ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF ENFORCEMENT
E PA-330/2-77-009
Evaluation and Wasteivater Characterization
Philadelphia Southeast and Southwest
Water Pollution Control Plants
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
(OCTOBER 29 - NOVEMBER 5, 1976)
NATIONAL ENFORCEMENT INVESTIGATIONS CENTER
DENVER. COLORADO
AND
REGION III. PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA
| \
MARCH 1977
*L pro^
-------
Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Enforcement
EPA-330/2-77-009
EVALUATION AND WASTEWATER CHARACTERIZATION
PHILADELPHIA SOUTHEAST AND SOUTHWEST
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL PLANTS
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
(October 29-November 5, 1976)
March 1977
National Enforcement Investigations Center - Denver, Colorado
and
Region III - Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
-------
CONTENTS
I INTRODUCTION 1
II SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 5
NPDES Compliance 5
Metals 6
Oil and Grease 7
Organics 7
Self-Monitoring Evaluation 9
III STUDY PROCEDURES 10
Sampling Techniques 10
Sampling Locations 10
Flow Monitoring 12
IV COMPLIANCE MONITORING 13
V DATA INTERPRETATION 18
Metals 18
Oil and Grease 25
VI SELF-MONITORING DEFICIENCIES 26
VII ORGANICS INTERPRETATION 27
Determining the Toxicity Index 28
Toxicity Data 37
Evaluation of Organic Compounds
Found in Wastewater 40
REFERENCES 54
APPENDICES
A Chain of Custody Procedures
B Analytical Procedures and
Quality Control
C Organics Analytical Methodology
D Determination of Toxicity Index
ii
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TABLES
1 Philadelphia Phase II (SE and SW Plants)
Station Descriptions and Sampling Parameters 11
2 Field Measurements and Analytical Data
Southwest Philadelphia Water Pollution Control Plant . 14
3 Field Measurements and Analytical Data-Southeast
Philadelphia Water Pollution Control Plant 16
4 Field Measurements and Analytical Data-Southwest
Philadelphia Water Pollution Control Plant 19
5 Field Measurements and Analytical Data-Southeast
Philadelphia Water Pollution Control Plant 22
6 Oil and Grease Data-Southeast Philadelphia Water
Pollution Control Plant 23
7 Oil and Grease Data-Southwest Philadelphia Water
Pollution Control Plant 24
8 Organic Chemical Compounds-Philadelphia Southeast
and Southwest WPC Plant 28
9 Summary of Reported Toxic Doses by Organism and
Type of Exposure-Southeast and Southwest Water
Pollution Control Plants 38
10 Summary of Oral and Inhalation Exposures To
Toxic Organic Chemicals-Southeast and Southwest
Water Pollution Control Plants 39
11 Organics Load-Southeast Water Pollution
Control Plant 43
12 Organics Load-Southwest Water Pollution
Control Plant 53
FIGURES
1 Schematic Flow Diagram for Philadelphia
Southwest Plant 2
2 Schematic Flow Diagram for Philadelphia
Southeast Plant 3
iii
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I. INTRODUCTION
In June 1976, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Region III
Enforcement Division requested technical assistance from the National
Enforcement Investigations Center (NEIC) in determining the nature and
impact of discharges by the City of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to the
Delaware River. NEIC determined that the study should be conducted in
two phases. During September 1976, Phase I was conducted, including
waste characterization at the Northeast Water Pollution Control Plant
(WPCP) and an assessment of the impact of those discharges at the Torresdale
Water Treatment Plant (WTP).
On September 15 and 16, NEIC personnel conducted reconnaissance
inspections for the Phase II study of the Southeast and Southwest Water
Pollution Control Plants (NPDES permits PA0026662 and PA0026671,
respectively). During these inspections, past self-monitoring data were
assembled, sampling and flow monitoring sites were selected, and treat-
ment processes were evaluated.
Both plants provide primary treatment of wastewaters, including
removal and grinding of screenings, grit removal, and sedimentation
before discharge to the Delaware River [Figures 1 and 2]. Wastewater
flows entering the Southeast and Southwest WPC Plants averaged 443,000
3
and 617,000 m (117 and 163 mg)/day, respectively, from January to June
1976. BOD and TSS removals averaged 42 and 49%, respectively, at the
Southeast WPCP and 33 and 58%, respectively, at the Southwest WPCP.
Sludge from the Southeast WPCP is pumped approximately 7.6 km (4.7 mi)
* National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (Public Law 92-500).
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2
DISPERSION OIAK3U
4430
4460
4555
STATION
it-pass
lAR SCRlLSS
OVERFLOW
SLUDGE
mm
4460
CA1T OUM&kig
SLUDGE
CONCENT RATION
TANKS
AEIUTEO FLGCCUUTICY OiV^clS
COLD SWDCZ PWS
coo
0001 55ns
oool HEAtfcRS
OOO
fJUHAAY TANKS
HOT SLUDGE PIAPS
*T
ADDITIONAL
SLUPCE
HEATEtt
I
4470
y. VASTEVXTtR FLO*
— -V- fRlHUtf StllDCE FLO>
• SAMPLING POINT
DICTSTtS SLUDGE
TO >AK(2
HO uf I. Sthimalic Flow Diagram for Philadelphia SouIhwutl Plant
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3
LOW LEVEL INTERCEPTOR
> KASTEKATcR FLOW
>• PRIMARY SLUDGE FLOW
SAMPLING POINT
PUMP STATION
DISTRIBUTION BOX
4410
CRIT CHA.MBCR5
AERATED FLOCCUUTION CHAPELS
PRItWRr TANKS
SLUDGE TO
50UTWEST PLAXT
4420
tFFLUFNT TO
DELAKARfc RIVER
Figure 2. Schematic Flow Diagram for Philadelphia Southeast Plaof
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4
to the Southwest WPCP for single-stage digestion with the Southwest
sludge. Digested sludge is pumped to a barge, transported to the
Atlantic Ocean, and discharged.
During October 29 to November 5, NEIC conducted the Phase II study
to characterize wastewaters and determine NPDES compliance at the South-
east and Southwest WPCP's. NPDES limitations for these plants became
effective February 13, 1975, and include:
Parameter
30-day
7-day
Southeast WPCP (140 mqd)
B0Df
140 mg/1
74,000 kg (163,000 lb)/day
200 mg/1
TSS++
110 mg/1
57,800 kg (128,000 lb)/day
165 mg/1
pH
6.0-9.0
Southwest WPCP (167 mqd)
B0D+
90 mg/1
56,300 kg (125,000 lb)/day
135 mg/1
TSS++
165 mg/1
103,000 kg (230,000 lb)/day
210 mg/1
PH
6.0-9.0
t >25% removal during any 30-consecutive-day period.
tt >35% removal during any 30-consecutive-day period.
Interim limitations for both plants, which were to have been
effective February 13, 1976, called for continuance of initial limits
except that in no case were 30-day BOD and TSS removals to be less than
60% and effluent fecal coliform counts were not to exceed 400/100 ml for
any period of 30 consecutive days or 200/100 ml for any 7 consecutive
days. The City of Philadelphia requested an adjudicatory hearing and
sought to eliminate these interim limitations regarding increased
removals and disinfection.
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II. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
NPDES COMPLIANCE
During October 29 to November 5, 1976, the National Enforcement
Investigations Center conducted a waste characterizations study at the
City of Philadelphia Southeast and Southwest Water Pollution Control
Plants. These plants provide primary treatment of wastewater prior to
discharge to the Delaware River. Data collected during this study and
reported below indicate both plants were in compliance with their
initial NPDES limitations for BOD and TSS.
Parameter —NPDES Limits— Q(;t> 2g tQ Nqv> lg?6
Southeast WPCP
BOD
140 mg/1 200 mg/1
74,000 kg (163,000 lb)/day
120 mg/1
59,000 kg (130,000 lb)/day
TSS
110 mg/1 165 mg/1
57,800 kg (128,000 lb)/day
Southwest WPCP
68 mg/1
34,000 kg (75,000 lb)/day
BOD
90 mg/1 135 mg/1
56,300 kg (125,000 lb)/day
120 mg/1
77,000 kg (170,000 lb)/day
TSS
165 mg/1 210 mg/1
103,000 kg (230,000 lb)/day
85 mg/1
53,000 kg (120,000 lb)/day
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6
The only apparent NPDES violations included the following pH values at
the Southeast WPCP:
Date
Time
(Nov.)
(hours)
pH
30
1415
5.9
30
1815
5.7
31
0815
5.9
The NPDES limitations include an allowable range of 6.0 to 9.0 standard
units.
Seven-day average percentage removals of BOD and TSS were 28% and
62%, respectively, at the Southeast WPCP and 11% and 56% at Southwest
WPCP. Although the NPDES permits contain no 7-day removal requirements,
the 30-day average limitations for BOD and TSS at both plants are
>25% and >35%, respectively.
METALS
Metals data collected at the influents to both treatment plants
indicated mercury (Hg) and lead (Pb) concentrations in excess of the
Philadephia industrial waste regulations submitted May 25, 1976 to EPA
Region III. These regulations became effective January 1, 1977. Data
collected at the Southeast WPCP included one 24-hour composite sample in
excess of the three mg/1 Pb limit and all seven exceeding the 0.005 mg/1
Hg limit. Data from the Southwest WPCP included two Pb composites in
excess of three mg/1 limit and eight Hg samples in excess of 0.005 mg/1.
Considering that these regulations are to be applied at the point of
discharge to the sewer rather than after dilution at the plants where
NEIC sampled, it is likely that there are discharges to the sewers
considerably in excess of these regulations.
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7
OIL AND GREASE
Oil and grease data collected at the Southeast and Southwest WPC
Plants included at least 4 potential violations of Philadelphia's
industrial waste regulations. As with the metals, there are probably
numerous violations at the actual points of discharge to the sewers.
ORGAN ICS
Influents and effluents at the Southeast and Southwest Water
Pollution Control Plants were monitored for organics for three days,
commencing October 31, 1976. A total of 67 different organic compounds
were identified, followed by an investigation of their toxicity and the
development of a toxicity index for 50 of them to estimate relative
toxicity. In an exhaustive computerized literature search of 19 data
bases, 606 references to the hazards of these 67 compounds were located.
Consideration of absolute toxicity factors, such as the development of
cancer or lethal dose, was used to indicate the compounds which were
potentially more harmful than others. A total of 47 individual toxic
doses were located for 17 of the chemicals identified, including one
suspected carcinogen, biphenyl.
The effects of long-term exposure to individual compounds or
exposure to the whole spectrum of the 67 compounds identified are
unknown. Most of the organic compound concentrations found during the
study were one or more orders of magnitude less than toxic doses, lethal
doses and the U. S. Occupational Standards. However, important con-
siderations remain unknown. Most of the toxic dosage and lethal dosage
studies were of short duration using relatively high concentrations of
the substances investigated, and, importantly, the toxic and lethal
-------
8
effects of each substance were evaluated on an individual basis.
Virtually no reports are available concerning long-term effects of
exposure to most of the substances identified and data are not available
on the combined effects of exposure to this wide spectrum of toxic
substances.
The influent to the Southeast WPCP contained 47 organic compounds,
of which a toxicity index was established for 37. During the 3-day
sampling period a total of 3,900 kg (8,500 lb) of these 47 compounds
entered the Southeast WPCP, which represented a daily average influent
concentration of 2,600 ug/1-
The effluent from the Southeast WPCP contained 36 organic com-
pounds, of which 34 were also found in the influent. A toxicity index
was established for 28 of the 36 compounds, including one suspected
carcinogen, biphenyl. During the 3-day sampling period, a total of
1,600 kg {3,600 lb), or 42% of the influent organic loading, was dis-
charged to the Delaware River. This represented a daily average dis-
charge concentration of 1,000 yg/1.
The influents to the Southwest WPCP contained 54 organic compounds,
of which a toxicity index was developed for 46. A suspected carcinogen,
biphenyl, was identified in the DELC0RA (Delaware County Regional Author-
ity) Interceptor. During the 3-day sampling period, a total of 1,970 kg
(4,220 lb) of the 54 compounds entered the plant, which represented a
flow-weighted daily average concentration of 1,060 yg/1.
The effluent from the Southwest WPCP contained 40 organic com-
pounds, of which 39 were also identified in the influents. A toxicity
index was developed for 34 of them, including one suspected carcinogen,
biphenyl. During the 3-day period, a total of 1,100 kg (2,500 lb), or
-------
9
59% of the influent organic loading, was discharged to the Delaware
River, which represented a daily average concentration of 600 yg/1.
In addition to these direct discharges of organic compounds to the
Delaware River, an unknown quantity is contained in digested sludge
which is barged to the Atlantic Ocean and discharged. Should this
sludge be landfilled in the future, these compounds would then be
present in the soil and leachate.
SELF-MONITORING EVALUATION
The NEIC study also revealed that the City of Philadelphia does not
conduct its self-monitoring in accordance with the NPDES requirements.
Time-proportional composite samples are collected at both plants, not
flow-proportional as required by the NPDES permits. In addition, the
city does not sample all of the influent to the Southwest WPCP for NPDES
reporting. Only the largest of the three influents (approximately 90%
of flow) is sampled, and then flows for all influent sources are com-
bined and used to calculate influent loadings.
-------
III. STUDY PROCEDURES
SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
During the October 29 to November 5, 1976 study, samples were
collected for a broad range of parameters [Table 1]. Hourly aliquots
for the 24-hour influent and effluent composite samples were collected
by hand, flow-proportioned, and stored at 4°C. Oil and grease samples
were grab sampled three times per day. Field measurements of pH and
temperature were performed hourly. At the end of each 24-hour sampling
period, the composite samples for BOD and TSS were delivered for analysis
to an NEIC mobile lab at the Southwest WPCP. All other composites were
air-freighted to Denver for analysis at the NEIC laboratory. NEIC
chain-of-custody [Appendix A] and analytical quality control [Appendix
B] procedures were followed.
SAMPLING LOCATIONS
Sampling locations included major interceptors entering the plants
and the effluents [Figures 1, 2, and Table 1]. At the Southeast WPCP, a
single influent point was used since all wastewaters enter through one
3.4 m (11 ft) diameter sewer. However, at the Southwest WPCP, three
influent sites were sampled: the High Level Gravity, the Combined 80th
Street and Schuylkill, and the DELCORA interceptor sewers. During the
October 29 to November 5 study, these represented approximately 90%, 8%,
and 2%s respectively, of the Southwest WPCP influent flows.
-------
Table 1
PHILADELPHIA PHASE II (SE AND SW PLANTS)
STATION DESCRIPTIONS AND SAMPLING PARAMETERS
PARAMETERS1'"
Station
No.
Station Description
Oraanlcs1
BOD
COD
T$5
0/G*
nh3-n
TM
N0-, + N03
Total P
P0„
Heavy
Metals3
Kutaqenlcitv1
CN1
4410
SE Plant influent at
distribution box
following pump station
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
4420
SE Plant effluent at
downstream end of
effluent channel
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
4430
SW Plant--High Level
Interceptor at dis-
persion chamber
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
4440
SW Plant--80th St.
Low Level Interceptor
at manhole approxi-
mately 50 m upstream
of punp station
X®
4450
SW Plant--Schuylkill
Low Level Interceptor
at manhole approxi-
mately 50 m upstream
of pump station
XS
4555
SW Plant—Combined
80th St. & Schuylkill
Interceptors at dis-
persion chamber
following pump station
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
4460
SW Plant--DELC0RA
Interceptor at Venturl
section approximately
20 m upstream of dis-
persion chamber
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
4470
SW Plant-- Effluent at
downstream end of
effluent channel
X
X
X
X
X
X
-X
X
X
X
X
X
X
4480
SW Plant--Sludge con-
centration tank
overflow6
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
1 Collected three days' Oat. 31, Nov. 1 and Nov. 2.
2 Three gr^b eanplcs per 24 hours.
3 Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hn, ill, Pb, Zn, Hg, Sn, Ag, Al, As, Ba, and Se.
"* All samples were 24-hour, flow-weighted composites, except as noted.
® No conpo3ite sarrples. Grab sampled on Nov. 2, 1976.
® Equal-volume composite collected each hour there uas discharge.
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12
Originally, the 80th Street and Schuylkill interceptors were to be
sampled separately at the Southwest WPCP. However, an inspection of the
proposed sampling sites indicated that the pump station wet well caused
a backwater condition which slowed the two sewers to near quiescent
conditions. It was concluded that any data collected from these approxi-
mately 6.1 m (20 ft) deep manholes would be questionable since solids
could have already settled in the sewer lines. An examination of the
sewer plans indicated that moving further upstream would necessitate an
excessive number of sampling and flow monitoring sites since various
trunk sewers enter the interceptors. It was concluded that the only
sampling point which could be used was at the dispersion chamber,
downstream from the confluence of the two interceptors in the pump
station. This site was also downstream from the sludge concentration
tank overflow. Equal-volume composites were collected from this inter-
mittent overflow to quantify the effect on the dispersion chamber
sampling location.
FLOW MONITORING
Flow monitoring for all Southeast and Southwest WPCP influents was
performed with existing Venturi meters. On the day preceding the start-
up of the study, the Southwest WPCP instrument crew calibrated all
Venturis and metering equipment at the Southwest WPCP. On the next day
the same crew calibrated the influent Venturis at the Southeast WPCP.
Effluent flows were assumed to be equal to the sum of the influent
flows. The sludge concentration tank overflow split into two portions:
the first was confined in a rectangular channel and measured with a
Marsh-McBirney magnetic flow meter; the second, smaller portion, cas-
caded down as a sheet flow and was measured by estimate.
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IV. COMPLIANCE MONITORING
Data collected during the October 29 to November 5 NEIC study
[Tables 2, 3] indicated both the Southeast and Southwest WPC Plants were
in compliance with NPDES initial 7-day limitations for BOD and TSS:
Parameter
NPDES Limits
Oct. 29 to Nov. 5, 1976
30-day 7-day
Southeast WPCP
BOO
140 mg/1 200 mg/1
74,000 kg (163,000 lb)/day
120 mg/1
59,000 kg (130,000 lb)/day
TSS
110 mg/1 165 mg/1
57,800 kg (128,000 lb)/day
Southwest WPCP
68 mg/1
34,000 kg (75,000 lb)/day
BOD
90 mg/1 135 mg/1
56,300 kg (125,000 lb)/day
120 mg/1
77,000 kg (170,000 lb)/day
TSS
165 mg/1 210 mg/1
103,000 kg (230,000 lb)/day
85 mg/1
53,000 kg (120,000 lb)/day
The only apparent NPDES violations included the following pH values at
the Southeast WPCP:
Date
Time
(Nov.)
(hours)
PH
30
1415
5.9
30
1815
5.7
31
0815
5.9
The NPDES limitations for pH include an allowable range of 6.0 to 9.0
standard units.
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Table 2
FIELD KEASUREME11TS AND ANALYTICAL DATA
SOUTHWEST PHILADELPHIA WATER POLLUTION CONTROL PLANT
October 29 - November S, 1975
. Station Flow6—__ BOD TSS COD Total Cyanide
Description 1976 mVdaymgd pH Range mg7lkg/day lb/day mgTl kg/day lb/day nig/l kg/day lb/day nigTI kg/day lb/day
(Station No.) Date (xlO3)
High Level Interceptor
(4430) 10/30 541
10/31 575
11/1 613
11/2 541
11/3 560
11/4 564
11/5 556
7-day Average 564 149
Combined 80th and
Schuylkill Interceptors
£4555) 10/30 47,3
10/31 55.3
11/1 59.0
11/2 45.8
11/3 46.9
11/4 47.3
11/5 43.9
7-day Average 49.3 13.0
143b
152
162
143
148
149
147
12.5
14.6b
15.6°
12. lb
12.4b
12 5
11.6
6.1-7.1
5.8-7.1
5.8-7.4
6.0-6.9
5.6-7.6
6.2-7.5
5.8-7.5
6 0-7.6
5.8-6.9
5.9-7.1
6.2-6.8
5.7-7.1
6.1-7.2
5.9-8.1
94°
97
140
90
110
200
170
180
180
230
150
270
250
180
51 ,000
56,000
86,000
49,000
62,000
110,000
95,000
110,000
120,000
190,000
110,000
140,000
250,000
210,000
130 73,000 160,000
8,500
9,900
14,000
6,900
13.000
12,000
7,900
19,000
22,000
30,000
15,000
28,000
26,000
17,000
120
140
330
120
130
190
82
65,000
31,000
200,000
65,000
73,000
110,000
46,000
140,000
180,000
450,000
140,000
160,000
240,000
100,000
270
660
770
450
660
620
320
13,000
36,000
45,000
21,000
31,000
29,000
14,000
28,000
80,000
100,000
45,000
68,000
65,000
31,000
280
190
330
140
220
320
260
160 91,000 200,000 250
410
560
510
380
830
690
560
150,000
110,000
200,000
76,000
120,000
180,000
140,000
140,000
19,000
31,000
30,000
17,000
39,000
33,000
25,000
330,000
240,000
450,000
170,000
270,000
400,000
320,000
310,000 0.04
43,000
68,000
66,000
38,000
86,000
72,000
54,000
0.02 12
0.05* 27
0 04 22
20
0.03 1.8
0.17" 7.8
0.20 9.4
210 10,000 22,000
540 27,000 60,000 560 28,000 61,000 0.13 6.3
27
60
49
45
3.9
17
21
1.4
(4460)
7-day Average
Plant Effluent
(4470)
10/30
16
4.1
6.4-6.8
140
2,200
4,800
210
3,300
7,200
380
5,900
13,000
.
10/31
12
3. lb
6 1-7.2
190
2,200
4,900
430
5,000
11,000
420
4,900
11.000
_
_
11/1
16
4.1
5 9-7 0
160
2,500
5,500
380
5,900
13,000
380
5.900
13,000
<0.02
<0.31
<0.68
11/2
13
3.4
6.7-7.1
120
1,500
3,400
190
2,400
5,400
280
3,600
7,900
<0.02
<0.26
<0.57
11/3
12
3.2
6 1-7.3
140
1,700
3,700
120
1,500
3,200
250
3,000
6,700
<0.02
<0.24
<0.53
11/4
12
3.3
5 8-7.2
320
4,000
8,800
220
2,700
6,100
390
4,900
11,000
_
11/5
12
3.1
6.3-8.3
160
1,900
4,100
300
3,500
7,800
410
4,800
11,000
-
-
-
13
3.5
180-
2,300
5,000
260
3,500
7,700
360
4,700
11,000
<0.02
<0.27
<0.59
7-day Average
10/30
606
160
6.0-7.1
87 d
53,000
120,000
110
67,000
150,000
210
130,000
280,000
_
10/31
643
170
6.1-7.1
210
140,000
300,000
100
64,000
140,000
120
77,000
170,000
-
_
.
11/1
689
182
6.1-7 2
72
50,000
110,000
92
63,000
140,000
54
37,000
82,000
<0.02
<14
<30
11/2
598
158
6.5-7.0
150
90,000
200,000
56
33,000
74,000
160
96,000
210,000
0.04*
24
53
11/3
621
164
6.0-7.4
97
60,000
130,000
74
46,000
100,000
210
130,000
290,000
0.04
25
55
11/4
625
165
6.0-7.3
140
87,000
190,000
100
62,000
140,000
260
160,000
360,000
-
_
_
11/5
613
162
6.1-7.2
100
61,000
140,000
63
39,000
85,000
220
135,000
300,000
-
-
-
628
166
120
77,000
170,000
85
53,000
120,000
180
110,000
240,000
<0.03
<21
<46
(4480)
10/30
Not Monitored
>3,300*
_
_
_
.
_
-
_
_
_
_
10/31
0 83 0.22
>2,700
>6,100
7,300
6,100
13,000
1,700
1,400
3,100
-
-
-
11/1
1.4 0.36
1,900
2,600
5,700
5,000
6,800
15,000
9.0C0
12,000
27,000
0.15
0.20
0.45
11/2
0.79 0.21
1,100
870
1,900
2,300
1,800
4,000
450
360
790
0.08"
0.06
0.14
11/3
0.98 0.26
2,400
2,400
5,200
8,300
8,200
18,000
18,000
18,000
39,000
0.18
0.18
0.39
11/4
0.30 0.08
2,300
700
1,500
5,000
1,500
3,300
8,600
2,600
5,700
.
.
.
11/5
0.0 0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0 0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Sum of Influents (Stations 4430, 4555 and 4460)
Percent Removal
85,000
190,000
11
120,000 270,000
56
170,000 380,000
37
27
60
23
-------
Table 2 fCont.)
FIELD MEASUREMENTS AND ANALYTICAL DATA
SOUTHWEST PHILADELPHIA WATER POLLUTION CONTROL PLANT
October 26 - Novertber 5, 1976
TTc
Station
Description
(Station Wo.) Date
1976 mJ/day mgd
(*103)
pH Range
Total Phosphorus
mg/1 kg/day lb/day
Ortho Phosphate
rag/1 kg/day lb/day
Organic Nitrogen Ammonia Nitrogen
rag/1 kg/day lb/day rag/1 leg/day lb/day mg7T
Nitrite and
Nitrate Nitrogen
~™ kg/day lb/day
High Level
Interceptor
(4430)
7-day Average
Combined 80th St and
Schuy1k i11 Interceptors
(4555)
10/30
541
143
10/31
575
152
11/1
613
162
11/2
541
143
11/3
560
148
11/4
564
149
11/5
556
147
564
149
6.1-7.1 2.6° 1,400 3,100
5.8-7.1 3 0? 1,700 3,800
5.8-7.4 3.5° 2,100 4,700
6.0-6.9 3.4 1,800 4,100
5.6-7.6 3.3 1,800 4,100
6 2-7.5 4 0 2,300 5,000
5.8-7.5 3.7 2,100 4,500
3.4 1,900 4,200
2.6° 1.400 3,100
3.0d 1 ,700 3,800
2.4d 1,500 3.200
3.4 1,800 4,100
3.0 1,700 3,700
2 9 1,600 3,600
2.3 1,300 2,800
2.8 1,600 3,500
0.0d
0 0
0 0
9 0d 4,900
11,000
o o:d
11
24
0.0d
0.0
0 0
10d 5,800
13,000
0 02d
12
25
1.7
1,000
2,300
8.3 5,100
11,000
0.05d
31
68
0.0
0.0
0 0
9.0 4,900
11,000
0 04
22
48
0.0
0 0
0 0
10 5,600
12,000
0.02
11
25
1.0
560
1,200
11 6.200
14.000
0 02
11
25
0.0
0 0
0 0
9 4 5,200
12,000
0 02
11
25
0.4
220
500
9 5 5,400
12.000
0.03
16
34
7-day Average
DEICORA Inter<
(4460)
7-day Average
Plant Effluent
(4470)
10/30
47 3
12.5
6 0-7 6
3«d
160
350
3.2
150
330
10/31
55 3
14 6
5.8-6.9
9 0*
500
1
,100
4.3d
240
520
11/1
59 0
15 61
5 9-7 1
9 0d
530
1
,200
4 0d
240
520
11/2
45 8
12 lb
6 2-6 8
5 4
250
550
5 4
250
550
11/3
46.9
12.4b
5 7-7.1
12
560
1
.200
5.1
240
530
11/4
47.3
12.5
6.1-7.2
8.0
380
830
4.4
210
460
11/5
43 9
11.6
5.9-8.1
6.4
280
620
2.2
97
210
49 3
13.0
7 6
380
840
4.1
200
450
:eptor
10/30
16
4 K
6 4-6 8
5 8d
90
200
5 7t
88
200
10/31
12
3.1
6.1-7 2
6-4h
75
170
6.4d
75
170
11/1
16
4 1
5 9-7 0
5 2
81
180
5 2
81
180
11/2
13
3 4
6 7-7.1
5.9
76
170
5 9
76
170
11/3
12
3 2
6 1-7 3
6.9
84
180
5.6
68
150
11/4
12
3.3
5 0-7.2
6.4
80
180
5 1
64
140
11/5
12
3 1
6.3-8.3
7.2
84
190
6.3
74
160
13
3.5
6.3
81
1B0
5.7
75
170
0 0d
l.Cd
7.(ld
0 0
8.0
5 0
2.1
3.3
0 0d
o.od
0 od
0 0
0 0
0 0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0 0
11
520
1 .100
0 04
1.9
4.2
55
120
17
940
2,100
0 08d
4.4
9.7
410
910
12
710
1 ,600
0.07d
4.1
9.1
0 0
0 0
12
550
1 .200
0 05
2 3
5.0
380
830
14
660
1 .400
0.02
0.94
2.1
240
520
12
570
1.300
0 C2
0.95
2 1
92
200
9.9
430
960
0.02
0 88
1 9
170
370
13
630
1,400
0.04
2 2
4.9
0 0
0 0
1Ea
250
550
0 02d
0 31
0 63
0 0
0 0
17
200
440
0 0Sd
0.94
2 1
0.0
0.0
14
220
4S0
0 0Sd
1.2
2 7
0.0
0 0
16
210
4D0
0 OS
1 0
2 3
0 0
0 0
18
220
480
0.02
0 24
0 53
0 0
0 0
17
210
470
0 C2
0 25
0 55
0.0
0 0
24
280
620
0 02
0.23
0.52
0 0
0.0
17
230
500
0 05
0.60
1.3
7-day Average
Sludge Thickener
Overflow
(4480)
10/3 0
606
160
6.0-7.1
3 3d
2,000
4,000
2.9
1,800
3,900
0 Of
0 0
0 0
lld
6.700
15,000
0 02 d
12
27
10/31
643
170b
6.1-7.1
2.7*
1.700
3,800
2 7d
1 ,700
3,800
0 o"
0 0
0 0
9 0d
5,300
13,000
0 02d
13
28
11/1
689
182
6 1-7.2
2.8
1,900
4,300
2.?
1.500
3.300
0.20
140
300
9.0
6.200
14,000
0 02
14
30
11/2
598
158
6.5-7.0
4.6
2,800
0,100
3 6
2,200
4,700
0 0
0 0
0 0
13
7,800
17 ,000
0 02
12
26
11/3
621
164
6.0-7.4
3 7
2,300
5,100
2.9
1,800
4,000
0 0
0 0
0 0
10
6,200
14,000
0 02
12
27
11/4
625
165
6.0-7.3
3.2
2,000
4,400
3.1
1 .900
4,300
0 0
0 0
0 0
10
6,200
14,000
0 02
12
28
11/5
613
162
6.1-7.2
3.0
1,800
4,100
2.5
1 ,500
3,400
0 0
0 0
0 0
10
6,100
14,000
0 02
12
27
628
166
3.3
2,100
4,600
2.8
1 ,800
3,900
0.03
20
43
10
6,400
14,000
0.02
12
28
10/30
Not
Monitored -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
<4
-
-
10/31
0.83
0 22
78rf
65
140
god
24
53
100d
83
180
60"
50
110
0 44*
0.37
0.81
11/1
1 4
0 36
80
110
240
26 d
35
78
130
180
390
50
68
150
0 56*
0.76
1.7
11/2
0.79
0.21
35
28
61
15
12
26
34
27
60
28
22
49
0 29
0.23
0.51
11/3
0 98
0.26
130
130
280
30
30
65
393
390
850
57
56
120
0 94
0.92
2.0
11/4
0 30
0 08
72
22
48
21
6
14
136
41
90
44
13
29
0 50
0.15
0.33
11/5
0 0
0.0
0 0
0 0
0.0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0.0
0 0
0 0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Sum of Influents (Stations 4430, 4555,
Percent Removal
& 4460) 2,400 5,
200
12
1 ,900 4,100
4.9
390
870
9S
6,300 14,000
0 0
19
40
30
a All flows are based o>. the difference in totalizer readinqa front 0600-0600, except as noted. Flaje for <<70 are tre
curt of 4430, 4SS5, and 44CO. Flows for 4480 are based on Marat' t'cBi^ncj magnetic flow meter meaeurenenta and estimates.
b Flow baaed on average of hourly flew valuco.
e Flow based on totalizer for meter S and hourly averages from mater 1.
d Sarpleo analy-ed past recomnended holamg time due to equipment malfunction.
a Scsrrplee analyzed past reconTr.onded holding time due.
f All dilutions of this sample depleted on the first day; value \Jae >1Z00.
-------
Table 3
FIELD MEASUREMENTS AND ANALYTICAL DATA
SOUTHEAST PHILADELPHIA WATER POLLUTION CONTROL PLANT
October 23 - November S, 1976
Station
Description
(Station No.)
1976
Date
Flow*
pH Range
BOO
TSS
COD
Total Cyanide
mvday
(xl 03)
mgd
mg/1
Kg/day lb/day
mg/1
kg/day
lb/day
mg/1
kg/day
lb/day
mg/1
kg/day
lb/day
Plant Influent
10/30
473
125
5.8-7.5
140**
66,000
150,000
140
66,000
150,000
510
240,000
530,000
(4410)
10/31
526
139
5.9- 9.5
160
84,000
190,000
280
150,000
320,000
380
200,000
440,000
_
•
_
11/1
564
149
5.9-8.1
110
62,000
140,000
190
110,000
240,000
170
96,000
210,000
<0.02. <11
<25
11/2
473
125
6.8-7.8
140
66,000
150,000
210
99,000
220,000
330
160,000
340,000
0.08*** 38
83
11/3
484
128
6.9-7.5
180
87,000
190,000
160
78,000
170,000
280
140,000
300,000
0.11
53
120
11/4
477
126
7.1 - 9.2
170
81,000
180,000
130
62,000
140,000
300
140,000
320,000
11/5
484
128
6 75-8.2
250
120,000
270,000
120
58,000
130,000
340
160,000
360,000
_
_
_
7-day Average
497
131
160
81,000
180,000
180
89,000
200,000
330
160,000
360,000
<0.07
<34
<76
Plant Effluent
10/30
473
125
6.0-7.5
170**
80,000
180,000
60
28,000
63,000
320
150,000
330,000
.
(4420)
10/31
526
139
5.7-8.1
100
53,000
120,000
82
43,000
95,000
150
79,000
170,000
_
_
_
11/1
564
149
5.9-8.1
68
38,000
85,000
73
41,000
91,000
51
29,000
63,000
<0 02...<11
<25
11/2
473
125
6.8-7.9
100
47,000
100,000
82
39,000
86,000
160
76,000
170,000
0.09 ** 43
94
11/3
484
128
7.1 - 7.5
120
58,000
130,000
70
34,000
75,000
150
73,000
160,000
0.08
39
85
11/4
477
126
7 1-8.3
140
67,000
150,000
46
22,000
48,000
240
110,000
250,000
.
.
.
11/5
484
128
6 35- 8.1
150
73,000
160,000
62
30,000
66,000
250
120,000
270,000
_
_
_
7-day average
497
131
120
59,000
130,000
68
34,000
75,000
190
91.000
200,000
<0.09
<31
<68
Percent Removal
28
62
44
11
y?es9'!'')t.V"1. 1®?® rP73aylng(r pH Range Total Phosphorus Ortho Phosphate Organic Nitrogen Ammonia Nitrogen Nitrate Nitrogen
(Station No.) Date {xl03) nig/T kg/day 1 b/day mg/1 kg/day lb/day mg/1 kg/day lb/day mg/1 kg/day lb/day mqTl kg/day lb/day
Plant
Influent
(1440] 10/30
10/31
11/1
11/2
11/3
11/4
11/5
7-day Average
Plant
Effluent
(4420) 10/30
10/31
11/1
11/2
11/3
11/4
11/5
7-day Average
Percent Removal
473
125
5.8-7.5
2.8*;
2-6U
1.4
1,300
2,900
526
139
5.9-9.5
1,400
3,000
564
149
5.9-8.1
790
1,700
473
125
6 8-7.8
3.6
1,700
3,800
484
128
6.9-7.5
5.0
2,400
5,300
477
126
7.1-9.2
4.8
2,300
5,000
484
123
6.75-8.2
4.8
2,300
5,100
497
131
3.6
1,700
3.800
2.1** 990 2,200
1 - 6 TT 840 1 ,900
1.3 730 1,600
3.0 1 ,400 3,100
2.5 1,200 2,700
2.4 1 ,100 2,500
2.2 1 ,100 2,300
2.2 1 ,100 2,300
1.8** 850
1 8** 950
0.9 * 510
1.900
7.0**
56n
4.5**
3,300
7,300
?¦?:;
0 02**
9.5
21
2,100
2,900
6,500
840
1,900
1.100
2,500
5,600
11
25
2.1 990
2,200
6.2
2,900
6,500
0.02
9.5
21
5.2 2,500
5,600
5.8
2,800
6,200
0 02
9.7
21
3.3 1,600
3,500
6.0
2,900
6,300
0 02
9.5
21
2.2 1,100
2,300
6.6
3,200
7,000
0 02
9.7
21
2.5 1,200
2,700
6.0
2,900
6,500
0.25
130
290
473 125
526 139
564 149
473 125
484 128
477 126
484 128
497 131
6.0-7.5
5.7-8.1
5.9-8.1
6.8-7.9
7.1-7 5
7.1-8.3
6 35-8.1
2.5** 1,200 2,600
2.1** 1 ,100 2,400
1.1 *T 620 1,400
3.3 1,600 3,400
2 8 1,400 3,000
3.3 1,600 3,500
3.4 1,600 3,600
2.6 1.3C0 2,800
26
2 4**1 ,100 2,500
1.6** 840 1 ,900
1.0** 560 1 ,200
2.1 990 2,200
1.8 870 1,900
1.7 810 1,800
1.6 780 1,700
1.7 850 1 ,900
17
1.8
1.2
** 850 1,900
** 630 1,400
1.2** 680 1,500
5.0 2,400 5,200
2.4 1,200 2,600
3 8 1,800 4,000
3.2 1 ,600 3,400
2.7 1,300 2,900
-7.4
7.0** 3,300 7,300
5.6;; 2,900 6,500
4.2 2,400 5,200
5.0 2,400 5,200
5.4 2,600 5,800
5.1 2,400 5,400
5 0 2,400 5,300
5 3 2,600 5,800
11
0 02** 9.5 21
1 7 * 890 2,000
0.02** 11 25
2.0 950 2,100
0.02 9.7 21
0.02 9.5 21
2.2 1,100 2,300
0.85 430 930
-220
t All flows are based on the difference in totalizer readings from 0600 - 0600.
tt Samples analysed past recomended holding time due to equipment malfunction.
ttt Samples analysed past recommended holding time due to delayed shipment.
-------
17
Seven-day average percentage removals of BOD and TSS were 28% and
62%, respectively, at the Southeast WPCP and 11% and 56% at Southwest.
Although the NPDES permits for these plants contain no 7-day removal re-
quirements, the 30-day average removal requirements for BOD and TSS at
both plants are >25% and >35%, respectively. Including loadings from
the Southwest WPCP, sludge concentration tank overflow results in
higher than actual percentage removals. Analyses of the data, however,
indicate that subtracting the overflow during October 31 to November 4
would reduce the average BOD and TSS removal efficiencies by an average
of 1%. Using a safety factor of 2 to reflect the difficulty in monitor-
ing the overflow would reduce the BOD and TSS removal efficiencies by an
average of only 3%.
-------
V. DATA INTERPRETATION
As noted previously, samples were collected for a broad range of
parameters [Tables 2 through 7]. The previous section dealt with how
the data relate to NPDES requirements. An analysis of other significant
findings follows.
Pursuant to NPDES requirements for the Southeast and Southwest
WPCP's, the City of Philadelphia submitted draft industrial waste
regulations to EPA Region III on May 25, 1976. These regulations
became effective January 1, 1977 and include limitations for various
metals concentrations entering the city sewers. Lead (Pb) and mercury
(Hg) concentrations from a composite sample over the process day are not
to exceed 3 and 0.005 mg/1, respectively. Data collected during the
NEIC study [Tables 4, 5] indicated concentrations in excess of these
limitations at both the Southwest and Southeast WPCP's:
METALS
Station
Date
Concentration
n lw/1)
Southeast MPCP
Influent
10/30
10/31
11/1
11/2
11/3
11/4
11/5
0.0094
0.0052
0.014
0.0076
0.015
0.033
0.028
3.3
Southwest VIPCP
High Level
Interceptor
10/30
11/3
11/4
0.011
0.0086
0.011
Combined 80th
and Schuylkill
10/31
11/2
11/3
11/4
11/5
3.3
0.015
0.0086
0.015
0.022
4.1
DELCORA
11/3
0.014
-------
Table 4
FIELD MEASUREMENTS A!W ANALYTICAL DATA1
SOUTHWEST PHILADELPHIA 'JATER POLLUTION CONTROL PLANT
October 29-November S, 1976
Station Description
(Station Number)
Date
Flow 2
3
m /day
mgd
pH Range
Aluminum
Arsenic
Barium5
Cadmium5
x 103
High Level
10/30
541
143
6.1-7 1
0.7
380
840
16
8.7
19
Interceptor
10/31
575
1523
5.8-7.1
0 7
400
890
14
8 0
18
(4430)
11/1
613
162
5 8-7.4
1 6
980
2,200
8
4 9
11
11/2
541
143
6 0-6.9
0.5
270
600
36
19
43
11/3
560
148
5 6-7.6
0.6
340
740
20
11
25
11/4
564
149
6.2-7.5
0.7
390
870
19
11
24
11/5
556
147
5.8-7 5
0 7
390
860
17
9.5
21
7-0ay Average
564
149
0 8
450
1,000
19
10.3
23
Combined 80th
10/30
47 3
12 5
6.0-7.6
1.3
61
140
4
0 19
0.42
and Schuylkill
10/31
55.3
14.6'
5 8-6.9
4.7
260
570
21
1 2
2 6
Interceptors
11/1
59.0
15 61*
5.9-7.1
4.4
260
570
10
0.59
1 3
(4555)
11/2
45.8
12 13
6.2-6.8
2.8
130
280
34
1.6
3.4
11/3
46 9
12.43
5.7-7 1
3.3
150
340
25
1 2
2.6
11/4
47.3
12 5
6.1-7.2
2.3
110
240
46
2 2
4.8
11/5
43 9
11 6
5.9-8.1
1.4
61
140
16
0 70
1.5
7-Day Average
49 3
13 0
2.9
150
330
22
1.1
2 4
DEIC0RA
10/30
16
4 1
6.4-6 8
0.4
6.2
14
10
0.16
0.34
Interceptor
10/31
12
3 13
6 1-7.2
0.4
4.7
10
8
0.09
0.21
(4460)
11/1
16
4.1
5 9-7.0
1.5
23
51
34
0.53
I 2
11/2
13
3 4
6.7-7.1
0.1
1 3
2 8
8
0 10
0 23
11/3
12
3.2
6.1-7.3
0.3
3.6
8 0
12
0 14
0 32
11/4
12
3.3
5.8-7 2
0.3
3.7
8 3
16
0 20
0.44
11/5
12
3.1
6.3-8.3
0.4
4 7
10
17
0.20
0 44
7-Day Average
13
3.5
0 5
6.7
15
15
0.20
0.45
Plant Effluent
10/30
606
160
6.0-7.1
0 3
180
400
16
9 7
21
(4470)
10/31
643
170 3
6.1-7.1
0.4
260
570
11
7 1
16
11/1
689
182
6.1-7.2
0.7
480
1,100
12
8.3
18
11/2
598
158
6.5-7.0
0.7
420
920
9
5 4
12
11/3
621
164
6.0-7.4
0 3
190
410
14
8.7
19
11/4
625
165
6.0-7.3
0.6
370
830
21
13
29
11/5
613
162
6.1-7.2
0.3
180
410
12
7.4
16
7-Day Average
628
166
0.5
300
660
14
8.5
19
Sludge Thickener 10/30
Not
mom tored
Overflow
10/31
0.83
0.22
6.3
5 2
12
99
0.08
0.18
(4480)
11/1
1 4
0.36
6.0
8.2
18
95
0 13
0 28
11/2
0 79
0.21
2.1
1.7
3.7
26
0.02
0 04
11/3
0.98
0.26
6.8
6.7
15
82
0 08
0 18
11/4
0.30
0.08
4.1
1.2
2 7
57
0 02
0 04
11/5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Sum of Influents (Sum of 4430
, 4555, and 4460)
610
1 ,400
12
26
I Removal
51
27
mg/1 kg/day lb/day ug/1 kg/day lb/day mg/1 kg/day lb/day mg/1 kg/day lb/day
2.5
2.6
0.7
2.6
2.1
0.0
2.1
3.5
0.S6
2.6
0.64
0.0
4.6
7.8
1 2
5.6
1 4
0.0
0.14
0.11
0 02
0.11
0.12
0.15
0 02
0 11
<0.02 <0.C06
0.0 0.0
0.26
0.33
0 04
0.24
<0.01
0.0
-------
Table 4 (Continued)
FIELD MEASUREMENTS AND ANALYTICAL DATA1
SOUTHWEST PHILADELPHIA WATER POLLUTION CONTROL PLANT
October 20-tiooember 5, 1976
Station Description Date
(Station Number) 1976
Flow2
pH Range
Nickel
Lead
71nc
Chronlum
mJ/day
x 103
mgd
mg/1
kg/day
1b/day
mg/1
kg/day
lb/day
mg/1
kg/day
lb/day
mg/1
kg/day
lb/da
High Level 10/30
541
143
6.1-7.1
0 04
22
48
0.18
97
210
0.27
150
320
0.32
170
380
Interceptor 10/31
575
152 3
5.8-7 1
<0 02
<12
<25
0.31
180
390
0 30
170
380
0 21
120
270
(4430) 11/1
613
162
5 8-7 4
0 03
18
41
0 58
360
780
0 50
310
680
0 13
80
180
11/2
541
143
6 0-6.9
0 07
38
84
0 21
110
250
0 20
110
240
0 07
38
80
11/3
560
148
5 6-7.6
0.15
84
190
0.33
180
410
0 27
150
330
0 15
84
190
11/4
564
149
6.2-7.5
0.13
73
160
0.31
170
390
0.32
180
400
0.13
73
160
11/5
556
147
5.8-7.5
0 06
33
74
0 23
130
280
0 27
150
330
0 11
61
130
7-Day Average
564
149
<0.07
40
<89
0.31
180
390
0 30
170
380
0.16
89
200
Combined 80th and 10/30
47 3
12.5
6 0-7.6
0.10
4 7
10
1 3
61
140
0 70
33
73
0 54
26
56
Schuylkill 10/31
55.3
14.63
5 8-6 9
0 14
7.7
17
3 3
180
400
1 8
99
220
0 77
43
94
Interceptors 11/1
59.0
15.6"
5 9-7.1
0 11
6.5
14
2.6
150
340
1.5
89
200
0 52
31
68
(4555) 11/2
45 8
12.1 3
6.2-6.8
0 19
8 7
19
2 4
110
240
1.3
60
130
0 56
26
57
11/3
46.9
12.43
5.7-7.1
0.21
9.9
22
4.1
190
420
1.5
70
160
0 64
30
66
11/4
47 3
12.5
6.1-7.2
0.28
13
29
1 4
66
150
0 97
46
100
0 40
19
42
11/5
43.9
11.6
5 9-8.1
0.14
6.1
14
1.6
70
150
0.73
32
71
0 45
20
44
7-Day Average
49.3
13.0
0 17
8.1
18
2.4
120
260
1 2
61
140
0 55
29
61
DELC0RA Interceptor 10/30
16
4.1
6.4-6 8
0 10
1.5
3.4
0 27
4.2
9 2
0 37
5 7
13
0.17
2 6
5.8
(4460) 10/31
12
3 l3
6 1-72
0 05
0.59
1.3
0 17
2 0
4.4
0 24
2 8
6 2
0 10
1.2
2.6
11/1
16
4.1
5.9-7.0
0 02
0.31
0.68
0 44
6 8
15
0 46
7.1
16
0 12
1 9
4 1
11/2
13
3 4
6 7-7.1
0 06
0.77
1.7
<0.15
<1.9
<4.3
0 13
1 7
3 7
0 04
0.51
1 1
11/3
12
3 2
6.1-7.3
0 07
0.85
1.9
0.16
1 9
4 3
0 25
3 0
6.7
0 13
1 6
3.5
11/4
12
3 3
5 8-7.2
0.11
1.4
3 0
0.23
2.9
6 3
0 35
4.4
9 6
0 11
1 4
3.1
11/5
12
3 1
6.3-8.3
0 09
1.1
2.3
0 32
3.8
8 3
0.31
3 6
8 0
0 12
1 4
3 1
7-Day Average
13
3.5
0 07
0.93
2.0
<0 25
<3 2
<7.4
0.30
4.0
9.0
0.11
1 5
3.3
Plant Effluent 10/30
606
160
6.0-7.1
0.04
24
53
0 20
120
270
0 20
120
270
0 25
150
330
(4470) 10/31
643
1703
6 1-7.1
0 03
19
43
0.26
170
370
0.19
120
270
0.17
110
240
11/1
689
182
6.1-7.2
0 02
14
30
<0 15
<100
<230
0 16
110
240
0 05
34
76
11/2
598
158
6.5-7.0
0 06
36
79
0.18
110
240
0 23
140
300
0 09
54
120
11/3
621
164
6.0-7.4
0.11
68
150
<0 15
<93
<210
0 27
170
370
0 10
62
140
11/4
625
165
6.0-7.3
0.12
75
170
0.16
100
220
0 31
190
430
0 11
69
150
11/5
613
162
6.1-7.2
0 06
37
81
<0 15
<92
<200
0 17
100
230
0.08
49
110
7-Day Average
628
166
0.06
39
87
<0.18
<110
<250
0 22
140
300
0.12
75
170
Sludge Thickener 10/30
Not monitored
Overflow 10/31
0 83
0 22
0 46
0 38
0 84
60
50
110
23
19
42
12
10
22
(4480) 11/1
1 4
0 36
0.59
0.80
1 8
25
34
75
17
23
51
5 4
7 4
16
11/2
0 79
0.21
0.22
0.17
0.38
10
7 9
18
5.3
4.2
9 3
2.2
1 7
3.9
11/3
0.98
0.26
1.0
0.98
2.2
48
47
100
18
18
39
5.0
4.9
11
11/4
0.30
0 08
1.4
0 42
0.93
14
4.2
9.3
11
3.3
7.3
2 5
0.76
1.7
11/5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0 0
0.0
0 0
0.0
0.0
Sum of Influents (Sum of 4430
. 4555,
and 4460)
49
110
300
660
o
vr
CM
530
120
260
X Removal
21
62
43
35
-------
Table 4 (Continued)
FIELD MEASUREMENTS AND ANALYTICAL DATA1
SOUTHWEST PHILADELPHIA WATER POLLUTION CONTROL PLANT
October 20-November 5, 1976
Station Description Date
(Station Number) 1976
Flow 2
pH Range
Copper
Iron
Mercury
Manganese
mvday
x 103
mgd
mg/l
kq/day
1b/day
mg/l
kg/day
1b/day
vg/l
kg/day
lb/day
mg/l
kg/day
1b/day
High Level
10/30
541
143
6.1-7.1
0.20
110
240
2.3
1,200
2,700
li
6.0
13
0.41
220
490
Interceptor
10/31
575
152 3
5.8-7.1
0.18
100
230
2.1
1 ,200
2,700
1.7
0.98
2.2
0.28
160
360
(4430)
n/i
613
162
5 8-7.4
0.22
130
300
3.1
1.900
4,200
4.9
3.0
6.6
0.27
170
370
11/2
541
143
6.0-6.9
0.18
97
210
3.1
1,700
3,700
2.9
1 6
3.5
0.64
350
760
11/3
560
148
5.6-7.6
0.20
110
250
2.1
1,200
2,600
8.6
4 8
11
0 30
170
370
11/4
564
149
6.2-7.5
0 21
120
260
2.2
1 ,200
2,700
11
6 2
14
0 30
170
370
11/5
556
147
5.8-7.5
0.18
100
220
1 1
610
1,300
2.9
1.6
3.6
0 16
89
200
7-Day Average
564
149
0 20
110
240
2.3
1,300
2,800
6.1
3.5
7.7
0 34
190
420
Combined 80th
10/30
47.3
12.5
6.0-7.6
0 42
20
44
8.2
390
860
.
_
1.4
66
150
and Schuylkill
10/31
55.3
14 63
5.8-6 9
0 70
39
85
12
660
1,500
4.4
0.24
0.54
1.4
77
170
Interceptors
11/1
59 0
15 6"
5.9-7.1
0.48
28
62
11
650
1,400
2.9
0.17
0 38
1.0
59
130
(4555)
11/2
45 8
12 l3
6 2-6.8
0 58
27
59
10
460
1 ,000
15
0 69
1.5
1.4
64
140
11/3
46 9
12 4 3
5.7-7.1
0 60
28
62
11
520
1,100
8.6
0.40
0.89
1 4
66
140
11/4
47.3
12 5
6 1-7.2
0 50
24
52
8 2
390
860
15
0 71
1 6
1.1
52
110
11/5
43 9
11.6
5.9-8.1
0 50
22
48
8.2
360
790
22
0 97
2.1
1.4
61
140
7-Day Average
49.3
13.0
0.54
27
59
9.8
490
1.100
11
0 53
1 2
1.3
64
140
DELCORA Interceptor 10/30
16
4 1
6.4-6 8
0 24
3 7
8 2
2.0
31
68
1.1
0 02
0 04
0.17
2.6
5 8
(4450)
10/31
12
3.13
6 1-7.2
0.25
2.9
6 5
1.8
21
47
1.5
0.02
0.04
0 16
1.9
4.1
11/1
16
4.1
5 9-7.0
0 28
4 3
9 6
3.8
59
130
1.8
0.03
0.06
0.28
4.3
9.6
11/2
13
3.4
6.7-7.1
0 17
2 2
4 8
1.4
18
40
0.5
0.006
0 01
0 24
3.1
6.8
11/3
12
3.2
6 1-7.3
0 22
2 7
5 9
1.6
19
43
14
0.17
0.37
0 15
1.8
4.0
11/4
12
3 3
5.8-7.2
0.25
3.1
6 9
2 4
30
66
2.3
0 03
0 06
0 27
3.4
7.4
11/5
12
3.1
6.3-8.3
0 25
2 9
6 5
1.8
21
47
1 0
0 01
0 02
0.16
1 9
4.1
7-Day Average
13
3 5
0.24
3.1
6 9
2.1
28
63
3.2
0 04
0 09
0 20
2 7
6 0
Plant Effluent
10/30
606
160
6 0-7.1
0 17
100
230
1 2
730
1 ,600
1 .2
0 73
1.6
0 22
130
290
(4470)
10/31
643
170 3
6 1-7.1
0.14
90
200
1.6
1,000
2,300
4.0
2 6
5.7
0 27
170
380
11/1
689
182
6.1-7.2
0.12
83
180
1.4
960
2,100
2 2
1.5
3 3
0.18
120
270
11/2
598
158
6 5-7.0
0 18
110
240
1.9
1,100
2.500
1.1
0.66
1.5
0 33
200
440
11/3
621
164
6.0-7.0
0 15
93
210
1.3
810
1,800
0 8
0 50
1 1
0 22
140
300
11/4
625
165
6.0-7.3
0.17
110
230
2.2
1,400
3,000
1.2
0.75
1 7
0 32
200
440
11/5
613
162
6.1-7.2
0.16
98
220
1.2
740
1,600
8.8
5 4
12
0 24
150
320
7-Day Average
628
166
0.16
98
220
1.5
960
2,100
2.8
1.7
3 8
0 25
160
350
Sludge Thickener 10/30
Not monitored
Overflow
10/31
0.83
0.22
4.0
3 3
7.3
92
77
170
6.3
0.005
0.01
4 2
3 5
7.7
(4480)
11/1
1 4
0 36
4.6
. 6 3
14
88
120
260
16
0 02
0 05
3 0
4 1
9.0
11/2
0.79
0 21
1.3
1.0
2 3
32
25
56
17
0 01
0.03
1.8
1.4
3 2
11/3
0.98
0 26
4 8
4.7
10
100
98
220
12
0 01
0.03
3 9
3.8
8.5
11/4
0 30
0 08
3.6
1.1
2 4
70
21
47
8 1
0.002
0.005
2.6
0.79
1.7
11/5
0.0
0 0
0.0
0 0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0 0
O.O
0.0
0 0
0 0
0 0
Sum of Influents (Sum of 4430, 4555,
and 4460)
140
310
1,800
4,000
4 1
9 0
260
570
1 Removal
29
48
58
33
The following metals were beloj detectable limits: selenium (<5 vg/l), silver (<0.01 trq/l), tin (<1 mg/l)
All flows are based on the difference m totalizer readings from 0600-OEOO, except as noted. Fiona for 4470 are the sum of 4130, 4S5S and 4460.
Flow based on average of hourly values
Flow based on totalizer for meter 5 and hourly averages from meter 1.
The following metals were below detectable limits except at Station 4480: Barium (0.2 mg/l), Cadmium (0.02 mg/l).
-------
Table 5+t
FIELD MEASUREMENTS AND ANALYTICAL DATA
SOUTHEAST PHILADELPHIA WATER POLLUTION CONTROL PLANT
October 29 - November 5, 1976
TTc
Station
pH Range
Aluminum
Arsenic
Chromium
Lead
Zinc
Date
(xlO3,
1
mg/l
kg/day
lb/day
vg/l
kg/day
lb/day
mg/l
kg/day
lb/day
mg/l
kg/day lb/day
mg/l
kg/day lb/day
10/30
473
125
5 8-7.5
1.0
470
1,000
8
3.8
8.3
0.32
150
330
2.0
950
2,100
1.4
660
1,500
10/31
526
139
5.9-9.5
2.0
1,100
2,300
19
10
22
0.36
190
420
2 0
1,100
2,300
0.95
500
1,100
11/1
564
149
5.9-8.1
1.3
730
1,600
24
14
30
0.09
51
no
0.92
520
1,100
0.55
310
680
11/2
473
125
6 8-7.8
1.6
760
1,700
7
3.3
7.3
0.19
90
200
3 3
1 ,600
3,400
0.75
350
7EO
11/3
434
128
6.9-7.5
1.3
630
1,400
9
4.4
9.6
0.31
150
330
2.3
1,100
2,500
0.81
390
870
11/4
477
126
7.1-9.2
1.0
480
1,100
27
13
28
0.15
72
160
1.5
720
1,600
0.64
310
670
11/5
484
128
6.75-8.2
0.8
390
850
8
3 9
8.5
0.19
92
200
1.4
680
1.500
0.64
310
680
497
131
1.3
650
1,400
15
7.5
16
0.23
110
250
1.9
950
2.100
0.82
400
900
10/30
473
125
6.0-7.5
0.4
190
420
5
2.4
5.2
0.19
90
200
1.1
520
1.100
1.2
570
1,300
10/31
526
139
5 7-8 1
0.2
110
230
10
5.3
12
0.11
58
130
0.45
240
520
0 33
170
380
11/1
564
149
5.9-8.1
0.5
280
620
14
7.9
17
0.05
28
62
0.31
170
390
0.23
130
290
11/2
473
125
6.8-7.9
0.6
280
630
12
5.7
13
0.15
71
160
1 5
710
1,600
0.38
180
400
11/3
484
128
7.1-7.5
0.3
150
320
13
6.3
14
0.11
53
120
1.1
530
1,200
0.43
210
460
11/4
477
126
7.1-8.3
0.4
190
420
8
3.8
8.4
0.16
76
170
0.86
410
900
0.38
ISO
400
U/5
484
128
6.35-8 1
0.4
190
430
27
13
29
0.23
110
250
0.85
410
900
0.49
240
520
497
130
0.4
200
440
13
6.3
14
0.14
69
160
0.88
430
940
0.49
240
540
(4410)
7-day Average
(4420)
7-day Average
Percent Removal
69
12
36
55
40
Station
Description 1976
(Station No.) Date
Flow+
mJ/day ragd
(xlO3)
pH Range
Copper
Iron
Mercury
Manoanese
Nickel
mg/l 1
2
no
11/3
484
128
6.9-7.5
0.22
110
230
2.4
1,200
2,600
15
7.3
16
0.
30
150
320
0.02
9.7
21
11/4
477
126
7.1-9.2
0.18
86
190
2.0
950
2,100
33
16
35
0.
29
140
300
0 04
19
42
11/5
484
128
6.75-8.2
0.17
82
180
1.8
870
1,900
28
14
30
0.
25
120
270
0.05
24
53
7-day Average
497
131
0.21
110
230
2.8
1,400
3,100
16
8.0
17
0
27
130
290
<0.04
<24
<53
Plant Effluent
(4420)
10/30
473
125
6.0-7 5
0.15
71
160
2.4
1,100
2,500
3.0
1.4
3.1
0
18
85
190
10/31
526
139
5.7-8.1
0.12
63
140
1.5
790
1,700
19
10
22
0
18
95
210
0 05
24
52
11/1
564
149
5.9-8.1
0.11
62
140
1.4
790
1,700
16
9.0
20
0
14
79
170
<0.02
<11
<23
11/2
473
125
6.8-7.9
0.15
71
160
1.4
660
1 ,500
18
8.5
19
0.
18
85
190
<0.02
<11
<25
11/3
484
128
7.1-7.5
0.15
73
160
1.0
480
1,100
11
5.3
12
0.
19
92
2 CO
0.11
52
110
11/4
477
126
7.1-8.3
0.17
81
180
1.8
860
1,900
21
10
22
0.
17
81
180
0.03
15
32
11/5
484
128
6.35-8.1
0.15
73
160
1.6
780
1,700
65
31
69
0
19
92
200
0 04
19
42
7-day Average
497
131
0.14
71
160
1 6
780
1,700
22
11
24
0.
18
87
190
0 05
24
53
<0.05
<22
<48
Percent Removal
30
45
-41
34
9.4
r-o
r\j
t AH flous are based on the difference in totalizer from 0600-0600.
tt The foltoiring metals were belou detectable units, Barium (<0.2 mg/l), Cadmium (<0.2 mg/lSelenium (<5
-------
23
Table 6
OIL AND GREASE DATA
SOUTHEAST PHILADELPHIA WATER POLLUTION CONTROL PLANT
October 29-November 5, 1976
Plant Influent (4410) Plant Effluent (4420)
Date Time mg/1 Time mg/1
10/29
0805
17
0815
15
1605
51
1615
26
2330
31
2345
23
Daily Average
33
21
10/30
0805
23
0815
20
1605
220
1615
7
2330
22
2345
20
Daily Average
88
16
10/31
0805
15
0815
9
1615
85
1615
19
2305
110
2320
19
Daily Average
70
16
11/1
0805
22
0815
7
1605
96
1615
28
2305
33
2315
26
Daily Average
50
20
11/2
0805
17
0815
12
1605
90
1615
25
2305
30
2315
21
Daily Average
46
19
11/3
0805
10
0815
9
1608
43
1620
22
2305
46
2315
21
Daily Average
33
17
11/4
0815
22
0823
9
1620
49
1625
24
2305
33
2315
21
Daily Average
35
18
-------
24
Table 7
OIL AND GREASE DATA
SOUTHWEST PHILADELPHIA WATER POLLUTION CONTROL PLANT
October 29 - November 5, 1976
Combined 80th
High Level
and Schulykill
DELCORA
Interceptor
Interceptors
Interceptor
Final Effluent
Date
(4430)
(4555)
(4460)
(4470)
Time mg/1
Time mg/1
Time mg/1
Time mg/1
10/29
0915
23
0910
120
1130
18
1030
27
1610
42
1605
34
1750
51
1730
28
Daily Average
33
77
35
28
10/30
0012
42
0010
33
0835
110
0018
30
0920
11
1525
72
0935
14
1630
34
1625
66
1900
52
1735
25
Daily Average
29
50
78
23
10/31
0012
29
0010
28
0825
320
0015
39
0920
38
0910
42
1520
32
0835
15
1615
18
1610
41
1730
20
Daily Average
28
37
180
25
11/1
0012
25
0010
26
0825
81
0022
27
0830
13
0925
20
1520
40
0945
12
1620
33
1615
88
1915
42
1730
21
Daily Average
24
45
54
20
11/2
0010
46
0005
34
0720
29
0015
49
0620
21
0615
9
1115
36
0930
13
1320
27
1210
99
1815
45
1230
29
Daily Average
31
47
37
30
11/3
0012
39
0005
73
0820
520
0020
51
0920
12
0810
206
1620
45
1330
15
1720
31
1610
29
2130
46
1730
22
Daily Average
27
103
200
29
11/4
0010
44
0005
75
0820
60
0015
51
1005
16
0810
110
1715
61
0730
23
1520
37
1615
28
1930
40
1530
22
Daily Average
32
71
54
32
11/5
0005
25
0009
30
0012
19
-------
25
These data were collected at the WPCP plants after considerable dilution
in the sewers. Considering that these regulations are to be applied at
the point of discharge to the sewers, it is likely that there are dis-
charges to the sewers considerably in excess of the regulations.
OIL AND GREASE
The industrial waste regulations referenced above contain limitations
for "Fats, Oils and Greases" which stipulate that: Wastewaters not
contain in excess of 100 mg/l of fats, oils and greases of mineral or
petroleum or unknown origin for a composite sample representing one
process day and twice this amount at any time as shown by grab sample.
Wastewaters shall not contain in excess of ZOO mg/l as a composite
sample for one process day for fats, oils and greases of animal or
vegetable origin} and not in excess of 400 mg/l at any time as shown by
grab sample... The standard oil and grease analysis does not identify
the origin of material. However, potential violations (i.e., >200 mg/l)
of this regulation [Tables 6, 7] are summarized below:
Station
Date
Time
(Hours)
Oil and Grease
Concentrations
(mg/l)
Southeast WPCP
Influent
10/30
1605
220
Southwest WPCP
Combined 80th
and Schuylkill
11/3
0810
206
DELCORA
10/31
0825
320
11/3
0825
520
As with the metals analyses, these are diluted concentrations.
Individual discharges to the sewers would be considerably higher.
-------
VI. SELF-MONITORING DEFICIENCIES
During the NEIC study, self-monitoring practices of the City of
Philadelphia were observed at both the Southeast and Southwest WPCP
Plants, which revealed the following discrepancies:
1. The City collects composite samples with QCE automatic
samplers. The composites collected by the City are time-
proportional, not flow-proportional as required by the NPDES
permits. It is impossible to speculate on what effects this
would have on past self-monitoring data submitted by the City.
2. The influent sampling point at the Southeast WPCP is down-
stream from the grit removal channels. Hence, removal
efficiencies reported by the City are probably conservative
since some solids are removed in the grit chambers.
3. The City of Philadelphia's NPDES influent sampling at the
Southwest WPCP is not necessarily representative of all
wastewaters entering the plant. Plant officials reported that
sampling the High Level Gravity Interceptor (NEIC sampling
point 4430) is considered representative of the DELCORA, 80th
Street, and Schuylkill interceptors as well. Flows for loadings
calculations are the sum of all the influent flows.
-------
VII. ORGANICS INTERPRETATION
Twenty-four-hour flow-weighted composite samples for organic
compounds were collected for three days, commencing October 31, 1976
[Table 1]. Influents and effluents at the Southeast and Southwest WPC
Plants were sampled, and a total of 67 compounds were identified
[Table 8]. Each compound was assigned a unique compound reference
number which is listed in the left column of Table 8 (ascending order),
followed by the compound name and Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS)
Registry number, if available.
This section interprets the significance of the organic compounds
found in the survey, with particular emphasis on adverse environmental
and health effects.
DETERMINING THE TOXICITY INDEX
It has been commonly accepted that organic compounds occur in
wastewater, rivers and, more recently, drinking water. In the past,
most data relating to these occurrences were from gross measurements,
such as carbon-chloroform extracts and non-volatile total organic
carbon. Today the use of ultra-sensitive instrumentation, such as the
computer-assisted gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC/MS) scan, has
led to the detection of a myriad of organic molecules at very low con-
centrations. [For NEIC analytical methodology, see Appendix C.]
Although 67 compounds were identified during the study, recent EPA
estimates indicate that these compounds constitute about 10% by weight
-------
Table 8
ORGANIC CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS
PHILADELPHIA SOUTHEAST AND SOUTHWEST WPC PLANTS
Southeast
Plant
Southwest
Plant
c o
aj co
-a*
*J
Compound Name
Chemical
Abstracts
Service
Registry
Number
S-
ug/1
201
Toluene
000108883
1
2
3
30
23
30
16
36
12
15
28
15
16
20
32
25
77
6
TC4
0
0
4
5
5
101
125
202
Ethylbenzene
000100414
1
2
3
37
55
27
75
30
17
4
11'
23
16
31
28
5'
7
61
5
10
16
86
61
69
3
LD4
0
0
4
4
I
10
30
203
m-Xylene
o-Xylene
000106423
000108383
1
2
3
100
160
74
190
88
46
17
35
70
62
95
84
21
21
23
18
36
47
270
170
210
0
0
-
6
5
9
20
204
o-Xylene
000095476
1
2
3
31
31
19
39
20
12
6
9
24
18
24
19
8
8
9
6
12
17
47
26
43
1
EdT
0
0
-
6
F
10
25
205
Cumene
000098828
1
2
3
31
3
20
26
14'
2
UBJ
0
ff
4
-
6
15
206
m-Ethyltoluene
000620144
1
2
16
30
8
16
16
6
1201
0
0
.
.
2
2
3
22
16
38
14
12
26
180
0
5
207
1,3,5-Trlmethyl-
benrene
000108678
000108952
1
2
3
13
6
23
11
131
6
4
15'
1201
210
2
L03
0
0
-
-
10
15
208
o-Ethyltoluene
000611143
1
2
3
B
10
ll1
11
5
7
6
6
18
9
11
151
7
7
1
15
11
no1
42
0
0
0
-
-
1
1
209
1,2,4-Trlmethyl-
benzene
000095636
1
2
3
16
21
25
25
12
16
10
22
59
16
15
14
27
14
17
8
22
30
120>
54
190
2
lST
0
ff
-
-
S
10
210
ra-01chlorobenzene
000541731
1
2
3
MS2
MS
10
MS
HS
8
0
0
5
-
-
6
6
-------
K
0*
T3
C
>.
u
X
o
3
3
7
40
4
0
0
34
6
5
Tabic 8 (Continued)
ORGANIC CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS .
PHILADELPHIA SOUTHEAST AND SOUTHWEST WPC PLANTS
Chemical
Abstracts
Service
Registry
Number
Southeast
Plant
Southwest
Plant
O
a u"»
o
n
u i/>
a.
SmT
V
iC.CS
u
c o
S u
a»
01
F- O
O) -M
oo o
c
<4-
.e
> CL
at
—1 u
u
•o o.
0) a>
C l>
— l_
§°
V
UJ
•- §
0) —
cn1*-
f o>
cnw
.a a>
E c
SI
a
c
T3 L.
3 O
>
x «
o •-«
UJ ^
Q *
lZ
o
ug/1
000526738 1 71 71
2
3
000527844 1 12> 471
2
3
000507700
1
59
39
33
39
85
29
2
77
46
38
66
39
3
70
30
54
85
63
20
000098555
1
110
63
71
65
115
87
2
56
110
110
100
180
120
3
130
99
140
86
165
130
000091576
1
22
29
19
45
16
2
35
19
141
13
9
3
8
16
15
17
002809645
1
5l
2
3
MS
71
1
51
151
391
81
51
2
3
000092524
1
29
MS
2
3
17
MS
000135988
1
8>
2
71
3
15'
000939275
1
391
MS
2
MS
261
3
14l
0 0
7 0
0 0
1 0
051 ff
0 0 - 40
5 0
0 0
180 0 0
0 0
-------
Table 8 (Continued)
ORGANIC CHEMICAL COl-tPOUUDS
PHILADELPHIA SOUTHEAST AllD SOUTHWEST WPC PLANTS
Southeast
Plant
Southwest
Plant
e o
C
X «—
E
o c
ej
s~
o o
<_> (O
—I
LU f
ng/l
OO
221
1,2-D1methyl-
naphthalene
000573988
1
2
3
100
170
140
100
53
36
49
681
330
250
190
39
37
38
38
850
1,300
0
ff
0
5
-
0
0
222
Trlmethyl-
naphthalene
1
2
3
201
33'
180'
17'
7'
5'
10»
51
81
10'
571
75'
36i
171
10l
51
7
20
2201
350
0
5
0
-
0
0
223
2,3,6-Trlmethyl-
naphthalene
000829265
1
2
3
61
12
27
61
2
2
2
2l
21
18
10
2
MS
5
60
60
0
EF
0
-
0
0
224
Dlethylphthalate
000084662
1
2
3
MS
43
20
MS
11
14
MS
MS
MS
17
13
2
8
2
TBI
0
6'
8
19
225
D1-n-Butylphthalate
000084742
1
2
3
10
19
5
14
12
29
19
5
6
2
TST
0
5
6"
- 20
32
226
1,2,4,5-Tetramethyl-
benzene
000095932
1
2
3
12*
19
15
8
13
0
0
5
-
1
1
227
n-Octane
000111659
1
2
3
2
4
71
0
0
n
4
- 46
50
228
n-Nonane
000111842
1
2
3
3
2
3
4
6
46
2
MS
26
0
ff
0
-
- 19
19
229
n-Decane
000124185
1
2
3
14
11
20
7
4
4
10
6
18
14
39
34
34
9
9
3
6
3
340
170
670
0
0
0
i)
-
0
0
230
n-Undecane
001120214
1
2
3
77
55
130
37
36
30
21
13
28
39
140
120
81
15
17
8
10
7
940
650
1,200
0
0
0
0
-
8
8
-------
X
Of
T3
C
><
+J
u
X
o
~—
8
9
20
9
8
11
15
20
1
3
Table 8 (Continued)
ORGANIC CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS
PHILADELPHIA SOUTHEAST AND SOUTHWEST WPC PLAtiTS
Southeast
Plant
Southwest
Plant
c o
ai CO
U
Chenilcal
Abstracts
Service
Registry
Number
o o
at •—
CL. _•
cn *J
— c
3C ¦—
v>
in
ug/l
X
O
h-
VI
3
«~>
X
v">
O
3
a
i
53
32
25
32
88
12
800
2
61
15
11
170
19
11
660
0
0
~
3
97
16
22
140
18
4
1,200
0
0
1
77
58
37
47
160
22
960
2
110
24
22
300
21
21
750
0
?7
0
77
"
3
170
22
35
210
20
12
1,700
0
0
1
100
68
38
48
150
20
1,080
2
180
27
20
360
21
19
1,500
0
77
0
77
•
3
180
22
30
300
17
10
2,000
0
0
1
110
67
33
44
140
17
1,000
2
200
26
17
400
22
19
1.700
0
77
0
77
•
3
180
20
28
300
17
8
1,900
0
0
1
150
69
36
42
110
19
940
2
210
43
19
360
22
19
1,700
0
0
3
190
49
32
140
20
7
1.900
0
0
1
140
69
33
43
160
17
950
2
200
26
19
360
32
19
1,500
0
77
0
"
•
3
160
19
36
290
24
7 "
1,700
0
0
1
481
40'
251
291
95l
13'
640'
2
881
15'
13'
1901
25'
13'
640'
0
77
0
77
"
3
771
13'
21'
1601
19'
51
1,100'
0
0
1
100
57
32
34
110
12
1,400
2
75
24
16
260
31
19
890
0
77
0
•
•
3
140
18
25
190
30
9
1,700
0
0
1
671
34'
191
191
43'
61
8601
2
461
501
81
86'
15»
10'
330'
0
77
0
77
•
3
150'
251
121
77'
151
6'
1.600'
0
0
1
67
39
19
22
71
4
500
2
81
12
81
130
14
8
630
0
77
0
77
3
70
9
17
110
31
6
1,400
0
0
CC0112-'.Q3
000629505
000629954
000629629
000544763
000629787
001921706
000593453
000638368
000629925
20
11
15
20
-------
Table 8 (Continued)
ORGANIC CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS
PHILADELPHIA SOUTHEAST AND SOUTHWEST WPC PLANTS
Southeast
Plant
Southwest
Plant
S X
c o
cj CO
Jf
U
Compound Name
Chemical
Abstracts
Servlce
Regis try
Number
g~
O o
CJ
-8
GJ «—
envo-
is k.
a. •
wg/l
241 p-Elcosane 000112958
242 Henelcosane 000629947
243 Other substituted
Alkanes from Cg-Cjj
(No of compounds)
244 Chlorofluorocarbons
from Cj-Cg
(No. of compounds)
245 Bromobenzene 000708861
246 n~, o-Ethyltoluene
247 Trlmethylbenzene
248 Diethyl benzene 000141935
1
12
13
7
13
31
640
2
3
32
25
230
1
68
500
2
22
3
190
1
0-38
0-24
0-16
0-19
0-100
0-33
0-370
(18)
(20)
(19)
(19)
(20)
(10)
(3D
2
0-54
0-15
0-13
0-110
0-10
0-8
0-450
(26)
(18)
(16)
(30)
(18)
(17)
(25)
3
0-52
0-8
0-11
0-90
0-10
0-3
0-750
(23)
07)
(17)
(24)
(24)
(7)
(30)
2-15
(6)
25
13
20
54
24
16
6l
36
26
40
13
53
11
0
0
0
i)
0
0
1
CUT
1
lot
0
0
(T
0
0
u
0 0
40 40
2 6
4 4
4 8
CO
ro
-------
X
ej
¦o
c
>.
«-»
u
X
o
k~
0
0
0
0
22
15
3
1
0
Table 8 (Continued)
OBGANIC CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS .
PHILADELPHIA SOUTHEAST AND SOUTHWEST WPC PLANTS
Southeast Southwest
Plant Plant
e •—
Chemical
Abstracts
Service
Registry
Number £ wg/l
-
>*—«
k.
o
r>.
o
3 in
sz m
o
*-»
*»¦
to *?¦
OJ
<5.—»
.c
u
c
a> oo
o u
4-»
a
v
'oi <-»
4-1
.5
<~-
-------
X
01
-o
c
>»
4-1
u
X
o
»—
0
8
1
4
6
1
3
1
0
0
Table 8 (Continued)
ORGANIC CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS
PHILADELPHIA SOUTHEAST AND SOUTHWEST UPC PLANTS
Southeast
Plant
Southwest
Plant
Chemical
Abstracts
Service
Registry
Number
a. m
2-
o o
O 10
I *»¦
UJ
ug/i
•O r—
14*
0
450
0
-------
Table 8 (Continued)
ORGANIC CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS .
PHILADELPHIA SOUTHEAST AND SOUTHWEST WPC PLANTS
t Column headings are explained in report text.
tt The chemical compounds have been assigned unique numbers which
appear in ascending order.
ttt 27ie OSHA Standard toxicity rating is explained in Appendix D.
1 Compound has been identified but due to interferences or lack of an
in-house standard the concentration value is only estimated from
the response of a similar compound or the contribution to a multiple
component peak estimated.
2 MS indicates mass spectrum identification only, not confirmed.
3 The toxicity rating for compound 224 is based on the Threshold Limit
Value rather than the OSHA Standard which is not established.
11 The toxicity rating for compound 22S is based on the OSHA Standard
which ie reported as being 5 mg/m3 using a conversion assuming that
this is equivalent to 5 ppb.
GJ
ui
-------
36
of the total organic compounds present in such waters. A much fuller
discussion is found in the recently published book Identification and
Analysis of Organic Pollutants in Water. 5
The compounds listed in Table 8 are not unique to the waters
sampled. Concurrent exposure to these compounds by various segments of
the United States population exists via some foods, ambient air,
occupational environment, and household products including over-the-
counter medications, cleaning solutions, and cosmetics. Exposure to
such chemicals can cause adverse reactions in people, modified by
individual susceptibility in terms of specific adaptation. Adverse
reactions, which are manifested in a wide variety of physical and mental
symptoms, are often chronic in nature and cyclic in occurrence, pro-
ducing conditions which are frequently undiagnosed or poorly identified.
Interpretation of the clinical ecological effects of the compounds
identified in Table 8 is difficult and beyond the scope of this report,
but may be found in Clinical Ecology. 6 However, the compounds identified
during the survey were evaluated, and a toxicity index was developed
[Appendix D] which is a number estimating each compound's toxicity
relative to the other compounds identified. Consideration of absolute
toxicity factors, such as the development of cancer or lethal dose, was
used to indicate the compounds which are potentially more harmful than
others. The toxicity index is more a safety hazard evaluation than a
clinical ecological interpretation.
One of the most important conclusions reached in this study is that
the effects of long-term exposure to individual compounds or exposure to
the whole spectrum of the 67 compounds identified are unknown. A
toxicity index was determined for 50 of these compounds including one
suspected carcinogen, biphenyl.
-------
37
TOXICITY DATA
Table 9 summarizes, for the chemicals identified, the number of
reported toxic doses to various organisms. Sixty-seven chemicals were
identified and toxic dose data are reported for 17 of those in the 1974
NIOSH* Toxic Substances List,7 the 1975 NIOSH Suspected Carcinogens - a
Subfile of the NIOSH Toxic Substances List,8 or in the Registry of Toxic
Effects of Chemical Substances, 1975 edition.9 For several of these
chemicals there are multiple reports as to toxicity by each of several
modes of exposure. For example, for toluene there are two reports
concerning human toxicity through inhalation exposure; for other chemicals
there may be several reported toxicities for "Oral dog," "Oral rat,"
"Inhalation human," etc. A total of 47 individual bits of toxicity data
are reported for the 17 chemicals identified.
A more detailed presentation was made of the data relating to oral
and inhalation exposure as these are the more likely modes of human
contact [Table 10]. Table 10 also lists the U. S. Occupational Standards
of chemicals for which data are reported in references 7, 8, and 9.
Most of the organic compound concentrations found during the study
were one or more orders of magnitude less than toxic doses, lethal doses
and the U. S. Occupational Standards. However, important considerations
remain unknown. Most of the toxic dosage and lethal dosage studies were
of short duration using relatively high concentrations of the substances
investigated, and importantly, the toxic and lethal effects of each
substance were evaluated on an individual basis. Virtually no reports
are available concerning long-term effects of exposure to most of the
* National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.
-------
Table 9
SUMMARY OF REPORTED TOXIC DOSES BY ORGANISM AND TYPE OF EXPOSURE
SOUTHEAST AND SOUTHWEST WATER POLLUTION CONTROL PLANTS
November 1-3t 1976
T Number of Reported Toxic Doses
Toxicity Scale Oral Inhalation Subcutaneous Intraperitoneal Skin Intravenous Parenteral Ocular Total
Human
Monkeys
Cat, Dog, Pig,
Cattle, or
Domestic Animal
Rat
Mouse
10
1
Guinea Pig, Gerbll,
Hamster, Rabbit,
etc. 6
Wild Bird, Bird,
Chicken, Duck,
Quail, Turkey
Frog
8
1
5
0
0
23
5
14
0
0
Total
18
11
47
+ Refer to text Section VII for explanation.
CO
CD
-------
39
Table 10
SUMMARY OF ORAL AND INHALATION EXPOSURES TO TOXIC ORGANIC CHEMICALSf
SOUTHEAST AND SOUTHWEST WATE1 POLLUTION CONTROL PLA.JTS
Ref.
No.
Compound Name
(mode of dose)
Lowest Published
Toxic Dose
mg/kg
Lowest Published
Lethal Dose
mg/kg
Lethal Oose or
Concentration
502 Kill
mg/kg
U S. Occunationa1
Std.time-weighted
avg.concentration
in air
ppm
201
Toluene
Inhalation Human
Inhalation Kan
Oral Rat
Inhalation Rat
200
100
4,000++/4
hr
3,000
200
202
Ethyl benzene
Oral Rat
Inhalation Rat
4,000n/4
hr
3.500
100
205
Cumenc
Oral Rat
Inhalation Mouse
2,000+t
1,400
50
213
Borneol
Cral Rabbit
2,000
218
Biphenyl
Oral Rat
Oral Rabbit
2,180
2,400
0.2
219
sec-Butyl benzene
Oral Rat
2,240
220
2-Ethylnaphthalene
Oral Rat
5,000
227
n-Octane
500
248
Diethyl benzene
Oral Rat
1,200
253
2-n-Butoxyethanol
Inhalation Human
Oral Rat
Ural Mouse
Inhalation Mouse
Oral Rabbit
Oral Guinea Pig
195++/8 hr
1,480
1,230
700/7 hr
320
1,200
50
254
2-Ethyl-1-Hexanol
Oral Rat
Oral Rabbit
Oral Guinea Pig
4,125
3,580
1,300
259
n-Hexadecanol
Skin Rabbit
2,600
t From References 7, 8, and 9.
ft Concentration in parto per million
-------
40
substances identified, and data are not available on the combined
effects of exposure to this wide spectrum of toxic substances.
EVALUATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS FOUND IN WASTEWATER
Although previous projects of a similar nature have been performed,5
fewer compounds were identified. More compounds were identified in this
study due to the large number of industries discharging to the Philadelphia
Southeast and Southwest WPC plants and improved analytical techniques
which have made it possible to identify a greater number of compounds at
lower concentrations than in previous studies. As noted previously, a
total of sixty-seven separate compounds were identified in this study.
Forty-seven compounds were identified in the influent to the Southeast
WPCP and thirty-six compounds were identified in the effluent. Thirty-
four compounds were identified in both the influent and effluent.
Fifty-four compounds were identified in one or more influents to the
Southwest WPCP and forty compounds were identified in the effluent.
Thirty-nine compounds were identified in both one or more influents,
including the sludge thickener overflow, and in the effluent. Specific
findings follow.
Southeast WPCP
Southeast Influent
The forty-seven compounds identified in the influents to the South-
east WPCP are listed below. Thirty-seven compounds which have a toxicity
index are identified by a dagger (l-).
-------
41
Compound Compound
Number Name
201* toluene
202* ethyl benzene
203J m-s p-xylene
204* o-xylene
205* cumene
206* m-ethyltoluene
207* 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene
208* o-ethyltoluene
209* 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene
210* m-dichlorobenzene
211* 1,2,3-trimethylbenzene
213* borneol
214* a-terpineol
215 2-methylnaphthalene
216 5-methyl-l,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene
217 dimethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene
219* sec-butyl benzene
220 ethylnaphthalene
221 1 ,2-dimethylnaphthalene
222 tri-methylnaphthalene
223 2,3,6-trimethylnaphthalene
224* diethylphthalate
225* di-n-butylphthalate
226 1,2,4,5-tetramethylbenzene
227* n-octane
228 n-nonane
229 n-decane
230* n-undecane
231* n-dodecane
232* n-tridecane
233* n-tetradecane
234* n-pentadecane
235* n-hexadecane
236* n-heptadecane
237* pristane
238* n-octadecane
239* phytane
240 n-nonadecane
241 p-eicosane
242 heneicosane
243 other substituted alkanes
246 m-f p-ethyltoluene
251 2,6-dimethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene
252 5,6-dimethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene
254* 2-ethyl-1-hexanol
256 tetramethylbenzene
261 n-eicosane
-------
42
The total influent organic loads for November 1, 2, and 3, 1976,
were 1,100 kg (2,400 lb), 1,300 kg (2,900 lb), and 1,500 kg (3,200 lb),
respectively, as given in Table 11. Thus, the daily average load was
1,300 kg (2,833 lb) or 3,900 kg (8,500 lb) for the three-day sampling
period. In terms of organic concentrations, the daily average was
2,600 yg/1.
The most general observation is that none of these compounds
represent normal human metabolites [Table 8, and Appendix D]. They are
all of industrial origin and it is likely that many of these compounds
are foreign and inhibitory to the metabolism of organisms normally found
in biological treatment systems. This could have significance in terms
of reduced removal efficiencies when planned biological treatment
facilities are completed.
A second observation is the wide range in concentration (100-
fold), from 2 ppb for n-octane (227) to 210 ppb for n-hexadecane (235)
[Table 8].
Trimethylnaphthalene (222) demonstrates another noticeable trend,
namely that daily waste concentrations for individual compounds varied
by a factor of more than 9 during sampling. Such rapid fluxes in con-
centration of these foreign chemicals could make it more difficult for
microorganisms in the planned biological treatment facilities to adjust
their metabolic processes to biodegrade the organics. For example, the
load of trimethylnaphthalene (222) was 12 kg (26 lb) on November 1,
1976; 19 kg (42 lb) on November 2, and 102 kg (264 lb) on November 3.
Since this compound is of industrial origin, it most likely represents
discharges from manufacturing operations in which cleaning processes
result in intermittent higher concentrations. Similar inferences can be
found throughout Table 8 where a periodic or one-time significant
discharge occurred along with chronic low-level discharges.
-------
Table 11
ORGAN ICS LOAD
SOUTHEAST WATER POLLUTION CONTROL PLANT
November 1976
Day Influent (4410) Effluent (4420)
, 1976)
ug/1
m3/day
x 103
mgd
kg/day
lb/day
ug/i
m3/day
x 103
mgd
kg/day
lb/day
1
1,900
564
149
1,100
2,400
1,600
564
149
890
2,000
2
2,800
473
125
1,300
2,900
830
473
125
390
860
3
3,000
484
128
1,500
3,200
690
484
128
330
730
Total
7,700
1,521
402
3,900
8,500
3,100
1,521
402 1
,600
3,600
Avg.
2,600
507
134
1,300
2,833
1,000
507
134
540
1,200
-------
44
Due to the substantial quantities of organics, the distribution of
manufacturing industries potentially discharging to the Philadelphia
Southeast WPCP was evaluated. The drainage area was translated into zip
code districts which were machine-searched in a computerized file of
manufacturers in the area. There are 655 industrial plants employing 20
or more people within 20 broad SIC* or product codes in the area served
by the collection system:
SIC
Number
Code
of Plants
Industry
20
71
Food and kindred products
21
1
Tobacco products
22
50
Textile mill products
23
140
Apparel and related products
24
8
Wood and wood products
25
26
Furniture
26
27
Paper and allied products
27
77
Printing and publishing
28
28
Chemicals and allied products
29
3
Petroleum and energy products
30
7
Rubber and allied products
31
17
Leather and products
32
10
Stone, clay and glass products
33
5
Metals
34
72
Fabricated metal products
35
31
Machinery, electric
36
18
Electric and electronic equipment
37
4
Transport equipment
38
20
Instruments and related products
39
40
Manufacturing, miscellaneous
An alphabetized list of all manufacturing industries, including
employment, share of market, and sales statistics is on record at
NEIC.10
* Standard Industrial Classification
-------
45
Southeast Effluent
There were thirty-six compounds identified in the effluent from the
Southeast WPCP. Thirty-four compounds in the effluent were also identified
in the influent and are marked with an asterisk (*) in the following
list. Twenty-eight compounds which have a toxicity index are identified
by a dagger (t).
Compound
Compound
Number
Name
201*+
toluene
202*+
ethyl benzene
203*+
m-3 p-xylene
204*+
o-xylene
205*+
cumene
206*+
m-ethyltoluene
208*+
o-ethyltoluene
209*+
1,2,4-trimethylbenzene
210*+
m-dichlorobenzene
211*+
1,2,3-trimethylbenzene
213*+
borneol
214*+
a-terpineol
215*+
2-methylnaphthalene
217*
dimethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene
218+
biphenyl
221*
1,2-dimethylnaphthalene
222*
trimethylnaphthalene
223*
2,3,6-trimethyl naphthalene
224*+
diethylphthalate
225*+
di-n-butylphthalate
229*
n-decane
230*+
n-undecane
231*+
n-dodecane
232*+
n-tridecane
233*+
n-tetradecane
234*+
n-pentadecane
235*+
n-hexadecane
236*+
n-heptadecane
237*+
pristane
238*+
n-octadecane
239*+
phytane
240*+
n-nonadecane
241*
p-eicosane
243*
other substituted alkanes
244
chlorofluorocarbons
246* t"
m-j p-ethyltoluene
-------
46
A suspected carcinogen, biphenyl (218), was detected in the
discharge from the Southeast WPCP. On the first day of organics
sampling, 16.4 kg (36.0 lb) of this hazardous substance was discharged
to the Delaware River while somewhat less, 8.2 kg (18.1 lb), was
discharged on the third day of sampling.
Of the approximately 3,900 kg (8,500 lb) of industrial-origin
organics received by the Southeast WPCP collection system during the 3
days of sampling, 1,600 kg (3,600 lb), or 42%, was discharged at a daily
concentration of 1,000 yg/1 through the Southeast outfall to the
Delaware River [Table 11]. These industrial chemicals are then avail-
able to potentially cause harm to organisms living in the river, or to
organisms feeding on aquatic life or consuming the water. In addition,
an unknown quantity of the organic compounds reach the ocean through the
barging of anaerobically digested sludge.
Southwest WPCP
Southwest Influent
Fifty-four organic compounds were identified in one or more
influents to the Southwest WPCP, including the sludge thickener over-
flow which is also discharged back to the headworks of the plant.
The forty-six compounds which have a toxicity index are identified with
a dagger (1-).
-------
47
Compound Compound
Number Name
201. toluene
202J ethyl benzene
203* m-, p-xylene
204J o-xylene
205* cumene
206* m-ethyltoluene
207* 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene
208* o-ethyltoluene
209^r 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene
210* m-dichlorobenzene
212* isopropyltoluene
213? borneol
214* a-terpineol
215 2-methylnaphthalene
216 5-methyl-l,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene
217. dimethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene
218. biphenyl
219. sec-butyl benzene
220 ethyl naphthalene
221 1,2-dimethylnaphthalene
222 trimethylnaphthalene
223. 2,3,6-trimethylnaphthalene
224? diethylphthalate
225. di-n-butylphthalate
226* 1,2,4,5-tetramethylbenzene
227* n-octane
228 n-nonane
229. n-decane
230 n-undecane
231* n-dodecane
232 n-tndecane
233+ n-tetradecane
234+ n-pentadecane
235t n-hexadecane
236+ n-heptadecane
237t pristane
238+ n-octadecane
239 phytane
240 n-nonadecane
241 p-eicosane
242 heneicosane
243. other substituted alkanes
245* bromobenzene
246* m-, p-ethyltoluene
247. trimethylbenzene
248 diethylbenzene
249 dimethylethyl benzene
250 6-methyl-l,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene
253+ 2-n-butoxyethanol
257 2-ethylhexyliodide
258 dimethyltetrahydronaphthalene
259 * n-hexadecanol
260 * n-tetradecanol
261+ n-eicosane
262+ n-docosane
263+ n-tricosane
264+ n-tetracosane
265 n-pentacosane
266 n-hexacosane
267 n-heptacosane
-------
48
The total influent organic loads for November 1, 2, and 3, 1976,
were 575 kg (1,230 lb), 581 kg (1,274 lb), and 836 kg (1,810 lb),
respectively, as given in Table 12. Thus the daily average load was
665 kg (1,415 lb) or 1,970 kg (4,220 lb) for the three-day sampling
period. In terms of organic loadings, this represents a weighted-
daily-average concentration of 1,060 ug/1.
As noted previously regarding the Southeast WPCP, none of these
compounds entering the Southwest WPCP represent normal human metabolites.
They are all of industrial origin and it is likely that many of these
compounds are foreign and inhibitory to the metabolism of organisms
normally found in biological treatment systems. This could have sig-
nificance in terms of reduced removal efficiencies when planned biological
treatment facilities are completed.
A second observation is the wide range in concentration (200-fold),
from 2 ppb for 2,3,6-trimethylnaphthalene (223) to 400 ppb for n-
pentadecane (234)[Table 8]. Trimethylnaphthalene (222) again demon-
strates a noticeable trend, namely that daily waste concentrations for
individual compounds varied by a factor of more than 10 during sampling.
Such rapid fluxes in concentration of these foreign chemicals could make
it that much more difficult for microorganisms in the planned treatment
facilities to adjust their metabolic process to biodegrade the organics.
For example, the load of trimethylnaphthalene (222) was 0.16 kg
(0.35 lb) on November 1, 1976; 0 on November 2; and 0.02 kg (0.04 lb) on
November 3 for the DELC0RA Interceptor. For the combined 80th and
Schuykill Interceptor, the loads for days 1, 2 and 3 were 0.12 kg (0.26
lb), 0.96 kg (2.1 lb), and 0.84 kg (1.9 lb), respectively. For the High
Level Interceptor, the loads for days 1, 2, and 3 were 1.2 kg (2.7 lb),
0 and 1.1 kg (2.4 lb). Since this compound is of industrial origin, it
most likely represents discharges from manufacturing operations in which
cleaning processes result in intermittent higher concentrations. Similar
-------
49
inferences can be found throughout Table 8 where a periodic or one-time
significant discharge occurs along with chronic low-level discharges.
The sludge thickener overflow returning to the head of the South-
east WPCP shows that this effect is carried over into the sludge. The
overflow of trimethylnaphthalene (222) from the sludge was 0.007 kg
(0.015 lb) for day 1, 0.047 kg (0.10 lb) for day 2, and 0.059 kg
(0.13 lb) for day 3, respectively.
Not only does this slug loading effect carryover to the sludge, but
the presence of the organics in the sludge overflow indicates that the
treatment process is trapping and concentrating them in the sludge. A
review of Table 8 shows that many compounds are increased in concen-
tration several hundred times in the sludge thickener overflow compared
to the three interceptors. Since concentrates of these industrial-
origin organic contaminants are already leaching from the sludge while
it is within the plant, there is good reason to believe that the con-
taminants will continue to leach from the sludge in concentrated form
whenever it is exposed to water, such as in standard landfill or ocean
disposal. Hence, careful consideration must be given to the method of
sludge disposal.
A suspected carcinogen, biphenyl (218), was detected in the DELC0RA
Interceptor.
Due to the substantial quantities of organics, the distribution of
manufacturing industries potentially discharging to the Philadelphia
Southwest WPCP was evaluated. The drainage area was translated into zip
code districts which were machine-searched in a computerized file of
manufacturers in the area. There are 396 industrial plants employing 20
or more people within 20 broad SIC or product codes in the area served
by the collection system:
-------
50
SIC
Number
Code
of Plants
Industry
20
25
Food and kindred products
21
0
Tobacco products
22
19
Textile mill products
23
75
Apparel and related products
24
4
Wood and wood products
25
13
Furniture
26
18
Paper and allied products
27
61
Printing and publishing
28
26
Chemicals and allied products
29
8
Petroleum and energy products
30
6
Rubber and allied products
31
5
Leather and products
32
14
Stone, clay and glass products
33
4
Metals
34
30
Fabricated metal products
35
29
Machinery, electric
36
22
Electric and electronic equipment
37
5
Transport equipment
38
19
Instruments and related products
39
13
Manufacturing, miscellaneous
An alphabetized list of all 396 manufacturing industries, including
employment, share of market, and sales statistics is on record at
NEIC.9
Southwest Effluent
There were forty compounds identified in the effluent from the
Southwest WPCP. Thirty-nine compounds in the effluent were also
identified in one or more interceptors or the sludge thickener overflow
and are marked with an asterisk (*) in the following list. Thirty-four
compounds which have a toxicity index are identified with a dagger (t).
-------
51
Compound Compound
Number Name
201*. toluene
202* ethyl benzene
203*. m-, p-xylene
204*+ o-xylene
205*. cumene
206*. m-ethyltoluene
207*. 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene
208*. o-ethyltoluene
209*. 1 ,2,4-trimethylbenzene
210*. m-dichlorobenzene
213*. borneol
214*. a-terpineol
215*. 2-methylnaphthalene
218*. biphenyl
219* sec-butyl benzene
221* 1,2-dimethylnaphthalene
222* trimethylnaphthalene
223* 2,3,6-trimethylnaphthalene
224*. diethylphthalate
225*! di-n-butylphthalate
226*. 1,2,4,5-tetramethylbenzene
228* n-nonane
229*. n-decane
230* n-undecane
231 *^T n-dodecane
232* n-tridecane
233*| n-tetradecane
234** n-pentadecane
235*? n-hexadecane
236*. n-heptadecane
237*. pristane
238*. n-octadecane
239* phytane
240* n-nonadecane
243*. other substituted alkanes
245*. bromobenzene
246*. m-s p-ethyltoluene
248* diethyl benzene
249* dimethyl ethyl benzene
255 methylisopropylbenzene
-------
52
A suspected carcinogen, biphenyl (218), was detected in the
discharge from the Southwest WPCP.
Of the approximately 1,970 kg (4,220 lb) of industrial origin
organics received by the Southwest WPCP collection system during the 3
days of sampling, 1,100 kg (2,500 lb), or 59%, was discharged at a daily
concentration of 600 pg/1 through the Southwest outfall to the Delaware
River [Table 12]. These industrial chemicals are then available to
potentially cause harm to organisms living in the river, or to organisms
feeding on aquatic life or consuming the water. In addition, an unknown
quantity of the organic compounds reach the ocean through the barging of
anaerobically digested sludge.
-------
Table 12
ORGAN ICS LOAD
SOUTHWEST WATER POLLUTION CONTROL PLANT
November 1976
High Level Combined 80th and Schuylkill DELCORA
Day Interceptor 4430 Interceptor 4555 Interceptor 4460
(Nov.1976)
ug/1
m3/day
x 103
mgd
kg/day
lb/day
ug/l
m3/day
x in3
mgd
kg/day
lb/day
pg/1
mJ/day
x 10^
mgd
kg/day
lb/day
1
760
613
162
470
1,000
990
59
15.6
58
130
3,000
16
4.1
47
100
2
640
541
143
350
760
4,900
45.8
12.1
220
490
840
13
3.4
11
24
3
1,100
560
148
600
1,300
4,000
46.9
12.4
190
410
3,800
12
3.2
46
100
Total
2,500
1,714
453
1,400
3,000
9,900
151.7
40.1
470
1,000
7,600
41
10.7
100
220
Avg.
830
571
151
470
1,000
3,300
50.6
13.4
160
340
2,500
14
3.6
35
75
Final
Effluent
4470
Sludge Thickener Overflow 4480
1
590
689
182
400
890
18,000
1.4
0.36
25
55
2
680
598
158
410
900
19,000
0.79
0.21
15
33
3
540
621
164
340
740
33,000
0.98
0.26
33
72
Total
1,800
1,908
504
1,100
2,500
70,000
3.17
0.83
73
160
Avg.
600
636
168
380
840
23,000
1.06
0.28
24
53
en
OJ
-------
54
REFERENCES
1. Manual of Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes, 1974,
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Technology Trans-
fer, Washington, D.C.
2. Influent and Effluent Metal Loadings at Philadelphia's Wastewater
Pollution Control Plants, November, 1974. Industrial Waste Unit,
Philadelphia Water Department.
3. Letter from EPA Regional Administrator to Mayor Frank L. Rizzo,
dated April 21, 1972.
4. National Interim Primary Drinking Water Regulations, Federal
Register, Vol. 40, No. 248 - Wednesday, December 24, 1975.
5. Lawrence H. Keith, 1976. Identification and Analysis of Organic
Pollutants in Water, Ann Arbor Science, Box 1425, Ann Arbor, Mich.
48106, 553 p.
6. Clinical Ecology, 1976. Lawrence C. Dickey. Ed.; Charles C.
Thomas, Pub., Springfield, 111., 807 p.
7. Herbert E. Christensen and T. T. Luginbyhl, Eds., 1974. Toxic
Substances List 1974. U. S. Dept. HEW, Rockville, Md.
8. Herbert E. Christensen and T. T. Luginbyhl, Eds., 1975. Suspected
Carcinogens - A Subfile of the NIOSH Toxic Substances List. U. S.
Dept. HEW, Rockville, Md.
9. Herbert E. Christensen and T. T. Luginbyhl, Eds. 1975. Registry of
Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances. U.S. Dept. HEW, Rockville,
Md.
10. Douglas B. Seba, Toxic Substances Coordinator, EPA National En-
forcement Investigations Center, Bldg. 53, DFC, Denver, Colorado,
303/234-5306.
-------
APPENDICES
A Chain of Custody Procedures
B Analytical Procedures and Quality Control
C Organics Analytical Methodology
D Determination of Toxicity Index
-------
APPENDIX A
CHAIN OF CUSTODY PROCEDURES
-------
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
NATIONAL ENFORCEMENT INVESTIGATIONS CENTER
CHAIN OF CUSTODY PROCEDURES
June 1, 1975
GENERAL
The evidence gathering portion of a survey should be characterized by the minimum
number of samples required to give a fair representation of the effluent or water body
from which taken. To the extent possible, the quantity of samples and sample loca-
tions will be determined prior to the survey.
Chain of Custody procedures must be followed to maintain the documentation necessary
to trace sample possession from the time taken until the evidence is introduced into
court. A sample is m your "custody" if:
1. It is in your actual physical possession, or
2. It is in your view, after being in your physical possession, or
3. It was in your physical possession and then you locked it up in a manner so
that no one could tamper with it.
All survey participants will receive a copy of the survey study plan and will be
knowledgeable of its contents prior to the survey. A pre-survey briefing will be held
to re-appraise all participants of the survey objectives, sample locations and Chain
of Custody procedures. After all Chain of Custody samples are collected, a de-briefing
will be held in tne field to determine adherence to Chain of Custody procedures and
whether additional evidence type samples are required.
SAMPLE COLLECTION
1. To the maximum extent achievable, as few people as possible should handle
the sample.
2. Stream and effluent samples shall be obtained, using standard field sampling
techniques.
3. Sample-tags (Exhibit I) shall be securely attached to the sample container
at the time the complete sample is collected and shall contain, at a minimum,
the following information: station number, station location, data taken,
time taken, type of sample, sequence number (first sample of the day -
sequence No. 1, second sample - sequence No. 2, etc.), analyses required and
samplers. The tags must be legibly filled out in ballpoint (waterproof ink).
4. Blank samples shall also be taken with preservatives which will be analyzed
by the laboratory to exclude the possibility of container or preservative
contamination.
5. A pre-pnnted, bound Field Data Record logbook shall be maintained to re-
cord field measurements and other pertinent information necessary to refresh
the sampler's memory in the event he later takes the stand to testify re-
garding his actions during the evidence gathering activity. A separate
set of field notebooks shall be maintained for each survey and stored in a
safe place where they could be protected and accounted for at all times.
Standard formats (Exhibits II and III) have been established to minimize
field entries and include the date, time, survey, type of samples taken,
volume of each sample, type of analysis, sample numbers, preservatives,
sample location and field measurements such as temperature, conductivity,
-------
2
DO, pH, flow and any other pertinent information or observations. The
entries shall be signed by the field sampler. The preparation and conser-
vation of the field logbooks during the survey will be the responsibility
of the survey coordinator. Once the survey is complete, field logs will be
retained by the survey coordinator, or his designated representative, as a
part of the permanent record.
6. The field sampler is responsible for the care and custody of the samples
collected until properly dispatched to the receiving laboratory or turned
over to an assigned custodian. He must assure that each container is in his
physical possession or in his view at all times, or locked in such a place
and manner that no one can tamper with it.
7. Colored slides or photographs should be taken which would visually show the
outfall sample location and any water pollution to substantiate any con-
clusions of the investigation. Written documentation on the back of the
photo should include the signature of the photographer, time, date and site
location. Photographs of this nature, which may be used as evidence, shall
be handled recognizing Chain of Custody procedures to prevent alteration.
TRANSFER OF CUSTODY AND SHIPMENT
1. Samples will be accompanied by a Chain of Custody Record which includes the
name of the survey, samplers' signatures, station number, station location,
date, time, type of sample, sequence number, number of containers and analy-
ses required (Fig. IV). When turning over the possession of samples, the
transferor and transferee will sign, date and time the sheet. This record
sheet allows transfer of custody of a group of samples in the field, to the
mobile laboratory or when samples are dispatched to the NEIC - Denver labora-
tory. When transferring a portion of the samples identified on the sheet to
the field mobile laboratory, the individual samples must be noted in the
column with the signature of the person relinquishing the samples. The field
laboratory person receiving the samples will acknowledge receipt by signing
in the appropriate column.
2. The field custodian or field sampler, if a custodian has not been assigned,
will have the responsibility of properly packaging and dispatching samples
to the proper laboratory for analysis. The "Dispatch" portion of the "Chain
of Custody Record shall be properly filled out, dated, and signed.
3. Samples will be properly packed in shipment containers such as ice chests, to
avoid breakage. The shipping containers will be padlocked for shipment to
the receiving laboratory.
4. All packages will be accompanied by the Chain of Custody Record showing iden-
tification of the contents. The original will accompany the shipment, and a
copy will be retained by the survey coordinator.
5. If sent by mail, register the package with return receipt requested. If sent
by common carrier, a Government Bill of Lading should be obtained. Receipts
from post offices, and bills of lading will be retained as part of the perma-
nent Chain of Custody documentation.
6. If samples are delivered to the laboratory when appropriate personnel are not
there to receive them, the samples must be locked in a designated area within
the laboratory in a manner so that no one can tamper with them. The same per-
son must then return to the laboratory and unlock the samples and deliver
custody to the appropriate custodian.
-------
3
LABORATORY CUSTODY PROCEDURES
1. The laboratory shall designate a "sample custodian." An alternate will be
designated in his absence. In addition, the laboratory shall set aside a
"sample storage security area." This should be a clean, dry, isolated room
which can be securely locked from the outside.
2. All samples should be handled by the minimum possible number of persons.
3. All incoming samples shall be received only by the custodian, who will in-
dicate receipt by signing the Cham of Custody Sheet accompanying the samples
and retaining the sheet as permanent records. Couriers picking up samples at
the airport, post office, etc. shall sign jointly with the laboratory custodian.
4. Immediately upon receipt, the custodian will place the sample in the sample
room, which will be locked at all times except when samples are removed or
replaced by the custodian. To the maximum extent possible, only the custo-
dian should be permitted in the sample room.
5. The custodian shall ensure that heat-sensitive or light-sensitive samples,
or other sample materials having unusual physical characteristics, or re-
quiring special handling, are properly stored and maintained.
6. Only the custodian will distribute samples to personnel who are to perform
tests.
7. The analyst will record in his laboratory notebook or analytical worksheet,
identifying information describing the sample, the procedures performed
and the results of the testing. The notes shall be dated and indicate who
performed the tests. The notes shall be retained as a permanent record in
the laboratory and should note any abnormal ties which occurred during the
testing procedure. In the event that the person who performed the tests is
not available as a witness at time of trial, the government may be able to
introduce the notes in evidence under the Federal Business Records Act.
8. Standard methods of laboratory analyses shall be used as described in the
"Guidelines Establishing Test Procedures for Analysis of Pollutants,"
38 F.R. 28758, October 16, 1973. If laboratory personnel deviate from
standard procedures, they should be prepared to justify their decision dur-
ing cross-examination.
9. Laboratory personnel are responsible for the care and custody of the sample
once it is handed over to them and should be prepared to testify that the
sample was in their possession and view or secured in the laboratory at all
times from the moment it was received from the custodian until the tests
were run.
10. Once the sample testing is completed, the unused portion of the sample to-
gether with all identifying tags and laboratory records, should be returned
to the custodian. The returned tagged sample will be retained in the sample
room until it is required for trial. Strip charts and other documentation
of work will also be turned over to the custodian.
11. Samples, tags and laboratory records of tests may be destroyed only upon the
order of the laboratory director, who will first confer with the Chief,
Enforcement Specialist Office, to make certain that the information is no
longer required or the samples have deteriorated.
-------
EXHIBIT I
EPA, NATIONAL ENFORCEMENT INVESTIGATIONS CENTER
Station No.
Dato
T imo
Soquonco No.
Station Location
Grah
Cn mp
.BOD
.Solids
.COD
^NufrienJj
Samplers:
_Oil end Groase
_D.O.
.Bact.
.Other
Remarks j Prosorvati ve:
Front
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF ENFORCEMENT
NATIONAL ENFORCEMENT INVESTIGATIONS CENTER
BUILDING 53, BOX 25227, DENVER FEDERAL CENTER
DENVER, COLORADO 80225
' *
N
Back
-------
EXHIBIT II
FOR
SURVEY, PHASE.
DATE
TYPE OF SAMPLE.
ANALYSES REQUIRED
STATION
NUMBER
STATION DESCRIPTION
cm
UJ
Z
<
»—
z
o
u
Q.
>-
PRESERVATIVE
UJ
Q
U
0
O
o
UJ
u
<
O
REMARKS
-------
EX T
Sampler*:
FIELD DATA RECORD
STATION
NUMBER
DATE
TIME
TEMPERATURE
°C
CONDUCTIVITY
|xmhos/cm
pH
S.U.
DO.
mg/1
Goge HI.
or Flow
Ft. or CFS
-------
EXHIBIT IV
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office Of Enforcement
NATIONAL ENFORCEMENT INVESTIGATIONS CENTER
Building 53, Box 25227, Denver federal Center
Denver, Colorado 80225
CHAIN OF CUSTODY RECORD
SURVEY
SAMPLERS: f5
-------
APPENDIX B
ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES AND QUALITY CONTROL
-------
ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES AND QUALITY CONTROL
Samples collected during this survey were analyzed, where appro-
priate, according to procedures approved by EPA for the monitoring of
industrial effluents.* The procedures are listed in the following table.
Parameter
Cd, Mn, Ni, A1, Cr, Fe,
Hg, Ag, As, Pb, Sn, Zn,
Cu, Ba, Se
TSS
Ammonia
Oil and grease
(Freon-extractable
materials)
BOD
COD
TKN
no3 + no2
Total P
P0A
Method
Atomic absorption
Gravimetric
Reference
EPA Methods for Chemical
Analyses of Water and Wastes
1974, p 78.
ibid., p 268
Automated Colorimetric ibid., page 168
phenate
Separatory funnel
extraction
Serial dilution
(Winkler-Azide)
Dichromate reduction
Automated phenate
Automate Codminum re-
duction
Automated ascorbic
acid reduction
Automated ascorbic
acid reduction
ibid., p 229
ibid., page 11
ibid., page 20
ibid., page 182
ibid., page 207
ibid., page 256
ibid., page 256
* Federal Register3 Vol. 44> No. 2Z2} December l} 1976.
-------
Reliability of the analytical results was documented through an
active Analytical Quality Control Program. As part of this program,
replicate analyses were normally performed with every tenth sample to
ascertain the reproducibi1ity of the results. In addition, where appropriate,
every tenth sample was spiked with a known amount of the constituents to
be measured and reanalyzed to determine the percent recovery. These
results were evaluated in regard to past AQC data on the precision,
accuracy and detection limits of each test. On the basis of these
findings, all analytical results reported for the survey were found to
be acceptable with respect to the precision and accuracy control of this
laboratory.
-------
APPENDIX C
ORGAN ICS ANALYTICAL METHODOLOGY
-------
PHILADELPHIA SURVEY
ORGANICS ANALYTICAL METHODOLOGY
Samples collected for general organics analyses were divided into
three categories to facilitate characterization of the constituents.
The first category, 3 and 6 liter extracts, were composite samples
collected at sewage treatment plant (STP) influent and effluent stations.
These samples were expected to contain the highest concentrations of
organic constituents. The second category, 60 1 extracts, were field
extracted and composited on site so that very large sample volumes could
be utilized where organics concentrations were expected to be lower,
such as in open waters and finished water from the water treatment plant
(WTP). The final category, volatile orqanics, were collected at all
sites using the same technique since this method can tolerate a large
range of concentrations of constituents.
EXTRACTION TECHNIQUES
3 and 6 Liter Samples
Composited 3 or 6 liter (1) samples were received at the laboratory
packed in ice. Each sample was warmed to room temperature and 3 1 from
each gallon container of composited sample was extracted with 300 milli-
liters (ml) of methylene chloride (MeCl2) - The MeC^ extract was passed
through prewashed (100 ml acetone) anhydrous sodium sulfate (^SO^) to
-------
Page 2
to remove any residual water. The was then washed with 100 ml of
acetone and the MeCl2 extract and acetone wash combined in a 500 ml
Kadurna-Danish (KD) equipped with a 3 ball Snyder column. After the
volume was reduced to 10 ml, the extracts were transferred to graduated
centrifuge tubes and concentrated to 5 ml under a stream of organic
free air.
60 1 Samples
Samples were received at the mobile laboratory as 4 five gallon
glass containers of water for each 24 hour composite. 15 liter of each
container were transferred to a 5 gallon pyrex bottle. 1 liter of
MeCl2 was added and the mixture stirred for 10 minutes using a hand-
held industrial mixer. After allowing time for the MeCl2 to separate,
the water layer was siphoned off and the remaining mixture transferred
to a 2 liter separatory tunnel. The MeCl2 was drained and transferred
to a 500 ml KD and the volume reduced to approximately 25 ml. On
average, 600 ml of MeCl2 were recovered. The extracts were transported
to the NEIC laboratory where they were dried, composited and reduced
in volume in the same manner as the 3 liter extracts.
Volatile Orqanics
The technique for volatile organics is attached as a separate
section.
-------
Page 3
Gas Chromatography
The extracts from 3, 6 and 60 liter samples were analyzed using a
gas chromatograph (GC) equipped with a 10 foot 2 mm ID glass column
packed with 6% 0V 101 on Gas-Chrom Q support and a flame ionization
detector (FID). 1 microliter (yl) of the extracts (or dilutions as
necessary to maintain peaks on scale) were injected onto the column.
Analytical conditions were: injector temperature 220°C, detector
temperature 250°C, He flow rate 20 ml/minute, initial oven temperature
80°C, final oven temperature 220°C, oven temperature program rate
6°C/min.
Mass Spectrometry
The constituents of each extract were identified using a gas
chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS). The GC conditions were
identical to those described earlier. Samples were injected onto the
column and the oven program started. Mass spectrometer data acquisition
was initiated after the solvent eluted from the GC column. A complete
mass spectrum was collected in less than 4 seconds from 20-350 amy.
Mass spectra were selected on each peak of the chromatogram and
identified by comparison to reference spectra obtained at the NEIC
laboratory; Eight Peak Index of Mass Spectra, Second Edition, 1974;
EPA mass spectral search system on the Cyphernetics Computer System
-------
Page 4
or the Registry of Mass Spectral Data, Wiley & Sons, 1974. Constituents
identified are considered only tentative unless verified by reference
spectra obtained from the standard compound at NEIC.
Quantitation
After identification of the constituents by GC-MS, available
standards were analyzed on FID GC. Retention times and peak heights
of the standards were measured and used to calculate the concentrations
of the identified constituents in the samples. Comparisons were also
made of retention times to provide an additional verification of the
identification.
Numerous other compounds were identified by GC-MS that could not
be verified due to the lack of an appropriate standard at NEIC. In
cases where the identification was considered very good when compared
to external reference spectra, the concentrations were estimated using
response factors of similar compounds with similar retention times.
-------
NEIC METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF VOLATILE ORGANICS
September 1976
Scope and Application
1.1 This method is applicable to open, waste, and drinking waters
where volatile components are present at and above 20 ug/1.
1.2 Since purging of the sample may not remove 100% of some com-
ponents and the detector responses vary for classes of compounds,
the sensitivity of the method may vary significantly for differ-
ent compounds.
Summary of the Method
2.1 Volatile components of the sample are purged with helium and
trapped on a polymer adsorbant. The components are then de-
sorbed and readsorbed at the head of a porous polymer analytical
GC column. The GC oven is temperature programmed and the com-
ponents analyzed by mass spectrometer (MS) or flame ionization
detector (FID) detectors. The working range is 20 to 250 ug/1
for most compounds using FID. The upper limit may be increased
by using smaller sample volumes.
Comments
3.1 This method requires a well conditioned GC column to avoid ex-
cessive baseline drift due to column bleed during temperature
programming.
3.2 The purging and desorbina procedure is applicable to either
FID or MS detectors and is presented here independent of detector.
3.3 The initial GC oven temperature (now 170°C) may be lowered to
accommodate lower boiling components; however, some loss in in-
formation will occur due to peak broadening and decreased sensi-
tivity.
Precision and Accuracy
471 Replicate analyses of chloroform were performed at 500 ug/1 at
NEIC. Standard deviations were 0.50 and 0.006 for peak height
and retention time (in cm) respectively.
4,2 No accuracy data are available.
Sample Handling and Preservation
$.1 Samples are collected in small (2 to 8 oz) glass bottles with
Teflon lined screw caps and stored in ice or refrigerated at
4°C.
5,2 Sample bottles should be filled completely to leave no air spaces.
During analysis, the samples should be opened for as short a
time as practicable to remove sufficient sample for analysis.
Apparatus
6.1 Gas Chromatograph: Varian 1400 series or other unit capable
of accepting FID or MS detectors. Unit should be temperature
programmable and operable from ambient to 210°C.
-------
6.2 GC column: 6 ft. by 2 mm ID glass column packed with 60/80 mesh
Chromosorb 101. The column should be conditioned 16 hours at
230 C with 20 ml/mm He flow before use.
6.3 Liquid Sample Concentrator: Tekmar LSC-1 or equivalent unit ca-
pable of purging 5 ml or more sample with He onto a Tenex adsorber
column, then desorbing at 140°C from the Tenex into the injector
of the GC. Bake the trap for 16 hours at 140°C with 20 ml/imn
He flow before use.
6.4 Mass spectrometer: Finnigan 1015 or similar.
6.5 Syringe: 5 ml gas tight syringe.
7. Reagents
7.1 Volatile orgam'cs free water: Tap or distilled water purged with
He to remove volatile organics.
7.2 Helium: Zero grade He for use to purge the water samples.
7.3 Standards: Pure compounds diluted to working concentrations with
water, tightly capped and stored at 4°C.
8. Procedure
8.1 Set up liquid sample concentrator (LSC) as described in the
owner's manual. Adjust the purge flow rate to 20 ml/min with
65 psig He pressure at the tank. Adjust the desorb flow rate
to 20 ml/min.
8.2 Set up the gas chromatograph as follows:
Injector temperature: 190-200°C
FID temperature: 250°C
GC column flow rate: 20 ml/min He @ 60 psig
Program rate: 4°C/min
Initial temperature: 170°C
Limit temperature: 200°C
8.3 Attach the LSC to the GC by pushing the hypodermic needle from
the LSC trap effluent through the injector septum. Remove the
LSC tubing and push a fine wire from the back of the needle
through the point to remove any septum material that may have
clogged the needle. Reattach the LSC to the needle.
8.4 Place 5 ml of sample into the LSC purging chamber and purge the
sample for 5 minutes at 20 ml/min.
8.5 Desorb the sample components from the Tenex column for 5 minutes
at 140°C onto the GC column at ambient temperature.
8.6 Immediately after 8.5, switch back to purge mode on the LSC, close
the GC oven door and raise the oven temperature to 170°C by
switching to "hold" with the initial temperature set to 170°C.
Wait 2 minutes as the temperature rises.
8.7 Start the GC oven program at 4°C/min and the chart recorder or
mass spectrometer. Note that the oven may not have stabilized
at 170"C but should have just reached 170°C by this time. Col-
lect data as necessary then repeat procedure for subsequent
samples. 200°C is a sufficient upper limit for most analyses.
-------
9. Results
571 Table I gives approximate retention times for a number of com-
pounds. Figure 1 is a chromatogram showing the response using
this method.
-------
TABLE I
Retention Times of Selected Volatile Organic
Compounds
Name
Minutes
Acetone
1.4
Methlene Chloride
1.7
Chloroform
2.9
Benzene
3.9
Toluene
6.2
Ethyl Benzene
9.2
Cumene
13.9
-------
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-------
APPENDIX D
DETERMINATION OF TOXICITY INDEX
-------
APPENDIX D
DETERMINATION OF TOXICITY INDEX
The toxicity index developed herein is a number estimating the
relative toxicity of all the organic compounds found. Consideration of
absolute toxicity factors, such as the development of cancer or lethal
dose, was used to indicate the compounds which are potentially more
harmful than others. The toxicity index is more a safety hazard
evaluation than a clinical ecological interpretation.
Aquatic Toxicity
Data on acute doses required for intoxication serve first as a
yardstick against which to compare one compound with another, and
second, as a starting point in the design of repeated exposure and meta
bolism studies. The compounds listed in text Table 8 underwent an
extensive literature search. The column heading "Aquatic Toxicity" was
taken from the five-volume set Water Quality Criteria Data Book, publis
by EPA in the Water Pollution Control Research series over a period of
several years. The numerator indicates the number of times a separate
reference was found on the effects of that chemical on aquatic life.
The denominator indicates the most toxic doses reported, according to
the rating system of Gleason, et al,1 as follows:
CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM FOR ACUTE TOXICITY OF CHEMICALS
Toxicity Rating or Class Lowest published toxic dose
(TD) or LD^q for animals (LD)
6 - Super toxic Less than 5 mg/kg (5 ppm)
5 - Extremely toxic 5 to 50 mg/kg (5 to 50 ppm)
4 - Very toxic 50 to 500 mg/kg (50 to 500 ppm)
3 - Moderately toxic 500 to 5,000 mg/kg (0.5 to 5 ppt)
2 - Slightly toxic 5 to 15 gm/kg (5 to 15 ppt)
1 - Practically
non-toxic Greater than 15 gm/kg (>15 ppt)
-------
The specific toxicity doses (oral and inhalation) for which data
are provided in references 2 or 3, are given in text Table 8. The
number of citations addressing toxicity of one or another compound may
reflect either the duration of the period of concern over the compound
or the extraordinary recent recognition of its toxicity. Either of
these motives could cause an abundance of literature citations with
respect to the toxicity of a given compound. Conversely, many of the
compounds which were identified have not been assigned a CAS (Chemical
Abstract Registry Number) and no data concerning their toxicity and/or
carcinogenicity are reported in the literature. Hence, although the
number of references found is not a strict measure of the toxicity of a
given substance, it is indicative of the concern and attention provided
in literature. Presumably, the higher the sum of the numerator and
denominator, the more toxic the chemical, the more widespread its effects,
and the more cause for concern. Such a measurement does not necessarily
take into account the difference between species nor does it necessarily
bear any relationship to chronic toxicity which is more relevant to the
low levels reported in text Table 8. This "measure" used in conjunction
with other data provided in text Tables 8, 9 and 10 should be used
collectively in evaluating the health effects of exposure to the com-
pounds identified.
In addition, the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) standards
have been developed for some chemicals and are given in the column "OSHA
Standard." Standards were also taken from the Toxic Substances List,
1974 Edition2 and the Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances,
1975 Edition.3 The OSHA standards were rated in the same manner as was
aquatic toxicity. For example, the OSHA standard for compound number
201 (Toluene) in Table 8 is 200 ppm which would give it a toxicity
rating of 4 (very toxic). This rating system, based on a scale of 1
(practically non-toxic) to 6 (super toxic) is used to aid in weighting
the overall toxicity index.
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Suspected Carcinogen List
The column "Suspected Carcinogen List" contains a numerator from
which the four digits are summed to yield the denominator. The infor-
mation came from the Suspected Carcinogens: A Subfile of the NIOSH
Toxic Substances List.4 However, in an attempt to solve the same prob-
lems encountered in interpreting the data presented in this report, the
Suspected Carcinogens List was computer permuted by EPA5 to produce a
ranking of hazard, according to the following schedule:
The first digit, A, represents the species in which a carcinogenic
(CAR) or neoplastic (NEO) response was reported, and assignments were
made thus:
7: human
6: monkey
5: cat, dog, pig, cattle, or domestic animal
4: rat
3: mouse
2: guinea pig, gerbil, hamster, rabbit, squirrel,
unspecified mammal
1: wild bird, bird, chicken, duck, pigeon, quail
or turkey
0: frog
For compounds where CAR or NEO responses were reported in more than
one species, the highest number was assigned.
The second digit, B_, designates the number of different species for
which a CAR or NEO response was reported, up to a maximum number of 9.
The third digit, C^, was assigned on the basis of the route of
administration for which a CAR or NEO response was reported:
2: inhalation, ocular or skin application
1: oral administration
0: all other routes of administration
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Only the highest number was retained where CAR or NEO responses
were reported for more than one route of administration.
The final digit, 13, is the total number of CAR and/or NEO responses
reported for this substance, up to a maximum of 9. Because the NIOSH
Registry included only one entry for any route/species combination
(specifically, the study in which the lowest effective dose was reported
for that combination), this digit is a count of the number of different
species/route combinations reported to result in a carcinogenic or
neoplastic response.
Toxline
The column "Toxline" lists the relative frequency of occurrence of
toxic substance literature. The computerized data bases of the National
Libraries of Medicine TOXLINE were exhaustively searched, both on-line
for current files and off-line for historical files. This base contains
data on toxicity and adverse effects of environmental pollutants and
chemicals on the human food chain, laboratory animals, and biological
systems; it also contains analytical techniques.
Accessible through Toxline are citations, and abstracts where
available, from the following indexes for a total of 878,000 records,
spanning the last 3-1/2 decades of medical literature.
CANCERLINE 1963-76 - Cancer Abstracts
PROJ 1975-76 - Cancer Projects
CBAC - 1965-76 - Chemical Abstracts, biochemistry sections
CHEMLINE 1973-76 - Chemical Information on Structure
and Nomenclature
EMIC - 1971-74 - Environmental Mutagen Information Center
EPILEPSY - 1945-76 - Epilepsy Abstracts
HEEP - 1972-76 - Health Effects of Environmental Pollutants
PESTAB - 1966-76 - Pesticide Abstracts, EPA
HAYES - 1930-76 - EPA Pesticide File
IPA - 1970-76 - International Pharmaceutical Abstracts
T0XBIB - 1968-76 - Index Medicus toxicity subset
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The search logic used was broadly constructed to retrieve any references
to the adverse effects of any of the 156 chemicals listed.
p
Science Citation Index determines the apparent scientific merit of
an author's work by determining the number of times his work has been
cited by other authors. Similarly, it was assumed that the more ref-
erences there were in the literature to the adverse effects of a chemi-
cal, the more toxic it was in fact. Thus, the "Toxline" column lists
the number of citations to the literature on the adverse effects of each
chemical found in the TOXLINE.
Toxicity Index
All of these columns are mechanically summed, including both the
numerators and denominators, if they occur, to create the "Toxicity
Index" column. The exception is the "Suspected Carcinogen List" column,
in which only the denominator was included. The "Toxicity Index"
serves only as a guide to the potential hazard of those compounds found.
The larger the index, the greater the potential hazard.
The total number of separate literature references gathered in the
development of this report is substantial.* It should be recognized
that 156 chemicals were evaluated against 19 data bases, resulting in
some 3,000 possible intersections. The actual number of references
located was 606 and some intersections contained more than one reference.
* Obviously, to explore this much information in depth on the adverse
effects of these 67 chemicals would have required a report of
inordinate length. However, the adverse aspects of a particular
chemical can be further investigated by consulting the references on
file at NEIC, Denver. 6
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REFERENCES
1. Marion N. Gleason, R. E. Gosselin, H. F. Hodge and R. P. Smith,
1969. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products: Acute Poison-
ing, 3 ed., Williams and Wi1 kins Co., Baltimore.
2. Herbert E. Christensen and T. T. Luginbyhl, Eds., 1974. Toxic
Substances List 1974. U.S. Dept. HEW, Rockville, Md.
3. Herbert E. Christensen and T. T. Luginbyhl, Eds. 1975. Registry
of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances. U.S. Dept. HEW
Rockville, MD.
4. Herbert E. Christensen and T. T. Luginbyhl, Eds., 1975. Suspected
Carcinogens - A Subfile of the NIOSH Toxic Substances List. U.S.
Dept. HEW, Rockville, Md.
5. An Ordering of the NIOXH Suspected Carcinogens List (based only on
data contained in the List), March 1976. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Toxic Substances, Washington, D.C., 436 p.
6. Douglas B. Seba, Toxic Substances Coordinator, EPA National Enforce-
ment Investigations Center, Bldg. 53, DFC, Denver, Colorado
303/234-5306.
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