cENTSAL 3ESEARCH AND OESIGN INSTITUTE FOR
OPENCAST MINING
...
pxaa -rsF««w
WROOtAVt' • POLAND
RECLAMATION OF ALKALINE ASH PILES
AND PROTECTION 0F| THEIR ¦¦¦
¦¦ AG AIM SI DUSTING
/j ¦' .sits
Imk
mm
&& :.;
Interim
WROCLAW
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CENTRAL RESEARCH AND DESIGN ,NSTIXUXE FOR
OPENCAST MINING
POLTEGOR
WROCLAW — POLAND
ROSENBERQ&W 28
RECLAMATION OF ALKALINE ASH PILES
AND PROTECTION OF THEIR ENVIRONMENT
AGAINST DUSTING
2— Interim Report,
Aug 1, 1975
June 30, 1976
WROCLAW, JULY 1976
*
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This report was prepared for
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY - USA
Project No: 05-534-1
by the group of specialists under the direction of
Principal Investigator Dr WiADYSLAW WYSOCKI.
Dr H.F. T U R A L A
General Director
of POLTEGOR
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COM1EMTS
Page
INTRODUCTION 8
1. CLIMATIC CONDITIONS OP THE CONDUCTED FIELD
EXPREIMENTS . * 11
1.1, The run of the weather conditions ... ., ........ • 11
1.1,1 Konin . ... ........ ........ . 11
1.1.2. Halemba 12
1.2. Atmospheric pollution 13
1.2.1. Konin . ...... ...... ... .- 13
1.2.2. Halemba . 14
2. THE PLANTS' DEVELOPMENT AND THE CROPS .... 17
2.1. Description of the field research work carried out.
in the years 1975 and 1976 17
2.1.1.. Konin . ... ....... . ... 17
2.1.2. Halemba 22
2.2. The yields of cultivated plants 24
2.2.1., Konin . . ..... 24
2.2.2. Halemba 24
2.3. Evaluation of the increments of trees, and .bushes . 25
2.3.1. Konin . ....... . . 25
2.3.2. Halemba 25
3. COMPOSITION AND-PROPERTIES OF CROPS OP' CULTr-
VATED PLANTS . . . 33
3.1. The objective and the scope of research, methodo-
logy . 33
3.2. Chemical composition of crops grown ion the expe-
rimental field in Halemba 33
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Page
3.2.1. Nitrogen .............. 33
3.2.2. Phosphorus (^2^5^ • ^ • 35
3.2.3. Potassium (K^O) -. • . 35
3.2.4. Calcium (CaO) 35
3.2.5. Magnesium (MgO) ....... ...... 35
3.2.6. Microelements 36
3.3, Fodder value of the crops from Halemba ...... 36
3.4. Conclusions 37
4. CHEMICAL AND MINERALOGICAL COMPOSITION OP AS-
HES . 43
4.1. The object and the scope of research 43
4.2. Methodology of research 43
4.2.1. Chemical analysis . * 43
4.2.2. Content of the trace elements . . „ . . „ . . . 44
4.2.3. Mineralogical analysis .............. 44
4.3. Analysis of the chemical composition 45
4.3.1. Konin . . . . ... . . . . . . . .... 45
4.3.2. Halemba 46
4.4. Mineralogical composition 4?
4.4.1. Konin . ... ... . . ..... .. 47
4.4.2. Halemba 49
5. RADIOACTIVITY OP ASHES 55
5.1. The objective and scope of research • ••.«-•..• 55
5.2. The methodology of research ..•••••••••.*• 55
5.3. Discussion of the research results 56
6. TESTS OP WATER PLOWS OPFTAKEN PROM THE BEING
RECLAIMED SURFACES «... 63
6.1. The objective and the scope of research ...... r 63
6.2. Methodology ^ ^ . 63
6.3. Analysis of the performed research work ••••••• 65
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Page
6.3.1. Changes in ash properties effected in the
course of hydraulic stacking 65
6.3.2. Changes in properties of ashes under reclama-
tion occuring in the effect of added neutrali-
zing substances .................. 66
6.3.3. Changes in properties of water extracts after
the first vegetation season ............ 67
6.4. The directions of futher research 70
7. CHANGES IN PROPERTIES OK SOILS UNDER RECLAMA-
TION . . . . . 81
7.1, The objective, the scope and methodology of rese-
arch 81
7.2, Discussion of the results 81
7.2.1„ Konin . . ........ « . .. . . . . . .. 81
7.2.2. Halemba ...................... 83
8. SALINITY OP ASHES UNDER RECLAMATION ....... 101
8.JL., The objective, and the. scope of research 101
8,2* Methodology . . , . . . . , . 101
8.3, Ths discussion - of results. »¦ . 102
8.3.1. Konin . . .. .. . ... . .. . . . .. . .. . 102
8.3.2. Halemba ...... ....... .......... 103
9. CONCLUDING REMARKS . . . 107
9.1. Preliminary conclusions drawn' from the performed
investigations 107
9.2, Program of research work for the nearest period of
time 109
DRAWINGS . , . • , . . . . • , * . * . * ¦ . . , . . « * . . • . • « 110
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SPECIFICATION OP TABLES
No. Page
Chapter 1
1.1. Dust - fall on the experimental plots in 1975 ....... 15
1.2. Results of measurements of a 20-minute SO„ concentra-
tion in 1975 16
1.3, Measurement results of P2 concentration in 1975 .... 16
Chapter 2
2.1, Time - table of work caried out on experimental plots, , 27
2.2, Crops in the year 1975 taken from experimental field -on
the Halemba stack . . 30
2.3. Evaluation of increment (annual ring) of trees and shrubs
on the experimental plot, Halemba (i vegetation season) 32
Chapter 3
3.1. Determinations of macro-elements content in. crops of hay
from Halemba . . 39
3.2. Determinations of the microelement contents, in. crops of .
hay gathered from Halemba plotu . . . * .. 41
Chapter 4
4.1. Chemical composition of ashes 51
4.2. Spectrografic analysis of ashes 52
4.3. Test results of phase composition, of ashes , from Power .
Plant Konin 53
4.4. Results of tests of phase composition of. ashes from- Po-
wer Plant Halemba . . • . . . . . . • • • •'• . . • • « • » ¦ 54
Chapter 5-
5,1, Specific radioactivity .of thy ashes of Power Plant Konin.
I series of tests i • i ••»•••<• i •••••• • • 58
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Page
5.2. Specific radioactivity of fly ashes generated in Ha-
lemba Power Plant. I test series. 59
5.3. Specific radioactivity of water after 8-day contact with
ashes from Power Plant Konin. 60
5.4. Specific radioactivity of water'after 8-day contact with
ashes from Power Plant Halemba 61
5.5. Migration of radium through water after an.8-day con-
tact with ashes. , „ 62
Chapter 6
6.1. Specific conductivity of water contacting fly ashes co--
ming from Power Plant Konin. I series of tests 71
6.2. Specific conductivity of water contacting the .ashes .from
Power Plant Konin. II series of tests, 7 2
6.3. Specific conductivity of water contacting ' the ashes from
Power Plant Halemba. I series of tests. ......... 73
6.4. Specific conductivity of water contacting, the Ashes from
Power Plant Halemba. II series of tests 74
6.5. Characteristics of. water contacting ashes, from. Power
Plant Konin. 75
6.6. Characteristics of water in contact with ashes of the
Power Plant Halemba . . . 74
6.7. Chemical analysis of water extracts after 8-day. contact
with ashes of Power Plant Konin. 77
6.8. Chemical analysis of water extracts after 8-*daya. con-.
tact with ashes of Power Plant Halemba ......... 79
Chapter 7
7.1. Granulometric composition of the reclaimed terrains,
Konin 85
7.2. Granulometric composition of reclaimed soils, Halemba 88
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Page
7.3. Studies of changes occuring in properties, of soils under
reclamation Konin spoil stack. 91
7.4. Studies of changes occuring in properties of soils under
cultivation. Spoil stack Halemba 94
7.5. The micro - elements resources in the soils under recla-
mation Konin stack 97
7.6. Microelements resources, of soils, under reclamation -
stack Halemba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . » . . . . . 99
Chapter 8
8.1. Salinity in of NaCl per 1 dm^ of "soil" 104
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SPECIFICATION OF DRAWINGS
N°. Page
T-3381/10289-R-1 Scheme of the tested field Halemba . . . . 110
T-3381/10289-R-2 Scheme "of the tested field Konin - Year
1975 Ill
T-338l/l0289-R-3 Scheme of the tested field Konin - Year
1976 112
T-338l/l0289-R-4 Climatic conditions of the Halemba
(1974/75 Year) . . . . . . . . . . .... . . 113
T-3381/10289-R-5 Climatic conditions of the Konin (1974/75
Year) 114
Fig. 1 - fig. 70 Photografic documentation of experiments
with vegetation, performed on stacks, of
ash in Konin and in Halemba ....... 115
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Introduction
The elaboration of the research project entitled: "Reclamation of
Alkaline Ash Piles and Protection qf their Environment Against Dusting"
is carried out on the basis of agreement concluded between the Agen-
cy of Environmental Protection of U.S.A. and the Central Institute of
Research and Design for Opencast Mining - Poltegor - in Wroclaw,
Poland. These investigations are performed in a framework of a "Spe-
cial foreign currency program" where the project is recorded under
the number 05-534-1.
According to the agreement the project realization is planned to
last 3 years, from the 1-st August, 1974 to the 31-st July 1977. This
report is the second interim progress report provided in agreement
and comprizes the second year of the research project realization i.e.
from the 1-st July 1975 to the 30-th June 1976.
The factual scope of the research work provided in agreement in
the second year comprized the:
III. Phase: - continuation of investigations on experimental plots set
up on alkaline stacks of ashes derived from the lignite fired Konin
Power Plant, and from hard coal fired Power Plant Halemba, in this:
1. The collection and estimation of crops of growing there herbaceous
plants and investigations of changes occurred in ashes after the
first year of vegetation.
2. Determination of the growth of arborescent or shrubby cultivations
in the first year of vegetation.
3. Cultivation, fertilization, sowing nursing and gathering of annual crops
in the II season of vegetation.
4. Making up of fall-outs of trees and shrubs in the second vegetation
seas-on.
IV. Phase:
1. Performance of observations and data collecting for the determina-
tion of changes effected in properties of reclaimed ashes after the
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carried out treatments and for the estimation of effectiveness of the
programmed treatments.
The objective plan of the research work was carried out in the
second year, and achieved results are given in the following chapters
of the report. Preparation of the report already in the month June ga>-
ve no chance for a detailed photographing and analytical documenta-
tion of the crops valuation in the year 1976, all the more so as the
prolonged winter held back the plants growth almost to the middle of
May this year. This valuation will be presented in a successive re-
port comprizing the whole vegetation season of 1976. Enclosed also
will be for this period a specification of atmospheric conditions.
The whole research work was controlled by dr eng. Wtadyslaw
Wysocki. The coordination of scientific effort on the Polish part was
managed by Mr. Jacek Libicki, M.Sc.
In the execution of the research work assistance was rendered
by the Institute of' Pedology and of Agricultural Chemistry of the Agri-
cultural Academy in Wroclaw (prof, dr Jan Borkowski), by Institute
of Agricultural Maxims of Melioration of this same Academy, (prof, dr
Stanisiaw Bieszczad), by Institute of Protection and Formation of En-
vironment, of the Metallurgical Mining Academy of Cracov (prof, dr
Tadeusz Skawina), by Institute of Mineralogy and Mineral Raw Ma-
terials of this same Academy in Cracov (prof, dr Aodrzej Manecki),
by Institute of Environment Formation in Katowice (M.Sc. eng. Anna
Szmit), by the Center of Research and Environment Control in Poznart
(M.Sc. eng. Andrzej Czubryj), by Institute of Meteorology and Water
Management in Poznari (M.Sc. Elzbieta Tomczyrtska), and in Katowice
(dr eng. Jerzy Wiodarczyk) by Geological Establishment (M.Sc. Wla-
dyslaw Piekarski), Ipy Works of Civil Engineering and Reclamation in
Czeladzi (M.Sc. eng. Antoni Karolewski), by Section of Reclamation
of the Mine Konin in Konin (eng. Ryszard Skorupski) and by the
team of scientific and engineering - technical personnel of the Central.
Institute of Research and Design for the Opencast Mining "Poltegor".
On the side of the EPA the project consulted initialy Mr John Hauv-
daway, then Mr Russel W. Pitch and Mr John Hardaway again (Office
of Energy Activities Region VIII, Denver, Colorado),
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To the Management of the EPA and to both Mr John Hardaway
and Mr. Russel Pitch personally we thank for making it possible for
us to familiarize ourselves the second time with the problems per-
taining to the U.S.A. terrains and involved in the research project, for
the assistance in getting access to relevant American references, and
in establishment of close contacts with scientific centers in the USA.
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1. .CLIMATIC C cw dition s_ of^ JTH CON DUCT ED FJELJD^EXPERI-^
MENTS.
The run of the weather conditions.
1.1.1. _Konin.
Observations were carried out in a climatic station of the Institute
of Meteorology and Water Management, 1 km distant from the tested
stack of ashes and the results were compared with average parame-
ters of long term. The results of observations are shown graphically
on the enclosed drawing T 3381/10289 - R - 5, for the following
period of time; November, 1974 - December .1975.
The observations of the, actual state of the weather are in the
course of elaboration, and the results will be given in a subsequent
progress report. The presented climatic conditions had influence on the
progress of vegetation in 1975 and on the wintering conditions of the
cultures.
The winter of 1974/1975 had temperatures higher from average
ones. Especially warm was January (4,0°C on average vr. a long term
average of minus 2,8°C). In other months the average temperatures
were frequently higher from the long term monthly averages.
The average annual precipitation of long standing amounts for this
area to 517 mm. In the year 1975 it came down to barely 434,5 mm.
Particularly dry was the period February - to mid June, when the
atmospheric precipitation was only 40 % of the long term average pre-
cipitation for this period (89,6 mm instead of 187,3 mm).
An essential influence on the vegetation development in Polish
conditions has the snowfall occurring during the months XI - III and
also a spring rain falling during the months II1-VI. In the periods of
time under discussion the snow fall was barely 50 mm. A meagre pre-
cipitation did not provide a sufficient accumulation in soil of humidity
necessary for the plants during the vegetation period. The more humid
autumn period is promising more favourable vegetation conditions in the
year 1976.
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In conditions of Konin the prevailing winds are manifesting them-
selves usually from the westerly direction (20,5 %). Their average
speed of long term was 3,8 m/sec. During the investigated period of
time the speeds of wind were usually lower, and the prevalence from
the westerly direction was noticeable only in some months (January,
February, May, July, December),
Low atmospheric precipitation, higher air temperatures, smaller
overcast and the connected with it high evaporation had their unfa-
vourable influence on the course of vegetation development in 1975.
1.1.2. Halemba.
The measurement of the precipitation amount was carried out in
a place about 0,5 km away from the set up investigated field. The
remaining climatic data were recorded in a climatic station of the
Meteorology and Water Management Institute in Czekanow, at a 10 km
distance away.
The results of observations made for the period November - 1974
to December 1975 are shown on the drawing T-3381/10289-R-4. The
climatic data for the year 1976 will be included into a subsequent
report. Similarly as in the region of the object Konin, the winter of
1974/75 had the air temperatures higher from the average ones of
long term, which was linked amongst other things with the prevalence
of the south - westerly winds, carrying warm and humid air. Particu-
larly warm in the spring was the month May, which had a favourable
effect on the vegetation conditions. In autumn (October) the temperaF-
ture fell suddenly to below the average of long term, connected with
abundant atmospheric precipitation. The low temperatures prevailed
during the winter time and in early spring.
An average precipitation of many years pertinent to this region
was 681 mm. The year 1975 one can include here - in contrast to
the Konin object - to the exceptionally wet years, as the precipitation
amount came to 24 mm. After the relatively plentiful snow - and snow
with rain falls during the winter season, the spring season can be
counted in to the average ones for the region. Only in June and July
profuse precipitations occurred, of a stormy character. Unfavourable
for the cultivation was May, as insufficient precipitation was connected
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with a high air temperature, with small sky overcast small air humidity
and strong winds. Such a climatic disposition contributed undoubtedly
to a large number of fall - outs of some tree species.
During the 1976/1976 winter time the snowfalls together with mode-
rately low temperatures afforded the accumulation in the soil of a cer-
tain amount of humidity, which was put to use in the spring time.
Summing up the high atmospheric precipitation taking place during
a part of the vegetation season, connected with a relatively high tem-
perature of air, contributed to positive results achieved in agricultural
and forest cultivations, and this same cannot be said about the climatic
conditions of the Konin region.
1*2. Atmospheric pollution.
1.2.1. Konin.
The pollution of the atmospheric air in the place of conducted field
experiments has been characterized in the measurement of;
a) dust-fall
b) concentration of SOg
c) concentration of fluorine gas.
The results are given on tables 1.1 to 1.3
In order to determine the quantity of dust-fall a collecting, settling
vessel was used suspended at a height of 3 m over the level of the .
stack. The time of the vessel exposure was each time about 30 days.
The measured dust during the time of 11 months collecting amounted
2 2
to 187 t/km , therefore an annual fall would not exceed the 250 t/km
value, permitted by the polish legislature for a II zone of the protected
areas. Increased fall of dust during the spring months can be explained
with the prevailing dry weather and a repeated dusting of the stack.
This repeated dusting was caused by the artificial loosening up of as-
hes prior to the introduction of vegetation.
During the period of plant growing - after the covering the inves-
tigated surface with elastomer the dusting decreased and issued only
from the stacks of a nearby power plant fired with lignite.
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Por the determination of a momentary SO2 concentration an aspi-
ration method employed was, based on the absorption of the above
mentioned gas in a 5 % solution of potassium chlorate. The measure-
ments indicated (table 1.2) during the summer months values exceeding
3
the 0,3 mg/m , which could have a negative influence on the condi-
tions of plant growth.
A method was employed for the determination of florine occurrence,'
of fixing its volatile compounds with the sodium hydroxide and the de-
termination of F2 content titrating the thorium nitrate solution against
the alizarinous indicator, with the 2.9 pH. The results of the measure-
ment are given on table 1.3. The highest indicator (0,05 mg/m ) was
obtained on the 28.XI.1975 with the atm. pressure 752 mm of mercury
(l003 mb), temperature + 1,3° C, air humidity 97 %, with sky over-
cast and the wind 4,55 m/sec from the S.W. direction.
1.2,2. Halemba.
2
The measured dust-fall amounted to 106 t/km (table 1,1) indicar*
ting, that the annual fall shall not exceed the officially permitted 250
t/km per annum. The deviating from average measurement in month
July can be occasioned with a dry weather and a repeated dusting of
ash from the stack, during its loading on trucks (the ash is.being
utilized for a production of aggregates).
The measurements of SOg concentration for 20 minutes (table 1.2)
indicated values higher than permitted by the polish standards, and
had undoubtedly a negative influence on the conditions of plant growth.
The monitoring of the 20 minute florine concentration (table 1.3)
indicated each time, that the concentration was higher than on the co-
rresponding object Konin. Especially strong concentration was noted
on the 2-nd December,' 1975, with temperature 9f7°C, moderate over-
cast, air humidity 79 % and wind 0,3 m/sec from S.W, direction.
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Dust - fall on the experimental plots in 1975
Table 1.1
No.
Month
> 2
Dust - fall in t/km in month
Konin
Halemba
1
2
3
4
1.
February
12,9
•
2.
March
14,3
•
3.
April
26,8
•
4.
May
27,7
•
5.
June
20,6
14,2
6.
July
15,7
21,8
7.
August
15,6
12,6
8.
September
14,6
12,6
9.
October
10,4
14,9
10.
November
10,4
14,9
11.
December
18,1
15,1
Sum II - XII
Sum VI - XII
187,1
106,1
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Results of measurements of a 20-minute SOg concentres
tion in 1975
Table 1.2
No.
Konin
H
alemba
Date of me-
asurement
making
SO„ concentra-
tion2 in mg/m3
Date of me-
asurement
making
S02 concentra-
tion in mg/m^
1
2
3
4
5
1.
14.5.75
0,03
• ' -
•
2..
26.6.75
0,015
4.6.75
0,4
3.
23.7.75
0,31
7.7.7 5
2,9
4.
7.8.75
0,55
12.8.75
0,7
5.
3.9.75
0,049
12.9.75
0,8
6.
2.10.75
0,085
13.10.75
0,9
7.
28.11.75
0,0025
10.11.75
1,06
a.
10.12.75
0,01
2.12.75
0,98
Measurement
results of Pg concentration in
1975
Table 1.3
Konin
H alemba
No.
Date of measu-
rement
Fg concentraf
tion in mg/m^
Date of measu-
rement
Pg concen-
tration in mg/
3
m
1
2
3
4
5
1.
14.5.75
traces
•
2.
26.6.75
0,0125
4.6,75
0,084
3„
23.7.75
traces
7.7.75
0,096
4.
7.8.75
0,025
12.8.75
0,085
5.
3.9.75
traces
12.9.75
0,085
6.
2.10.75
traces
13.10.75
0,090
7.
28.11.75
0,050
10.11.75
0,095
8.
10.12.75
0,025
2.12.75
0,125
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2• PLANTS^ DEVELOPMENT^AN^D _THE_CROPS._
2.1. Description of the field research "work carried out in the years
1975 and 1976.
As already given in chapter 4 of the I Progress (interim) Report
of Research performed during the period from 1 September 1974 to
3l July 1975 on experimented plots set up on the ash stacks, of ash
coming from lignite (Konin), and of ash from hard coal (Halemba) the
attempts began in 1975 to introduce a useful vegetation with a method
of series ot independent tests with one variable.
The diagrams of set up experimental plots are shown on fig. T-3381/
10289 - R - 1 (Halemba) and on fig. T-3381/10289-R-2 (Konin).
The description of cultivation operations, fertilization, sowing and plan-
ting of trees and bushes, performed in the spring of 1975 was given
in the said I interim report. In this present report a work is described,
"which was performed during the summer and autumn of 1975. and during
the spring in 1976.
2.1.1. Konin.
a) Plots undergoing the agricultural reclamation.
The growth and the germination on all plots were delayed and were
unsatisfactory, which fact was attributed mainly to unfavourable weather
conditions: the lack of precipitation, the high temperature of air, a low
humidity. One anticipated after more profuse precipitation that this con-
dition will improve. On plots of the A, B, C series covered with a
layer of fertile soil appeared numerous weeds, chiefly white goosefoot
(Chenopodium album). These weeds appeared also, but in smaller num-
bers, on the surfaces adjacent to the plots (in directions of the pre-
vailing winds) which would betoken their greater adaptability to the per-
taining soil conditions! than of the cultivated) plants. The seedB of
weeds were brought onto the terrain of the experimental plots together
with tortile a oil, collected on the forefront of the lignite open pit mine.
In view of a lasting drought a portion of seeds did not germinate
at all, and portion of plants which did sprout earlier, did show an un-
satisfactory development and gradually began to vanish* This state is
attributed mainly to the:
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- 18 -
a) lack of water accessible to plants
k) considerable salinity of the soil medium
c) excessively basic reaction and excessive concentration of toxic
substances (boron, calcium and magnesium hydroxides in the not
weathered mass of ash).
It should be added that the mixtures of papilionaceous plants with
grasses in Polish conditions not always do give crops during the
first year of vegetation.
Taking into consideration the moderate growth of grasses and her-
baceous plants the fields were fed on the 28.VI1I.75, with mineral fer-
tilizers in following quantities (doses):
a) the urea (46 % N) - 50 kg/ha, i.e. 24 kg/ha of N,
b) the amlmonium phosphate (l8 % of N and 46 % of Po0_) - 200 kg/ha,
£ 5
i.e. 90 kg/ha of anc* kg/ha of N.
The surface of the land among the plots was fed with urea in a
dose_ 100 kg/ha.
Although the water conditions improved in the second half of the
vegetation season, no material betterment in the state ot vegetation was
forthcoming, so that no crops could be collected in the year 1975.
In the fall months - with a sufficient amount of atmospheric preci-
pitation - on areas under reclamation appeared colonies ot the most
primitive cyanosis (Chroococcales), belongins to a class of cyanoses
occurring in Poland usually on wet rocks or on wails. They play em
important part in the initial colonisation of plants on uncovered rocks.
On 3 plots of the H series (H-l, H-2, H-3) in four repetitions
where previously the N2PK fertilization was applied and where the ve-
getation altogether vanished - a new combination of vegetation culture
was set up. 40 T/ha of green, manure of shredded maize was supplied
and also mineral fertilizers were sown out as follows:
a) 500 kg/ha of ammonium sulphate, containing 18 % of N and 46 %
of P205
b) 200 kg/ha of urea containing 46 % of N,
The whole area was ploughed and left in a turned over furrow for
the winter.
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In the spring of 1976, the cultivation, fertilization and supplement
r sowing began with the following scope:
Fertilization
1) Supplied on all plots before the commenced germination 60 kg/ha
of P2°5 a *orm °* granulated treble superphosphate (130 kg/ha
of industrial fertilizer).
2) Supplied on all plots after the germination 50 kg/ha of N in a
form of urea, 46 % (llO kg/ha of industrial fertilizer).
Cultivation
1) Harrowing of all plots alter the snow vanished and the surface
dried out.
2) Harrowing (raking) plots after sowing the phosphorus fertilizers.
3) Harrowing (raking) after supplementing the sowing •With seeds.
Sowing of seeds
« st
1) 1 Combination on plots D, E, -P, G, H, I, Oj
sainfoin - sowing to depth of 1,5 - 2,5 cm - 280 kg/ha.
2) 2 Combination on plots from A to 0s
mixture of grasses with papilionaceae:
- meadow fescue - 24 kg/ha
- orchard grass - 8 kg/ha
- smooth bromegrass - 24 kg/ha
kentucky bluegrass - 10 kg/ha
- creeping fescue - 34 kg/ha
- white clover - 6 kg/ha
- alfalfa - 14 kg/ha
- white melilot - 6 kg/ha
- tall ryegrass - 26 kg/ha
- redtop - 8 kg/ha
Sowing to depth of 1,5-2,5 cm Together 160 kg/ha
)rd
3 Combination, on plots from A to 0s
mixture of grasses with papilionaceae:
-------
- 20 -
alfalfa - 72 kg/ha
orchard grass - 12 kg/ha
Together 84 kg/ha
4^ Combination on plots A, B, C:
White melilot sowing purely 100 kg/ha
Ail seeds of papilionaceous plants were treated with the nodule bac-
teria, with the Nitragina spiecies the following
white clover and melilot
) alfalfa
c) sainfoin.
The scheme of supplementary treatments and of sowing is given
on fig. T-3381/10289-R-3.
The spring of 1976 was characterized with the lack of atmosphe-
re precipitation and with prolonged cold spell. At the beginning of
June (during normal years this was a time of the first hay swath),
the sprouting of the sown plants was observed on all plots and more-
over a satisfactory (in relation to the 1975 year) growth of last year's
Vegetation was ascertained:
a) on plots of A, B, B, series in combinations of grass mixtures with
papilionaceous plants;
13) on plots of G series (addition of manure), with cultivation of gra-
sses with papilionaceae.
Of the sainfoin on plots of 1-st combination only remnants survived
Similarly unsatisfactory were cultures of the melilot on plots of the 4-th
combination.
A full photographic and a qualitative - quantitative documentation
of the yields will be provided in subsequent report.
-------
- 21 -
13) Forest reclamation.
The scheme of experiments carried out on the afforestation and
shrubs establishment on the ash stack is shown on fig. T-338l/l0289/
R-2. The method of the experiment planning was described in the pre-
ceding interim report in chapter 4.
As already informed, the planted trees and bushes had sprouted
the first leaves, which subsequently withered off on some 50 % spe-
cimens. On some of these for the second time in June new leaves
appeared but these too soon withered away. The number of the sur-
viving specimens gradually diminished, so that in autumn remained ali-
ve only single specimens:
- I combination - 4 species of poplar, giving only side suckers
~ II combination - 11 poplar examples with side suckers (5 trees)
and 6 with tree tops covered with green
~ IV combination - 1 cutting of grey alder with side sucker
~ VI combination - 3 cuttings of locust tree
- VII combination - 4 cuttings of sea buckthorn, whereby a specimen
servived on the plot VIII-4 and gave increment of 15 cm and on plot
VlII-1 the remaining 3 specimens had 10 cm increments in height
~ IX combination - 12 plantings of pea shrub, in this 3 examples
on plots IX-3 and IX-4 gave suckers coming up from the roots -
5-11 cm high, and.6 examples from n'ots IX-1 and IX-2 gave incre-
ments of 5 cm.
The experiments with shoot cuttings by the end of vegetation se-
ason of 1975 were as follows:
- 26 poplar shoot cuttings (40 planted) achieved height
of 22-54 cm (on average 35 cml
- 11 shoot cuttings achieved height of 5-52 cm (average
26 cm)
- 9 shoot cuttings achieved height of 10-35 cm (average
21 cm)
- 9 shoot cuttings gave increment of 13-26 cm (on average
20 cm).
Plot X-l
Plot X-2
Plot X-3
Plot X^-4
-------
- 22 -
In view of unsuccessful tests with planting trees and bushes in
a spring time (this is ascribed to a prolonged drought, strengthened
with considerable loosening of the soil material before planting and
to appreciable salinity) it was decided to repeat the experiment in the
autumn of 1975, adding a fifth combination of cultivation with filling the
pits wholly with fertile soil according to the scheme as on fig. T-3381/
10289-R-3, In places of the previous plantings of trees and bushes
the pits were dug out, of dimensions as on the drawing and were filled
"with dressing according to the enclosed description. Trees and bus-
hes were planted after a few days, with the exception of larch, which
Was planted only in the spring. In the face of drought the watering
¦was applied to all the plots in the spring of 1976,
At the beginning of June 1976, and due to a delayed vegetation se-
ason, it is difficult to evaluate the success of the cultivation. The. pho-
tographic documentation and the qualitative appreciation will be presen-
ted in the subsequent report,
2.1.2. H a 1 e m b a
a) Plots with agricultural reclamation.
On the set up plots in the spring of 1975 according to the scheme
on fig. T-338l/l0289-R-l relatively good sproutings were observed,
and the development was connected with the conditions obtaining on
particular plots.
In August of 1975 all plots were fed with ammonium nitrate in a
dose 50 kg/ha, i,e. about 20 kg/ha of N. This same dose was applied
to the terrains among the tested plots.
On the 29-th September, 1975, the growth of cultivation was mown
on all plots, and samples of hay were taken for laboratory tests.
During the winter time in the face of appreciable frosts and a lack
of snow cover the freezing of cultivations was observed, especially of
.alfalfa. This phenomenon is often observed In polish conditions,/ The
cultivations, in the test conditions were not abandoned but fed in the
spring of 1976 with mineral fertilizers and then harrowed*
The doses of fertilizer were as follows}
-------
23 -
- 60 kg/ha of Po0r, i,e, 400 kg/ha of industrial fertilizer in a form of
J
superphos phate
-50 kg/ha of N, i.e. 110 kg/ha of urea.
In June of 1976 the cultivations were mown and samples were taken
for the tests,
k) Forest reclamation.
On plots set up in the spring of 1975 according to the scheme
given on fig. T-338l/l0289-R-2 were carried out during the vegetation
season the nursing operations and observations of the growth and he-
alth of the cultivation. In August of 1975 the terrain round the trees
was weeded, the weeds and grasses being destroyed.
In view of unsuccessful cultivation of birch, larch and black alder,
new trees were put on the used by the cultivation plots in spots, whe-
re from previous spring plantings were removed - with no further fer-
tilization added.
Simultaneously the fall-outs of poplar were supplemented on the
plots of the IV series.
In order to carry out experiments with the shoot cuttings of poplar
the XI series of experimental plots was set up in a following manner:
plot XI-1 - cover with fertile soil (layer 20 cm) + 300 kg/ha of a gra-
nulated treble superphosphate (l30 kg/ha of
Plot XI-2 - added 100 m^/ha of bentonite + 300 kg/ha of treble super**
Phos phate.
Plot XI-3 - added 10 T/ha of high moor peat + 300 kg/ha of treble
superphos phate.
Plot XI-4 - added 300 kg/ha of treble superphosphate.
All these plots were then dug and left with a turned over furrow
for the winter. In the spring - before the vegetation season started -
the clods were broken up, the plots raked and the poplar, shoot cut-
tings were planted in the framing of 1 x 0,5 m (40 cuttings to one plot).
The plots of X series (willow shoot cuttings) and XI series (poplar
shoot cuttings) were fed in the spring with the nitrogenous fertilizers -
50 kfi/ha of N in a form of urea (100 kg/ha of industrial fertilizer).
-------
— 24 —
Plots of the tree and shrub cultivations were fed with nitrogenous
fertilizers in following doses:
Plots I and II (poplar) - 55 g of N to a tree, i.e. 100 g of urea
plots III - ix (the remaining species of trees and bushes) - 7 g of N
to a tree, i.e. 15 g of urea.
After the distribution of fertilizer the terrain round the planted trees
and bushes was hoed.
2.2. The yields of cultivated plants.
2.2.1. K o n i n.
No crops were collected in the year 1975 due to unsatisfactory
development of plants, as presented in pt. 2,1.1. The achieved yields
in 1976 will be described in the subsequent report,
2.2.2. H a 1 e m b a.
Gathered on the 29 - 30-th September 1975 the I swath from all
Plots of agricultural reclamation is specified on the table 2,2, The
crop values arranged in line from the highest to the lowest were from
follow ing plots;
- 1-st combination (alfalfa): E (35 q of hay from 1 ha), 0,F,D,H,1,G
(4,5 g of hay from 1 ha)
- 2-nd combination (mixture of grasses): (40,3 q of hoy from a ha),
B, C, E, D, H, I, F, O, G (0,9 q from a ha)
- 3-rd combination (mixture of pipilionaceae with grasses): A(26,9 q
of hay from 1 ha), B, C, I, O, E, H, D, G, P (l,5 q of hay from
one ha)
«• 4-th combination (white melilot): A (l5,3 of hay from 1 ha), B,C,
(6,2 q from 1 ha).
Summing up the results of the I year of field research one can
state, that the best results were achieved from plotB covered with
fertile soil, and the thickness of the layer determined the crop level.
-------
- 25 -
On plots fertilized with manure for reasons which are unexplaina-
ble very low crops were achieved. The mineral fertilization was impro-
ving the crops, but not on all combinations.
One should mention here, that the crop bigger than 30 q, of hay
in the first year of vegetation is considered in Poland as quite good.
Higher crops were achieved on plots A-2, E-l, and quite near to this
Value were crops - on plots A-3, B-2,
2.3, Evaluation of the increments of trees and bushes.
2,3.1. K o n i n.
Modest results of the tests shown in pt. 2,1,1. warrant a statement
that planting of trees and bushes in the spring (connected with the
soil preparation in the spring) on stacks of a Konin type, may meet
¦with a failure, especially when concurrently occur dry periods during
a vegetation season. The Konin ashes require a longer period of time
after their loosening in order to facilitate the process of chemical re-
actions, in which the calcium and magnesium hydroxides can transform
themselves into calcites and dolomites. On such formations the soil
producing processes may be initiated, all the more so, aa in the dis-
cussed period also leaching of ashes takes place connected with the
salt washing away.
2«3,2, a 1 e m b a.
The results of the height measurements of trees and bushes plan-
ted in the year 1975, are given on table 2,3,
The analysis of the increase in height permits to say, that the
greatest dynamics of growth of all planted trees has shown the locust
tree, its increments were:
~ plot VI-1 - 0,43 to 1,44 m (average 0,78 m)
- plot VI-2 - 0,31 to 1,10 m (average 0,63 m)
- Plot VI-3 - 0,16 to 1,36 m (average 0,68 m)
- pldt VI-4 - 0,11 to 0,89 m (average 0,56 m)
-------
- 26 -
Best results were noted on plots, where the pits were dressed
¦with fertile soil, and poorest where the ashes, were enriched only with
mineral fertilizers.
Disappointed the cultivation of birch, larch, and black alder, which
had most of fall - outs (table 2.3). Least fall-outs were ascertained
in poplar and locust tree.
In order to arrive at final conclusions, regarding the possibility
°f introduction of particular tree and bush species, or the method of
ash treatment and its fertilization, the performance of further study is
advisable.
-------
- 27 -
Time-table of work carried out on experimental
plots
Table 2.1
Ord.
ir
Date of work done
no,
Description of work
Halemba
Konin
1
2
3
4
Year 1975
(Continuation of 4.4 table put
in interim report I for time
period from 1.IX.1974 to 31,VIII*
1975)
10.
Planting of trees and bushes
with digging and added treating
of pits
1.V.-9.V.
16.1V.-19.IV.
11.
Watering with river water of
trees and bushes
-
25.IV,, 3.V.,
14,V.f 24.V.,
3.VI., 12.V1I,,
14.V1I.
12.
Covering of cultivations with
elastomer
12.V1.
11.VL
13.
Height measurement of trees
and bushes
30.VIU
-
14.
Fertilization outside the roots
of agricultural cultivations
20,VIII.
2 8.VIII.
15.
Weeding of plots of trees and
bushes
15.VIII.-
-20.VIII,
mm
16.
Feeding with mineral fertilizers
of trees and bushes cultivations
20.VIII,
m
17.
Photos taken of agricultural and
forest cultivations
20.VIII.
2,IX,
18.
Sampling soils for testa:
a) pedologicai
b) water extracts
c) chemical and mlneralogical
composition
29.IX.
2 9.IX.
30 .IX.
2 5. IX.
25,IX.
25.IX.
-------
— 28 —
table cont.
1
t
2
3
4
19.
Mowing and weighing of I swath
crop
29.1X.-30.IX.
20.
Sampling to determine chemical
composition of cultivated plants
30.IX,
-
21.
Check measurement of trees and
bushes and stock taking of the
cultivation state
16.X.
13.X.
22.
Supplementary planting of trees
and bushes
10.XI.-17.XI.
6.XI.-18.XU
23.
Preparation of plots for the poplar
shoot cuttings * planting
12.XII.
-
aV
Preparation of plots for experiment
ts with elastomer (winter plowing)
m
14.XL
25.
Protection of trees and bushes aga-
inst chewing by animals
15.XII.
15.XII.
26.
Winter plowing of the plots
-
10.XI.
27.
Winter plowing of plots experimen-
ted with latex
m
10.XI.
28.
Safeguarding trees against hares
10.XI1.
12.XII,
Year 1976
1.
Preparation of plots of poplar shool
cuttings
2.IV.
2.
Fertilizer spreading and harrowing
12.IV.
7.IV.
3.
Planting of poplar shoot cuttings
13.IV.
-
4.
Pit digging for trees (larch)
7,1V.
5.
Larch planting
-
7.IV.-12.IV.
6.
Supplement poplar shoot cuttingB
-
12.IV.
7.
Sowing of seeds (supplement) on
plots under agricultural reclamation
27«IV«
8.
Cultivation of plots in experiments
with latex
«a
7.IV.
9.
Sowing fertilizer on plots with late?
experiments
-
7.1V.
-------
- 29 -
table cont.
1
2
3
4
10.
Sowing seeds on plots with latex
mm
27.IV.
11.
Covering of surface with latex
mm
30.IV.
12.
Watering of trees
-
13.V., 17.V.
13.
Destroying weeds on ;plots, under
forest reclamation
20.IV.
18.V.
14.
Photos taken of plots
10.VI.
7.VU
15,
Phytosociological photos of plots
7.VU
4.VI.
16.
Mowing (i swath) on plots under
agricultural reclamation
10.V1,
7, VI.
17,
Soil sampling for pedological studies
10.VI.
7.VI.
18.
Hay sampling for laboratory testing
10.VI.
7.VI.
-------
Crops in the year 197 5
taken from experimental lieid on the Halemba stack
(I swath - 29.IX. 1975)
Table 2.2
Plot
Method od neutralization or
Species composition
Crop of
green mass
Crop of
green mass
Crop of
hay, air
a ry
F
-------
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
a
9
10
a - i
Addition of 20 T/ha
Alfalfa.
2,40
2,50
2,60
2,60
2,52
12,6
4^
35,3
man'are + NPK
G - 2
-
Grass mixture
0,30
0,35
0,35
0,30
0,33
V
0,9
33,7
G - 3
Papilionaceous mixture
4,10
4,30
4,20
4,20
4,20
21,0
5,9
28,0
H - 1
Addition of N2PK
Alfalfa
0,10
9,70
9,70
9,60
9,50
47,7
10,2
21,3
H - 2
_
Grass mixture
2,50
2,60
2,50
2,50
2,50
12,6
4,1
32,7
H - 3
- »
Papilionaceous mixture
6,20
6,60
6,50
6,50
6,40
32,2
7,7
24,0
I - X
Addition of NPK
Alfalfa
6,40
6,80
6,60
6,70
6,60
33,1
8,6
26,0
I - 2
Grass mixture
3,20
3,40
3,10
3,00
3,20
15,9
3,9
24,7
I - 3
_ «•
Papilionaceous mixture
11,70
12,10
12,00
11,85
11,90
59,6
16,7
28,0
0-1
Control
Alfalfa
16,00
16,50
16,40
16,30
16,30
81,5
20,6
25,3
0-2
_ w __
Grass mixture
1,00
1,10
1,10
1,00
1,10
5,3
1,1
21.3
0-3
Papilionaceous mixture
10,00
10,30
10,20
10,10
10,10
50,7
16,6
32,7
-------
- 32 -
iCvnli Motion of liu:i pmi'nl (nnimal tints) o( trpos and nhruba on the*
oxpprimont/vl pl<»1, I tnlomba
(l vei'etntkm HPn»nn)
Table 2.3
lloiiiht o
over -
Annual
evaluation of success
Cultivation combinations
i',iout»d portion
average
of
planting
(avoragr
~ c.m)
incre-
«»( IM'PS
Mm k tm»
Mrasn-
After
ment
Number
Number
Kail -
fH Ul
hushPA
of
Treating pits
rfnifnl
voq,pta-
(cm)
of plan-
of trees
outs In
plol
aft or
tlon bc-
ted trees
or shrub
first
planting
nsi>n
or shnii)
k grow in a
year
(9,v.7r>)
(measu-
ori a plo
after the
%
rement
( pices)
ve eola-
|
tion so-
J0.X.75)
olo
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
eco»)
9
Poplar I
I - 1
ash
4
fertile soil 4 NPK
1,61
1,85
0,24
9
9
0
1 - 2
bbIi
4.
bentonite ~ NPK
1,64
1,85
0,21
9
9
0
1 - 3
ash
4
hli'h m, peal 4 NPK
1,40
1,02
0,22
9
9
0
I - 4
ae)i
4
NPK
1,17
1,38
0,21
9
9
0
Poplar M
II- 1
ash
+
fertile soil + NPK
1,4 1
1,65
0,24
9
9
0
II - 2
ash
+
bentonite ~ NPK
1,34
1,57
0,23
9
8
11,1
11-3
ash
4
high m, peat 4 NPK
1,07
1,37
0,20
9
9
0
II - 4
ash
4
NPK
1,03
1,26
0,«*3
9
7
22,2
1 lirch
III - 1
ash
4
fertile soil 4 NPK
0,38
0,67
0,10
24
2
91,7
IN - 2
ash
4
bentonite 4 NPK
0,18
-
¦ •
24
-
100,0
111 - 3
qbI)
*
high m, peat + NPK
0,14
0,20
0,06
24
2
91,7
III - 4
nsh
4
NPK
0,11
0,20
0,09
24
1
95,9
Cirey
IV - 1
ash
4
fertile soil + NPK
1,0S
1.14
0,09
24
20
16,7
aider
IV - 2
ash
4
bontonite 4 NPK
0,94
1,06
0,]2
24
11
54,1
rv - 3
ash
+
high m, peat ~ NPK
0,Q7
1.11
0,14
24
9
62,5
IV - 4
ash
+
NPK
0,77
0,8 6
0,09
24
4
83,3
lUnr.k
V - 1
ash
4
fertile soli ~ NPK
0,5l
0,65
0,14
24
19
20,0
alder
V - 2
ash
4
bentonite 4 NPK
0,52
0,61
0,09
24
13 ,
45,8
V - 3
ash
+
high m. peal ~ NPK
0,47
0,62
0,15
24
18
25,0
I
>
ash
+
NPK
0,41
0,52
0,11
24
20
16,7
IsOC.USt
VI - 1
ash
4
fertile soil + NPK
0,53
1,31
0,78
24
24
0
tree
VI - 2
ash
4
bontonite 4 NPK
0,54
1,17
0,63
24
23
4,1
VI - 3
ash
+
high P®a* + NPK
0,54
1,22
0,68
24
24
0
VI - 4
ash
4
NPK
0,5G
1,12
0,56
24
24
0
Larch
VP - 1
ash
4
fortilo soil 4 NPK
0,43
-
.
24
0
100,0
VII - 2
ash
4
bentonite 4 NPK
0,44
-
24
0
100,0
VII - 3
ash
4
high moor peat ~ NPK
0,46
-
.
24
0
100,0
VII - 4
ash
4
NPK
0,4 4
-
•
24
0
100,0
1 ¦ua
VUl - 1
ash
4
fertile soli + NPK
0,20
0,36
0,07
24
22
8,2
nhrnb
23
VIII - 2
ash
4
bentonite + NPK
<),30
0,41
o,n
24
4,1
VIII - 3
ash
~
hiyl) n)« peat 4 NPK
0,28
0,39
0,11
24
23
4,1
VUl - 4
ash
4
NPK
0,34
0,40
0,06
24
24
0
Willow
IX - 1
ash
4
fertile soil 4 NPK
0,40
0,53
0,13
24
IB
25,0
IX - 2
ash
4
bentoftite 4 NPK
0,40
0,52
0,12
24
16
33,3
IX - 3
ash
4
high m« peat ~ NPK
0,34
0,40
0,06
24
21
12,5
IX - 4
ash
+
NPK
0,30
0,40
0,10
34
16
33,3
-------
•• 33 «•
3. COMPOSITION AND PROPERTIES OF CROPS OF4 CUI/TIVATED
BaaaaaaanaKiaDaaBMHBMaaHn mm mm m mmmmmmm mmm mm m mm mm mm mmm mmmm mm
PLANTS.
IBIS S3 S3 8SBS tSS M
3.1. The objective and the scope of research, methodology.
A chemical analysis of hay was carried out with the object to
determine the level of suitability of the cultivated plants' crops as
fodder for the animals, and to determine the degree of utilization of
macro - and microelements contained in ashes and in fertilizers.
Samples for tests were taken only from experimental field in Ha-
lemba, from all 30 combinations, and the samples were analysed as
mixtures of 4 repetions. Samples were taken of a 1500 g mass, dried
up, and weighed again, obtaining a hay content (table 2,2 col, 10)
the humidity of which is given on table 3.1 col. 11.
In the collected samples determined were the fodder value (table
3.1, col. 10) and the ash content (table 3.1, col. 9).
The content of macrocomponents and microcomponents was estimated
with methods as employed by the polish chemical-agricultural stations,
particularly:
- the nitrogen was determined with the Kjeldahl method
- the phosphorus with the vanadium - molybdenum method
_ potassium and calcium - with the flame photometer
- magnesium according to Schachtschn&bel.'
On the investigated object Konin the growth was very small,
therefore the tests of chemical composition of crops were abandoned.
3.2. Chemical composition of crops grown on the experimented fields
in Halemba.
The results of chemical analyses are given on table 3.1.
The content of microelements is specified on table' 3.2
3.2.1. N _i t r o g _e_nL
The content of nitrogen in plants is strongly differentiated, depen-
dent on the plot and on the hay species, composition. The highest
-------
- 34 -
content is noted in the alfalfa and in a mixture of papilionaceae with
grasses. Still, this content (1,88 — 3,20 %) is lower than the of alfal-
fa cultivated on a normal agricultural soil (about 4 % of N).
Very low content of nitrogen is in a white melilot (2.28 - 2.49 %),
It appears also, that the content of nitrogen is higher in plants grown
on ashes alone, than on ashes covered with fertile soil;
- layer of fertile soil, 20 cm thick - 1,88 % N
- layer of fertile soil 10 cm thick - 2,36 N
- layer of fertile soil 5 cm thick - 2,24 % N
- check, pure ash - 3,20 % N.
Interesting results will be obtained from comparisons of quantities of
nitrogen assimilated on various plots in a calculation to 1 ha.
- layer of soil 20 cm thick - 26,9qx 1,88 % ¦ 51 kg
- layer of soil 10 cm thick - 21,2 q x 2,36 % - 50 kg
- layer of soil 5 cm thick - 16,5q x 2,24 % - 37 kg
- check pure ash - 16,6q x 3,20 % — 53 kg.
One should conclude therefore that the quantity of taken up nitro-
gen is not directly relevant to the crops on a determined experimented
plot, but to the total mass of nitrogen produced by the plants, or to
nitrogen constituting the soil reserve.
In reference to the mixtures of grasses on particular cultivation
combinations no connection was found between the quantity of fertile
soil used to treat the ashes, and the, percentage content of nitrogen
in the hay. There is however a connection between the cropping of
the discussed plots, and the total mass of nitrogen taken up by the
plants. And so:
- on plots covered with 20 cm layer of fertile soil the grass plants
took up 88 kg of N
- on plots covered with 10 cm layer of soil - 59 kg
- on plots covered with 5 cm layer of fertile soil - 34 kg
- on plots covered with plain ash - 3 kg.
The nitrogenous fertilization has then here a real significance for the
cultivation of grasses.
-------
- 35 -
3.2,2. Phosphorus (P„0 ).
The highest content of phosphorus (p 0 ) characterized hay of
O
alfalfa collected from a plot treated with a low moor peat (0,81 % of
P2O5.) The lowest content however of the ^2^5 %) had crops
of alfalfa taken from plots fertilized with a high moor peat and a ma-
nure. The lowest content of ^2^5 ^lac' white melilot (0,53 - 9,71 %)
grown in a monoculture on plots fertilized only with fertile soil. On
the whole the hay from grasses contained less than the hay
from papilionaceae. Generally speaking all cultivation combinations
have manifested a too low a content of phosphorus as compared with
crops from normal soils (table 3.1). It appears therefore that plots
covered with fertile soil gave poorer crops with the .due to in-
M O
sufficient reserves of this microelement, as can be seen from a calcu-
lation of a mass of taken up component on 1 ha.
3.2.3. Potassium (K^O).
Only plots covered with fertile soil gave hay of alfalfa with a su-
fficient reserve of the K^O. The grass cultivations however indicate
a sufficient abundance of the "soil" as regards this macroelement.
3.2.4. Calcium_
Most calcium (3,82 % of CaO) contained samples of the alfalfa
from a plot fertilized with a high moor peat together with the NPK.
In the remaining cultures the calcium content can be considered as
sufficient, with the exception of plots fertilized with fertile soil. One
concludes therefore, that with longer cultivation of papilionaceae one
would have to lime the plots. This confirm the studies of soil reaction
of these plots (chapter 7, table 7,4),
3.2.5. ^Magnesium (MgO^. _
All the tested samples have indicated an appreciably higher con-
tent of magnesium than the hay which was collected from normal cul-
tivation Boils,
-------
- 36 -
Most magnesium contained a hay coming from the check plots and
from plots strongly fertilized with the NPK, (1,20 - 1,41 %), Poorest
with the Mg was a hay coming from plots treated with fertile soil, and
the more so poor it was, the thicker was the layer of this soil.
3.2.6. Microelements ^table 3.2).
In the investigated samples of hay the following deviations from
normal conditions were considered:
1) The hay of papilionaceous plants and grass from plots covered
with thick layer of fertile soil was characterized with an increased
content of the Mn (l44 - 215 ppm as against 30-100 ppm found
in a hay grown on soils under cultivation).
2) All samples of hay comprised an increased content of the Mo
(l,55 - 3,90 ppm as against the standard of 1-1,5 ppm) which
probably has to do with a high reaction of the ash soils.
3) Samples of hay from plots fertilized with a fertile soil contain in-
creased amounts of zinc (65 - 288 ppm as against a standard of
some 40-80 ppm in cultivated soils), which fact has a connection
with a large reserve of this metal in the soils (see chapter 7).
4) Content of the Co in all samples of hay is higher than in hay from
normal soils (0,50 - 1,25 ppm compared with normal 0,05 - 0,1 ppm).
5) Content of iron is higher (in comparison with a hay grown on nor-
mal soils) mainly on plots fertilized with a manure and a high moor
peat (2380 - 5O00 ppm with normal 30 - 3000 ppm). Samples from
the remaining plots are comprised within the provided limits of a
standard (in a higher section). The content of boron is contained
within the limits as found with normal soils.
3.3. Fodder value of the crops from Halemba.
The samples of hay collected from plots contained 9,78 - 19,25 %
of ash as opposed to the 5 - 13 % of ash in a hay coming from nor-
mal soils. One could assume, that this high ash content is caused by
an appreciable dust pollution of the air in the area of the conducted
-------
37 -
research (chapter l) and especially in the lowest layer of the air,
polluted additionally with ashes from a being reclaimed stack. Samples
for tests were collected in normally obtaining conditions and were was-
hed before their chemical analysis.
Despite a high content of ash in hay its fodder value is high.
The protein content was 12,50 to 20,00 % (table 3,1), however, the
content of this component in a hay cultivated on normal soils in Poland
amounts to:
- in alfalfa - 15-22 %
- in grasses - 7 - 13 %
- in white clover - 22 - 28 %,
Especially high content of protein have shown crops coming from
check plots or from plots fertilized with mineral fertilizers only. The
most deficient in protein was hay from plots fertilized with a fertile soil,
The mixture of papilionaceous plants with grasses contained here only
11,75 - 14,75 of the total protein. This manifestation has its connec-
tion with a low content of nitrogen in samples of these mixtures. Simi-
larly the higher content of protein (20,00 %) in a mixture of papiliona-
ceous plants from check plots is linked with a high proportion of ni-
trogen (3,20 % of N).
3.4. Conclusions.
The hay acquired from the experimental plots indicates an insu-
fficient content of a general phosphorus and nitrogen, in some cases
also of calcium. In excess however appears magnesium. Increased
contents have molybdenum, and cobalt, in some samples also the man-
ganese, iron and zinc. The established higher contents of these ele-
ments appear to be not hctrmful to animals.
The hay from plots is characterized -with a large ash content the
cause of which is amongst others the strong dustim3 with mineral sub-
stances derived from dusts falling down and from secondary dusting
rising from ashes under the reclamation. A high ash content can indu-
ce a decrease in the fodder value of the crops*
The hay from the ash stack in Halemba is marked with an appre-
ciable fodder content owing to a large content owing to a large content
-------
- 38
o£ the general protein, comparable to the protein content in hay coming
from normal cultivated lands.
Despite the presence in the ashes of significant quantities of boron
no increased content of this element is observed in the hay.
Further research work will have to show whether the so far arri-
ved at conclusions are true, and to permit to determine the influence
of fertilization with various substctnees on the value of the acquired
crops.
-------
Determinations crt macro-elements "content in crops
of hay from HaJemba
(I swath - 29.IX.1975)
N.arking
Method of neutralization
or melioration of ashes
Species composition of
*hay
Content
of macro-elements
Ash con-
Fodcer va-
lue
Protein
content
Humidi-
of
plot
N
%
P2°5
%
K2°
%
CaO
%
MgO
%
tent
%
dity
"Q
1
2
3
4
5
6
a
9
10
11
A - 2
20 cm layer cover with
fertile soil 4- KPK
Grass mixture
2.19
0,53
2,82
1,60
0,90
11.96
13,69
7.75
A - 3
-
Papilionaceous mixture
1.88
0,55
3,68
0,94
0,68
11,65
11,75
7,12
A - 4
White melilot
2,49
0,53
2,76
2,06
0,95
10,66
15,56
7,82
B - 2
10 cm layer cover -with
fertile + KPK
Gross mixture
2.09
0,63
3,20
1,33
0,71
12,61
13,06
7,38
B - 3
-
Papilionaceous mixture
2,36
0,59
2,82
1.42
0,91
11,24
14,75
7,04
B - 4
.
White melilot
2,52
0,55
2,77
1,9 Z
0,91
12,55
15,7 5
7,40
C - 2
5 cm Layer cover with fertile
•oil + KPK
Grass mixture
2.22
0,53
2,65
1.87
1,06
10,87
13,88
7.12
C - 3
Papilionaceous mixture
2.24
0#59
3,10
1,34
0.96
11,04
14,00
7,27
C - 4
M • V
White melilot
2,28
0,71
3,54
1,80
1,29
12,70
14,25
7,28
D - 1
100 m /ha bentonite
addition ~ NPK
Alfalfa
2,84
0,71
3,46
1,67
1,08
12,51
17,75
7.02
D - 2
Grass mixture
2,92
0,75 .
3,58
1.17
1,10
13,06
16.25
6,39
D - 3
« * m
Papilionaceous mixture
3,15
0,6 j.
3,7 a
1,46
1,11
12 ,*3
19,69
r.ja
C - 1
10 T/ha addition ot Sow b.pe-
at + KPK
Alfalfa
3.06
0,81
2,50
1.92
1,00
10,71
19,13
7,13
e - 2
-
Grass mixture
2,47
0,63
2,76
1.88
0,91
10,83
15,44
7.16
e - 3
Papilionaceous mixture
2,54
. 0,69
2,90
1.63
0,98
9,78
15,88
7.21
p - i
lO T/ha addition of high
m. peat ~ NPK
Alfalfa
2,92
0,55
2,12
3,82
1,34
11,07
18,25
7.32
P - 2
«
Grass mixture
2,00
0,53
2,50
1,70
1.23
19,19
12,50
6,4 8
P - 3
— • «.
Papilionaceous mixture
2,38
0,46
2,50
1,99
1,44
18,63
14,88
7.13
-------
cont. table 3.1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
a
9
10
11
G - 1
20 T/ha addition of manure
+ NPK
AUalla
2,94
0,3 5
2,33
2,16
1,38
13,01
18,38
6,a9
G - 2
.
Grass mixture
2,19
0,55
3,08
1,30
1,2 a
14,77
13,69
6,70
G - 3
- ~ -
Papilionaceous mixture
2,91
0,69
3,14
1,55
1,18
13,04
18,19
6,49
H - X
N2PK addition
Alfalfa
3,10
0,71
2,74
2,70
1.29
11,39
19,38
7,72
H — 2
«
Grass mixture
2,38
0,63
2,46
2,32
1,18
16,56
14,88
7,39
H - 3
- w "
Papilionaceous mixture
3,10
0,65
2,64
2,52
1,23
15,44
19,38
7,37
K - 1
NPK addition
Alfalfa
2,63
0,59
2,72
1,60
1*28
19,26
16.44
6,38
1 -
-
Grass mixture
2*56
0,59
2,85
2,28
1.41
13,31
16,00
7,30
1-3
-
Papilionaceous mixture
2,84
0,63
2,35
2,31
1.39
13,60
17,75
7,45
O - x
Check
Alfalfa
3,08
0,63
2,10
2,64
1,39
11,77
19,25
7,67
O * 2
Grass mixture
2,49
0,55
2.31
2,46
1,36
18,23
15,56
7,26
O * 3
Papilionaceous mixture
3,20
0,7i
2,55
2,30
1,20
12, ia
20,00
7,07
According- to manual
Alfalfa
4,00
0,82
3,30
3,27
0,25
- - -
Meadow hay (grasses)
1.22
1.12
2,10
0,7fi
0,66
5,90
Papilion ac e ae
2,83
0,99
0,96
4.13
0,70
*
6,75
-------
Determinations of the micro-element contents in crops of hay
gathered from Halemba plots
(I swath - 29.1X.1975)
Table 3.2
Content
of micro-elements
in taken
samples of hay
Plot
Method of neutralization or
melioration of ashes
Species composition
of hay
3
Cu
N'n
N*o
2 n
F e
Co
ppm
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9*
lu
A - 2
Cover with 20 cm layer of fertile
soil + NPK
Grass mixture
36,0
11,0
144,0
2,75
192,0
1550
0,63
A - 3
-
Papilionaceous mixture
33,0
9,0
215,0
2.10
141.0
1115
0,50
A - 4
¦
Whit# melilot
49,0
9,35
67,0
2,70
173,0
1050
0.51
B - 2
Cover -with 10 cm layer of fertile soil -t
+ NPK
Grass mixture
20,0
10,0
100,0
2,00
ia4,o
1287
0,64
B - 3
-
Papilionaceous mixture
40,0
8,0
160,0
3,90
65,0
1230
0,62
B - 4
White melilot
45,0
9,8
96,0
3,00
172,0
1480
0,74
C - 2
Cover with 5 cm layer of fertile soil +
* NPK
Grass mixture
30,5
8,0
82,0
2,55
133,0
1270
0,70
C - 3
**
Papilionaceous mixture
29,5
8,5
90,0
2,75
288,0
1280
0,58
C - 4
White melilot
44,0
7,45
61,5
2,65
84,5
1360
0,65
D - 1
Addition of 100 m^/ha of bentonite +
~ NPK
Alfalfa
50,0
7.5
56,5
2,30
65,0
1645
0,80
D - 2
-
Grass mixture
45,0
8,3
59,0
2,30
59,0
2500
0,8 0
D - 3
-
Papilionaceous mixture
49.0
6.5
50,0
1,55
55P
1440
0,59
E —1
Addition of 10 T/ha of low b, peat +
~ NPK
Alfalfa
65,0
6,65
40,0
3,50
39,0
1280
ojsi
E - 2
-
Grass mixture
47,0
6,15
38,0
2,55
40.5
1280
0,43
£ - 3
-
Papilionaceous mixture
37*5
5»5
32,0
2,65
44,0
957
0.51
F - 1
Addition + 10 T/ha of high m« peat +
* NPK
Alfalfa
76,5
3.3
48,0
2,00
33,0
1250
0,25
F - 2
¦
Grass mixture
35,5
11,0
98,0
1,90
42,5
5000
0,825
F - 3
-
Papilionaceous mixture
48,0
11,5
.105,5
2,40
41,3
5000
1,00
-------
cont. table 3,2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
G - 1
Addition of 20 T/ha. of manure ~ NPK
Alfalfa
63,0
7,0
63,0
2,00
42,5
2700
0,00
G - 2
-
Grass mixture
37,0
8,75
77,0
2,00
54,5
3240
0,80
G - 3
-
Papilionaceous mixture
50,0
7,45
55,0
2,15
46,5
2380
1,13
H - 1
Addition of N2PK
AlXalla
66,0
6,0
50,0
2,60
36,5
1470
0,62
H - 2
-
Gross mixture
30,0
10,00
66,0
1,85
40,0
3310
1,25
H - 3
Papilionaceous mixture
65,0
9,00
77,0
1,75
40,0
3100
0,80
1 - 1
Addition of NPK
Alfalfa
57,0
11,60
106,0
2,65
49,5
4700
1,25
I - 2
-
Grass mixture
55,0
7,40
70,0
2,60
43,5
2380
0,85
I - 3
- "
Papilionaceous mixture
65,0
8,30
66,0
2.55
42,5
3240
0,80
0-1
Control
Alfalfa
65,0
6,30
56,0
2,BO
41,5
1820
0,72
0 — 2
m * —
Gross mixture
45,0
10,00
89,0
2,15
42,5
3600
1,00
0-3
Papilionaceous mixture
65,0
7,00
51.0
2,85
43,5
1667
0,80
According to manual
Alfalfa
36,0
10,4
35,8
0,68
39,0
160
0,13
•» " *
Meadow hay
30,0
7,5
95,0
0,30
60,0
10-1000
0.05
-------
- 43 -
4. CHEMICAL AND MINERALOGICAL COMPOSITION OF ASHES
4.1. The object and the scope of research.
Lack of some micro-elements in assimilable for the plants form
(chapter 7) effected the necessity of checking whether ashes do
contain such elements in their general form.
A general chemical analysis and the mineralogical investigations
will provide for a general estimation of the degree of resource-
fulness with the macro and with microelements, and moreover will
help to determine the form in which these elements are occurring.
Particularly important is the identification of compounds, in which
appear the toxic elements to plants.
The research was carried out:
a) in a reference to fly ashes obtained from lignite and from hard
coal, and colfected on the el. precipitators,
b) regarding the fly ashes accumulated on hydraulic stacks, on
which currently are carried out experiments with vegetation.
To be noted is that samples collected from el. precipitators
refer to coals being burnt now, and samples of ashes taken from
sed. basins concern ashes, that were stacked some years back.
4.2. Methodology of research.
4.2.1. Chemical analysis
The denotations were carried out of the:
a) S.0„ - through melting the sample with the sodium carbonate,
i
and educing the silicic acid by way of a twice done vaporiza-
tion with the hydrochloric acid;
b) ALgO^ - with a complexo metric method II in a direct titration
of aluminium ions with the solution of bi-sodium versenate in
the presence of copper complexonian;
c) FegO^ with complexometric method in direct titration of ions of
iron with a solution of bi-sodium versenate in the presence oi
salicylic acid.
-------
- 44 -
d) TiO^ - through oxidation of titanium with hydrogen peroxide in
the presence of sulphuric acid, and through a measurement of
a yellow - orange colouring intensity, formed by pero-titanyle
compound;
e) CaO - by weight through a precipitation of calcium in a form
of oxalate;
f) MgO - by weight through the eduction of magnesium in a form
of ammonium - magnesium phosphate with the aid of bi-ammo-
nium phosphate in the presence of ammonia;
g) KgO and Na20 - photometrically;
h) S - through the solution of sample in aqua regia and a preci-
pitation in feltrate of sulphates of the S by means of the so-
lution of barium chloride;
i) ^2^5 ~ c°lorumeWcally with the vanadium - molybdenum method;
j) free FegO^ - sodium citrate, employing the reduction with hy-
posulphite - according to Jackson's.
4.2.2. Content of the trace elements.
Content of microelements and other trace elements was deter-
mined on a spectrograph.
4.2.3. Mineralogical anal^s^is^
The mineralogical - petrographic analysis was carried out:
a) by means of optical microscopes
b) with the use of electronic microscopes
c) based on Roentgen investigations
d) on the basis of spectroscopic tests in an infra-red radiation.
Por the investigations with optical microscopes were used
pulverized preparations sedimented in distilled water and fixed
with a Canada balsam. Optical characteristics were determined with
a polarizing microscope, Lab oval, with one nicol, and with two
crossed nicols. Por the proportical determination of the percen-
-------
- 4-5 -
tage of transparent anisotropic and isotropic grains and of opaque
fragments, a planimetric analysis with the aid of Eltinor, on an inte-
grating stage was carried out.
The research work -was effected with the help of employed
transmissive electron microscopy, settling down directly using the
suspension technique the particles of dust on the microscope
gauzes. These gauzes were covered previously with a carbon
film, which constituted a carrier for the sedimented particles. The
inspection of preparations was made with the Zeiss microscope,
the EF IV, with 75 kV accelerating voltage.
The Roentgen phase analysis was made with a powder method
after the Debye - Sherrer - Hull with the aid of the TUR M-61
diffractometer. Preparations were made in a form of flat discs pre-
ssed so as to diminish the effect of the preferred orientation of the
laminated minerals. The diffraction patterns of samples were recor-
ded within the 0-30° range shifting the monitoring. counter, the
CrM 30°/min, changing the speed of the tape feed 600 mm/h.
On the basis of measurement of the interference reflections'posi-
tion on the diffractograms the corresponding interplane distances
were being selected. As a unit of intensity was adopted area des-
cribed by the reflections.
The spectroscopic investigation in an infra-red radiation were
made with the UR-10 (Zeiss) equipment. Preparations were made
in a form of KBr pressed tablets. The absorption spectra were
recorded within the range of wave numbers 400 - 1800 and 3000 -
—1 —1
3800 cm . For the range of 400 - 700 cm was used a KBr
—1
prism, for 700 - 1800 cm the NaCl prism, fdr the 3000 - 3800
cm range, the LiF prism.
4,3. Analysis of the chemical composition.
4.3.1. _K_ o n i_ n.
The results of research are specified on table 4,1, Analyses
of fresh ashes indicate a considerable diversification in the con-
tents of AlgO^ and CaO dependent on the granulation of tested
samples, and also on the type of the burnt coal* The contamination
-------
- 46 -
of coal with waste rock, in a shape of silts and tertiary sands,
has its bearing here.
In a process of hydraulic ash disposal the leaching of the
CaO and MgO follows, of which compounds being in a form of
hydroxides are removed by water. In the effect of this the chemi-
cal composition of ashes changes, so that increases the proportion
of the SiC>2 from 36 - 39 % to 54 - 90 % (table 4,l) dependent
on the position relation of the spot where the sample was taken to
the outlet of the ash pulp from transporting it pipeline. Simultane-
ously the content of the CaO + MgO decreases from 32-41 % to
3-20 %
The content of SO is also strongly differentiated and can be
o
connected with the washing out of sulphates of calcium, magnesium,
sodium, and potassium, but also with the being recorded ever
stronger getting sulphation of lignite in the region of Konin.
The level of lixiviation of soluble salts depends to a large
degree on the method of water utilization in closed cirenit for the
hydraulic transportation of ashes. After a multiple utilization of wa-
ter it£ saturation with soluble salts is so great that further leaching
of ashes is hindered or made impossible. Hence the large divergen-
cies in the evaluation of reserves of CaO and MgO and of the de-
gree of ash salinity on the tested stack.
The spectrographic (table 4.2) and the chemical analyses
(table 4.1) show that the soils formed of ashes are characterized
with sufficient general resources of the macro and micro components,
such as the Ca, Mg, Pe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Co, which compounds howe-
ver may be of no use to plants due to the alkaline reaction,
4.3.2. Halemba.
The diversification in the chemical composition ashes from
Halemba is not as large, as of ashes from Konin (table 4,1),
As opposed to the Konin the ashes from hard coal contain 2-3
times more of A1„0_ and 4-7 times less of CaO. The content of
d, J
MgO is from 2 to 3 times less. With it the lack in differentitation
in the CaO and MgO content of fresh samples, and collected from
-------
- 47 -
the sed. basins would indicate a small effect of the water used
for the transportation of ashes. These observations hold good also
for the Na^O and the K^O.
The ashes from Halemba appear to be somewhat richer in the
total Cu and in Zn content. In smaller quantities occurs manganese,
(table 4.2), Here also manifests itself the influence of alkaline
medium on the assimilability of some macro and microelements, as
results from investigations analysed in chapter 7,
4,4, Mineralogical composition.
4.4.1. K o n i n.
The main crystalline component of ashes generated by lignite,
and collected on the el. precipitators is quartz. The Roentgen
tests indicate considerable amounts of anhydrite (CaSO^) and of
CaO. Following next are hematite (PegO^), and magnetite (Fe^O^),
whereby, the diffraction lines of the hematite are more intense than
of magnetite. On the diffraction graphs of samples appears within
o
the 4-10 range a wide broadened diffraction band, generated
through an amorphous substance. This is clearly divided into two
diffraction maxima of values 9,5 and 7,4 X, It may indicate a par-
tial crystallization of a vitreous substance, leading to a formation
of a structure of gyrolite or any hydrated calcium silicate.
The spectrographs of samples K-4 to K-6 differ clearly from
K - 1 to K - 3 samples. Next to the bands belonging to quartz
— 1
(460, 520, 780, 1100 cm ) are plainly visible the phenomena of
-1
absorption within the range of Wave numbers 800 - 1000 cm ,
indicating the presence of silicates with a low level of condensa-
tion of the SiO. groups, a weak band 1430 cm generated by
-1
the carbonate anions and weak bands of 680, 615 and 595 cm
derived probably from anions accompanying the quartz.
On the basis of microscope observations in the tested samples
K-4 to K-6 were found the following, the quartz, the vitreous sub-
stance, the CaO, smaller quantities of carbonates and sulphates of
calcium and the opaque fragments: blacks forms with spherical
cross - sections. The size of the quartz'grains is very diversified
-------
- 48
from 200 x 150 microns to 40 x 30 micr. Significant proportion
in the tested samples compose isomeric forms with a spherical
cross-section, colourless, sometimes creamy or brown coloured.
Inside some, a black, opaque substance is dispersed. It is glaze,
the diameters of which are from 20 to 50 microns. On a microsco-
pe screen the transparent, colourless, or grey grains with a cross-
section approximated to a square shape are the CaO,
Moreover, identified in samples are carbonates less than 10 mi-
crons in diameter. On the edges of the sedimented preparations
were observed colourless anisotropic crystallites of calcium sul-
phate (CaSo^2 HgO).
The revisal of preparations with the electron microscope did
not disclose new phases among the observed portions. Main crys-
talline component of ash samples collected from a stack under
reclamation is quartz (samples K-l, K-2, K-3). Small reflections
observed during Roentgen tests prove of the presence of admixtu-
re of small quantity of the 5CaSi0^ HgO compound. Some samples,
with exception of quartz and calcite, contain the 2 CaO, 3 SiOg*
2 HgO xenolite compound and the Ca^SiO^, gyralite, calcium silicate.
The presence of gypsum is also possible. An intense broadening
of diffraction line within the 4 - 10° range proves the presence of
amorphic substdnce (glaze).
Spectroscopic tests performed with infra red radiation admitted
to identify the carbonate as the calcite. The lines 600 - 670 cm
visible on the spectrogram of the K-3 sample are coming probably
from a small admixture of calcium sulphate.
The microscope optical observations allow to state that the
dominating component in the tested samples is quartz. Apart from
quartz also occur the not transparent and the black spherical forms.
Identified also were the glaze, the trace amounts of carbonates and
single grains in optical characteristics approximating the anhydrite.
Mineralogical - petrographical investigations have shown that sam-
ples collected from stacks being under reclamation are more di-
versified in respect of the occurrence of quarts calcite, CaO, the
5CaSiOH20, the 2Ca0.3 SiOg. H20, the calcium silicate, and the
artiorphous substance, than the samples taken from el. precipitators,
-------
- 49 -
and which may be explained with the ashes sorting hemselves out
during their sedimentation process in the sed. basin. In the pro-
cess of hydraulic stacking and weathering of ashes on the stack,
the increase in the content of calcite, xenolite and gyrolite takes
place to the disadvantage of the anhydrite and calcium oxide.
4.4.2, H_a_l e m b a.
Tests carried out with Roentgen on samples (H-4, H-5, H-6) of
fresh ashes from hard coal, collected from electric precipitators of
the Pov«er Plant Halemba indicate that, the main crystalline compo-
nent is quartz. Significant quantities of gypsum (CaSo^. 21^0)
and mullite (SA^O^* ^SiOg) were ascertained also.
Magnetite (Pe^O^) and hematite occur in smaller quan-
tities. In these samples a broadened diffraction line of a range
o
4-10 also appears. This proves a presence of amorphous substan-
ces, the glaze.
The spectroscopic tests carried out in infra red indicate, that
the main component of samples is the sillicate gaze. Quartz occurs
in trace amounts. Clearly however occurs mullite.
-1
A weak line 1390 cm may be coming from slender quantities
of ammonium ions.
The optical microscopy confirms, that the dominating components
are glaze and mullite. Apart from this also quartz and minute amo-
unts of calcium sulphates were identified. Also present are the non-
transparent fragments of a round cross-section and brown or black
aggregates weakly transparent, Mullite constitutes background of the
microscope preparations. Its grains are fine, of a square cross -
section (dimensions to 15 micron), an elongated needle-like and a
rod-like forms. The glaze are the spherical forms, on the whole co-
lourless, sometimes creamy yellowish, or brownish. The diameters
are 20-60 microns. The quartz grains are reeled, their prevalence
appears in sample H-6. Sharpedged irregular forms have dimensions
from 50x40 to 30x20 microns. Electron microscope admits a state-
ment that hematite is occurring in a shape of plates, liminas, rhom-
bohedrons, of sharp edged contours, but magnetite occurs in a form
of single minute formations, rectangular or orthorhombic.
-------
- 50 -
The phase composition of samples taken from a stack under
reclamation (samples H-l, H-2, H-3), based on Roentgen tests
is similar, The main crystalline component is quartz. Certain qu-
antities of gypsum (CaSO^. 2H^0) and mullite (aAlgO^ . 2SiC>2).
In subordinate quantities occur magnetite (Pe^O^), and hematite
(^e^O ), In all samples appers amorphous substance, the glaze.
The optical microscopy confirms, that main components of
investigated samples are glaze and mullite. Besides these identified
also were quartz, subordinate quantities of carbonates and quanti-
ties of calcium sulphates. Significant proportion constitute opaque
fractions, difficult to a microscope identification.
Observations of .H-3 sample in electron microscope show that
the main bulk compose fractions with spherical outlines, or with
ellipsoidal, totally not transparent for the stream of electrons. Cha-
racteristic cast of these crystallites points to mullite.
The mineralogical - petrographical investigations indicate, that
no material differences exist in the composition of fresh ashes
(collected from electric precipitators) and ashes deposited in wet
dumps. Exist however essential differences between the ashes co-
ming from burning lignite (Konin), and from hard coal (Halemba).
Konin ashes besides quartz contain also major amounts of CaOt
gypsum, calcite, whereas in ashes from Halemba the mentioned mi-
nerals, except quartz, are superseded by gypsum and mullite.
-------
Chemical composition
(content in % by
of ashes
•weight)
Table 4.1
Konin
Halemba.
Ord.
no.
Component
Fresh ash from el.
tators
precipi-
fresh ash from stack under
reclamation
Presrt as
h £rom ei.
tators
precipi—
Fresh ash from stack under
reclamation
K- 4
K- 5
K- 6
K - l
K - 2
K - 3
H - 4
H - 5
H - 6
H - 1
H - 2
H - 3
from chute
of 8 and
9 boilers
from chute
of 8 and
9 boilers
from chute
of 10 and
11 boilers
from ex-
perimen-
tal plot
by gate
from
experimen-
tal plot
by the
outlet of
the pulp
pipeline
from cen-
tral part
of sed,
basin
*
from cen-
tral chute,
29.tX.75
from cen-
tral chute,
30.1X.75
from cen-
tral chute
12sXIIs75
experimen
ial plot
by barrac
¦ investi-
gated
c plot cen-
tral part
of sed.
basin
by outlet
of pulp
from
pipeline
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
1.
Si02
39,18
39,3?
36,26
73,22
90,53
53,88
47,47
•47,05
27,26
r 1 — ¦
49,04
47,48
46,50
2.
A12°3
10,10
10,36
4,22
2,23
0,53
3,05
27,49
27,18
26,56
22,43
23,44
21,84
3.
P*2°3
5,80
5.75
7,70
2,60
2,60
5,65
6.45
6.45
6,45
10,05
11,15
11,20
4.
Ti02
1.M
1,63
1,16
0,55
0,45
0,62
1,13
1,16
lr25
1,05
1,02
0,90
5.
P2°5
0,09
0,11
0,07
0,02
0,01
0,03
0*28
0,29
0,29
0,27
0,29
0,29
6.
Cao
28,02
27,94
34,13
8,45
3,23
18,23
4,21
4,41
4,41
4,96
5,00
6,55
7.
Mg'->
5,32
4,70
7,28
0,82
traces
1,58
2,49
2,69
2A*
2,49
2,53
2,38
8.
NijO
0,26
0,26
0,14
0,06
0,03
0,06
o,ao
0,82
0,82
0,42
0,40
0,42
9.
K2°
0,22
0,22
0,16
0,10
O.IO
0,10
2,56
2,50
2.56-
2,38
2,34
2,34
10.
so3
8,30
8,17
7,70
1^2
0,48
0,80
0,49
0,40
0,5?
0,53
0,65
0,51
il-
S. total
3,41
3,35
3,12
0,53
0,29
0,38
0,23
0,24
0,28
0,21
0,29
0,^3
ia.
fr«e Fe2°3
5,72
5,54
7,68
2,60
2,48
5,44
4,28
4,28
4,16
7,34
8,20
8.S8
13.
sintering losses
0,65
1,01
1,05
8,40
2,18
15,66
6,76
7,02
7.21
6,37
5,64
6,94
-------
Spectrograph^ analysis of &shes
(concentration in ppm)
Table 4.2
Or.d
Component
Konin
Halemba
no.
Fresh ash from el. pj-ecipi—
fVesh ash from stack under
Fresh ash from el.
precipi-
Ash from stack under
tators
reclamation
tators
reclamation
K-4
K—3
K-6
K-l
K-2
K-3
H-4
H-5
H-o
H-l
H-2
H-3
from chute
from chute
from chute
from
from
in central
from cen-
from
from
tested
tested
by outlet
of 8 and 9
of 6 and 9
of 10 and
experimen-
experi-
part of
tral
central
central
plot by
plot.
of pulp
boilers
boilers
11 boilers
tal plot by
mental plot
sed.
chute.
chute
chute
barrack
central
pipeline
gate
ba outlet
basin
29.IX.75
30.DC.75
12.XH.75
part of
of pulp
sed.
from pipeL
basin
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
1.
Ba
450
620
300
150
500
10 0
630
630
800
1080
120O
1150
2.
Be
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
3.
Co
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
4.
Cr
50
70
40
20
30
20
50
50
60
40
50
40
5.
Cu
40
50
50
40
70
10
70
100
100
90
80
70
6.
Ga
10
?°
10
lO
10
10
20
30
30
20
20
20
r.
Ni
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
8.
Pb
60
30
30
30
60
30
50
80
70
50
60
50
9.
Mn
2100
3100
4000
750
860
1200
370
020
540
900
840
860
10.
Sr
ISO
20O
240
50
40
30
80
60
110
60
90
70
11.
V
10O
90
120
50
50
50
70
70
90
60
.80
60
12.
Zr»
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
-------
Test results of phase composition of ashes from Power
Plant Konin
Table 4.3
Sample
Determination of
sample
' quartz
(Si02)
onhy-
drite
(CaS04)
CaO
calcite
(CaC03)
xe no-
lite
(5Ca
SiO„.
.h2°)
gyro-
lite
'2CaO.
,3Si02.
-2H20)
Ca
2
SiO .
4
magne-
tite
hema-
tite
(Pe204)
amor-
phous
sub-
stance
1
. 2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
K-l
Ash from tested field
+++
—
—
+
+
-
—
-
—
(+) "
K-2
•• mm
+++
-
-
+
+
-
-
-
( + ) "
K-3
— W —
+++
+ (?)
-
++
-
+
+
+
+
+
K-4
from el, prec.
+++
++
++
-
-
-
-
+
+
++
K-5
. M .
+++
++
++
-
-
-
-
+
+
++
K-6
_ II
+++
++
++
-
-
-
-
+
+
++
Explanation:
+++ - main component in tested sample
++ - secondary component
~ - accessory component
— — lack of component
-------
Results of tests of phase composition of ashes from
Power Plant Halemba
Table 4.4
Sample
Sample determination
quartz
(sio2)
gypsum
(CaS04.
.2H2°
mullite
(3A12°3.
.2Si02)
magnetite
hematite
(Pe203)
amorpho-
us sub-
stance
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
H-l
Presh ash from el.
precipitators
+++
+
++
+
+
+++
H-2
— n ^
+++
+
++
+
+
++
H-3
+++
++
+
++
+
++
H-4
Ash from stack under
reclamation
+++
+
+
+
+
++
H-5
w -
+++
+
++
+
++
++ +
H-6
11 ^
+++
+
++
+
+
+++
l
Ui
I
Ex planations:
+++ - main component in the tested sample
++ - secondary component
+ — accessory component
-------
- 55 -
5. RADIOACTIVITY OF ASHES.
5.1, The objective and scope of research.
The problem of radioactivity of ashes generated from the power
raw materials in the until now performed research work was conside-
red only cursorily due to the fact that there was no opportunity to
ascertain a causal connection between the sickness rate of people
or animals and the consumption of produce cultivated on the reclaimed
stacks of such ashes.
Carried out complex research work on the reclamation of. the stacks
of the power industry ashes cannot dodge this problem issue. Owing
to big cost of the determination of particular parameters defining the
radioactivity of the reclaimed material, research was restricted to the
determination of general radioactivity specific to alpha,' beta and gamma
rays and to the content 226 in waste! material and in water extracts.
5.2.i The methodology of research.
The studies of specific radioactivity of selected ash samples and
water extracts (obtained in a manner described in chapter 4) were
carried out in accordance with the recommendations of the International
Atomic Agency - IAEA and the International Commission of Radiologi-
cal Protection, ICRP.
General radioactivity specific to the alpha,' beta,1 gamma was defi-
ned by means of a "thick layer" method with following measuring arran-
gements:
1) Computer MPS-3, scientillator ZN (Ag)
impulses
U - 1200 V, specific emission 0,2 - 0,3 r ^ 1 1
- alpha - radiation.
2) Computer LL 1, with head UCB-2;
impulses
U - 990 V; specific emission 1,38 min.
- beta - radiation.
-------
- 56 -
3) Computer PE 1-5 A, scintillating probe SSU-4
U - 980 V, specific emission 310 ¦
• min.
- gamma - radiation.
The time of samples and radiation background measurement was
determined on the basis of Putman formulas.
The determination of the 226 was based on dissolving of the
tested materials in hydrochloric acid and on a separation of generated
chlorides from the not - dissolving fractions. Follows this a raporiza-
tion of excess hydrochloric acid,* and then the chlorides are dissolved
in distilled water. Afterwards the content of radium is defined in water
with the Groldin method.
5.3. Discussion of the research results.
1. Specific alpha and gamma activity of ashes and mixtures of ashes
with added substances meliorating the properties of being produced
soils, is increased a little in some dombinations (table 5.1 and 5.2)
in comparison with the comparable mineral soil. Por instance, a
sample H-F taken from the series F of stack Halemba (ash with
addition of high moor peat and NPK) indicates the activity of alpha*
- 294,9 pCi/g as against the 26,8 pCi/g relevant to a comparable
mineral soil. Similarly the gamma activity in the H-B sample (ash
covered with 10 cm layer of fertile soil + NPK) amounts to .138,8
pCi/g as against th£ 20,6 pCi/g of a comparable mineral soil.
2. Specific alpha and gamma activity of the water extracts becomes
greater in relation to the control samples of fertile soil (table 5.3
and 5.4). As regards the ashes from Halemba, the greatest gamma
activity was ascertained in the II series tests of samples taken from
plots H - H (table 5.4). The gamma activity was highest in the
extract taken from sample H-01 (fresh ash from the sedimentation
basin).
With a reference to -Konin the decidedly highest alpha and gamma
activity had samples of fresh ash collected from the electric preci-
pitators (table 5.3), several scores of times higher "than in the com-
pared water extracts of a mineral soil.
-------
- 57 -
The performance of the II series radioactivity determination made
after a few months lapse could point to an increase in activity of
the deposited on stack ashes caused by a fall out of dust with a
raised radioactivity in it, coming from power plant high stack flues.
3. Specific beta activity of extracted flows is in agreement with the
obligatory regulations requirements.
4. The migration of the 226 through a water points to a potential
possibility of the migration chain mobilization of the remaining, na-
tural ionizing radioactivity emitters (table 5.5).
Basing on the series of performed tests is difficult to establish a
relation between the kind and quantity of the added substances and
the amount of ascertained 226 _ dependence on the dust falling
out from power plant stacks onto the situated nearby experimental
plots (300 - 500 m distant).
5. The power rate of the tested doses radioactivity of ash and water
extracts samples constitutes no hazard for people or for animals.
6. Utilization of ashes for the purpose of food stuffs production should
be supplemented with tests of the radioisotope accumulation in the
cultivated plants.
-------
Specific radioactivity of Qy ashes, of Power Plant Konin
1 series of tests - samples taken on 13.V.1975
Table 5.1
klarking
Alpha
Standard
Gamma
Standard
Potassium
Standard
of
sample
Description of tested sample
activity
pCi/g
deflection
activity
PCi/g
deflection
activity
P Ci/g
deflection
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
A
Fertile soil used to cover the stack Halemba (plots A-C) -
control
26.81
1 5.8
20,60
1 5,1
20,5
1 2.0
K - 01
. Fresh ash from the sedimentation basin prior to reclamation
treatments
42,00
1 4.6
30,00
- 2.7
30,3
1 2.8
K - 0
Ash from **0M experimental plot — control without added substances
changing the ash characteristics
11,04
- 2.0
21,00
- V»
24,0
* 3.7
K - A
Ash from plots of A series - (covered with 20 cm layer of
fertile soil + NPK)
26.81
1 2.8
46,06
* 6,0
33,0
:3,3
K - B
Ash from plots of B series — (covered -with 10 cm layer of fertile
SOU ~ NPK)
24/}
- 2»°
25tOO
* 2J*
17,0
- 1.7
K - C
Ash from plots of C series — (covered with S cm layer of fertile
soU -i- NPK)
66,23
1 5,4.
49,09
- 7.8
23,0
- a>8
K - D
Ash from plots of O series - (covered with layer of tertiary sand
- SOO m3/ha - ~ NPK)
2,00
20,60
* 4.°
3,3
I 2.°
K • E
Ash from plots of E series - (with added 10 Mg/ha low peat + NPK]
38,50
1 6.3
32,00
* 7.6
13.4
I 3.°
K - F
Ash from plots of F series - (with added 10 Mg/ha low peat + NPK)
42,58
: a.?
52.00
* 3.6
23.4
- 4*6
K-G
Ash from plots of G series • (with added 20 Mg/ha farm manure
~ NPK)
26,81
38.78
Z 3-8
37,0
I «•»
K - H
Ash from plots of H series • (with added 2 NPK)
66,23
* 6.0
15,77
~ 3,0
38,0
1 4»8
K - I
Ash from plots of I series - (with added NPK)
11,04
47.87
1 3.8
30,0
:s.o
-------
Specific radioactivity of Qy ashes generated in Haiemba Power Plant
I test series — samples taken on 6.VZ.1975
Table 5,'4
Marking
of
sample
Description of tested sample
Alpha-
activity
PCi/g
Standard
deflection
Gamma-
activity
pCi/g
Standard
deflection
Potassium
activity
PCi/g
standard
deflection
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
A
Fertile soil used to cover the Haiemba stack (plots A-C) - control
26,81
i 5.8
20,60
- 3.1
20,5
- 2.0
X
o
o
Ash taken from a being reclaimed stack - prior to the reclamation
treatments
42,00
- 14,0
71,51
i 14,0
28,0
* 2.1
H - 01
Fresh ash from sedimentation basin before the reclamation
treatments
74,12
t 12,0
- 12,3
*0,1
iv
H - 0
Ash from experimental plot "0" - control without addition of subs tan c
changing the properties of ashes
ss
20,00
- 3.6
26.66
- 4,9
30,0
i 1,3
H - A
Ash from plots of "A" series — (covered with 20 cm layer of
fertile soil + NPK)
24,00
t 4,8
47,87
- 8,0
21,6
- 1.8
H - S
Ash from plots of "B" series — (covered with 10 cm layer of
fertile soil + NPK)
11.04
- 2.1
138.77
* 14.0
14,3
i V
H - P
ASh from plots of "F" series — (with added 10 Mg/ha high peat
~ NPK)
294,9
- 18.4
56,00
- 8.0
17.3
i 2.0
U - G
Ash from plots of "Q" series - (with added 20 Mg/ha manure
~ NPK)
74,12
- 8,3
52,12
1 6.4
32,4
i i,a
X
t
X
Ash from plots of H series - (with 2 NPK added)
26,81
i 10,3
50, 30
- 10,3
25,8
- 3,0
-------
Specific radioactivity of water after 8-day contact with ashes from Power Plant Konin)
( in ratio: 1 kg ashes + 2 dm~* of distilled water)
I test series - samples taken on 13.V.1975
II test series - samples taken on 25.1X.1975
Table 5.3
Marking
Series
Alpha-
Standard
Beta-
Standard
Gamma-
Standard
of
Description of tested samples
of
activity
deflection
activity
defection
activity
deflection
sample
tests
pCi/dm
pCi/dm3
pCi/dm^
1
'2
3
4
5
6
7
3
9
A
Fertile soil used to cover A—C plots on the Konin
stack - control
I
n
24,3
i 5,0
17 ,0
- 3,0
13,8
t 4.0
K - 00
Fresh ash from precipitators
i
1059,1
1 212,0
23,9
2 4,8
700,4
- 140,0
w
0
1
Fresh ash from sedimentation basin
n
t
n
99,2
- 18,3
49,0
* 7,2
34,9
t 3,7
K - 0
Ash from "0" series plots - control - without addition
of substances changing the ash properties
i
ii
275,1
0,0
- 24,0
47,6
14,4
| 8,0
- 2.9
37,2
9,37
- 4,0
- 1.9
K - A
Ash from "A" series plots (covered with 20 cm layer of
fertile soil + NPK)
i
n
103,8
116,2
J 18,3
. 24,0
32,2
6,67
; 2.8
- I.*
43,2
9,73
i 3.8
t 2.0
K - B
Ash from "B" series plots - (covered with 10 cm layer
of fertile soil 4 NPK)
i
a
23.6
79,4,
r 5,e
- 16,0
18,1
8,03
- 3.7
1 1.6
19,5
61.9
i 3,o
- 12.4
K
i
o
Ash from "C* series plots - (covered with 5 cm layer
of fertile soil + NPK)
t
a
24,0
186,a
i 6,1
- 38,0
90,0
9,19
J 2.5
t 2.0
28,0
58,3
X 2.9
- 12,0
k - o
Ash from "D" series plots - (covered with layer of tertiary
•and - 500 m3/ha 4 NPK.)
i
n
27,0
165,2
i 6,0
- 33,0
0,0
5,34
1 2.°
- 1A
18,9
154,3
i 2,0
- 30,0
K - E
Ash tracr- "E" series plots - (with Added 10 Nig/ha low
peat ~ NPK)
i
D
90,5
375,9
i 12,3
~ 74,5
23,3
8,43
S 3'7
i 1,7
42.4
16,4
J 3,8
- 3.4
K - F
Ash from "F" series plot* - (with added 10 Mg/ha high
peat 4- NPK)
I
n
45,0
192,0
t 5,7
~ 39,0
72,7
17,30
1 2.®
* 3,4
43,3
378,3
t 4.0
~ 76.0
K - G
Ash from "G* series plots — (with added 10 Mg/ha manure
~ NPK)
i
a
65,9
208,4
i 6.8
- 4*,0
116,7
24,80
il2,0
- 5.0
83,9
235,1
; 2.9
- 48,0
K - H
Ash from "H" series plot* - (with added 2 NPK)
i
a
65,2
180,0
t 6.8
~ 36,0
137,6
6.16
X 8.0
i 1.3
39,0
479,2
* 3.9
~ 96,0
K * K
Ash from *1" series plots - (with added NPK)
K
U
60,0
28,7
i 2,9
* s-9
25,2
19,0
i 6,3
£ 3.8
46,3
139,6
t 2,8
+ 28,0
-------
Specific radioactivity of water after 3-day contact with ashes from Power Plant Halemba
(in ratio 1 kg of ashes with 2 dm3 distilled water)
I test series - samples taken on 6.VI.1975
Q test series — samples taken on 29.1X.1975
Tabl* 5.4
Marking
of
sample
Description of teste.d samples
Series
of
tests
Alpha -
activity
pCi/dm^
Standard
deflection
Beta-
activity
pCi/dm
Standard
deflection
Gajnma
activity
pCi/dm3
Standard
deflection
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
A
Fertile soil used to cover A-C plots on the Halemba
stack - control
n
24,3
t 5,0
17,0
* 3,0
13,8
* 4,0
H - 01
H - 0
Fresh ash from sedimentation basin
Ash from 0 series plots - control - without added
substances changing the ash properties
i
a
i
n
27,6
32,2
63,O
?2-9
- 6,6
— 3,7
27.8
16.9
32,0
i 3,2
- 9.4
t 7,0
40,3
109,3
45,6
: 1.9
- 22,0
* 2,8
H - A
Ash from A series plots-(covered with 20 cm layer
ol fertile soil + NPK)
i
a
28,3
38,7
| 3.8
* 7,8
17,8
26,4
{ 3,2
: 5,3
18,3
8,24
i 2,6
- 1.6
H - B
Ash from B series plots - (covered with 10 cm layer
of fertile soil + NPK)
i
a
58,3
67,9
!4'3
-13,6
26,0
2.1
T *.6
1 0.4
49,3
5,16
Z 6.1
- 1.0
H - C
Ash from C series plots - (covered with 5 cm layer
of fertile soil ~ NPK)
i
ii
0,0
- 0,2
29,1
* 6,0
79,9
i 16.0
H - D
Ash from D series plots - (covered with layer of ben-
tonite 4- NPK)
i
n
171,5
-34,4
15,9
* 3.2
44.7
* 8.9
H - E
H - r
Ash from E series plots - (with added 10 Mg/ha low
moor peat + NPK)
Ash from F series plots - (with added 10 Mg/ha high
moor peat + NPK)
Ii
i
a
134,1
45*3
23,2
— 27.0
I 3.2
I 4.6
1,47
24,0
5,9
t 0.3
; 2.8
- 1.2
68,1
63,7
36,9
- 13,7
I 8,3
* 7.4
H - G
Ash from G series plots - (with added 20 Mg/ha
manure + NPK)
i
n
45,0
77,3
i 4.0
-15.6
28,0
3.0
i 4.0
- 1.0
55,8
9,08
J 6,1
-• 1.9
H - H
Ash from G series plots — (with added 2 NPK)
i
a
24,3
245,5
i 3.0
- 50,0
26,3
16,2
; 3.0
2 3.3
32.8
44.9
? 1.6
- 9,0
H - 1
Ash from I series plots - (with added NPK)
t
81,2
t 16*4
6,5
!l.3
26.1
~ 5.3
-------
Migration of radium through water after an 8-day contact with ashes.
In a ratio 1 kg of ash and 2 dm of distilled water
Table 5.5
Series
Ash from Power Plant Konin
(of lignite)
Ash from Power Plant Haie
(bituminous coal)
mod
No.
Description of samples
of
tests
Name
Date of
226 Ra
Standard
Name
Date of
226Ra
Standard
of
sampling
irv water
deflection
of
sampling
in water
deviation
sample
(pCi/dm^
sample
( pCi/dm"^
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
1.
Fresh ash from power plant precipitators
I
II
K-00
13.5.1975
29,54
i 6.0
2.
Fresh ash from sedimentation basin
1
a
K-01
13.5.1975
24v30
1 5.8
H-01
H-01
6.6.1975
29.9.1975
5,96
27,61
~ 2,0
+ 5,6
3.
Ash from investigated plots of "0" series -
(control without adding substances changing
the ash properties)
i
u
K-0
K-Q
13.5.1975
25,9.1975
23,85
25,49
; 5-6
i 5 ^
H-0
H-0
6.6.1975
29.9.1975
11,93
16,77
1 2,8
£ 3.4
4.
Ash from A series plots - surface covered with
a 20 cm layer of fertile soil + NPK
t
n
K-A
K-A
13.3.1975
25.9.1975
14,91
62,11
i 4.0
- 12,6
H-A
H-A
6.6.1975
29.9.1975
6,56
9,12
? 2.3
2 1,6
-------
— 63 —
6. TESTS OP WATER PLOWS OPPTAKEN PROM THE BEING
asaasai aaaBaaBaaRaBaaaaaiaB«aaBi«HaH««HMBaaaaHaHaBMaaMfliaiH
RECLAIMED SURFACES.
6.1. The objective and the scope of research.
The purpose of carried out research was;
1) the determination of quantity and the composition of substance,
¦which can be leached out from ashes by using water;
2) observation of the degree of ashes lixiviation by water in the pro-
cess of dumping on wet stacks and during the performance of a
reclamation treatment.
One intends to realize the research:
a) with a reference to fresh ashes collected from electric precipitap-
tors, and also ashes collected from, sedimentation basins — stacks,
in order to determine the differences in composition and in proper-
ties as induced with a hydraulic transportation and a sedimentation
of ashes in sedimentation basins;
b) on experimental plots pertinent to agricultural reclamation of ashes
mixed with substances changing the composition and properties of
mixture,' of which soil is formed - short time after the said substan-
ces introduction;
c) every year by the end of the vegetation season.
6. 2. Methodology.
The tests of water extracts were made on objects the Halemba
and the Konin, on samples:
a) of fresh ashes collected from chutes of precipitators (H-00 sample
taken from object Halemba, and K-00 taken from Konin)
b) of fresh ashes collected from being drained wet stacks (sample
H-01 of the object Halemba, and K-01 of the object Konin,'
-------
- 64 -
c) of ashes collected from terrains, on which were planned experi-
ments to commence regarding the consolidation and reclamation of
the surface (h-0 sample taken for the I series of tests from the
object Halemba and K—0 sample from object Konin),
d) of mixtures of ashes with added substances, collected from rele-
vant plots of agricultural reclamation for which so far there were
performed 2 series of tests of the composition and the properties'
of the water filtrate (leachate) with a reference to samples collec-
ted in a spring time of 1975 (few days after a dressing of pits
with the said substances), and in autumn 1975 by the end of the
vegetation season.
The taken samples of tested material weighing 5 kg were put in
polyethylene containers and poured with distilled water in a weight
ratio of 1:2 (lO dm of water). For 8 days the samples were a sub-
ject to a leaching process in static conditions. The cpurse of leaching
was controlled by way of electric conductivity of water being in con-
tact with the waste material. After the 8 days of leaching the water
was decanted and subjected to chemical analysis. Results of electric
conductivity measurements in time of leaching, and results of chemical
analyses are given on table 4.1. to 4.4.
Given on tables 4.5 and 4.6 are the test results of the generated
filtrates 'characteristics, with the provision, that for 1 kg of air dry ash
3
mass or an ash mixture with the substances added the 2 dcm of dea-
3
tilled water was added (2 dcm - 2 liters). Given for the orientation
was also the percentage of the dry mass in relation to the weight of
air dry material.
On tables 4.7 and 4.8 the composition of acquired water filtrates
was computed after 8-day contact the with ash mixtures - per 1 kg of
dry mass. These therefore are the quantities of leached substances
from 1 kg of dry ash mass or from ash mixtures with appropriate sub-
stances.
-------
- 65 -
6.3. Analysis of the performed research work.
6.3.1. Changes in jash properties effected in the course of hydraulic
stacking. Konin.
Dry ash from electric precipitators contained more than 20 times
of dissolved stable substances and more than 6 times of dissolved
volatile substances, than did ash samples taken after a hydraulic stac-
king of their in wet sedimentation basins - stacks, (table 6.7),
Especially large is the drop in calcium content (from 1815 to 57 mg/kg
of dry mass),' magnesium from 282 to 26 mg/kg, iron (from 6 mg/kg to
o), sulphates (from 970 to 188 mg/kg) and lead (from 0,096 to 0,008
rog/^s)* copper (from 0,012 to 0,0024 mg/100 g) and boron (from
4,540 to 0,696 mg/kg).
Electric conductivity - indicating the level of salinity of ashes —
measured after the 8-day contact of water with ashes decreased from
14,6 m S to 0,7 m S.
One has to point out, that the leaching process - controlled by
the measurement of electric conductivity (table 6.1) was different for
dry ashes from electric precipitators and different for ashes in the re-
maining samples. Namely, in dry ashes the electric conductivity in a
3
mixture with the 2 dm of water was 9,67 mS after 2 hours of leaching
and was decreasing progressively in time (7,25 after the lapse of
8 days). In the remaining samples the conductivity of water was rising
after a contact -with mixtures of ashe with added to them substances.
Examplewise the extract of water from ashes from "0" series control
plots (table 6,l) had a conductivity of 0,67 mS after a 2 hourly le-
aching, and 1,38 mS after an Q-day contact with ashes.
On the basis of results the conslusions can be drawn, stating that
during the time of contact with water, ash is being strongly leached
-with water, and besides in the effect of chemical reactions follows a
transformation of soluble compounds into the insoluble ones in water.
This confirms the determinations of the water extract hardness
(table 6.5 and 6.7):
- total hardness 319 mval/kg in fresh ash decreaaea to 14 mval in
ash taken from wet sedimentational basin.
-------
- 66 -
- non - carbonate hardness decreases correspondingly, from 138 to
4 m val/kg.
The reaction is changed from 9,5 to 8.7. p.H.
Halemba
Owing to large divergencies in the results of the fresh ashes'
tests, the determinations of composition and of properties of the water
extracts will be repeated. One can already predicate that the ashes
derived from a combustion of bituminous coal in power plant Halemba
are less mineralized than the ashes of lignite (power plant Konin).
6.3,2. *£? _Pr_pP_erties_of ashes under reclamation occurring
_in_the_eKect_ of _added_ neutralizing substances.
Konin.
The reaction of water extracts from ash mixtures with added ne-
utralizing substances (table 6.5) decreased slightly on plots fertilized
with manure (from 8.3 to 8.2 pH), and to greater ranges on plots co-
vered with a thicker layer of fertile soil (from 8.3 down to from 7.4 to
7.8 pH). On plots supplemented with mineral fertilization the "soil"
underwent an alkalization, in consequence the extract changed its re-
action to 8.8 to 9.0 pH.
From the table 6.7, containing the composition of water extracts
calculated for 1 kg ot dry mass of ash and neutralizing substances
the rise is ascertained, in reference to the control plot H-0, of ammo-
nium and of organic nitrogen content, (with the exception of plots fer-
tilized with fertile soil), and of nitrates (in all tested samples). Quanti-
ties of leached sulphates and chlorides have decreased. But increased
quite decidedly the quantities of leached sodium in samples of plots
supplemented with mineral fertilizers without the additions made of organic
matter.
Electric conductivity decreased in samples taken from plots fertili-
zed with organic substances, but an increase in conductivity was noted
on plots supplied with mineral fertilizers without organic additions to them.
-------
67 -
An insignificant decrease was noted in quantities of leached boron
(with exception of a sample from plot K-l, fertilized with NPK only).
Halemba
The reaction of tested water extracts after an 8 - day contact
with ashes (table 6.6) changed most markedly in relation to samples
got from plots covered with a layer of fertile soil.
No changes were observed in the effect of added acid high moor
peat. Increased the quantities of leached nitrates and ammonia (table
6.8) especially on plots without organic substance. Quantities of le-
ached magnesium were higher on plots covered with a fertile soil, and
remained unchanged, as a rule, in samples coming from plots fertilized
with peats. Increased the quantities of leached chlorides and sulphates.
In reference to the quantity of sodium no regularity was observed.
Positively increased leaching of potassium (specially on plots with mi-
neral fertilizers and with peat) despite moderate) fertilization with this
component.
Attention is drawn to quantity of lead (table 6,8) specially on plots
covered with fertile soils (from 0 to 0,043 mg/kg), which is linked pro-
bably with a significant load with this element of the supplied from outsi-
de fertile soil. Increases also the quantity of leached copper with the
exception of plots complemented with bentonite and a low moor peat.
Electric conductivity (table 6.8) indicating a salinity level of the
soil medium has increased, but still is indicating low values (0,16 to
0,34 m S).
On plots fertilized with rich soil a B.O.D. has increased from
1,2 mg 0 up to from 5,6 to 29 mg 0_, showing the beginning of the
Im 6
process of organic substance decomposition (table 6,8),
6.3.3. Changes in properties of water ^extracts^ after_the_ first vegeta-
tion season, '
Konin.
On the control plot the reaction of water extract (table 6,5 chan-
ged from 8.3 to 8.1 pH. It remained strongly alkaline in extracts from
samples collected of plots fed with mineral fertilisers. (During the
-------
68 -
vegetation season the reaction of water extract on the plot K-I changed
from pH 9.0 to pH 8.7).
In water extracts drawn from the control plot (table 6.7) and from
plots treated with mineral fertilizers or peats, amount of stable and
volatile solvable substances strongly increased up to 8 - times on
plots of 0 series and 25-fpld on plot of a double mineral fertilization
(K-H),.In the wake of it radically increased total hardness, from 20,8
mval/kg ot dry mass to 181 mval on control plot K-0, and from 5,0 to
205 mval on the K-H plot, and the non-carbonate hardness - corres-
pondingly from 18,0 to 173 mval on the series K-0 plot and from 0 to
197 mval/kg on the series K-H plot.
Positively also increased the five day biological oxygen demand
(BOD) in water extract drawn from control plot (from 1,4 to 4,5 mg/kg
of O2) and from other plots (examplewise from 0,4 to 26,7 mg/kg of
02 on plot of K-H series). Correspondingly grew the permanganate
oxygen consumption table 6,7). On the control plot the water extract
(table 6.7) was characterized with an increase in the ammonia and
organic nitrogen content, in calcium (lO-times), chlorides (4-fold), sul-
phates (4-fold), sodium (6-fold), potassium (3,5-fold), lead (9 times),
copper (l6 times), boron (8 times). On other plots the increase in the
content of these substances is differentiated but always prominent.
Decrease is observed levery time in the quantity of phosphates, in some
cases of sodium ( series K-H).
In view of a significant mineralization of waters increased the
electric conductivity (table 6.7) from 0,7 m St to 4,51 mS on the con-
trol plot, K-0, and also on remaining series of vegetation experiment.
As regards the water extract from the K—E series (with addition of low
moor peat + NPK), the K-G series (addition of manure + NPK) the
conductivity attained the limit 5,0 mS, considered in Poland as a limit
of toxicity in the saline soil medium.
From the analysis of performed determinations one can state alre-
ady, that in the effect of the stack cultivation - with preceded its deep
loosening with explosives significant changes took place in the compo-
sition and in properties of the water extracts, which bears positively on
the conditions of grwoth of cultivated plants. Pinal conclusions can be
prepared after a performance of successive series of tests in the second
year of vegetation cultivated on the plots.
-------
- 69 -
Halemba
On the disposal stack of ash of hard (bituminous) coal, the chan-
ges in composition and in properties of water extracts are not so great
as the ones in the ash of lignite (Konin).
On the control plot, H-0, the reaction changed during the time of
vegetation season from 7.7 to 7.9 pH (table 6.6), On the remaining
series the changes in reaction are small.
The quantity of dissolved stable and volatile substances in samples
of the control series (H-0) increased about 3,5 times during a vege-
tation season (table 6.8), The greatest increase was in nitrates (from
1,76 to 17 mg/NO^/kg of dry mass), organic nitrogen (from 0 to 6,0
mg, NO^), phosphates (from 0,9 to 2,5 mg, PO^), calcium (from 12 to
58 mg, Ca of dry mass), magnesium (from 17 to 31 mg of Mg), chlo-
rides (from 2 to 6 mg, Cl), sodium (from 1,5 to 9,0 mg of Na), po-
tassium (from 0,06 to 2,3 mg) and boron (from 0,586 to 2,740 mg/kg
of dry mass). Following this the toted hardness of water extract incre-
ased (from 5,6 to 15,3 mval/kg of ash).
On other plots the rise in dissolved stable substances can be
observed mainly on samples collected from plots treated with mineral
fertilizers.
On plots fertilized with organic substances (series A-C and E-G)
one can notice a small increase in ammonia and in organic nitrogen.
The state of resourcefulness of other noted substances cannot be
determined at this stage, owing to a short period of observations.
The electric conductivity is relatively low still, due to a small water
mineralization (table 6,8), (increase from 0,12 to 2,77 mS on H-0 series),
On fields fertilized with added substances the rise in conductivity is
smallish (extreme values rise from 0,16 mS on the H-A series plot to
0,84 mS on H-C series plot).
Diverging from the Halemba ashes one can state, that during a
period of vegetation season, changes in water qualities were Bmall,
therefore also the changes in the being produced soil medium Were not
so great.
-------
- 70 -
6.4. The directions of further research.
The continuation is being considered of investigations of waters
extracted from produced "soils" in order to learn the soil forming pro-
cess taking place and to determine the level of ash harmfulness to-
wards its environment, dependent on the method of biological reclama-
tion. Extension of the sequence of tests will be achieved through the
analyses of water extracts collected by the end of the Il-nd vegetation
season (autumn of the 197 6 year).
-------
Specific conductivity of water contacting fly ashes coming from Power Plant Konin
(l series of tests - sample taken on 13.5.1975)
Table 6.1
Marking
Specific conductivity (in uo) during the time of leaching (hrs)
Description of sample of Gy ash
of
sample
2
4
6
8
24
(1 day)
48
(2 days'
72
(3 days)
120
(5 days)
144
f 6 days)
192
(fl days)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
O
0
1
*
Fresh ash coming from electrofilters
9672
9486
9300
9114
8556
8184
7988
7626
7440
7254
K - 01
Fresh ash coming from sedimentation basin
530
600
650
730
892
1090
1130
1190
1190
1227
K - 0
Ash derived from terrains of vegetation tests (plots of
*0" series)
670
762
762
810
950
1098
1145
1220
1220
1375
K - A
Ash collected from plots of "A" series
a 20 cm layer of fertile soil + KPK)
(covered vwith
214
232
232
251
208
349
363
400
400
427
K - B
Ash collected from plots of "B" series
a 10 cm layer of fertile soil NPK)
(covered with
325
335
409
362
442
614
608
726
75c
780
K - C
Ash collected from plots of NC" series
a 5 cm Layer of fertile soil + NPK)
(covered with
372
381
4^9
437
548
688
762
865
855
906
K - D
Ash collected from plots of "D" series
500 m3/ha of tertiary sand + KPK)
(with addition of
186
205
232
260
349
465
502
595
613
670
K - E
Ash collected from plots of "E" series
10 Mo/ha of * low peat ~ NPK)
(with addition of
465
483
540
603
717
902
913
1020
1020
1070
K - F
Ash collected from plots of "F* series
lO Ma/ha of hi ah' peat + NPK)
(with addition of
483
548
725
800
967
1210
1210
1375
1385
1440
K - G
Ash collected from plots of "G" series
20 Ma/ha of farm manure + KPK)
(with addition of
744
818
950
1070
1283
1490
1620
1720
1675
1720
K - H
Ash collected from plots of "H" series
N2PK)
(with addition of
309
474
558
716
883
1134
1140
1140
1190
1273
K • 1
Ash collected from plots of "1" series
KPK)
(with addition of
762
1228
1460
1785
2055
2650
2790
2790
2830
2970
Explanation; 1 uS ¦ 1.10 ^ m S — 1, 10*^? *S (simena)
IS - 1:1 Ohm - 1 m"2 . leg"1, s3 . A2
-------
Specific conductivity of water contacting the ashes from Pouter Plant Konin
(q series of teste - samples taken on 25.9.10?3)
Table 6,2
Sample
Description of ash samples
Specific
conductivity (in
u5) %vith
time ot
.e aching
(hrs )
marking
2
4
6
a
24
48
72
120
14 4
1Q2
(l day)
(2 days)
(3 days)
(5 days)
<6 days)
(a cays)
1
2
3
A
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
K - 0
Ash taken from the terrain of vegetation
(plots of the "0" series)
tests
744
976
1070
1116
1163
1321
1423
1562
1674
1693
K - A
Ash taken from the plots of "A** series
20 cm layer nf fertile soil + NPK)
(covered with
183
193
205
215
251
298
322
363
336
389
K - B
Ash taken from the plots of "B" series
layer of fertile soil ~ NPK)
(covered with 10 cm
186
212
251
264
326
400
451
512
558
566
K - C
Ash taken from the plots of "C" series
layer of fertile soil + MPK)
(covered with 5 cm
400
651
670
674
818
949
986
1190
1265
1302
K - D
Ash taken from the plots of "D" series
500 mJ/fia of tertiary sand + NPK)
(with addition of
186
330
419
465
581
744
a ia
930
1032
1097
K - E
Ash taken from the plots of "E" series
10 Mg/ha of low peat + NPK)
(with addition of
902
1023
1116
1163
1321
1581
1693
ISfiO
1953
1953
K - P
Ash taken from the plots of "F" series
3.0 ft/ha of hifth peat + NPK)
(¦with addition of
911
1004
1079
1116
1190
1330
1442
1562
1628
1655
K - G
Ash taken from the plots of "Q" series
20 Mg/ha of farm manure + NPK)
(with addition of
976
1162
1307
1483
1767
2046
2139
2232
2399
2418
K - H
Ash taken from the plots of "K" series
N2PK)
(with addition of
930
1134
1256
1302
1414
1623
1728
1907
1972
1972
K - l
Ash taken from the plots of *1* series (tuith addition of NPK)
744
883
967
995
1^135
1265
1358
1442
1581
1581
-------
Specific conductivity of water contacting the ashes from Power Plant Halemba
(i series of tests - samples taken on 6.V7.1975)
Table 6-3
Sample
Description of ash sample
Specific conductivity vith time af
leachine
(hrs)
marking
2
4
6
8
24
[l day)
48
(2 days)
72
(3 days)
120
(5 days)
144
(o days)
192
(8 days)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
S
9
10
11
12
H - OO
Fresh ash from electrofilters
H - 01
Fresh ash from sedimentation basin
61
103
117
144
206
27 2
274
309
311
330
H - 02
Ash + furnace sl&a
186
231
230
288
292
330
3*3
392
409
41B
H * 0
Ash from plots of "O* series (control)
67
ll"7
ISA
135
163
19*
2fN3
227
230
246
H - A
Ash from plots of "A" series (covered with 20 cm layer
of fertile soil + XP*c)
158
117
196
209
237
274
269
276
272
279
H — B
Ash from plots of "B" series (covered with 10 cm layer
of fertile soil * NPK)
177
209
260
339
409
502
502
529
502
520
H — C
Ash from plots of "C" series (covered with 5 cm layer
of fertile soil ~ NPK.)
232
283
325
331
446
576
585
627
627
669
H — D
Ash frnm plots of "D" series (with addition of 100 m^/ha
of bentonite + NPK.)
297
302
335
353
393
483
483
529
529
567
u
1.
X
Ash from plots of *£** series (with addition of 10 m /ha
of tow peat + npk)
260
302
343
372
418
488
488
529
529
567
H - P
Ash from plots of "F" series (with addition of 10 m^/ha
of high peat + NPK)
35
93
159
186
253
322
329
376
376
408
H - G
Ash from plots of "G" series (with addition of 20 Mg/ha
of farm manure ~ NPK.)
167
172
195
209
260
325
333
365
369
395
X
•
X
Ash from plots of "H" series (with addition of 2 NPK.)
279
279
288
307
381
446
446
520
529
580
H — I
Ash from plots of series (with addition of NPK)
167
241
297
353
455
584
595
668
669
706
-------
Specific conductivity of water contacting the ashes from Power Plant Halemba
(ll series of tests - samples taken on 29.1X.1975)
Table 6.4
Sample
Description of iisbi
sample
Specific conductivity in
time of leaching (hrs)
marking
2
4
6
8
24
{l day)
48
(2 days)
72
( 3 days)
120 \ 144 { 192
(5 aaysV(o days] (3 days)
I 1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
a
9
10
11
12
H - 0
Ash from plots of "0" series
(control)
70
84
86
86
99
118
130
169
186
196
H - A
Ash from plots of *A" series
of fertile soil + NPK)
(covered with 20 cm layer
SI
62
67
69
79
90
96
107
115
1X7
h - a
Ash from plots of "B" series
of fertile soil + NPK)
(covered with If) cm layer
93
111
116
117
128
147
156
177
186
191
X
i
n
Ash from plots of "C* series
of fertile soil ~ NPK)
(covered with 5 cm layer
144
160
177
181
214
270
305
352
381
386
H - O
Ash from plots of "D" series
of bentonite ~ NPK)
/ 3i
(with addition of 10O m /ha
102
119
123
127
149
167
191
221
240
251
K - £
Ash from plots of "E" series
of low peat ~ NPK)
(with addition of 10 Mg/ha
74
82
90
96
114
147
169
203
231
237
H - F
Ash from plots of "F" series
of high peat + NPK)
(with addition of 10 Mg/ha
65
84
84
84
99
123
140
177
191
200
H - G
Ash from plots of "G" series
of manure + NPK)
(with addition of 20 Mg/ha
119
130
134
138
160
190
209
244
270
275
H - H
Ash from plots of "H" series
(with addition of 2 NPK)
53
62
68
72
86
108
121
149
166
175*
H- I
Ash from plots of "I* series
(with addition of NPK)
74
90
98
lOO
127
156
177
208
223
233
-------
Characteristics of water contacting ashes from Power Plant Konin
1 series of tests; samples taken on 13.V.1975
n series of tests; samples taken on 25.IX.1975 Table 6.5
No.
Parameter
Series
of
tests
Name of sample as described on t^ble 5.1.
Designations after 8-day leaching of ashes.
K-00
K-01
K—0
K-A
K-B
K-C
K-D
K-E
K-P
K.-G
K-K
K-I
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
3~
Turbidity
I
60
SO
600
400
200
200
900
80
80
100
150
60
n
400
300
150
100
400
60
60
80
100
40
2.
Colour
i
10
10
40
100
80
60
400
50
40
80
20
10
n
40
80
80
60
300
50
40
80
20
10
3.
SmeU
i
0
0
0
IS
IS
0
O
0
0
1R
0
0
u
0
IS
IS
O
0
0
0
1R
0
0
4.
Five days B.O.D. - mg/l of 0
i
1.2
1.4
2,8
3,1
0,8
3.0
3,0
3,0
0,8
8,8
0,8
0,3
it
V
9.2
3,6
2,4
10.4
3,2
1,1
8,3
10,7
3,5
5.
Permanganate oxygen consumption — mg/l of 0^
i
2.4
17,2
7 *>
4 f
14,0
25,4
19,6
35,2
20,4
17,0
4 3,6
6,2
8,2
u
5,4
8,3
17,0
13,6
26,2
5,5
11,1
19,6
10,0
7,3
6*
C.O.D. - mg/l of 02
i
21.5
55
48
63
63
56
121
60
58
106
43
51
u
124
24,5
20
20,5
24,5
7,0
9JS
21
19.5
24,5
7.
PH
i
9,5
8.7
8,3
7,4
7,8
8,3
8.4
8,4
8.4
8,2
8,8
9,0
u
8.1
7,5
7.7
8,2
8,1
8,2
8,6
8,2
8,6
8,7
8.
Basicity - m val/l
i
35,6
6,0
2.0
V7
3,0
3,6
3,3
2,8
5.6
3,6
6,0
9,5
ii
1.1
1.8
1*2
1.1
ItO
1.0
1.1
1,6
1.1
1,5
9.
Total hardness - m val/l
i
158,0
23,2
41,2
14,0
28,8
21,2
15,8
30^0
6.6
45,2
8,7
21,4
n
68,0
13,7
28,0
53,6
46,0
92,0
64,0
106,4
82,0
61,0
10.
Non-carbonate hardness - m val/l
i
68,3
6,4
35,6
9.2
20,4
H.1
6,6
22,2
35,1
n
64,9
8.7
24,6
50,5
43,2
89,2
60.9
101,9
78,9
56,8
11.
Percentage of dry mass in ash sample — %
X
99
66
79
93
92
92
86
91
67
68
68
63
n
75
99
98
98
96
78
85
87
30
70
-------
Characteristics of water in contact with ashes of the Power Plant Halemba
I series of tests, samples taken on 6.VT.1975
It series of tests, samples taken on 29.DC1975
Table 6.6
Ko,
Paramete r
Series
of
tests
Name of sample as described on table 6.3
Designations alter 8-day leaching of ashes
H-01
H-Cr
H-0
H-A
H-B
H-C
H-D
H-E
H-r
H-G
H-H
H-I
1
2
3
4
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
1.
Turbidity
I
300
20C
300
3500
5000
600
300
300
300
500
150
400
D
*00
300
1000
400
250
200
250
300
80 ~
200
2.
Colour
I
20
10
30
150
200
250
20
30
20
30
20
30
n
20
100
200
200
20
20
20
30
20
20
3.
Smell
1
0
0
0
0
IS
0
0
0
IS
15
0
IS
fl
0
0
IS
0
0
0
IS
IS
0
IS
4.
B.O.D. - mg/l of 0^
1
0.6
8,0
2.6
15,0
43,0
11,2
12,0
3.5
2,3
0,3
0,6
7.6
D
1.1
12,8
32,0
22,0
2.7
1*4
5.2
2.1
1.7
2,5
5.
Permanganate oxygen consumption - mg/l of (>£
I
2.0
3.1
i.a
140
110
41,0
13,0
7.0
2,2
1.4
1.2
4,1
u
3.3
29,4
51,6
31,6
3*2
4,4
5.6
3,6
3,7
7,4
6.
C.O.D. - mg/l of
I
44
12
43
417
240
120
66
69
52
44
47
49
u
15
29
35
29
18
14
9.5
39
24.5
67,5
.7.
PH
i
V
8.1
7,7
6.2
6,8
7.2
7,5
7,3
7,6
7,7
7,5
7,6
V
7.9
6,3
6,7
7.4
7.5
7.4
7.6
7.4
7,5
7.3
6.
Basicity - mval/l
I
3.4
1.3
3.2
1-0
4,0
5 J5
3,6
3,4
3.4
4.3
2.1
4.7
n
2,2
0.6
M
3.6
2,1
2,7
2.4
2.6
1.6
2.2
9.
Total hardness - mval/l
i
12,2
11.2
11.6
65.0
23,6
24,2
15,8
14,4
15.2
14.2
15,6
21,0
n
7»2
8,0
6,0
12.5
7.2
9^
10,3
10,0
7,0
9,3
10.
Non-carbonate hardness — mval/i
i
2.7
7.6
2.7
62*2
22,4
8,8
5,8
4,9
5,7
2.2
9.8
7,9
ii
1.0
6,3
2,1
2,4
1*3
1.9
6,7
2,7
2.5
3,1
1L
Percentage of dry mass in ash sample - %
i
91
B2
70
66
60
84
80
82
84
83
33
n
88
94
96
91
94
97
95
96
90
90
93
-------
Chemical analysis of water extracts aiter 8-day contact with ashes of Power
Plant Konin (in calculation to 1 kg o£ dry mass of ash)
I series of tests - samples taken on 13.V.1975
U series of tests - samples taken on 25.IX.1975
Table 6.7
Contents in samples collected from experiments plots and
from elecirc^-tiiter£
No.
Para
met
e r
Tests'
series
K.-00
fresh asl~
from
electro-
filters
K-0 1
fresh asf
from
sedimen-
tation
pond
of
dump
K-0
(plots "0
ash from
terrain
being
reclaim
med
(control'
K-A
) ("A"
plots }
ash
covere<
with
20 cm
Layer of
fertile
soil +¦
NPK
K-B
("B"
plots)
ash
covered
with
10 cm
layer of
fertile
soil +
NPK
K-C
("C"
plots )
ash
covered
with
5 cm
layer of
fertile
soil +
NPK
K-D
( "D"
plots )
ash *¦
tertiary
sand ~
NPK
K-E
(-E-
plots )
ash +
low pew
at +
NPK
K-F
("F"
plots)
ash +
high
peat +
NPK
K-G
("G"
plots ^
ash -r
manure
+ NPK
K-H
( HH"
plots)
ash +•
2 NPK
K-I
("I"
plots)
ash +
NPK
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
1.
Ammonia
-mg
nh4
I
4,8
0,72
1,20
0,60
0,22
0,64
0,68
3,38
2,38
4,70
3,54
3,60
a
10,6
9,20
9,40
0,80
10,80
1,20
4,20
13,80
1,00
17,20
2.
Nitrates
-ffig
no.
i
0,32
0*30
4,16
6,88
6,96
4.34
4,70
3,38
6,56
0,36
2,94
2,6o
a
1,06
64,64
24,48
24,48
17,30
41,02
25,80
36,78
0,00
25,70
3.
Organic nitrogen
— mg
N
i
0,00
0,00
0,68
0,30
0,12
0,00
1,40
2,76
2,16
2,70
2,84
2,66
a
3,72
2,80
4f2S
11,42
7,28
3,60
0,00
6.44
9,64
6,00
4.
Phosphates
-mg
"*>4
X
0,00
0,04
0,50
0,78
0,04
0,08
0,08
0,16
0,02
0,06
0,46
0,06
n
0.16
0,90
0,40
0,12
0,02
0,02
0,04
0,02
0,06
2,00
5.
Calcium
-mg
Ca
i
LB 15,0
57 ,2
128,6
33,8
84,4
60,8
46,2
101,2
25,0
167,6
35.4
91,6
a
1248,0
173,0
291,4
466,2
562,0
1464,0
1008,0
1247,2
143,0
1223,0
6*
Magnesium
-mg
Mg
t
282,4
26»2
13,2
5,6
3,0
3,0
3,a
1M
1,8
13,2
0,8
V
n
19,4
14,6
71,0
191,0
73,4
134,0
30,0
304,6
21,2
14,0
7.
Iron
-«ng
Pt
i
6,0
0,0
•
•
•
•
*
•
~
.
«
•
a
2,66
3,60
2,86
2,40
1,04
2,60
2,34
2,30
2,00
4,00
ft.
Chlorides
-ng
CI
i
30
14
8
8
a
10
6
12
8
40
14
190
a
34
6
10
28
13
40
41
90
46
54
-------
-mg SO.
9* Sulphates
10* Manganese
11. Sodium
12. Potassium
13. Lead
14. Copper
15. Zinc
16* Boron
17. Stable solutes
18. Volatile solutes
19. Electric conductivity — uS
20. Total hardness -mval/kg
21. Non • carbonate hardness - mva]/kg
22. Five days B.O.D. -mg 02
23. Permanganate oxygen consumption —
24* C.O.D.
•«g Mn
-mg Na
-ng K
-mg Pb
•mg Cu
-mg Zn
-mg B
«4Tlg
-mg
-«ng 02
-«g 0,
1
U
I
u
I
Q
I
II
I
n
i
n
i
n
i
n
i
ii
i
n
i
n
i
n
970
traces
10,40
5,08
0,096
0,012
0.038
4,540
5734
246
14654
319,2
138,0
2.4
4.8
43.4
188
6,360
14,56
O.0O8
0,0024
0,382
0,696
278
40
742
14,0
3,8
0,8
10.4
33,4
32 2
1280
2,920
17,60
4,30
44,66
0,008
0,074
0,001
0,016
0.126
0,172
0,624
4,820
570
4168
78
472
696
4514
20,8
181.3
18,0
173,1
1.4
4.5
3.6
14.4
27,8
330.0
Cont. tablo 6.?
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
32
158
134
110
282
60
494
122
13
88
260
734
674
964
974
1444
910
1256
0,28
0,28
traces
traces
0.36
0.32
0,96
traces
traces
1,290
1,520
1,956
1,860
3,360
7,160
10,580
5,000
2,860
2,320
2,22
2,70
4,60
13,73
17,06
21,64
4,32
lo,C 4
1,248
0,238
3,040
3,720
13,520
1,732
0,320
4,110
9,520
2,72
2*54
3.76
2,92
12,44
16,70
22,40
12,44
11,14
0,008
0,010
0,008
0,006
0,008
0,010
0,014
0,012
0,000
0,054
0,054
0,050
0,060
0,048
0,060
0,066
0,072
0,082
0,005
0,0068
0,0052
0.0056
0,0002
0,0102
0,0104
0,0034
0,002
0.022
0,018
0,020
0,012
0.022
0,016
0,026
0,024
0,016
0,112
0,116
0.088
0,174
0,190
0,203
0,177
0,169
0,476
0,108
0,030
0,036
0,520
0,186
0,212
0,040
0,174
0,190
0,494
0,260
0,380
0,396
0.394
0,356
0,352
0,294
0,730
1,320
4,840
1,520
2,040
4,020
4.340
3.900
2,540
4,280
122
250
214
176
404
184
762
218
322
414
894
2354
2014
5626
3734
5384
5080
4314
88
132
54
56
94
60
108
54
73
336
224
414
370
624
294
746
538
440
184
394
338
312
602
860
1014
748
1884
786
1196
2656
2284
5006
3894
5558
4930
4562
6,0
12,6
9.2
7,2
16,8
4,0
26,6
5,0
13,6
27,6
57,0
109,4
95,8
235.8
150,6
244,6
205,0
174,2
4.0
8,8
4,8
3,0
. 12,4
_
20,6
_
-
17.5
50,3
103,1
90,0
228.6
143,2
234,3
197,3
162.3
V*
0,4
1.2
1.4
1.6
' 0,4
5,2
0,4
0,2
18,6
7.3
*.9
21*6
8.2
2.5
20.2
26.7
10,0
6,0
11,0
8,4
16,4
H.4
10.0
25.6
3.6
5,2
16,8
34,6
27,6
54,6
14,0
26,0
45,0
25,0
22,3
27,0
27,4
24,4
25,6
38,6
35.2
34.2
32,4
32,4
49,4
40,6
41,8
51.0
17.3
22,4
48,2
48,4
70,0
-------
Chemical analysis of water extracts after B days contact with ashes oC Power Plant
Halemba (in calculation to 1 kg of ash dry mass).
• 1 aeries of tests taken on 6.VI.1975
tl series of tests taken on 29.2X.1975
Table 6.3
Tests
series
Contents
in samples collected Erom
experimental plots and from electro—filters
No.
P a r a m e
e
r
H-01
tresh
ash from
sedimen-
tation
pond
H—02
ash ~
furnace
slag
H-0
"0" plots
( con-
trol)
H-A
("A"
plots )
ash
covered
with
20 cm
layer of
fertile
soil +
NPK
H-B
("B"
pints )
ash
covered
with
10 cm
layer of
fertile
soil *
NPK
H-C
("C"
plots)
ash
covered
with
5 cm
layer of
fertile
soil +
NPK
H-D
("D"
plots)
ash +
bent^-
nite 4-
NPK
H-E
("E"
plots)
ash +
low
peat +
NPK
H-F
("F"
plots)
ash ~
high
peat 4
NPK
H-G
( "G"
plots )
ash +
manure
+ NPK
H-H
("H-
plots)
ash +
2 NPK
H-I
(-I-
plots)
ash +
NPK
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Q
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
U
Ammonia —
mg
nh4
I
Q
0,02
5,44
0,06
2,54
4,On
4,50
1,34
5,40
0,14
6,00
0,18
2,88
0,06
5,46
0,06
3,82
0,16
5,14
0,32
4,44
1,26
3.86
2.
Nitrates -
mg
N°3
r
a
. 0,26
0,90
1.76
17.no
0,00
n,oo
0,00
0,00
10,on
0,00
3,80
3,30
4,60
0,40
0,48
2,08
1,80
13,32
7,72
3,54
3,86
2,58
3.
Organic nitrogen —
mg
N
E
It
0,00
7,94
0,00
5,96
0,46
5,82
1,28
0,00
0,00
8,80
0,70
14,40
0,50
8,80
2,72
4,36
3,96
6,22
3,38
1.56
27,90
1.50
4.
Phosphates —
mg
P°4
I
U
0,74
0,56
0,88
2,54
0,28
0,52
0,30
0,00
0,70
0,00
1*24
0,82
1,44
2,10
1,26
2,50
1,24
0,88
1,54
3,56
1,92
0,64
5.
Calcium —
mg
Ca
a
11.2
150,8
11,8
57,6
101,6
44,6
41,4
70,6
35,6
136,8
8,8
57,0
31,4
76,6
20,8
59,6
16,2
74,6
27,4
63,6
22,0
46,0
6.
Magnesium —
mg
Mg
i
a
16,4
18,8
17,4
31,4
98,8
46,4
37,0
32,0
37,8
33,6
27,4
29,2
12,7
41.0
19.7
32.8
19,4
51,2
26,0
29,8
30,6
57,6
7.
Iron —
mg
Pe
i
n
•
2,60
1,70
4,00
2,40
2,80
8,20
9,40
2,08
2t22
2.44
2,60
0.
Chlorides •
mg
CI
i
n
2
IB
2
6
io
6
14
9
20
10
8
10
26
7
6
7
8
11
26
12
18
5
9.
Sulphates -
mg
S°4
t
El
28
204
10
traces
64
62
108
84
4
108
12
62
32
14
44
24
22
34
34
28
62
110
10.
Manganese —
mg
Mn
!
n
'
0,3*
0,30
0^58
0,92
1,40
traces
traces
traces
0,30
traces
traces
-------
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
IS.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
Sodium
Potassium
Lead
Copper
Zinc
Boron
Stable solutes
- mc Na
- mg K
• mg Pb
- mg Cu
• mg Zn
- mg B
• mg
Volatile solutes — mg
Electric conductivity — uS
Total hardness - orval
Non—carbonate hardness — mval
Five day B»0,D» - mg
Permanganate oxygen consumption
- mg 02
C.OA
mg 0-
1
U
I
Q
1
n
i
Q
1
a
i
Q
I
a
i
D
I
0
1
n*
r
u
i
n
i
c
1.44
0,97
0,000
0,0022
0,386
0,704
62
54
144
5,4
1.2
0.2
0.8
19,2
15,10
13,64
0,056
0,016
0,208
2.160
684
82
398
25,4
17.1
18.1
?.o
27.2
1,46
9,04
0,0 6
2,34
0,000
0,04 0
0,0016
0,010
0,546
0,038
0,586
2,740
54
194
3d
84
120
2770
5,6
15,3
1,2
2.2
1.2
2.3
0,8
7,0
21,0
31,8
Cont. table o.c
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
IS
2,00
7,0 B
2,4 2
2,40
2,25
2,62
20,66
1,90
1,7 5
2,10
2,44
14,58
2,14
3,2 2
2,41
1,44
1,69
2,46
4,530
5t24
0,016
0,000
7,240
2,40
0f0436
0,038
7,500
3,9 2
0,0 33
0,0 48
11,94
4,12
G(0142
0,046
8,00
1,88
0,0114
0,0 38
5,36
2^3
0,0122
0,04 4
6,34
6,38
0,0148
0,04 a
15,14
2,78
0,0 17 S
0,L 48
3,44
2,68
0,000
0,0 36
0,004
0,008
0,0122
0,014
0,0096
0,024
0,0004
0,014
0,0004
0,012
0,0326
C,014
0,002a
0,012
0,0024
0,012
0,001
0,016
0,702
0,178
0,282
0,168
0,136
C,168
0,036
0,158
0,134
0,242
0,266
0,178
0,2C0
0,078
0,106
0,128
0,346
0,196
0,658
2,860
Op728
2,800
0,524
3,280
0,760
1,900
0,350
2,480
0,32 8
1,360
0,690
3,320
0,506
2,040
0,482
1,540
300
212
218
253
152
358
162
290
162
208
108
208
82
278
128
206
134
296
134
128
226
178
156
40G
68
90
68
115
44
78
74
176
102
86
98
80
160
244
316
420
334
840
270
516
278
498
200
416
188
310
280
338
340
500
37,0
16,6
14t2
13,0
12,0
26,6
7,4
14, &
7.2
20,0
7.4
21.4
6,8
22,2
IS ,6
10,6
20,0
34,2
13,2
13.6
4,5
- 4,4
5,1
2.6
2.7
2,4
4,1
2,8
14,0
1,0
6,0
¦*.«
5.6
3,3
. 6,7
8,6
26,6
29,0
70,2
5,6
46,8
5,6
3,6
1,6
2.9
1.0
10,8
0,2
4,6
0,2
3.8
3,6
5,4
80,0
61.2
248,0
113,4
20,4
67,2
6.2
6,6
3.4
19,2
1.0
11,6
0,6
8,0
0.6
8. 2
2,0
15,8
235,6
60,4
75,6
76,3
6,0
63,6
31,4
37,0
34,4
29,4
25,4
19,8
21,0
87.6
22,6
54.4
23,8
135,2
-------
- 81
7. CHANGES IN PROPERTIES OF SOILS UNDER RECLAMATION.
7.1. The objective, the scope and methodology of research.
The objective of carried out investigations is to comprehend the
changes in composition and in physical and chemical properties under
the influence of weathering, added neutralizing substances, fertilization,
cultivation and effects of flora and fauna.
The determinations of granulometric composition were made singly
on samples of ashes taken from electric precipitators and from sedimen-
tation basins and also from experimental plots being under agricultural
reclamation. Also determined was granulometric composition of soil sub-
stances used to change the properties of ashes.
The determinations of macro and microelements contents and of
basic chemical properties were computed on samples of fresh ashes,
on substances neutralizing, and on mixtures of these .substances with
ashes:
a) before sowing out of seeds of cultivated plants;
b) before completion of I vegetation season;
c) at the beginning of II vegetation season.
Determinations of properties of soils taken from plots of forest rectal
mation were performed on samples collected in the autumn of the I ve-
getation season (1975), with the intention of repetition of these deter-
minations in autumn of 1976.
The determination of a composition and of properties was made with
methods described in the progress interim report I (chapter 3,7),
7.2. Discussion of the results,
7.2,1. _K_ on i_ n. _
On account of a content of 72 % on average of dusts (table 7,1),
the ash samples from precipitators could be included by the pedologists
to normal dusts, containing 6-10 % of fluming parts of an average dia-
meter less than 0,02 mm.
-------
- 82 -
The ash samples collected from stacks can be included into the
weak loamy soils into light loamy soils and into strong loamy soils
(table 7.1), where on the whole a smaller amount of dusts appears
than in fresh ashes. Prom the granulometric analyses performed one
can see the diversification of the ash composition dependent on a gra-
nulation of the burnt coal and on classification effected during the
hydraulic disposal.
The reaction of fresh ashes taken from electric precipitators fluc-
tuated from pH 12,6 to 12,7 pH (table 7,3). Samples of a fresh ash
from the sedimentation basin changed the pH to from 9,2 to 10,9 pH.
The ash on the stack before the cultivation treatments had a reaction
within the limits of 8,5 - 8,8 pH. For the lowering of the ash reaction
a high moor peat (pH 2,7 to 3,0), and a low moor peat (pH 5,5) were
used and also the mineral, physiologically acid fertilizers. It was found
by the end of the first vegetation season, that the reaction was appro-
aching the neutral course, mainly on plots covered with fertile soil.
Other changes in the reaction require a confirmation in the following
vegetation season.
Unusually interesting is the following of the CaCO, content, Presh
o
ash from the electric precipitators indicates only 6,4 -7,9 % of the cal-
cium carbonate (table 7.3) despite the presence ofab.30%Ca0, (table
4.1 ). On a fresh stack the CaCO^ content grew slightly (7,7 to 9,4 %).
The ash samples from the reclaimed plots contained 5,7 to 17,4 % of
CaCO^i which would indicate the more strenuous chemical processes
occurring in the course of weathering. The described aboundances in
CaCO„ find their reflection in the tested water extracts (chapter 6).
Fresh ash from precipitators contained 0,16 to 0,32 % of' organic
carbon. In samples taken from reclaimed plots the aboundance in C
grew to 2,0 %, mostly there, where a large amount of CaCO^ was obser-
ved.
In samples taken from plots covered with fertile soil and with orga-
nic substances the C content increased to 0,7 - 1,8 %. During the first
vegetation season the carbon content increased in the effect of the root
development of plants .(table 7.3),
The fresh ash from precipitators did not contain assimilable forms
of phosphorus, magnesium, manganese and zinc. In the course of a
-------
- 83 -
hydraulic disposal the content of magnesium grew quickly and stayed
at high level. Despite a sizeable fertilization with phosphorus, the
occurrence of assimilable phosphorus is insufficient. Also manganese
appears in small quantities.
Fresh ash from electric precipitators contained 8-10 ppm of soluble
in water boron (table 7.5). Samples taken from fresh wet stack contained
19 - 29 ppm of boron, and samples from plots - up to 37,5 ppm. Such
large quantities of this element could contribute to the negative trials of
the plant cultivation. The comparatively low quantities of boron are obser-
ved only on plots covered with a thick layer of fertile soil. During the
first vegetation season the quantity of soluble boron decreased slightly.
A significant decrease in the content of this element was observed on
plots fertilized with tertiary sand, with high moor peat and with the farm
manure. The content of assimilable manganese and zinc continues to be
low. The content of copper improved slightly, especially on plots fertili-
zed* with organic substances.
7.2.2. JHalemba.
The granulometric composition of ash from Halemba is similar to the
composition of ash from Konin (table 7.2). The essential differences of
both categories of ashes can be seen in the content of CaCO_ (table
7.4).
The ash from Halemba contains 2-3 % of it in a fresh state and to
6 % after a few years time of weathering. The content of carbonate
strongly differentiates, dependent on the used material in the reclama-
tion process. Deficient supply of soil with the CaCO^ induced a deficien-
cy of this compound in plots of A-C series, covered with a layer of
this soil.
The reaction of fresh ash collected from electric precipitators is not
as alkaline as the of ashes from Konin (tables 7.3 and 7.4), which can
be explained with lower salinity (chapter 8) and lower content of CaCO^
and. Mg. In the course of hydraulic stacking the reaction changed from
pH 9,1 to pH 8.2, and in the course of reclamation work - from 4.2 pH
to 8.8 pH, dependend on the type of the added substance. The most
faourable reaction for the plant cultivation was achieved on plots cove-
fed with fertile soil. Observed towards the end of the first vegetation
-------
- 84 -
season are small changes in the reaction in the alkaline direction on
plots treated with organic and with mineral substances. Only on plots
covered with a thicker layer of fertile soil the "soil" underwent an
acidification. Further observations will show, whether these changes
are long term, or whether are connected only with particular time of
a vegetation season. The content of total carbon in the Halemba ashes
is high, probably due to incomplete coal combustion in the power plant
(table 7.4r). Siginificant quantities of this element were brought onto
the fields with the fertile soil, containing 11,5 - 12,4 % of C, (table
7.4).
The content of assimilable ^2^5 forms is high, one can see here
the effect of large doses of fertilization (table 7,4), After the end of
the vegetation season a decrease in the content of assimilable KgO
was ascertained, and this can be ascribed to a general decrease in
salinity.
The content of dissolved in water boron (table 7.6) is significant
only in fresh, not in weathered samples. Probably a deep leaching is
taking place here like the removal of salinity (chapter 8).
There is a deficiency in replaceable manganese (table 7,6) on plots
not covered with fertile soil.
In difference to the Konin ashes, here occur excessive quantities
of assimilable zinc - especially on plots covered with fertile soil.
The fertile soil alone, used to fertilize the ashes also contained signi-
ficant amounts of this microelement (90 - 122 ppm - table 7.6).
The tests to be carried out in successive vegetation seasons will
help to arrive at proper conclusions regarding the influence of recla-
mation treatments on the physico-chemical properties.
-------
Granulometric composition of the reclaimed terrains
K.onin
Table 7.1
Place of
•ample
taking
(plot)
Description of sample
Content
of skele-
ton por-
tions in
*
Percentage fraction content (diams in mm)
Pedoloocal
1-0,5
3,5-0,2 5
3-25-0,K
0,10-0,0:
0,05-0p2
l£2-qx>6
0,006-
0,002
below
the
0,002
classification
1.
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
A, Materials used for neutralization
L 1
Tertiary sand
2.0
15.2
43,2
31,6
5
2
1
1
1 -
loose sand
L 2
- -
0,0
10,0
48,5
33,5
5
0
1
1
1
- - -
I 3
-
3^5
12.7
41,0
36,3
5
1
3
0
1
- - -
On average
V
12.2
44,0
33,0
5
1
2
1
1
- " -
n. i-3
High peat
analys
3 not pe
-formed c
ue to la
•ge cont<
nt of ore
onic sub;
itance
m. 1-3
Low peat
- -
-
-
_ «
-
IV. 1
Fertile A oil
4.0
7,7
23,5
28,8
12
9
6
6
7
rich loamy sand
IV. 2
v>
V
25,2
28,1
14
8
7
5
8
IV. 3
12,0
8,0
22,7
29,3
12
10
5
5
8
-
On average
6.7
6-7
23,7
28,6
13
9
6
5
8
-
B. Fresh ash
V. 1
Fresh ash from precipitators
O.0
v>
4,0
16,0
28
45
2
0
4
ordinary dust
V. 2
-
0,0
0,2
3,7
14,1
16
56
1
2
7
" -
V. 3
•
a • m>.
0,0
0,5
4,0
14.5
25
46
1
2
7
On average
o,o
0#8
4.1
15,1
23
49
1
1
6
-
W. 1
Fresh ash from disposal stack
0,0
v>
22,0
35,5
17
7
2
4
9
light loamy sand
VL 2
-
0.0
3.0
14,0
47,0
21
4
7
2
2
-
VU 3
OJO
2.2
22,7
37,1
24
4
6
2
2
weak loamy sand,
dusty
On average
0.0
2,8
19,4
39.fi
21
5
5
3
4
light loamy sand
-------
1
2
3
4
5
C. Soils under reclamation
A * 2
Ash ~ 20 cm layer of fertile soil + NPK
2.0
8,2
23,2
A - 3
_
2,0
11,7
22,0
A - 4
3,0
13,7
21,0
average
V
11,3
22,2
B - 2
Ash + 10 cm layer of fertile soil + NPK
1,0
9.3
22,7
8-3
4,0
10,7
23,0
B - 4
* * a>
4,0
*V
25,7
average
3.0
10,6
23,8
C - 2
Ash ~ 5 cm layer of fertile soil + NPK
v>
13,2
24,5
C - 3
-
3.0
0,0
25,7
C - 4
-
3.0
11.7
32,5
average
3,0
IV
27,7
D -* 1
Ash + layer of tertiary sand + NPK
0,0
14,0
36,9
D - 2
» " «•
0.0
11,7
39.0
D - 3
-
0,0
16,2
34,7
average
0.0
14,0
36,9
E - 1
Ash + low peat ~ NPK
0.0
7.5
11,0
£ - 2
« * «•
0.0
4.7
9.5
E - 3
0,0
10,3
average
0,0
e.i
10,3
P - 1
Ash + high peat ~ NPK
0,0
3.7
12,2
F - 2
« * «¦
0.0
*.s
15,5
r - 3
• * •
0.0
6,0
11,0
average
OJO
4.6
12,0
G - 1
Ash ~ manure 4 NPK
0,0
11,2
O - Z
-
0.0
9,2
17,7
G-3
-
0,0
8.7
22,7
mrage
0,0
B.S
17,5
cont. tabie "T.l
6
7
6
9
10
11
12
31,6
11
9
7
3
7
strong loamy sar.d
22,3
17
7
8
4
3
22,3
16
8
7
3
9
25,5
15
8
7
3
8
27,8
16
7
S
2
7
- - -
25,3
14
7
8
4
8
- " -
23,6
13
7
8
4
7
- - -
25,6
14
7
8
4
7
22.3
16
7
7
4
6
- " -
29,3
14
7
9
3
4
20,0
15
6
2
5
light loamy sand
24,1
15
7
7
3
5
- * -
23,1
10
4
1
2
weak loamy sand
29,3
10
4
4
0
2
- " -
27,1
11
4
4
1
2
26,1
10
4
4
1
2
40,5
22
6
8
3
2
light loamy sand.
dusty
38,8
2a
a
6
2
3
39,6
25
7
7
2
3
- - -
39,6
25
7
7
2
3
- " -
44,1
21
7
7
1
4
light loa/ny sand.
dusty
41,0
19
6
9
1
4
light Loa/ny sand
34,0
27
9
8
2
3
- «
39,6
21
7
8
1
4
36,3
21
9
10
2
3
light loamy sand.
dusty
32,1
15
19
3
2
2
weak loamy sard,
dusty
21,6
22
10
10
2
3
light loamy sand.
dusty
30,0
19
12
8
2
3
-------
cont, table 7.1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
H - X
Ash + N2PK
0,0
7.7
18,0
27,3
17
13
13
2
2
strong loamy sand,
dusty
H - 2
0,0
H.5
15,2
30,3
16
11
10
3
3
" -
H - 3
0,0
12,2
15,5
24,3
19
11
14
2
2
" -
a,v«r&ge
0,0
10,5
16,2
27,3
17
12
12
2
3
-
I - 1
Ash + NPK
0,0
10,7
16,0
24,3
20
13
10
2
4
* -
I - 2
0,0
8,2
22,5
27,3
18
6
12
3
3
strong loamy sand
I - 3
0,0
8,2
22,7
29,1
17
9
9
1
4
light loamy sand,
dusty
average
0,0
9,0
20,2
26,3
18
9
11
2
4
strong loamy sand
O-l
Ash - control plots
0,0
6,5
32,0
34,5
16
6
3
1
1
loose sand
0-2
^ m ^
0,0
11,2
32,0
33,3
15
2
4
1
1
weak loamy sand
0-3
— m —
0,0
10,0
20,7
30*3
6
20
8
1
4
light loamy sand,
dusty
average
0,0
9,2
28,0
32 yd
12
10
5
1
2
weak loamy sand
-------
Granulometric composition of reclaimed soils - Halemba
Table 7.2
Place of
Description of sample
Content
of
Fraction content
in per cents (diameters in mm)
ooil classification
sampling
{plot}
skeleton
portions
in
*
1 - 0,5
0,5 -
- 0,25
0,25 -
- 0,10
0,10 -
- 0,05
0,05 -
- 0.02
0,02 -
- 0,006
0,006 -
- 0,002
Below
the
0,002
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
A. Materials used for neutralization
(. 1
Bentonile
15,0
12,0
42,0
23,0
5
5
3
4
6
Ught loamy sand
L 2
9,0
13.5
40,0
25,5
4
4
4
3
6
- -
1. 3
—, m ^
0,0
14,0
39,0
24,0
4
4
4
4
7
oyerage
8,0
13,2
40.4
24.4
4
4
4
4
6
K. 1-3
High peat
Anafys
s was n
>t perfor
o
Be
-------
1
2
3
4
5
C. Soils under reclamation
A - 2
Ash + 20 cm layer of fertile soil + NPK
0.0
11,0
28,2
A - 2
-
2 fi
IV
29,5
A - *
0,0
11.4
28,9
average
0,7
11,4
2 a, 9
B - 2
AAh t 10 cm fertile soil + NPK
0.0
19,0
39,2
B - 3
O.O
20,7
37,0
B - 4
* -»
0,0
19,5
39,5
average
O.O
19,8
38,6
C - 2
Ash ~ 5 cm fertile soil ~ NPK
Ofi
18,5
34,2
C - 3
- - -
0,0
2 4,5
29,0
C - 4
- -
0,0
13,0
34,7
average
0,0
18,5
32,5
D - 1
Ash + bentonite + NPK
9J>
13,0
30.5
D - 2
w " mm
2,0
9.7
29,5
D - 3
« • a
3.0
12,2
28,0
average
5.3
11,6
29,4
E - 1
Ash ~ low peat + NPK
0.0
8,7
24,5
E -r 2
— * •
0,0
13,7
28,0
E - 3
m • _
0.0
13,2
26,7
average
0,0
12,0
26,5
P - 1
Aah 4- high pea* + NPK
0,0
13.2
32,7
P - 2
_ «• _
0,0
15,7
33,5
F - J
0,0
16,0
35,2
a**cag<
0,0
15,0
33,7
a - 1
Aah + manure + NPK
0,0
14,7
34,0
0-2
_
0,0
19,5
28,2
0 - 3
- - -
4,0
18*2
25,7
average
iv
29,3
cont. tabie 7.2
12
25,8
23,3
24,7
24.7
21.8
20,3
19,0
20,6
24,3
21,3
23,3
23.0
15,5
19,8
ia,s
18,n
203
20,3
17.1
19,5
19,1
15^
14,8
16,3
20,3
19,3
21.1
20.2
10
10
in
5
5
4
7
10
13
10
19
20
22
20
25
24
26
25
23
23
22
23
21
21
23
22
13
16
14
14
10
9
8
3
5
9
7
12
10
11
11
11
9
12
11
a
7
7
7
7
6
1
2
3
2
4
2
3
6
4
5
6
2
2
3
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
6
5
3
3
3
4
3
3
4
3
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2"
2
2
light loamy sand
~ peat
-weak loanry dusty
sand + peat
light loamy sand
+ peat
•weak loamy sand
+ peat
weak loamy sand,
dusty
loose dust sand
loose dust sand
-------
con!» table 7.2
1
2
3
4
5
o
7
a
9
10
11
12
H - 1
Ash + N2PK
2.0
30,2
24,0
4,8
25
10
3
2
1
weak loam sand,
dusty
H -.2
_ * —
0,0
28 ,2
36,7
5.1
20
4
4
1
1
weak loamy sand,
H - 3
- - -
0,0
19,2
33,6
16,3
20
6
2
2
1
loose dust sand
average
0.?
25,9
31,4
a.7
22
6
3
2
1
v/eaJc loamy sand,
dusty
I - 1
Ash + NPK
lO.O
10,7
31,7
16,6
24
12
4
0
1
loose dust sand
1 - 2
• * •
4.0
9.0
28,7
20,3
26
12
2 *
0
-
I - 3
- - -
0.0
9,2
33,0
21,8
24
8
2
1
1
-
average
4.7
V
31,0
49,5
25
11
3
0
1
— n -
0-1
Ash from control plot
0,0
14,0
28,0
17,0
25
9
4
1
2
vieeLk loamy sand,
dusty
0-2
-
0,0
45,0
20,5
3,5
21
5
2
0
3
loose dust sand
0-3
-
0,0
20,7
31,5
16,8
18
7
4
1
1
-weaJc loamy sand
average
0,0
26,6
26,8
12,6
21
7
3
1
2
-------
Studies of changes occurring in properties of soils under reclamation
Koran spoil stack
1 — samples taken on 12.VI.1975
Q - samples taken on 23.DC, 197 5
Table 7.3
No.
Place of
Mmpling
(plot)
Description
pH reaction
in KC1
content in
mg/lOO g
(after Egner)
K^0 content in
mg/100 g
(after Egner)
IWg content
in mg/100 g
Cog content
in ^
CaC03
in %
content
Series of tests
1
n
i
n
1
II
i
n
I
£2
I
~
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
a
9
10
li
12
13
14
15
A. Materials used for neutraliza-
tion and the fresh ash.
U 1
tertiary sand
a.9
0.6
1.5
2,25
0,19
0,50
1. 2
«• * —
8.4
0.3
0,5
2.0
0,25
0,42
i. 3
- - -
3.2
0.3
0,5
2,25
0,19
78,71^
78,17^
80,39^
0,33
n. i
high moor peat
3t0
1.7
12,0
pl5,0
-
0.2
- - -
2.8
1^»
11.0
P15.0
0,76
0.3
* •»
2,7
1.6
8rS
plS,0
-
m. i
low moor peat
5,5
1.7
2,5
P15,0
37,04
40. 36*^
42,60 ^
0,16
m. 2
« • -w
s.5
2.0
1.0
pl5,0
0,16
m. 3
5.3
2,3
1,0
pl5,0
0,08
IV. 1
fertile soil
7.5
7.5
5.0
6.6
0,31
0,76
IV. 4
- - -
7.5
8,0
4.5
6,3
0,34
0,76
W. 3
7«6
73
4.0
6.5
0,84
0,76
V. 1
Chutes of
electric pre-
dptfaton
fresh aah
12.6
0.0
12,5
1.2
0,32
7,93
V. 3
- - -
12.7
0.0
13.0
0,73
0,16
6,43
V. 3
• • •
12.7
0.0
9,5
0,0
0,19
7,50
W.1
fresh stack
fresh ash from sedimentation
basin
10.9
0.5
13.0
P 15,0
0,66
7,93
VL 2
• •
9.4
0.x
17.5
P 15,0
0,81
9(43
-------
cont, table 7,3
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
vu
Fresh ash from sedimentation
9.2
0.7
16,0
P 15.0
0,42
7,72
basin
B. Soils under reclamation
1.
A - 2
Ash with fertile soil (20 cm layer)
~ NPK
B*t
7,8
13.2
18,3
9.5
10,5
6,05
7,3
0,81
1,09
1,01
0,42
2.
A - 3
w * «¦>
7,8
7.6
12.5
20,0
7.5
3,0
7,2
5.95
0,81
0,34
1,01
1,01
X
A - 4
7.7
7,7
17,7
18,3
9,5
8.0
7,6
8.1
0,87
0,99
1,43
1,01
4.
B - 2
Ash with fertile soil (10 cm layer)
~ NPK
a,2
8.3
20,0
21,0
10,0
7,5
0.1
12,9
0,81
0,81
1,69
2,69
3.
B - 3
7,6
7.8
11,8
16,0
7,5
5.0
7,1
6,45
0,87
0.84
1,26
1.17
6.
"B - 4
— _
e,o
7.8
19,1
12,9
12,0
4.0
7.75
7.9
0,78
0,90
1,10
1,01
7.
C - 2
Ash with fertile soli (5 cm layer)
+ NPK
e.2
"V9
17,7
20,0
8.5
10,0
10,2
8.9
0,74
0,90
1,18
1,01
8.
C - 3
-
8,3
8,4
11.2
18,2
12,5
8,5
13.3
27,0
0,76
0,93
1,86
4,84
9.
C - *
-
8,4
8.4
16,0
11,8
22,5
8,0
13.7
20,0
0.7
0,37
1,01
2,69
10.
D - 1
Ash with tertiary sand (500 m^ha)
1,16
+ NPK
8#5
8,3
12,2
10,6
11,0
6,0
P 15,0
23,0
0,90
1,30
1.E5
il-
D - 2
» m **
8.5
8,0
8,0
8,8
14,0
P 15.0
14,35
1,04
1,30
4,05
0,58
ia.
D - 3
m, • •
8,8
8,3
7.8
10,0
20,0
2,5
P 15,0
18,5
1,09
1,30
4,39
1,09
13.
E - 1
Ash with low oupeatf 10 Mg/ha
17,06
+ NPK
8,6
8.9
5,6
1.2
26,0
17,5
P 15.0
68,5
1,86
3,09
13,93
14.
E - 2
>» * •
8.5
8.6
0,7
1.7
29,5
• 23,0
P 15,0
82,5
V>7
3,18
12,00
18,12
15.
E - 3
— m ^
8,6
8,7
1.9
1.7
28,0
29,5
P 15,0
80,0
1,84
2,96
12,00
16,85
16.
F - 1
Ash with high m. peat, 10 Mg/ha,
12,OO
17,27
~ NPK
8*5
8.7
1.7
1.4
35,5
34,0
P 15,0
78.5
1,88
3,48
ir.
F - 2
-
8,7
8,8
1.0
2,2
18.5
25,5
P 15,0
82,0
1,56
2,81
13,08
16,64
la.
F - 3
m, " «
8,6
8.6
1.2
3.4
31,0
30,0
P 15.0
87,0
2,03
3,33
14,58
15,80
19.
G - 1
Ash ~ 20 Mg/ha manure + NPK
a,a
8,9
0,7
2.3
55.0
36,0
P 15.0
74,0
1,77
2,75
13,22
13,69
20.
G - 2
8,5
8,6
0.7
3.4
40/1
41^5
P 15.0
85,0
1.90
2.57
17,37
17,90
21.
G - 3
-
8,6
9.3
1.0
0,7
62,0
23,0
P 15.0
52,0
1.79
2.33
15,22
16.22
22.
H - 1
Ash ~ N2PK
6,6
8,6
0,6
1.2
24,0
21,5
P 15.0
101,0
1,56
2,24
16,51
22,75
23.
H - 2
a.7
8.8
0,7
0.9
20,0
20,5
P 15,0
68,5
2,00
2,42
16,72
17,90
2*.
H - 3
8.7
8*5
0,6
2,0
25,5
24,5
pl5.0
91,0
2.01
2,45
17,37
18.96
25.
I - 1
Ash ~ NPK
8.7
8,7
UO
1.6
33,0
38,0
P 15,0
78,5
1,95
2,69
16,29
18,75
26.
t - 2
8.7
8,8
1.2
1.0
26,0
17.5
P 15,0
78,5
1,90
2,15
14.15
19,38
-------
cont, table 7.3
27.
1 - 3
28.
0-1
29.
0-2
30.
0-3
Ash * NPK
Control - ash
&%&
8.5
8.6
8.8
8,7
8.5
V
8.4
0.3
1.6
1,2
0,5
1.3
1.8
1.2
1.6
20,5
33,0
32,5
20,0
18,0
14,0
13,5
15,0
10
p 15,0
p 15,0
P 15,0
P 15,0
11
91,0
54,0
71,0
82,0
12
1,60
1,11
1,46
1,81
13
3,03
1,15
1,36
2,2-
14
14,15
5,75
7,07
17,79
19,38
12,22
14,11
23,33
explanation; l) sintering Losses
I
£>
0)
I
-------
Studies of changes occurring in properties ot soils under
cultivation.
Spoil stack Halemba
Table 7.4
No.
Place of
sampling
(plot)
Determination of the sample
pH reaction
in KC1
PjOg content
in mg/100 g
(aAer Egner)
K^0 content
in mg/100 g
(after Egner)
Mg content in
mg/100 g
Cog co
in c
ntent
&
CaCOj content
in
i1'
n2>
I1/
ll2'
n2'
I1'
n2'
ll/
n2'
I1'
u2/
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
a
9
10
li
12
13
14
15
L 1
1. 2
t. 3
n. l
a. 2
It 3
{XL 1
m. 2
m. 3
IV. 1
IV. 2
IV. 3
V. 1
V. 2
V. 3
VL 1
VJ. 2
VL 3
chutes
fresh stack
A. Materials neutraiizine and
fresh ash
bentonite
bentonite
bentonite
high moor peal
• * —
Icm a. peat
• • •
fertile soil
• —
«i
ash from electric precipitators
_ —
ash from, other fresh ash stack
(not dewatered}
6,2
6.1
6,5
2.0
2»2
2.2
2.3
2.4
2,4
M
«,1
~4
12.0
11.9
11,8
9,2
9.2
9A
2.3
2.3
3,2
4,6
4.4
4.0
2.9
3.0
6.2
3,6
5.2
4,0
ao,o
175.0
170,0
61.0
61,0
56/)
24,0
25.0
45.0
21,0
19.5
2ZJ3
17.5
27.0
13.5
11,5
7.5
7.0
25,0
14.0
13.0
19,3
18.0
22,5
P15.0
P15.0
pl5,0
pl5.0
P15.0
P15.0
P15.0
P15.0
P15.0
5,5
3,9
6.3
0,15
0,15
0,45
pis.o
pl5,0
plS.0
2,13
1,68
1^53
78,46^
71.133'
77.643/
82,74
B0.493'
8Q.103'
12,373'
11.483'
11.563'
4.41
5,16
5.04
9.96
10,82
10,80
0,76
0,67
1,94
0,16
0,16
0,16
0,50
0,58
0,58
2,02
2.97
2r28
-------
1
2
3
4
S
6
B. Soils under
reclamation
1.
A - 2
ash with fertile
soil (20 cm layer)
6,0
4,8
11,8
2.
A - 3
~ NPK
4»2
5,0
4.6
3.
A - 4
+ NPK
6,4
5.8
22,0
4.
B - 2
ash with fertile
~ NPK
soil (10 cm layer)
5.2
4.6
7.8
5.
B - 3
-
ft. ^
5.8
3,2
16,5
e.
B - 4
-
a —
5,6
5.6
12,3
?.
C - 2
ash with fertile
~ NPK
soil (5 cm layer)
3.9
'.5
14,0
8.
C - 3
-
m „
6,7
7.1
25,0
9.
C - 4
-
m ^
7.1
7,8
35,0
10.
D - 1
ash with bentonite (100 mg/ha) +
+ NPK
8,2
8.3
75,0
11.
D - 2
-
-
8,4
8.6
64,0
12.
0-3
-
-
8,6
8.6
59,0
13.
E - 1
ash with low peat 10 Mg/ha + NPK
8,1
a,s
88,5
E - 2
-
-
8,2
8,6
36/)
15.
E - 3
-
m w
8,0
8,5
56,0
16.
r - 1
ash with high
~ NPK
peat 10 Mg/ha
8.5
8^
54,5
17.
F - 2
-
• •
8,6
9.0
53,0
18.
F - 3
-
• —
8,7
8.8
37,5
1®.
G - 1
1
|
20 Mg/ha ~ NPK
8,7
9,0
36,5
20.
G - 2
-
-
8,8
8,9
19.1
21.
G - 3
-
• ^
8.7
8,8
41^
22.
H - 1
ash + N2PK
8,5
8.7
75 fi
23.
H - 2
• -
8.5
8,6
57,5
24.
H - 3
- -
8^
8,7
7V
29.
I - 1
ash * NPK
8,8
9.3
43.0
26.
I - 2
8.7
8.9
46^0
27.
t - 3
8.7
8^
3 %fl
Cont. table ?,4
7
a
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
2.3
2.5
11,5
6.5
3,0
pl5,0
pl5,0
11,5
14,0
5,19
9,673'
2,15
2,60
0,33
0,16
0,33
0,33
9.0
16,5
5.0
pl5,0
22,5
5,16
2.75
0,25
0,24
3,0
17,5
5.0
pis.o
12,5
2,61
13,85 3'
13.773'
3,15
0,16
0,24
2.5
8,0
17.4
20.5
5,5
6.0
P15.0
pl5,0
32,0
26,0
3,60
2,42
0,33
0,25
0,24
0,24
82,5
18,0
8,5
pl5,0
27,0
5,64
3,09
0,16
1,5?
36,5
19,0
5.5
pl5,0
20,0
5,46
2,33
0,76
1,07
56,0
20,0
7,5
pis.0
33,0
5,17
1,36
1,26
1,82
59,0
36,0
21.5
pl3,0
** r5
2,97
2,15
2,28
3,39
56,0
43,0
12,5
pl5,0
27,0
3,15
2,09
2,36
3,72
75,0
29,0
15,0
pl5,0
24,0
2,64
3,34
3,72
3,89
120,0
23,5
7.5
pl5,0
19,5
4,74
6,22
1.77
1,98
68,0
20,0
8,0
P15.0
19,0
6,38
4,65
2,29
2,15
75,0
18,0
9,0
pl5,0
18,0
6,37
5,02
2.71
2,40
50,0
16,0
9,0
P15,0
27,0
5,06
4,55
3,22
3,14
45.0
15,0
12,0
plS.O
37,0
4,90
4,08
3,98
4,63
56.0
13,5
10,0
pl5,0
27,5
3,60
4,70
4,39
3,80
33,0
20,5
11,0
P15,0
37,0
2,46
2,37
6,08
5,96
37,5
24,0
9,5
pl5,0
33,0
2,73
3,45
6,08
6,53
61,0
30,0
iy
pl5.0
25,0
3.15
4,60
4,05
4,13
59,0
30.0
10,0
pl5,0
25,0
4,37
3,19
3,13
3,06
57,3
22,5
10,5
pl5,0
17,0
4,05
4,44
1,94
2,56
75,0
22,0
8,5
pl5,0
21,0
3,54
3,SI
2,11
2,89
26,0
ia,s
10,5
P15.0
41,0
2,40
1,62
4,31
7,11
28,0
22,0
10.O
P15.0
41,0
2,52
2,14
4,90
7,28
33,0
15.0
11.0
pl5,0
37,0
2,61
3,66
6,08
5,96
-------
Cont table 7.4,
X
2
3
4
5
6
7
B.
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
28.
0-1
Control — ash
8,7
8,7
43,0
54,3
12,0
11.5
pi 5,0
31,0
4,05
5,49
3,89
3,47
29.
0-2
m m ^
6,7
8,3
51*5
54,5
12,5
s»s
p!5.0
29,0
4,57
V55
4,07
2,93
30.
0-3
« * —
8,6
8.8
36,5
48,5
10,3
10,0
Pl5,0
24,0
4,80
4,18
4,05
3,72
Explanations:
X) Samples we re taken on the
9.VX.1975
2) samples were taken on the
294X.1975
3) sintering losses in %
-------
The micro-elements resources in the soils under reclamation
Konin slack
I — samples taken on 12.VU1975
n - samples taken on 25JX. 1975
No.
Place of
sampling
(plot)
Determination of the sample
Microelements" content in ppm
a
Cu
Mn
Mo
Zn
!
n
I
n
11
1
n
I
n
1
2
a
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
ii
12
13
A. Materials used for neutralization
t 1
.Tertiary sand
1,78
0,0
0
0,115
0,65
L 2
• • •
0,685
0,3
0
0,067
0,45
U 3
• • •
0,52
0.0
0
0,075
0,0
n. l
high moor peat
1,0
1,05
142
0.15
16,0
n. 2
- - -
2,2
1,05
150
0,15
17,0
It 3
- - -
2,33
1,6
148
0,15
19,4
m. i
low m. peat
2*52
1.0
18
0,23
2,25
m. 2
- - -
1*95
0,9
19,5
0,18
1,65
m. 3
- - -
1,43
0,8
19
0,20
1.5 .
IV. 1
fertile soil
0,40
2,1
11,5
0,035
6,3
IV. 2
- - -
0,415
3,65
12
0,082
¦*A
IV. 3
- - -
0,375
2.*
13,5
0,05
6,1
8» Pure ash
V. 1
electric
fresh 'ash
a.o
0,0
O
0,38
0,0
precipitators
V. 2
• • —
m m m
10,0
o,o
0
0,34
0,0
V. 3.
« • »
• *
a,x>
0,0
0
0,40
0,0
VU X
stack
ash from active stack
19,5
~.8
0
0,24
0,0
VU 2
-
20,2
4,8
o
0,16
0,05
VU 3
— W ^
29,25
7,0
1
0,19
0,0
-------
1
2
3
4
C. Soils of aericultural reclamation
1.
A - 2
+ 20 cm fertile soil + KPK
0,62
2.
A - 3
* 4.
0,90
X
A - 4
« * _
0,86
4.
B - 2
ash + 10 cm fertile soil + KPK
3»5
5.
B - 3
0,66
6*
B - 4
— •
2.2
7.
C - 2
ash ~ 5 cm fertile soil ~ NPK
5,0
8*
C - 3
_ m _,
4,0
9.
C - 4
• m «.
5,0
10.
D - 1
ash + tertiary sand + NPK
6,0
11.
D - 2
« •» —
19.5
12.
D - 3
26^
IX
E - 1
ash + low m. peat + NPK
25,0
14.
E - 2
_ H —
28,75
15.
E - 3
* " •»
26,60
16.
F - 1
ash + high peat + NPK.
29,5
1?.
F - 2
-
33.5
1a.
F - 3
- - -
29,25
19.
a - i
ash 4- manure + NPK.
29,25
20.
G - 2
- -
36,25
21.
G - 3
-
37.5
22.
H - 1
ash + NPK
29,5
23.
H - 2
• • mm
33,5
w.
H - 3
¦ ^
33^
25.
1 - 1
ash + NPK
28,7
26.
t - 2
— *
27,0
27.
I - 3
• • •
26,7
28.
O- 1
pur* ash — control
25,O
29.
0-2
- «r
26,5
30.
0-3
27.5
ConU 7.5
5
6
7
. 8
9
10
11
12
13
0,51
2,1
3,4
13
1,6
0,075
0,0
9,7
6,4
0,72
2.1
3.2
9
1*7
0,04
0,0
6.8
5.65
0,805
2,1
2.4
11
1,45
0,045
0,0
6,4 5
5,6
5,25
2,1
3,4
3
0,25
0,092
0,065
5,8
5,6
0,76
4,45
4,3
9
1,05
0,04
0,02
7,35
5P5
0,93
2,1
4,0
5.5
1,05
0,052
0,03
5,75
6,15
1,25
2,45
2,75
1
1,05
0,052
0,072
5,5
6,6
12,0
2,45
3.4
1
0,3
0,082
0,05
5,35
4,4
1V5
2,45
3.4
1
0,15
0,07
0,05
7,0
4,3
a.o
1.05
2.9
2
0,35
0,07
0,025
1#4
1,45
3,0
4,75
i#o
1
0,35
0,23
0,027
0.5
0,2
6,25
3,55
1.4
2
0,45
0,195
0,0
0,5
0,95
31,25
0,0
2.4
3
0,4
0,205
0,11
0,25
G.O
30.5
0,3
2,4
4
0,4
0,205
0,125
0,1
0,0
2,5
0»3
2.4
3
0.5
0,20
0,085
0,2
0,0
3,75
0.3
4,0
3
0,55
0,205
0,11
0.3
0,0
2,75
0,0
V*
3
0,45
0,24
0,155
0,2
0,0
3,0
o,o
4,4
3
0,35
0,24
0,135
0.5
0,0
4,5
0,0
4,4
2
0,45
0,257
0,125
0,2
0,0
1*72
0,0
3,4
4
0,4
0,187
0,225
0,3
0,0
1*80
0,0
2,9
3
0,2
0,285
0,245
0,2
0,0
5,75
0,0
0,8
3
0,35
0,265
0,20
0,55
0,0
32,5
0,0
3.4
6,5
0,4
0,245
0,11
0,2
o,o
30,5
0,0
3.4
2
0.3
0,265
0,225
0,3
0,0
24,0
0,0
0,9
2
0,65
0,315
0,20
0.2
0.0
30,5
0/)
0,4
1*5
0,35
0,275
0,16
op
0,05
23,5
oao
0.4
2
0,35
0,285
0,245
0.2
0.0
24,3
5#2
3,1
2
oa
0,212
0,088
0*5
0,0
32/)
4,75
3,85
2
0,25
0,265
0,21
0,5
0.O
3",0
0,0
0,4
3
0,2
0,245
0,175
op
0,0
-------
Microelement resources of soils under reclamation - stack Halemba
I - samples taken on 9.VL1975
& - samples taken on 29.IX.1975
Table 7.6.
PlAce of
Determination
of sample
Content of microelements in ppm
No.
•Ainplinfi
(plot)
B
Cu
M n
Mo
Zn
!
IX
1
11
I
II
I
0
I
a
1
3
3
4
5
6
7
6
9
10
11
12
13
A. Materials used for
neutralization
U 1
Bentonite
2,45
3,9
0*55
0,082
52,5
I. 2
2,80
2.9
4,5
0,075
37,5
L 3
«• —,
2,60
2,65
7
0,09
21,5
a. i
High moor peat
1^35
-
66
0,05
37,5
IL 2
_
1,60
2,8
46v5
0,10
23,0
a. 3
-
1,20
1,4
54
0,20
17,0
m. i
Low n. peat
0,525
2,6
62
0,25
•
in. 2
_ * —•
0,525
58
•
43,0
in. 3
- - -
0,5*5
2,2
67
0,20
27,0
IV. 1
fertile soil
0,92
2,0
12,5
0,075
102,5
IV. 2
0.765
1,6
17
0,05
90,1
IV. 3
^ • <»
B. Pure ash
0,64
2,6
4.5
0,057
122,5
V. 1
electric
precipitators
Fresh ash
9,20
27,6
1,0
1,40
12,08
V. 2
w * m.
8,20
18,6
0,5
1,65
1.4
V. 3
m m,
7,20
16,8
0,5
0,83
*,4
W. 1
•tack
Prom active stack
15,0
15,0
0
0,795
17 0
VI. 2
• • •
13,0
14,4
0
9,75
19,0
VU 3
**.3
2,0
2
0,99
18,0
-------
1
2
3
4
C. Soils of aericultural reclamation
3-
A - 2
Ash ~ 20 cm fertile soil ~ NPK
0,765
2.
A - 3
n
0,57
3.
A - 4
" _
u*
4.
B - 2
Ash ~ 10 cm fertile soil + NPK
lr5
5.
B - 3
1,66
6.
B - 4
« m —
1,78
?.
C - 2
Ash ~ 5 cm fertile soil + NPK
1*50
e.
C - 3
^ " —
1,25
9.
C - 4
• »
1,23
10.
D - 1
Ash bentorule + NPK
1,30
11.
D - 2
• • «»
1,20
12.
D - 3
_ w _
1,35
13.
E - 1
Ash -f tow m. peed -f NPK
1^50
14.
E - .2
W5
15.
E - 3
1^50
16.
r - i
Ash + high m» peat 4- NPK
1,40
17.
F - 2
«• * • —
1,06
IS.
P - 3
1^30
19.
G - 1
Ash ~ manure + NPK
1«50
20.
G - 2
1,58
21.
G - 3
«¦» * •
1,60
22.
H - 1
Ash + N2PK
V5
23.
H - 2
- -
0,80
24.
H - 3
-
0,76
25.
I - 1
Ash ~ NPK
1,40
26.
I - 2
Ash ~ NPK
1,16
27.
1 - 3
Ash + NPK
1,16
28.
0-1
Pure ash — control
1,66
29.
O - 2
» • «
0,90
30.
0-3
1.50
Cont. table 7.6
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
0,48
4,2
19,4
2V
2,7
0,09
0,00
95,0
115,0
0,52
*.2
16.9
52,5
3^9
0,067
0,05
102,5
170,0
0,77
9.0
16,4
54
1,95
0,205
0,05
197,5
220,0
0,48
7,0
19,4
64
2,1
0,162
0,05
235,0
150,0
01,935
7,8
15,4
50
3,55
0,162
0,037
245,0
255,0
0,635
7,8
16,0
58
2,8
0,13
0,087
225,0
240,0
1,87
8,6
16,9
45
0,55
0,13
0,177
24 5,0
167,5
1,00
11,8
18,5
41
0,9
0,162
0,132
235,0
217,5
1,37
12,5
19,4
13
0,2
0,19
0,147
180,0
85,0
1^7
12,5
13,0
0,5
0,1
0,232
0,212
31,0
20,0
1,25
13,2
14,0
0
0,0
0,20
0,112
22,0
22,0
1,00
15,8
13,0
0
0,0
0,33
0,245
12,0
27,25
1,37
14,6
16,2
0
0,1
0r32
0,105
45,0
38,0
1,87
14,8
16.2
o
0,1
0,26
0,212
37,0
33,0
1,00
14,4
16,2
n
0,1
0,27
0,22
50,0
40,0
1,37
16,2
16,2
0
0
0,29
0,175
21,5
17,0
1*87
17,3
ie,6
0
0
0,20
0,275
19,5
14,5
1,00
19,8
17,8
0
0
0,25
0,212
3,8
18,25
2,75
18,8
20,0
0
0
0,28
0,245
1.6
4,5
1+B7
18,8
14,0
0
0
0,30
0,212
0,7
6,3
1,10
15,0
15,2
0
0
0,25
0,212
5,55
17,0
1,25
16,2
12.6
0
0,05
0,35
0^19
22,0
17,0
1,00
16,6
12,2
0
0,05
0,235
0,162
20,5
21,75
1,37
13,1
14,0
0
0
0,34
0,20
23,0
•21,0
1*87
18,8
11,0
0
0
0,28
0,205
2,15
2,15
2,25
18,0
11,5
0
0
0,35
0,227
1.55
1.6
2,25
28,8
18,0
0
0
0,30
0,25
0,85
6,0
V"
15,3
13,6
0
0
0,29
0,25
10,6
18,2
1*37
15,5
14,5
0
0
0,26
0,182
17,0
18,5
I*e?
20,0
15,1
0
0
0,29
0,212
6,45
17,0
-------
- 101 -
8. SALINITY OP ASHES UNDER RECLAMATION.
8.1. The objective and the scope of research.
For the definition of causes of the basical ash reaction and for
the determination of reasons for failures in the introduction of vegeta-
tion on the top portions of the investigated ash stacks, the degree of
salinity of fresh ashes taken from the precipitators of Konin power
plant was tested. It amounted to over the 9 g/dm , which by a bulk
density being 0,4-7 amounts to more than 1,9 % in a weight calculation
as for the NaCl.
The soils containing more them 1 % of NaCl are considered in Po-
land as saline, in which the negative effects of excessive salt concen-
tration can be observed.
It was decided to carry out measurements of the salt concentration
in samples of ashes subjected to a leaching with water in a process
of hydraulic transportation, weathering and reclamation treatments,
8.2. Methodology.
Inspection of a salt concentration was performed on samples of:
a) fresh ashes collected from chutes of electric precipitators,
b) fresh ashes from hydraulic basins, after completed process of wa-
ter filtration,
c) ashes on stacks included into these vegetation experiments,
d) added substances employed for the neutralization of ashes or for
changing the properties of the same ashes,
e) ash mixtures with substances mentioned in d point.
It was decided to follow up the changeB in salinity in the process
of agricultural or silvicultural reclamation on samples collected before
sowing the seeds or planting the trees or shrubs, and later on during
the characteristic times of a vegetation season.
The so far obtained determinations were made by the end of the
first vegetation season (September, 1975), and at the beginning of th4
-------
- 102 -
second vegetation season (May, 1976). The salinity, measured on the
content of salts dissolved in water, was determined with the Sturway
method in Nowosielski modification - through the measurement of electric
conductivity in an of Hungarian manufacture conductance meter, type
AK 102/1 - and computed (on the basis of chemical formulas with
A
known salt concentrations) for the NaCl content in 1 dm of the tested
ash,
8.3. The discussion of results.
The results of salinity determination are given on table 8,1.
8.3.1. Konin,
As already mentioned the fresh fly ashes of lignite coming from
Konin region are strongly saline ( above the 9 g of NaCl/dm of ash),
which fact confirm also the salinity determinations of water extracts
(chapter 6).
In the course of hydraulic stacking of these ashes and the filtra-
tion of water serving the transportation, a very intensive leaching of
3
salt takes place to such extent, that the value 1,6 - 3,5 g/dm is achie-
ved. On the stack included into the vegetation investigations, the sali-
hity of the ashes was determined as 2,67 - 3,63 g of NaCl/dm (table
8.1).
Used for the neutralization were substances with a very small sa-
linity content;
- the tertiary sand (0,06 - 0,12 g od NaCl/dm );
- the high moor peat (0,24 - 0,54 g/dm );
- the low moor peat (0,12 - 1,14 g/dm );
- the fertile soil (0,30 - 0,39 g/NaCl/dm3),
After mixing the neutralizing substances and the mineral fertilizers with
Qsh was found that;
1) The salinity of mixture grows conversely to thickness of the fertile
soil layer;
2) The peats and manure decrease the salinity to insignificant degree;
3) intensive mineral fertilization with nitrogen and phosphorus (plots of
H series) increases slightly the salinity.
-------
- 103 -
The second series of tests indicated, that during the vegetation
season the salinity of "ash soils" distinctly had decreased, particularly
on plots treated with tertiary sands, with manure, with the low and high
moor peats. An insignificant rise in salinity occurred on plots fertilized
with nitrogen and phosphorus (plots of H and I series).
The presented results as a rule are in accord with the given in
chapter 6 determinations of the water extracts '"salinity.
On plots planted with trees and shrubs the lowest salinity level
appears on objects of pits treated with fertile soil and with mineral fer-
tilizers. The determinations referred to remaining objects bear no notice-
able regularities.
8.3.2. Halemba.
mm mm am
The ashes of hard coal fired in the power plant Halemba, have less
soluble in water salts (table 8.1.). In the effect of hydraulic stacking
the salinity abates considerably and is much less than in ashes from
Konin (l,62 to 1,92 and 0,78 and 0,8? g/NaCl/dm , respectively).
In consequence of addition of the substances changing the compo-
sition or properties of the ash mixture, the salinity decreases furthermo-
re, with the exception of the D series plots (of added bentonite and mi-
neral fertilizers) and of the B and C series (addition of fertile soil).
The collected samples from experimental plots by the end of vege-
tation season indicate a significant drop in salinity on all objects, to the
level, which had fertile soil.
On plots of forest reclamation the soil samples taken from a 5 cm
depth from immediate neighbourhood of planted trees and shrubs, indi-
cate a salinity equel to the salinity of a fertile soil.
Summing up one can state that the employed technical and biologi-
cal treatments - taking into account the time and climatic conditions -
are amenable to decrease the level of salinity in "ash soils". Also the
humidity conditions have some effect here.
The atmospheric precipitation - much greater on the Halemba stack
than on Konin stack - could reinove more efficiently the salt surplus.
The continuation of the Balinity investigations will help to draw the
Appropriate final conclusions.
-------
- 104 -
Salinity
in ft ol NaC.l per 1 tlni^ of "soil"
Toblu e*l
Place of
Konln
Halcmha
No,
rtnmpio
tnkinft (plot)
S ampio ciciorminolion
Cultivation
Date ol
samples
taking for tosls
12.6,75
11
25.9,75
1
9,6,79
11
29,9,75
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
A. Mote* rials used for
nciilroli^alion
I-1K
Tertiary sand*
0,32
1 - 2K
0,12
1 - 3K
0,06
V- 111
Bpntonlto
1,35
V- 211
3,26
III - 311
1.43
II - 1
llinh moor p«?al
0,54
O,30
11 - '¦>
0,30
0,30
II - L\
o,24
o,:i«>
III- 1
Low moor ponl
0,12
0,24
III- 2
1,14
0,24
III- 3
0,67
0,24
IV- 1
Fertile soli
0,39
0,36
IV- 2
- " -
0,30
0,30
IV - 3
m M —
Pre ah
-------
- 105 -
Cent, table 0,1,
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0
13.
0 - tic
Ash + benlanllo + NPK
..
0,66
0,26
mixture
la
M.
1) - 211
»
-
-
0,66
0,27
H
2
15,
1) - 3H
_
-
-
0,63
0,26
3
I ft.
IC - 1
Ash + low moor peal + NI'K
3,21
2,37
0,4 0
0,26
ii
1,1a
17.
K - 2
m> H m
3,21
2,79
0,39
ft,26
"
2
in.
15 - 3
"
3,22
2,4 6
0,45
0,29
»
3
i
K - 1
Ash + hlfih monr peal 4 NPK
2,r>ft
2,79
0,30
0,23
»l
3,1*
2i>,
V - 2
-
3,21
2,64
0,30
0,42
M
2
2).
P - 3
«» n w
3,94
3,24
0,45
0,29
II
3
2 2.
O - 1
Ash 4 manure 4 NPK
3,06
2,79
0,45
0,33
»
3,la
23,
a - 2
-
3,70
3,24
0,31
0,32
1*
2
2-1.
G - 3
«. M —
3,06
3,18
0,57
0,30
N
3
art,
H - 1
Ash 4 N2PK
3,21
3,72
0,51
0,24
M
1,1a
20,
It - 2
3,21
3,09
0,4 5
0,24
II
2
27,
11-3
»
3,69
3,07
0,57
0,30
»
3
2H,
I - 1
Ash 4 NPK
3,21
3,60
0,4 5
0,51
It
1,1a
20,
I - 2
Ash + NPK
2,73
3,00
0,45
0,44
M
2
30,
1 - 3
- » -
3,30
3,24
0,57
0,36
"
3
31,
0-1
Ash
3,00
3,00
0,36
0,30
II
1,1a
32.
0-2
•«
2,67
3,30
0,30
0,32
n
2
33,
0-3
D. Soils of forest reclamation
3*63
3,36
0,36
0,29
w
3
34,
I - 1
Pits treated with fertile soil +
NPK
2,64
0,30
poplar
I
35,
1 * 2
Pits treated with tertiary sand
or bentonite ~ NPK
2,49
0,26
H
I
36,
1 - 3
Pita treated with pent ~ NPK
2,91
0,29
n
1
37,
I - 4
Pits treated with NPK
2,79
0,32
N
1
30.
II - 1
Pita trnAtod with fortUo soil
. 4 NPK
2,37
0,26
M
It
39,
11-2
Pita treated with tertiary sand
or bentonite 4 NPK
2,04
n,32
n
II
40.
II - 3
Pits treated with peat ~ NPK
2,79
0,33
«
11
41.
11-4
Pits treated with NPK
2,91
0,32
tt
11
42,
III - 1
Pils treated with fortUo soil
4 NPK
2,49
0,30
birch
4 3,
III - 2
Pits treated with tortiary sands
or benionilo + NPK
3,72
0,27
II
44,
III - 3
Pita treated with peat + NPK
2,91
0,24
M
45,
111 - 4
Pits treated with NPK
3,24
0,23
II
46.
IV - 1
Pits treated with fertile toil
4 NPK
2,37
0,29
grey elder
47,
IV - 2
Pits treated with tortiary sand
or beritmilto 4 NPK
3,4 B
0,24
•» "
•
40,
IV - 3
Pits Iroatod with peat 4 NPK
3,40
0,26
•» "
-
49,
IV - 4
Pits treated with NPK
3,00
0,27
at N
-
00.
1
>
Pits treated with fertile soil
+ NPK
2,79
0,29
black
alder
51,
V - 2
Pits troatod with tertiary a ami
or bontonllo 4 NPK
3,39
0,27
•* "
52,
V - 3
Pils treated with peat 4 NPK
2,64
0,27
-
r,3.
V - 4
Pits treated with NPK
3,09
0,24
m *
*
VI - 1
Pits treatod with fertile soli 4
4 NPK
3,00
0,27
locust
Iroo
-------
- 106 -
Cont, loblo 0,1
1
2
3
4
G
to
7
a
VI - 2
PIIb tronlod with tortiory »nnd
nr hmiicMiUo + NI'K
3,30
0,30
locust tree
fill.
VI - 3
I'Hf* Inmlfd Willi + NPK
2,64
0,29
'' 7 •
VI - 4
I'Mm Irorttod with NI'K
2,91
0,24
m " m>
fiH.
VII - 1
IjlH lMV»twl Willi foHII«» noil +
+ NPK*.'
2,04
0,24
larch
nn.
VII - 2
Pits treated Willi tertiary Band
or benlortlle + NPK
3,66
0,26
<>o.
VII - 3
Pil» Irootpcl with peat + NPK
2,79
0,29
-
j.
VII - 4
Pits trente/l with NPK
2,37
0,24
H
r»a.
VIII - 1
Pft» trenlerl with fotiilo soil 4
NPK.
2,30
0,29
sea buckthorr
f< onin
.
VIII - 4
Pita treated with NPK
3, J a
0,27
- •• -
c>o.
IX - 1
Pits treated with fertile ftail +
+ NI'K
3,24
0,29
pea ehrub
fi7.
IX • 2
Pile treated with tertiary anmi
or bentonite + NPK
3,00
0,23
«¦ *' m
*n.
IX - 3
Pit* trentod with peat + NPK
s,as
0,27
•m u m
r>9.
IX - 4
Piln treated with NPK
2,58
0,20
« « -
?0,
X - 1
20 cm layer of fertile eatl ~ NPt'
0,44
0,15
poplar cultlni',
Konln
*1.
X - 2
A»h ~ tertiary sand or bentonlte
+ NPK
0,78
0,20
or willow
cuttings
Itolemba
?2.
X - 3
Aeh ¦»- peat ~ NPK
2,SB
0,24
- _ « -
?3.
X - 4
A»h + NPK
2,49
0,24
- » -
|,
-------
- 107 -
9. CONCLUDING REMARKS.
BaaaaBsnaBRBaiasiBaa^BiBmBa
9.1. Preliminary conclusions drawn from the performed investigations.
The so far carried out investigations and tests have shown, that
ashes of lignite fired in the Power Plant Konin are characterized with
a decidedly differing composition, physico-chemical properties and
suitability for agricultural and forest use from the ashes coming from
the hard, bituminous coal fired in the Power Plant Halemba. A feature
in common however is the high reaction (within a range of 12-12,6 pH),
the salinity (1-2 % by weight), a high content of boron, and a granu-
lometric composition of a normal dust.
A very favourable effect on the reclamation of ashes has their
hydraulic stacking, during which decreases the reaction to 8,5 - 9,5 pH
value, and takes place leaching of portions of soluble in water salts.
Addition of substances used in agriculture to lower the reaction
(gypsum, sulphur bloom, acid tertiary soils, acid peat) in relation to
ashes do not bring the expected results. In this instance t£ie results
of pot experiments and field experiments are often discrepant, and the
elucidations of these phenomena require long lasting and versatile tests
in varying conditions. It appears that the best results were achieved
through the introduction of organic matter. This substance can be intro-
duced in a form of an admixture of a fertile soil, selectively collected
from the forefront of the progressing open pit mines, or as peats from
the low located moors in river valleys. The manure gave divergent re-
sults for reasons not explained as yet from the tests made so far.
Despite appreciable quantities of phosphoric fertilizers, supplied du-
ring the field tests - the vegetation shows its deficiency, which fact
confirms a poor assimilability by a high level of the ash reaction. Ne-
cessary is a further performance of tests regarding the treatments with
nitrogenous and potassic fertilizers. Despite a considerable resource-
fulness of ashes- in these macroelements, the vegetation in the field
and pot experiments has indicated a varying degree of their assimila-
tion. Also on the object Halemba attention draws insufficient assimilabi-
lity of the CaO by the plants, and a high assimilability of the MgO, which
can be explained by the substitution of calcium by magnesium effected.
-------
- 108
A decisive influence on the results of the vegetation experiments
have the water conditions. It is believed, that water is necessary not
only for the vegetation, tout also it contributes to the leaching out of
toxic substances (salinity). By an ufavourable granulometric compo-
sition (normal dust - according to polish pedological terminology), the
storing and retaining the water accessible to plants is a basic condi-
tion of success ful cultivations. Por this reason it seems necessary
to plan such a time - table of agrotechnical treatments which could
maximally concur to the improvement of the water conditions in the
cultivated ashes. To solve this problem also serve the mineral and
organical fertilization and the crops rotation.
Experiments of the first vegetation year in the field gave unsatis-
factory results on the object Konin, which can be explicated amongst
others with the unfavourable water conditions, that came into being in
the effect of crushing a solid rock, that constituted the ash stack,
The experiments of the second year of the vegetation were founded
With the taken into account adequate water management of the ash
"soil", and the results of the spring growth of vegetat'on seem to be
Promising at least on few objects. The results of the I year of vegeta-
tion on the Halemba experimental field can be considered as at least
good, in comparison with agricultural cultures and with some species
of trees. An unfavourable influence on the vegetation in the II year
of experiment had hard frosts in the winter of 1975/76 occurring wit-
hout a snow cover. In the further course of research appropriate con-
clusions should be drawn also from this fact Right now it seems too
early to introduce cereal crops already in the year 1977 on the Konin
°bject. On the experimental field in Halemba the experiment could be
applied only in the case of a conclusive completion of the research
Program. Por a hazard exists, that the introduced cultures too early
'fiQ.y end in a failure, and then the experiments with neutralization, with
Production of perennial papilionaceous plants and grasses would have
to start afresh, and on another place of the tested stack, which in
turn would require a number of years of work and the necessary means,
^ decision regarding this question must be taken before autumn of 1976,
field experiments with the introduction of trees and shrubs onto
the stacks of ashes, require a long time of observations and at the
Present moment no coclusions can be drawn regarding the possibilities
such a type of the waste land reclamation.
-------
- 109 -
9.2. Program of research work for the nearest period of time.
Intended in the year 197 6 is the continuation of the field experi-
ments in the agricultural and forest reclamation aspect. On the plots
of agricultural crops the agrotechnical operations will be performed
according to actual needs and measured will be the crops of green
mass and of hay. One is planning to analyse the crops in res pet of
their suitability for the human requirements utilization.
A research work will continue on the dynamics of the soil pro-
ducing processes in ashes, consisting as till now in analysing of the
composition and chemical - physical properties, and in analysing the
changes caused by the influence of neutralizing means, of fertilizers,
of cultivation and vegetation.
The direction of a further research in the year 1977 will be de-
termined in the autumn of 1976, dependent on the results of testa from
the years of 1975/1976.
The report pre oared.
Wrociaw, July 1976.
dr eng. Wladysiavtf WYSOCKI
-------
AGRICULTURAL RECLAMATION FOREST RECLAMATION
>
A
0-*1 o-u o-w
O-M
r—i—j—r—i
l-3« '-M -»•
t-M l-M "-3P ; !-»• ;
| i-ti i-M t i-n ; i-» j
' i l.—l J
o -n o-n; o-n
1
d-m;
< j -» 1 1
0-n 0-31 0-13 0-3*
1 1
t L. *_ __ J w
o-n o-« o-ta |
4. 1 1 J
r—T""T—r
e-OI c-tf1 c»s
1 1 A A
1
C~*A J
c-n c-« c-m
1
e-i»
( ( J » j
C-31 C-M C-33 ' C-»*|
¦ 1 1 1 i
r—T—I-""i
0-*i Ml •*»
. X L L
T
• -~4
1
J
i t — 7 J"
• -*1 »-« 0-13
. A 1 L.
•-«*
i
• -»« »-» • - 3S
•-»
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1 A 1
-j
rm T"
¦ i
t-r i-ii 4-m
. A
•
i
A-M
i—t—t r
A-*1 A-M A-M
» ~ — j L
A-3»|
o
N
oO
1 f ]
o-n ! o-n o-u
o-m ;
1 ' 7 J »
• ¦ i ! i
0-li . 0-M ; 0-33 O-U |
I J 1 i J
T j T
*-31 I M-n > M-34
! ! I
«
M-M !
—1
r r
| M-*i i M-t* • H-*>! M-10
J n-ti N-t> ; ihi ; h-*i
¦ •-•i o-i
I T T I'-
ll i I
o-ti i-n
L
f ' I I |
• -M HI t-U i •-«
I [ T"-
p-»i j p-at r -as | P-»
r-n i »•« 1 f-»»
f-h i r-11 r-u p-*
1 « i
i i i
r—t 1 J
f -H ! K-S2 l-n l-M I
I
l-H I-» l-M l-»»
—--_-.vi--.-j |
. i ; •
t-n t-a i in l-« 1
III —f- IV V —f-VI VII
«" «-i N-1 *1-1 V1-1 MI-1 m-1 »-1
1 1—
¦ - ^-n —
1 - •
1 -A
M - S
¦ -A
II I
n -»
*1-4
*i-i
1- COMBINATIONS
B
E
H
ED
m
0
H
H
CD
cn
Covering entti for He
toil (20 can)
« PP*
Covering with fertile
Ml (10 cm)
• NPK
Covaring with tortus
sad (1 cm)
~ MP It
Covering with fronton
to (XXJm^ho)
» NPK
Addition ef 10 Ng /he
of low peat
« NPK
Addition ef 10 rig/he
ef mountainous
poet * NPK
Addition ef 30 Ng/h<
of form mongre
( in calculation of dry mast) » NPK
Addition of N2PK
Addition of NPK
inspection without fertilization
2. MIXTURES OF SEEDS
Lucerne:
e) lucerne
- SO kg /ha
bjwhite meiilot
- 10 —-
logo the
60 kg'ha
Orass misturo :
0) me odour fescue
- 12 kg/ha
»)orcfi«rd grosi
- A
c)smooth broeiagrass
- 11 - e-
d)ko«»tucky Mnegrott
- S - e-
o) creeping fejeue
- 17
I) white clover
- 1
g) block medic
- 7 — o-
h) white molilet
- I -O-
i) darnel
- 13 - 0-
j)redtop
- 4 -s-
together 90 kg /ha
Nlsturo ef papikonaceo
nt
a) lucerne
- 34 kg / ha
fc)orchard grass
- 4 - -
or darnel
- 2A
together
*2 or AO kg / ho
White moll lot
e) white moil lot
- SO kg/ ho
Slack older — » — — — * —
Locult If* — • — — — » —
Larch — • — — — m —
1. SPECIES OF TWEES AND BUSHES
| I | Poplar I •« pits U7*07• 0.7w - .peons 3*Sm
il""l Poplor ¦ —m — —0 —
H - pits CIS • Q5 « OS m - ipoutg 1»1m
| IVI Orey Older — « — — — » —
¦
181
0
| v| Willow in pill Q3 ¦ <13 »Q3ir - tpocing 1 * 1 m
[51 Poo shrub a - —m —
H Wiuew cutting* - ipocng O.S '1m
| K| j Poplar cuttings - — » —
2. CULTIVATION COMPOUNDS
I ^ I Treat moot of pits willt fertile Mil ;
' ' for 1 ¦»*: fly oih -0.75 m*
fortiie toil -0.25m'
ommomum nitrate -0.13kg
superphosphate -0.30kg
potosh (Oil -a 13 kg
0
Treatment of pill with ash • hentonife doy,
for 1 m». tin -a*Om"
bontonile - 0.1O n*
OMroflium nitrate -0.13 kg
luperphosphote - 0.30 kg
potash salt - 0.13 kg
| 3 | Treating of pits with peat.
for 1 ¦?: ash - 1.0Om*
mountain peot - 8 kg(16 Ng/fca)
mineral fertilizers as in pas 1
m Pilling up of ditches with misture » NPK,
for 1 osh - 1.00 m*
mineral fertilisers as in pes. 1
'OLTEGOR
I T-9MVrm9- R-1|
WROCtAW
ProfOCf No: 05-534-1
Sch«m« of th« t«st«d flsld
HALEHBA
-Jd
-------
¦ -•
IV-A
V-A
VI - A
V*- ft
V* —A
II -A
1 - A
M - 3
IV- 3
V - 3
VI-3
vg-3
V3-I
IX- 3
1-3
\ 1 1 1
01-1
IV-1
V -1
Vl-1
VI-1
W -1
li- 1
1 -1
r—
; A-31 |
1 1
! A-*1 j
i A-a
"1
{
1
!""j
r
g-31
r—i
! •-*1 !
I ;
cn ;
r 1
C-31 i
r;r|
1
0-31 I
I
h- -i
r~"l
1
O-H I
r—]
|0-«;
A-23 1
A-a |
J A-03 :
1 ¦ -33 1
• -33
! •-»»!
J C-33
!«-«!
e-!
o-« !
i—i
D -13 i
1
0-33 ;
D -33
1
o-13 ;
I
I 0 -33 |
A-a J
A -« 1
J A -A3 I
[ A-33 |
• -S3
• -A3 !
S c -33
;<-!
0 -33 )
•—j
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i 0-33 |
A- 20
l 1
1 A —•*
! A-A*
1 l
i-»!
i
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1
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c-aa;
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0-1 —^ 0-1 * O-^ * 0-2
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r ,
,«-« ;
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• -31
p-n !
I 1
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p-»i
r 1
G-tl
r ,
i • -31
r
• -31
"" "I
• -33
\ 1
! m-h !
i 1
H-31 !
i
H-31 1
i 1 -H 1
r—
I 1 -31 '
1-31 i
L —J
0 -»1 |
j.
I -13
I -33
K -33
f-u
'-33 ,
r -33
«-i3 ;
0-32
i—i
• -33 ¦
1 h -n ;
M-33
i I
M-33
| 1 -13
j 1 - 33
I -33
1 0-33 ;
i—j
1 0 -33 !
• -13
t -33
( -33
»-•
>-»
f - 33
I— "1
• -13
• -33
h—H
• -3ft
!«••»!
M -S3 |
M-33
! l-« |
• i
<1-33
1 '**!
«-*0
¦ -30
> -30
P-10
>-»:
» -3ft
• -1A :
1 1
• -3ft
; M-tA j
M -SO J
I 1
M —SO
J
• 1-1* i
! '~M !
i i
1 -3ft
i
!O-Bft |
L. - -j
-M-1 -J
-*-1 •
-1-1 -I
-1-1—1-0-3
- 0 ^
E
- F
— —J
- G
H
1
t
I Of MUA(«A«M
tarn nanur*
MPK
AGRICULTURAL RECLAMATION
i. COM! I WAT 10 H>
E Covering with fortilo ml (20 on)
~ MPK
HC»»#ring with fortilo Mil (10 cm]
~ MPK
S Coloring vim fortilo ion (S an)
« HP*
E Coloring wiRi KM sond SOO m^ha
~ NPK
H«ddil.w< of 10Ng/ha »f low poof
. MPK
Ha ««r I on Of 10 Hg / no
poof • HPK
H Addition of lONf/ka tf fori
fin calculation of 4ry mii ) •
a
m
Impaction without fortllliofion
a.M.«Tu»Ei or steps n»r».CTi
cn Sainfoin
a) toinfom - HO kf /ho
bf caronilla - TO —m—
fogo trior 210 Kg / na
s Grass muturo:
» nosdow fescue - 13 kg/ho
b) orchard gross - * —-
Clsnooin bromegresi - 13 -o-
d) konlucky bluograss - 5
0) croe pi rig foscuo
f} white ciorer
g) block modic
Wwhrfo moll lot
1) tfo rnoi
Addition of N2PK
Addition of MPK
n
3
7
S
13
[ZD
tn
together 8 2 kg/ho
Mixture of papilionaceous
o| lucorno - 36 kg/ho
b>orchard gross - •
or dornoi - 24
FOREST RECLAMATION
SPECIES OF TWEES «WP BUSHES
m Poplor I -in pits Q7»0.7 »0.7m — spacing I a3m
| > 1 Poplar II -• - — m —
H Birch - in pits QS «Ct5«0.5 m - spacing 1»1m
| IV I Gray older - — - — — • —
m
0
a
- in pits C13 » Q3 «Q3m —
| |X l Pbo shrub — • — — • —
0 Poplar cuttings • spacing 0t5e1,0im
2. CULTIVATION COMPOUNDS
1 1 I — Treatment of pits wits fortilo soil
' ' for 1 b'
osh - 0,75 a*'
fortilo soil - 0,25 tr?
ammonium nitrate - 0,13kg
superphosphoto - 0.30ko
potash sail - 0.13 kg
Block oidor — » —
Locust troo — • —
Larch — m —
Traotmant of pits with osh ~ acid sand
for 1m'
ash - 0.75 m'
tortiory sand - 0,25m*
minora! fertilizers as m pos.1
0-
| > | — Trooting of pits with poof
for 1 m®
tn -
osh - 1,00 m'
mountain poof - B«g(l6Mg'nc;
mmarai farmi*ors asm pes 1
Filling up of dtfeftos with ma furs t MPK
for In*
osh - 1XX? m*
minora! for Maori as In pos 1
Whife molilot
a)whito matilot
logofhor *2 or 60 kg/ho
- SO kg/ha
P0LTE50R
WROCLAW
|T-3301/1O2®9-R-2j
Proj»ct No 05-53A-1
Schgmg of th« festAd fi«ld
KONIN
Vaor 1975
V*
1
6gg«!i
'"'jSPtlma
'hi
-------
IV- I
V -S
VI-»
Vd-i
Vd-I
or -•
U-2
1 -1
¦ -4
IV-4
V -A
VI-A
VM-A
VB —A
a-a
1 - A
¦ -2
¦ -2
IV- 2
V-»
VI —2
Vf-2
1K-2
X -»
tl-2
l .1 1 ¦ - -J
J— ¦ -L n _J_ v vi vi wn_Li*_L»
)
N > IV ^ V * VI - VM vn -I— I* . * - XI
w-2 v-a u-
I
! A-a
a -n
n i-
A-»1 I
_(
! 1
1
¦-"!
1
!
i
• -*3
• -M
• -A4
C-*l
L
\- J
c-»i
»-—i
i
C-t4 |
L. !
C-B
y
c-n
C-»a
rc"«l
F—I
e—!
4
C-41 j
o-*i
D-«
o-ta
o
0-22 i
1
0-»,
o-n
D -»
0-24
r:.Tl
O - 12
J_
O-¦« j
o -1A
r 1
O-E
O - 11
—
A
s-a-i-B-s
9
C-2 -+-C-J
— C
0-1
O-i-l-O-*
0
0-1 , 0-J
— O —
i—
i
¦ -
•-«
H-1 -l- »•! ^H-l
l-l
l-J
e-i . |.i .-t-i »-f-i — r-i
0-10-»
F-l
AGRICULTURAL RECLAMATION
FOREST RECLAMATION
I.CgPII'MTIOWl
s
H
H
CD
CD
H
CD
B
CD
CD
Covering with fertile mN (10 cm)
Covering with tertiary »•«* 900
* fk
Addition of 10 Mg'ha of taw poof
Hon of 10 Mf/ha of Mntmoui
I o P*
Addition of 20 Pig/ha of far* morn
(in coIoMIm of dry most) • PC
Addiftaai of *0N|/to of green
far Miliar ( atoita ) • Pit
inspection «*thout fertilitetiea
2. MIXTURES OF SEEDS (197* yor)
H
CD
Sain fain :
a) lolRfaln In a pure
»r#w mature:
a) iModow faocua
fe) or cnerd grass
e) sateaffi bromograas
djkenfuckjr ftluogreti
a| creapmg feacue
f}avMfa eieaer
gMack medic
tgsvfut* aianiof
i| darnel
j) radtop
2A kg/ha
a
2A —
10
2A —
2ft
•
to gathar
H
S| Miafwra af papiiianocoous :
a) lucorna 72 kg /ho
»Bftfiord grass 12
1. SPECIES OF TWgES AND 1USHES
m ar I - in pits 07 -Q7 »Q7 m - spocrvg !•)¦
| I I Kepler M - —a— —m —
CD •irch - in pi fa OS "OS* OS ai - spacing 1 - la
I IVI Orojr Oiaar - — • — - —¦—
1 V J Mock altar - — . — - — • —
Locust fraa - — » — — —• —
jvijj Wiuow - — a — - —a —
| V | Sao Puck thorn - in pits OJ »03 KiJm-ipoong 1-lm
CD shrub — —a — —m —
cuttings - spacing O.S ¦ 1 an
B Larch -In pitt a5>Q5«QSm - spacing lain
CULTIVATION COMFOUNQS
|l | Traetaiene af pift «w*rt« ferfiie mU »o*t • p* ,
for 1 m"
eth Q7S an'
fartila aail azSm"
onwnofngfr phoaphota 0.20 kg
uree 0.12 kg
I 2 1 Trootmonf af pafa with ash « terliery sand ~ PK,
far 1
oth 0.71m'
fartiory aand 0.25 m*
mineral fertilize™ aa in pas 1
CD Treating af pita with law paat ~ PK
far 1 mY
am 1.0O ai
low paat (dry most) 16 kg
mineral fartiliiarj aa in paa 1
CD Filling up of difchas with mi*tufa * PK ;
for 1 ai*
aah 1.00 «'
aiinarol ferttiuen at in pot- 1
I E | Treatment of pits with fartila aait ~ PK ,
for 1 m«
fartila tall i.OO at3
ammonium poos photo 0.20 kg
uraa 0.13 kg
patath tall 0.12 kg
CD
Whito maiilol :
a) Whito maillot U
atata
a pura
100 kg /ha
^ POLTEGOR
WROCLAW
:: »x- - -
|T-rn«V10M»-ll-3j
Project No 05-S34-1
Schgm# of th« t«st*d fi«td
KONIN
Ya or 1976
-------
CLIMATIC CONDITIONS OF THE HALEMIA OBJECT (w*/75 YEAR)
A*fV\ . /\A A vl /T\r\/\ aA .
rgr.np
W»OCCAW Proj«Cf Mo 05-534-1
4^ OJHATIC COMOmOO of txe
, halenba object tig*/75 w
i JVliV^ ^ -.W' J^PViJlM.nJL^Jt. {.nJl jV\l^ 3 .l^Hli. W.fllUr"*' A Alt- Vl ^lUrVri lHU M»J| t .jtjl.Jl / Vij.11^. u .A rJ -Jl An A*4l
-------
CLIMATIC CONDITIONS Of THE KONIM OBJECT (1974/75 YEA*)
daily AIM rcnPCHAruites MEASUffCO
above me riftAAM sukface
. JOJHATC CONDfTlONS Of THE
t Ik 1
L
p
-------
PHOTOGRAPHIC DOCUMENTATION OP EXPE-
RIMENTS WITH VEGETATION, PERFORMED ON
STACKS OP ASH IN KONIN AND IN HALE MBA.
-------
- 116 -
Pig. 1. Konin - 2.IX.1975.
"Soil" profile of the experimental field.
Pig. 2. Koriin - 2.IX.1975.
Plots of the A-2 and A-3 series.
-------
- 117 -
- * :¦ . "
M '&m W
Pig. 3. Konin - 2.IX.1975.
Plots of the A-4 and B-2 series.
Pig. 4. Konin - 2.IX.1975.
Plots of the B-3 and B-4 series.
-------
- 118 -
Pig. 5. Konin - 2.IX.1975.
Plots of C-2 and C-3 series.
Pig. 6. Konin - 2.IX.1975.
Plots of C-4 and D-l series.
-------
119 -
Fig. 7. Konin - 2.IX.1975
Plots of D—2 and D—3 series.
4« | I L 11
w.,5 fc
".'a!
r
s
r»-^s ¦££*"""
5?1 ^7-,
¦J
* .a;
' sSb»,^I '• U- • *'
- ' t »vb^i
« .- ;p5 ;
VAt*
V Jt?
Mkx'
w-
'
A.
V
*> '
• <1
Fig. 8. Konin - 2.IX.1975.
Plots of E-l and E-2 series.
-------
- 120 -
Pig. 9. Konin - 2.IX.1975.
Plots of E-3 and E—1 series.
Pig. 10. Konin - 2.IX.1975.
Plots of E-2 and P-3 series.
4
-------
- 121 -
Pig. 11. Konin - 2.IX.1975.
Plots of G-l and G-s series.
„ * <\ .jSv
Pig, 12. Konin - 2.IX.1975,
Plots of G-3 and H-l series.
-------
- 122 -
Fig. 13. Konin - 2.IX.1975.
Plots of H-2 and H-3 series.
Fig. 14. Konin -
Plots of
2.IX.1975.
1-1 and 1-2 series.
-------
- 123 -
Fig. 15. Konin - 2.IX.1975.
Plots of 1-3 and 0-3 series.
l.,|f lllliWrtlil "-^T-
1111
Pig. 16, Konin - 2.IX.1975.
Plots of 0-3 and 0-2 series.
-------
- 124 -
"-is. Mr - ..
1 *' .,¦
t :.* ' 0
¦' 0 -v jt •*
,
.. x>.
A • 4
v.' ".-4. * * -
*-m-f- l -aJ?i
*
Fig. 17. Konin - 2.IX.1975.
Plots 1-1 and 1-2 (poplar i).
- t"-1'
..- * - J? "twv. .jm
b&. «. • ¦'•V* < rkfi >,*•* »/¦ V a * •
Pig. 18. Konin - 2.IX.1975.
Plots 1-3 and 1-4 (poplar i).
-------
- 125 -
Pig. 19. Konin - 2.IX.1975.
Suckers of poplar on 1-4 plot.
Pig. 20. Konin - 2.IX.1975.
Plots II-l and II-2 (poplar II)
-------
- 126 -
Pig. 21. Konin - 2.IX.1975.
Plots II-3 and II-4 (poplar II).
Pig. 22. Konin - 2.LX..1975.
Plots III-l and III—2 (birch), also IV-1 and IV-2
(grey alder).
-------
- 127 -
Fig. 23. Konin - 2.IX.1975.
Plots 111-3 and III-4 (birch), also IV-3 and IV-4
(grey alder).
Fig. 24. Konin - 2.IX.1975.
Plots V-l and V-2 (black alder),
also VI-1 and VI-2 (locust tree).
-------
- 128 -
.ju» ^
<>«. >
. •** v
•J , 4
•¦~¦*•»s»; , m
~ "%,¦'
* KK2W
Pig. 25. Konin - 2.IX.1975.
Plots V-3 and V-4 (black alder),
also VI-3 and VI-4 (locust tree).
t . J
Pig. 26. Konin - 2.IX.1975.
Plots VI1-1 and VII-2 (larch), also VIII-1
and VIII—2 (sea buckthorn).
-------
- 129 -
Fig. 27. Konin - 2.IX.1975.
Plots VII-3 and VII-4 (larch) also VIII-3
and VIII-4 (sea buckthorn).
Pig. 28. Konin - 2.IX.1975.
Plots IX-1 and IX-2 (pea shrub) also X-l
and X-2 (poplar shoot cuttings).
-------
- 130 -
«
Pig. 29. Konin - 2.IX.1975.
Plots IX-3 and IX-4 (pea shrub),
also X-3 and X-4 (poplar shoot cuttings).
Pig. 30. Konin - 2.1X.1975.
Poplar shoot cuttings planted on ash covered
with 20 cm layer of fertile soil + NPK
(plot X-l).
-------
- 131 -
Fig. 31. Konin - 2.IX.1975.
Poplar shoot cuttings on ash with addition
of tertiary sand + NPK (plot X-2).
Fig. 32. Konin - 2.IX.1975.
Poplar shoot cuttings planted on ash with
added high moor peat + NPK (plot X-3).
-------
Pig. 33. Konin - 2.IX.1975.
Poplar shoot cuttings planted
on ash with added mineral
fertilizers (plot X-4).
Pig, 34, Konin - 2.IX.1975.
Development of leaves of
poplar by the end of the I
vegetation season (plot II—3).
*
-------
- 133 -
4
Fig. 35. Halemba - 20.VIII.1975.
Plots of A-2 and. 8-3 series.
Pig. 36. Halemba - 20.VIII.1975.
Plots of A-3 and A-4 series.
-------
- 134 -
Pig. 37. Halemba - 20.VIIL1975.
Plots of the B-2 and B-3 series.
Pig. 38. Halemba - 20.VIII.1975.
plots of the B-3 and B-4 series.
-------
Pig. 39. Halemba - 20.VIII.1975.
Plots of the C-2 and C-3 series.
Pig, 40. Halemba - 20.VIII.1975.
Plots of the C-3 and C-4 series.
-------
- 136 -
Fig. 41. Halemba - 20.VIII.1975.
Plots of D-l and D-2 series.
Fig. 42. Halemba - 20.VIII.1975.
Plots of D-2 and D-3 series.
-------
137 -
Pig. 43. Halemba - 20.VIII.1975.
Plots of E-l and E-2 series.
Pig. 44. Halemba - 20.VIII.1975.
Plots of E-2 and E-3 series.
-------
-138 -
Pig. 45. Halemba - 20.VIII.1975.
Plots of P—1 and P—2 series.
«
Pig. 46.
Halemba - 20.VIII.1975.
Plots of P-2 and P-3 series.
-------
- 139 -
Pig. 47. Halemba - 20.VIII.1975.
Plots of G-l and G-2 series.
Pig. 48. Halemba - 20.VIII.1975.
Plots of G-2 and G-3 series.
-------
- 140
Fig. 49. Halemba - 20.VHI.1975.
Plots of H-l and H-ii series.
Fig. 50. Halemba - 20.VIII.1975.
Plots of H-2 and H-3 series.
-------
- 141 -
Pig. 51. Halemba - 20.VIII.1975.
Plots of 1-1 and 1-2 series.
Pig. 52. Halemba - 20.VIII.1975.
Plots of 1-2 and 1-3 series.
-------
- 142 -
Fig. 53. Halemba - 20.VIII.1975.
Plots of 1-3 and 0-1 series.
¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦
Fig. 54. Halemba — 20.V1II.1975.
Plots of 0-2 and 0-3 series.
-------
143 -
Pig. 55. Halemba - 20.VIII.1975.
Poplars on plots of 1-1 series.
Pig. 56. Halemba - 20.VIII.1975.
Poplars on plots of 1-2 series.
-------
- 144 -
Fig. 57. Halemba - 20.VIII.1975.
Poplars on plots of 1-3 series.
«» ;;
j . ' ' fl % \JBjl -r „ ,
Pig. 58. Halemba - 20.VIII.1975.
Poplars on plots of 1-4 series.
-------
- 145 -
\rv„v..tv,
• /
Fig. 59. Halemba - 20.VIII.1975.
Poplars on plots of II—1 series.
Fig. 60. Halemba - 20.VIII.1975
Poplars on plots of II—2 series.
-------
146 -
Fig. 61. Halemba - 20.VIII.1975.
Poplars on plots of II—3 series.
Fig. 62. Halemba - 20.VIII.1975.
Poplars on plots of II-4 series
-------
147 -
Fig. 63. Halemba - 20.VIII.1975.
The fall-outs of birches on plots
of the III series.
Pig. 64. Halemba - 20.VIII.1975
Grey alder on plots of IV series.
-------
- 148 -
% M
Pig. 65. Halemba - 20.VIII.1975.
Black alder on plots of V series.
Fig.66. Halemba - 20.VIII.1975.
Locust tree on plots of VI series.
-------
- 149 -
Fig. 67. Halemba - 20.VIII.1975.
Fall-out of larch trees on plots
of VII series.
i
Fig. 68. Halemba - 20.VIII.1975.
Pea shrub on plots of VIII series.
-------
- 150 -
Fig. 69. Halemba - 20.VIII.1975.
Willows on plots of the IX series.
«
Fig. 70. Halemba - 20.VIII.1975.
Cultivation of willow shoot cuttings
on plots of the X series.
------- |