 104 109 Distillate Oil 25 31 80 103 5 6 16 21 Residual Oil 17 21 53 68 2 3 7 9 Natural Gas 8 10 20 25 7 8 16 20 Other Fuels 5 6 11 14 2 2 5 6 Open Burning 17 17 17 17 - - - - Highway Vehicles 90 104 145 148 1450 1575 1953 1192 Off-Highway 18 32 41 45 72 90 113 125 Vehicles Railroads 37 37 176 232 141 141 664 877 Aircraft - - - - 2 2 3 4 Industrial 255 255 255 255 309 309 309 309 Processes Evaporative - - - - 6254 6274 6394 6454 Losses Unpaved Roads 27836 32669 56628 67944 - - - Agriculture 826 826 846 865 - - - - Construction 1486 2369 2893 3117 - - - - Aggregate 5 5 5 5 - - - - Storage Dust from Paved 676 777 1399 1751 - Roads Total 31399 37258 62673 74698 8342 8509 9584 9146 ------- Table 2. CONVERSE COUNTY BASE YEAR AND PROJECTED EMISSIONS Particulates (tons/yr) Hydrocarbons (tons/yr) Source Category 1974 1975 1980 1985 1974 1975 1980 1985 Bituminous Coal 8 8 8 9 8 8 8 9 Distillate Oil 12 12 18 21 2 2 3 5 Residual Oil 7 7 11 12 1 1 2 2 Natural Gas 4 4 5 5 3 3 4 4 Other Fuels 3 3 4 4 6 6 9 9 Open Burning 62 62 62 62 - - - - Highway Vehicles 80 82 83 70 1290 1243 1116 552 Off-Highway 17 19 31 19 55 58 73 60 Vehicles Railroads 9 9 148 206 34 34 558 776 Aircraft - - - - 2 2 3 4 Industrial 84 84 84 84 85 85 85 85 Processes Evaporative - - - - 1374 1375 1397 1401 Losses Unpaved Roads 15039 15490 21060 22113 - - - - Agriculture 1045 1045 1055 1065 - - - - Construction 857 869 925 866 - - - - Aggregate 8 8 8 8 - - - - Storage Dust from Paved 642 655 860 892 - - - - Roads Total 17877 18357 24362 25436 2860 2817 3258 2907 ------- Table 3. SWEETWATER COUNTY BASE YEAR AND PROJECTED EMISSIONS Particulates (tons/yr) Sulfer Dioxide (tons/yr) Source Category 1974 1975 1980 1985 1974 1975 1980 1985 Bituminous Coal 25 24 17 13 24 22 16 12 Distillate Oil 24 27 36 39 70 78 105 111 Residual Oil 11 12 17 18 91 102 137 146 Natural Gas 42 47 63 67 3 3 4 4 Other Fuels 6 7 9 9 2 2 3 3 Open Burning 3 3 3 3 - - - Highway Vehicles 368 393 379 335 141 151 184 176 Off-Highway 30 33 44 47 34 37 50 53 Vehicles Railroads 200 200 200 200 455 455 455 455 Aircraft 4 4 5 6 2 2 3 4 Industrial 53 53 53 53 2 2 2 2 Processes Unpaved Roads 24588 27000 33678 34975 - - - - Agriculture 25 25 25 26 - - - Construction 8588 9250 11345 11896 - - - Aggregate 108 108 108 108 - - - - Storage Dust from Paved 2325 2488 2999 3139 - - Roads Total 36400 39674 48981 50934 824 854 959 966 ------- 1. BITUMINOUS COAL Data Inventory and Methodology Coal consumption was determined by two methods: (1) degree- day heating method for residential and apportioning state coal consumption totals for commercial; (2) contacting major county distributors. The distributor's total sales in 1974 for each county are: Campbell - 9,800 tons (Ref. 32) and (Ref. 34) Converse - 845 tons (Ref. 34) Sweetwater - 2,500 tons (Ref. 33) This data reflects residential customers for Campbell and Converse, and residential and commercial customers for Sweetwater. The following describes the procedure used to determine coal consumption for residential, commercial-institutional, and industrial. Residential: Residential coal consumption was calculated using the degree- day heating method (Ref. 11). The general equation is: RFC = (DU) X (DD) x (HRF) X (R) (eq. 1) where RFC - residential fuel consumption, tons DU - dwelling units DD - degree-days HRF - heating requirement factor, tons of coal per dwelling unit per degree day R - correction factor for number of rooms per dwelling unit, average no. of rooms/5.0 rooms The heating requirement factor for tons of coal burned is 0.0012 tons/dwelling unit/degree day (Ref. 11). 6 ------- The following is the number of dwelling units and degree- days for each county and the state, used to calculate coal consumptions. 1970 dwelling units using coal (Ref. 1) 1974 dwelling units using coal Average rooms per dwelling unit (Ref. 1) Average annual 1974 heating degree-days (Ref. 8) 1974 Residential coal consumption (tons/year) State 3,454 3,592 4.7 7,416 State avg. 30,047 Campbell 245 255 4.5 7,332 Sheridan 2,019 Converse 61 63 4.8 7,584 Casper 550 Sweetwater 107 80 4.4 7,721 Lander 652 The State of Wyoming and both Campbell and Converse counties have had a 1% increase per year in coal consumption (Ref. 32). Sweetwater county had a 25% decrease in coal consumption from 1970 to 1974 (Ref. 33). The degree-days for each county were determined from the 1974 Climatological Summary of the nearest National Weather Service (NWS) recording station and indicated accordingly. The state degree-days were determined by averaging all NWS stations in the state. Comparing the calculated coal consumption for residential use with the distributor's sales for Campbell and Converse indicates the distributors sales are higher. Since the major distributors were contacted and their data is considered more accurate, the distributor's sales were used to calculate emissions. Sweetwater distributor sales contains both residential and commercial. Therefore, no comparison is possible. 7 ------- Commercial-Institutional: Since the 1974 calculated residential coal consumption of 30,047 tons is greater than the state retail dealers con- sumer use for 1974 of 24,000 tons (Ref. 4), it was assumed that there is no commercial-institutional area source coal consumption. The exception is Sweetwater County where a total residential and commercial distributor's sales for 1974 was used to calculate emissions. Industrial: It was assumed that all industrial coal users burned large enough quantities to be included as point sources. Thus, industrial coal combustion area source emissions were assumed to be negligible. Base Year Emissions Since the majority of the coal consumption is residential, emission factors for hand-fired units were used (Ref. 12): Particulates = 20 lb/ton Hydrocarbons = 20 lb/ton Sulfur dioxide = 38S lb/ton, where S = percent sulfur, 0.5% average (Ref. 37) Applying these emission factors to the previously-determined coal consumption values yields the following annual emissions. 1974 area source coal consumption Campbell 9,800 Converse 845 Sweetwater 2,500 1974 emissions (tons/year) - particulate hydrocarbon sulfur dioxide 98 98 n.d. 8 8 n.d. 25 n.d. 24 n.d. = not determined 8 ------- Proj ections Residential and commercial-institutional coal usage in Sweetwater County is steadily declining at a rate of about 6 percent per year due to home heating conversion to natural gas, LPG, and electricity. In Campbell and Converse Counties, the availability of inexpensive coal from strip mining activity has created an increase in residential coal consump- tion of 1 percent per year. Based upon these growth rates, future coal usage and resulting emissions are as follows: County Year Coal Usage (tons/yr) Emissions (tons/yr) PART so2 HC GF Campbell 1975 9,899 99 99 1.01 1980 10,403 104 104 1 . 06 1985 10,934 109 109 1.11 Converse 1975 853 8 8 1.01 1980 897 8 8 1.06 1985 943 9 9 1.11 Sweetwater 1975 2,350 24 22 0.94 1980 1,725 17 16 0.69 1985 1,266 13 12 0. 50 GF = growth factor. 9 ------- 2. DISTILLATE OIL Data Inventory and Methodology Distillate oil consumption was determined by two methods: (1) degree-day heating method for residential and appor- tioning state distillate oil consumption totals for com- mercial and industrial; (2) contacting the major distributor in each county. The distributor's total sales in 1974 for each county are: Campbell (Ref. 38) Converse (Ref. 39) Sweetwater (Ref. 40) Distillate Oil (gallons) Residential Commercial 20,000 (res. & comm.) 1,500 n.d. 5,000 733,000 Industrial n.d. 1,200,000 400,000 n.d. = not determined The following describes the procedure used to determine distillate oil consumption for residential, commercial- institutional, and industrial. Residential: Residential distillate oil consumption was calculated using the degree-day heating method (Ref. 11). The heating requirement factor for gals of oil burned per dwelling unit per degree- day is 0.18 (Ref. 11). The following is the number of dwelling units for each county used to calculate distillate oil consumption. State Campbell Converse Sweetwater 1970 dwelling units using distillate 3,572 69 44 23 oil (Ref. 1) 1974 dwelling units using distillate oil 2,500 48 31 12 1974 residential distillate oil 3,137,000 57,000 40,600 14,700 consumption (gals/yr) 10 ------- The average rooms per dwelling unit and average annual degree-days used to calculate consumption are shown in chapter 1. Campbell County had a 30% decrease in dwelling units using distillate oil from 1970 to 1974 (Ref. 38), and it was assumed that Converse County also had the same decrease. Sweetwater County had a 50% decrease from 1970 to 1974 (Ref. 40), and it was assumed that the state had a 30% decrease from 1970 to 1974. Comparing the calculated distillate oil consumption for all three counties with the major distributor's sales for residential use, indicates that the calculated total is higher than the distributor's sales. Since only one distillate oil dis- tributor per county was contacted, this method only accounts for part of the total county sales. Therefore, the calculated values were used for residential distillate oil consumption for all three counties. Commercial-Institutional: Commercial-institutional distillate oil consumption was calculated by apportioning the state distillate oil com- mercial consumption by county/state population. State residential and commercial distillate oil consumption for area sources was determined from 1973 published data (Ref. 6), where 1973 data was assumed to be representative of 1974. Point source contribution for commercial-institutional fuel usage was assumed to be negligible. State distillate type 887,000 bbls = 37,254 . 10^ gals heating oil (Ref. 6) State distillate usei by military (Ref. 6) State kerosene used for heating (Ref. 6) 3 State distillate used 8,100 bbls = 9,198 . 10 gals State kerosene used 219,000 bbls = 340 . 103 gals 11 ------- 1974 state residential 46,792 10 gals and commercial distillate oil consumption 1974 state residential 3,137 103 gals distillate oil consump- tion (subtract) 3 1974 state commercial- 43,655 10 gals institutional distillate oil consumption The following is the apportioned commercial-institutional distillate oil consumption by county. State Campbell Converse Sweetwater 1974 Population 359,000 11,900 7,100 25,900 (Ref.3) 1974 commercial- 43,655 1,447 863 3,149 institution distil- late oil consumption (103 gallons/year) Again, the calculated is higher than the distributors sales. Since all distributors were not contacted, the calculated consumption was used. Industrial: Industrial distillate oil consumption was calculated by apportioning state industrial distillate oil consumption by county/state mining, contract construction, and manufac- turing employees. State industrial distillate oil consump- tion for point and area sources was determined from the following 1973 published data, where 1973 data was assumed to be representative of 1974. State industrial use (Ref. 6) 448,000 bbls = 18,816 103 gals State oil companies' use 406,000 bbls = 17,052 ฆ 103 gals (Ref. 6) 1974 state point & area source 35,868 103 gals industrial distillate oil con- sumption ------- The following is the apportioned industrial distillate oil consumption by county, assuming the 1973 ratio of county to state total employees is representative of 1974. State Campbell Converse Sweetwater Mining, construction, 27,986 1,430 512 4,435 and manufacturing employees (Ref. 2) 1974 point and area 35,868 1,833 658 5,684 source industrial distillate oil con- sumption (103 gals) 1974 point source industrial distillate oil consumption (103 gals) (Ref. 41) 0 10 5,604 1974 industrial distillate oil con- sumption(103 gals/yr) 1,833 648 80 Comparison of calculated consumption with distributor sales in Converse and Sweetwater Counties shows the sales to be greater than the calculated. This is attributed to distributor sales outside the county. Therefore, the calculated industrial distillate oil consumption was used. Residential, Commercial-Institutional, Industrial: The following is the total distillate oil consumption in 1974 used to calculate area source emissions. 1974 Area Source Distillate Oil Consumption (gals/yr) Campbell - 3,337,000 Converse - 1,551,600 Sweetwater - 3,243,700 13 ------- Base Year Emissions The emission factors for distillate fuel oil combustion are as follows (Ref. 12): 3 Emission Factors (lb/10 gals) Particulate - 15 Hydrocarbons - 3 Sulfur dioxide - 43 (assume 0.3% sulfur) Applying these emission factors to the county distillate oil consumption yields the following emissions: 1974 Emissions (tons/year) Campbell: Particulate - 25 Hydrocarbon - 5 Converse: Particulate - 12 Hydrocarbon - 2 Sweetwater: Particulate - 24 so2 70 14 ------- Projections It is assumed that residential distillate fuel oil consump- tion from 1974 to 1985 will remain almost constant. Oil is not a commonly used residential fuel in any of the AQMA counties (less than 3 percent of all homes) and may be replaced by other lower cost fuels. Industrial and commercial-institutional growth factors for Campbell and Converse Counties were determined from employ- ment projections of permanent and service workers (Ref. 56). These employment projections were made for three alternative futures of industrial development. The intermediate alter- native future was used to determine the growth factors. Since there are no current industrial and commercial growth projections for Sweetwater County, population growth factors were used (Ref. 57). Wyoming Department of Environmental Plan- ning & Development (DEPAD) is currently developing growth data for Sweetwater County, and their data may be incorporated in the AQMA analysis study when it becomes available. Applying the growth factors, the resultant emissions are as follows: Projected Emissions (tons/year) Campbell Converse Sweetwater GF PART HC GF PART HC GF PART so2 Commercial- Institutional 1975 1.39 15 3 1.06 7 1 1.12 26 76 1980 3.75 41 8 1.74 11 2 1.50 35 102 1985 4.98 54 11 1.97 13 3 1.60 38 108 Industrial 1975 1.16 16 3 1.02 5 1 1.12 1 2 1980 2.83 39 8 1.41 7 1 1.50 1 3 1985 3.57 49 10 1.56 8 2 1.60 1 3 Total (residential included) 1975 31 6 12 2 27 78 1980 80 16 18 3 36 105 1985 103 21 21 5 39 111 GF = growth factor 15 ------- 3. RESIDUAL OIL Data Inventory and Methodology Residual oil consumption was determined by one method, apportioning state residual oil totals for commercial and industrial usage. It was assumed that there is no resi- dential usage of residual oil in Wyoming, so only commercial and industrial residual oil consumption was calculated. Commercial-Institutional: Commercial-institutional residual oil consumption was cal- culated by apportioning state commercial-institutional residual oil by county/state population. State commercial- institutional consumption for area sources was determined from 1973 published data (Ref. 6), where 1973 data was assumed to be representative of 1974. Point source contribution for commercial-institutional fuel usage was assumed to be negligible. State residual type heating 318,000 bbls = 13,356 * 10"^ gals oil (Ref. 6) State residual used by military 1974 state commercial- 13,356 10"* gals residual oil consumption (103 gallons/year) The following is the apportioned commercial-institutional residual oil consumption by county. State Campbell Converse Sweetwater 1974 population 359,000 11,900 7,100 25,900 (Ref. 3) 1974 commercial- 13,356 443 264 964 institutional residual oil consumption (10-3 gals/year) 16 ------- Distributors for commercial residual oil usage were not contacted, so calculated consumption was used. Industrial: Industrial residual oil consumption was calculated by appor- tioning state industrial residual oil consumption by mining, contract construction, and manufacturing employees. State industrial residual oil consumption for point and area sources was determined from the following 197 3 published data, where 1973 data was assumed to be representative of 1974. State industrial use (Ref. 6) 301,000 bbls = 12,642 10^ gals State oil companies' use 639,000 bbls = 26,838 10^ gals (Ref. 6) 1974 state point and area 39,480 10^ gals source industrial residual oil consumption(103 gals/yr) The following is the apportioned industrial residual oil consumption by county, assuming the 1973 ratio of county/state employees is representative of 1974. State Campbell Converse Sweetwater Mining, construction, 27,986 1,430 512 4,435 and manufacturing employees (Ref. 2) 1974 point and area 39,480 source industrial residual oil consump- tion (103 gals) 1974 point source industrial residual oil consumption (103 gals) 1974 industrial residual oil consumption (103 gals/year) 2,017 722 6,256 974 367 9,048 1,043 355 (neg) 17 ------- Since the Sweetwater point source residual oil consumption is greater than the calculated point and area source total, the industrial residual oil consumption for Sweetwater County was assumed to be negligible. Commercial-Institutional, Industrial: The following is the total residual oil consumption in 1974 used to calculate emissions. 1974 Area Source Residual Oil Consumption (gals/yr) Campbell - 1,486,000 Converse - 619,000 Sweetwater - 964,000 Base Year Emissions The emission factors for residual oil combustion are as follows (Ref. 12): 3 Emission Factors (lb/10 gals) Particulate - 23 Hydrocarbon - 3 Sulfur Oxides (SO) - 188.4 (1.2% sulfur) (Ref. 41) Applying these emission factors to the county residual oil consumption yields the following emissions: 1974 Emissions (tons/year) Campbell: Particulate - 17 Hydrocarbon - 2 Converse: Particulate - 7 Hydrocarbon - 1 Sweetwater: Particulate - 11 S02 - 91 18 ------- Projections The same procedure used in projecting distillate fuel oil was used for residual fuel oil. The resultant emissions are as follows: Projected Emissions (tons/year) Campbell Converse Sweetwater GF PART HC GF PART HC GF PART so2 Commercial- Institutional 1975 1.39 7 1 1.06 3 1.12 12 102 1980 3.75 19 3 1.74 5 1 1.50 17 137 1985 4.98 25 3 1.97 6 1 1.60 18 146 Industrial 1975 1.16 14 2 1.02 4 1.12 1980 2.87 34 4 1.41 6 1 1.50 1985 3.57 43 6 1.56 6 1 1.60 Total 1975 21 3 7 12 102 1980 53 7 11 2 17 137 1985 68 9 12 2 18 146 19 ------- 4. NATURAL GAS Data Inventory and Methodology The consumption of natural gas in the three counties was best determined by contact with the natural gas distributors. The total 1974 residential, commercial-institutional, and industrial natural gas sales for Campbell County was 1621 MMCF (Ref. 43). Since there was no point source consumption of natural gas, this value was used to calculate area source emissions. The total 1974 residential, commercial-institutional, and industrial natural gas sales for Converse County was 730 MMCF (Ref. 43 and 44). The total 1974 point source natural gas consumption of 32 MMCF in Converse County (Ref. 41) was subtracted to obtain area source consumption. This value is 698 MMCF. The total 1974 residential, commercial-institutional, and industrial natural gas sales for Sweetwater County were 16,08 0 MMCF (Ref. 45). The total 1974 point source industrial natural gas consumption of 77 04 MMCF in Sweetwater County (Ref. 41) was subtracted to obtain the total area source consumption. This value is 8376 MMCF. Base Year Emissions The emission factors for natural gas combustion are (Ref. 12): Emission Factors (lb/MMCF) Particulate - 10 Hydrocarbon - 8 S02 - 0.6 Applying these factors to the county natural gas consumption yields the following emissions: 20 ------- 1974 Emissions (tons/year) Campbell: Particulates - 8.1 Hydrocarbons - 6.5 Converse: Particulates - 3.5 Hydrocarbons - 2.8 Sweetwater: Particulates - 41.9 SOo - 2.5 21 ------- Projections Since the natural gas distributors did not have projections of natural gas consumption and they did not provide a breakdown by residential, commercial, and industrial, future consumption was paralleled with population growth. For Campbell and Converse Counties, DEPAD data was used (Ref. 56). For Sweetwater County, the Wyoming Department of Transportation planning projections were used (Ref. 57). Projected Emissions (tons/year) Campbell Converse Sweetwater GF PART HC GF PART HC GF PART S02 1975 1.21 10 8 1.03 4 3 1.12 47 3 1980 2.45 20 16 1.44 5 4 1.50 63 4 1985 3.14 25 20 1.51 5 4 1.60 67 4 22 ------- 5. OTHER FUELS Data Inventory and Methodology Two types of other fuels were considered in this area source category: wood and LPG (liquified petroleum gas). The procedure used to determine consumption for each fuel type is discussed below. (1) Wood Residential wood consumption was calculated using the degree- day heating method (Ref. 11). The heating requirement factor used for the tons of wood burned per dwelling unit per degree-day is 0.0017 (Ref. 11). The number of dwelling units and degree-days for each county used to calculate wood consumption is as follows: Campbell Converse Sweetwater 197 0 Dwelling units using wood (Ref. 1) 1974 Dwelling units using wood (assumed same as 1970) Average rooms per dwelling unit (Ref. 1) Average annual 1974 heating degree-days (Ref. 8) Residential wood consumption for 1974 (tons/year) 4.5 24 24 4.8 7332 7584 (Sheridan) (Casper) 297 25 25 4.4 7721 (Lander) 289 There were no data available to indicate' that wood was consumed by commercial-institutional or industrial area sources. Therefore, both were considered to be negligible in this inventory. (2) LPG The combined 1973 State commercial and residential LPG consumption is 53,467,000 gallons (Ref. 7). It was assumed 23 ------- that the 1973 consumption is representative of 1974. In order to disaggregate the state total into residential and commercial, the natural gas residential to commercial ratio (Ref. 5) was used. This ratio is 13,868/12,348. Therefore, the 1974 residential LPG consumption is approximately 28,000,000 gallons and the 1974 commercial LPG consumption is approximately 25,000,000 gallons. Residential: Residential LPG consumption was calculated by apportioning the state LPG consumption by number of dwelling units using LPG. State Campbell Converse Sweetwater 1970 Dwelling units using LPG (Ref. 1) Growth factor 1974 Dwelling units using LPG 13,474 1.08 14,570 1205 1.40 1687 332 1.00 332 294 2.34 688 1974 Residential LPG., consumption (10 gallons/year) 28,000 3506 690 1322 The increases in LPG usage from 1970 to 1974 (growth factor) were estimated by LPG distributors (Ref. 35 and 36). State LPG sales were assumed to increase in proportion to state population. One major distributor for the three counties was contacted to obtain residential LPG sales for 1974. Sales for Converse were 673,652 gallons and for Sweetwater were 640,611 gallons (Ref. 36). Converse sales closely match the calculated consumption. Sweetwater sales are below the calculated since other major distributors were not included. The calculated residential LPG consumption was used to estimate emissions. 24 ------- Commercial-Institutional: Commercial-institutional LPG consumption was calculated by apportioning the state commercial LPG consumption by county/state population. State Campbell Converse Sweetwater 1974 Population 359,000 11,900 7,100 25,900 (Ref. 3) 1974 Commercial- institutional LPG 25,000 829 494 1,803 consumption 3 (10 gallons/year) Industrial: Industrial LPG consumption was calculated by apportioning state industrial LPG consumption by county/state mining, contract construction, and manufacturing employees. The state industrial LPG consumption for 1973 was 10,276,000 gallons (Ref. 7) and was assumed to be representative of 1974. Also, the 1973 ratio of the county to state total employees in mining, construction, and manufacturing was assumed to be the same as for 1974. The following is the apportioned industrial LPG consumption by county. State Campbell Converse Sweetwater Mining, construc- tion, and manufac- 27,986 1,430 512 4,435 turing employees (Ref. 2) 1974 Industrial LPG consumption 10,276 525 188 1,628 3 (10 gallons/year) 25 ------- Residential, Commercial, Institutional, Industrial: The total estimated LPG consumption for 1974 for each county is as follows: 1974 Area Source LPG Consumption (gals/yr? Campbell - 4,860,000 Converse - 1,372,000 Sweetwater - 4,753,000 Ba3e Year Emissions Emissions were calculated for the two types of fuelswood and LPG. (1) Wood The average emission factors for wood burning in boilers are (Ref. 12): Emission Factors (lb/ton) Particulate - 10 Hydrocarbon - 36 Sulfur Oxides (SC^) - 1.5 Applying these factors to the county wood consumption yields the following emissions: 1974 Wood Emissions (tons/yr) Converse: Particulate - 1.5 Hydrocarbon - 5.3 Sweetwater: Particulate - 1.4 Sulfur Oxides (S02) - 0.2 (2) LPG The emission factors for LPG combustion are (Ref. 12): 26 ------- 3 Emission Factors(lb/10 gals) Particulate - 1.9 Hydrocarbon - 0.8 Sulfur Oxides (SC^) - 0.9 (10 grains/100 ft^) Applying these factors to the county total LPG consumption yields the following emissions: 1974 LPG Emissions (tons/year) Campbell: Particulate - 4.6 Hydrocarbon - 1.9 Converse: Particulate - 1.3 Hydrocarbon - 0.5 Sweetwater: Particulate - 4.5 S02 - 2.1 27 ------- Projections Projected emissions for wood were calculated by applying population growth factors. Since wood burning exists only in the residential sector, population would be an acceptable measure of growth in consumption. Projected Wood Emissions (tons/year) Converse Sweetwater GF PART HC GF PART SC>2 1975 1.03 2 5 1.12 2 1980 1.44 2 8 1.50 2 1985 1.51 2 8 1.60 2 Since base year LPG emissions are small, applying separate growth factors to residential, commercial, and industrial categories is not necessary. Therefore, population growth factors were considered adequate and resulted in the follow- ing projected emissions: Projected LPG Emissions (tons/year) Campbell Converse Sweetwater GF PART HC GF PART HC GF PART 1975 1.21 6 2 1.03 1 1 1.12 5 1980 2.45 11 5 1.44 2 1 1.50 7 1985 3.14 14 6 1.51 2 1 1.60 7 2 2 3 3 28 ------- 6. OPEN BURNING Data Inventory and Methodology There are four classifications of open burning which have been used in estimating emissions: (]) oil sump burning; (2) agricultural burning; (3) slash burning, and (4) forest fires. Oil sump burning is the ignition of oil that has accumulated in a pit, pond, or creek from small oil spills, transmission pipeline leaks, or tank overflows. Also included in this classification are oil well testing and oil tank bettery fires. Agricultural burning includes all intentional field burning done by farmers and ranchers. Slash burning includes waste from logging operations and brush from land clearing. Forest fires are self-explanatory. Data for each classification is as follows: (1) Oil Burning The following is a summary of the number of barrels of crude oil burned in each county for tfce year 1974 (Ref.9): Campbell: 2308 bbls = 96,936 gals Converse: 8210 bbls = 344,820 gals Sweetwater: 316 bbls = 13,272 gals This data was extracted from the Open Burning Log in the Wyoming Air Quality Division files and multiplied by a factor of 2 to reflect unreported oil burning in a sump. Ten barrels of oil burned was assumed if the number of gallons burned was not recorded in the Log. The range of the number of barrels burned per site was from 2 to 200 barrels, with the average being approximately 25 barrels. Also included in the open burning log was natural gas flaring, which was neglected as a source classification due to the short periods of burning (one day to two weeks) and the un- certainty of the amount burned. 29 ------- (2) Agricultural Burning The Wyoming Department of Agriculture was contacted to determine the number of acres and tons per acre of stubble burned. It was the opinion of the department that the number of acres burned was very small and should be neglected as a pollutant source. The Wyoming AQD concurred. (3) Slash Burning The Open Burning Log is also used to record slash burning requests by the U.S. Forest Service or private companies. There were no slash burning requests in the three counties for the calendar year 1974. (4) Forest Fires The U.S. Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Regional Office, was contacted to obtain data on the number, location, and acres of forest fires that occurred in 1974 (Ref. 10). Only one forest, Medicine Bow, exists in the three counties. It covers the southwestern portion of Converse County. Two fires were identified occurring in July and August which burned a total of 6 non-commercial forest acres. The area is moderately forested, so it was assumed that 30 tons/acre of vegetation were burned (Ref. 11). This yields a total of 180 tons of vegetation burned during 197 4. Base Year Emissions There are only two open burning classifications with emissions during 1974: forest fires and oil burning. The emission factors for open wood burning are 17 lb/ton for particulate and 4 lb/ton for hydrocarbon. The emissions in 1974 from forest fires are: 1974 Forest Fire Emissions (tons/year) Converse Particulates 1.5 HC 0.4 30 ------- Since there is no particulate emission factor for oil sump burning, the following procedure was used to derive an emission factor. The EPA published particulate emission factors for orchard heaters (smudge pots) were reviewed. The factors for each smudge pot type (Ref. 12) are: lazyflame - .094 lb/6 lb = 15.7 lb/1000 lb = 113 lb/1000 gals cone type - .088 lb/8 lb = 11.1 lb/1000 lb = 80 lb/1000 gals return stack - .098 lb/11 lb = 8.9 lb/1000 lb = 54 lb/1000 gals The average emission factor for orchard heaters is 82 lb/1000 gals. The particulate emission factor for residual oil in a boiler is 23 lb/1000 gals. These published factors were compared to an unpublished emission factor for particulates developed from the burning of kerosene and gasoline used in fire drills performed by the Navy. This factor is 943 lb/1000 gal (Ref. 13) and is considerably higher than the others due to the low burning temperature and incomplete combustion caused by water spray. It is estimated that oil sump burning would have a higher emission factor than controlled combustion in a boiler, but be lower than the fire drill oil burning. Therefore, an average of the three emission factors is pro- posed as the emission factor for oil sump burning350 lb/1000 gals. The combustion emission factor for hydrocarbons is negligible, since nearly all of the hydrocarbon losses are evaporative (Ref. 12). 31 ------- 3 The emission factor for sulfur oxides is 15.7 lb/10 gallons (Ref. 12), which is based on 0.1 percent sulfur in crude oil in Sweetwater County (Ref. 17). Applying these emission factors to the oil burned in each county yields the following emissions: 1974 Oil Burning Emissions (tons/year) Campbell: Particulates - 17 Converse: Particulates - 60 Sweetwater: Particulates - 2.6 SO2 - negligible 32 ------- Projections Since forest fires vary from year to year, it is impossible to predict emissions for future years. It was assumed that these emissions remain the same for 1975, 198Q, and 1985, since only a small portion of Converse County has a forested area and base year emissions are small. It is also difficult to predict future oil spills and pipe- line leaks. Short term (1974-78) oil and gas production projections made by DEPAD are shown to be constant (Ref. 58). Therefore, it is assumed that oil sump burning will remain the same for 1975, 1980, and 1985. 33 ------- 7. HIGHWAY VEHICLES Data Inventory and Methodology The Wyoming State Highway Department was contacted to obtain traffic data (Ref. 14). Total daily VMT (vehicle-miles of travel) data for 1974 were obtained for the following highway system categories: Interstate, Federal Aid Primary (FAP), Federal Aid Secondary CFAS); and State Highway System. Three other categories exist in Wyoming: Federal Aid Primary not on system; County; and City Streets. Data for these other categories were obtained from unpublished data for the year 1973 provided by the Highway Department. This analysis assumes that 1973 VMT data for the three categories are also representative of 1974. The following is a summary of the data: 1974 Daily VMT Campbell Converse Sweetwater Interstate 110,626 168,641 770,923 FAP 144,037 84,448 113,863 FAS 29,990 17,713 83,519 State Highway 102 FAS not on System 1,933 14,388 County 48,991 29,223 77,173 City Streets 8,884 8,540 53,653 Total Annual VMT 125,022,720 113,369,000 406,434,435 Since HC emissions are a function of vehicle speed, it is necessary to apply an emission correction factor based on speeds assigned to each highway system category. The Highway Department provided the following average speeds for the category groupings: 34 ------- Category Speed HC Speed Correction Factor Freeway - Interstate 55 MPH .63 FAP Arterial - FAS 45 MPH .63 State Highway FAS not on system County Local - City Streets 25 MPH .86 In order to disaggregate total VMT into travel by light-duty vehicles (LDV), heavy-duty vehicles (HDV), and heavy-duty diesel (HDD), the Wyoming Department of Revenue was contacted to obtain the percent of commercial vehicles registered in ]974 by weight and by fuel use (Ref. 15). The following data were provided for all interstate and intrastate com- mercial vehicles registered: Commercial Vehicles Gross No. of Vehicles Fuel Type No. of Vehicles Veh. Weight 30,376 gasoline 27,435 (30%) <16,000 lbs. 60,135 diesel 63,704 (70%) >16,000 lbs. 616 LPG 12 other The percentages of commercial vehicles less than 8,500 lb. gross weight (LDT) and greater than 8,500 lb. (HDV) could not be determined from any summaries of registration records. It was assumed that half of the commercial vehicles less than 16,000 lbs. are LDT. This assumption seems reasonable because of the large number of pick-up trucks registered as commercial vehicles. To account for commercial vehicles that are actually light- duty vehicles, 15% of the commercial vehicle VMT in each 35 ------- county were subtracted to get HDV VMT, and the same amount was added to LDT VMT. Also, the percent of vehicles greater than 8,500 lbs. using gasoline and diesel were adjusted to reflect the 15% reduction in HDV VMT. This adjustnent shows that 19% of the heavy-duty commercial are gasoline fueled and 81% are diesel fueled. The 15% reduction was applied to commercial VMT data provided by the Highway Dept. for Interstate, FAP, FAS, and State Highways (Ref. 14). The total VMT for the remaining three categories were factored as follows: FAS not on system - Ratio of commercial to total VMT for FAS County - Ratio of commercial to total VMT for State Highways City Streets - Assumed to be 3% The reduced commercial VMT and factored total VMT produces heavy-duty VMT estimates for both gasoline and diesel vehicles: Heavy-Duty VMT Campbell Converse VMT % Total VMT % Total VMT Interstate 15,064 13.6 21,785 13.0 196,015 FAP 20,635 14.3 9,184 10.8 14,614 FAS 4,989 16.6 1,763 10.0 10,901 State Highway 8 8.0 FAS not on 193 10.0 1,870 system County 3,919 8.0 2,337 8.0 6,174 City Streets 266 3.0 256 3.0 1,609 Sweetwater % Total 25.0 12.8 13.0 13.0 8.0 3.0 36 ------- The heavy-duty VMT estimates were subtracted from the total VMT to obtain the total light-duty VMT. Light-Duty VMT Interstate FAP FAS State Highway FAS not on system County City Streets Camobell 95,562 123,402 25,001 45,072 8,618 Converse 146,856 75,264 15,950 94 1,740 26,886 8,284 Sweetwater 574,908 99,249 72,618 12,518 70,999 52,044 In order to further disaggregate the heavy-duty VMT into HDV (using gasoline) and HDD (using diesel) the 19% and 81% factors were applied to the heavy-duty VMT values shown above. Heavy Duty VMT For Gasoline & Diesel Converse Sweetwater Gas Diesel Gas Diesel Gas Diesel Interstate 2,862 12,201 4,139 17,645 37,243 158,772 FAP 3,920 16,714 1,745 7,439 2,777 11,837 FAS 948 4,041 335 1,428 2,071 8,830 State Highway 2 6 FAS not on 37 156 355 1,515 system County 745 3,174 444 1,893 1,173 5,001 City Streets 50 216 49 207 306 1,303 Prior to applying appropriate emission factors and speed correction factors, the LDV, LDT, HDV, and HDD daily VMT were grouped according to freeway, arterial, or local traffic and converted to annual VMT, as shown below. 37 ------- 1974 Annual VMT x 10"^ LDV LDT HDV HDD Campbell Converse Sweetwater Freeway 77,623 79,079 235,863 Arterial 25,003 16,027 55,769 Local 3,129 3,007 18,892 105,755 98,113 310,524 Freeway 2,299 1,995 10,204 Arterial 574 277 1,220 Local 17 16 104 2,890 2,288 11,528 Freeway 10,554 9,156 62,272 Arterial 2,633 1,271 5,601 Local 79 76 476 13,266 10,503 68,349 Freeway 2,475 2,148 14,607 Arterial 618 299 1,314 Local 18 1ฃ 112 3,111 2,465 16,033 Total 125,022 113,369 406,434 To check the annual VMT, gasoline sales totals for each county were obtained from the State Department of Revenue for 1974. Diesel sales could not be obtained because there is no diesel sales tax in Wyoming. Total VMT calculated by applying an average vehicle mileage factor of 12.2 miles per gallon (Ref. 11) to the county gasoline sales are as follows: Gasoline Sales VMT LDV, LDT & HDV VMT Campbell 138,645,509 121,911,000 Converse 72,318,513 110,904,000 Sweetwater 366,949,953 390,401,000 Considering the relative accuracy of the 12.2 miles per gallon average mileage factor, reasonably good agreement was found between VMT estimates from the Highway Department and VMT 38 ------- Hydrocarbon emission factors for the year 1974 were calculated for the four vehicle classes by procedures described in Supplement 5 to AP-42 (August 1975) (Ref. 12). These emission factors are a function of vehicle age distribution, ambient temperature, percent of vehicles operating with a cold engine, altitude, and average vehicle speed. The following assumptions were made with respect to the above variables: . the fraction of travel by each model year is the same in Wyoming as nationwide . mean annual temperature = 45ฐ F . approximately 20 percent of the LDV are operating in a cold condition (first 500 seconds of operation after an engine-off period of at least 4 hours) at any given time . high altitude emission rates are applicable. The resulting emission factors for each of the four vehicle classes and three highway types are summarized below. The annual HC emissions for Campbell and Converse Counties are also presented in that summary. The emission estimates were determined by multiplying annual VMT for each travel category by the corresponding emission factor. Vehicle Highway HC Emission Hydrocarbon Emissions (tons/yr) Class Type Factor, gm/VMT Campbell Converse LDV Freeway 8.75 749 763 Arterial 8.75 241 155 Local 10.96 38 36 LDT Freeway 11.57 29 25 Arterial 11.57 7 4 Local 14.00 - - HDV Freeway 25.83 300 261 Arterial 25.83 75 36 Local 31.50 3 3 HDD Freeway 2.34 6 6 Arterial 2.59 2 1 Local 3.66 _ Total 1450 1290 39 ------- computed from gasoline sales. Since the Highway Department VMT is based on counts of actual traffic volume, these data were used to estimate emissions. Base Year Emissions Emission factors for LDV, LDT, HDV, and HDD for particulates and sulfur oxides are as follows (Ref. 12). Emission Factors (gm/mile) Pollutant LDV, LDT HDV HDD Particulate Exhaust .34 .91 1.30 Tire wear .20 .27 .27 Brake wear .02 .03 .03 .56 1.21 1.60 Sulfur Oxides (S02) .18 .36 2.8 Since only Sweetwater County has been designated for S02, sulfur dioxide emissions were not calculated for Converse and Campbell. County-wide emissions are calculated by multiplying VMT by the appropriate emission factor for LDV, LDT, HDV, and HDD. 1974 Particulate and S0o Emissions (tons/yr) Campbell Converse Sweetwater Particulates Particulates Particulates S02 LDV, LDT 67.0 62.0 248.8 63.9 HDV 17.7 14.0 91.2 27.1 HDD 5.5 4.3 28.2 49.5 Total 90.2 80.3 368.2 140.5 40 ------- Projections According to Supplement 5 of EPA's Compilation of Emission Factors (August 1975), SO2 emission factors will remain the same for future model years. Therefore, projected SO2 emissions will vary only with VMT. However, particulate emission factors will decrease for future model years due to the use of unleaded fuel. It is assumed that all model year vehicles beyond 1975 will use unleaded fuel. Therefore, projected particulate emissions will vary with model year and VMT. Since projected VMT for the three counties was not available from the highway department, alternative methods were examined. The selected method was to assume that foreign (out-of- state) travel will remain constant and that the remainder of the VMT (Wyoming) will increase with county population. The percent of foreign vehicles was available for two high- way system types: freeway and arterial. These percentages for interstate and primary and secondary roads by county are as follows (Ref. 14). Percent Foreign Vehicles Campbell Converse Sweetwater Freeway .34 .27 .47 (Interstate) Arterial .07 .09 .26 (FAP and FAS) It was assumed that there are no foreign vehicles on local roads. Base year VMT was then converted to percentages according to three categories: 41 ------- Percent of VMT Campbell Converse Sweetwater Freeway .74 .81 .83 Arterial .23 .16 .13 Local .03 .03 .04 Total base year emissions for each county were subdivided into the three categories using the above percentages. Base Year Total Emissions (tons/year) Campbell Converse Sweetwater PART PART PART SO Freeway Arterial Local Total 67 21 2 90 65 13 2 80 305 48 15 368 2 118 19 4 141 This method assumes that the ratio of LDV, LDT, HDV, and HDD will remain the same in future years. These emissions were multiplied by the percent of in-state vehicles to obtain those emissions from in-state traffic. Base Year In-State Traffic Emissions (tons/year) Campbell Converse Sweetwater PART PART PART SO Freeway Arterial Local 44 2Q 2 47 12 2 PART 162 36 14 2 63 14 4 Total 66 61 212 81 These emissions were then multiplied by population growth factors and added to emissions from foreign traffic. Particulate emissions were adjusted for those vehicles using unleaded fuel. The emission factor for unleaded fuel for LDV and LDT is .05 gm/mile (Supplement 5, AP-42). The ratio of LDV and LDT VMT to total VMT was calculated for each 42 ------- county and multiplied by the 1980 and 1985 total emissions to obtain the emissions from LDV and LDT vehicle types. Only the emissions from these vehicle types will be affected by the use of unleaded gas. An average particulate emission factor for 1980 and 1985 was calculated with 60 percent and 93 percent of all vehicles using unleaded fuel by 1980 and 1985, respectively. For 1980, EF = (.4) (.34) + (.6) (.05) + (.22) = .39 gm/mi. For 1985, EF = (.07) (.34) + (.93) (.05) + (.22) = .29 gm/mi. where, EF = emission factor The percent vehicles using unleaded fuel (beyond 1975) was obtained from the national vehicle age population distribution. The ratio of the average emission factor to the 1974 emission factor (.56 gm/mile) was calculated and multiplied by the emissions from LDV and LDT to determine the 1980 and 1985 loss in emissions from unleaded fuel use. This loss was subtracted from the 1980 and 1985 projected emissions, therefore adjusting emissions for those vehicles using unleaded fuel. Projected Emissions (tons/year) Campbell GF PART GF PART Converse Sweetwater GF PART SO2 In-State Traffic 1975 1.21 80 1980 2.45 126 1985 3.14 133 1.03 1.44 1.51 63 68 58 1.12 237 91 1.50 254 105 1.60 229 102 Foreign Traffic 1975 1.0 24 1.0 19 1.0 156 60 43 ------- 1980 1.0 19 1.0 15 1.0 125 79 1985 1.0 15 1.0 12 1.0 106 74 Total 1975 104 82 393 151 1980 145 83 379 184 1985 148 70 335 176 Since hydrocarbon emission factors vary with each vehicle model year, Supplement 5 of EPA's Compilation of Emission Factors (August 1975) was used to calculate these factors for future years. Therefore, projected HC emissions vary with both VMT and emission factors. The method used to project VMT in estimating projected particulate and SO2 emissions was also used for hydrocarbon emissions. Projected VMT for each vehicle class and highway type is shown in Table 7.1. Projected emission factors for each vehicle class and high- way type are as follows: HC Emission Factor (gm/VMT) Vehicle Class Highway Type 1975 1980 1985 LDV Freeway 8.3 5.5 2.1 Arterial 8.3 5.5 2.1 Local 10.4 6.8 2.5 LDT Freeway 11.0 8.2 4.0 Arterial 11.0 8.2 4.0 Local 13.3 9.8 4.9 HDV Freeway 24.1 18.0 13.2 Arterial 24.1 18.0 13.2 Local 29.3 21.5 15.4 HDD Freeway 2.3 2.3 2.3 Arterial 2.6 2.6 2.6 Local 3.7 3.7 3.7 Applying these factors to projected VMT for Campbell and Converse Counties results in the following projected emissions: 44 ------- Table 7.1. Projected Annual VMT (103) Campbell Converse Sweetwater 1975 1980 1985 1975 1980 1985 1975 1980 1985 LDV Freeway Arterial Local 89,266 28,753 3,598 160,679 51,756 6,477 201,043 64,758 8,104 80,661 16,347 3, 067 105,966 21,476 4,029 109,920 22,278 4,180 252,373 59,673 20,214 304,263 71,942 24,371 318,415 75,288 25,504 LDT Freeway Arterial Local 2,644 660 20 4,759 1,188 35 5,954 1,487 44 2,035 282 16 2,673 371 21 2,773 385 22 10,918 1,305 111 13,163 1,574 134 13,775 1,647 140 HDV Freeway Arterial Local 12,137 3,028 91 21,846 5,450 163 27,335 6,819 205 9,339 1,296 78 12,269 1,703 102 12,727 1,767 106 66,631 5,993 509 80,331 7,225 614 84,067 7,561 643 HDD Freeway Arterial Local 2,846 711 21 5,123 1,279 37 6,410 1,601 47 2,191 305 18 2,878 401 24 2,986 416 25 15,629 1,406 120 18,843 1,695 144 19,719 1,774 151 ------- LDV Freeway Arterial Local LDT Freeway Arterial Local HDV Freeway Arterial Local HDD Freeway Arterial Local Total Projected Hydrocarbon Emissions (tons/year) Campbell Converse 1975 1980 1985 1975 1980 1985 817 974 465 738 642 254 263 314 150 150 130 51 41 49 22 35 30 11 32 43 26 25 24 12 8 11 7 3 3 2 322 433 398 80 108 99 3 4 4 248 243 185 34 34 26 3 2 2 7 13 16 2 4 5 1575 1953 1192 6 7 8 111 1243 1116 552 46 ------- 8. OFF-HIGHWAY VEHICLES Data Inventory and Methodology This category includes off-highway sources using: (1) gasoline; (2) diesel. Typical gasoline fuel users are farm tractors, construction tractors, compressors, pumps, and small electric generators. Typical diesel fuel users are farm tractors, construction tractors, and construction loaders and grader (1) Gasoline To calculate gasoline fuel consumption two fuel usage factors were used (Ref. 11): tractor gasoline - 1,000 gals/tractor/year fuel usage factor population gasoline - 13 gals/person/year fuel usage factor The total number of farm tractors (Ref. lo) and population (Ref. 3) in each county is as follows: Tractors Campbell: Converse: Sweetwater: 1969 885 648 276 1974 956 700 298 1974 Population 11,900 7,100 25,900 It is assumed that the number of tractors has increased from 1969 to 1974 by 8%, which is proportional to state wide population growth. Applying the tractor fuel usage factor to the number of tractors in each county and assuming that 60% are gasoline powered (Ref. 11), yields the gasoline consumption by tractors. 47 ------- Tractor Gasoline Consumption (gals/yr) Campbell - 573,600 Converse - 420,000 Sweetwater - 178,800 Applying the population fuel usage factor to population in each county, yields the gasoline consumption by other fuel users. Other Gasoline Consumption (gals/yr) Campbell - 154,700 Converse - 92,300 Sweetwater - 336,700 (2) Diesel To calculate diesel fuel consumption two fuel usage factors were used (Ref. 11). tractor diesel - 1,000 gals/tractor/year fuel usage factor construction diesel - 5,000 gals/employee/year fuel usage factor The total number of non-building construction employees in 1973 (Ref. 2) in each county is as follows: Non-Building Employees Campbell - 108 Converse - 140 Sweetwater - 400 Employees for 1973 are assumed to be representative of 1974. 48 ------- Applying the tractor fuel usage factor to the number of tractors in each county and assuming that 35% are diesel powered (Ref. 11), yields the diesel consumption by tractors: Tractor Diesel Consumption (gals/year) Campbell - 334,600 Converse - 245,000 Sweetwater - 104,300 Applying the construction fuel usage factor to number of non-building employees, yields the diesel consumption by other diesel fuel users. Other Diesel Consumption (gals/year) Campbell - 540,000 Converse - 700,000 Sweetwater - 2,000,000 Base Year Emissions Emission factors for gasoline and diesel farm tractors are as follows (Ref. 12): Tractor Emission Factors (lb/10^ gal) Gasoline Diesel Particulate 8.0 45.7 Exhaust HC 125.0 60.7 Crankcase HC 25.1 S02 5.3 31.2 Emission factors for other fuel consumption were obtained by averaging gasoline and diesel-powered construction equipment emission factors (Ref. 12). 49 ------- Other Fuel Consumption Emission Factors (lb/103 gals) Gasoline Diesel Particulate Exhaust HC SO. 7.1 136.8 5.3 26.1 29.1 31.2 Applying these emission factors to the tractor and other fuel consumption for both gasoline and diesel yields the following emissions: 1974 Emissions (tons/year) Campbell Part HC Converse Part HC Sweetwater Part S02 Tractor Gas Diesel 2 8 43 10 2 6 32 7 1 2 Other Gas Diesel 1 7 11 8 6 10 1 26 1 31 Total 18 72 17 55 30 34 50 ------- Projections Since off-highway base year emissions were determined by applying fuel usage factors for tractors, population, and construction employees, growth in emissions would parallel projected farm activity, population, and construction. Farming activity will remain relatively constant in the three counties (growth factor = 1.0), while population and construction will both increase. Construction growth factors were obtained from DEPAD (Ref. 56) for Campbell and Converse Counties. Construction data were not available for Sweetwater County, so population growth factors were used. Projected Emissions (tons/year) Campbell Converse Sweetwater GF PART HC GF PART HC GF PART S02 Other Gasoline (assumed to increase in proportion to population) 1975 1.21 1 13 1.03 6 1.12 1 _ _ 1980 2.45 2 27 1.44 1 9 1.50 2 1 1985 3.14 3 35 1.51 1 9 1.60 2 1 Other Diesel (assumed to increase in proportion to construction activity) 1975 2.97 21 24 1.25 11 13 1.12 29 35 1980 4.14 29 33 2.45 22 25 1.50 39 47 1985 4.64 32 37 1.20 10 12 1.60 42 50 Tractor (assumed constant) 1975 1.0 10 53 1.0 8 39 1.0 3 2 1980 1.0 10 53 1.0 8 39 1.0 3 2 1985 1.0 10 53 1.0 8 39 1.0 3 2 Total 1975 32 90 19 58 33 37 1980 41 113 31 73 44 50 1985 45 125 19 60 47 53 51 ------- 9. RAILROADS Data Inventory and Methodology The Wyoming Air Quality Division contacted the Wyoming Public Service Commission to obtain data on miles of track for each railroad company in the three counties and in the entire state (Ref. 18). The following is a summary of the miles of track for each county for 1974: Campbell Converse Sweetwater Burlington 76 69 Northern Chicago and 70 Northwestern Union Pacific -- 433 U.S. Steel Corp. -- 57 TOTAL 76 139 490 The total miles of track for all railroads in the state is 3287 miles. Miles of track include main line, second line, passing and switching, and yards (abandoned track has been subtracted). The total state residual and distillate fuel oil consumed by railroad locomotives in 1973 was 2.552 x 10^ barrels (Ref. 6). To calculate the 1974 railroad fuel consumption for each county, the 1974 statewide fuel consumption was assumed to be the same as 1973 and the miles of track were used to apportion fuel to each county. Therefore, using .023, .042, and .149 for Campbell, Converse, and Sweetwater counties, respectively, county railroad fuel consumption was calculated. Campbell - 2,478 10^ gals/yr. 3 Converse - 4,533 10 gals/yr. Sweetwater - 15,975 10"^ gals/yr. 52 ------- The apportioned fuel consumption was checked by contacting the Burlington Northern (BN), Chicago and Northwestern (CNW), and Union Pacific (UP). The CNW and BN provided information on frequency of trains, speeds, and average fuel con- sumption rate. The BN provided the following data for Converse and Campbell (Ref. 19): Converse Campbell trains/day 4.0 14.0 locomotive/train 3.0 4.0 fuel consumption 2\ gals/mi/loco. 2h gals/mi/loco, speed 49 MPH 49 MPH The CNW provided the following data for Converse County (Ref. 20): trains/day 1.0 fuel consumption 300 gal/hour speed 4 5 MPH The BN and CNW indicated that no trains operate on Sunday, therefore, trains operate 313 days/year. Using the track mileage reported above, the following fuel usage rates were calculated: Converse Campbell Burlington 583 10"* 2,997 10"* Northern 3 Chicago and 146 10 Northwestern TOTAL 729 10"* gals/yr. 2,997 10"* gals/yr, UP data for Sweetwater County could not be obtained within the time constraints of this analysis. 53 ------- Since the actual fuel consumption is more accurate than apportioning statewide fuel consumption, the actual fuel totals were used for Campbell and Converse Counties. Ap- portioned fuel consumption was used for Sweetwater due to the lack of actual fuel data. Base Year Emissions The following are the emission factors used to calculate particulate, S02, and hydrocarbon emissions (Ref. 12): 3 Particulate - 25 lb/10 gals SOj - 57 lb/103 gals (.4% sulfur) HC - 94 lb/103 gals The calculated emissions and associated fuel consumptions are as follows: 1974 Emissions (tons/yr) 3 Campbell: Fuel Consumption - 2,997 . 10 gals/yr Particulates - 37 tons/yr Hydrocarbons - 141 tons/yr 3 Fuel Consumption - 729 10 gals/yr Particulates - 9 tons/yr Hydrocarbons - 34 tons/yr 3 Fuel Consumption - 15,975 10 gals/yr Particulates 200 tons/yr SO- - 455 tons/yr. Converse: Sweetwater: 54 ------- DEPAD reported that in the Powder River Basin, a transportation alternative for coal development is to transport coal out of Wyoming by rail (Ref. 60). This report stated that a 113 mile track connecting Gillette and Douglas could be completed in two years. It is assumed that this alternative will be selected since current plans call for six new coal mines with the three existing coal mines expanding their operation (Ref. 42). The only new coal users locally will be one coal gasification plant and expansion of the existing Wyodak power plant. This new track will carry a maximum of 24 loaded trains per day (plus 24 empty) in 1980 and 34 loaded trains per day (plus 34 empty) in 1985. These train frequencies were ob- tained from the Powder River Basin EIS (Ref. 42). The 1975 Campbell and Converse County railroad emissions were estimated to be the same as the 1974 emissions. An average train will be powered by approximately 5 loco- motives (Ref. 42). Trains will operate 365 days per year. It was assumed that half of the trains will service the coal mines through Gillette and the other half will service through Douglas. Burlington Northern average fuel consumption data (2.25 gals/loco./mile) were used to calculate future emissions. Existing train activity will probably continue at the same level to 1985 in these two counties. In Sweetwater County only one new coal mine is known to be opening. Since most of this new coal will be used to supply the new units at the Jim Bridger Power Plant, an increase in railroad activity across the county is not expected. There- fore, railroad emissions will probably remain constant through 1980 and 1985. 55 ------- Projected Emissions (tons/year) Campbell Converse Sweetwater PART HC PART HC PART 1975 37 141 9 34 200 1980 176 664 148 558 200 1985 232 877 206 776 200 so2 455 455 455 56 ------- 10. AIRCRAFT Data Inventory and Methodology Aircraft operations are limited to three general aviation airports located in Rock Springs, Gillette, and Douglas. Gillette and Douglas presently have no domestic air carrier service but are serviced by a third level or commuter air carrier (Ref. 21). The third level carrier operates ap- proximately two flights per day into each airport. Rock Springs is serviced by a domestic carrier with six scheduled flights per day (Ref. 22). The remainder of the aircraft operations at the three airports is general aviation. The type of aircraft used for the domestic carrier is Convair 580 turboprop. Third level carrier and general aviation are both comprised of general aviation piston aircraft. Annual airport operations (landing and take-off) for each aircraft type and each airport in 1974 are summarized below: Aircraft(engines) Rock Springs Gillette Douglas Air carrier 2,200 turboprop (2) Business jets (2) 1,000 Neg Neg General aviation 3,000 Neg Neg turboprop (2) General aviation piston 2 engines 16,900 3,650 3,650 1 engine 16,900 3,650 3,650 TOTAL 40,000 7,300 7,300 Rock Spring's annual operations were provided by the Rock Springs Municipal Airport Manager (Ref 22). The Gillette and Douglas annual operations were determined by assuming 57 ------- that each airport had an average daily operation of 20 aircraft (Ref. 23) and that the business jet and general aviation turbo- prop traffic was negligible. It was assumed that turboprop and business jets normally have two engines and that h of the piston engine aircraft have 2 engines. Base Year Emissions The emission factors for a landing and takeoff cycle are as follows for each aircraft type (Ref. 12): Emission factor (lb/engine) Particulate Hydrocarbon SQ^ Air carrier turboprop 1.1 2.9 .40 Business jet .11 3.6 .37 General aviation turboprop .20 1.1 .18 General aviation piston .02 .40 .014 Multiplying the emission factor by the number of engines and annual LTO cycles yields the total emissions for each pollutant for the year 1974. 1974 Emissions (tons/yr) Campbell Converse Sweetwater (Gillette) (Douglas) (Rk.Sp.) Part HC Part HC Part S02 Air carrier 2.4 0.9 turboprop Business jets 0.1 0.4 General aviation < 0.6 0.5 turboprop General aviation 0.1 2.2 0.1 2.2 0.5 0.4 piston TOTAL 0.1 2.2 0.1 2.2 3.6 2.2 58 ------- Projections Projections of activity at the Rock Springs airport were obtained from the Manager of the Rock Springs Municipal Airport (Ref. 22). It is anticipated that there will be a 60 percent increase in operations by 1985. This gives a growth factor of 1.3 from 1974 to 1980 and 1.60 from 1974 to 198 5. It is assumed that operations will remain almost constant from 1974 to 1975. For Campbell and Converse Counties, it is assumed the operations will remain the same in 197 5 as in the base year and increase approximately 100 percent from 1975 to 1985 (Ref. 27) Detailed estimates are not warranted because of the negligible emissions from this source category. Growth factors from the base year and resultant emissions are as follows: Projected Emissions (tons/year) Campbell Converse Sweetwater GF PART HC GF PART HC GF PART Sฐ2 1975 .12 2.2 .12 2.2 3.6 2.2 1980 1.5 .18 3.3 1.5 .18 3.3 1.3 4.7 2.9 1985 2.0 .24 4.4 2 . 0 .24 4.4 1.6 5.8 3.5 59 ------- 11. INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES Two categories of industrial processes have been considered as area sources: (1) heater treaters; (2) pipeline compressors. Each of the categories has been analyzed separately. Data Inventory and Methodology (1) Heater Treaters Heater treaters are used to remove water from the crude oil being extracted from the wells. Normally, they are placed on the main line entering the tank battery where the crude oil is stored before shipping to the refinery. Most heater treaters burn natural gas that is tapped off the oil well. Heater treaters range in size from 4 feet to 10 feet in diameter, and consume from 20 MCF to 2.5 MMCF daily. The most common sizes are 6-8 feet and the average consumption rate is 100 MCF per day. Operating time is 24 hours per day and 9 months per year (there is little moisture during the summer) (Ref. 24). In order to determine the number of heater treaters and their locations in the three counties, it was necessary to make two assumptionsthat there is one heater treater per tank battery and one tank battery per lease (Ref. 25). The Wyoming Oil and Gas Commission was contacted to obtain the number of leases for each oil field for each county and location (Ref. 26). It was also assumed that only 90% of the heater treaters would be operating during the entire 9-month period because the units are not needed full time. Presented below are the equivalent nujnbere of heater treaters operating in 1974 in each county: Campbell: 1,104 Converse: 389 Sweetwater: 258 60 ------- Applying the 100 MCF of natural gas rate for 9 months (27.375 MMCF) to the number of heater treaters in each county, the annual natural gas consumption values are obtained: Natural Gas Consumption (1Q6 ft-^) Campbell = 30,222 Converse = 10,063 Sweetwater = 7,063 (2) Compressors Compressors used in natural gas transmission are powered by either piston or gas turbine engines. The compressors are located on the pipelines which transport raw natural gas at a well site to the refinery or distribute natural gas to the customer. They burn natural gas as a fuel. The major companies that operate pipelines in Converse and Campbell Counties were contacted. Data were obtained by manufacturer, type of engine, number of units, horsepower per unit, estimated operating time, and location (Ref. 43, 44, 45, 46, 47). All compressors were determined to have piston engines ranging in horsepower from 130 to 2000. The total number of compressors in each county is as follows: Campbell - 93 Converse - 22 Compressors in Sweetwater County were not inventoried due to the small number of pipelines transporting natural gas from wells in this county. Estimates of fuel consumption per unit were based on data relating horsepower to natural gas consumption per hour (Ref. 48). 61 ------- Estimated Natural Gas Consumption (MMCF/yr) Campbell - 5508.8 Converse - 352.4 Base Year Emissions (1) Heater Treaters Emission factors for natural gas are as follows (Ref. 12). Emission Factors (Ibs/1Q^ ft3) Particulates - 15 Sulfur Oxides (SO2) - 0.6 Hydrocarbons - 8 Maximum factors were used for particulates and hydrocarbons because the natural gas being burned is in a raw state. 1974 Heater Treater Emissions (tons/yr) Pollutant Particulates SO., Campbell 227 n.c. Hydrocarbons 121 Converse 80 n.c. Sweetwater 53 2 43 n.c. n.c. = not calculated (2) Compressors Particulate emissions were calculated by using the average emission factor for natural gas combustion in an industrial process, 10 lb/MMCF (Ref. 12). Hydrocarbon emissions were calculated by using the non-methane emission factors for each manufacturer's engine type (Ref. 48) in lb/hour and multiplying by the number of operational hours per year. 62 ------- The total emissions of particulates and hydrocarbons are as follows 1974 Compressor Emissions (tons/year) Campbell: Particulates - 27.5 Hydrocarbons - 187.6 Converse: Particulates - 4.3 Hydrocarbons - 41.5 63 ------- Proj ections DEPAD has projected oil and gas production in the three counties over the short term (1974-78) (Ref. 58); they projected that production would be relatively constant. The two industrial processes, pipeline compressors and heater treaters, are related to oil and gas production. Therefore, a change in oil and gas production would be proportional to a change in industrial process emissions. Since production will probably remain constant to 1985, it is ausumed that emissions from this category will be the same for 1975, 1980, and 1985. 64 ------- 12. EVAPORATIVE LOSSES Two types of evaporative losses were considered in this source category: (1) oil and gas fields; (2) gasoline transport. The major oil and gas field hydrocarbon evaporative loss was identified as crude oil storage tanks. Additional hydrocarbon combustion emissions (from heater treaters and pipeline compressors) are presented in Section 11 of this report. Emissions from other oil and gas field sources are considered negligible (Ref. 62, 63). The major gasoline transport hydrocarbon evaporative loss was identified as: (1) loading of tank cars and trucks; (2) loading of underground gasoline storage tanks; (3) filling motor vehicle gas tanks. Data Inventory and Methodology Crude oil pumped from wells is stored in tanks before shipment to the refinery. The tanks are normally the fixed roof type with a capacity of 500 barrels and a diameter of 15 feet. To determine the number of oil field storage tanks in the two counties, it was assumed that there is one tank per well.The number of wells per field are given in Reference 64. In some fields, however, a few wells have a high total production. For these fields the assumption of one tank per well is unrealistic, therefore the number of tanks was calculated using 30 turnovers per tank per year (Ref. 65). The estimated number of tanks in each county is as follows: Campbell - 2,069 Converse - 564 The 1974 oil production in the two counties is given below (Ref. 64). Oil Production (lO^bbl) Campbell - 34,247 Converse - 6,967 65 ------- For gasoline transport, the 1974 gasoline sales for Campbell and Converse counties obtained from the Wyoming Department of Revenue were used to calculate evaporative losses. The gasoline sales are as follows: Campbell - 11,364,386 gals Converse - 5,927,747 gals Base Year Emissions Hydrocarbon emissions from fixed roof tanks occur as breathing losses and working losses. Breathing losses result when vapor is expelled due to thermal expansion, barometric pressure changes, and added vaporization of the liquid. Working losses are when emptying or filling operations cause hydrocarbon vapor to be expelled from the tank. The emission factor for breathing losses was adjusted for a 15 ft diameter tank. The emission factors are as follows (Ref. Oil and Gas Field Hydrocarbon Emission Factors Breathing losses - 0.11 lb/day-103 gal storage capacity Working losses - 7.3 lb/103 gal throughput Oil and Gas Field 1974 Hydrocarbon Emissions (tons/yr) Campbell - 6,123 Converse - 1,306 The emission factors for gasoline transport are as follows (Ref. Gasoline Transport Hydrocarbon Emission Factors Tank Cars/Trucks (submerged loading) - 4.1 lb/103 gals Underground Gasoline Storage (uncontrolled submerged) - 7.3 lb/103 gals Filling motor vehicle gas tanks (vapor displacement and liquid spillage) - 11.67 lb/103 gals Total Emission Factor - 23.07 lb/103 gals 66 ------- Using the total emission factor and county gasoline sales, the base year hydrocarbon emissions are as follows: Gasoline Transport 1974 Hydrocarbon Emissions (tons/yr) Campbell - 131 Converse - 6 8 Projections In Section 11, a rationale for considering oil and gas field hydrocarbon emissions to be constant from the base year to 1985 was presented. Therefore, hydrocarbon evaporative losses will be considered constant to 1985. For gasoline transport, growth factors were determined from projected VMT for LDV, LDT, and HDV using gasoline in Section 7. Applying these growth factors to base year emissions results in projected emissions. Gasoline Transport Projected Hydrocarbon Emissions (tons/yr) Campbell Growth HC Factor Emissions Converse Growth HC Factor Emissions 1975 1980 1985 1.15 2. 07 2.53 151 271 331 1.02 1.34 1.39 69 91 95 67 ------- 13. UNPAVED ROADS Data Inventory and Methodology The Wyoming Department of Highways was contacted to obtain the following data for unpaved roads in 1974: miles of unpaved roads, average daily traffic, and average vehicle speed by surface type (Ref. 27). This data is shown for the three counties and for each highway system in Table 13.1. Information on silt content of the road bases was also needed in order to estimate emissions. Since the average silt content of gravel roads is known to be 12% (Ref. 28), it is only necessary to determine parent soil silt content for bladed and graded and drained roads. Therefore, the Wyoming State Soil Scientist was contacted to obtain data for silt content for soils in each county (Ref. 29). Data was provided for the general soil series by percent con- tribution of groups of series at a given map location. A weighted average was then applied to calculate average silt content at each map location. To arrive at a county-wide silt content, an average of all locations was determined. The exception was Sweetwater County, where only 20% of the county soil series had been analyzed by the Soil Conservation Service. An average of the existing series was used to arrive at a county-wide silt content (Ref. 30). The three county-wide silt content averages were used to represent both bladed and graded and drained road surface silt content. Base Year Emissions Emission factors for dust from unpaved roads were obtained from a recent EPA publication (Ref. 28). Only the particulates of less than 30 microns in diameter were assumed to have impact on a regional scale# so the equation for calculating the emission rate was modified with a factor of 0.6 to account for just the sub-30 micron particles (Ref. 28): 68 ------- Table 13.1. WYOMING UNPAVED ROADS 1974 SURFACE TYPE BY HIGHWAY SYSTEM CONVERSE Miles of % Silt Road Content CAMPBELL Miles of % Silt Road Content SWEETWATER Miles of % Silt Road Content ADT (Estim.) SPEED (MPH) Bladed(B) County Federal Local 106.2 22.7 282.8 28.8 3.7 54.3 31.9 176.0 88.9 5 5 5 30 30 30 TOTAL 411.7 22.6% 86.8 24% 296.8 18% Graded & Drained(C) County Federal Local 361.6 15.3 273.0 149.0 95.3 234.2 38.3 100.2 10 10 10 40 40 40 TOTAL 249.0 22.6% 244.3 24% 372.7 18% Gravel (E2) County Federal Local 13.8 28.5 788.2 344.1 811.3 20.7 79.2 20 20 20 40 40 40 TOTAL 42.3 12% 1132.3 12% 911.2 12% Total miles 1103.0 1463.4 1580.7 ------- E = (0.6) x (0.81) x (s) x (S/30) (eg. 2) where E = emission factor, lb/vehicle-mile s = silt content, percent S = average vehicle speed, MPH Using the data from Table 13.1, the following emission factors were calculated: Emission Factors, lb/VMT Road surface Bladed Graded & drained Gravel Campbell Converse Sweetwater 11.7 11.0 8.7 15.6 14.6 11.7 7.8 7.8 7.8 These emission factors are not corrected for wet days or days with snow cover on the roads. It is assumed that no emissions occur on these days. The annual mean number of days with 0.01 inches or more of precipitation was obtained from the map of precipitation frequency in the EPA fugitive dust publication (Ref, 28). The number of days with snow cover or freezing conditions was estimated from the National Weather Service 1974 Climatological Summary for the nearest recording station. The emission factors presented below are corrected for non-dusting days: Corrected Emission Factors (lb/VMT) Campbell Converse Sweetwater Bladed Graded & drained Gravel Corr. Fact. Emis. Fact. 255/365 8.2 255/365 10.9 255/365 5.4 Corr. Fact. 243/365 243/365 243/365 Emis. Fact. 7.3 9.7 5.2 Corr. Fact. 248/365 248/365 248/365 Emis, Fact, 5.9 7.9 5.3 70 ------- To calculate emissions, the annual VMT was determined from the Highway Department data. Particulate emissions for each county and for each surface type are: 1974 Particulate Emissions (tons/yr) Bladed Graded & drained Gravel TOTAL Campbell Converse Sweetwater Annual Annual Annual VMT 106 Emissions VMT 106 Emissions VMT 106 Emissions 0.16 656 0.75 2,738 0.54 1,593 0.89 4,851 2.37 11,495 1.36 5,372 8.27 9.32 22,329 27,836 0.31 3.43 806 15,039 6.65 8.55 17,623 24,588 71 ------- Projections Growth in emissions from unpaved roads is dependent on new miles of roads and increased average daily traffic (ADT). Since new industry (mainly new coal mines) will be located in rural areas with existing unpaved roads, it was assumed that miles of road will remain constant. New employees will travel from urban areas to the industrial sites and truck traffic will increase around each site. It was assumed that ADT will increase with population. However, as the traffic volume or ADT increases, some roads will be paved. In order to incorporate this into the pro- jected emission calculations, the following procedure was used: Assume a normal distribution of ADT vs. percent of total miles of unpaved roads. This distribution is shown in Figure 13.1. Establish base year ADT at 50 percentile and determine percent of miles exceeding 250 vehicles per day (traffic volume at which a road is paved Ref. 63). Multiply growth factors by base year ADT to obtain projected ADT and determine percent of miles exceeding 250 vehicles per day for future years. Subtract base year percent of miles exceeding 250 ADT from each percent of miles determined for future years. Multiply this difference by the existing miles of road to arrive at additional miles of roads exceeding 250 vehicles per day, or miles which should be paved far each future year. . Determine from the distribution the average ADT on roads to be paved for each future year (slightly greater than 250). Multiply this ADT by the additional miles of road exceeding 250 vehicles per day for each future year to arrive at VMT loss on unpaved roads due to paving. Multiply total base year VMT on unpaved roads by growth factors and subtract .VMT loss due to paving. 72 ------- toto 10 -J u> lug 1_ 9 8 7 5 4 3 2 10 1 ------- Base year ADT for each county was determined by finding the weighted average ADT of all road surface types (miles were used as the weighting factor). The following calculations and distribution data were used to project emissions from unpaved roads: Campbell Miles of Unpaved Roads 1463.4 Growth Factors 1975 1.21 1980 2.45 1985 3.14 County-Wide ADT 1974 17.45 1975 21.11 1980 42.75 1985 54.79 Percent Miles (distribution) 1974 0.8 1975 1.0 1980 3.0 1985 4.5 Percent Difference 1975 0.2 1980 2.2 1985 3.7 Miles to be Paved 1975 2.9 1980 32.2 1985 54.1 Average ADT on Miles to be Paved (Distribution) 1975 320 1980 330 1985 330 VMT Loss Due to Paving (annual) 1975 1980 1985 Projected VMT (annual) 1975 1980 1985 338,720 3,874,490 6,516,345 11,277,000 22,834,000 29,265,000 Converse 1103.0 1.03 1.44 1.51 7.68 7.91 11.06 11.60 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.1 0.1 1.1 1.1 330 340 340 136,510 136,510 3,533,000 4,939,000 5,179,000 Sweetwater 1580.7 1.12 1.50 1.60 14.82 16.60 22.23 23.71 0.6 0.7 1.2 1.4 0.1 0.6 0.8 1.6 9.5 12.6 320 330 330 186,880 1,114,275 1,517,670 9,576,000 12,825,000 13,680,000 74 ------- (Continued) Campbell Converse Sweetwater VMT with Assumed Paving 1975 10,938,000 3,533,000 9,389,000 1980 18,960,000 4,803,000 11,711,000 1985 22,749,000 5,043,000 12,162,000 Particulate Emissions without Paving (tons/year) 1975 33,681 15,490 27,538 1980 68,198 21,656 36,882 1985 87,405 22,709 39,340 Particulate Emissions with Paving (tons/year) 1975 32,669 15,490 27,000 1980 56,628 21,060 33,678 1985 67,944 22,113 34,975 75 ------- 14. AGRICULTURE Data Inventory and Methodology There are two sources of fugitive dust from agricultural activity: wind blown dust and dust caused by tilling operations. The emissions from tilling have not been aonsidered due to the small number of tractors operating in the three Wyoming counties during the year. Windblown dust is considered the greatest contributor to regional emissions. The Wyoming Department of Agriculture was contacted to obtain data on acres planted for each crop type in each county for the years 1972-73 (Ref. 31). Data for 1974 was not published at the time of this analysis, so an average of the two years was used for 1974. The following is a summary of acres planted or harvested by crop type for each county: Acres Planted or Harvested Crop Campbell Converge Sweetwater Wheat 21,600 2,425 Barley 6,550 3,350 600 Oats 4,450 3,600 900 Beans 500 Sugar Beets 375 Corn 850 2,100 Hay 700 11,950 7,150 Alfalfa 1,900 20,050 11,750 When the number of acres planted was not available, the average number of acres harvested was uped. 76 ------- Base Year Emissions The windblown dust emission factor equation for determining particulate emissions is (Ref. 28): E = a I K C L' V' (eq. 3) where: E - emission factor, tons/acre/year a - portion of total wind erosion losses that would be measured as particulates, estimated at 0.025 I - soil erodibility, tons/acre/year K - surface roughness factor C - climatic factor L1 - unsheltered field width factor V' - vegetative cover factor In the equation, K,C,L', and V' are dimensionless. In the EPA fugitive dust publication (Ref. 28), the map of major soil types in the Northern Great Plain states was used to determine value I. C,K,L', and V' were also obtained from data presented in the report. A summary of the factors used to calculate emission factors by crop type are presented on the next page. 77 ------- Emission Factors (tons/acre) County and Crop Type I K C L' V' E Campbell 86 .40 Wheat .6 .82 .04 .017 Barley .6 .82 .07 .030 Oats .8 .90 .02 .012 Corn .6 .82 .56 .237 Hay .8 .90 .02 .012 Alfalfa 1.0 .85 neg neg Converse 86 .40 Wheat . 6 .82 .04 .017 Barley .6 .82 .07 .030 Oats .8 .90 .02 .012 Corn .6 .82 .56 .237 Hay .8 .90 .02 .012 Alfalfa 1.0 .85 neg neg Beans .5 .66 .74 .210 Sugar Beets .6 .70 .85 . 307 Sweetwater 86 .20 Barley .6 .82 .01 .002 Oats .8 .90 .01 .003 Hay .8 .90 .01 .003 Alfalfa 1.0 .85 neg ne9 Emission factors are multiplied by the corresponding acres to arrive at total annual emissions. The particulate emissions for each crop type and county are: 78 ------- 1974 Particulate Emissions (tons/year) Crop type Campbell Converse Sweetwater Wheat 367 41 Barley 197 100 1 Oats 53 43 3 Corn 201 498 Hay 8 143 21 Alfalfa Neg Neg Neg Beans 105 Sugar Beets 115 TOTAL 826 1,045 25 79 ------- Projections Data on acres planted and harvested for each crop type from 1964 to 1973 was reviewed to determine trends in agricultural activity (Ref. 61). It was assumed that the trend established during the last ten years would continue for the next ten years. For Campbell and Converse Counties, acres of wheat, oats, beans, sugar beets, corn, and hay should remain almost constant from 1974 to 1985. Barley should continue to increase about 20 percent from 1975 to 1985. For Sweetwater County, acres of barley and oats should decrease about 20 percent from 1975 to 1985 and hay acreage should remain the same. Therefore, resulting emissions are as follows: Projected Particulate Emissions (tons/year) Campbell Converse Sweetwater 1975 1980 1985 826 846 865 1045 1055 1065 25 25 26 80 ------- 15. CONSTRUCTION Data Inventory and Methodology For purposes of estimating emissions, three different types of construction were identified: (1) residential, commercial, and public; (2) highway; (3) industrial. The first type of construction included residential sites, shopping centers, commercial lots, schools, hospitals, recreation centers, and trailer courts. The data for acres of construction was obtained from building and planning departments in the following towns: Rock Springs (Ref. 49), Green River (Ref. 50), Gillette (Ref. 50), and Douglas (Ref. 52). ' 1974 Acres of Building Construction Residential Commercial Public Homes Trailer Courts Buildings Buildings Acres Mo. Acres Mo. Acres Mo. Acres Mo. Campbell 11 3 65 12 8 6 19 6 Converse 12 3 1.5 6 10 4 Sweetwater 58 3 72 12 32 6 22 6 It was estimated that 1/6 acre was exposed during excavation and regrading of residential sites. It was also estimated that 1/4 acre was exposed for commercial buildings. Acreage for public buildings and trailer courts was determined for each individual construction project. The Wyoming Department of Highways was contacted to obtain data on highway projects constructed in 1974 (Ref. 53). This data is summarized in Table 15.1. Acres of highway constructed was estimated from the miles and width of the project, and by type of construction (new or reconstruction). The Wyoming Air Quality Division was contacted to determine which new industrial sources were under construction in 1974. The 81 ------- Table 15.1 HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION IN 1974 Project Type Construction Const. Factor Months Miles Width (H) Total Acres Campbell: 1-90 New 1.0 4 4.2 150 76.4 1-90 New 1.0 3 3.9 150 70.9 1-90 New 1.0 3 6.0 150 109.1 1-90 New 1.0 6 6.9 150 125.5 1-90 New 1.0 5 6.7 150 121.8 Gillette St. New and reconst. .66 4 0.68 30 1.7 WYO. 59 New and reconst. .66 1 8.6 60 41.2 Converse: 1-25 New 1.0 ' 4 18.9 150 343.6 WYO. 59 New and reconst. .66 5 10.6 60 77.1 Sweetwater: 1-80 Reconst. .33 7 14.7 150 88.2 1-80 Reconst. .33 7 15.4 150 92.4 1-80 Reconst. .33 7 0.1 150 0.6 Blairtown Rd . New and reconst. .66 7 4.3 30 5.1 U.S. 30 New 1.0 4 5.5 60 40.0 U.S. 187 Reconst. .33 5 2.9 60 7.0 WYO. 373 New 1.0 6 25.6 60 186 .2 WYO. 414 New and reconst. .66 10 5.9 60 28.3 WYO. 530 Reconst. .33 7 0.1 60 0.2 ------- following is a summary of the data: 1974 Acres of Industrial Construction Acres Months Campbell - Converse - 3 6 Sweetwater - 320 12 Base Year Emissions The average particulate emission factor for construction is 1.2 tons per acre per month (Ref. 28). The correction factors to reflect differences in climate between the test sites used to develop the emission factors and the three counties in Wyoming are as follows: Corrected Emission Factors (tons/acre/month) Correction Factor Emission Factor (PE test)2 (31)2 Campbell & (PE co.)2 = (50)2 = *384 ,46 Converse - (31)2 Sweetwater - (33)2 = 1.06 Applying these factors to each county's construction acreage and multiplying by the number of months yield the following emissions 1974 Particulate Emissions (tons/year) Campbell - 1485.7 Converse - 856.9 Sweetwater - 8588.4 83 ------- Projections Projected construction employment for Campbell and Converse Counties was obtained from DEPAD (Ref. 56). These data were converted to growth factors and applied to two classifica- tions of construction: (1) residential-commercial-public; and (2) industrial. Since there are currently no construc- tion projections for Sweetwater County, growth in construc- tion for these two classifications was assumed to be parallel to population growth. Projected highway construction for 1975, 1980, and 1985 was not available from the State Highway Department. An interim report by the Highway Department indicated new arterial roads that were being planned in the Rock Springs area. The report stated that approximately 96 miles would possibly be built by 1995 (Ref. 57). In order to maintain an acceptable level of transportation service, new roads and reconstruction of old roads will have to keep pace with population growth. Since the current highway construction is now meeting this demand, it is assumed that this level of construction will remain constant to 1985 in all three counties. The following are the projected emissions for the two classi- fications, urban and industrial, and total projected emissions including highway construction. Projected Emissions (tons/year) Campbell Converse Sweetwater GF PART GP PART GF PART Urban and Industrial 1975 2.97 1331 1.25 59 1.12 6176 1980 4.14 1855 2.45 115 1.50 8271 1985 4.64 2079 1.20 56 1.60 8822 Total (includes highway construction) 1975 2369 869 9250 1980 2893 925 11,345 1985 3117 866 11,896 84 ------- ]6 AGGREGATE STORAGE PILES Data Inventory and Methodology Two sources were used to obtain the amount of aggregate stored in the three counties. The Wyoming State Highway Department provided the amount of stockpiled aggregate maintained by the Department for the three counties in 1974. The Wyoming Air Quality Division permit application files for 1974 were used to extract those stockpiles maintained by private industry in the three counties. Following is a summary of the data obtained for each county: 1974 Aggregate Stockpiled (tons) Highway Dept. Industry Campbell 7,407 Converse 7,407 8,000 Sweetwater 18,734 50,000 Base Year Emissions The particulate emission factor for estimating the total amount of dust emissions with drift potential greater than 1000 feet (particles less than 30 microns in diameter) is as follows (Ref. 28): E = (0.33) f (PE/100)2 (eq- 4> where E - emission factor, lbs per ton PE - Thornthwaite's precipitation-evaporation index Using the map of PE values for state climatic divisions in the EPA publication Emission Factors for Fugitive Dust (Ref. 28), the PE index for Converse and Campbell counties is 50 and 33 for Sweetwater County. Therefore, the emission factors calculated for each county are: 85 ------- Particulate Emission Factor (lbs/ton) Campbell - 1.32 Converse - 1.32 Sweetwater - 3.14 Applying the emission factors to the tons of aggregate stored yields the following particulate emissions for 1974: 1974 Particulate Emissions (tons/year) Campbell - 4.9 Converse - 7.7 Sweetwater - 107.9 86 ------- Projections It is difficult to determine how much aggregate will be stockpiled from year to year. However, it is felt that the amount does not vary significantly when averaged over the long term. Therefore, it is estimated that emissions will remain constant for 1975, 1980, and 1985. 87 ------- 17. DUST FROM PAVED ROADS Data Inventory and Methodology Very little information exists on emission rates or procedures for estimating dust emissions from paved streets and highways. The American Public Works Association, the New York Interstate Sanitation Commission, and other groups are currently conducting studies to obtain data on the air pollution impact of reintrained dust from roads. PEDCo recently did a particulate emission inventory of Nashville (Ref. 54) in which it was assumed that these emissions are directly proportional to the amount of traffic (VMT). VMT data for the three AQMA counties have already been generated to estimate exhaust emissions. The VMT on unpaved roads (also already estimated) was subtracted from the VMT totals to obtain VMT on paved roads. These data are summarized below. 1974 Annual VMT x 103 County Paved Roads Campbell 115,702 Converse 109,939 Sweetwater 397,884 In Wyoming, the normal amount of loose material on road surfaces is increased substantially by the periodic sanding of roads during the winter for snow and ice control. All roads maintained by the State Highway Department and major streets in most munic- ipalities are sanded. It is assumed that sand remains on the roads after the snow has melted and the pavement has dried approximately 20 days per year. Base Year Emissions The emission factor derived for the Nashville study was 1.75 gm/ VMT (on days with no precipitation). It was based on a single 88 ------- test of a clean paved road in the Seattle area (Ref. 55). An emission factor of 77 gm/VMT has been used in some previous emission inventories for estimating emissions from sanded roads. This value was obtained from a different test site in the same study in the Seattle area (Ref. 55). If these factors are both applied in Wyoming, the average emission factors are calculated as follows: (255-20) 1.75 + (20) 77 Campbell - 365 = 5.35 gm/VMT (243-20) 1.75 + (20) 77 Converse - 365 = 5.29 gm/VMT (248-20) 1.75 + (20) 77 Sweetwater - 365 =5.31 gm/VMT Due to the relative inaccuracy of these factors, a value of 5.3 gm/VMT is recommended for all three counties. With this factor and the VMT data presented above, the dust (particulate) emissions from paved roads are calculated to be: 1974 Dust from Paved Roads (tons/yr) Campbell: 676 Converse: 642 Sweetwater: 2325 It should be emphasized that the calculations in this section do not have the same accuracy as those in other sections of this report, and that the resulting emission estimates are only order-of-magnitude values. 89 ------- Projections The method and growth factors used to project motor vehicle exhaust VMT were also used to project VMT in estimating reintrained dust from paved roads. Growth factors and esti- mated emissions in the future years are summarized below: Projected Emissions (tons/year) Year Campbell Converse Sweetwater GF PART GF PART GF 1975 1.15 777 1980 2.07 1399 1985 2.59 1751 1.02 655 1.34 860 1.39 892 1.07 1.29 1.35 2488 2999 3139 90 ------- REFERENCES 1. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1970 Census of Housing, Wyoming Detailed Housing Characteristics, Washington, D. C., 1970. 2. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Wyoming County Business Patterns, Washington, D. C., 1973. 3. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Wyoming Current Population Reports, Federal-State Cooperative Program for Population Estimates, Series P-26, Washington, D. C., 1974. 4. U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industrial Surveys, "Bituminous Coal and Lignite Distribution, Calendar Year 1974," Washington, D. C., 1975. 5. U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industrial Surveys, "Natural Gas Production and Consumption: 1973, "Washington, D. C., 1974. 6. U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industrial Surveys, "Sales of Fuel Oil and Kerosene in 1973, "Washington, D. C., 1974. 7. U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industrial Survey, "Sales of Lignefied Petroleum Gases and Ethane in 1972, Washington, D. C., 1973. 8. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Climatic Center, Local Climatological Data, 1974 Annual Summary with Comparative Data, Asheville, North Carolina, 1974. 9. Wyoming Department of Environmental Quality, Air Quality Division, Open Burning Log, 1974. 10. U.S. Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Regional Office, Individual Fire Report Data-Computer Summary, 1974. 11. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Guide for Compiling a Comprehensive Emission Inventory, APTD 1135, Marcn 1973. 12. U.S Environmental Protection Agency, Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, second edition, AP-42, April 1973. 91 ------- 13. Ryckman, Edgerly, Tomlinson and Associates, Inc., unpublished file data provided by U.S. Navy. 14. Wyoming State Highway Department, Planning Division, Wyoming Traffic, April 1975. 15. Wyoming Department of Revenue, Commercial Vehicle Section, Communication with Mr. Zeman, May 1975. 16. U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Census of Agriculture, County Data, Washington, D. C., 1969. 17. U.S. Geological Survey, Casper, Wyoming. Communication with Ken Moore, Research Chemist, June 1975. 18. Public Service Commission of Wyoming, Rate and Tariff Department, Railroad Track Mileage for Wyoming, Sept. 1969. 19. Burlington Northern Railroad Company, Denver, Colorado. Communication with Mr. Edmonds, Transportation Section, June 1975. 20. Chicago and Northwestern Railroad, Casper, Wyoming. Communication with Mr, Dick Fadler, June 1975. 21. Wyoming Department of Economic Planning and Development, Study of the Economic Feasibility of Providing Third Level Air Carrier Service in Wyoming, December 1974. 22. Rock Springs Municipal Airport. Communication with Mr. Wachtel, Airport Manager, June 1975. 23. Gillette Aviation, Antelope Airlines, June 1975. 24. Continental Oil Company/ Casper, Wyoming. Communication with Mr. W. C. Blackburn, Production Manager, June, 1975. 25. Wyoming Oil and Gas Conservation Commission, Casper, Wyoming. Communication with Mr. Basko, State Oil and Gas Supervisor, June 1975. 26. Petroleum Information Corp., Oil and Gas Production Report Wyoming, 1974. 27. Wyoming Department of Highways, Traffic Planning Division. Communication with Paul Joslin, April 1975. 28. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Development of Emission Factors for Fugitive Dust Sources, EPA-450/3-74-037, June 1974. 92 ------- 29. U.S Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, Casper, Wyoming. Communication with Clarence J. Fowkes, Assit. State Soil Scientist, May 1975. 30. University of Wyoming, Agricultural Experiment Station, "Characterization Data of Selected Soils from Sweetwater and Fremont Counties, Wyoming, Science Monograph 13, August 1968. 31. Wyoming Department of Agriculture, Wyoming Agricultural Statistics, 1972-73. 32. Wyodak Coal Company, Gillette, Wyoming. Communication with Bud Wester, June 1975. 33. Sweetwater Coal Yard, Rock Springs, Wyoming. Communication with Zuezk Coal Distributor, June 1975. 34. Best Coal Company, Converse County, Wyoming, June 1975. 35. Petrolane-Wyoming Gas Service, Gillette, Wyoming. Communication with Don Arensmeyer, Manager, June, 1975. 36. Standard Oil Company, Douglas, Wyoming. Communication with Tom Christy, LP Gas distribution manager, June 1975. 37. U.S. Geological Survey, Laramie, Wyoming. Communication with Gary Glass, June 1975. 38. Fulkerson Oil, Gillette, Wyoming. Communication with Bill Fulkerson, May 1975. 39. Link Standard Oil, Douglas, Wyoming. Communication with Mrs. Link, May 1975. 40. Red Horse Oil, Rock Springs, Wyoming. Communication with Pete Bunning, June 1975. 41. Wyoming Department of Environmental Quality, Air Quality Division, Point Source Air Contaminant Emission Reports, 1974. 42. Final Environmental Impact Statement. Eastern Powder River Coal Basin of Wyoming, Department of Interior, October 1974. 43. McCulloch Interstate Gas Company, Casper, Wyoming. Communication with Mr. Ouets, Operations Manager, June 1975. 44. Kansas-Nebraska Natural Gas Company, Inc., Hastings, Nebraska. Communication with Mr. Drake, Operations, May 1975. 93 ------- 45. Mountain Fuel Supply Company, Salt Lake City, Utah. Communication with Mr. A. J. Marushack, Chief Engineer of Gas Supply Operations, June 1975. 46. Atlantic Richfield Company, Rocky Mountain District, Denver, Colorado. Communication with Mr. W. A. Walther, District Production and Drilling Superintendent, June 1975. 47. Phillips Petroleum Company, Casper, Wyoming. Communication with Mr. F. C. Morgan, Superintendent, June 1975. 48. Southwest Research Institute, Exhaust Emissions from Piston and Gas Turbine Engines used iri~Natural Gas Transmission, prepared for American Gas Association, AR-923, January 1974. 49. Rock Springs Planning and Development, Rock Springs, Wyoming. Communication with Bill Banks, Planner, June 1975. 50. Town of Green River, Wyoming Building Inspector's Office, June 1975. 51. Campbell County Planning Office, Gillette, Wyoming. Communication with Bernie Schnorenberg, City and County Planner, June 1975. 52. Town of Douglas, Douglas, Wyoming. Communication with Joe Keefer, Building Inspector, June 1975. 53. Wyoming Department of Highways, Wyoming Construction Bulletin, monthly publication, January-December, 1974. 54. Particulate Area Source Emission Inventory for Nashville- Davidson County, Tennessee. PEDCo-Environmental Specialists, Cincinnati, Ohio, February 1975. 55. Roberts, J. W. et al. The Measurement, Cost and Control of Traffic Dust in Seattle's Duwamish Valley. Paper No. AP-72-5. Presented at the APCA Pacific Northwest Section Annual Meeting, Eugene, Oregon, November 1972. 56. Wyoming Department of Economic Planning and Development, Coal and Uranium Development of the Powder River Basin An Impact Analysis, June 1974. 57. Wyoming Department of Highways, Planning Branch, Interim ReportRock Springs Green River Area Transportation Planning Process, September 1974. 58. Wyoming Department of Economic Planning and Development, 1974 Wyoming Mineral Yearbook, 1974. 94 ------- 59. Wyoming Department of Agriculture, Wyoming Agricultural Statistics f November 197 3. 60. Wyoming Department of Economic Planning and Development, Coal Development Alternatives, December 1974. 61. Wyoming Department of Highways. Communication with Mr. Jack Warburton, Planning Section, July 1975. 62. Wyoming Oil and Gas Conservation Commission, Casper, Wyoming. Communication with Mr. Donald Basko, State Oil and Gas Supervisor, September 1974. 63. American Petroleum Institute, Division of Production, Dallas Texas. Communication with Mr. Lyles, August 1975. 64. Wyoming Oil and Gas Conservation Commission, Wyoming Oil and Gas Statistics, 1974. 65. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and Water Programs, Compilation of Air Pollutant Emissions Factors (second edition with four supplements), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, April 1973. 95 ------- TECHNICAL REPORT DATA (Please read InUructions on the reverse before completing) .1. HI PORT NO. 2. EPA-908/1-76-006 3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION"NO. 4. T 1 I LL AND SUBTITLE Wyoming AQMA Area Source Inventory 5. REPORT DATE June 1975 6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE 7. AUTHOR(S) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO. 9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRE8S PEDCo-Environmental Specialists, Inc, Suite 13, Atkinson Square Cincinnati, Ohio 45246 10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO. 11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO. 68-02-1375 Task Order No. 19 12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS U. S. Environmental Protection Agency Region VIII 1860 Lincoln Street Denver, Colorado 80203 13 fฅna?F REP0RT AND PERIOD COVERED 14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE 15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 16. ABSTRACT This report contains emission estimates for non point sources of air pollution in AQMA counties of the State of Wyoming. Estimates for particulates, sulfur oxides, and hydrocarbon emissions are made for the base year (present), 1980 and 1985. Methodologies and data sources are presented. 17. KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS a. DESCRIPTORS b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS c. COSATI Held/Group Fuel Combustion Emissions Mobile Sources Stationary Sources Air Quality Data Dispersion Modeling A1r Quality Maintenance Analysis IS. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT Unl imi ted 19. SECURITY aUMS'(This Report) Unclassified 21. NOg^F PAGES "WWfllKmW""'" 22. PRICE EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73) ------- |