Stationary Source Enforcement Series
EPA 340/1-76-008 a
NOVEMBER 1976
SUMMARY OF PARTICULATE AND SULFUR OXIDE
EMISSION REDUCTIONS ACHIEVED NATIONWIDE FOR
SELECTED INDUSTRIAL SOURCE CATEGORIES
1970 -1975
VOLUME 1: SUMMARY
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Enforcement
Division of Stationary Source Enforcement
Washington, D.C. 20460
-------
SUMMARY OF PARTICULATE AND SULFUR OXIDE EMISSION
REDUCTIONS ACHIEVED NATIONWIDE FOR
SELECTED INDUSTRIAL SOURCE CATEGORIES, 1970-1975
Volume I
by
Martin F. Massoglia
Prepared for:
Division of Stationary Source Enforcement
Environmental Protection Agency
under
Task Order No. 66, Contract No. 68-02-1325
and
Purchase Order No. DA-6-99-5332J
EPA Project Officer: Robert Marshall
Center for Technology Applications
Research Triangle Institute
August 1976
(revised)
-------
This report is issued by the Office of Enforcement, Environmental Protection
Agency. Copies are available - as supplies permit - frcm Air Pollution
Technical Information Center, Library Services Division, Enviroranental Pro-
tection .-jgency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, or may be obtained,
¦for a ncrinal cost, frcm the National Technical Information Service, 5285
Port Royal Road, Springfield, Virginia 22161. The opinions expressed in
this report are those of the producing contractor and not necessarily
those of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
-------
FOREWORD
This research was performed for the Division of Stationary Source Enforcement
(DSSE), Environmental Protection Agency under Purchase Order No. DA-6-99-5332J and
Task Order No. 66, Contract No. 68-02-1325 with the Environmental Protection
Agency/Durham. Mr. Robert Marshall, Compliance Monitoring Branch, Division of Sta-
tionary Source Enforcement was the EPA Project Officer. His suggestions and comments
during the conduct of this research were most helpful.
This research updates the nationwide emission data on total suspended particulates
and sulfur oxides from selected source categories for 1975, and the associated analyses to
determine the progress made, nationwide, in meeting the ambient air quality standards
for the two pollutants under study. The initial inventories and analyses were developed
by the Research Triangle Institute under Task Order No. 21, Contract No, 68-02-1325
and reported to EPA in June 1975.* The analyses and inventories developed in the June
1975 studies are updated to reflect changes in SIP requirements proposed or promulgated
since the initial study, use of actual 1975 production data in place of projections, and use
of compliance status data available in the DSSE Compliance Data System.
This report is published in two volumes. Volume I presents a summary of the
emission inventory data and the analyses; Volume II, the detailed calculations, in
appendix form, upon which nationwide emission inventories-actual, potential, and com-
pliance—were based.
'Massoglia, Martin F., Summary of Emission Reductions Achieved Nationwide by Select-
ed Industrial Source Categories, Volumes I and II, Research Triangle Institute, June
1975.
-------
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
LIST OF TABLES ii
LIST OF FIGURES iii
I. INTRODUCTION AND PURPOSE 1
II. FINDINGS 2
A. Particulate Results for the Nation 2
B. Sulfur Oxide Results for the Nation 6
C. Industry-by-Industry Results 10
1. Coal-Fired Steam-Electric Power Plants 10
2. Oil-Fired Steam-Electric Power Plants 13
3. Coal-Fired Industrial/Commercial Boilers 16
4. Integrated Iron and Steel Mills and Coke Plants .... 19
5. Petroleum Refineries 22
6. Primary Copper, Lead, Zinc, and Aluminum Smelters ... 25
7. Portland Cement Plants 28
8. Municipal Refuse Incinerators 31
9. Sulfuric Acid Plants 31
10. Phosphate Fertilizer Plants 34
11. Ferroalloy Plants 34
12. Asphalt Concrete Plants 37
13. Coal-Cleaning Plants 37
1.4. Kraft and Sulfite Pulp Mills 40
15. Grey Iron Foundries 40
APPENDIX A 43
-------
LIST OF TA3LES
Table Page
1 SUMMARY OF POTENTIAL AND ACTUAL EMISSION ESTIMATES
FOR TOTAL SUSPENDED PARTICULATES • • • *
2 TOTAL SUSPENDED PARTICULATES 5
3 SUMMARY OF POTENTIAL AND ACTUAL EMISSION ESTIMATES
FOR SULFUR OXIDES 8
4 SULFUR OXIDES 9
ii
-------
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
1 National Particulate Emissions 3
2 National Sulfur Oxides Emissions 7
3A Coal-Fired Steam-Electric Power Plants, Particulates 11
3B Coal-Fired Steam-Electric Power Plants, Sulfur Oxides 12
4A Oil-Fired Steam-Electric Power Plants, Particulates
4B 0i1 -Fired Steam-Electric Power PlantSi Sulfur Oxides 15
5A Coal-Fired Industrial/Commercial Boilers, Particulates .... 17
5B Coal-Fired Industrial/Commercial Boilers, Sulfur Oxides. ... 18
6A Integrated Iron and Steel Mills and Coke Plants, Particulates. 20
6B Integrated Iron and Steel Mills and Coke Plants, Sulfur Oxides 21
7A Petroleum Refineries, Particulates 23
7B Petroleum Refineries, Sulfur Oxides 24
8A Primary Smelters, Particulates ... 26
8B Primary Smelters, Sulfur Oxides 27
9A Portland Cement Plants, Particulates 29
9B Portland Cement Plants, Sulfur Oxides 30
10 Municipal Refuse Incinerators, Particulates. 32
11 Sulfuric Acid Plants, Sulfur Oxides 33
12 Phosphate Fertilizer Plants, Particulates 35
13 Ferroalloy Plants, Particulates 36
14 Asphalt Concrete Plants, Particulates 38
15 Coal Cleaning Plants, Particulates 39
16 Kraft and Sulfate Pulp Mills, Particulates 41
17 Gray Iron Foundries, Particulates 42
i i i
-------
I. INTRODUCTION AND PURPOSE
Under the Clean-Air Act amendments of 1970, the States and EPA are charged
with-the responsibility of reducing the quantity of pollutants- in the ambient
air to levels adequate to protect pub?ic health and welfare!. In 1971, EPA
identified six pollutants that are deemed harmful to healtti and welfare in
certain 'concentrations (total suspended particulates, sulfur oxides, nitrogen
oxides, carbon monoxide, photo-chemical oxidents, and hydrocarbons) and
established National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) as levels to be
attained and maintained.
The' Clean Air Act amendments of 1970 required the Sta-tes to develop State
Implementation Plans..(SIP's) by 1972 to assure that the federally established
NAAQS,are'attained and maintained. In order to achieve the NAAQS, States set
specifiG. emission regulations in the SIP's restricting the amount o,f pollutants
which a.ny source may introduce into the atmosphere. These limitations on
emissions.-are designed so that when sources comply, there will be a reduction
in the ambient concentrations of those six pollutants to levels at least as
low as the national ambient standards, taking into account the increase in
emissions which occurs as a result of normal industrial growth. Two of these
six pollutants, .total suspended .particulate matter and sulfur oxides, are the
principal air pollutants emitted by stationary sources.
This report sumnarizes the results of five years of local, State, Federal,
and;industry efforts to reduce the amount of particulates and sulfur oxides
being.emitted into the atmosphere by stationary sources and points out the
remainina work to be done. Data developed for a previous similar study*,
modified and updated, are used as the bases for the analyses of selected
industrial source categories. Modification and update include consideration
of changes to SIP requirements proposed or promulgated by the States and EPA,
use of actual 1975 production data as reported by Bureau of Mines, other gov-
ernmental ,-agencies, arid trade associations rather than projecting previous
year data using growth factors published in the literature, and use.of Compli-
ance Data Systems data on degree of compliance rather than estimates from the
literature. These revised and updated data are used to measure reduction in
emissions of particulates and sulfur oxides and to illustrate the progress
achieved through 1975.t
Throughout this study, emissions are referred to as either "potential" or
"actual." Potential emissions are defined as those that would have occurred
without any controls. Included in potential emissions is the increase that
would have resulted from normal industrial growth between 1970 and 1975. In
*Summary of Emission Reductions Achieved Nationwide by Selected Industrial
Source Categories, Volumes I & II, Martin F. Massoglia, Research Triangle
Institutej June 1975, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Contract No.
68-02-1325, Task No. 21.
tSaurces of data are documented in Volume If of this study.
1
-------
some of the industry categories included in this study, 1975 activity (and
thus potential emissions) were less than that existing in 1970. This is
considered in the analyses of industrial source categories. Actual emissions,
on the other hand, represent reduced emission levels that in fact resulted
from the use of emission controls. Compliance emissions or compliance level,
a special case of actual emissions, represent the emissions estimated to result
when all plants within an industrial source category are in compliance with the
emission limitations of the applicable regulations. It should be noted that
compliance emissions are calculated using reported 1975 activity data. Compli-
ance emissions for subsequent years may be somewhat higher because of growth
between 1975 and the year of interest. In some of the industrial source cate-
gories this could be significant, especially those that experienced a signifi-
cant decline in activity between 1970 and 1975. For,example, steel production
declined 10.9 percent during this period (131.1 x 10,. tons to 116.8 x 10" tons),
pig iron production declined 12.5 percent (91.4 x 10 tons to 79.9 x 10° tons),
and Portland Cement plants 8.5 percent (76.5 x 10^ tons to 70.0 x 10 tons).
Thus, the estimates of emission prevented by Federal and State programs would
be higher in years beyond 1975 as the industries under study begin to pick up
production that was curtailed between 1970 and 1975.
Appendix A to this study describes the procedures used to estimate po-
tential, actual, and compliance emissions. Volume II of this report contains
the detailed calculations and documents the sources of the input data used in
making emissions estimates.
These estimates are useful in providing a surrogate measurement Of progress
toward the attainment of the NAAQS. They are also useful in assessing the
impact of pollution control programs on the reduction of emission rates in
specific, key industries and in identifying those industries where relatively
less progress has been made toward meeting the full compliance levels. Although
a national summary of this sort is valuable as an overall indicator of progress
for specific industries and the Nation, the nature of the results—that is,
average emission rates and average compliance levels for an entire industry-
do NOT lend themselves to direct application to a specific facility or a local
geographic area.
II. FINDINGS
The results are presented in three sections: section A, Particulate
Results for the Nation; section B, Sulfur Oxide Results for the Nation; and
section C, Industry-by-Industry Results. Since some of the industries analyzed
have significant emissions for only one of the two pollutants studied, an
analysis of the less significant pollutant is omitted for those industries.
A. Particulate Results for the Nation
Potential and actual particulate emissions for 1970 and 1975 and compliance
level emissions, based on 1975 activity, for attainment of the ambient air qual-
ity standards are shown in figure 1 and listed in tables 1 and 2.
Between 1970 and 1975, potential particulate emissions increased by 12
percent from 98.5 million tons per year to 110.4 million tons per year as a
2
-------
PARTICULATES
125
110.4
98.5
100
75
50
27.5
25
17.0
-FULL
COMPLIANC
LEVEL
1970
1975
POTENTIAL
| | CONTROLLED EMISSIONS
ACTUAL EMISSIONS
Figure 1. National Particulate Emissions
3
-------
Table 1
SUMMARY OF POTENTIAL AND ACTUAL EMISSION ESTIMATES
FOR TOTAL SUSPENDED PARTICULATES
Emissions 103 tons
1970
1975
Source Category
Potential
Actual
Potential
Actual
Full
Compliance
Coal-Fired Steam-Electric Power Plants
34,533
4,188
49,352
3,760
756
Oil-Fired Steam-Electric Power Plants
54
54
80
80
80
Coal-Fired Industrial/Commerical Boilers
4,501
2,545
3,959
1,287
401
Integrated Iron and Steel Mills and
Coke Plants
15,259
2,346
12,760
1 ,469
386
Petroleum Refineries
283
136
324
148
146
Primary Smelters
1 ,637
190
1 ,553
145
100
Portland Cement Plants
10,643
906
9,604
305
66
Municipal Refuse Incinerators
184
105
203
73
16
Phosphate Fertilizer Plants
172
24
167
14
12
Ferroalloy Plants
366
71
313
34
29
Asphalt Concrete Plants
6,998
! 526
7,088
203
120
Coal-CIeaning Plants
671
l
217
372
35
11
Kraft and Sulfite Pulp Mills
3,133
i 288
3,789
146
38
Grey Iron Foundries
1 ,320
|
156
899
62
46
Subtotal Selected Source Categories
79,754
! 11,752
90,463
7,761
2,207
A11 Sources
98,479
' 27,500^
110,339
17,000(2)
9,798
^ ^NADB Internal Paper. Air Pollution Estimates, 1970-1974.
(2)
v 'Preliminary NADB estimates provided by C. Mann, NADB.
-------
Table 2
TOTAL SUSPENDED PARTICULATES
Source Category
% of Total
Actual 1975
Emissions
Average
% Control
in 1975
¦% of
Compliance
Objective
Total Reduction
Remai ning
103 tons (%)
Coal-Fired Steam-Electric Power Plants
22
92
84
3,004
(16)
Oil-Fired Steam-Electric Power Plants
<1
*
•k
*
(*)
Coal-Fired Industrial/Commerical Boilers
8
67
59
886
(41)
Integrated Iron and Steel Mills and
Coke Plants
9
88
45
1 ,083
(55)
Petroleum Refineries
<1
54
95
2
(5)
Primary Smelters
<1
91
50
45
(50)
Portland Cement Plants
2
97
72
239
(28)
Municipal Refuse Incinerators
<1
64
47
57
(53)
Phosphate Fertilizer Plants
<1
92
83
2
(17)
Ferroalloy Plants
<1
89
88
5
(12)
Asphalt Concrete Plants
<1
97
83
83
(17)
Coal-Cleaning Plants
<1
91
88
24
(12)
Kraft and Sulfite Pulp Mills
<1
96
88
108
(12)
Grey Iron Foundries
<1
93
84
16
(16)
Subtotal Selected Source Categories
46
91
73
5,554
(27)
All Sources
100
85
76
7,202
(24)
*The national average emissions calculations indicate that no control is required even though specific
situations may exact where state/local regulation are applicable and require some control.
-------
result of the industrial growth during the period. This growth of potential
emissions made an absolute reduction in actual emissions more difficult. The
38 percent actual emissions reduction achieved (to 17.0 million tons per year
in 1975 from 27.5 million tons per year in 1970) was possible only because
abatement programs increased the overall degree of control from 72 percent in
1970 to 85 percent in 1975. By the end of 1975, some 22.4 million tons per
year of particulates were being controlled that were not controlled in 1970.
The SIP's were designed to achieve ambient air quality standards by
controlling particulate emissions to an actual emission level of 9.8 million
tons per year based on an estimated 1975 potential emission level of 110.4
million tons. This is equivalent to an overall degree of control of 91 percent.
Full compliance with emission limitations would therefore result in the control
of 29.6 tons per year of particulates that were not under control in 1970.
Emission reductions through 1975 represent 73 percent of the compliance objec-
tive for the 14 selected source categories listed in table 1 and 76 percent
for emissions from all sources.
Examination of table 2 shows that for particulates the industries that
need the greatest amount of additional control, in terms of absolute emission
reductions, to meet full compliance requirements are coal-fired steam-electric
power plants, and integrated iron and steel mills and coke plants. Each
individual industrial source category is discussed in section C.
B. Sulfur Oxide Results for the Nation
Potential and actual sulfur oxide emissions for 1970 and 1975 and compli-
ance level emissions, based on 1975 activity, for the attainment of ambient
air quality standards are shown in figure 2 and listed in tables 3 and 4.
Between 1970 and 1975, as a result of industrial growth during the period,
potential sulfur oxide emissions increased by 15 percent from 39.6 million tons
per year to 45.6 million tons per year. This growth in potential emissions
made an absolute reduction in actual emissions more difficult to achieve.
Nevertheless, the overall degree of control for sulfur oxide emissions increased
from 13 percent in 1970 to 28 percent in 1975. This resulted in a 4 percent
reduction in actual emissions (to 32.9 million tons per year in 1975 from 34.3
million tons per year in 1970). By the end of 1975, 7.4 million tons per year
of sulfur oxides were being controlled that were not under control in 1970.
The SIP's were designed to achieve ambient air quality standards by
controlling sulfur oxide emissions to an actual emission level of 26.6 million
tons per year, based on an estimated 1975 potential emission level of 45.6
million tons. This is equivalent to an overall degree of control of 42 percent.
Full compliance with emission limitations would, therefore, result in the con-
trol of 13.8 million tons per year of sulfur oxides that were not under control
in 1970. Emission reductions through 1975 represent 54 percent of the compli-
ance objective. For the eight selected industrial categories listed in table
3, the emission reductions through 1975 represent 64 percent of the compliance
objective.
6
-------
SULFUR OXIDES
50
45.6
39.6
40
34.3
32.9
.FULL
COMPLIANC E
LEVEL
30
20
10
1970
1975
POTENTIAL
| | CONTROLLED EMISSIONS
\////\ ACTUAL EMISSIONS
Figure 2. National Sulfur Oxides Emissions
7
-------
Table 3
SUMMARY OF POTENTIAL AND ACTUAL EMISSION ESTIMATES
FOR SULFUR OXIDES
Emissions 103 tons
1970
1975
Source Category
Potential
Actual
Potential
Actual
Full
Compliance
Coal-Fired Steam-Electric Power Plants
15,439
15,439
20,971
13,536
11,481
Oil-Fired Steam-Electric Power Plant
1 ,618
1,618
2,022
1 ,692
1,555
Coal-Fired Industrial/Commercial Boilers
5,529
5,529
5,131
3,530
2,788
Integrated Iron and Steel Mills and
Coke Plants
Petroleum Refineries^
197
180
173
110
25
1,537
1,537
1 ,759
1 ,498
1,312
Primary Smelters
4,845
3,580
4,629
2,965
603
Portland Cement Plants
733
733
661
661
661
Sulfuric Acid Plants
581
581
626
350
183
Subtotal Selected Source Categories
30,479
29,197
35,972
24,342
18,608
All Sources
39,586
34,300^
45,639
32,900^
26,568
^For the purposes of this study, Claus plants are considered as integral to refinery operations and
not as control techniques.
^NADB Internal Paper. Air Pollution Estimates, 1970-1974.
(3)
'Preliminary 1975 estimates provided by C. Mann, NADB.
-------
Table 4
SULFUR OXIDES
Source Categories
% of Total
Actual 1975
Emi ssions
Average
% Control
in 1975
% of
Compliance
Objective
Achieved
Total Reduction
Remaining
103 tons (%)
Coal-Fired Steam-Electric Power Plants
41
35
78
2,055
(22)
Oil-Fired Steam-Electric Power Plants
5
16
71
137
(29)
Coal-Fired Industrial/Commerical Boilers
11
31
73
742
(27)
Integrated Iron and Steel Mills and
Coke Plants
<1
36
45
85
(55)
Petroleum Refineries**
5
15
58
186
(42)
Primary Smelters
9
36
21
2,362
(79)
Portland Cement Plants
2
~
~
*
(*)
Sulfuric Acid Plants
1
44
62
167
(38)
Total Selected Source Categories
74
32
64
5,734
(36)
Ml Sources
100
28
54
6,332
(46)
*The national average emissions calculations indicate that no control is required even though specific
situation may exist where State/local requlations are applicable and require some control.
**For the purposes of this study, Claus plants are considered as integral to refinery operations and
not as control techniques.
-------
Examination of table 4 shows that for sulfur oxides the industries that
need the greatest amount of additional control, in terms of absolute emission
reduction to meet full compliance, are coal-fired steam-electric power plants,
primary smelters, and coal-fired industrial/commercial boilers. In this study
Claus sulfur recovery units are considered as a component of petroleum refin-
eries resulting in an apparent reduction in enforcement requirements. However,
the overall potential emissions from refinery operations, especially if Claus
operations are curtailed or modified, suggest that petroleum refineries be
included in the listing of source categories requiring the greatest amount of
additional control. Each individual industry is discussed in section C of
this report.
C. Industry-by-Industry Results
1. Coal-Fired Steam-Electric Power Plants.
Examination of tables 1 and 3 shows that coal-fired power plants are, as
an industrial category, by far the largest potential and actual source of
particulates and sulfur oxides in the country, accounting for 22 percent of
all actual particulate emissions and 41 percent of all actual sulfur oxide
emissions from stationary sources in 1975. Figures 3A and 3B illustrate actual
and potential particulate and sulfur oxide emissions for 1970 and 1975, and
full compliance level emissions, based on 1971 activity, under the SIP's for
attainment of the ambient air quality standards.
Particulates--Between 1970 and 1974, as a result of the expansion of
coal-fired electrical generation capacity, potential emissions increased by
43 percent (to 49.4 million tons per year in 1975 from 34.5 million tons per
year in 1970). Existing environmental programs had achieved an overall degree
of control of 88 percent by 1970. By 1975 the overall degree of control had
increased to 92 percent and had resulted in a 10 percent reduction in actual
emissions (to 3.8 million tons per year in 1975 from 4.2 million tons per year
in 1970). Translated to reduction in emissions, 15.2 million tons per year of
particulates from coal-fired steam-electric power plants were under control in
1975 that were not under control in 1970.
Full compliance with emission limitations, based on an estimated 1975 po-
tential emission level of 49.4 million tons, will require 98 percent control
to 0.8 million tons per year. At the compliance level, 18.3 million tons of
particulates from coal-fired steam-electric power plants will be under control
that were not under control in 1970. Through 1975, 84 percent of the compli-
ance level for particulates had been achieved.
Sulfur Oxides—Between 1970 and 1975, as a result of expansion of coal-
fired electrical generation capacity, potential emissions increased by 36 per-
cent (to 21.0 million tons per year in 1975 from 15.4 million tons per year in
1970). Potential sulfur oxide emissions used in this report are based on fuel
consumption and therefore do not indicate prior emission reductions achieved
through fuel switching. Because there was little, if any, stack gas cleaning
techniques prior to 1970, actual emissions were considered to be uncontrolled
and the same as potential emissions in 1970. By 1975, a 35 percent overall
10
-------
a
<
ui
>
S/)
Z
O
"b
CO
2
0
v>
1
uj
SULFUR OXIDES
21.0
15.4
FULL
COMPLIANCE
LEVEL
1970
1975
POTENTIAL
[ } CONTROLLED EMISSIONS
ACTUAL EMISSIONS
Figure 3B. Coal-Fired Steam-Electric Power Plants
12
-------
degree of control had been realized, mainly through switching to lower sulfur
fuels and by the use of flue gas desulfurizing systems. As a result, 7.4
million tons per year of sulfur oxides were being controlled in 1975 that were
not under control in 1970.
Full compliance with the SIP's, based on an estimated 1975 potential
emission level of 21.0 million tons, will require 45 percent control to 11.5
million tons per year. At the compliance level, 9.5 million tons of sulfur
oxides from coal-fired steam-electric power plants will be under control that
were not under control in 1970. Through 1975, 78 percent of the compliance
level for sulfur oxides had been achieved.
2. Oil-Fired Steam-Electric Power Plants.
Examination of tables 1 and 3 shows that oil-fired power plants accounted
for about 1/2 percent of all actual particulate emissions and for 5 percent of
all actual sulfur oxide emissions in 1975. Figures 4A and 4B illustrate
potential and actual particulate and sulfur oxide emissions for 1970 and 1975,
and also show potential level emissions, based on 1975 activity, for attain-
ment of the ambient air quality standards.
Particulates—Between 1970 and 1975, as a result of the large increase in
oil consumption, potential emissions increased by 48 percent (to 80 thousand
tons per year in 1975 from 54 thousand tons per year in 1970). To calculate
actual particulate emissions for oil-fired steam-electric power plants, SIP
regulations for those States accounting for over 75 percent of oil consumption
for electric generation were analyzed. When the national average allowable
emission rate was calculated, potential emissions for particulates were found
to be less than the allowable rate for each year under consideration. This
comparison indicates that, on the average, no control of particulates is
required. Therefore, actual emissions were assumed to be uncontrolled and to
be the same as potential emission. This is illustrated in figure 4A. Although
potential particulate emissions from oil-fired power plants are below the full
compliance level on a national basis, there may be localized problems where
more stringent local regulations may require some particulate control.
Sulfur Oxides—Between 1970 and 1975, as a result of the increase in oil
consumption by electric generation plants, potential emissions increased by
25 percent (to 2.02 million tons per year in 1975 from 1.62 million tons per
year in 1970). Potential sulfur oxide emissions used in this report are based
on 1970 fuel sulfur content values and therefore do not reflect emission
reduction achieved in prior years through switching to lower sulfur oils.
Because prior emission reductions are not indicated and little if any stack
gas cleaning was used in 1970, actual emissions for 1970 were assumed to be
uncontrolled and to be the same as potential emission. By 1975 a 16 percent
degree of control had been realized primarily through switching to lower sulfur
fuels and by the use of flue gas desulfurizing systems. As a result, 330,000
tons per year of sulfur oxides were being controlled that were not under con-
trol in 1970.
13
-------
100
x
<
LU
£
in
Z
o
t/i
z
o
vi
CO
75
50
25
PARTICULATES
FULL
COMPLIANCE
LEVEL IS
GREATER
THAN
EXPECTED
LEVEL
1970
1975
POTENTIAL
CONTROLLED EMISSIONS
ACTUAL EMISSIONS
Figure 4A. Oil-Fired Steam-Electric Power Plants
14
-------
SULFUR OXIDES
2.02
full
¦COMPLIANC s
LEVEL
1 .62
PI
1.69
1970
1975
POTENTIAL
| | CONTROLLED EMISSIONS
Y////A ACTUAL EMISSIONS
Figure 4B. Oil-Fired Steam-Electric Power Plants
15
-------
Full compliance with the SIP's, based on an estimated 1975 potential
emission level of 2.02 million tons, will require 23 percent control to 1.56
million tons per year. At compliance with emission limitations, 467,000 tons
of sulfur oxides from oil-fired steam-electric power plants will be under con-
trol that were not under control in 1970. Through 1975, 71 percent of the
compliance level for sulfur oxides had been achieved.
3. Coal-fired Industrial/Conmercial Boilers.
Coal-fired industrial/commercial boilers are located at facilities in a
number of industrial categories and plants. Emissions for the other industrial
categories do not include emissions from coal-fired boilers which are
covered here. In addition, emissions from coal-fired power plants which are
covered in section C.l. of this report are not included here. As a source
category, coal-fired industrial/conmercial boilers accounted for 8 percent of
all particulate and 11 percent of all actual sulfur1 oxide emissions in 1975.
Figures 5A and 5B illustrate actual and potential particulate and sulfur
oxide emissions for 1970 and 1975, and compliance level emissions based on 1971
activity under the SIP's for attainment of the ambient air quality standards.
Particulates--Between 1970 and 1975, because of a decline in coal consump-
tion by all sources except utilities, potential emissions decreased by 12
percent (to 3.96 million tons per year in 1975 from 4.50 million tons per year
in 1970). Existing environmental programs had achieved an overall degree of
control of 45 percent by 1970. By 1975 through additional use of pollution
control equipment, the overall degree of control had increased to 67 percent
and had resulted in a 49 percent reduction in actual emissions (to 1.29 million
tons per year in 1975 from 2.55 million tons per year in 11970). Translated to
reduction in emissions, 1.26 million tons per year of particulates from coal-
fired conmercial/industrial borders were under control in 1975 that were not
under control in 1970. A large part of this reduction is due to a decrease
in potential emissions as a result of a number of plants switching from coal
to oil and the replacement of old coal boilers with oil-fired units in other
pi ants.
Full compliance with the SIP's, based on an estimated 1975 potential
emission level of 3.96 million tons, will require 90 percent control to 0.40
million tons per year. At the compliance levels, 2.14 million tons of
particulates from coal-fired industrial/corrmercial boilers will be under
control that were not under control in 1970. Through 1975, 59 percent of
the compliance level for particulates had been achieved.
Sulfur Oxides—Between 1970 and 1975, because of a decrease in coal
consumption by all sources except utilities, potential emissions decreased
by 7 percent (to 5.13 million tons per year in 1975 from 5.53 million tons
per year in 1970). Emission reductions achieved through fuel switching are
not indicated in these data because 1970 sulfur content values were used to
calculate potential emissions. Because there were no controls such as gas
cleaning in 1970, actual sulfur oxide emissions are assumed to be uncontrolled
and the same as potential emissions. By 1975 the overall degree of control
16
-------
4.50
2.55
PARTICULATES
3.96
1.29
FULL
COMPLIANCE
LEVEL
1970
CONTROLLED EMISSIONS
ACTUAL EMISSIONS
1975
POTENTIAL
Figure 5A. Coal-Fired Industrial/Commercial Boilers
17
-------
had increased to 31 percent and had resulted in a 36 percent reduction in
actual emissions (to 3.53 tons per year in 1975 from 5.53 tons per year in
1970). Translated to reduction in emissions, 2.00 million tons per year of
sulfur oxides from coal-fired industrial/comnercial boilers were under control
in 1975 that were not under control in 1970. While a part of the actual emis-
sion reduction resulted from a decrease in potential emissions between 1970
and 1973, 1.60 million tons reduction can be attributed to the application of
controls to the process between 1970 and 1975.
Full compliance with the SIP's, based on an estimated 1975 potential
emission level of 5.13 million tons per year, will require 46 percent control
to 2.79 million tons per year. At compliance with emission limitations, 2.74
million tons of sulfur oxides from coal-fired industrial/comnercial boilers
will be under control that were not under control in 1970. Through 1975, 73
percent of the compliance level for sulfur oxides had been achieved.
4. Integrated Iron and Steel Mills and Coke Plants.
Integrated iron and steel mills and coke plants accounted for 9 percent
of all actual particulate emissions and less than 1 percent of all actual
sulfur oxide emissions in 1975. Figures 6A and 6B illustrate potential and
actual particulate and sulfur oxide emissions for 1970 and 1975 and full
compliance level emissions, based on 1975 activity, for attainment of the
ambient air quality standards.
Particulates--Between 1970 and 1975, as a result of an overall slump in
the Nation's economy, potential emissions decreased by 16 percent (to 12.8
million tons per year in 1975 from 15.3 million tons per year in 1970).
Existing abatement programs had achieved .an overall degree of control of
85 percent by 1970. By 1975 the overall degree of control had increased to
88 percent and had resulted in a 35 percent reduction in actual emissions (to
1.5 million tons per year in 1975 from 2.3 million tons per year in 1970).
Translated to reduction in emissions, 800,000 tons per year of particulate
from integrated iron and steel mills and coke plants were under control in
1975 that were not under control in 1970. A portion of this decrease is due
to a decrease in potential emissions because of reduced activity.
Full compliance with the SIP's, based on an estimated 1975 potential
emission level of 12.8 million tons, will require 97 percent control to 0.4
million tons per year. At compliance with emission limitations, 2.0 mil-
lion tons of particulates frow integrated iron and steel mills and coke plants
will be under control that were not under control in 1970. Through 1975, 45
percent of the compliance level for particulates had been achieved.
Sulfur 0xides--Most of the sulfur oxide emissions from steel mills are
the result of burning coke oven gas that had not been desulfurized and coal-
fired boilers. Sulfur oxides from the latter are not included here but are
subsumed in emissions from coal-fired industrial/conmercial boilers (see
section C.3). Between 1970 and 1975, potential emissions decreased by 12
percent (to 173,000 tons per year in 1975 from 197,000 tons per year in 1970).
By 1975 the overall degree of control had increased to 36 percent and had
19
-------
PARTICULATES
20
15.3
cc
<
UJ
w
Z
O
to
Z
0
55
10
1
UJ
15
12.8
10
FULL
COMPLIANC
LEVEL
1970
1975
POTENTIAL
| ] CONTROLLED EMISSIONS
ACTUAL EMISSIONS
Figure 6A- Integrated Iron and Steel Mills and
Coke Plants
20
-------
SULFUR OXIDES
200
197
180
173
150
110
100
50
FULL
COMPLIANC E
-LEVEL
1970
1975
POTENTIAL
| | CONTROLLED EMISSIONS
ACTUAL EMISSIONS
Figure 6B. Integrated Iron and Steel Mills and Coke Plants
21
-------
resulted in a 39 percent reduction in actual emissions (to 110,000 tons per
year in 1975 from 180,000 tons per year in 1970). Translated to reduction in
emissions, 70,000 tons per year of sulfur oxides from coke ovens were under
control in 1975 that were not under control in 1970.
Full compliance with the SIP's, based on an estimated 1975 potential
emission level of 173,000 tons, will require 86 percent control to 25,000 tons
per year. At compliance with emission limitations, 155,000 tons of sulfur
oxides from coke ovens will be under control that were not under control in
1970. Through 1975, 45 percent of the compliance level had been achieved.
5. Petroleum Refineries.
Petroleum refineries accounted for less than 1 percent of all actual
particulate and 5 percent of all actual sulfur oxide emissions in 1975.
Figures 7A and 7B illustrate potential and actual particulate and sulfur oxide
emissions from petroleum refineries for 1970 and 1975 and full compliance
level emissions, based on 1975 activity, for attainment of the ambient air
quality standards. If Claus units were considered as an SO2 control device
for refinery operations rather than an integral part of refinery operations,
1975 potential emissions from refinery operations would increase from 1.76 x
10° tons to 9.1 x 10" tons, with a corresponding increase in emission reduc-
tions under compliance.
Particu1ates—Between 1970 and 1975, potential emissions increased by
14 percent (to 324,000 tons per year in 1975 from 283,000 tons per year in
1970). Existing abatement programs had achieved an overall degree of control
of 52 percent in 1970. By 1975, while the overall degree of control had
increased to 54 percent, actual emissions had increased by 9 percent (to
148,000 tons per year in 1975 from 136,000 tons per year in 1970). This
increase in actual emissions indicates although additional controls have been
installed, not enough had been added between 1970 and 1975 to offset the 14
percent growth in potential emissions. Analysis of 1975 and compliance degree
of control (approximately 55 percent in both cases) indicates that SIP require-
ments were not sufficiently stringent to accommodate growth without an overall
increase in actual emissions. The additional controls, however, did result
in 29,000 tons of particulates being under control in 1975 that were not
under control in 1970.
Full compliance with the SIP's, based on an estimated 1975 potential
emission level of 324,000 tons, will require 55 percent control to 146,000 tons
per year. At compliance with emission limitations, 31,000 tons of particu-
lates from petroleum refineries will be under control that were not under con-
trol in 1970. Through 1975, 95 percent of the compliance level for particu-
lates had been achieved.
Sulfur 0xides--For the purposes of this report, Claus sulfur recovery
units using refinery feedstocks are considered as being an integral part of
the refinery. Sulfur oxide emissions are considered as emanating from three
primary processes: catalytic cracking, process heat and boilers, and Claus
sulfur recovery plants. It has been assumed that the price of sulfur between
22
-------
PARTICULATES
400 —
324
oc
<
uj
£
v>
V)
Z
o
M
300
283
200 _
136
100 —
148
-FULL
COMPLIANCE
LEVEL
1970
CONTROLLED EMISSIONS
ACTUAL EMISSIONS
1975
POTENTIAL
Figure 7A. Petroleum Refineries
23
-------
SULFUR OXIDES
2.0
1.76
1.54
5
FULL
COMPLIANt E
LEVEL
1.45
1.0
5
1970
1975
POTENTIAL
CONTROLLED EMISSIONS
ACTUAL EMISSIONS
Figure 7B, Petroleum Refineries
24
-------
1970 arid 1975 has been a sufficient economic inducement for the recovery of
sulfur from refinery off-gases. Thus, emissions reduction equivalent to the
sulfur recovered in Claus units cannot be credited to environmental or abate-
ment programs.
Between 1970 and 1975, potential sulfur oxide emissions increased by 14
percent (to 1.76 million tons per year in 1975 from 1.54 million tons per year
in 1970). By 1975 an overall degree of control of 15 percent resulted in a 3
percent reduction in actual emissions (to 1.50 million tons per year in 1975
from 1.54 million tons per year in 1970). Translated to reduction in emissions,
261,000 tons per year of sulfur oxides from petroleum refineries were under
control in 1975 that were not under control in 1970.
Full compliance with the SIP's, based on an estimated 1975 potential
emission level of 1.76 million tons, will require 25 percent control to 1.31
million tons per year. At compliance with emission limitations, 447,000 tons
of sulfur from petroleum refineries will be under control that were not in
1970. Through 1975, 58 percent of the compliance level for sulfur oxides had
been achieved.
6. Primary Copper, Lead, Zinc, and Aluminum Smelters.
Primary smelters accounted for less than 1 percent of all actual particu-
late and 9 percent of all actual sulfur oxide emissions in 1975. Figures 8A
and 8B illustrate potential and actual particulate and sulfur oxide emissions
for 1970 and 1974 and full compliance level emissions, based on 1975 activity,
for attainment of the ambient air quality standards. This estimate of reduc-
tion in emissions does not include emissions reductions resulting from smelter
closings as a result of State actions. Between 1970 and 1975, 18 percent of
the 1970 primary zinc smelter capacity was shut down by State orders.
Particulates--Between 1970 and 1975, as a result of closure of some smelters
through State environmental actions and decreased activity due to economic
conditions, potential emissions decreased by 5 percent (to 1.55 million tons
per year in 1975 from 1.64 million tons per year in 1970). Emission controls
installed prior to 1970 had achieved an overall degree of control of 88 percent.
By 1975 the overall degree of control had increased to 91 percent and had
resulted in a 23 percent reduction in actual emissions (to 190,000 tons per
year in 1975 from 145,000 tons per year in 1970). Translated to reduction in
emissions, 45,000 tons per year of particulate from primary smelter operations
were under control in 1975 that were not under control in 1970.
Full compliance with the SIP's, based on an estimated 1975 potential
emission level of 1.55 million tons, will require 94 percent control to
100,000 tons per year. At compliance with emission limitations, 90,000 tons
of particulates from primary smelter operations will be under control that were
not under control in 1970. Through 1975, 50 percent of the compliance level
for particulates had been achieved.
Sulfur Oxides—Between 1970 and 1975 , as a result of closure of some
smelters through State environmental actions and decreased activity due to
25
-------
PARTICULATES
2.0
1.64
1.55
1.5
.0
0.5
0.19
FULL
„ COMPLIANCE
LEVEL
.15
1970
1975
POTENTIAL
| | CONTROLLED EMISSIONS
ACTUAL EMISSIONS
Figure 8A. Primary Smelters
26
-------
SULFUR OXIDES
4.85
4.63
3.58
2.97
FULL
COMPLIANC
LEVEL
1970
1975
POTENTIAL
| | CONTROLLED EMISSIONS
Y////A ACTUAL EMISSIONS
Figure 8B. Primary Smelters
27
-------
economic conditions, potential emissions decreased by 5 percent (to 4.63
million tons per year in 1975 from 4.85 million tons per year in 1970).
Existing environmental programs had achieved an overall degree of control of
26 percent by 1970. By 1975 the overall degree of control had increased to
36 percent and had resulted in a 17 percent reduction in actual emissions (to
2.97 million tons per year in 1975 from 3.58 million tons per year in 1970).
Translated to reduction in emissions, 615,000 tons per year of sulfur oxide
from primary smelter operations were under control in 1975 that were not under
control in 1970.
Full compliance with, the SIP's, based on an estimated 1975 potential
emission level of 4.63 million tons, will require 87 percent control to
603,000 tons per year. At compliance with emission limitations, 2.98 million
tons of sulfur oxide from primary smelter operations will be under control
that were not under control in 1970. Through 1975, 21 percent of the compli-
ance level for sulfur oxides had been achieved.
7. Portland Cement Plants.
Portland cement plants accounted for 2 percent of all actual particulate
and 2 percent of all actual sulfur oxide emissions in 1975. Figures 9A and
9B illustrate potential and actual particulate and sulfur oxide emissions
from Portland cement plants for 1970 and 1975 and full compliance level
emissions, based on 1975 activity, for attainment of the ambient air quality
standards.
Particulates--Between 1970 and 1975, as a result of economic conditions,
potential emissions decreased by 9 percent (to 9.6 million tons per year in
1975 from 10.6 million tons per year in 1970). Existing environmental programs
had achieved an overall degree of control of 91 percent by 1970. By 1975 the
overall degree of control had increased to 97 percent and had resulted in a 66
percent reduction in actual emissions (to 305,000 tons per year in 1975 from
906,000 tons per year in 1970). Translated to reduction in emissions, 601,000
tons per year of particulates from portland cement plants were under control
in 1975 that were not under control in 1970. A large part of this reduction
is due to a decrease in potential emissions. The remainder can be attributed
to increased control--97 percent in 1975 vis-a-vis 91 percent in 1970.
Full compliance with the SIP's, based on an estimated 1975 potential
emission level of 9.6 million tons, will require 99 percent control to 66,000
tons per year. At compliance with emission limitations, 840,000 tons of partic-
ulates from portland cement plants will be under control that were not under
control in 1970. Through 1975, 72 percent of the compliance level for partic-
ulates had been achieved.
Sulfur Oxides—Potential emissions of sulfur oxides increased by 10 percent
between 1970 and 1975. Examination of State regulations showed that none of
the States accounting for over 75 percent of the industry had regulations
specific to portland cement plants for sulfur oxides. Since no control is re-
quired, actual emissions were assumed to be uncontrolled and therefore the same
as potential for both years. Although sulfur oxide emissions from portland
28
-------
15
GC
<
V)
z
o
y-
V)
z
0
8
1
10
PARTICULATES
10.6
9.6
.3
FULL
.COMPLIANCE
LEVEL
1970
CONTROLLED EMISSIONS
ACTUAL EMISSIONS
1975
POTENTIAL
Figure 9A. Portland Cement Plants
29
-------
2.0
tr
<
LU
>
v>
2
O
t-
V)
Z
o
55
«
5
LU
1.5
1.0
0.5
SULFUR OXIDES
733
661
"FULL
COMPLIANT
LEVEL IS
GREATER
THAN
ACTUAL
LEVEL
1970
1975
POTENTIAL
CONTROLLED EMISSIONS
Y////y\ ACTUAL EMISSIONS
Figure 98. Portland Cement Plants
30
-------
cement plants appear to require no control when averaged on a national basis,
there may be some localized requirements for control where more stringent
local regulations apply.
8. Municipal Refuse Incinerators
Municipal refuse incinerators accounted for less than 1 percent of all
actual particulate emissions in 1975. Figure 10 illustrates potential and
actual particulate emissions from municipal refuse incinerators for 1970 and
1975 and full compliance level emissions, based on 1975 activity, for attain-
ment of the ambient air quality standards.
Particulates--Between 1970 and 1975, potential emissions increased by 10
percent (to 203,000 tons per year in 1975 from 184,000 tons per year in 1970).
Existing environmental programs had achieved an overall degree of control of
43 percent by 1970. By 1975 the overall degree of control had increased to
64 percent and had resulted in a 30 percent reduction in actual emissions (to
73,000 tons per year in 1975 from 105,000 tons per year in 1970). Translated
to reduction in emissions, 51,000 tons per year of particulate from municipal
incinerators were under control in 1975 that were not under control in 1970.
Full compliance with the SIP's, based on an estimated 1975 potential
emission level of 203,000 tons, will require 92 percent control to 16,000 tons
per year. At compliance with emission limitations, 108,000 tons of particulate
from municipal incinerators will be under control that were not under control
in 1970. Through 1975, 47 percent of the compliance level for particulates had
been achieved.
9. Sulfuric Acid Plants
Sulfuric acid plants accounted for 1 percent of all actual sulfur oxide
emissions in 1974. Figure 11 illustrates potential and actual sulfur oxide
emissions from sulfuric acid plants for 1970 and 1974 and full compliance
level emissions, based on 1975 activity, for attainment of the ambient air
quality standards.
Sulfur 0xides--For the base year, 1970, actual emissions were assumed to
be the same as potential emissions since sulfur oxide emission control in
previous years was accomplished by improved process controls rather than by
stack gas cleaning. Between 1970 and 1975, potential emissions increased by
8 percent (to 626,000 tons per year in 1975 from 581,000 tons per year in 1970).
By 1975 an overall degree of control of 44 percent had been achieved. This
resulted in a 40 percent reduction in actual emissions (to 350,000 tons per
year in 1975 from 581,000 tons per year in 1970). Translated to reduction in
emissions, 276,000 tons per year of sulfur oxides from sulfuric acid plants
were under control in 1975 that were not under control in 1970.
Full compliance with the SIP's, based on an estimated 1975 potential
emission level of 626,000 tons, will require 71 percent control to 183,000 tons
per year. At compliance with emission limitations, 443,000 tons of sulfur
oxides from sulfuric acid plants will be under control that were not under
31
-------
PARTICULATES
250 —
200
oc
<
to
z
o
H
u>
2
O
CO
150
100 —
50 —
184
1970
203
73
1975
FULL
„ COMPLIANCE
LEVEL
POTENTIAL
CONTROLLED EMISSIONS
ACTUAL EMISSIONS
Figure 10. Municipal Refuse Incinerators
32
-------
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
SULFUR OXIDES
581
626
FULL
COMPLIANCE
LEVEL
1970
1975
POTENTIAL
| | CONTROLLED EMISSIONS
\////\ ACTUAL EMISSIONS
Figure 11. Sulfuric Acid Plants
33
-------
control in 1970. Through 1975, 62 percent of the compliance level for sulfur
oxides had been achieved.
10. Phosphate Fertilizer Plants
Phosphate fertilizer plants accounted for less than 1 percent of all
actual particulate emissions in 1975. Figure 12 illustrates potential and
actual particulate emissions from phosphate fertilizer plants for 1970 and
1975 and full compliance level emission, based on 1975 activity, for attain-
ment of the ambient air quality standards.
Particulates--Between 1970 and 1975, potential emissions decreased slight-
ly by 3 percent (to 167,000 tons per year in 1975 from 172,000 tons per year in
1970). Existing environmental programs had achieved an overall degree of con-
trol of 86 percent by 1970. By 1975 the overall degree of control had increased
to 92 percent and had resulted in a 42 percent reduction in actual emissions (to
14,000 tons per year in 1975 from 24,000 tons per year in 1970). Translated to
reduction in emissions, 10,000 tons per year of particulates from the phosphate
fertilizer industry were under control in 1975 that were not under control in
1970.
Full compliance with the SIP's, based on an estimated 1975 potential
emission level of 167,000 tons, will require 93 percent control to 12,000
tons per year. At compliance with emission limitations, 12,000 tons of partic-
ulates from the phosphate fertilizer industry will be under control that were
not in 1970. Through 1975, 83 percent of the compliance level for particulates
had been achieved.
11. Ferroalloy Plants
Ferroalloy plants accounted for less than 1 percent of all actual
particulate emissions in 1974. Figure 13 illustrates potential and actual
particulate emissions from ferroalloy plants for 1970 and 1975 and full
compliance level emissions, based on 1975 activity, for attainment of the
ambient air quality standards.
Particulates--Between 1970 and 1975, as a result of economic conditions,
potential emissions decreased by 14 percent (to 313,000 tons per year in 1975
from 366,000 tons per year in 1970). Existing environmental programs had
achieved an overall degree of control of 81 percent by 1970. By 1975 the
overall degree of control had increased to 89 percent and had resulted in a
52 percent reduction in actual emissions (to 34,000 tons per year in 1975 from
71,000 tons per year in 1970). Translated to reduction in emissions, 37,000
tons per year of particulate from ferroalloy plants were under control in 1975
that were not under control in 1970. A part of this reduction is due to a
decrease in potential emissions, but the added emission control is the primary
cause of this reduction. Added controls resulted in a decrease of 25,000 tons
per year.
Full compliance with the SIP's, based on an estimated 1975 potential
emission level of 313,000 tons, will require 91 percent control to 29,000 tons
34
-------
PARTICULATES
200
172
167
150
100
50
FULL
COMPLIANCE
LEVEL
1970
1975
POTENTIAL
| | CONTROLLED EMISSIONS
ACTUAL EMISSIONS
Figure 12. Phosphate Fertilizer Plants
35
-------
PARTICULATES
500
400
366
313
300 [
200
100
FULL
COMPLIANT
LEVEL
1970
1975
POTENTIAL
| | CONTROLLED EMISSIONS
ACTUAL EMISSIONS
Figure 13. Ferroalloy Plants
36
-------
per year. At compliance with emission limitations, 42,000 tons of particulates
from ferroalloy plants will be under control that were not under control in
1970. Through 1975, 88 percent of the compliance level for particulates had
been achieved.
12. Asphalt Concrete Plants
Asphalt concrete plants accounted for approximately 1 percent of all
actual particulate emissions in 1975. Figure 14 illustrates potential and
actual particulate emissions from asphalt concrete plants for 1970 and 1974
and full compliance level emissions, based on 1975 activity, for attainment
of the ambient air quality standards.
Particulates — Between 1970 and 1975, potential emissions increased slight-
ly by 1 percent (to 7.09 million tons per year in 1975 from 7.00 million tons
per year in 1970). Existing environmental programs had achieved an overall
degree of control of 92 percent by 1970. By 1975 the overall degree of control
had increased to 97.1 percent and had resulted in a 70 percent reduction in
actual emissions (to 203,000 tons per year in 1975 from 526,000 tons per year
in 1970). Translated to reduction in emissions* 413,000 tons per year of
particulates from asphalt concrete plants were under control in 1975 that were
not under control in 1970.
Full compliance with the SIP's, based on an estimated 1975 potential
emission level of 7.09 million tons, will require 98.3 percent control to
120,000 tons per year. At compliance with emission limitations, 496,000 tons
of particulates from asphalt concrete plants will be under control that were
not in 1970. Through 1975, 83 percent of the compliance level for particu-
lates had been achieved.
13. Coal-Cleaning Plants
Coal-cleaning plants accounted for less than 1 percent of all actual
particulate emissions in 1975. Figure 15 illustrates potential and actual
particulate emissions from coal-cleaning plants for 1970 and 1975 and full
compliance level emissions, based on 1975 activity, for attainment of the
ambient air quality standards.
Particulates--Between 1970 and 1975, potential emissions decreased by
45 percent (to 372,000 tons per year in 1975 from 671,000 tons per year in
1970). Existing environmental programs had achieved an overall degree of
control of 68 percent By 1970. By 1975 the overall degree of control had
increased to 9.1 percent. Actual 1975 emissions were 16 percent of those in
1970 (to 35,000 tons per year in 1975 from 217,000 tons per year in 1970).
While drastic reduction in potential emissions from decreased activity was
responsible for most of this, a reduction of 86,000 tons per year can be
attributed to the increased 1975 control level.
Full compliance with the SIP's, based on an estimated 1975 potential
emission level of 361,000 tons, will require 97 percent control to 11,000
tons per year. At compliance with emission limitation, 206,000 tons of partic-
ulates from coal-cleaning plants will be under control that were not in 1970.
37
-------
PARTICULATES
7.09
7.00
FULL
COMPLIANOI
LEVEL
0.53
0.20
1975
0.12
1970
POTENTIAL
| | CONTROLLED EMISSIONS
ACTUAL EMISSIONS
Figure 14. Asphalt Concrete Plants
38
-------
800
cc
<
Ul
£
in
in
Z
0
1
2
600
400
200
671
217
PARTICULATES
1970
CONTROLLED EMISSIONS
ACTUAL EMISSIONS
372
35
1975
POTENTIAL
FULL
COMPLIANCE
LEVEL
Figure 15. Coal Cleaning Plants
39
-------
Through 1975, 88 percent of the compliance level for particulates had been
achieved.
14. Kraft and Sulfite Pulp Mills
Kraft and sulfite pulp mills accounted for approximately 1 percent of
all actual particulate emissions in 1975. Figure 15 illustrates potential and
actual particulate emissions from kraft and sulfite pulp mills for 1970 and
1974 and full compliance level emissions, based on 1975 activity, for attain-
ment of the ambient air quality standards.
Particulates--Between 1970 and 1975, potential emissions increased by 21
percent (to 3.79 million tons per year in 1975 from 3.13 million tons per year
in 1970). Existing environmental programs had achieved an overall degree of
control of 91 percent by 1970. By 1975 the overall degree of control had
increased to 96 percent and had resulted in a 49 percent reduction in actual
emissions (to 146,000 tons per year in 1975 from 288,000 tons per year in 1970).
Translated to reduction in emissions, 798,000 tons per year of particulates
from kraft and sulfite pulp mills were under control in 1975 that were not
under control in 1970.
Full compliance with the SIP's, based on an estimated 1975 potential
emission level of 3.79 million tons, will require 99 percent control to 38,000
tons per year. At compliance with emission limitations, 906,000 tons of partic-
ulates from kraft and sulfite pulp mills will be under control that were not
in 1970. Through 1975, 88 percent of the compliance level for particulates had
been achieved.
15. Grey Iron Foundries
Grey iron foundries accounted for less than 1 percent of all actual partic-
ulate emissions in 1975. Figure 17 illustrates potential and actual emissions
from grey iron foundries for 1970 and 1975 and full compliance level emissions,
based on 1975 activity, for attainment of the ambient air quality standards.
Particulates--Between 1970 and 1975, potential emissions decreased by 32
percent (to 0.90 million tons per year in 1975 from 1.32 million tons per yea^
in 1970). Existing environmental programs had achieved an overall degree of
control of 88 percent by 1970. By 1975 the overall degree of control had
increased to 93 percent and had resulted in a 60 percent reduction in actual
emissions (to 62,000 tons per year in 1975 from 156,000 tons per year in 1970).
Translated to reduction in emissions, 94,000 tons of particulates from grey iron
foundries were under control in 1975 that were not under control in 1970. While
reduced activity accounted for a considerable part of the reduction in actual
emissions between 1970 and 1975, increased control (93 percent in 1975 vis-a-vis
88 percent in 1970) resulted in a reduction in annual emissions of 45,000 tons.
Full compliance with the SIP's, based on an estimated 1975 potential emis-
sion level of 899,000 tons, will require 95 percent control to 46,000 tons per
year. At compliance with emission limitations, 110,000 tons of particulates
from grey iron foundries will be under control that were not under control in
1970. Through 1975, 82 percent of the compliance level for particulates had
been achieved.
40
-------
cc
<
M
z
o
C/J
z
0
8
1
UJ
PARTICULATES
3.79
3.13
0.29
FULL
COMPLIANCE
LEVEL
1970
CONTROLLED EMISSIONS
ACTUAL EMISSIONS
1975
POTENTIAL
Figure 16. Kraft and Sulfate Pulp Mills
41
-------
2.0
cc
<
UJ
£
U)
Z
O
»-
w
Z
0
Zr>
v>
1
uj
1.5
1.0 _
0.5 —
PARTICULATES
1.32
0.16
0.90
0.06
FULL
COMPLIAN
LEVEL
:e
1970
CONTROLLED EMISSIONS
ACTUAL EMISSIONS
1975
POTENTIAL
Figure 17. Gray Iron Foundries
42
-------
APPENDIX A
For each industrial category, the estimated potential emissions for 1970
and 1975, and estimated actual emissions for 1970, were utilized for the
analysis. Based on an assessment of each industry's 1975 compliance status
with SIP-scheduled emission reductions, the actual emission rates for 1975
are calculated. These figures provide a gauge for measuring the progress each
industry has made since 1970. All emissions calculations were made using
production figures and estimates of pollution control factors.
Analysis of the industry categories listed indicated that they fall into
three general categories: those with a small number of plants (approximately
30 or less) within the United States, those with production capacity concen-
trated in a small number of States, and those that are ubiquitous to the
nation. The first category, typified by the primary smelter industry, is
analyzed on a plant-by-plant basis using EPA national source inventories,
industry background studies, trade associations' data, and Department of
Commerce data. The second category, exemplified by the petroleum industry
and the integrated iron and steel industry, is analyzed by synthesizing the
above factors on a national basis using data from States accounting for over
70 percent of the nationwide production. The third category--e.g., municipal
incinerators--is analyzed using procedures developed specifically for the
industry under study.
Provisions are included for the application of the more stringent require-
ments of Federal and State New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) to the 1975
portion of annual production from new or modified sources. The base year was
chosen as 1970 because the national air pollution program as presently con-
stituted dates from the 1970 Clean Air Act amendments. The 1975 data appear
because that is the last full year for which data are available. The full
compliance target levels should not be considered as representative of existing
emissions since they assume full compliance with the State regulations; rather
they are target levels that will be met when full compliance with SIP emission
requirements is achieved.
43
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO. 2.
EPA-340/l-76-008a
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESS;Oftf NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Summary of Particulate & Sulfur Oxide Drtission Reduc-
tions Achieved Nationwide for Selected Industrial
Source Categories 1970-1975 Volume I: Summary
5. REPORT DATE
November 1576
6. PERFORMING organization code
7. AUTHORtS)
Martin Massoqlia
a. PERFORMiNG OHGAMZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Research Triangle Institute
Research Triangle Parle
North Carolina 27711
10. PROGRAM ILEiV.EHT >30.
11. CONTRACT/GRAM i i^'O.
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Enforcement
Division of Stationary Source Enforcement
401 M Street, S.W. Washington, D.C. 20460
13. TYPE OF SEPOfi*" AfVD PERIOD COVERED
Progress, 1975
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
This research updates the nationwide mission data on total suspended
particulates and sulfur oxides from selected source categories for 1975, and the
associated analyses to determine the progress mader nationwide, in meeting the
ambient air quality standards for the two pollutants under study. Tht^ initial
inventories and analyses were developed by the Research Triangle Institute under
Task Order No. 21, Contract No. 68-02-1325 and reported to EPA in June 1975.* The
analyses and inventories developed in the June 1975 studies are updata:: to reflect
changes in SIP requirements proposed or pranulgated since the initial study, use
of actual 1975 production data in place of projections, and use of compliance status
data available in the DSSE Compliance Data System.
This report is publised in two volumes. Volume 1 presents a summary of the
emission inventory data and the analyses; Volume 11, the detailed calculations,
in appendix form, upon which nationwide emission inventories-actual, potential,
and compliance-were based.
17. KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
a. DESCRIPTORS
b. IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS jc. COSATi Field/Group
Air Pollution
t
1
State Implementation Plarjs i-' b
i
»
1
I
1
!
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report) j 21. NO. OF PAGES
Unclassified j 50
20. SECURITY CLASS {This pane) }!?.. PRICE
Unclassified j
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
-------
INSTRUCTIONS
'C.'"
-t .fitt '•!• "¦ -«ncft iariil)era> '• orients or. the covet of the publication.
i. ^.EcriHs.: t? r ~~(=33:ar: Piuwa?.?.
*a us? "jy er.c'i tejort recipient.
i. : /.mc r»ur7tv:.£
V't'e r.te clear'y aid criefy tho subject coverage of the report, and be displayed prominemiy. SetVo.i!!'.. "sed, in smaller
iy".s o? c?t:er.vV.: Duboidrrats it to . lain title. When a report is prepared in more than one volume, repeat th; primary iitis, add volume
i:_nbe: "rid i. j'v.de subtitle for the specific title.
5. StTOST CAV
5 ar>; report «:ril carry a date indicating e'. leas! month and year, indicate the basis on which it was selected (v.j., date of>aue. dale of
rjmrovil, dale of preparation: aXc.).
e. css/ttazAVsaK code
L'.':we elicit.
I, r: ••r:;' ii'.r-
Give R!\rr.c(.«> ;r ccnve-itionai order (John R. Doe, J. Robert Doe, etc.). List author's affiliation if it c;ffers from the rjcrfo'minp, orgoni-
: atbn.
a t-gaxszatsoh report number
frsurt if j»sr -.y-tn kussser
C:,e :h: ,i c : v cxr.'.cnt number under which the report was prepared. Subordinate numbers may be included in parentheses.
v.. c:;:",h'JMSsi
E¦_ I ~o . ac : grant number under which report was prepared.
12. ss-csjortfct: and address
fnc'ut-c zr? code.
*3. •( \"?'J C>" :v.-??.7.v Atf!? ?3?S»C"> COVERED
:-.:dica:c '.r.tz.'m fir.a', etc., and if applicable, dates covered.
u. s?0Nr;C"uns auency ccje
Leave blcr.!;.
15. SU??r-Er.!;WA:iY NOTES
inter :nfrrr>i.ti;>n not included elsewhere but useful, such as: Prepared in cooperation with, Translation of, Presented at conference of,
o pti'jir'K'd Siipci'sedes, Supplements, etc.
18. AL"7^AC7
;-,:ci'ji'e a tiicf ''00 y.ords cr less) factual summajy of the most significant information contained in the report. !t the repo;t contains a
significant bibliography or literature ;urvey, mention it here.
17. KEV 11CS-J3 AfO DOCJVEMT ANALYSIS
DE Sl'PiPTORS - Selec: from Ihe Thesaurus of Engineering and Scientific Terms the proper authorized tcrmk that identify the major
concept o? the research and are sufficiently specific and precise to be used as index entries for cataloging.
(b) tOE-'N ril ;i.RS AND OPEN-ENDED TERMS - Use identifiers for project names, code names, equipment designators, etc. Use open-
ended terms written in descriptor form for those subjects for which no descriptor exists.
;cf CGSATI 1T/-I.D GROUP - Field and group assignments are to be taken from the 1965 COS ATI Subject Category List. Since the un-
ion';: oS documents art multidisciplinary in nature, the Primary Field/Group assignment(s) will be specific discipline, area of human
cridcrvor. or type cf physical object. The application(s) will be cross-referenced with secondary Held/Group atsienments iiiat will follow
:?;c 'riiir.ry ^osiingts;.
18. r;:. stat.t.isnt
i..... to the public or limitation for reasons other than security for example "Release Unlimited.*' Cite ~ny availability to
tii.1 pyblie, .villi sddrcss and price.
19.2. *». SEWKI1Y CLARIFICATION
'/O MOT si:br>;i! classified reports to Ihe National Technical Information service.
21. r>: rvvj •-XjES
I!": :'-;mber of p '-ges, including this one and unnumbered pages, but exclude distribution list, if r.ny.
2k.
Inscit t:*c iri'-a sc'i by the National Teclmical Information Survice or the Government Printing Office, if known.
i
F.PA Form 2220-1 t!j-73) ^Reverse)
------- |