XV EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Region 6
1201 Elm Street
Dallas, TX 75270
October 1981
Environmental Inventory of 13
Counties With Known Coal
Resources in New Mexico
WAPORA, Inc.
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DISCLAIMER
The informational findings, opinions, conclusions or recommendations
expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not
necessarily reflect the views of the Regional Office of the Environ-
mental Protection Agency nor does mention of company names, trade
names, or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation
for use by the Federal government. The document is available for
review and use by other individuals; however, this release does not
signify an approval by EPA of the contents such as data validation and
planned plant sitings.
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ENVIRONMENTAL INVENTORY OF 13
COUNTIES WITH KNOWN COAL
RESOURCES IN NEW MEXICO
EPA Contract 68-01-4157
Directive of Work 21
Prepared by:
WAPORA, Inc.
8515 Greenville Avenue
Suite N-205
Dallas, Texas 75243
Federal Assistance Branch
Environmental Protection Agency
1201 Elm Street
Dallas, Texas 75270
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
LIST OF TABLES . v
LIST OF FIGURES xii
INTRODUCTION I
1.0 COAL RESOURCES 1-1
1.1 INTRODUCTION 1-1
1.2 COAL PROVINCES 1-1
1.2.1 Great Plains Coal Province 1-6
1.2.2 Rocky Mountain Coal Province 1-8
2.0 EXISTING AND PLANNED COAL DEVELOPMENT 2-1
2.1 INTRODUCTION 2-1
2.2 TECHNOLOGY OF COAL DEVELOPMENT 2-1
2.2.1 Coal Mine 2-2
2.2.2 Coal-Fired Electric Generating
Facilities 2-4
2.2.3 Coal Gasification and
Liquefaction Facilities 2-8
2.3 EXISTING AND PLANNED COAL DEVELOPMENT 2-11
2.3.1 Coal Mines 2-17
2.3.2 Coal-Fired Electric Generating
Facilities 2-17
2.3.3 Coal Gasification and
Liquefaction Facilities 2-22
3.0 EARTH (NON-COAL) RESOURCES 3-1
3.1 INTRODUCTION 3-1
3.2 PHYSIOGRAPHY 3-1
3.2.1 Great Plains 3-1
3.2.2 Southern Rocky Mountains 3-6
i
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Page
3.2.3 Colorado Plateau 3-6
3.2.4 Basin and Range 3-7
3.3 SOILS 3-7
3.3.1 High Plains 3-16
3.3.2 East-Central Plains 3-16
3.3.3 Warm Desert 3-17
3.3.4 Mountain 3-17
3.3.5 Cool Desert 3-18
3.3.6 Western Plateau 3-18
3.4 NON-METALS 3-19
3.5 METALS 3-19
3.6 PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS 3-21
4.0 SOCIOECONOMICS 4-1
4.1 ECONOMICS 4-1
4.1.1 Introduction 4-1
4.1.2 Employment 4-1
4.1.3 Income 4-12
4.2 SOCIAL 4-14
4.2.1 Demography 4-15
4.2.2 Housing Characteristics 4-21
4.2.3 Education 4-23
4.2.4 Transportation 4-23
5.0 WATER RESOURCES 5-1
5.1 INTRODUCTION 5-1
5.2 SURFACE WATER 5-1
5.2.1 Upper Rio Grande River Basin 5-3
5.2.2 Middle Rio Grande River Basin 5-18
5.2.3 Louer Rio Grande River Basin 5-26
ii
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Page
5.2.4 San Juan River Basin 5-35
5.2.5 Lower Colorado River Basin 5-45
5.2.6 Western Closed Basin 5-61
5.2.7 Arkansas-White-Red River Basin 5-64
5.2.8 Pecos River Basin 5-68
5.2.9 Central Closed Basins 5-71
5.3 GROUNDWATER 5-84
5.3.1 Arkansas River Basin 5-84
5.3.2 Pecos River Basin 5-97
5.3.3 Central Closed Basin 5-100
5.3.4 Rio Grande River Basin 5-104
5.3.5 Western Closed River Basin 5-106
5.3.6 San Juan River Basin 5-108
5.3.7 Lower Colorado River Basin 5-110
6.0 LAND USE AND BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES 6-1
6.1 LAND USE 6-1
6.1.1 Introduction 6-1
6.1.2 Land Use/Land Cover 6-1
6.1.3 Recreation Lands 6-4
6.1.4 Select Natural Areas 6-6
6.1.5 Selected Federal and Indian
Land Ownership Types 6-6
6.1.6 Farmland 6-8
6.2 BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES 6-8
6.2.1 Introduction 6-8
6.2.2 Biological Provinces (Ecoregions) 6-10
7.0 AIR RESOURCES AND NOISE 7-1
7.1 INTRODUCTION 7-1
iii
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Page
7.2 AIR RESOURCES 7-1
7.2.1 Climate 7-1
7.2.2 Ambient Air Quality 7-6
7.2.3 Major Emission 7-18
7.3 NOISE 7-23
7.3.1 Existing Environment 7-23
7.3.2 Noise Levels From Typical
Mining Operations 7-23
7.3.3 Noise Criteria and Standards 7-26
8.0 CULTURAL RESOURCES 8-1
8.1 INTRODUCTION 8-1
8.2 TEMPORAL UNITS 8-6
8.2.1 Paleo-Indian 8-6
8.2.2 Archaic 8-13
8.2.3 Ceramic 8-14
8.2.4 Historic 8-15
8.3 REGIONS 8-17
8.3.1 Northern-Anasazi Area 8-17
8.3.2 Southern-Mongollon 8-20
9.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY 9-1
iv
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LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
1-1 Coal resource data for 13 counties in
New Mexico 1-2
1-2 Rank of coal 1-4
2-1 Environmental considerations associated
with surface mining 2-3
2-2 Environmental considerations assoicated with sub-surface
mining 2-5
2-3 Typical major waste streams, resources consumed, and
mitigation methods associated with surface gasification
operations 2-9
2-4 Typical major waste streams, resources
consumed, and mitigation methods
associated with surface coal liquefaction 2-12
2-5 Common air emission control technologies
used in coal liquefaction systems 2-15
2-6 Common wastewater treatment technologies
used in coal liquefaction systems 2-16
2-7 Existing coal mines in 13 counties in
New Mexico 2-18
2-8 Planned coal mines in 13 counties in
New Mexico 2-20
2-9 Existing coal-fired electric generating
facilities in 13 counties in New Mexico 2-21
2-10 Planned coal-fired electric generating
facilities in 13 counties in New Mexico 2-23
2-11 Planned coal gasification and liquefaction
facilities in 13 counties in New Mexico 2-24
3-1 Earth resources of 13 New Mexico counties 3~2
3-2 Description of major soil associations
depicted in Exhibit 3 3-8
4-1 Labor force statistics for 13 counties
in New Mexico 4-4
v
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Table
Page
4-2 Employment by industry for 13 New
Mexico counties 4-8
4-3 Income statistics for 13 New
Mexico counties 4-13
4-4 Population counts and projections
for 13 counties in New Mexico . .. 4-16
4-5 Population characteristics of 13
counties in New Mexico 4-18
4-6 Information on settlement patterns
in 13 counties in New Mexico 4-19
4-7 Housing characteristics in 13
counties in New Mexico 4-22
4-8 Public school enrollment and
number of colleges and universities
in 13 counties in New Mexico 4-24
5-1 Drainage areas and discharges in the
Upper Rio Grande Basin, New Mexico 5-5
5-2 Duration of daily flows - Upper Rio
Grande Basin, New Mexico 5-7
5-3 Seven day low flow and recurrence
intervals in the Upper Rio Grande
River Basin, New Mexico 5-9
5-4 Current and projected water with-
drawals and depletions in the Upper
Rio Grande Basin, New Mexico 5-11
5-5 Water quality inventory summary for
the Upper Rio Grande River Basin,
New Mexico 5-12
5-6 Water quality statistical summary in
the Upper Rio Grande River Basin,
New Mexico 5-15
5-7 Water quality standards and recommended
water quality limits 5-19
5-8 Current and projected water withdrawals
in the Middle Rio Grande River Basin,
New Mexico 5-20
5-9 Drainage areas and discharges in the
Middle Rio Grande River Basin, New Mexico 5-21
vi
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Table
Page
5-10 Duration of daily flow in the Middle
Rio Grande River Basin, New Mexico 5-23
5-11 Seven day low flow of streams in the
Middle Rio Grande River Basin, New
Mexico 5-25
5-12 Water quality statistical summary in
the Middle Rio Grande River Basin,
New Mexico 5-27
5-13 Water quality inventory summary for
the Middle Rio Grande River Basin,
New Mexico 5-30
5-14 Recent and project withdrawals and
depletions in Dona Ana and Sierra
counties, New Mexico 5-31
5-15 Drainage areas and discharges in the
Lower Rio Grande River Basin, New
Mexico 5-32
5-16 Duration of daily flow in streams in
the Lower Rio Grande River Basin,
New Mexico 5-33
5-17 Seven day low flow and recurrence
intervals in streams in the Lower
Rio Grande River Basin, New Mexico 5-34
5-18 Water quality inventory summary for
the Lower Rio Grande River Basin,
New Mexico 5-36
5-19 Water quality statistical summary -
Lower Rio Grande River Basin, New
Mexico 5-37
5-20 Water use in the San Juan River Basin,
New Mexico 5-39
5-21 Drainage areas and discharges in the
San Juan River Basin, New Mexico 5-40
5-22 Duration of daily flows in streams in
the San Juan River Basin, New Mexico 5-43
5-23 Seven day low flow in streams in the
San Juan River Basin, New Mexico 5-44
5-24 Water quality inventory summary for
the San Juan River Basin, New Mexico 5-46
vii
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Table
Page
5-25 Water quality statistical summary for
the San Juan River Basin, New Mexico 5-48
5-26 Water use in the Lower Colorado River
Basin, New Mexico 5-57
5-27 Drainage areas and discharges in the
Lower Colorado River Basin, New Mexico 5-58
5-28 Duration and daily flow in streams in
the Lower Colorado River Basin, New
Mexico 5-59
5-29 Seven day low flow and recurrence
intervals in streams in the Lower
Colorado River Basin, New Mexico 5-60
5-30 Water quality inventory summary for
the Lower Colorado River Basin, New
Mexico 5-61
5-31 Water quality statistical summary -
Lower Colorado River basin, New Mexico 5-63
5-32 Water use in Arkansas - White - Red
River Basin, New Mexico 5-66
5-33 Drainage areas and discharges in the
Arkansas River Basin, New Mexico 5-67
5-34 Water quality inventory summary for the
Arkansas River Basin, New Mexico 5-69
5-35 Water quality statistical summary in
the Arkansas - White - Red River Basin,
New Mexico 5-70
5-36 Drainage areas and discharges in the
Pecos River Basin, New Mexico 5-72
5-37 Duration of daily flow in the Pecos
River Basin, New Mexico 5-73
5-38 Seven day low flow and recurrence
intervals in streams in the Pecos River
Basin, New Mexico 5-74
5-39 Water use in the Pecos River Basin,
New Mexico • • 5-75
5-40 Water quality inventory summary for the
Pecos River Basin, New Mexico 5-76
Vlll
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Table Page
5-41 Summary of estimated annual water uses
in the Central Closed Basins, New Mexico 5-78
5-42 Drainage areas and discharges in streams
in the Central Closed Basins, New Mexico 5-79
5-43 Duration of daily flow of streams in the
Central Closed Basins, New Mexico 5-80
5-44 Seven day low flow and recurrence
intervals in the Central Closed Basins,
New Mexico 5-81
5-45 Water quality inventory summary for the
Central Closed Basins, New Mexico 5-82
5-46 Water quality statistical summary for
the Central Closed Basins, New Mexico 5-83
5-47 Generalized stratigraphical section in
the Arkansas River Basin, New Mexico 5-87
5-48 Records of wells in selected New Mexico
counties 5-88
5-49 Chemical analysis of water in selected
New Mexico counties 5-94
5-50 Generalized stratigraphical section in
the Pecos River Basin, New Mexico 5-99
5-51 Generalized stratigraphical section in
the Central Closed Basins, New Mexico 5-102
5-52 Generalized stratigraphic section in
the Rio Grande Basin, New Mexico 5-105
5-53 Generalized stratigraphic section in
the Western Closed Basins, New Mexico 5-107
5-54 Generalized stratigraphic section in
the San Juan River Basin, New Mexico 5-109
5-55 Generalized stratigraphic section in
the Lower Colorado River Basin, New
Mexico 5-112
6-1 Number of acres and percent of total
acres of land use/land cover classifi-
cations in 13 counties in New Mexico 6-3
6-2 National and State parks in 13
counties in New Mexico 6-5
IX
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Table Page
6-3 Number of acres and percent of total
land area of select Federal and Indian
land ownership in 13 counties in New
Mexico 6-7
6-4 Acreages and values per acre of
farmland in 13 counties in New Mexico 6-9
6-5 Numbers of select wildlife species in
13 counties in New Mexico 6-13
6-6 Occurrence of selected wildlife species
in 13 counties in New Mexico 6-16
6-7 Occurrence of State and Federally listed
threatened and endangered species in 13
counties in New Mexico 6-20
7-1 Climatological data for the Study Area
in New Mexico 7-2
7-2 Regulatory standards affecting air
quality 7-11
7-3 Ambient monitoring data for selected
counties in the Study Area 7-13
7-4 Total 1978 county emissions from point
sources for 13 counties in New Mexico 7-20
7-5 Total 1978 county emission from area
sources for 13 counties in New Mexico 7-21
7-6 Total 1978 emissions from point and area
sources for 13 counties in New Mexico 7-22
7-7 Noise levels (dBA) produced by coal
mining equipment at 100 feet 7-25
7-8 Yearly L^n values established to
protect public health and welfare 7-27
8-1 Major cultural traditions and regional
sequences in New Mexico 8-3
8-2 Number of prehistoric and historic sites
in the Study Area 8-4
8-3 Sites in the Study Area presently on the
National Register of Historic Places 8-7
8-4 Sites in the Study Area that are eligible
for inclusion in the National Register 8-12
x
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
1 The 13 county New Mexico Study Area 2
1-1 Geological provinces of New Mexico and
coal provinces of Study Area 1-5
1-2 Areas of production in the major coal
seams of the Raton District 1-7
1-3 Mining districts in the San Juan Basin
coal field 1-12
3-1 Physiographic provinces of 13 New Mexico
counties 3-5
3-2 Sand and gravel deposits of New Mexico 3-20
4-1 Economic indicators for 13 counties in
New Mexico 4-2
4-2 Existing social conditions for 13
counties in New Mexico 4-5
4-3 Settlement patterns for 13 counties in
New Mexico 4-20
5-1 Major drainage basins and segments in 13
New Mexico counties 5-2
5-2 Principal sandstone aquifers in New
Mexico 5-86
5-3 Depth to groundwater in New Mexico 5-90
5-4 General quality of shallow groundwater
in New Mexico 5-91
5-5 General occurrence of saline groundwater
in New Mexico 5-92
5-6 General availability of relatively fresh
groundwater in New Mexico . 5-93
5-7 Principal limestone aquifers in New
Mexico 5-98
5-8 Principal sand and gravel aquifers in
New Mexico 5-101
xi
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Figure Page
6-1 Biological provinces of the 13 county
Study Area in New Mexico 6-11
6-2 Biological resources of 13 counties
in New Mexico 6-12
6-3 Ranges of five Federally listed
endangered species 6-15
6-4 Ranges of four Federally listed
endangered species 6-21
7-1 Areas sensitive to acid precipitation 7-4
7-2 Precipitation - evaporation indexes
for New Mexico 7-5
7-3 Mean annual mixing heights and wind
speeds for Region 6 7-7
7-4 Prevailing mean surface wind directions
in the Region 6 Study Areas 7-8
7-5 Ranking of ambient monitoring data for
the New Mexico Study Area 7-17
7-6 Typical urban and rural L(jn noise levels 7-24
8-1 Major cultural traditions and regional
sequences in New Mexico 8-2
8-2 Recorded prehistoric and historic sites
in the Study Area 8-5
xn
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INTRODUCTION
Over the next two to three decades it appears clear that coal production
will increase significantly as the United States strives for energy
self-sufficiency. States in the middle south will likely, due to their large
coal resources, play an important role in this production. Most coal
production will come from surface mining, although underground mining will
yield relatively large quantities of coal in some areas.
Accompanying increased coal production will be an alteration of vast
natural and manmade resources. Public awareness for the need to protect and
mitigate significant adverse effects to these resources has culminated in
numerous Federal and State laws and regulations to guide coal development.
The coal developer has the primary responsibility for adhering to these laws
and regulations. The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) along with
other State and Federal agencies presently maintains the role of working with
and guiding coal developers in adhering to this responsibility.
This New Mexico Environmental Inventory Document was prepared by WAPORA,
Inc., Dallas, Texas, to aid EPA, cooperating agencies, and industry in
identifying potential environmental problems associated with future coal
development and utilization. The development of coal is limited somewhat by
distribution; the Study Area in New Mexico includes only the 13 counties
underlain by potentially developable coal reserves (Figure 1).
This document is divided into nine chapters that provide an inventory of
existing natural and manmade resource conditions. Information used to
assemble this doucment was derived largely from nonproprietary sources and
other readily available databases. Parts of the data base are unequal
relative to depth of coverage, due to the absense of data for some areas. An
effort was made to present a balanced presentation wherever possible. With
the exception of Chapters 4 and 8, each chapter includes a fold out map(s) at
1
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SAN JUAN
SANDOVAL
J—L
VALENCIA
BERNALILLO
CATRON
SOCORRO
LINCOLN
SIERRA
OTERO
Figure 1. The 13 county New Mexico Study Area.
2
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a scale of 1:1,000,000 depicting the major features of each resource.
Additionally, there are page size graphics and tables containing specific
information for each of the 13 counties in the Study Area. The narrative that
accompanys each chapter is concise by design, and not intended to describe or
analyze the variances associated with each resource. The user should refer to
the tables, figures, and exhibits to obtain specific data primarily on the
county level.
Chapter 1.0, "Coal Resources", contains a characterization of the
coal/lignite resources of the Study Area. The origin, depth, as well as
physical and chemical characteristics of the coal are presented.
Chapter 2.0, "Existing and Planned Coal Developments", describes the most
probable types of coal development in the Study Area, and briefly discusses
the primary technologies associated with coal development. Known existing and
planned coal developments and associated characteristics also are presented.
Chapter 3.0, "Earth (Non-coal) Resources", is a summarization of the major
earth resource conditions in the Study Area. Major elements discussed include
physiography, soils, non-metals, metals, and petroleum and natural gas.
The social and economic conditions of the Study Area are presented in
Chapter 4.0, "Socioeconomics". Major economic conditions considered are
employment and income. Existing housing, education, and transportation are
presented to describe the social environment.
Chapter 5.0, "Water Resources", contains a relatively detailed
presentation of existing water resource conditions. Surface water and
groundwater quantity and quality information is presented.
Chapter 6.0, "Land Use and Biological Resources", summarizes the
biological data base for major vegetation cover (plants) and wildlife (game,
furbearers, and endangered or threatened species). Additionally, major land
uses (parks, forests, etc.) are dipicted and discussed.
3
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Chapter 7.0, "Air Resources and Noise", is a consolidation of available
information on climate, ambient air quality, and major point and area source
emissions in the Study Area. Existing noise levels for typical coal machinery
related activities are presented in a brief noise section.
Chapter 8.0, "Cultural Resources", contains an overview of known and
potential prehistoric and historic resources. The information is presented
utilizing a regional concept focusing on known sites and their orientation to
physiographic features.
Chapter 9.0, is a resource-specific compendium of information sources
utilized to assemble this document. Numerous other data sources were reviewed
during the duration of this study, but were not included due to their marginal
usefulness to the overall objective of the study.
4
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CHAPTER 1.0 COAL RESOURCES
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1.0 COAL RESOURCES
1.1 INTRODUCTION
New Mexico has extensive deposits of bituminous and subbituminous coal
located in several major and minor districts. These deposits underlie about
one-fifth of the State.
The Study Area consists of 13 counties containing known deposits of
bituminous and subbituminous coal that have been mined or have the potential
for future commercial development. Excluded are areas with minor outcrops of
coal without potential for future development. Basic information on the coal
deposits of New Mexico is summarized in Coal Resources Table 1-1 and depicted
on the coal resources map (Exhibit 1).
New Mexico is divided into four major geological provinces as shown in
Figure 1-1. Coal-bearing strata are found in the Great Plains Province,
Interior Mountain Province, and Colorado Plateau Province. The Basin and Range
Province is not in the Study Area. The rugged topography of most of the State
makes is difficult to classify the characteristics for mining by individual
area. In most cases it would be necessary to analyze the rock structure and
topography of a specific locality to predict whether surface or underground
raining would be appropriate. An exception is the San Juan River Basin where
most of the deposits are suitable for surface mining. Areas known to be
suitable for surface mining are outlined on Exhibit 1.
1.2 COAL PROVINCES
Coal deposits in New Mexico occur in two of the major coal provinces of
the United States (Figure 1-1). The deposits in Colfax County are part of the
Raton Basin which extends into New Mexico from Colorado as part of the Great
Plains Coal Province. This province continues northward through Wyoming and
Montana to Canada. Other deposits in New Mexico are part of the Rocky
1-1
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Table 1-1. Coal resource data for 13 counties in New Mexico.
XXX Total Total
County Province Rank Moisture Ash Sulfur No. Seams Thickness Depth*
Bernalillo RM Sub B 2 31 3.2 3 2.5 -
Catron RM Bit C 6 6 0.5 2 12.0
Colfax GP Bit B 2 15 0.5 6 13.0
Lincoln RM Bit C 2 13 0.6 3 7.0
McKinley RM Bit C 10 11 0.6 3 9.0 <200
Otero RM Bit C 1 12 0.6 2 7.0
Rio Arriba RM Sub B 16 11 0.9 4 12.0 <200
Sandoval RM Bit C U 12 0.9 5 16.0 < 200
San Juan RM Bit C 15 13 0.7 7 21.0 < 200
Santa Fe RM Bit B 2 7 0.8 3 8.0
Sierra RM Bit 4 7 0.7 3 4.0
Socorro RM Bit C 3 11 0.7 2 7.0
Valencia RM Bit C 7 6 0.5 3 5.0
*0ulng to the irregular topography and folding of coal seams, depth estimates are
valid only In level deposits of the San Juan Basin.
1-2
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Descriptions for Table 1-1.
• Province - indicates whether a county is in the Gulf Coast Lignite
Province or the Oklahoma-Arkansas Coal Province.
• Rank - designation of the general characteristics of the coal as
determined by the degree to which the coal has been altered from its
original woody state. Rank is determined by the heating value of
the coal (expressed in BTU per pound of naturally moist coal) or for
the higher ranks of bituminous coal and anthracite, by the percentage
of fixed carbon. Rank is defined in Table 1-2.
• Moisture - expression of the percentage of the coal that is moisture
in the as-mined condition.
• Ash - incombustable as-mined coal remaining as a solid after the
coal is burned.
» Sulfur - total of all forms of sulfur present in the coal.
• Number of Seams - subjective approximation of significant seams of
coal that are known in the county.
« Total Thickness - the sum total thickness of all of the significant
coal seams.
• Depth - general description of the distance below the ground surface
at which the uppermost significant coal seam occurs.
Since the information for this table comes from very inconsistent
sources, the following should be considered. For the developed mining
districts, the data is for coal from tho thickest scam and/or most pro-
ductive mine in the county. Where coal data is based only oil a sampling
program, the data is for the sample from the thickest seam in the county.
If there is only a nention of the presence of coal and its rank, only
this information is tabulated. When only a range of composition is given
for a county, the data in the table is the midpoint of the range.
1-3
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Table 1-2. Rank of coal.
Types of Coal X Fixed Carbon Heat Value BTU/lb
Ant
1
Heta-Anthracite
over 982
irk
Ant
2
Anthracite
92
- 972
ii-ii
Ant
3
Semi-Anthracite
86
- 912
¦6ir
Bit
1
Low Volatile Bituminous
78
- 85%
¦fi-A
Bit
2
Medium Volatile Bituminous
69
- 77?.
irfr
Bit
A
High Volatile Bituminous A
less
than 692
over 14,000
Bit
B
High Volatile Bituminous B
less
than 692
13,000-14,000
Bit
C
High Volatile Bituminous C
less
than 692
11,000-13,000
Sub
A
Subbituminous A *
less
than.692
11,000-13,000
Sub
B
Subbituminous B
less
than 692
9,500-11,000
Sub
C
Subbituminous C
less
than 692
8,300 9,500
Lig A
Lignite A
less
than 692
6,300 8,300
Lig
B
Lignite B
less
than 692
below 6,300
- The distinction between Subbituminous A and Bituminous C is based on the
weathering and aggolmerating characteristics of the coal.
'-^Coal containing over 692 fixed carbon is ranked by fixed carbon content
instead of heat value-
t Coal of this rank is present in New Mexico.
Source: American Society for Testing and Materials 1978. Specification
for class of coal by rank, D. 388, Philadelphia PA.
1-4
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GREAT
^INTERIOR
PLAINS
INCOLN
PLATEA
SIERRA
BASIN AND RANGE
Rocky Mountain
Raton Basin
Figure 1-1. Geological provinces of New Mexico and coal provinces of
Study Area.
1-5
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Mountain Coal Province and are in both the Interior Mountain Province and the
Colorado Plateau Province. The coal-bearing formations are similar in both
provinces, however, more complicated structures typical of the Rocky Mountain
Province produce more complex coal deposits in the central part of the State.
Coal deposits of western and northwestern New Mexico are less complex and
extend over a larger area.
1.2.1 Great Plains Coal Province
Eastern New Mexico is underlain by sedimentary rock of late Cretaceous and
early Tertiary age (90-70 million years old). In the northern part of the
State these strata are uplifted to form a plateau. The coal-bearing strata
outcrop around the margin of this plateau to form the Raton Basin or Field
(Exhibit 1).
The landforms of this area range from rolling plateaus to deep valleys and
canyons. Owing to this rugged dissected terrain, some of the deposits must be
mined by underground methods.
1.2.1.1 Extent and Nature of Deposits
The Raton Field occupies approximately the northwestern third of Colfax
County. Coal-bearing beds are generally horizontal, or dip slightly to the
west. Seams are nearest the surface in a zone northeast of Raton and along
the southwest margin of the plateau. The general area of the coal field is
shown in Figure 1-2. Coal is mined in two major seams, the Raton and the
Vermejo, as well as several minor seams—the Tin Pan, Yankee, Left Fork,
Cottonweed Canyon, Ancho Canyon, York Canyon, and Chimney Divide.
Raton coal is typically a high volatile bituminous A or B rank, with a
moderate ash content and low sulfur content (Tabet and Frost 1978). Much of
the Raton coal is suitable for metalurgical use and therefore of high value.
1-6
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COLORADO
NEW MEXICO
COLFAX
COUNTY
NEW MEXICO
10
MILES
20
7 < r r w
> r > <• > ij
^ M w »¦ r *
VERMEJO
SEAM
RATON
SEAM
Figure 1-2. Areas of production in the major coal seams of the Raton
District. (Tabet and Frost 1978)
1-7
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1.2.1.2 Geologic Formations
The coal seams of the Raton Field occur in the sandstones and shales of
the Vermejo Formation of late Cretaceous age (70 million years old) and in the
overlying, younger conglomerate and sandy shale of the Raton Formation which
is of early Eocene age. On the eastern side of the field the occurrence of
mineable coal is affected by the presence of volcanic basalts which overlay
the coal seams. These flows are related to the Mid-Tertiary age volcanos of
northeastern New Mexico and southwestern Colorado. The coal-bearing
formations correlate directly with the deposits of the Trinidad and Denver
areas in Colorado.
1.2.1.3 Reserves
The current estimate of the Raton Field includes total reserves of 4.7
billion tons in seams 14 inches (.3m) or more in thickness (Tabet and Frost
1978). Reserve estimates are not available for separate districts in the
field because current production is concentrated, and release of district
reserves would compromise proprietary data.
1.2.2 Rocky Mountain Coal Province
The Rocky Mountain Coal Province includes deposits through central and
western New Mexico. There are 12 named coal fields or districts in this
province in addition to other unidentified minor coal outcrops (Exhibit 1).
These fields range in size and physical characteristics from the San Juan
Basin with over 26,000 mi2 (67,300 km2) of coal-bearing formations in
gently folded beds, to the Carthage Field with an area of less than 10 mi2
(25.9 km2) of highly folded seams. Deposits of this province are in the
same geologic group with the exception of a few isolated outcrops of
economically insignificant coal.
1-8
-------
1.2.2.1 Extent and Nature of Deposits
The 12 fields that make up this province yield coal ranging in rank from
subbituminous through semianthracite in beds intensely folded to beds
relatively undisturbed. Some of the deposits are associated with igneous
intrusions that have elevated the coal-bearing strata to near the surface, and
in some instances heat from the intrusion has raised some of the bituminous
coal to the rank of semianthracite.
The coal fields described in the following sequence are located on Exhibit
1.
Carthage Field - This district is located in east-central Soccorro County
on the margin of an extensively faulted south plunging fold. There are
two seams; the significant seam is up to 6 feet (1.8 meters) thick and
occurs near the base of the Mesaverde Group. The deposits extend over an
area of about 10 mi2 (25.9 km2). Coal in this field is generally
high-volatile bituminous C.
Cerrillos Field - The Cerrillos Field is situated in the west-central part
of Santa Fe County in the foothills of the Ortiz Mountains. Coal-bearing
strata from 3 to 6 feet (0.9 to 1.8 meters) thick are found in the lower
part of the Mesaverde Group. The seams are named (from lower to upper)
Cook and White, Peacock, and White Ash. The field is in a complex area of
downfolding and faulting intruded by dikes of igneous rock. Some of the
bituminous coal near the igneous intrusions is altered to a semianthracite
rank.
Datil Mountain Field - This field is located near the junction of Socorra,
Catron, and Valencia counties in the west-central part of the State. The
coal seams are from 3 to 5 feet (0.9 to 1.5 meters) thick and are located
near the base of the Mesaverde Group. The geologic structure is
complicated by extensive folding and faulting with associated igneous
intrusions. The coal is subbituminous and bituminous rank.
1-9
-------
Engle Field - The Engle Field is located in east-central Sierra County and
contains thin seams, 1 to 2 feet (0.3 to 0.6 meter) thick, of bituminous
coal. The seams dip rather steeply so that depth to the coal increases
from west to east. The coal is from the lower part of the Mesaverde
Group.
Hagen Field - The Hagan Field is located in southeastern Sandoval County
just west of the Cerillo3 Field. Seams are of high-volatile bituminous C
coal from 3 to 5 feet (0.9 to 1.5 meters) thick, and are located in the
lower part of the Mesaverde Group. The geological structure is complex
with numerous faults in coal-bearing beds.
Jornada del Muerto Field - This field is located in eastern Socorro County
to the northwest of the Carthage Field. Lenticular seams of high-volatile
bituminous C coal up to 3 feet (0.9 meter) in thickness occur in beds
similar in composition and geology to those in the Carthage Field. The
extent of the southern part of the deposit is not determined.
Rio Fuerco Field - This field is located in western Bernalillo County and
southwestern Sandoval County. Seams of bituminous coal from 2 to 3 feet
(0.5 to 0.9 meter) thick occur in steeply dipping blocks in a complex
faulted strata. The field is also considered an outlying member of fields
of the San Juan Basin located to the west.
Salt Lake Field - The Salt Lake Field, located near the Arizona border in
Catron and Valencia counties is less well known than other coal fields due
to minimal development. Coal seams from 4 to 5 feet (1.2 to 1.5 meters)
thick are reported in the area.
San Juan Basin Field - This large field of more than 26,000 mi^ (67,300
km^) is subdivided into 19 districts for purposes of mine designations.
In this field, coal is mined from strata of both the Fruitland Group and
the Mesaverde Group. Much of the coal is within a shallow depth zone
suitable for surface mining (Exhibit 1).
1-10
-------
Districts in the New Mexico portion of the field are shown in Figure 1-3
and listed as follows:
• Fruitland Group
—Basti
—Fruitland
—Navaho
—Star Lake
Mesaverde Group
—Barker Creek
—Chaco Canyon
—Chacon Mesa
—Grown Point
—Gallup
—New Comb
—San Mateo
—Standing Rock
—Taylor Mountain
—Tierra Amarilla
—Toadlena
—Zini
—Hogback
—Lavantera
Sierra Blanca Field - This field is located in southwestern Lincoln County
and northern Otero County. It contains high volatile bituminous C coal in
seams of the Mesaverde Group that dip at angles of up to 15°. Numerous
folds and faults make mining of the coal difficult. Although the seams are
up to 7 feet (2.1 meters) thick in some areas, most contain large bodies
of sand.
Tierra Amarilla Field - This field is located to the east of the San Juan
Basin Field and is sometimes considered part of the San Juan Field. The
deposits of subbituminous coal are in an outlying portion of the Mesaverde
Group located in the Tierra Amarilla area of Rio Arriba County. The seam
lies under a small mountain where deposits are exposed around the
periphery. The individual coal seams vary in thickness over comparatively
short distances, making mining somewhat unpredictable.
Tijeras Field - This small field is located in an isolated block of the
Mesaverde Group in the Sandia Mountains of eastern Bernalillo County.
Seams of bituminous coal from 1 to 3 feet (0.3 to 0.9 meter) thick are
folded to high inclination. The coal-bearing beds are in the lower part
of the Mesaverde Group.
1-11
-------
•hooback
f (Kmv) FIEL
FRUITL AHD
(Kf) AREA
AZTEC
' FMMINSTON
SAN JUAN
In" H NAVAJO
I =£ /I FIELD
S
An
I0\ X,:'U;
I TOAOLENA^4
I (Kmfc) AREA
~7NEWCOMB[ Krrifu) AREA
•IfTI (Kf) AREA
\
VftAtl.ti)
'iy**QWid *A. / «
MONERO
(Kmv) FIELD
T1ERRA AMARILLA
RIO ARRIBA
(Km*) FIELD l
STAN LAKE
(Kf)l AREA
LA VENTANA I
(Kmv) FIELD
WHJit
SANDOVAL
%
NT. TAYLOR
(Km) AREA
% Mckinley
\
I
iZUNI
(Kay) AREA
VALENCIA
MT.
.TAYLOR,
QRIO RUERCO
TKwv) AREA
iry BERNALILLO
S. KT. TAYLOR^/' "
(Kot) AREA
UJ
u_
z
<
CO
ALBUQUERQUE
Figure 1-3. Mining Districts in the San Juan Basin Coal Field.
(Shomaker and Whyte 1977)
1-12
-------
1.2.2.2 Geological Formations
The coal deposits of the Rocky Mountain Province are present in two rock
strata of late Cretaceous age (90 to 70 million years old). The Mesaverde
Group is a sequence of sandstone, shale, and limestone, combined with seams of
coal that occur throughout the State (Figure 1-1). Most coal in the San Juan
Field, and virtually all of the coal in the other fields of this province,
occur in these strata. The most important coal-bearing strata of the
Mesaverde Group is the Crevasse Canyon Formation in the southern and
southwestern fields, and the Menefee Formation in the northwestern field. In
the central part of the San Juan Field there are major coal deposits of the
Fruitland Formation which occur above the Mesaverde Group. The location of the
coal formations and mining districts in the San Juan Basin are shown in Figure
1-3.
1.2.2.3 Reserves
The estimated coal reserves for New Mexico are presented in the following
list of coal fields. Reserves are estimates of the coal present in seams more
than 14 inches (0.3 meter) thick and within 3,000 feet (909 meters) of the
surface. Sizeable areas with coal seam within 200 feet (60 meters) of the
surface and suitable for surface mining are shown in Exhibit 1. The following
data were derrived from Tabet and Frost (1978), Beaumont and Kottlowski
(1971), and the US Geological Survey (PACER data 1980).
Coal Field Reserves in Millions of Tons
Carthage Not established
Cerrillos 53.2
Datil Mountain More than 1,000
Engle Field Not established
Hagan 17.3
Jornada del Muerto Not established
Rio Puerco Not established
1-13
-------
Coal Field
Reserves in Millions of Tons
Salt Lake 320.0
San Juan Basin
Fruitland Formation 248,810.0
Mesaverde Group 33,928.0
Total 282,738.0
Sierra Blanca 1,600.0
Tierra Amarilla 3.4
Tijeras 1.6
1-14
-------
PAGE NOT
AVAILABLE
DIGITALLY
-------
CHAPTER 2.0 EXISTING AND PLANNED COAL DEVELOPMENT
-------
2.0 COAL DEVELOPMENTS
2.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents an overview of coal development as it exists and is
expected to develop in the near future. The discussion examines the three most
probable forms of lignite and bituminous coal development (coal mines, coal-
fired electric generating facilities, and coal gasification and liquefaction
facilities) in the Study Area. A brief description of each technology, in-
cluding pertinent environmental considerations are presented. All known exist-
ing and planned coal developments are documented.
The primary limitations to the information presented in this chapter are:
• the necessity of timely response by industry to requests for
information;
o the desire of industry to maintain confidentiality about
existing and planned operations;
• the desire of State regulatory agencies to respect industry
confidentiality; and
• the varying stages of development of planned facilities.
2.2 TECHNOLOGY OF COAL DEVELOPMENT
There are three predominant categories of coal development: coal mines,
including surface and subsurface mines, coal-fired electric generating
facilities, and coal gasification and liquefaction facilities. Section 2.2
contains a generalized outline of each development found in the Study Area,
including associated environmental considerations. Typical environmental
effects and mitigation measures are also included. The level of information
presented is appropriate for drawing generalized conclusions about potential
areas of environmental concern during preliminary project planning.
2-1
-------
2.2.1 Coal Mines
In New Mexico, coal is either bituminous or subbituminous rather than
lignite. Some bituminous mines, especially in the Raton Field, produce
metallurgical grade coal. Both surface mining and sub-surface mining methods
are utilized in New Mexico.
2.2.1.1 Surface Mining
Surface coal mines are classified as area mining, (a) conventional or (b)
mountain top removal; contour raining, (a) box cut or (b) block, cut; or open
pit mining.
The following activities are generally uniform and common to all surface
mining operations, differing only in procedural sequence among mining systems.
• clearing
• surface water diversion
• drilling and blasting
• overburden stripping & storage
• dewatering
o coal loading and transportation
• coal processing
• topsoil and overburden replacement
• revegetation
• reclamation and maintenance
Typical consumed resources, waste streams, environmental effects, and
mitigation measures for each surface mining activity are included in Table
2-1. Revegetation, reclamation, nd maintenance are not included as separate
operations because they are considered mitigation measures.
2-2
-------
Table 2-1. Environmental considerations associated with surface mining.
Operation Resources Consu»ed Waste Streams
Effects Mitigation
Decreased habitat, in- Reclamation, incremen-
creased TSS in receiv- tal clearing
ing stream, temporarily
decreased air quality
Habitat alteration, in- Reclamation, stream
creased TSS In stream, slope stablization
temporarily decreased
air quality
Clearing
Surface water diversion
Drilling & blasting
Stripping and 6torage
Dewatering
Coal loading &
transportation
Coal processing
Topsoil & overburden
replacement
Equipment, fuel, labor,
timber, habitat
Equipment, fuel, labor,
habitat
Equipment, fuel, labor,
land use
Equipment, fuel, labor,
water (minimal)
Equipment, fuel, labor
Equipment, fuel, labor
Equipment, fuel, labor
Equipment, fuel, labor
Fugitive dust, trees,
brush, equipment ex-
haust , runoff
Stream sediment, equip-
ment exhaust, fugitive
dust
Noise, fugitive dust
Runoff, fugitive dust,
equipment exhaust, run-
off treatment sludge
Drainage, treatment
sludge
Vehicle emission, noise,
fugitive dust
Solid waste, wastewater,
storage pile runoff,
noise, fugitive dust,
air etnluslons
Fugitive dust, equip-
ment emissions
Increased TSP, increas-
ed noise
Erosion, increased TSS
and altered pH In
receiving streams, in-
creased TSP
Increased TSS and
altered pH in receiv-
ing stream
Increased TSP and
vehicle emissions
Increased TSS i alter-
ed pH in receiving
stream, decreased air
quality
Altered infiltration,
altered runoff, in-
creased TSS & altered
pH in receiving stream
Locate away from popu-
lated areas
Runon diversion, runoff
collection, runoff
treatment, spraying
water
Drainage treatment
(sedimentation, neu-
tralization) , sludge
dewatering and disposal
Dust suppression,
emission control, haul
distance minimization
Runoff interception &
treatment, air pollution
control equipment
Segregate horizons,
revegetation, water
spraying
TSS - Total Suspended Solids
TSP - Total Suspended Particulate
-------
2.2.1.2 Subsurface Mining
Subsurface coal mines are classified as:
1. Conventional Mining
(a) Room and pillar
(b) Longwall
(c) Shortwall
2. Continuous Mining
(a) Room and pillar
(b) Longwall
(c) Shortwall
There are five basic activities associated with subsurface mining:
• Cutting
• Drilling
• Blasting
• Loading and hauling
• Roof bolting
In conventional mining, all five activities are carried out separately. In
continuous mining, the first four activities are carried out in one step.
Table 2-2 includes typical subsurface mining operations, resources
consumed, waste streams, effects, and mitigation measures. Many of the
operations occur underground and do not affect the environment to the extent
of corresponding surface mining operations.
2.2.2 Coal-fired Electric Generating Facilities
Coal-fired electric generating facilities in New Mexico are bituminous
coal burning. The qualities and proportions of constituents of waste streams
may vary among facilities, but in general, waste streams and waste stream
components are similar.
2-4
-------
Table 2-2. Environmental consideration associated with sub-surface raining.
Operation
Resources Consulted
Waste Streams
Cutting
Equipment, fuel, labor Fugitive dust, equip-
ment emissions
Above ground coal
transportation
Equipment, fuel, labor
Fugitive dust, vehicle
emissions, noise
Coal storage
Equipment, fuel, labor Runoff
Coal processing
Equipment, fuel, labor
Solid waste, waste-
water, noise, storage
pile runoff, fugitive
dust
Dewatering
Equipment, fuel, labor
Drainage, treatment
sludge
?ost mining drainage
Drainage
General
TSS - Total Suspended Solids
TSP - Total Suspended Particulate
Effects
Mitigation
Increased TSP & equip-
ment emissions, in-
creased noise
Increased TSP & other
vehicle emissions
Increased TSS & alter-
ed pH in receiving
stream
Increased TSS & alter-
ed pH in receiving
stream, increased air
emissions
Locate away from
populated areas,
spray water
Dust suppression,
emission control,
haul distance
minimization
Runon diversion,
runoff collection,
runoff treatment
Air pollution con- •
trol runoff collect-
ion & treatment
Increased TSS & alter-
pH in receiving stream
Increased TSS & alter-
ed pH in receiving
stream
Subsidence of land
surface
Wastewater treat-
ment sludge de-
watering & disposal
Drainage collection
& treatment, seal-
ing abandoned mines
Adequate roof
support
-------
Liquid Wastes
sanitary waste
boiler blowdown
organic metal cleaning waste
inorganic metal cleaning waste
demineralizer waste
cooling tower blowdown
condensate polisher waste
fuel storage pile runoff
lime/limestone storage pile runoff
process area runoff
ash quench water
laboratory wastes
waste oils, hydraulic fluids
preoperational boiler cleaning waste
Air Emissions
fugitive dust
total suspended particulate
S0X
N0X
HC
CO
metals
Solid Wastes
treatment sludges
flue gas desulfurization sludge
fly ash
bottom ash
economizer ash
Liquid waste treatment systems at electric generating facilities depend on
the waste characteristics which are affected by raw intake water quality, fuel
characteristics, water quality of the receiving water body, and process
configuration at the facility. Typical air emission control equipment includes
wet lime or limestone flue gas desulfurization scrubbers, or hot or cold side
electrostatic precipitators for particulate removal. Solid wastes typically
are landfilled when appropriate, or disposed of by contract waste disposers.
Condenser water cooling systems are environmentally significant. Common
systems include impoundments (lakes or ponds) and cooling towers (wet or dry).
2-6
-------
Materials consumed in significant quantities during construction and
operation of an electric generating facility are listed below.
• Construction materials
• Labor
• Energy
• Water
• Land area
• Coal
• Lime or limestone
• Chemical substances
• Equipment
2.2.3 Coal Gasification and Liquefaction Facilities
There are dozens of coal gasification and liquefaction technologies
currently under development. The processes can be categorized generically as
(1) in-situ, where the coal is gasified or liquefied in-place underground
without first being mined, and (2) above ground where the coal is mined,
processed, and then gasified or liquefied.
2.2.3.1 Gasification
Some of the more common above ground gasification processes are the Lurgi
Process, the Koppers-Totzek Process, the Winkler Process, and the Texaco
Gasifier Process. All produce low/intermediate-Btu gas or high-Btu gas. The
product gas contains varying concentrations of methane, hydrogen, and carbon
monoxide. Gasifier reactors produce low-Btu gas from coal and steam. In a
hydrogasifier, coal, steam, and hydrogen react to produce intermediate-Btu
gas. A devolitization reactor is very similar to a hydrogasifier. Heat must
be added to all three systems. A typical gasification operation would include
the following process units:
• gasification
• shift conversion
• gas cooling
• gas purification
• methanation
• gas compression and drying
• byproduct recovery (organic, liquids, ammonia sulfur)
2-7
-------
Table 2-3 includes the typical waste streams and treatment methods
associated with non-in-situ gasification. Waste streams associated with coal
processing prior to gasification are similar to those discussed in Section
2.2.1.1.
In-situ gasification takes place underground. Reaction gases are injected
through an injection well into a coal deposit where gasification takes place.
Product gas is removed from the ground through a production well in another
part of the deposit.
A major environmental effect of in-situ gasification is potential
groundwater pollution. Volatile organics vaporize, sweep through the
gasification zone, and condense on coal, land, clay, and rock. Trace elements
(e.g., Hg, Cd, Pb, and B) remain in ash or condense on surrounding materials.
As groundwater levels are reestablished after gasification, these organics and
trace elements can pollute groundwater.
Subsidence from in-situ gasification can seriously affect groundwater
resources and modify area topography. Fractures created in overlying strata
can decrease groundwater quality and quantity causing contamination and loss.
Rock fracturing and subsidence may be prevented by designing the size, shape,
and spacing of cavities to provide adequate natural support, or by providing
additional support to cavities.
Less data are available on air pollution from in-situ gasification than on
water pollution and land subsidence. It has been assumed that control
technology for cleaning gas streams from in-situ gasification processes will
be directly transferable from above-ground gasification technology (USEPA
1980f).
2.2.3.2 Liquefaction
All liquefaction processes produce liquids by yielding a material having
higher hydrogen content than coal. Hydrogen content can be increased by either
2-8
-------
Table 2-3. Typical major waste streams, resources consumed, and mitigation methods associated with
surface gasification operations.
Operation
Coal processing
Gasification
Shift conversion
Gas cooling
Gas purification
Methanation
Gas compression
and drying
Resources Consumed
Waste Streams
Mitigation
Equipment, fuel,
labor, water
Fugitive dust, rocks,
debris, storage pile
runoff
Cylones, spraying water, bag filters,
runoff neutralization and sedimentation
Equipment, fuel,
labor, water,
reaction gases
Equipment, fuel,
labor, catalysts,
water
Wastewater (NHj,
phenols, cyanide),
tar, char, ash,
stack gases
Acid gas, waste-
water, spent
catalysts
Various wastewater treatment processes,
reuse, utilization of tar and char by
combustion or gasification, dewater and
landfill ash, lime or limestone stack
gas scrubbing
Sulfur recovery, various wastewater
treatment processes, catalyst recovery
Equipment, water
Purifying media,
equipment, fuel,
labor
Blowdown, waste
heat
Blowdown neutralization and sedimentation,
waste heat recovery
Spent media, sludge Treatment, disposal
Equipment, fuel, Wastewater
labor, catalyst,
water, reaction
gases
Equipment, fuel. Wastewater
labor
Reuse as boiler feed water
Treatment and disposal or reuse
By-product recovery Catalyst, equip-
ment, labor, fuel
Spent catalyst,
waste heat, tail
gases
Oxidation and disposal of catalyst,
waste heat recovery, air emission
treatment
-------
Table 2-3. Typical major waste screams, resources consumed, and mitigation methods associated with
surface gasification operations (concluded).
Operation
Auxiliary operations
Oxygen generation
Waste treatment
Transportation
Runoff
Other
Resources Consumed
Equipment, fuel,
labor
Treatment chemi-
cals, equipment,
labor, fuel
Equipment, labor,
fuel
Soil
Hater
Waste Streams
Stack gas (nitrogen)
Sludge, effluent
Fugitive dust,
vehicle emissions
Wastewater (sus-
pended sediments,
organics, oil)
Sanitary waste
Mitigation
Sludge treatment and disposal, effluent
discharge or reuse
Roadway maintenance, emission control
Neutralization, sedimentation, oxidation,
oil separation
Biological oxidation, other treatment
methods
Source: USEPA. 1978. Environmental review of synthetic fuels. Research Triangle Park NC, 3 (4): 15 p.
-------
adding hydrogen to the coal or stripping the hydrogen-rich components from the
coal, depending on the process. Typical unit processes include:
• coal preparation
• hydrogenation
• pyrolysis/hydrocarbonization
• hydrotreating
• catalytic synthesis
• supercritical gas extraction
• phase separation
• fractionation
• acid gas removal
• hydrogen-synthesis gas-generation (USEPA, Office of Research and
Development 1978)
Not all liquefaction systems require all the above processes. Table 2-4
includes unit processes, typical resources consumed, typical waste streams,
and typical environmental effects and mitigation measures associated with coal
liquefaction.
Different liquefaction processes have unique waste streams which require
individualized waste treatment techniques. In general, common air pollution
control technologies are listed in Table 2-5. Common wastewater treatment
systems are listed in Table 2-6.
In-situ liquefaction is a developing technology similar to in-situ
gasification. It requires pumping a solvent into a fractured coal deposit. The
liquid product is then removed through recovery wells. In most cases, a
portion of the coal reserve Is ignited to provide heat for the process. The
environmental effects of in-situ liquefaction are similar to those of in-situ
gasification. The potential for groundwater contamination is increased with
liquefaction because solvents are introduced into the liquefaction zone.
2.3 EXISTING AND PLANNED COAL DEVELOPMENT
Facilities in operation, under construction, or issued new source National
Pollutent Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permits and/or State mining
permits are categorized as existing facilities. Facilities in the planning
stage and anticipated to be in operation by 1990 are categorized as planned
facilities. All known facilities are shown in Exhibit 2.
2-11
-------
Table 2-4. Typical major waste streams, resources consumed, and mitigation methods associated with
surface coal liquefaction technologies.
Operation Resources Consumed
Coal processing Equipment, fuel,
labor
Hydrogenation Equipment, fuel,
labor, catalyst
Pyrolysis/hydro- Equipment, fuel,
carbonization water, reaction
gases
Hydrotreatlng Equipment, fuel,
labor, catalyst
Catalytic synthesis Equipment, fuel,
labor, catalyst
Waste Streams Mitigation
Fugitive dust, rocks, Cyclones, bag filters, water Bpraylng,
debris, storage pile runoff neutralization and sedimentation
runoff
Stack emissions (CO, Equipment and operation control, scrubbers,
NOx, H2S, NH3, hydro- waste heat recovery, wastewater treatment
carbons), waste heat,
quench water (phenols,
tars, NH4, thiocyan-
ates, sulfides, chlor-
ides), spent catalyst
Stack emissions (CO,
N0X, H2S, NH3, hydro-
carbons), waste heat,
quench water, spent
catalyst, ash, slag,
char
Condensate (phenols,
NH4, sulfides), spent
catalyst, stack emis-
sions (CO, NOx, H2S,
NH3, hydrocarbons,
particulate), waste
heat
Condensate (phenols,
NH4, sulfides), stack
emissions (CO, N0X,
N2S, NHj, hydrocar-
bons), spent cata-
lyst, spent absorbent
See hydrogenation
See hydrogenation
See hydrogenation
-------
Table 2-4. Typical major waste screams, resources consumed, and mitigation methods associated with
surface coal liquefaction technologies (continued).
NJ
I
Operation
Supercritical gas
extraction
Phase separation
Fractionation
Acid gas removal
Hydrogen-synthesis
gas-generation
Resources Consumed
Water, equipment,
labor, solvent
Equipment, fuel,
labor
Equipment, fuel,
labor
Aborbent, equip-
ment, fuel, labor
Equipment, fuel,
labor, catalyst
Waste Streams
Quench water (phenols,
tars, ammonia, thio-
cyanates, sulfides,
chlorides), ash, slag
Mitigation
Wastewater treatment, landfllling
Wastewater (oil, hydro- Wastewater treatment, scrubbers,
carbons, phenols, NH^, particulate
sulfides), stack emis-
sions (hydrocarbons,
sulfides, SO2, NH4,
particulate), fugitive
dust, ash, slag, char
Stack emissions (H2S,
CO2), condensate
(hydrocarbons, dis-
solved saltc), ash,
slag, char
Air emission control, wastewater
treatment, landfllling
Spent solvent, stack Solvent regeneration, air emission
gases (CO2, H2S, CO, control
hydrocarbons, sulfides)
Quench water (phenols,
tars, NH4, thiocy-
anates, sulfides,
chlorides), spent cata-
lyst, ash, slag, char,
waste heat, stack emis-
sions (H2S, CO, CO2,
N0X, NH3, hydrocar-
bons, sulfides)
Wastewater treatment, air emission
control, waste heat recovery, land-
filling
-------
Table 2-4. Typical major waste streams, resources consumed, and mitigation methods associated with
surface coal liquefaction technologies (concluded).
Operation
Resources Consumed
Waste Streams
Mitigation
Auxiliary operations
Air emission
control
Equipment, labor,
fuel, water
Particulate, flue gas
desulfurization
sludge
Sludge dewatering, neutralization,
landfilling
Hastewater
treatment
Equipment, labor. Sludge
fuel, chemicals
Sludge dewatering and treatment,
land filling
fo Source: Office of Research and Development. 1978. Symposium proceedings: environmental aspects of fuel
I conversion technology. III. USEPA, Research Triangle Park NC, 544 p.
-------
Table 2-5. Common air emission control technologies used in coal
liquefaction systems.
Particulate Controls
Dry inertial separators
cyclones
multiclones
baffle chambers
settling chambers
impingement separators
gravity settling chambers
Electrostatic precipitators
Bag (fabric filters) houses
Wet scrubbers
NO Control
—x
Reduction in excess air and temperature
SO,, Controls
Wet limestone scrubbing
Limestone injection
Sulfur Recovery
Claus plants
Stretford plants
Gaseous Pollutant Control
Flares
Absorption
Evaporation Controls (mainly hydrocarbons)
Storage tank modifications
Inspections and maintenance
Vapor collection and recovery equipment
Source: Office of Research and Development. 1978. Symposium proceedings:
environmental aspects of fuel conversion technology, III. USEPA,
Research triangle Park NC, 544 p.
2-15
-------
Table 2-6. Common wastewater treatment technologies used in coal
liquefaction systems.
Physical
Chemical
Biological
Sedimentation
Neutralization
Activated sludge
Flotation
pH adjustment
Trickling filter
Oil Separation
Coagulation
Aerated lagoons
Stripping
Precipitation
Waste stabilization
ponds
Solvent Extraction
Oxidation
Adsorption
Ion exchange
Combustion
Filtration
Source: Office of Research and Development. 1978. Symposium proceedings:
environmental aspects of fuel conversion technology, III. USEPA,
Research Triangle Park NC, 544 p.
2-16
-------
2.3.1 Coal Mines
All mines identified as exploratory mines are not discussed in this study.
However, not all mines could be classified as exploratory or producing due to
the lack of available data.
2.3.1.1 Exisitlng Coal Mines
Surface mining techniques are discussed in Section 2.2.1.1 and subsurface
mining techniques are discussed in Section 2.2.1.2. A list of coal mines in
New Mexico, and pertinent information about each is contained in Table 2-7.
2.3.1.2 Planned Coal Mines
A list of coal mines planned in New Mexico is presented in Table 2-8. The
date of operation is dependent in part on the dates of permit issuances and
the establishment of purchase agreements for the coal produced. State surface
mining regulations require topsoil to be segregated during reclamation except
in cases where the mine owner can demonstrate that the practice is
unnecessary. It is therefore assumed that segregation will take place during
reclamation at most planned mines.
2.3.2 Coal-Fired Electric Generating Facilities
The coal-fired electric generating facilities in New Mexico listed in this
document include facilities supplying electricity for large areas. Coal-fired
furnaces supplying energy other than electricity are excluded. Excluded
facilities are generally small and insignificant compared to electric utility
facilities.
2.3.2.1 Existing Coal-Fired Electric Generating Facilities
A list of existing coal-fired electric generating facilities in the Study
Area and pertinent information about each facility is presented in Table 2-9.
2-17
-------
Table 2-7.
Existing coal mines in 13 counties in New Mexico.
Counties
Colfax
Name
Viestridge
York Canyon
Mining
Method
Surface
Area
[ha(ac)]
1,170
<2,890)
Subsurface 2,970
and Surface (7,330)
Production
Rate[kkg/yr
(t/yr)]
700,000
(800,000)
0.4 to 0.9
million
(0.5 to 1
aillion)
McKlnley Amcoal #1
Surface
57
(140)
NA
N>
I
00
McKinley
Mentmore
Surface
Surface
10,619
(26,219)
2,730
(6,740)
NA
NA
San Juan
Con Paso-
Burnham
Surface 16,316
(40,286)
Total Projected
Lease
NA
Bisti
Surface
NA
NA
Black
Diamond
Surface
NA
NA
De-Na-Zin
Surface
130
(320)
NA
Gamerco
Surface
NA
NA
Dates of ^ Discharge
Operation Coal Type To Reclamation Owner
1976 Bituminous None Grassland Kaiser Steel Corp
approx. Bituminous None Grassland Kaiser Steel Corp
1955 and pines
1976 Sub-bltum- None Grassland Amcoal, Inc.
lnous
1962 Sub-bltum- None Grassland Pittsburgh and
lnous Midway Coal Co.
1979 NA None Grassland Carbon Coal Co.
1980 Sub-bltum- None Grassland Consolidated Coal
lnous Co.
NA NA None Grassland Western Coal
(inactive) Co.
NA NA None Grassland Black Diamond
(inactive) Coal Co.
NA NA None Grassland Sunbelt Mining
(active) Co.
NA Bituminous None Grassland Carbon Coal Co.
-------
Table 2-7. Existing coal nines in 13 counties in New Mexico (concluded).
County Nane
Gallo Wash
La Plata
Navajo
San Juan
Sandoval Arroyo ill
Socorro
Tres
Uermanoa
Mining
Method
Surface
Surface
Surface
Surface
Sub-
Surface
Sub-
Surface
Area^
[ha(ac)]
NA
NA
16,316
(40,286)
1,453
(3,588)
98
(243)
32
(80)
- - Not applicable
NA - Information not available
(inactive) - Mine permitted but not yet in operation
(-) - Not applicable
Production
*ate[kkg/yr
(t/yr>]
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Dates of
Operation Coal Type^
1982
1981
1963
1973
1980
1980
NA
NA
NA
Discharge
To
None
None
Sub-bitum- None
inous
Bituminous None
Bituminous None
None
Reclamation
Grassland,
Segregate
Horizons
Grassland
Grassland
Grassland
1
- Areas for subsurface mines are mine areas projected upward to the surface plus areas of surface facilities.
Areas for surface mines are permitted areas except where noted.
- All coal is either Bituminous or Sub-bituminous.
Owner
Alamito Coal
Co.
Western Coal Co.
Utah International
Coal Co.
Utah International
Coal Co.
Transcontinental
Coal and Export
Cactus Industries
-------
Table 2-8. Planned coal mines In 13 counties In New Mexico.
N3
I
N)
O
County
Lincoln
McKlnley
San Juan
Name
Old Abe
Carbon II
Lee Ranch
West Area
San Juan Black Lake
or McKlnley
Sandoval La Ventana
Star Lake
Santa Fe Carlllos
NA
S. Hospah
Mining Area
Method fha(ac)]
Surface
NA
Surface
NA
NA
NA
NA
Surface 6,100
(15,000)
NA
Sub- 4,252
Surface (10,498)
Surface
Sub-
Surface
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA - Information not available
1
Production
Rate[kkg/yr
(t/yr) 1
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
1.3 million
(1.4 million)
NA
NA
3.1 million
(3.4 million)
Dates of
Operation
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
1981- NA
Coal Type
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Discharge
To
None
None
None
None
None
1982-2027 Bituminous Rio Puerco
None
None
None
Reclamation
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Owner
Great American
Coal Co.
Carbon Coal Co.
S F Mining, Inc.
El Paso Coal Co.
Western Associated
Coal Corp.
Ideal Basic
Industries
Chaco Energy Co.
Horizon Mining Co.
Chaco Energy Co.
- Areas for subsurface mines are mine areas projected upward to the surface plus areas of surface facilities.
-------
Table 2-9. Existing Coal-flred electric generating facilities In 13 counties In New Mexico.
County
San Juan
Naae
Four Corners
No. of
Units
Generation
Rate per
Unit (MW)
190/190/252/
•18/818
Coal Type
Bltunlnous
Date
On-Llne
1963/1963/
1964/1969/
1970
Cooling
Method
NA
Air Pol.
Cont. Meth.
NA
Owner
APSC
San Juan
314/306/468/ Bituninous 1976/1973/1979 Mechanical ESP, FGD
472 1979/1982 towers (1 NA
wet/dry)
PSCNM
NA - Information not available
APSC - Arizona Public Service Company
ESP - Electrostatic precipator
FCO - Flue gas desulfurization
PSCNM - Public Service Company of New Mexico
-------
Section 2.2.2 includes a discussion of the environmental considerations
typically associated with coal-fired facilities.
2.3.2.2 Planned Coal-Fired Electric Generating Facilities
Table 2-10 contains a list of planned coal-fired electric generating
facilities with background information about each.
2.3.3 Coal Gasification and Liquefaction Facilities
There are no coal gasification or liquefaction facilities in operation in
New Mexico. All four planned facilities are presently preparing feasibility
studies. The Energy Transition Corporation Project is in the most advanced
stages of planning. A list of planned facilities and pertinent information
about each are presented in Table 2—11.
2-22
-------
Table 2-10. Planned coal-fired electric generating facilities in J3 counties in New Mexico,
County
Name
No. of
Units
San Juan New Mexico
Unnamed
Generation
Rate per
Unit (HW)
500
330
Coal Type
Bituminous
Bituminous
Date
On-Llne
1990/1992/
NA
1984
Cooling
Method
NA
NA
Air. Pol.
Cont. Meth.
NA
NA
Owner
PSCNM
PEGTC
NJ
Isj NA - Information nor available
u> PSCNM - Public Service Company of New Mexico
PEGTC - Plains Electric Generation and Transmission Co-op.
-------
Table 2-11. Planned coal gasification and liquefaction facilities In 13 counties In New Mexico.
County
McKlnley
San Juan
McKlnley or
San Juan
None
NA
NA
NA
NA
Process
Coal Type
Llqulfaction NA
(probably Lurgl)
Gasification NA
or Llquifactlon
Gasification NA
or Llquifactlon
Liquefaction NA
Coal
Consumption
per Year [ kkg(t)1
NA
NA
NA
NA
Air. Pol.
Cont. Meth.
NA
NA
NA
NA
Dates of
Operation
NA
NA
NA
NA
Owner
Energy Transition
Corp.
Public Service Co.
of New Mexico
Texas Eastern
Synfuels
Thermal Energy/
Peabody Coal
NA - Information not available
-------
PAGE NOT
AVAILABLE
DIGITALLY
-------
CHAPTER 3.0 EARTH (NON-COAL) RESOURCES
-------
3.0 EARTH (NON-COAL) RESOURCES
3.1 INTRODUCTION
Earth resources are a combination of the physical elements of the surface
and subsurface of the earth from which most life forms derive their basic
needs. The importance of these resources in a particular location varies
depending on the nature in which various elements interact with other elements
of the environment.
This chapter presents information (Table 3-1 and Exhibit 3) intended to
aid in proper environmental planning to minimize adverse concerning effects of
coal development on earth resources. Concerns for coal/lignite development
include erosion, restoration, and reclamation (or enhancement) of the contour
of the land and the soil conditions, and effects on other mineral resources.
3.2 PHYSIOGRAPHY
The processes of uplift, erosion, deposition, settling, faulting, and
folding produced a highly diverse terrain in New Mexico. The results of these
processes produced the major physiographic regions of the Study Area: the
Great Plains, Southern Rocky Mountains, Colorado Plateau, and Basin and Range
(Figure 3-1). The Great Plains occur only in Colfax County, while the
Southern Rocky Mountains comprise only parts of Rio Arriba and Santa Fe
counties. The remainder of the Study Area Is comprised of the Colorado Plateau
and Basin and Range provinces that cover the majority of the Study Area.
3.2.1 Great Plains
The Great Plains Province of the United States extends into eastern New
Mexico and includes most of Colfax County. In the Study Area it is
characterized by trenched and deeply eroded areas surmounted by dissected
3-1
-------
Table 3-1. Earth resources of 13 New Mexico counties.
Soil
County
Bernalillo
Physiography
Plains with
mountains in
the east
Slope
Level to
moderately
steep
Depth
Mostly deep,
shallow on
steep slopes
Catron
Mountainous,
hilly
Mostly hilly
to very steep
Shallow
Colfax
OJ
I
ho
Mountainous
- West
plains - East
Gently sloping
to very steep
Moderately
deep to deep
Lincoln
Plains with
high mountains
Gently sloping
to moderately
steep
Mostly shallow
McKinley
Plains with
low mountains
Gently to
strongly
sloping
Shallow, locally
deep
Otero
Plains with
high mountains
Gently to
strongly
sloping, undu-
lating, and
very steep
Shallow to deep
Rio Arriba
Hilly, open
high mountains
in East
Nearly level
to steep
Shallow to deep
Texture
Sandy to clay
loam; alluvial
parent material
Other
Susceptible to
wind and water
erosion, limy
below 20 inches
Minerals^
(Non-metals, metals, hydrocarbons)
Pg, F1, St, Gp, LA, L, G,
S, Mo, Ba, C
Gravelly, stony;
igneous, conglome-
rate
Neutral to
slightly acid
LA, Sa, U, Gu, L, G, S, Aa,
Cp, Fl, Mo, Te, Bi
Loam to silty clay,
sandy loam to loam
and stony in steep-
er areas
Neutral to
slightly acid,
sandstone and
shale parent
material
As, C, St, Mo, U, Th, Tu, 1,
L, G, S, Cp, Te, Bi, Ch, He,
CD
Gravelly loam
Occur over
limestone and
indurated caliche
S, L, I, Mo, RE, St, Sa, Gp,
G, C, Cp, As, U, Ba, Tu, Fl,
Z, G
Rock outcrops and
stony fine sandy
loam to loam
Sandstone bedrock
U, Th, St, Gks, Mo, V, Se, C,
P, AR
Mostly sandy except
loamy In mountains
Limy in subsoils;
wind erodable
St, Gp, St, G, S, Cp, Mo,
Sa, L, I, Fl, Th
Sandy loam to clay
loam
Sandstone and
shale parent rock
LA, C, I, Fl. A, Mo, L, C,
S, Z, Cp, U, Th, T, Bi, Cm,
Be, Tu, St, P, NG, AR, He, CD
-------
Table 3-1. Earth resources of 13 Mexico counties (continued).
County
Sandoval
Physiography
Variable, plains
to mountains
Slope
Nearly level to
very steep
Soils
Depth
Texture
Deep in valleys, Sand to clay loam,
shallow in uplands some gravelly
Other
Eastern part -
severe wind and
water erosion
potential
Minerals
(Non-metals, metals, hydrocarbons)
Mn, U, Cp, Su, Se, C, Th,
Gp, Qd, C, S, CD, LA, L, Fl,
Ba, Pg, P, NG, AR
San Juan
Sante Fe
w
I
to
Plains with low
mountains
Plains with
mountains in
Northeast
Mostly rolling
and undulating
Nearly level to
very steep
Mostly deep
Mostly deep
Sand to silty clay
loam
Stony and sandy to
loamy
Sand and shale
parent material
Lime accumulations
below 20 inches,
mixed parent
material
P. NG, U, Th, V, C, St, Cm,
AS, He, CD
U, Pg, Mo, Mn, C, G, S, L,
Z, Th, I, Cp, St, T, A, As,
Gp, Fl, Tu, Ba
SLerra
Plains with high Mostly rolling
mountians to very steep
Shallow to moder-
ately deep
Mostly sandy with
gravel, some loamy,
much rock outcrop
Lime in subsoils,
mixed parent
material
T, C, Fl, Gta, I, Mo, U, L,
G, S, Cp, Ba, Gp, V, A, Gu,
Mn, Tu, Z, Pg, Th, St, As, Bi
Socorro
Plains with high
mountains
Gently sloping
to very steep
Deep in more level
areas, shallow in
rocky uplands
Much rockland,
other areas sand to
clay loam
Highly mixed parent LA, Ba, St, Mn, L, Z, U, Fl,
material - limestone, C, Pg, V, Cp, I, Gp, Cp, S,
sandstone, igneous, Gkn, Tu, Su, G, Mo, As, Bi,
shale
Cd, St, N, Gu
Valencia
Plains with low
and high
mountains
Gentle to very
steep
Mostly shallow
Variable, rockland
and loamy to clayey
Mostly sandstone or U, V, Fl, St, G, S, Cp, Gp,
igneous parent C, Mo, As, LA, Gkn, N
material
-------
Table 3-1. Earth resources in 13 New Mexico counties (concluded).
Information Is summarized, being based on predominant features and considering all soil associations In the county. Key to slope designation:
level or nearly level - 0 to 22; gently sloping or undulating - 2 to 52; strongly sloping, rolling, or hilly - 5 to 102; moderately steep - 10
to 25%; steep - 25 to 75%; very steep - 75% plus. Key to depth designations: deep - greater than 100 centimeters (40 inches); moderately deep -
50 to 100 centimeters (20 to 40 inches); shallow - less than 50 centimeters (20 Inches).
^Minerals:
A
-
Antimony
F1 - Fluorspar
Mo
-
Molybdenum
SG
-
Sand and Gravel
AR
-
Asphalt Rock
G - Gold
N
-
Nitrates
St
-
Stone
As
-
Arsenic
Gm - Gem Minerals
NG
-
Natural Gas
Su
-
Sulfur
Be
-
Beryllium
Gp - Gypsum
Nm
-
Niobium, Tantalum
T
-
Tin
Bi
-
Bismuth
Gu - Guano
P
-
Petroleum
Te
-
Tellurium
C
-
Clays
He - Helium
Pg
-
Pegmatites
Th
-
Thorium
Cd
-
Cadmium
I - Iron
RE
-
Rare Earths
Tu
-
Tungsten
CD
-
Carbon Dioxide
L - Lead
S
-
Silver
U
-
Uranium
Ch
-
Caliche
LA - Lightweight Aggregates
Sa
-
Salines, Salt
V
-
Vanadium
Cp
-
Copper
Mn - Manganese
Se
-
Selenium
Z
-
Zinc
Sources: USGS 1975; Bureau of Mines 1978; Maker et al. 1978; Anderson 1957; Talmadge and Weston 1937; USGS 1969; New Mexico Bureau of Mines and
Mineral Resources (NMBMMR) 1969; NMBMMR 1979.
-------
CTION
VALENCIA
»SA4.IL LO
SECTION
NCOlN
MEXICAN
HIGHLAN
LAI
u
SACRAMENTO
SECTION
O'l 8C
LEGEND
Great Plains
jfojyV&jj Southern Rocky Mountains
Colorado Plateau
|| | | | [ Basin and Range
J^^aJ Prominent Mountain Regions
Figure 3-1. Physiographic provinces of 13 New Mexico counties.
Source: Adapted from US Geological Survey 1965.
3-5
-------
lava capped plateaus and buttes (New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral
Resources 1965). Elevations range from about 6,000 feet (1800 meters) above
sea level in southeast Colfax County, to a high point of about 8800 feet (2643
meters) above sea level with local relief varying from approximately 500 to
1000 feet (150-300 meters).
Erosion is a major environmental problem in some of the areas west of
Raton. Steep slopes and orientation of coal beds in major geologic formations
will result in subsurface mining in most locals.
3.2.2 Southern Rocky Mountains
This province is small, comprising eastern Rio Arriba County, northeastern
Santa Fe County, northeastern Sandoval County, and western Colfax County.
Elevations in this mountainous region range from about 6,500 feet (1952
meters) to over 12,000 feet (3604 meters) above sea level, with local relief
varying from 1000 feet (300 meters) to over 3000 feet (900 meters).
The Southern Rocky Mountain Province represents extremely rugged
topography. However, coal deposits in the above mentioned counties lie
primarily outside of the boundaries of the more rugged terrain and therefore
should be affected less. Coal development has the greatest potential for
causing problems in far western Colfax County, where the Raton Coal Field
extends into this province.
3.2.3 Colorado Plateau
The northern reaches of the Colorado Plateau consist of a canyoned plateau
known as the Navajo section. In the plateau's southern reaches it turns into a
volcanic region known as the Datil section (Figure 3-1).
Elevations in the Colorado Plateau range from approximately 5,000 feet
(1500 meters) to 10,000 feet (3000 meters) above sea level. The most rugged
parts of the Study Area occur where local relief changes over 3,000 feet,
southern Catron County and western sections of Socorro and Sierra counties
3-6
-------
contain areas of high relief. Less pronounced mountainous areas north and
south of the above areas, as well as the southern edge of the San Juan River
in the northwest, have local relief changes of 1,000 to 3,000 feet (300 to 900
meters). The remaining less eroded areas of the Colorado Plateau reflect local
relief differences of 500 to 1000 feet (150 to 300 meters).
Major locations of environmental concern include the hilly and mountainous
areas of San Juan, Rio Arriba, McKinley, Sandoval, and Valencia Counties. Much
of this area is presently being mined or has planned coal development. However,
many of the mountainous areas of the Colorado Plateau are outside coal deposit
boundaries.
3.2.4 Basin and Range
The Basin and Range region is divided into the Mexican Highland, an area
of isolated and dissected block mountains separated by desert plains, and the
Sacramento Section, an area of mature block mountains with gently tilted
strata forming plateaus and bolsons (Figure 3-1). Elevations range from
approximately 4,000 feet to over 10,000 feet above sea level, while local
relief changes generally exceed 3,000 feet (900 meters). Mountain chains
contrast greatly with the expansive and level International Basin.
Much of the province is outside of major coal deposits, and thus will be
unaffected by coal development. However, most of the localized deposits of
coal in the province are associated with unlevel areas. In these high relief
areas, the potential for erosion also is high.
3.3 SOILS
The productive quality of soil and its suitability for certain uses is
largely determined by properties of slope, depth, texture, and levels of pH
(Table 3-1 and 3-2). Soils in the same physiographic regions have similar
soil characteristics and are classified by physical and chemical properties.
3-7
-------
Table 3-2. Description of major soil associations depicted in Exhibit 3.
Region and Map
Unit Number
Depth1 Slope (Z)
Texture (Topsoil/ Present Use/^
Subsoil Suitability
Other
HIGH PLAINS
11
(D) 2-5 Fine sandy loam or Mostly range- Wind erosion
loamy sand/sandy land, some in unvege-
clay loom agricultural tated areas
12
(S-D) 2-10
Loam/clay loam;
often stony
Rangeland
Lime in much
of the sub-
soil
13
(S-MD) 2-5
Loam or sandy loam Rangeland
/sandstone bedrock
COOL DESERT
25
(S-D) 2-5
Fine sandy loam
to loam/loam to
clayey to sandstone
Rangeland
Includes
calcareous
al luviiun
26
(D) 0-5 Finely to coarsely Agricultural Considerable
loamy/stratified (cropland) urban use
loam and clay
27
(S) 0-75 Loamy sand to
plus silty clay loam/
bedrock
Rangeland
Barren out-
crops of
shale and
sandstone
28
(S) 2-5 Silty clay loam/ Rangeland
shale
Prominent
local up-
lands ;
highly
erodable
29
(D) 2-5 Loamy fine sand/ Rangeland
loamy fine Band
Alluvial and
wind deposits
and some clay
30
(S) 75 Rockland-sandstone Rangeland
plus outcrops
Canyonland
3-8
-------
Table 3-2. Description of major soil associations depicted in Exhibit 3 (continued).
Region and Map
Unit Number Depth^ Slope (Z)
WARM DESERT
31
(D) 0-25
Texture (Topsoil/
Subsoil
Variable (sand to
clay)/mostly sandy
loam
Present Use/^
Suitability
Agricultural
(cropland);
rangeland
Other
Mostly deep
32
(MD-D) 2-10
Sandy/sandy clay
loam
Rangeland
Wind erodable;
lime in sub-
soil
33
(MD-D) 2-10
Fine sandy loam/
sandy loam to clay
loam
Rangeland
Water erosion
in unvegeta-
ted areas
34
(S-MD) 0-5
Gravelly loam/ sandy Rangeland
clay loam
Cemented sub-
soil high in
lime
35
(D) 0-5
Sandy clay loam/
clay loam
Rangeland
Gravelly at 4
to 6 feet
37
(S) 2-10
Sandy to loamy/
caliche
Rangeland
Caliche and
cementation
below 15 in.
39
40
(MD) 2-5
(D) 2-5
Sandy to sandy loam/ Rangeland
sandy clay loam (many sand
dunes)
Sandy/sandy clay Rangeland
loam
Wind erodable;
calcareous
subsurface
Wind erodable
with dunes
41
(D) 0-5
Loam/loamy with
gypsum
Severely
limited
(little
vegetation)
High in gypsum
content;
calcareous
43
(D) 0-5
Loam/clay loam
Rangeland
Contains gyp-
sum and salt;
water erodable
44
(D)
0-5
Silt loam/silty clay Rangeland
20Z strongly
saline;
includes gyp-
sum strata
3-9
-------
Table 3-2. Description of major soil associations depicted in Exhibit 3 (continued).
Region and Map
Unit Number Depth* Slope (%)
46
(S) 2-10
Texture (Topsoil/
Subsoil
Stony, gravelly
loan/basalt bedrock
Present Use/^
Suitability
Range land
Other
Volcanic region
with some steep
areas
47
(S-MD) 2-75
Stony, gravelly
loam/gravelly loam
Rangeland
Some cementa-
tion in sub-
surface
48
(S) 25-75 Cobbly to sandy
loam/loamy over
bedrock
Limited use - Much bedrock
some rangeland exposure
49
(S)
2-75
Stony loam/stony
loam
Range1and
Rock outcrops
with deep soils
interspersed
51
(D)
2-10
Gypsum sands
Recreation -
limited for
other uses
Dune surface
52
0-10 Rough, stony lava Very limited
(very little soil) use
Sharp, jagged
surfaces; small
soil pockets
EAST-CENTRAL PLAINS
55
(MD-D) 0-5
Loam to silty clay
loam/clay loam to
clay
Rangeland
Some high time
layers
56
57
59
(MD-D)
(S)
2-5
2-25
(MD-D) 0-10
Loamy to clayey/
loamy to clayey
Sandy loam to loam/
sandy clay loam
Loam/limy clay loam
Rangeland
Rangeland
Rangeland
Soil derived
from shale
Sandstone
bedrock
Potential wind
and water
eros ion
60
(S-MD) 2-10
Loam to clay loam/
loam to clay loam
Rangeland
Underlain by
strongly
cemented
caliche
3-10
-------
Table 3-2. Description of major soil associations depicted in Exhibit 3 (continued).
Region and Map
Unit Number Depth^
61 (S-KD)
Slope (2)
2-25
Texture (Topsoil/
Subsoil
Fine sandy loam/
stony to clay loan
Present Use/^
Suitability
Rangeland
Other
Some steep
areas
64
(S-D) 2-25
Loam/loam to clay
loam
Rangeland
Considerable
lime in sub-
soil
65
(S) 2-10
Sandy loam to loam/ Rangeland
loam or bedrock
Potential
water erosion;
calcareous
66
(S) 2-10 Stony loam/very
stony loam to
bedrock
Rangeland
Calcareous
67
(S-MD)
2-10
Loam/limy loam
Rangeland
Calcareous,
some indurated
caliche
68
(S) 2-25
Stony loam/very
stony loam
Rangeland
Limestone bed-
rock and
outcrops
69 (MD-D) 2-10
70 (S) 25-75
Loam/clay loam
Rangeland
Thin stony material/ Rangeland
sandstone bedrock
Calcareous
Rough, broken
topography
82
(S) 5-75
Stony loam/bedrock
Rangeland
Rocky lime-
stone area
WESTERN PLATEAU
84
85
(S-MD) 2-10
(S-D) 5-25
Fine sandy loam/
sandstone bedrock
Silty clay loam/
stratified loam
Rangeland
Rangeland
Rough, broken top-
ography, rock
outcrops common
Badlands
common, poten-
tial water
erosion
86
(D)
0-5
Loam/clay loam
Rangeland
Well drained
3-11
-------
Table 3-2. Description of major soil associations depicted in Exhibit 3 (continued).
Region and Kap
Unit Number Depth* Slope (2)
87
(S)
0-75
Texture (Topsoil/
Subsoil
Present Use/^
Suitability
Sandy to silty loam/ Range land
silty clay loam
Other
Highly variable
surface relief
88
(S-D) 2-10
Loam to silty clay/ Rangeland
silty clay loam
Shale and sand-
stone rockland
common
90
(S-MD) 2-10 Stony loam/stony Rangeland Volcanic soil;
loam calcareous
91
(S-D) 2-10 Sandy loam/gravelly Rangeland
loam
Dissected steep
areas
92 (S-MD) 2-10 Stony loam/cobbly Rangeland
clay
93 (MD-D) 2-10 Loam to sandy clay Rangeland
loam/loam to gravelly
94 (S) 0-5 Loam to clay loam/ Rangeland
loamy to clayey
Volcanic origin
Old lava flows
Limy subsoil
Highly variable
soil associa-
tion
95
(D) 0-5 Sandy loam to clay Rangeland
loam throughout
Well drained
96
(S-D) 2-10
Loam to fine sandy Rangeland Variable
loam/ sandy loam to topography
clay
97
(S) 2-75 Stony loam/sandstone Rangeland
bedrock
Rough and
broken
topography
98
(MD-D) 1-20
Fine sandy loam to
loam/loamy
Rangeland
High lime content
15 to 40 inches
99
(D)
0-5
Clayey/clayey
Rangeland
Calcareous and
strongly alkaline
100
(D) 2-10 Gravelly loam/sandy Rangeland
clay loam
Valley fill
parent material
3-12
-------
Table 3-2. Description of major soil associations depicted in Exhibit 3 (continued).
Region and Map
Unit Number
101
102
103
Depth^ Slope (%)
(D) 2-75
(S-D) 2-10
(MD-D) 2-25
Texture (Topsoil/
Subsoil
Gravelly sandy loam/
gravelly clay loam
Loam to clay loam
throughout
Gravelly loam/
gravelly clay or loam
Present Ose/^
Suitability
Rangeland
Range land
Range land
Other
Variable
topography
Limy between
15 and AO in.
Rock outcrops
common
104 (S-MD) 5-25 Stony to sandy loam/ Limited Rock outcrops
gravelly clay loam rangeland common
105
(S-MD)
5-10
Stony, gravelly clay
and loam
Rangeland
Rockland out-
crops numerous
106
2-10
Lava rock
Limited use
- sparse
vegetation
Area of lava
flows
MOUNTAIN
107
(D) 10-25 Stony loam/stony
clay
Forest,
rangeland,
recreation
Neutral to
slightly acid
108 (MD-D) 10-25 Cobbly sandy loam/
sandy clay loam
Forest,
recreation,
rangeland
Mostly well
drained
109
(S) 20-70 Thin organic layer/
gravel, stone
Forest,
recreation,
rangeland
Strongly acid
110
(S-MD)
25-7 5
Stony loam/cobbly
loam
Forest,
recreation,
rangeland
Neutral to
slightly acid
111
(S-D) 0-25 Stony clays and loams Forest, Volcanic
throughout rangeland origin
114 (S-MD) 2-75 Sandy loam/sandy loam
to clay
Forest,
recreation,
rangeland
Well drained,
neutral to
slightly acid
3-13
-------
Table 3-2. Description of major soil associations depicted in Exhibit 3 (continued).
Region and Map
Unit Number Depth^ Slope (>)
115
(D)
25-75
Texture (Topsoil/
Subsoil
Cobbly clay loam/
clay
Present Uae/^
Suitability
Rangeland,
recreation
Other
Steep rockland
interspersed
116
(S-MD) 5-25 Clay loam to silty Rangeland Shale parent
clay loam/clay material
117
(5) 75 Rockland with some Rangeland,
plus sandy loam to loam forest
Rock outcrops
dominate
118
(HD-D)
2-10
25-75
Loamy/clayey
Forest,
rangeland,
recreation
Includes ex-
tensive ridges
and mesas
119
(S) 25-75 Loam/loam or clay
loam
Forest,
rangeland,
recreation
Sandstone
parent material
120 (S-MD) 0-25 Stony clay loam/
cobbly clay
Rangeland
Rockland common
121
(MD-D) 25-75 Stony loam to clay Recreation, Bedrock at 2
loam/clayey rangeland to 5 feet
122
123
124
125
126
(S-D) 2-10 Loam, clay loam/
loam, clay
(MD) 10-75 Cobbly clay loam
throughout
(S) 2-25 Stony loam/limestone
bedrock
(S-D) 2-75
Gravelly, Btony loam/
gravelly, loam to clay
(S) 2-75 Gravelly, loam to clay
loam throughout
Rangeland
Forest,
rangeland,
recreation
Rangeland
Rangeland
Recreation,
rangeland
Limy subsoil
Mildly alka-
line to
slightly acid
Limestone
parent material
Neutral to
slightly acid
Extremely
varied
topography
3-14
-------
Table 3-2. Description of major soil associations depicted in Exhibit 3 (concluded).
Footnotes:
^ S D Shallow
D = Deep
MD = Moderately deep (e.g., S-MD is shallow to moderately deep)
^Agricultural refers to cropland. Forest includes timber, woodlands, and similar
descriptions. Rangeland includes pasture, grazingland, grassland, and similar
descriptions.
Source: Maker et al. 1978. Soils of New Mexico. Research Report 285. Agricultural
Experiment Station, Las Cruces NM, 132 p.
3-15
-------
Soils of the Study Area and their related physiographic classifications are
shown in Exhibit 3. The six soil regions occurring in the Study Area are
classified as follows: High Plains, Cool Desert, Warm Desert, East-Central
Plains, Western Plateau, and Mountain. Each major region is divided into soil
associations. The major regions correlate closely to physiographic regions
described in Section 3.2. The High Plains and East-Central Plains soils are a
part of the Great Plains Province, with some overlap with the Basin and Range
Province. The Warm Desert soils and some Mountain soils occur in the Basin
and Range Province of the Intermontane Plateaus, while the Cool Desert,
Western Plateau, and much of the Mountain soils occur in the Colorado Plateau.
The Southern Rocky Mountain Province is comprised of Mountain soils and
Western Plateau soils.
3.3.1 High Plains
Soil associations of the High Plains occur in the southeast corner of
Colfax County. Depths vary widely from shallow to deep, although the slope is
fairly uniform ranging from 2 to 5 degrees. The soil basically consists of a
sandy loam or loamy sand texture and is used primarily as rangeland. This
region is generally outside of active coal development and will probably not
be affected.
3.3.2 East-Central Plains
Soils of the East-Central Plains typically occur on gently undulating to
rolling uplands interspersed with smooth valleys and basins. Isolated
mountains, hills, mesas, and volcanic cinder cones are also present. Steeper
areas occur along larger streams and around mesas and cones (Maker et al.
1978). Loamy to clay loam texture is characteristic, and a notable chemical
feature of the soils of this type is the large quantity of calcareous
material. Soils in steeper areas are for the most part stony. Rangeland
represents the most substantial use, since the physical and chemical features
discourage other uses.
3-16
-------
Soils of this type in Socorro and Lincoln counties overlay developable
coal. In areas with steeper slopes, soil erosion due to mining activities is a
potential concern.
3.3.3 Warm Desert
Soils of this region occur on topography similar to that of the
East-Central Plains except for the presence of several discontinuous mountain
ranges trending from north to south. The texture of soil in this type varies,
although typically a sandy loam predominates. Slopes range from 0 to 10% in
more level areas, while the interspersed mountainous areas attain slopes as
high as 75%. Soils of this type are typically calcareous and contain large
amounts of gypsum. The above soil features, combined with the arid climate,
limit the use to rangeland. In some areas the vegetation is too sparse for
livestock production.
From an environmental viewpoint coal development must be concerned with
the high wind and water erosion potential of these soils. Although, the only
sizeable coal field is located southeast of Truth or Consequences in Sierra
County.
3.3.4 Mountain
Mountain soils occur in the mountain and valley regions which dominate
over a large section of the State. Mountain soils occur on the mo6t rugged
topography in the Study Area and have associated steep slopes of up to 75%
over a majority of the area. The soils are similar texturally to mountain
soils in the Warm Desert Region, except they tend to be somewhat coarser, with
a high percent of stony, cobbly, and sandy loams. Many soils of this region
have a tendency to be slightly acidic, a feature which sets them apart from
the mostly basic soils of the rest of the Study Area. The shallow to deep
soils of this region support all of the forest land In the Study Area.
Additionally, soils of this region support some rangeland or are utilized for
recreational purposes.
3-17
-------
Some coal resource areas are located beneath these soils. Major
environmental concerns include potential loss of forests and erosion of
productive soils on unlevel areas.
3.3.5 Cool Desert
This region covers most of San Juan County. The general appearance is that
of a moderately undulating plain of slopes less than 5%, although hogback
ridges, canyons, and numerous small mesas account for some very steep slopes.
Soil textures vary and range from loamy sand to silky clay loam topsoils.
These soils are best suited for rangeland uses, although rich soils along the
San Juan River support an important agroindustry.
The major environmental concern is the high potential for wind and water
erosion on both level and unlevel surfaces. The risk is greatest in
unvegetated areas. Because soils of this region are very productive, mining
and especially reclamation will have to be carefully planned to mitigate
losses.
3.3.6 Western Plateau
This region is noted for broad mesas and plateaus interspersed with
numerous deep canyons. Solidified lava flows are a common feature. Soil
texture ranges from stony loam to clay loam in the topsoil to a more clayey
loam in the subsoil. Soil depths vary widely as do surface features. Rock
outcrops, rough broken topography, or volcanic materials are common. A
majority of the soils are on slopes of less than 10%, although steeper slopes
occur in canyon areas. Much like the soil regions of the plains and desert,
these soils are used primarily for rangeland.
Some coal development has occurred and is planned in this region. Although
soils are of minimal productivity, erosion associated with mining of steep
slopes potentially will further reduce existing soil productivity.
3-18
-------
3.4 NONMETALS
A wide variety of nonmetal resources occur in the Study Area (Exhibit 3).
These include barite, flourspar, gem minerals, pegmatites, niobium and
tantalum, salines, sulfur, clays, gypsum, anhydrite, lightweight aggregates,
sand and gravel, and stone (Figure 3-2). Nonmetals that were or are presently
mined and produced on a large scale include lightweight aggregates (mainly
perlite), sand and gravel, and stone. Major mining areas exist in Rio Arriba
County and Sierra County for perlite, and in Bernalillo and Valencia counties
for sand and gravel, and stone. Potentially productive sand and gravel
deposits lie above coal deposits in the San Juan Basin and in some localized
parts of the Study Area. Mining for coal could potentially infringe on these
deposits. The remaining nonmetals listed are also near the surface and should
be of concern as coal development continues, although many are outside
potential coal development areas and will not be disturbed directly by coal
mining.
3.5 METALS
Deposits of many different metals occur in the Study Area. These include
gold, silver, lead, zinc, copper, iron, manganese, beryllium, molybdenum,
uranium, vanadium, selenium, tellurium, rare earths, tin, and tungsten.
Principal commodities are uranium, molybdenum, copper, lead, zinc, silver, and
gold. Major mining areas include McKinley and Valencia counties for uranium,
Rio Arriba and Colfax counties for molybdenum, and Socorro and Sierra counties
for copper, lead, zinc, silver, and gold. Uranium deposits occur almost
entirely outside coal deposit boundaries and are generally deeper than coal
deposits. However, small local areas could potentially have uranium overlying
coal and would be of concern to coal development. Parts of Socorro and Sierra
counties may have coal occurring near certain other metals, although most of
the metal deposits lie away from coal deposit boundaries and will remain
unaffected by coal development.
3-19
-------
iwm
LEGEND
m
Quaternary alluvium, bolson deposits, dune sand; includes
Gila Conglomerate in southwestern part of State
Middle and Late Tertiary deposits; includes Ogallala Formation
in eastern part of State and Santa Fe Formation in north-central
part
Early Tertiary deposits, includes San Jose, Chuska, and Ojo Alamo
Formations in western part of State; Raton and Galisteo Form-
ations in eastern part
Permian Clorieta Formation in central part of State has been
suggested as source of silica sand
Figure 3-2. Sand and gravel deposits of New Mexico. (US Geological Survey
et al. 1965)
3-20
-------
3.6 PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS
Major petroleum and natural gas fields occur in the San Juan Basin in San
Juan, Rio Arriba, McKinley, and Sandoval counties (Exhibit 3) in an area of
major coal deposits. Although petroleum and natural gas deposits are much
deeper than coal deposits, a concern does exist due to the potential conflict
between petroleum or natural gas wells and coal mining. This conflict usually
requires that coal mining activities be restricted to within a 100 feet (30
meters) radius of any oil or gas well.
3-21
-------
PAGE NOT
AVAILABLE
DIGITALLY
-------
CHAPTER 4.0 SOCIOECONOMICS
-------
4.0 SOCIOECONOMICS
Coal resource development involving large capital projects will affect the
socioeconomic characteristics of both the locality and the region being
developed. The area population is directly and indirectly affected by coal
development, through changes in the existing environment and by the influx of
new workers and their families. This assessment of the existing economic base
and employment and income levels will focus on the key elements of the economy
effected by coal development.
4.1 ECONOMICS
4.1.1 Introduction
This section describes the economic profile of the 13-county Study Area
utilizing the major indicators which are affected by coal
development—employment (labor), income, government revenue, and property
values. The area economies will be stimulated by coal development leading to
the expansion of existing economic activities. In addition, new economic
ventures will be undertaken thereby diversifying the economic base and
contributing to overall growth of the area economies. Existing economic
conditions in the Study Area are summarized in Figure 4-1.
4.1.2 Employment
The discussion of employment is provided to describe the size, composi-
tion, and availability of the current labor force. Data relating civilian
labor force, total employment, unemployment, and employment by sector are used
to further describe employment.
4-1
-------
r«ir
€e
• d
J H
90
OD
\€>D
0'l*C
LEGEND
Economic Condition
C
O
Economically
depressed area
Moderate economy
Economically
healthy area
A
B
C
D
E
F
Labor Supply
Excessive shortage
Serious shortage
Moderate shortage
Moderate surplus
Serious surplus
Excessive surplus
Figure 4-1. Economic indicators for 13 counties in New Mexico.
4-2
-------
4.1.2.1 Civilian Labor Force
The civilian labor force represents a measure of the number of people 16
years of age and older available for work, excluding the military and
institutional population. Labor force data, including the annual average of
all people who are employed, unemployed, or involved in labor management
disputes in 1980, are presented in Table 4-1. The labor force size varies
directly with the population of the county and the demand for labor.
Participation in the labor force increases with the demand for labor and new
or additional development will increase the demand for certain types of labor.
4.1.2.2 Total Employment
Data for the number of persons actually employed, including full- and
part-time employment and persons who are temporarily laid off, are presented
in Table 4-1. The majority of the counties in the Study Area had a healthy
increase in total employment between 1976 and 1980 (approximately 6%/year).
Employment in 50% of the counties increased at a rate above the average
overall increase for the State. A net decline in employment occurred only in
Catron County between 1976 and 1980.
4.1.2.3 Unemployment
Unemployment data are shown in Table 4-1 and Figure 4-2. These data
represent the number of people in the labor force who are not working, but who
are available for work and are actively seeking employment. Unemployment data
do not include workers who are underemployed or discouraged workers who have
dropped out of the labor force.
The unemployment rates in the Study Area are relatively high, indicating
an overall depressed economy. This trend is true for the entire State when
compared to the rest of the US. Consistently high unemployment rates are an
indication of structural unemployment problems, wherein there is a mismatch
between the demand for labor and the type of skills available in the existing
4-3
-------
Table 4-1. Labor force statistics for 13 counties in New Mexico (1976 and 1980).
Civilian Labor
Force 1980
Total Employment
1976 1980
2 Change
Total Unemployment
1976 1980
State
545,862
423,000
503,329
18.99
43,000
42,533
County
Bernalillo*
205,977
154,981
188,653
24.66
16,804
17,324
Catron
994
962
930
- 3.32
128
64
Colfax
6,323
5,167
5,980
15.73
421
343
Lincoln
6,155
4,686
5,856
24.96
265
299
McKinley
18,906
15,359
17,254
12.33
1,272
1,652
Otero
12,875
10,885
11,913
9.44
1,098
1,926
Rio Arriba
9,985
7,830
8,283
5.78
2,456
1,702
Santoval*
San Juan
34,288
23,225
31,200
34.33
2,654
3,088
Santa Fe
34,453
25,552
32,036
25.37
2,720
2,417
Sierra
2,693
2,500
2,617
4.68
178
76
Cocorro
4,287
3,232
4,017
24.28
288
270
Valencia
25.839
16,805
23,388
39.17
1,619
2,451
^"Bernalillo and Santoval counties combined into Albuquerque SMS A.
Labor Supply Classification (D.O.L.) - to measure adequacy of labor supply.
Category Description Unemployment Rate
A Excess labor shortage Less than 1.52
B Serious labor shortage 1.5Z - 2.92
C Moderate labor shortage 3.02 - 5.92
D Moderate labor surplus 6.02 - 8.92
E Serious labor surplus 9.02 - 11.92
F Excessive labor surplus 122 or more
Unenployment Rank 1980
Rate 1 m Highest Labor Supply
1976 1980 Unemployment Classification
9.2 7.8
9.8 8.4 5 D
9.8 6.4 8 D
8.0 5.4 10 C
5.4 4.9 11 C
7.6 8.7 4 D
9.2 7.5 6 D
23.9 17.0 1 F
10.3 9.0 3 E
9.6 7.0 7 D
6.6 2.8 12 B
8.2 6.3 9 D
8.8 9.5 2 E
Sources: Hew Mexico Employment Security Department. 1977. Table A - Civilian labor force, employment, unemployment and unemployment rate, 1976.
Research and Statistics Section. Albuquerque NM, variously paged.
-------
COl'H
© o a
QUA
OB A
OOt
€~^7
OCA
OCA
DO?
OB A
€>OV
*1*0*
LINUXN
CDA
©DA
COV
CCA
Srt
OTtRO
ODA
0+*
LEGEND
Demography
O Low
© Medium
• High
Education Opportunity
O Low
© Medium
• High
~
B
O
o
~
Housing Conditions
Low
Mediun
High
Migration
Low
Med ium
High
Housing Availability
A Low
A Medium
A High
Transportation
V Low
V Medium
~ High
Figure 4-2. Existing social conditions for 13 counties in New Mexico.
4-5
-------
Figure 4-2. Existing social conditions in 13 counties in New tl'ixico (concluded).
DEMOGRAPHY
Age Composition - Median Age
Less than 30
30 - 40
Greater than 40
Education - Median Years Completed
Value
3
2
¦1
If total value is:
5 - 7 - low housing characteristics exists
8 - 9 - medium housing characteristics exists
10 - 11 - high housing characteristics exists
If total value is:
1 - 2 - low educational opportunity
3 - 4 - medium educational opportunity
5 - 6 - high educational opportunity
A HOUSING AVAILABILITY
Z Population Change 1970 - 1980
Male
Female
Less than 0
12 or greater 1.5
10 - 11.9 1.0
1.5
1.0
0-50
Greater than 50
Less than 10 0.5
0.5
% Housing Change 1970 - 1980
Supplement Income Recipients
Value
Greater than 50
Less than 202 of population
20Z - 30Z of population
Greater than 30Z of population
3
2
1
20 - 50
Less than 20
Z Unoccupied Housing 1970
-O
I
If total value is:
Less than 5 - low demographic conditions
5 - 7 - medium demographic conditions
Greater than 7 - high demographic conditions
HOUSING CONDITIONS
Cost of Owner Housing Value
Above State average 1
Below or equal to State average 2
Cost of Renter Housing Value
Above State average 1
Below or equal to State average 2
Housing With Partial or No Plumbing Value ^
Above State average 1
Below or equal to State average 2
Housing With 1.01 or More Persons/Room Value
Greater than 15
7.5 - 15
Less than 7.5
If 1960 population is:
Value
3
2
1
Value
3
2
1
Value
3
2
1
~migration
If in-migration between 1970 and 1980 is:
Less than 1,000 or out-migration occurs -
low migration
1,000 - 10,000 - medium migration
Greater than 10,000 - high migration
Greater than 50,000 multiply subtotal by 2
10,000 - 50,000 multiply subtotal by 1.5
Less than 10,000 multiply subtotal by 1
If total value is:
Less than 8 - low housing availability
8 - 13 - medium housing availability
Greater than 13 - high housing availability
EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITY
V TRANSPORTATION DENSITY
Interstate Mileage Compared to Land Value
Area
Equal to or above State ratio 2
Below State ratio 1
None present 0
State Highway Mileage Compared to Value
Land Area
Equal to or above State ratio 2
Below State ratio 1
Railroad Mileage Compared to Land Value
Area
Equal to or above State ratio 2
Below State ratio 1
None present 0
Above State average
Below or equal to State average
Z Rent Housing
Less than 20
20 - 40
Greater than 40
1
2
Value
1
2
3
Public School Enrollment Value
Less than 2,000 1
2,000 - 10,000 2
10,000 - 20,000 3
Greater than 20,000 4
Number of Colleges/Universities Value
0 colleges/universities 0
1 college/university 1
2 or more colleges/universities 2
If total value is:
1 - 2 - low transportation density
3 - 4 - medium transportation density
5 - 6 - high transportation density
-------
labor force. A decline in unemployment between 1976 and 1980 occurred in all
the counties in the Study Area with the exception of Valencia and McKinley,
thereby beginning a reversal in the declining economic trend.
The Federal government designates certain areas as Labor Surplus Areas
(unemployment rate at least 1.2 times the national unemployment rate for
previous 2 years). These areas are eligible for bidding on Federal contracts
in order to help guide a portion of the government's procurement dollars to
these areas. San Juan and Rio Arriba counties qualified for eligibility in
this category.
A ranking of unemployment by county is presented in Table 4-1. The lowest
unemployment rate is indicated by a 1 (one). The labor supply classification
developed by the US Department of Labor as a measure of the adequacy of the
current labor supply in each county, is entered in the last column in Table
4-1.
The overall high unemployment and relatively low incomes found in the
Study Area indicate a need for additional local jobs and income. Most forms of
coal development will stimulate the economies of these areas. In addition,
this unemployment trend indicates the existence of a reservoir of workers who
would be available for seasonal and low-wage service jobs.
4.1.2.4 Employment by Sector
Information on employment by major industrial sector is given in Table
4-2. Government service including Federal, State, and local employees, is a
significant source of employment for the Study Area, and accounts for 31% of
the total employment. In New Mexico however, Government employment is 27% of
the total State employment. Trade, including retail and wholesale trade, is a
well developed economic activity that accounts for 20% and 22% of the total
employment in the Study Area and State, respectively.
4-7
-------
Table 4-2. Employment by industry for 13 New Mexico counties (1976 and 1980).
Total Employment 1980
Mining
1976
1980
% County Labor Force 1980
Transp., Commun., and
Public Utilities
1976
1980
% County Labor Force 1980
Trade
1976
1930
% County Labor Force 1980
Construction
1976
1980
V, County Labor Force 1980
Manufacturing
1976
1980
% County Labor Force 1980
Finance, Insurance,
and Real Estate
1976
1980
% County Labor Force 1980
Service and Other
~~ 1976
19S0
% County Labor Force 1980
Government Service
_ 1976
1 980
% County Labor Force. 1980
State of Albuquerque
New Mexico Area^ Catron Colfax Lincoln
462,300 193,200 452 4,501 3,396
21,500
29,500
6.38
N/A
N/A
23
0.67
23,400 8,600
28,400 11,600
6.14 6.00
12 244 150
221 173
4.91 5.09
90,400 40,300
103,100 48,400
22.30 25.05
38 865 729
31 971 751
6.85 21.57 22.11
26,100
30,200
6.53
10,300
16,000
8.28
157
203
4.51
306
423
12.45
30,300 16,200
34,300 17,600
7.41 9.10
108 396 64
95 387 107
21.01 8.59 3.15
17,000 8,600
21,000 11,500
4.54 5.95
0 192 168
207 291
4.59 8.56
73,300
91,300
19.74
35,300
45,200
23.39
62
61
13.49
1,445
1,474
32.74
640
644
18.96
108,000 36,400
124,500 42,900
26.93 22.20
314 919 856
265 1,038 984
58.62 23.06 28.97
4-8
-------
Table 4-2. Employment by industry for 13 New Mexico counties (1976 and 1980)(continued).
McKlnley Otero Rio Arriba San Juan Sante Fe
Total Employment 1980 20,352 12,778 5,923 29,423 27,404
Mining
1976 3,558 - 48 2,156 255
1980 5,238 - 21 3,941 354
% County Labor Force 1980 25.73 - 0.35 13.39 1.29
Transp., Coimpun., and
Public Utilities
1976 1,062 576 208 2,530 882
1980 958 602 279 3,541 931
X County Labor Force 1980 4.70 4.71 4.71 12.03 3.39
Trade
—T976 3,822 2,317 945 4,666 4,953
1980 3,937 2,816 962 5,565 5,739
% County Labor Force 1980 19.34 22.03 16.24 18.91 20.94
Construction
1976
1980
% County Labor Force. 1980
850 712 208 3,289 1,538
481 545 433 ' 4,554 1,772
2.36 4.26 7.31 15.47 6.46
Manufacturing
1976 1,222 1,258 386 925 1,000
1930 937 981 195 1,240 1,320
% County Labor Force 1980 4.60 7.67 3.29 4.21 4.81
Finance, Insurance,
and Real Estate
1976 328 398 184 667 1,082
1980 405 435 192 837 1,343
% County Labor Force 1980 1.98 3.40 3.24 2.84 4.90
Service and Other
1976 2,084 2,383 1,173 4.159 5,457
1980 3,462 2,900 1,296 1,986 6,790
% County Labor Force 1980 17.01 22.69 21.88 16.94 24.77
Government Service
1970 4,506 3,152 2,223 3,799 7,515
\930 4,934 4,499 2,545 4,759 9,155
Z County Lubor Force 1980 24.24 35.20 42.96 16.17 33.40
4-9
-------
Table 4-2. Employment by Industry for 13 New Mexico counties (1976 and 1980)(continued).
SieTra
Socorro
Valencia
Total Employment 1980
1,589
3,664
13,958
Mining
1976 69
1980 15
% County Labor Force 1980 0.94
1,895
3,187
22.83
Transp., Commun., and
Public Utilities
1976 ~ 92 95 907
1980 134 113 1,014
% County Labor Force 1980 8.43 3.08 7.26
Trade
1976
1980
% County Labor Force 1980
379
399
25.11
572
566
15.44
2,064
2,516
18.02
Construction
1976 68 127 525
1980 41 111 1,270
% County Labor Force 1980 2.58 3.02 9.09
Manufacturing
1976
1980
% County Labor Force 1980
80
54
1.47
302
294
2.10
Finance, Insurance,
and Real Estate
1976 83 77 413
1980 77 104 460
% County Labor Force 1980 4.84 2.83 3.29
Service and Other
1976 324 388 1,052
1930 284 723 1,811
% County Labor Force 1980 17.87 19.73 12.97
Government Service
—1976 592 1,548 2,483
1980 639 1,993 3,406
% Countv Labor Force 1980 40.21 54.39 24.40
Albuquerque Area (SMSA) = Bernalillo and Santoval counties.
1976 data - annual average
1980 data - month of March
Agricultural wage employment not available
Dash (-) Disclosure - included in "Services and Other".
4-10
-------
Table 4-2. Employment by Industry for 13 New Mexico counties (1976 and 1980)(concluded).
Sources: New Mexico Employment Security Department. 1980a. Labor Information
series: nonagricultural wage and salary employment. Research and
Statistics Section, Albuquerque NM, variously paged.
New Mexico Employment Security Department. 1980b. Nonagricultural
wage and salary employment: Albuquerque area. Research and Statistics
Section, Albuquerque NM, variously paged.
New Mexico Employment Security Department. 1980c. New Mexico labor
market information review. Research and Statistics Section,
Albuquerque NM, 11 p.
4-11
-------
Manufacturing is a relatively undeveloped economic activity in both the
Study Area and the State, accounting for 5% and 7% of total employment,
respectively. The existing manufacturing activity is evenly distributed among
the counties with only Sierra County having a total absence of this industry.
The service sector accounts for 20% of total employment in both the Study Area
and the State overall.
Mining was a significant activity in several counties (McKinley, San Juan
and Valencia) and accounts for substantial employment. However, in 38% of the
counties in the Study Area there was no mining activity. In the remaining
counties, mining employment was minimal. It should be noted that in two of the
three counties where mining was a significant economic activity, unemployment
increase between 1976 and 1980, while the third qualified for bidding on
Federal procurement grants due to high unemployment.
Construction activity and the finance, insurance, and real estate
(F.I.R.E) sectors were all fairly evenly distributed across both the Study
Area and the State. Construction accounts for 6% of total employment, while
F.I.R.E. accounted for approximately 4% of the total employment.
4.1.3 Income
Income data are provided to assess the current standard of living. In
general, the Study Area was characterized by low income, resulting from very
low wages and a depressed economy. The low incomes were significantly less
than the overall average income for the US. The following indicators are used
to discuss income: per capita income; effective buying income; and average
annual wages.
4.1.3.1 Per Capita Income (PCI)
Per capita income is measured by dividing the total personal income by the
population to obtain a relative measure of the standard of living. Generally,
the higher the PCI the more developed the economy. PCI data ranked by county
from lowest to highest are presented in Table 4-3.
4-12
-------
Table 4-3. Income statistics for 13 New Mexico counties.
Per Capita
Per Capita
Income as
Median
Average
Per Capita
Income
% of US
Household
Annual
Income
Ranking
Average
EBI1
Wages^
$ 1978
1 - Lowest
1978
1979
$ 1977
State of
New Mexico
All Counties
6,599
NA
84
15,635
NA
Metro Counties
7,106
NA
9i
16,189
NA
Non-metro Counties
6,249
NA
80
NA
NA
Counties
Bernalillo
7,546
13
96
16,828
10,169
Catron
3,962
1
51
15,588
7,179
Colfax
6,385
10
81
13,577
8,632
Lincoln
5,647
7
72
12,643
6,714
McKinley
4,867
3
62
14,745
9,414
Otero
6,025
9
77
17,029
7,279
Rio Arriba
4,675
2
60
10,599
7,349
Santoval
5,206
5
66
10,048
6,811
San Juan
7,067
11
90
16,244
11,194
Santa Fe
7,247
12
92
15,836
8,167
Sierra
5,406
6
69
9,082
5,202
Socorro
4,986
4
64
12,784
6,756
Valencia
5,788
8
74
18,462
11,878
"'"EBI - Effective buying income is personal income less Federal, State and local taxes
(equivalent to disposable income)
2
Average annual wage is calculated by dividing total annual payroll by the number of
employees.
Sources: US Department of Commerce. 1980. Survey of current business, Volume 60,
No. 4. April 1980. Bureau of Economic Analysis, Washington DC, variously
paged.
Sales and Marketing Management. 1980. Survey of buying power, July 28, 1980,
variously paged.
US Department of Commerce. 1980. County business patterns 1977, United
States. Bureau of the Census, Washington DC, variously paged.
4-13
-------
The Study Area is characterized by low per capita incomes with no county
having a PCI above the US average... The Study Area is typical of a depressed
economy that has not diversified. Per capita incomes range from a low of
$3,962 to a high of $7,546. Based on combined data on employment and PCI, the
economy of the Study Area appears depressed and the standard of living low.
4.1.3.2 Effective Buying Income (EBI)
Effective buying income is the amount of personal income remaining after
all Federal, State, and local taxes are paid. The median (or midpoint) EBI for
households in each county in the Study Area is presented in Table 4-3. When
PCI was low in a county median EBI was also low. The EBI range was wide among
counties, from $9,082 to $18,462 per household. In 38% of the counties in the
Study Area the EBI was higher than the average EBI ($15,635) for the State.
4.1.3.3 Average Annual Wages
Average annual wage data for 1977 are given in Table 4-3. These are
computed by dividing total annual payroll by the average number of employees
for that year. In general, where per capita income and median EBI was low,
annual average wages were also low. Annual wages in the Study Area in 1977
ranged from $5,202 to $11,878.
4.2 SOCIAL
Social information describes people and the characteristics related to
their environment. Coal and related developments require large work forces and
often result in major changes in regional social (demographic)
characteristics.
A large influx of people into underdeveloped or low populated areas can
stress the capacity of local infrastructures, including: housing supply,
public services, education services, and transportation. In addition, the
introduction of people with ethnic, religious, and philosophic characteristics
4-14
-------
that are different than those of the original residents of the communities,
can create social stresses. This section describes the existing demographic,
housing, education, and transportation conditions for each county in the Study
Area.
4.2.1 Demography
Demography is the statistical study of the human population. Demographic
conditions examined in this section include population trends, projections,
characteristics and settlement patterns.
4.2.1.1 Population Trends and Projections
The population in the Study Area increased moderately (less than 50%) for
a majority of the counties (Table 4-4). The largest population increase,
occurred in Sandoval and San Juan counties (98.9% and 53.9%, respectively). An
increase in population occurred in all counties between 1970 and 1980.
Birth, death, and migration are the factors that determine population
changes. Counties where the population experienced a natural increase and
in-migration should continue to increase in population (Table 4-4). A
population trend in counties with either a natural decrease and in-migration
or a natural increase and out-migration cannot be predicted. A natural
decrease in population or out-migration did not occur.
Population projections for 1990 (Table 4-4) were developed using the
cohort-survival method. However, the 1990 projections were based on
information that may not reflect changes that have occurred in the last 5
years.
4.2.1.2 Population Characteristics
Existing demographic conditions were described by combining data for age
composition, education, and supplemental income recipients. (Figure 4-2).
4-15
-------
Table 4-4. Population counts and projections for 13 counties in New Mexico.
1970
Population
1980
Population
1970-1980
Change
X
Change
Natural
Increase or
Decrease
Migration
1990
Population
1980-1990
Change
X
Chang-
State
1,017,055
1,299,968
282,913
27.8
141,628
141,285
1,210,500
-89,468
-6.9
County
Bernalillo*
315,774
419,700
103,926
32.9
40,126
63,800
o
o
r-»
-8,400
-2.0
Catron
2,198
2,720
522
23.7
172
350
1,300
-1,420
-52.2
Colfax
12,170
13,706
1,536
12.6
921
615
10,700
-3,006
-21.9
Lincoln
7,560
10,997
3,437
45.5
739
2,698
8,300
2,697
-24.5
McKinley
43,208
54,950
11,742
27.2
11,172
570
64,500
9,550
17.4
Otero
41,097
44,665
3,568
8.7
7,422
-3,854
50,600
5,935
13.3
Rio Arriba
25,170
29,282
4,112
16.3
4,140
-28
22,400
-6,882
-23.5
Sandoval*
17,492
34,799
17,307
98.9
3,212
14,095
28,800
-5,999
-17.2
San Juan
52,517
80,833
28,316
53.9
11,651
16,665
84,300
3,467
4.3
Santa Fe
54,774
75,306
20,532
37.5
6,930
13,602
67,500
-7,806
-10.4
Sierra
7,189
8,454
1,265
17.6
-532
1,797
9,400
946
11.2
Socorro
9,763
12,969
3,206
32.8
1,335
1,871
8,900
-4,069
-31.4
Valencia
40,756
60,853
20,097
50.0
6,537
13,560
59,'500
-1,353
-2.2
*1980 Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area (SMSA) county
Sources: New Mexico Health and Environment Department 1981a; New Mexico Health and Environment Department
1981b; US Department of Commerce 1978a; US Department of Commerce 1981a; US Department of Commerce
1981b; US Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. 1970-1978. Volume 1 - Natality; US Department
of Health Education, and Welfare. 1970-1978. Volume XI - Mortality, part B; Wombold, Lynn 1979.
-------
Age composition data provide an indication of the potential labor supply
with respect to age. The median age in 9 of the 13 counties in the Study Area
was under 30. The median age (50.6) was highest in Sierra County. A median
age of between 30 and 40 was represented in other counties.
The median years of school completed indicates the level of educational
achievement (Table 4-5). Depending on the types of skills required, education
could restrict coal development. In Bernalillo, Lincoln, Otero, San Juan, and
Santa Fe counties, over half the population 25 years and older graduated from
high school.
Supplemental income recipients are people receiving aid either from the
public assistance to families with dependent children program or the old age
survivors, disability, and health insurance (OASDHI) program. Coal development
and related activities in sparsely populated areas cause the cost of living to
rise significantly. Consequently, counties with a high percent (30%) of people
receiving supplemental income will be affected most by coal development and
related activities (Table 4-5). Sierra County was the only county where more
than 30% of the population receive supplemental income.
4.2.1.3 Settlement Patterns
Population density (number of people per square mile) and the percent of
the population urban, rural non-farm, and farm are indicators of settlement
and development data for counties where the urban population exceeds 50% and
the population density is higher than the State population density are shown
in Table 4-6 and Figure 4-3. The economy is considered more developed in
counties where both of these qualities occur.
4.2.2 Housing Characteristics
A shortage of housing, especially in rural areas, is a major problem
associated with coal development. Housing availability, renter/owner
occupancy, and cost and quality are described in this section to characterize
existing housing conditions in the Study Area.
4-17
-------
Table 4-5. Population characteristics of 13 counties in New Mexico.
Educational Achievement
Male -
25 Years
Female -
¦ 25 Years
Supplemental
Income
and
Over
and
Over
Recipients
Age Composition
Median
% High
Median
X High
% of
%
%
Z
Median
Years
School
Years
School
1976
1975 *
0-17
18-49
50+
Age
Completed
Graduates
Completed
Graduated
Recipients Population
State
32.5
45.5
22.0
27.5
12.2
55.6
12.1
54.9
212,211
18.6
County
Bernalillo
30.3
48.8
20.9
28.0
12.6
67.4
12.4
65.1
61,834
17.1
Catron
26.3
38.8
34.9
35.3
10.5
39.7
11.4
46.7
503
21.5
Colfax
29.8
36.5
33.7
34. 1
11.2
45.1
11.8
48.4
3,039
23.2
Lincoln
28.0
37.5
34.5
34.7
12. 1
53.7
11.9
49.4
2,141
22.0
McKinley
42. 1
42.6
15.3
22.5
10.3
40.4
9.9
^ 39.1
9,340
18.3
Otero
66.0
51.2
14.8
25.0
12.5
68. 1
12.3
61.8
5,202
12.2
Rio Arriba
37.4
40.9
21.7
25.4
9.8
36.6
9.6
33.8
7,011
25.1
Sandoval
38.2
40. 1
21.7
24.8
9.9
37.8
10.7
41.4
4,926
21.8
San Juan
39.5
42.8
17.7
24. 7
12.0
51.4
12.0
50.4
11,638
18.0
Santa Fe
31.3
44.9
23.8
28.8
12.4
59.9
12. 3
61.0
11,509
18.4
Sierra
19.8
29.4
50.8
50.6
9.2
33.8
10.5
39.7
3,005
36.2
Socorro
32. 7
44.9
22.4
25.6
11.3
46.6
10.8
43.8
2,297
23.2
Valencia
36.3
44.4
19.3
25.9
11 .2
44.4
11.4
45. 1
7,681
16.6
Sources: Sales and Marketing Management 1980; US Department of Commerce 1973; US Department of Commerce 1978a.
-------
Table 4-6.
Information on settlenent patterns
In 13 counties
in New Mexico.
State
County
Bernalillo
Catron
Colfax
Lincoln
McKlnley
Otero
Rio Arriba
Population
Density
(People/
Sq. Mile)
10.7
270. L
0.3
3.6
2.3
10.1
6.7
5.0
Urban
Population
I
70.0
94.2
0
59.5
0
42.9
83.3
15.1
Rural
Non Farm
Population
X
26.3
5.7
74.4
35.3
95.0
52.7
15.7
76.5
Farm
Population
2
3.7
0.1
25.6
5.2
5.0
4.4
1.0
8.4
County
Sandoval
San Juan
Santa Fe
Sierra
Socorro
Valencia
Population
Density
(People/
Sq. Mile)
9.4
14.7
39.6
2.0
2.0
10.8
Urban
Population
Z
Rural
Non Farm
Population
X
Farm
Population
%
0
48.3
77.5
70.5
48.6
33.5
96.1
42.1
21.9
24.8
47.5
61.2
3.9
9.6
0.6
4.7
3.9
5.3
Note: Population density was determined by dividing the 1980 final census of population by the number of square miles in the State or county.
Sources: US Department of Commerce. 1978a. County and city data book, 1977. Bureau of Census, Washington DC, 956 p.
US Department of Commerce. 1981b. 1980 census of population and housing, advance reports - New mexico - final population and housing
unit counts. Bureau of Census, Washington DC, 10 p.
-------
«o dkigl
M»*a.Cr
LEGEND
50% or more urban
County population density above State
Both
Figure 4 3. Settlement patterns for 13 counties in New Mexico.
Sources: US Department of Commerce 1978a; OS Department of Commerce 1981b.
4-20
-------
4.2.2.1 Availability of Housing
The availability of housing (Figure 4-2) was determined by considering
housing and population changes between 1970 and 1980, unoccupied housing units
in 1970, and the 1980 population. High housing availability occurred in
McKinley and Valencia counties, while low housing availability occurred in
Catron and Sierra counties.
4.2.2.2 Renter/Owner Occupancy
The short time period (2-5 years) associated with construction activities
during coal development (i.e., power generating facility) necessitates that
rent housing be available. McKinley County was the only county where renter
housing in 1970 (Table 4-7) was over 40%.
4.2.2.3 Housing Cost and Quality
People associated with coal developments require adequate, affordable
housing. High costs for housing and/or poor quality of housing are problematic
to coal developments.
The median cost of housing for the county, compared to the median cost of
housing for the State, was used to indicate housing costs. Bernalillo, Otero,
and Santa Fe counties had housing costs equal to or above the State (Table
4-7).
The quality of housing was composed using data on housing units lacking
some or all plumbing facilities and units with 1.01 or more persons per room.
A higher percent of housing with 1.01 or more persons per room than the State
average occurred in eight counties (Table 4-7). A higher percent of units
lacking some or all plumbing facilities than the State average occurred in
seven counties.
4-21
-------
Table 4-7. Housing characteristics in 13 counties in New Mexico.
Housing Quality
Percentage (1970)
1970
1970
1970-
1970
1970 Occupied
Lacking Some
or All
With 1.01
or More
1970 County Median
Housing Cost
Housing
Housing
1980
Unoccupied
Percentage
Plumbing
Persons
Compared
to Stati
Units
Units
Change
Z ChanRe
Units (Z)
Owner
Renter
Facilities
Per Room
Owner Z
Renter !
State
326,108
506,293
180,185
55.3
10.2
66.4
33.6
8.3
15.3
-
-
County
Bernalillo
98,638
162,126
63,488
64.4
4.3
65.3
34.7
2.5
10.3
> 19.0
> 12.4
Catron
970
1,396
426
43.9
21.0
74.5
25.5
24.8
16.3
< 60.9
< 18.0
Colfax
4, 804
6,923
2,119
44.1
20. 7
70.3
31.7
6.4
15.6
< 36.6
< 19.1
Lincoln
4,950
9,739
4,789
96.7
33.4
73.6
26.4
8.4
12.7
< 24.0
< 5.6
McKinley
10,586
17,587
7,001
66.1
7.9
55.8
44.2
35.1
41.6
< 19.6
< 7.9
Otero
12,098
17,961
5,863
48.5
9.5
61.0
39.0
1.9
12.1
< 3.2
> 28.1
Rio Arriba
7,50.3
11,107
3,604
48.0
13.4
62.5
37.5
1.4
8.7
< 30.0
< 18.0
Sandoval
4,785
12,286
7,501
156.8
10.0
80.2
19.8
34.3
35.5
< 25.5
< 16.9
San Juan
14,960
29,552
14,592
97.5
10.0
67.9
32.1
17.2
27.0
< 1.1
< 10.1
Santa Fe
16,512
28,299
11,787
71.4
5.2
67.5
32.5
4.8
16.4
> 24.5
=
Sierra
3,743
5,392
1,649
44.1
22.5
66.9
33.1
7.8
10.9
<40.7
< 31.5
Socorro
3,029
4,638
1,609
53.1
10.1
71.7
29.9
16.5
18.9
< 39.6
< 6.7
Valencia
11,563
22,252
10,689
92.4
9.0
73.3
26.7
17.1
25.3
< 15.2
< 9.0
Note: < Less than the State median
> Greater than the State median
Sources: US Department of Commerce. 1978a, County and city data book, 1977, Bureau of Census, Washington DC, 956 p,
US Department of Commerce. 1981b. 1980 census of population and housing, advance reports - New Mexico - final population and housing
unit counts, Bureau of Census, Washington DC, 10 p.
-------
4.2.3 Education
High numbers of school age children are often associated with the
population influx that occurs with a coal development. Education was discussed
using public school enrollment and number of higher education facilities to
indicate the level and amount of educational services available.
4.2.3.1 Public Education
Larger school systems (systems with 10,000 plus students) can absorb
increases in school enrollment more efficiently than smaller systems.
Enrollment was more than 10,000 students in only six counties in the Study
Area (Table 4-8). Therefore, large coal developments may strain the existing
education systems in remaining counties.
4.2.3.2 Higher Education
Another indication of educational quality is the availability of higher
education facilities. Only four counties did not have a college or university.
Therefore, there was ample higher education opportunities in the Study Area.
4.2.4 Transportation
Existing transportation facilities are used extensively to mitigate costs
incurred to move coal and materials used to extract coal. Existing highway,
railroad, and commercial waterway systems are the main modes for transport of
goods and services associated with coal development.
4-23
-------
Table 4-8. Public school enrollment and number of colleges and universities in 13 counties in New Mexi
1975 Number of
Public School Colleges and
Enrollment Universities
State 274,316 37
County
Bernalillo 83,660 4
Catron 553 0
Colfax 3,055 1
Lincoln 2,130 0
McKinley 12,404 2
Otero 10,432 2
Rio Arriba 8,211 2
1975 Number of
Public School Colleges and
Enrollment Universities
County
Sandoval 4,454 0
San Juan 16,204 2
Santa Fe 13,092 3
Sierra 1,484 0
Socorro 2,571 2
Valencia 12,014 1
Sources: Board of Educational Finance. No date. New Mexico post-secondary educational institutions
and centers. Santa Fe NM, 1 sheet.
US Department of Commerce. 1978a. County and city data book, 1977. Bureau of Census,
Washington DC, 956 p.
-------
5.0 WATER RESOURCES
-------
5.0 WATER RESOURCES
5.1 INTRODUCTION
Adequate and reliable data on surface and groundwater quantity and quality
are necessary as a basis for sound economic development. An inadequate water
supply may limit the potential development of lignite/ coal resources.
Industries using lignite as a fuel or a source for other products will use and
consume water. In addition to needing adequate quantity, water must meet the
requirements for quality. Water quantity and quality considerations cannot be
evaluated unilaterally; they are closely related. The water supply becomes
the used water to be returned as wastewater.
This chapter focuses on the existing quantity and quality of surface and
groundwater in New Mexico where lignite/coal development is probable.
5.2 SURFACE WATER
The State is divided into 11 major river drainage basins—the San Juan,
Upper Rio Grande, Middle Rio Grande, Lower Rio Grande, Lower Colorado, Western
Closed, Central Closed, Pecos, Arkansas-White-Red, South Western Closed and
Southern High Plain (Figure 5-1). The Study Area includes 9 of the 11 major
basins, namely the Upper Rio Grande River, Middle Rio Grande River, Lower Rio
Grande River, San Juan River, Lower Colorado River, Western Closed River,
Central Closed River, Arkansas-White-Red River, and Pecos River.
This section addresses existing quantity and quality conditions.
Continuously-recorded stream gauging stations, flow duration and low-flow
magnitude and frequency are addressed, as well as total water usage by river
basin (Exhibit 5a).
5-1
-------
_ / if.
ICOLF"- l~3_,
• 1-4
6-1
j U"""** fy
4-1
7-1
3-1
5-1
5-2
z_r
. 3-3
7-2
4-
2-1
3-4
f "
Arkansas River Basin
1-1 Canadian River
1-2 Purgatoire River
1-3 Cimarron River
1-4 North Canadian River
1-5 Carrizo Creek
Pecos River Basin
2-1 Pecos River
Central Closed Basins
3-1 Estancia Basin
3-2 Jornada Del Huerto Basin
3-3 Tularosa Basin
3-4 Salt Basin
Figure 5-1. Major drainage basins and segments in 13 counties in New Mexico
Mexico State Engineer Office 1967).
BASIN INDEX
Rio Grande River Basin
4-1 Rio Grande River
4-2 Costilla Creek
Western Closed Basins
5-1 North Plains
5-2 San Augustin Plains
San Juan River Basin
6-1 San Juan River
6-2 Navajo River
Lower Colorado River Basin
7-1 Little Colorado River
7-2 San Francisco River
7-3 Gila River
5-2
-------
Stream flow is important in design, construction, and operation of water
related developments. Flow duration and low-flow magnitude and frequency are
significant in addressing water supply characteristics of streams. Flow dura-
tion information is used to make preliminary estimates of water supply. Low-
flow is used in estimating availability of water for dilution, transport of
waste, and industrial cooling.
Water quality is accurately defined through the assessment of various
biological, chemical, and physical parameters. Statistical data of selected
water quality parameters along with the locations of significant dischargers
are presented in Exhibit 5a.
To conform with other water management agencies (Federal and State) that
define and collect surface water information, surface water quantity and
quality data are presented by drainage basin. Each basin is further divided
into smaller planning areas or "segments". Only segments located in the Study
Area are discussed (Exhibit 5a).
5.2.1 Upper Rio Grande River Basin
The Upper Rio Grande River Basin is located in north central New Mexico,
bordering Colorado to the north and extending below Cochiti Reservoir, near
Bernallio to the south. The basin has a drainage area of 19,425 km^ (7,500
mi2). Principal tributaries are the Red River, Rio Taos River, Rio Hondo
River, Embudo Creek, and Chana River (Exhibit 5a). Precipitation in the basin
varies from 889 mm (35 inches) at upper elevations to about 152 mm (6 inches)
in the south.
5.2.1.1 Quantity
All of the Upper Rio Grande River Basin is in the Study Area. The upper
part of the basin is the major water-producing area in the Rio Grande River
Basin. The drainage areas, discharges, and periods of record are presented in
5-3
-------
Table 5-1. The percent of time daily discharges were equaled or exceeded for
a given period of record is presented in Table 5-2. If a specified amount of
water is needed for a given percent of time, the sites where stream flow is
adequate to meet these requirements can be determined directly from Table 5-2.
Annual low-flow frequency data for station's located in the Upper Rio Grande
River Basin are presented in Table 5-3.
The average low-flow for 7 consecutive days that statistically will occur once
during a recurrence interval is presented in Table 5-3. For example, during
any given 10-year period, the average flow for 7 consecutive days at the
gauging station on the Sante Fe River near Santa Fe will not exceed 0.1
mVsec (Table 5-3). Low-flow data are used to determine the dependable
amount of water available for development. The application of data in Table
5-3 is illustrated by the following example. Assume a lignite-fired power
plant has an average water demand of 50.0 m^/sec. and could tolerate an
insufficent supply of water for 7 consecutive days once every 10 years. The
station on the Rio Grande River at Embudo (Station No. 2795) is the only
station with adequate stream flow to meet this water demand. Data on the
current and projected water withdrawals and depletions in the Upper Rio Grande
River Basin are presented in Table 5-4.
5.2.2.1 Quality
Surface water quality in the Upper Rio Grande River Basin is generally
good and suitable for most beneficial uses. The lower main streams of the Rio
Grande River and Chama River are designated as marginal cold water fisheries;
the remaining perennial water is designated as cold water or high quality cold
water fisheries. Segments 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, and 16 are classified as
water quality limited by the New Mexico Water Quality Control Commission
(Table 5-5).
Minimum levels (>5.0 mg/1) of dissolved oxygen (DO) are consistently re-
corded at key stations located along the Rio Grande River and its tributaries
(Table 5-6). Levels of zinc, iron, copper, and manganese are within the recom-
5-4
-------
suraae
2841
2841(
2842
2843
2845
2855
2865
2870
2890
2910
2943
3126
Drainage areas and discharges for continuous-record gauging stations in the Upper Rio Grande River Basin, New Mexico.
Minimum Average Maximum
Period of Rracord DrjLn.-ig^ Discharge Disijhorsa Discharge
Station Name County (Water Years) Area (km ) (m /s) 0" •'s)
Rio Chama near Rio Arriba 1955-1979 1,200.0 0.11 8.81 317.00
La Puente
Azotea Tunnel at Rio Arriba 1970-1979 NA no flow 3.63 31.20
outlet near Charma
Willow Creek above
Heron Reservoir
near Los Ojas
Horse Lake Creek
above Heron Reservoir
near Las Ojas
Willow Creek below
Heron Dam
Rio Chama below
El Vado Dam
Rio Chama above
Abiquiu Reservoir
Rio Chama below
Abiquiu Dam
Rio Ojo Calente
at La Madera
Rio Arriba
Rio Arriba
Rio Arriba
Rio Arriba
Rio Arriba
Rio Arriba
Rio Arriba
1962-1979
1962-1979
1971-1979
1913-1979
1961-1979
1961-1979
1932-1979
290.0
120.0
500.0
2,271.0
4,144.0
5,561.0
1,085.0
no flow
no flow
no flow
no flow
0.21
0.01
0.01
3.94
0.03
2.74
10.39
10.45
11.47
1.88
45.30
112.00
62.90
255.00
185.00
84.70
88.90
Santa Cruz River Santa Fe 1930-1979 220.0 0.01 0.82 68.50
at Cundiyo
Rio Nambe at Santa Fe 1963-1979 88.6 0.01 0.30 30.90
Nambe Falls
Pojoaque River at Santa Fe 1972-1979 477.0 no flow - 173.00
at San lldefonso
Pueblo
-------
Table 5-1. Drainage areas and discharges for continuous-record gauging station in the Upper Rio Cranile Kiver Basin, New Mexico (concluded).
Minimum Average Maximum
Period of Record Drainagg
(Water Years) Area (km )
Number
3130
3160
3172
31795
3174
Station Name County
Rio Grande at Otowi Santa Fe
Bridge near San
Ildefonso McClure
Reservoir
Santa Fe River near Santa Fe
Santa Fe
Santa Fe River above Santa Fe
Cochita Lake
Calisteo Creek below Santa Fe
Galisteo Dam
Rio Grande below Santa Fe
Cochita Dam
Discharge
(m /s)
Discharge
(m /s)
1895-1905
1909-1979
1913-1979
1970-1979
1970-1979
1970-1979
37,040.0
47.1
596.0
1,546.0
38,590.0
1.70
0.002
no flow
no flow
0.014
ND
0.23
0.25
0.19
ND
Discharge
(m /s)
692.00
42.50
323.00
56.60
292.00
ND - Not determined
(-) - No flow most of the time
Source: USGS. 1979. Water Resources Data for New Mexico. Albuquerque NM, 747 p.
-------
3
Table 5-2. Duration of daily flow (m /sec.) from gauging scacions
Station 2
Number Station Name County Area (km )
3160 Sante Fe River near Santa Fe 47
Santa Fe
2795 Rio Grande at Embudo Rio Arriba 26,940
2865 Rio Chama Above Abiqui Rio Arriba 260
Reservoir
2870 Rio Chama Below Abiquiu Rio Arriba 5,561
Dam
2890 Rio ojo caliente a la Rio Arriba 8,143
Madera
Ui
«!j 2841 Rio Chama near La Rio Arriba 1,200
Puente
28416 Azotea Tunnel at Outlet Rio Arriba N/A
near Chama
2842 Willow Creek above Rio Arriba 290
Heron Reservoir near
Los Ojos
2843 Horse Lake Creek above Rio Arriba 120
Heron Reservoir near Los
Ojos
2855 Rio Chama below El Vado Rio Arriba 2,271
Dam
3172
Sante Fe River above
Cochiti Lake
Santa Fe
598
streams in the Upper Rio Cr.rnde River.
for Percent of Time Indicated of
99 50 25 10 1 Record
0.01 0.11 0.23 0.49 1.88 1914-1978
5.13 14.62 22.12 49.64 165.20 1900-1978
0.59 3.47 13.52 28.63 72.80 1962-1978
0.64 4.18 15.78 29.98 56.00 1963-1978
0.07 0.47 0.93 4.17 25.20 1933-1978
0.22 1.96 5.76 23.67 86.49 1956-1978
0.00 0.29 3.47 13.44 N/A 1971-1979
0.00 0.08 1.18 7.10 N/A 1964-1979
N/A N/A 0.00 0.03 0.78 1963-1973
0.02 2.61 14.75 31.20 70.93 1937-1977
0.02 0.18 0.24 0.33 1.57 1971-1978
-------
I
00
Table 5-2. Duration of daily flow (m /sec.) from gauging stations on streams in the Upper Rio Grande River (concluded).
3
Station
Number
3174
2811
2900
2910
2943
Station Name
Rio Grande below
Cochiti Dam
31795 Galisteo Creek below
Galisteo Dam
Rio Grande above San
Juan Pueblo
Rio Chama near
Chamita
Santa Cruz River near
Cundiyo
County
Sandoval
Santa Fe
Rio Arriba
Rio Arriba
Santa Fe
Rio Narobe at Nambe Falls, Santa Fe
near Nambe
3130 Otowi Bridge
Santa Fe
Area (km )
38,590
1,546
27,320
8,143
220
89
37,040
Flow in m /sec, Equaled or Exceeded
for Percent of Time Indicated
99
50
25
10
1
N/A 0.01 0.04
0.05
0.11 0.39 0.84 1.86
0.03 0.18 0.33 0.58
Period
of
Record
1.44 19.29 29.52 51.10 145.82 1971-1978
4.41 1971-1978
0.19
4.08 14.0 22.88 33.08 92.40 1964-1978
4.89 18.07 38.51 113.40 1913-1978
6.16 1933-1978
1.79 1964-1978
4.68 21.95 40.56 92.40 292.00 1901-1978
N/A - Not available
Source: US Geological Survey. 1981. WATer data STOrage and REtrieval (WATSTORE). Dallas TX.
-------
Table 5-3. Seven day low flow for various recurrence intervals in streams in the Upper Rio Grande River Basin,
New Mexico.
Station
Number
3160
2795
2865
2870
2890
2841
2842
2855
2811
2900
2910
2943
Station Name
Sante Fe River near
Santa Fe
Rio Grande at Embudo
County
Santa Fe
Rio Arriba
Rio Chama above Abiqui Rio Arriba
Dam
Rio Chama below Abiquiu Rio Arriba
Dam
Rio ojo caliente a la Rio Arriba
Madera
Rio Chama near La Rio Arriba
Puente
Willow Creek above Rio Arriba
Heron Reservoir near
Los Ojos
Rio Chama below El Vado Rio Arriba
Dam
Rio Grande above San
Juan Pueblo
Rio Arriba
Rio Chama near Chamita Rio Arriba
Santa Cruz River near Santa Fe
Cundiyo
Rio Nambe at Nambe Santa Fe
Falls, near Nambe
Area (km^) 1
47 0.95
26,940 168.12
260 28.40
Annual Low Flow in m /sec. for 7 Consecutive
Days for Indicated Recurrence Interval in Years
10
5,561
8.143
1,200
290
8,143
220
89
23.87
2.43
27.89
0.16
2,271 34.01
27,320 220.30
30.47
3.10
1.29
4.670
1.870
0.290 0.15
72.210 56.84
7.740 5.01
7.730 5.59
1.010 0.68
5.530 2.97
0.038 0.13
1.790 0.49
61.450 42.03
1.13
1.41
0.610 0.43
50.810
4.030
4.790
0.540
2.130
0.240
35.040
0.440
1.190
0.290
20
Period
of
Record
0.100 0.069 1914-1978
46.620
3.370
0.440
1.610
0.006 0.003
0.180
0.102
1901-1978
1963-1978
4.250 1963-1978
1933-1978
1956-1978
1964-1979
0.130 1937-1977
3.390 1964-1978
1914-1978
1933-1978
0.200 1964-1978
-------
Table 5-3. Seven day low flow for various recurrence intervals in streams in the Upper Rio Grande River Basin,
New Mexico (concluded).
Period
of
Record
1901-1978
i
h-1
O
Source: US Geological Survey. 1981. WATer data STOrage and P.Etrieval (WATSTORE). Dallas TX.
3
Annual Low Flow in m /sec. for-7 Consecutive
Station Days for Indicated Recurrence Interval in Years
Number Station Name County Area (km^) 1 2 5 10 20
3130 Otowi Bridge Santa Fe 37,040 246.52 87.600 54.23 41.210 32.430
-------
Table 5-4. Current and projected water withdrawals and depletions
(thousands of acre feet) In the Upper Rio Grande River Basin, New Mexico.
1970 1980 1990 2020
Use
Wd.
Depl.
Wd.
Depl.
Wd.
Depl.
Wd.
Depl,
Urban
11.6
5.2
11.5
7.9
21.8
13.0
28.7
19.9
Rural
3.2
1.4
3.6
2.3
5.5
4.1
8.3
6.2
Manufacturing
.4
.3
.7
.3
1.1
.6
1.7
1.0
Minerals
6.4
1.1
12.7
6.1
23.3
13.0
48.1
30.5
Fish and
Wildlife
5.7
5.7
11.5
11.5
15.6
15.6
17.8
17.8
Recreation
.2
.1
.4
.2
.9
.6
.9
.5
Indlan
Irrigation
52.2
26.1
60.2
29.7
58.1
29.4
56.0
2".i
Non-Indian
Irrigation
206.5
102.7
216.8
109.5
210.8
108.0
199.3
106.9
Livestock
1.0
1.0
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.3
1.3
TOTALS
287.2
143.6
322.6
168.7
338.3
185.5
362.1
213.2
Source: Mater Quality Control Commission. 1979. New Mexico statewide water quality
management plan, appendix. Santa Fe NM, variously paged.
5-11
-------
Table 5-5. Water quality inventory summary for the Upper Rio Grande River Basin, New Mexico.
Segment No.
7
Ln
I
10
11, 12, 13
Location
The main stem of the Rio
Grande from Angostura
Diversion Works upstream
to Cochlti Dam
Cochiti Reservoir
The main stem of the Rio
Grande from the headwaters
of Cochiti Reservoir up-
stream to Taos Junction
Bridge including the main
stem of Embudo Creek from
its confluence with the
Rio Grande upstream to
Dixon and the Santa Fe
River upsteam to Siler Rd.
El Rito Creek above the Town
of El Rito and Vallecitos
Creek above Ojo Caliente
Creek and all tributaries
The Rio Chama from its con-
fluence with the Rio Grande
upstream to El Vado and any
flow below the perennial
reaches of El Rito Creek and
Rio Ojo Caliente which enters
the main stem of the Rio Chama
Classif ication
EL/WQL
WQL
EL
WQL
WQL
WQL
Designated Uses
Irrigation; livestock and
wildlife watering; secondary
contact recreation; cold
water fishery
Irrigation, livestock and
wildlife watering; warm
water fishery; cold water
fishery; secondary contact
recreation
Irrigation; livestock and
wildlife watering; marginal
cold water fishery; secon-
dary contact recreation;
warm water fishery
Domestic water supply; irri-
gation high quality cold
water fishery; livestock and
wildlife watering; secondary
contact recreation
Irrigation; livestock and
wildlife watering; marginal
cold water fishery; secondary
contact recreation; warmwater
fishery; domestic water sup-
ply; high quality coldwater
fishery
Known Water
Quality Problems
Poor wastewater
treatment causes
DO depletion bac-
teria and sus-
pended solid
Municipal waste-
water and low
flow cause algal
booms
Municipal waste-
water and low
flow cause DO
depletion and
bacteria
Municipal waste-
water causes
bacteria
-------
Table 5-5.
Water quality inventory summary
Segment No. location
14, 15 All perennial reaches of
tributaries to the Rio
Chama above Abiquiu
Reservoir and the main
stem of the Rio Chama from
£1 Vado upstream to the
New Mexico-Colo, line, in-
cluding El Vado Reservoir
16 All perennial reaches of
tributaries to the Rio
Grande in Santa Fe County
except the Santa Fe River
below Siler Rd.
Ln
I
17 The main stem of the Rio
Lo
Grande from Taos Junction
Bridge upstream to the
Colorado-New Mexico line
and the Red River from its
confluence with the Rio
Grande upstream to a point
miles above the bridge
at the Red River Fish
Hatchery
18 The Red River from a point
1*3 miles above the bridge
at the Red River Fish
Hatchery upstream to its
headwaters including all
tributaries thereto and
all other perennial reaches
the Upper Rio Grande River Basin, New Mexico (continued).
Classification
EL/WQL
EL
Designated Uses
Water fishery; irrigation;
livestock and wildlife
watering; secondary con-
tact recreation; irrigation
storage; primary contact
recreation; varmwater fish-
ery
Known Water
Quality Problems
No signigicant
problems
WQL Domestic water supply; high NA
quality cold water fishery;
irrigation; livestock and
wildlife water; municipal and
industrial water supply;
secondary contact recreation;
fish culture
EL Cold water fishery; livestock No significant
and wildlife watering; irriga- problems
tion storage; primary contact
recreation
EL Domestic water supply; fish No significant
culture; high quality cold problems
water fishery; Irrigation;
livestock and wildlife
watering
-------
Table 5-5. Water quality inventory summary for the Upper Rio Grande River Basin, New Mexico (concluded).
ClassiCication Known Water
Segment No. Location EL/WQL Designated Uses Quality Problems
(continued) (continued) (continued) (continued) (continued)
of tributaries to the Rio
Crande in Taos County,
including Embudo Creek
above Dixon
NA - Information not available
WQL - Water Quality Limited - A segment where water quality does not meet applicable water quality standards,
and is not expected to meet standards after the application of the effluent limitations required by
Section 301 (b) (1) (B) of the 1972 Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments.
EL - Effluent Limited - A segment where water quality is meeting and will continue to meet applicable water
quality standards or where there is an adequate demonstration that water quality will meet applicable
water quality standards after the application of the effluent limitations required by Section 201 (b)
(1) (A) and 301 (b) (1) (B) of the 1972 Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments.
Source: New Mexico Water Quality Commission. 1980. Water Quality Status Summary. Santa Fe, NM. Variously
paged.
-------
Table 5-6. Uater quality statistical summary for stations located in Upper Rio Grande
River Basin, NM.
hriu(ar<
Sta. Ko: 3172
location; Santa Fe R.
County: Santa Fe
Scgseat:
Sta. No. 3J74
Location:
County:
Sc£rrent:
Rio Grande R.
Sandoval
Mean
rlln- Max. Heart
Min.
Hax.
Water temperature (Dag.C) 12.25
TuthiJity (JTU)
dissolved oxygen (Hg/L) 9.20
202 5 Cay 0:g/L)
?K (EU) 7.84
Total Alkalinity CaCOj (Mg/L) 206.00
Tatcl Reside 0!sA>) 0.73
Vol. Filterable ?.esidul (I^/L) ~
Total Mcai iltcrable Ecsldue' (Sg/L) -
Total Phosphorus P (Hj/L)
Dissolve. Phosphorus ? (Kg/L) -
Tctcl liarir.ess CaCO^ (Mg/L) 156.33
Dissolves Calcium Ca (Xfi/L) 49.00
Total C.-.lciL= Ca (Jig/J.)
Eissolvci Magncsiua Mg (Hg/L) 8; 10
Total Xagne3iu::i (Xg/L) ~
Chloride CI (Jig/I.) 22.33.
Total Iron Fe (un/L)
Dissolved Iron Te (i$/L) 43.33.
Dissolved Lead Pb (ug/L) 1.00
Total Lead Pb (t«/L) 100.00
Jiangancse Mn (u^/L)
Dissolved Manganese Kn (ug/L) 155.00
Dissolved Nickel Mi (ug/L) -
TAtal Nickel Ni (ug/L)
Dissolved Silver Ag (ug/L) 0.00
Total Silver Ag {up./L) "
Dissolved Zinc Zn (Ug/L) 25.00
Total Zinc Zn (ug/L) -
Dissolved Scicniim Sc (ug/f.) 0.00
Total Sclcniuu 5c (ug/L) -
Total A=rjjn£a N.'l^ (Hg/L) 4.00
Dissolved Anion la (rl;,/l.) _
Tct.nL Coliforn /100 nl
1.50 26.00 12.14
7.90 11.40 8.29
6.90 8.20 8.29
83.00 281.00
0.73 0.73 -
201.33
79.00 200.00
25.00 62.00
3.90 11.00
11.00 29.00
30.00 60.00
1.00 1.00.
100.00 100.00
150.00 160.00
. 0.00 0.00
20.00 30.00
0.00 0.00
4.00 4.00
5.00
8.29
8.29
21.00
8.29
8.29
16.00 720.00
5-15
-------
Table 5-6. Water quality statistical summary for stations located In Upper Rio Grande
River Basin, NM. (continued) .
Nrcccters
Sto. No: 2795
location; Rio Grande
County: Rl£J Arrlba
Scgaent:
sra. Ko. 2865
Loc.1tIon: njo chama
County:
Sc£tcent:
Rio Arriba
Mean
Kin.
Max.
Mean
Kin.
Max,
ttater temperature {&>3£.C) 5.57
TarMaiiy tg/L) 1.11
?K (Si!) 7.82
Tc:.nl Alkalinity CaCOj (Kg/L)
Toed XcsiJue —
Vol. Filterable ?.csidm (Xg/L) -
Total I*cr.5ilterable Residue (Xg/L) -
Totcl Phosphorus P Cg/L) ' ~
Sisoolvei rhosp'-orus ? (Kg/L) -
Vctcl r^riress CaCOj (Mg/L) 115.50
Dissolve Calciua Ca (Mjj/L)
Tot=l Cslciu= Ca Olg/L) -
Dissolve; Migncsiuu Kg (Mg/L) -
Total ^fcgncsiua (Xj/L) "
Chloride CI (Xg/L) 6.35.
total Iron Fe (u^/L)
Dissolved Iron To (cg/L)
Dissolved Lead Pb (ug/L)
Totcl Lead Pb (i«/L)
Manganese Mn (ug/L)
Dissolved Manganese Kn (ug/L) _
Dissolved Nickel Ki (ug/L)
Tital Nickel 3»i (ug/L)
Dissolved Silver Ag (ug/L)
Total Silver Ag (uft/L) ~~
Dissolved Zinc in (ug/L) ~
Total Zinc Zn (ug/L) ~
Dissolved Selenitic Se (ug/l.) ~
Total Selenium Sc (ug/L) —
Taral Aasonij (,Vg/L)
Dissolved Ar.no^la !."H, (H:-/L)
$
Tctnl ColiforLi /lOO.nl 108.40
1.00 .16.00 8.81 0.00 25.60
8.30 12.00 10.11 8.30 11.40
0.40 2.70 0.86 0.60 1.40
7.60 8.10 -
104.00 128.00
4.90 7.00
1.00 200.00 244.80 30.00 540.00
5-16
-------
Table 5-6. Water auality statistical summary for stations located in Upper Rio Grande
River Basin, NM. (concluded).
Sta. No:
Location;
2900
Rio Chama
Sta. No.
Location
3i30
: Rio
Grande
fartcceert
County:
Segment:
Rio Arriba
County:
Scgitcnt:
Santa Fe
Mean
Kin.
Ma*.
Kcan
Hin.
Max.
Valor temperature (Heg.C)
11.97
0.00
37.19
13.39
0.00
38.88
Turbidity (J7U)
82.63
0.00
380.00
72.58
7.00
1300.00
Dissolved oxygen (Xg/L).
10.11
8.20
11.4
9.64
6.50
29.00
202 5 Bay O'-r/L)
1.37
0.50
2.60
1.65
0.60
. 4.90
?h (rj)
7.63
6.90
8.50
7.93
6.60
8.90
Total Alkalinity CaCOj (Xg/L)
127.66
63.00
222.00
111.55
45.00
202.00
Total Residue (Xg/L)
-
. -
-
-
-
Vol. Filterable ?.esldu2 (Xg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
Total "cn£ilterable Ecsldue (Xg/L) -
214.00
11.00
3440.00
Total Phosphorus ? (Hg/L)
•-
-
-
•0.19
0.01
4.00
Eisiolvei Phosphorus ? (Kg/L)
-
-
-
0.05
0.00
0.61
Tctel llsrdr.css CaCOj (Mg/L)
196.06
72.00
391.00
148.19
67.00
702.00
Dissolved Calciua Ca (Mg/L)
58.57
24.00
130.00
46.72
9.80
258;00
Totsl C.-.lcic= Ca GIb/L)
-
-
-
-
-
Lisiulvcd X»cacsiua Kg (Mg/L)
11.26
2.40
27.00
¦7.55
2.20
23.00-
Total ysgneslun >.'3 (Xg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
Chloride CI (Xg/L)
9.94
1.26
35.00
7.00.
0.00.
44.00
Total Iron Fe (u?,/L)
-
-
-
485£l00 400.00
51£OQOO
. Dissolved Iron Fc («e/L)
36.62 4.
. 99x10"'
180.00
56.75
0.00
889.99
Dlssolvet! Lead Pb (uj/L)
4.49
3.00
5.99
5.08
0.00
80.00
Total Lead Pb (ug/L)
47.62
4.00
200.00
61.43
3.00
100.00
Manganese Mn (ug/L)
-
-
-
228.21
40.00,
1040.00
Dissolved Manganese Kn (ug/L)
5.33
0.99
15.00
14.24'
0.00
120.00
Dissolved Kickel !.'i (ug/L)
6.. 16
2.00
.22.00
1.50
0.00
9.00
Tital Nickel Ni (ug/L)
-
-
-
5.83
3.00
9.00
Dissolved Silver Ag (ug/L)
0.72
0.00
2.00
0.08
0.00
1.00
Total Silver Ag (ug/L)
-
-
-
0.06
0.00
. 1.00
Dissolved Zinc Zn (ug/L)
225.67
3.00
579.99
7.21
0.00
20.00
Tot.-.l Zinc Zn (ug/L)
-
-
-
45.11
8.00
210.00
Dissolved Selenium Se (ug/l.)
2.59
0.00
10.00
0.73
0.00
13.00
Total Selenium Se (ug/L)
-
- "
-
0.29
0.00
1.00
Total Anrx>nio NM^ (Mg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
Dissolved Acnonla NH^ (Ug/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
Tctal Coliforp /100 nl
41.42
50.00 2Q00Q00
329Q47
42.00
32000.00
Source: USGS. 1981. WATer Data STOrage and REtrieval (V.'ATSTORE). Dallas, Texas.
5-17
-------
mended standards (Table 5-7). According to the data available to the New
Mexico Water Quality Control Commission there is some indication that phos-
phorus and nitrogen levels increase in the lower reaches. Mean total
phosphorus measured at Lobatus, Colorado was 0.124 mg/1 and mean total
nitrogen was 0.488 mg/1 at Otowi Bridge. Average chloride and sulfate
concentrations were generally low throughout the Upper Rio Grande River Basin.
Sources of surface water pollution include municipal dischargers (Sante Fe
treatment plants, Espanola sewage treatment plant, and Taos sewage treatment
plant) and industrial dischargers (Exhibit 5a). There is only one industrial
discharger of significance in the basin, Molycorp, Inc. (not in Study Area).
Non-point sources of potential problem include run-off from winter pastures
adjoining cold water fisheries and sediment loads resulting from poor range
and timber mamagement.
5.2.2 Middle Rio Grande River Basin
The Middle Rio Grande River Basin is located in the
Mexico and contains over 30,769 km^ (11,880 mi^).
butaries are the Jemez River, Rio Puerco River, Rio San
Saldo River.
5.2.2.1 Quantity
The current and projected water withdrawal and depletion in the Middle Rio
Grande River Basin are presented in Table 5-8. Data for the drainage areas,
discharges, flow duration and 7 day low-flows are presented in Table 5-9
through Table 5-11.
5.2.2.2 Quality
The Middle Rio Grande River has historically been severely limited in re-
creational and fisheries potential due to an extremely wide variation in flow.
The fecal coliform standard is the only water quality standard which f.re-
central part of New
The principal tri-
Jose River, and Rio
5-18
-------
Table 5-7. "Water quality standards and recommended water quality limits.
National Academy of Science and
EPA Quality National Academy of Engineering,
Water Quality
Parameter
New Mexico
Standard
Criteria for
Domestic Water*
1974, Recommended
Public Water Supply
Limits
Livestock.
Arsenic
a
50 ug/L
100 ug/L
200 ug/L
Cadmium
a
10 ug/L
10 ug/L
50 ug/L
Chloride
b
250 mg/L**
250 mg/L
Chromium
a,c
50 ug/L
50 ug/Lc
1,000 ug/L
Copper
a
1,000 ug/L
100 ug/L
500 ug/L
Dissolved solids
b
250 mg/Le
Dissolved oxygen
b
5.0 mg/L
Iron
a
300 ug/L
300 ug/L
Lead
a
50 ug/L
50 ug/L
100 ug/L
Manganese
a
50 ug/L
50 ug/L
Mercury
a
2.0 ug/L
2 ug/L
1,000 ug/L
pH
b
5.0-9.0 .
5.0-9.0
Phosphorus
b
100 ug/L
Sulfate
b
250 mg/L
250 mg/L
Zinc
a
5,000 mg/L
500 -mg/L
*Also Public Health Service Limit.
aStandards are based on 96-hour Median Tolerance Limit. See "Water Quality Standards for
Interstate and Interstate Streams in New Mexico", August 28, 1980.
^Standards are set for individual segments. See "Water Quality Standards for Interstate
and Interstate Streams in New Mexico", August 28, 1980.
CHexavalent (Cr"1"^) .
Applicable only to Public Health Service Limit.
CNot applicable to Public Health Service Limit.
Source: Water Quality Control Commission. 1980. "Water Quality Standards for Interstate
and Interstate Streams in New Mexico", August 28, 1980. Sante Fe NM, AO p.
5-19
-------
Table 5-8. Current and projected water withdrawals and depletions
(thousands of acre-feet) in the Middle Rio Grande River Basin, New Mexico.
Use
Wd.
1970
Depl.
Wd.
1980
Depl.
Wd.
2000
Depl.
Wd.
2020
Depl.
Urban
66.7
30.1
83.0
41.7
134.6
79.5
202.5
141.2
Rural Domestic
5.8
2.7
4.4
2.9
5.1
3.6
5.1
3.7
Manufacturing
2.2
1.3
3.3
1.9
5.0
3.0
10.8
6.1
Minerals^
9.1
4.5
19.8
12.6
34.0
24.2
54.1
40.9
2
Power
4.9
3.4
8.5
5.9
6.0
4.1
12.2
8.6
Military
7.7
4.2
7.7
4.2
7.7
4.2
7.7
4.2
Livestock
2.5
2.5
3.1
3.1
3.6
3.6
4.3
4.3
Fish and
Wildlife
9.2
5.8
21.9
18.5
30.3
24.4
30.8
24.9
3
Recreation
0.8
0.5
1.4
0.9
2.4
1.6
4.8
3.1
4
Irrigation (Tot.)
331.8
154.7
324.4
154.9
309.0
153.4
290.3
151.8
Indian
32.6
15.4
32.0
15.4
30.5
15.2
28.7
15.0
Non-Indian
299.2
139.3
292.4
139.5
278.5
138.2
261.6
136.8
TOTALS
440.7
209.7
477.5
246.6
537.7
301.6
622.6
388.8
County totals for Bernalillo, Sandoval, Valencia and Socorro counties.
2
Includes projected Installation of fossil fuel electric generating plant before
2020 between Bernalillo and Albuquerque (Sandoval County).
"^Land based only.
I,
Not considering transfer to other areas.
Source: Water Quality Control Commission. 1979. New Mexico statewide water
quality management plan, appendix. Santa Fe NM, variously paged.
5-20
-------
Tabl
umbel
3190
3240
3290
3320:
3340
3343
3405
3426
3430
3431
3435
2398
Drainage areas and discharges for continuous-record gauging stations in the Middle Rio Grande River Basin, New Mexico.
Minimum Average Maxiniuu
Station Name
County
Rio Grande at
San Felipe
Jemez River
near Jemez
Jemez River
below Jemez
Canyon Dam
Rio Grande Floodway
near Bernardo
Rio Puerro above
Arroyo Chico near
Guadalupe
Papers Wash near
Star Lake Trading Post
Aroyyo Chico near
Guadalupe
San Mateo Creek
near San Mateo
Rio San Jose at
Grants
Grants Canyon at
Grants
Rio San Jose
near Grants
Rio Paguate below
Jackpile Mine near
Laguna
Sandoval
Sandoval
Sandoval
Socorro
Sandoval
McKlnley
Sandoval
Socorro
Valencia
Valencia
Valencia
Valencia
Period cf Record
(Hater Years)
1925-1978
1936-1941
1949-1952
1953-1978
1936-1938
1943-1978
1936-1939
1943-1978
1951-1978
1977-1978
1943-1978
1977-1978
1912-1978
1961-1978
1936-1978
1976-1978
Drainage
Area (Ins")
41670
1220
2628
48810
1090
52.5
3600
199.8
2640
33.7
5960
277
Discharge
(m /s)
0.906
0.120
no flow
no flow
no flow
no flow
no flow
no flow
no flow
no flow
0.054
0.002
Discharge
(m /s)
27.950
1.883
1.495
25.430
0.365
0.603
0.092
0.005
0.184
NA
Discharge
(ci/s)
773
167
462
595
197
0.68
430
17.80
49.80
43.90
39.60
2.80
-------
Table 5-9. Drainage area9 and discharges for continuous-record gauging stations in the Middle Rio Grande River Basin, New Mexico (concluded).
Minimum Average Kaxioiir.
Period of Record
?;umb£r Station Name County (Water Years)
Drainage;
Area (km )
Discharge
fa /s)
Discharge
(m /s)
Dischcrge
(a /s)
3515
Rio San Juan at
Carreo
Valencia
1943-1978
9480
no flow
0.323
202
3530
Rio Puerro near
Bernardo
Socorro
1939-1978
19040
no flow
1.345
532
3540
3549
3584
Rio Salada near Socorro
San Acacia
Rio Grande Floodway Socorro
at San Acacia
Rio Grange Floodway Socorro
at San Marcial
1947-1978
1936-1978
1964-1978
3570
69330
71740
no flow
no flow
no flow
0.436
25.090
34.690
1030
776
1420
ui (-) - No flow most of the time
^ NA - Not applicable
NJ
Source: USGS. 1979. Water Resources Data for New Mexico. Albuquerque NM, 747 p.
-------
U1
I
ho
OJ
Table 5-10. Duration of daily flow (m /sec.) from gauging stations on
New Mexico.
Station
streams in Che Middle Rio Grande River Basin,
3
Flow in m /sec, Equaled or Exceeded
for Percent of Time Indicated
Period
of
Number
Station Name
County
Area (km )
99
50
25
10
1
Record
3306
Tijeras Arroyo near
Albuquerque
Bernalillo
344
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
0.42
1975-1977
3308
Tijeras Arroyo BL. S.
Div. Inlet near
Albuquerque
Bernalillo
"
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
0.50
1975-1977
33199
Rio Grande Conveyance
Channel near Bernardo
Socorro
-
0.00
6.94
21.18
33.91
N/A
1953-1978
33201
Rio Grande floodvav
near Bernardo
Socorro
49,810
N/A
N/A
6.09
30.92
132.44
1958-1978
33205
Bernardo Interior Drain
near Bernardo
Socorro
N/A
0.34
L. 25
1.85
2.62
4.03
1965-1978
3530
Rio Puerco near
Bernardo
Socorro
19,040
N/A
N/A
0.06
1.71
28.00
1941-1978
3548
Rio Grande Conveyance
Channel at San Acacia
Socorro
-
0.00
11.21
24.04
N/A
N/A
1959-1978
3549
Rio Grande Floodway at
San Acacia
Socorro
0.00
0.24
1.52
23.98
112.40
1959-1978
3515
Rio San Jose at Correo
Valencia
9,480
N/A
N/A
0.09
0.75
7.11
1944-1978
3540
Rio Salado near San
Acacia
Socorro
3,570
N/A
N/A
N/A
0.03
11.62
1948-1979
3190
Rio Grande at San Felipe
Socorro
69,330
3.30
21.48
38.05
76.70
252.80
1928-1978
3300
Rio Grande at Albuquerque
Bernalillo
7,610
0.00
16.59
30.21
66.51
197.94
1943-1978
3405
Arroyo Chico near
Sandoval
3,600
N/A
N/A
0.02
0.46
15.05
1944-1979
Guadalupe
-------
3
Table 5-10. Duration of dally flow (m /sec.) from gauging stations on streams in the Middle Rio Grande River Basin,
New Mexico (concluded).
Station
2
Area (km )
3
Flow in m /sec,
for Percent
, Equaled
of Time
or Exceeded
Indicated
Period
of
Number
Station Name
County
99
50
25
10
1
Record
3431
Grants Canyon at Grants
Valencia
33
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
0. 11
1963-1979
3430
Rio San Jose at Grants
Valencia
2,640
N/A
N/A
N/A
0.03
2.44
1913-1979
3498
Rio Paguate below
Valencia
277
0.00
0.03
0.04
0.06
0.29
1977-1978
Jackplle Mine near
Laguna
- - Not applicable
I
M NA - Not available
¦C-
Source: US Geological Survey. 1981. WATer data STOrage and REtrieval (WATSTORE). Dallas TX.
-------
Table 5-11. Seven day low flow for various recurrence intervals in streams in the Middle Rio Grande River Basin, New Mexico.
Ui
I
S3
U1
Station
Number
33199
33205
3548
3549
3190
3300
3430
Station Name
Rio Grande Conveyance
Channel near Bernardo
Bernardo Interior Drain
near Bernardo
Rio Grande Conveyance
Channel at San Acacia
Rio Grande Floodway at
San Acacia
County
Socorro
Socorro
Socorro
Socorro
Rio Grande at San Felipe Socorro
Rio Grande at Albuquerque Bernalillo
Rio San Jose at Grants Valencia
Area (km^)
N/A
Annual Low Flow in m /sec. for 7 Consecutive
Days for Indicated Recurrence Interval in Years
69,330
7,610
2,640
10
20
223.71
8.89
133.71
5.07
262.39
257.26
1.38
2.43
6.66
0.17
0.14
74.09
10.92
1.17
0.270
4.640
0.040
0.023
42.810
2.580
1.060
0.080
3.530
0.020
0.008
31.490
1.130
0.990
0.030
2.700
0.013
Period
of
Record
1954-1978
1965-1978
1959-1978
0.003 1959-1978
24.170
0.550
0.930
1928-1978
1943-1978
1913-1979
- = Not applicable
NA ¦> Not available
Source: USCS. 1931. WATer Data STOrage and REtrieval (UATST0RE). Dallas, Texas.
-------
quently is exceeded in this segment. In general, surface water quality de-
teriorates downstream as the river gains soluble constituents from surface
runoff, irrigation, and municipal treatment plant discharges. Dissolved
solids loadings varied with the tributaries from which most of the flow at a
given time is derived. Mean values overall are well below «5.0 mg/1)
applicable standards. The mean total dissolved solids levels are higher than
the standard (Table 5-7) only in the Rio Puerco River near Bernardo. Chloride
levels at all flows are in excess of the standard level between 2 and 18% of
the time.
The major point sources of surface water pollution included the
Albuquerque, Bernalillo, Los Lunas, and Belen sewage treatment plants. The
significant industrial dischargers in the basin is New Mexico Public Service
Company's Reeves Generating Station near Albuquerque (Exhibit 5a). Data for
the industrial discharges located in the Middle Rio Grande River Basin are
presented in Exhibit 5a. The water quality inventory summary and statistical
data for the stations located in this basin are presented in Tables 5-12 and
5-13.
5.2.3 Lower Rio Grande River Basin
2 2
The Lower Rio Grande River covers an area of 15,462 km (5,970 mi ) in the
south central portion of the State. The Rio Grande River is the only
perennial stream in the basin. Rainfall varies with elevation, from 76 to 483
mm (3 to 19 inches); annual evapo-transpiration exceeds precipitation.
5.2.3.1 Quantity
Information on recent and projected withdrawals and depletion of water use
in Ike Dona Ana and Sierro counties is presented in Table 5-14. Data for the
drainage area and discharges (Table 5-15), flow duration (Table 5-16), and 7-
day, low-flow (Table 5-17) are also presented.
5-26
-------
Table 5-12. Water quality statistical summary for stations located In Middle Rio Grande
River Basin, NM.
Paraecters
Sta. So: 3300
Location; Rio Grande R.
County: Bernalillo
Segment:
Sta. No.
3190
location: Grande
County: Sandoval
Scfcrtent:
Hean
"Kin.
Ha*.
Mean
Min.
If ax.
Vjter tcr^sratutc (Dog.C)
14.43
0.00
33.00
11.41
0.99
25.00
TarSiJiry (JTU)
-
-
-
105.55
2.00
2800.00
Dissolved oxysen (Mg/L).
8.80
8.80
8.80
9.74
6.90
13.40
103 5 Cay (Vg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
?H (£f)
8.03
7.70
8.40
8.07
7.40
8.80
Total Alkalinity CaCOj (Mg/L)
132.00
130.00
134.00
105.98
57.00
142.00
7ot=l RcsiJui! CKg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
Coli Filterable P.esidua (Xg/L)
-
-
• -
-
-
-
Total "icr.filtcrable Residue (Xg/L)
-
-
-
311.00
0.00
9470.00
Totcl Fr.osyhonis' ? (dg/L)
0.22
0.22
0.22
0.23
0.01
6.60
dissolve: ?hos?"-oru3 ? (Kg/L)
-
-
- '
0.40
0.01
0.10
Tctci Hardness CaCO^ (Mg/O
173.00
140.00
210.00
132.99
70.00
190.00
Dissolved Calcium Ca (Ug/L)
57.75
42.00
70.00
41.19
22.00
59.99
Total C.-.Ic£i:= Ca (j;s/[.)
-
-
-
-
-
Elssolvci Magnesiun Kg (Mg/L)
8.45 '
7.80
9.09
7.22
3.50
10.00 ¦
Total »r.nE3lun Oig/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
Chloride CI (Xg/I.)
18. 7Q
8.-10
37.00
6.22
2.30
13.00
Total Icon To (u»/L)
-
-
-
670.00
670.00
670.00
Dissolved Iron Fe (ug/L)
10.00
10.00
10.00
20.91
0.00
110.00
Dissolved Lead Pb (ug/L)
-
-
0.33
0.00
1.00
Total Lead Pb (ug/L)
- ¦
-
-
47.15
0.00
400.00
:U>ngancse Mn (ug/L)
-
-
-
50.00
50.00
50.00
Dissolved Manganese Kn (ug/L)
-
. -
-
10.00
10.00
10.00
Dissolved Nickel K1 (ug/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
Tital Nickel Xi (ug/L)
¦ -
-
-
-
-
-
Dissolved Silver Ag (ug/L)
-
-
-¦
-
-
-
Total Silver Ag (ug/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
Dissolved Zinc Zn (ug/L)
-
-
-
1.50.
0.00
3.00
Total Zinc Zn (ug/L)
-
-
-
148.00
10.00
550.00
Dissolvc-il Sclcniua So (ug/t.)
-
-
-
0.00
0.00
0.00
Total Scl(:Diun So (ug/L)
-
- •
-
0.60
0.00
3.00
Total Arw.nia XH^ (Ug/L)
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.34
0.00
0.15
Dissolved Auonla NH^ (Mg/I.)
-
-
-
0.02
0.00
0.08
Total Coliforu /100 nl
-
-
-
-
-
-
5-27
-------
Table 5-12. Water quality statistical summary for stations located In Middle Rio Grande
River Basin, NM. (continued).
Sto. So: 3310 Sta- Ko- 3548
Location; Rio Grande R. Loc.-itlon: R^0 Grande
hrtutcr. Comity: Valencia County: Socorro
Scgrcent: ScEtent:
¦lean
rUn.
Max.
• Kcan
Win.
Max.
Kate? temperature (riog.C)
15.45
1.00
27.00
15.72-
0.00
31.10
TurhiJity (JTU)
245.75
15.00
2600.00
2029.92
15.00
4QOOQ 00
DiscolvcJ oxygen (Mg/L).
7.90
3.90
13.00
8.99
6.00
12.60
202 5 Eay (>£/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
?H <£*J)
7.76
6.70
8.40
7.93
7.80
8.10
TctJil Alkalinity CaCOj *«g/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
Vol. Filterable ?.esidu2 (Xg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
Total "enfilterable Residue (Xg/L)
325.92
6.00
3960.00
1513.32
20.00
16*500 00
Total Phosphorus P Clg/L)
0.89
0.15.
4.40
1.50
0.14
36.00
Uissolvcc Phosphorus ? (Kg/L)
0.48
0.08
1.50
0.18
0.18
0.18
Total Kardr.css CaCO^ (Mg/L)
150.96
74.00
230.00
479.49
170.00
1230.00
Dissolved Cslciua Ca (i-Tg/L)
47.67
23.00
74.00
152.75
53.00
391.99
Totcl Cr.lcicn Ca (i;g/L)
-
-
¦-
¦-
-
-
Eissolvci Tfegncsiuo Kg (Mg/L)
7.75
4.00
11.00
24.10
8.90
60.99
local Xagneslun Y& (Xg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
Chloride CI (Xg/L)
17.02
3.10
34.00
24.00
19.00
29.00
Total Iron Fe (u^/L)
4571.00
20.00
2C100Q00 1QOOQOO
1Q00Q00
10000 00
Dissolved Iron Fe (ug/L)
53..9B
0.00'
2000.00
15^00
10.00
20.00
Dissolved Lead Pb (ug/L)
3.50
0.00
18. Q0
4.00
3.00
5.00
Total Lead Pb (i«/L)
52.00
6.00
100.00
33.30
13.00
100.00
Manganese Mn (ug/L)
222.00
90.00
500.00
-
-
-
Dissolved Manganese Kn (ug/L)
33.04
5.00
100.00
-
-
Dissolved Kickel Kt (ug/L)
4.00
4.00
4.00
-
-
-
Tital Xickcl Si (ug/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
Dissolved Silver Ag (ug/L)
0.00
. 0.00
0.00
-
-
-
Total Silver Ag (ug/L)
0.25
0.00
1.00
-
-
-
Dissolved Zir.c Zn (ug/L)
7.69
0.00
20.00
3.00
3.00
3.00
Total Zinc Zn (ug/L}
33.33
0.00
100.00
120.00
120.00
120.00
Dissolved Sclco in.r. Sc (tig/I.)
0.31
0.00
4.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Total Selenium Sc (ug/L)
0. 19
0.00
1.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Total Arrr.onla NH^ (Mg/L)
0.76
0.11
1.90
0.09
0.01
0.22
Dissolved /.r.nonia ML (M,**/L)
H
1.39
0^17
3.90
-
-
-
Total Collforu /iOO nl
_
_
_
_
5-28
-------
Table 5- 1Z Water quality statistical summary for stations located in Middle Rio Grande
River Basin, NM. (concluded).
Faracxeera
Sta. So:
Location;
Couitty:
Segment:
3549
Rio Grande
Socorro
Mean
Kin.
Hax.
Vater tc-psrniurc Otec-C) 17.25
Turbidity (JTU) 3498.40
Dissolved oxygen (Mg/L). 8.82
E03 5 Bay (Kg/D
?K CSU) 8.14
Toial Alkalinity Ca003 (Kg/L) 180.00
Tot-1 Resi-ue (Xg/L) -
Vol. Filterable ?.cslduz C
-------
Table 5-13. Water quality inventory summary for Che Middle Rio Grande River Basin, New Mexico.
Segment No. Location
5 The main stem of the Rio
Grande from the headwaters
of Elephant Butte upstream
to the Angostura Diversion
Works, including any flow
below the perennial reaches
of the Rio Puerco and Jemez
River which enters the main
stem of the Rio Grande.
Classification
EL/WQL
WQL
Designated Uses
Irrigation; limited warm-
water fishery; livestock
and wildlife watering; sec-
ondary contact recreation.
Known Water
Quality Problems
Urban runoff
causes high
coliform
6 The Jemez River and all WQL/EL
tributaries above the town
of Jemez Springs and the
Guadalupe River and all its
tributaries and all peren-
nial reaches of tributaries
to the Rio Puerco.
Domestic water supply; fish NA
culture; high quality cold
water fishery; irrigation;
livestock and wildlife water-
ing; secondary contact rec-
reation.
NA - Information not available
WQL - Water Quality Limited - A segment where water quality does not meet applicable water quality standards,
and is not expected to meet standards after the application of the effluent limitations required by
Section 301 (b) (1) (B) of the 1972 Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments.
EL - Effluent Limited - A segment where water quality is meeting and will continue to meet applicable water
quality standards or where there is an adequate demonstration that water quality will meet applicable
water quality standards after the application of the effluent limitations required by Section 201 (b)
(1) (A) and 301 (b) (1) (B) of the 1972 Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments.
Source: New Mexico Water Quality Commission. 1980. Water Quality Status Summary. Santa Fe, NM. Variously
paged.
-------
Table 5-16. Recent and projected withdrawals and depletions
(thousands of acre-feet) In Dona Ana and Sierra counties, New Mexico.
1970 1980 2000
Use
Wd.
Depl.
Wd.
Depl.
Wd.
Depl.
Urban
11.1
5.6
14.9
8.9
25.0
14.9
Rural
1.9
0.9
1.5
1.0
1.8
1.3
Manufacturing
0.3
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.4
0.2
Irrigation
476.6
219.2
436.2
216.3
424.3
211.3
Minerals
4.1
0.1
1.8
0.7
5.7
3.0
Military
2.8
1.7
3.0
1.9
3.0
1.9
Livestock
0.9
0.9
1.1
1.1
1.2
1.2
Stockpond
Evaporation
0.8
0.8
1.0
1.0
1.2
1.2
Reservoir
Evaporation
99.7
99.7
99.7
99.7
99.7
99.7
Fish and
Wildlife
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
Power
3.4
3.4
5.1
3.6
34.2
24.3
Recreation
0.2
0.1
0.3
0.2
0.5
0.2
TOTALS
602.1
332.9
565.2
334.9
597.3
360.0
Source: Water Quality Control Commission. 1979. New Mexico statewide
management plan, appendix. Santa Fe NM, variously paged.
5-31
-------
Table 5-15. Drainage areas and discharges for continuous-record gauging stations in the Lower Rio Grande River Basin, New Mexico.
Minimum Average "axii"'!n
Period of Record Drainagfj Discharge Discharge Discharge
Number Station Name County (Water Years) Area (km ) (m /s) (m /s)
8361 Rio Grande below Sierra 1915-1978 76,280 no flow 27.96 233
Elephant Butte
83625 Rio Grande below Sierra 1938-1978 79,510 0.003 24.02 217
Caballo Reservoir
Source: USGS. 1979. Water Resources Data for New Mexico. Albuquerque NM, 747 p.
Ui
I
Co
KJ
-------
Table 5-16. Duration of daily flow (m /sec.) from gauging stations on streams in the Lower Rio Grande River Basin, New
Mexico.
Station
now in m /soc, Equaled or Exceeded
for Percent of Time Indicated
Caballo Dam
Period
of
Xumbor
Station Name
County
Area (km )
99
50
25
10
1
Record
3515
Rio Pan Jose at Correo
Valencia
9,480
N/A
N/A
0.09
0.75
7.11
1944-1978
3610
Rio Grande below
Elephant Butte Dam
Sierra
76,280
0.03
27.54
44.8 4
61.20
75.760
1917-1978
3625
Rio Grande below
Sierra
79,510
0.02
16.18
38.95
56.73
N/A
1961-1980
N/A - Not available
Ui
I
l*>
u>
Source: US Geological Survey. 1981. WATer data STOrage and REtrieval (WATSTORE).
Dallas, Texas.
-------
Table 5-17. Seven day low flow for various recurrence Intervals In streams in the Lower Rio Grande River Basin,
New Mexico.
Station
Number
3610
3625
Station Name
Rio Grande below
Elephant Butte Dam
Rio Grande below
Caballo Dam
County
Sierra
Sierra
Area (km^)
76,280
79,510
Annual Low Flow in m /sec. for 7 Consecutive
Days for Indicated Recurrence Interval in Years
2,408.31 1.74
1.10
0.27
0.480
0.214
10
20
0.31
0.20
0.24
0.19
Period
of
Record
1917-1978
1961-1980
Ln
I
•t-
Source: US Geological Survey. 1981. l.'ATer data STOrage and REtrieval (WATST0RE) . Dallas TX.
-------
5.2.3.2 Quality
In the Lower Rio Grande River Basin, fecal coliform bacteria is the only
water quality standard frequently exceeded. The source of this problem
appears to be the Las Cruces sewage treatment plant. Standards governing
concentrations of total dissolved solids (TDS) (filterable residue), chloride,
and sulfate, are exceeded in this basin. Average levels of TDS increase from
about 500 mg/1 at Caballo Dam to over 80 mg/1 at El Paso. Segments 1, 3, and
4 were water quality limited segments (Table 5-18). A point source of surface
water pollution includes the Las Cruces sewage treatment plant. There were no
significant industrial dischargers in the Lower Rio Grande River Basin. The
major problem attributable to nonpoint sources in the basin was high salinity
levels resulting from reservoir evaporation, runoff from ephemeral
tributaries, and irrigated agriculture return flows. The statistical water
quality summary of stations located on the Lower Rio Grande River Basin is
presented in Table 5-19.
5.2.4 San Juan River Basin
The San Juan River is located in the northwest corner of New Mexico and
includes parts of San Juan, McKinley, Rio Arriba, and Sandoval counties. It
has a drainage area of 25,330 km^ (9780 mi^). The climate is dry, with an
average annual rainfall of 203 to 254 mm ( 8 to 10 inches). The major peren-
nial tributaries to the San Juan River are the Navajo River, Los Rinos River,
Animas River, La Plata River, and Marcos River.
5.2.4.1 Quantity
Water usage in the San Juan River Basin from 1970 through 2000 is
presented in Table 5-20. Data for the drainage areas and discharges, flow
duration, and 7 day, low-flow frequency are presented in Tables 5-21, 5-22,
and 5-23.
5-35
-------
Table 5-18. Water quality inventory summary for the Lower Rio Grande River Basin, New Mexico.
Segment No.
1
l_n
I
Location
From: International
boundary and water sam-
pling station above
American Dam at El Paso
upstream to one mile
below Percha Dam
From: One mile below
Percha Dam upstream to
the headwaters of
Caballo Reservoir in-
cluding Caballo
Reservoir
From: The headwater of
Caballo Lake upstream to
Elephant Butte Dam
Elephant Butte Reservoir
and the Rio Grande River
upstream to the Lower
Rio Grande Basin Boundary
Classification
EL/WQL
WQL
EL
WQL
WQL
Designated Uses
Irrigation; limited warm-
water fishery; livestock
and wildlife watering;
secondary contact recrea-
tion
Irrigation; livestock and
wildlife watering; primary
contact recreation; warm-
water fishery
Fish culture; irrigation;
livestock and wildlife
watering; marginal cold-
water fishery; secondary
contact recreation; warm-
water fishery
Irrigation storage; live-
stock and wildlife water-
ing; primary contact rec-
reation; warmwater fishery
Known Water
Quality Problems
High coliform
caused by urban
stormwater run-
off
No significant
problems
Flow dependent on
release from
Elephant Butte
Reservoir
Decomposition of
organic matter
causes occasional
DO depletion
WQL - Water Quality Limited - A segment where water quality does not meet applicable water quality standards,
and is not expected to meet standards after the application of the effluent limitations required by
Section 301 (b) (1) (B) of the 1972 Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments.
EL - Effluent Limited - A segment where water quality is meeting and will continue to meet applicable water
quality standards or where there is an adequate demonstration that water quality will meet applicable
water quality standards after the application of the effluent limitations required by Section 201 (b)
(1) (A) and 301 (b) (1) (B) of the 1972 Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments.
Source: New Mexico Water Quality Commission. 1980. Water Quality Status Summary. Santa Fe, NM. Variously
paged.
-------
Table 5-19. Uater quality statistical summary for
Rio Grande River Basin, NM.
stations
located In Lower
Sta.
3583
sea. Ko.
3584
Location;
Rio Grande
Location;
: Rio Grande
P«rascC«rs
County:
Segtrent:
Socorro
County:
Segttent:
Floodway
Socorro
Mean
Kla.
llax.
Kcan
Kin.
Max .
!>'a:er tc^eraturc (Dcg.C)
13.82
0.00
38.88
15.08
0.00
34.50
TurbiJl-y (JTU)
2454.47
2.00 3$00Q00
3054.94
2.00 8Q0OO.OO
Dissolved oxygen CM&/LJ.
8.81
3.20
15.60
8.67
4.40
12.50
E02 5 Cay Otg/lO
4.00
0.60
20.00
2.00
1.00
3.40
?H (S-J)
7.84
6.90
8.70
7.88
6.79
8.90
?o:.U AL!ulini:y CaCOj (Xg/L)
169.18
103.00
340.00
158.29
79.56
344.00
Totcl Residue (Mg/L)
-
. -
-
1.26
0.00
23.00
Vol. riltcra'Sle ?.csidul (X^/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
Total t'cr.filtevrable Ecsidue (Xg/I.) 4209. 33
73.00 23D0Q 00.
755.40
357.00
1100.00
Total ?hos;bon:s P 0's/L)
0.80
0.02
15.00
0.38
0.06
4.40
Mssolvci Phosphorus ? (Kg/L)
0.11
0.05
0.19
-
-
-
Tetcl ilardr.ess CaCOj (Mg/L)
282.61
108.00
930.00
260.24
0.00
855.00
Dissolved C-leiua Ca ('ig/L)
88.26
38.00
278.00
8L.50
0.00
2.70.00
Toed C.-.lcic= Ca C.g/L)
-
- -
-
-
-
Eissolvci Xagnesiua Kg (Mg/L)
15.29
3.20
58.00
13.81
0.00
51.00
Total "afncslur.> Y.* pig/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
Chloride CI (Xg/I.)
49. ?8
14; 00
350.00
37.34
5.70
175.00
Total Iron Fe (u»/L)
16J10.00
550.00 250OQ 00
44£8&00
5300.00 48Q00Q00
Dissolved Iron Te (<®/L)
36.86
0.00
1100.00
23.06
0.00
290.00
Dissolved Lead Pb (ms/L)
14.58
0.00
102.00
2.45
0.00
19.00
Total lead Pb (ug/L)
74.46
14.00
100.00
138.14
8.00
1000.00
J.'.mganese Hn (ug/L)
625.00
300.00
820.00
2143.18'
290.00 22000.00
Dissolved Manganese Kn (ug/L)
26.27
0.00
280.00
4.08
0.00
10.00
Dissolved Nickel Ni (ug/L)
20.00
5.99
34.00
2.17
0.00
4.00
Total Nickel Ni (ug/L)
-
-
-
20.83
7.00
43.00
Dissolved Silver Ag (ug/L)
3.36
. 0.00
34.00
0.00 '
0.00
0.00
Total Silver Ag Cug/L)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.21
0.00 .
1.00
Dissolved Zinc Zn (ug/L)
60.68
0.00
389.99
7.04
0.00
20.00
Total Zinc Zn (ug/L)
68.00
10.00
90.00
292.27
30.00
2200.00
Dissolved Selenium Se (ug7l.)
2.56
0.00
13.80
0.39
0.00
6.00
Total Selenium Sc (ug/L)
0.40
0.00
1.00
0.47
0.00
1.00
Taral Anionia SHf (J.'g/L)
0.11
0.05
0.18
0.09
0.00
0.36
Dissolved /.r.ionla XH (M;;/L)
0.20
0.00
0.71
0.08
0.00
0.23
Tct.il Coliforu /103 nl 3V59.00 1.00 277000.00 131J300.00 11Q000.00 152000.00
5-37
-------
Table 5-19. Water quality statistical summary foe stations located in Lower Rio Grande
River Basin. NM. (concluded).
Sla. So: 3610
Location; 51 o Grande
Parameters
Coj.it y: sierra
Scgnent:
tleao Kin. M»*.
Vater cctrjernturt; {Tog.Cj
19.69
3.5
37.50
TurhiJlcy (J7U)
16.08
1.00
600.00
3iscoivci oxyjen <"&/[•).
a.2i
1 .00
20.00
£02 5 Say (Xe/L)
-
-
-
?V. (SJ)
8.11
6.80
9.70
Tct.il Al'-aliniiy CaCOj C"e/L)
121.05
100.00
150.00
iOC-L KcbiUuc 0-Z
-
-
Vol. Fllierable ?.esidii2 C.os?V.orus P {t's/I*)
0.09
o.oo
1.30
EtssoLv-cd ?hosjhorus ? (Kj/L)
0. 13
0.60
0. 32
Tctcl i'ardr.css CaCO^ (Mg/L)
151.50
140.00
200.00
Dissolved Cslciua Ca CXs/L)
47.00
42. 00
62.00
Totol C.'.leius CM (Kg/M
-
-
¦-
Elssulvcd Mscncsiuu Kj (Kj/L)
8.38
31.00
70.00
Total '-'acnes ium ^ (M./L)
-
-
-
Chloride CI (Xg/L)
22.60.
17.00
43.00
Total trot* Fe (u»/L)
644.29
120.00
2300.00
Dissolved Iron Fo Cu^/L)
15.25
10.00
40.00
Dissolved Lead Ph (us/l.)
0.57
0.00
2 . 00
Totcl Lead rb (ug/L)
3. 29
0.00
10. 00
fiiagancse Kn {ug/L.)
130.00
10.00
440.00
Dissolved '^.ng^nese Kn (ug/I.)
74.71
1.00
330.00
Dissolved Nickel $i (ug/L)
1.80
0.00
4.00
Total Nickel Si Cufi/L)
6.80
0.00
22.00
Dissolved Silver Ag Cug/L)
0.00
. 0.00
0.00
Total Silver Ag (uf;/L)
0.00
0.00.
0.00
Dissolved Zi^c Z.-i !<, (tT:-,/Ll
H
0.09
0.00
0.28
"ut.il CoIIfom /JH3 nl
-
-
-
Source: USGS. 19B1. 'iATer
data STOrage and
REtrieva
5-38
-------
Table 5-20. Water use (thousands of acre-feet) in the San Juan River
Basin, New Mexico. (1970- 2000)
1970 1975 1980 2000
Use
Wd.
Depl.
Wd.
Depl.
Wd.
Depl.
Wd.
Depl.
Urban (municipal)
8.8
3.9
12.8
5.8
6.3
3.1
9.7
5.8
Rural domestic
3.1
1.4
2.2
1.0
2:4
1.6
2.9
2.1
Irrigated
Agriculture
209.8
80.4
222.3
97.6
335.8
179.3
545.1
330.0
Manufacturing
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.3
0.2
0.4
0.2
Minerals
6.1
2.3
6.6
2.8
53.2
45.6
87.1
78.2
Military
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Livestock
0.8
0.8
0.9
0.9
0.8
0.8
1.0
1.0
Stockpond
Evaporation
3.5
3.5
3.3
3.3
4.2
4.2
4.9
4.9
Power
24.7
16.4
56.8
22.7
49.8
49.0
71.9
71.9
Fish and
Wildlife
2.8
1.0
2.0
0.8
21.3
6.6
33.0
1R.3
Recreation
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.1
0.1
Reservoir
Evaporation
24.2
24.2
24.2
24.2
31.1
31.1
32.7
32.7
Playa Lakes
Evaporation
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
TOTALS
284.2
134.1
331.3
159.2
505.2
321.5
788.8
545.2
Source: Water Quality Control Commission. 1979. New Mexico statewide water quality
management plan, appendix. Santa Fe NM, variously paged.
5-39
-------
Table 5-21. Drainage areas and discharges for continuous-record gauging stations in the San Juan River Basin, New Mexico.
Average
Discharge
(m /s)
Ui
I
¦c-
o
Number
3464
3498
3545
3550
3555
3565 65
3571
35725
3635
3645
3650
3665
Station Name
San Juan River near
Corracas
Pledra River near
Arboles
Los Pinos River
at La Boca
Spring Creek at
La Boca
San Juan River near
Archuleta
Canon Largo near
Blanco
San Juan River at
Hammond Bridge near
Bloomfield
Gallegos Canyon Wash
near Farmlngton
Animas River near
Cedar Hill
Animas River at
Farmington
San Juan River at
Farmlngton
La Plata River at
Colorado/New Mexico
state line
County
Archuleta
Archuleta
La Plata
La Plata
San Juan
San Juan
San Juan
San Juan
La Plata
San Juan
San Juan
La Plata
Period of Record
(Water Years)
1961-1979
D.rainagg
Area (km )
Minimum
Discharge
(m /s)
1962-1979
1950-1979
1950-1979
1963-1979
1977-1979
1910-1979
1977-1979
1933-1979
1912-1979
1912-1979
1920-1979
3,190.0
1,629.0
1,320.0
150.0
8,440.0
4,440.0
14,350.0
751.0
2,820.0
3,520.0
18,750.0
857.0
0.10
0.03
0.16
0.02
0.23
no flow
1.42
no flow
1.78
0.028
0.40
no flow
17.90
10.34
5.61
0.84
30.67
ND
25.23
25.91
67.18
0.94
Maximum
Discharge
(r.i / s )
276.00
237.00
181.0
56.10
535.00
141.00
580.00
25.50
371.00
710.00
1,930.00
135.00
-------
Table 5-21. Drainage areas and discharges for continuous-record gauging stations in the San Juan River Basin, New Mexico (continued).
Minimum Average Maximum
I
¦P-
Number
3675
36754
367555
367561
36766
37101
36768
367682
367685
36771
36793
367934
367936
Station Name
County
La Plata River near San Juan
Farmington
San Juan River near San Juan
Fruitland
Shumway Arroyo near San Juan
Fruitland
Shumway Arroyo near San Juan
Waterflow
Chaco Wash near McKinley
Star Lake Indian Post
San Juan River at Montezuma
Four Corners
Chaco Wash ac San Juan
Chaco Canyon National
Monument
Gallo Wash near Chaco San Juan
Canyon National Monument
Ah-Shi-Sle-Sah Wash San Juan
near Kircboto
De-Na-Zin Wash near San Juan
Bisti Trading Post
Hunter Wash at San Juan
Bisti Trading Post
Tea-Hi-Di-Tso Wash San Juan
near Burnham Trading Post
Burnham Wash near San Juan
Burnham
Period of Record
(Water Years)
1938-1979
1977-1979
1975-1979
1974-1979
1977-1978
1977-1979
1976-1979
1977-1979
1976-1979
1975-1979
1975-1979
1977-1979
1977-1979
Dxainagg
Area (km )
1,510.0
20,750.0
163.0
191.0
153.0
37.800.0
1,497.0
93.8
21.2
477.0
118.0
18.6
22.3
Discharge Discharge Discharge
(m /s) (m /s) (m /s)
no flow
9.06
no flow
no flow
0.00
3.11
no flow
no flow
no flow
no flow
no flow
no flow
no flow
0.716
ND
0.500
ND
ND
402.00
142.00
182.00
2.75
479.00
35.70
7.19
33.10
273.00
44.50
7.59
14.70
-------
Table 5-21. Drainage areas and discharges for continuous-record gauging stations in the San Juan River Basin, New Mexico (concluded).
Minimum Average Maximum
Period of Record D.rain.igg
dumber Station Name County (Mater Years) Area (kn )
Discharge
(m /s)
Discharge
(m /s)
Discharge
(m /s)
367938 Chaco River near
Burnham
36795 Chaco River near
Waterflow
3680 San Juan River
San Juan
San Juan
San Juan
1977-1979
1975-1979
1927-1979
9,430.0
11,300.0
33,400.0
no f1ou
ND
0.23
ND
61.86
191.00
207.00
2,270.00
ND - Not determined
(-) - No flow most of the time
Source: USGS. 1979. Water Resources Data for New Mexico. Albuquerque NM, 747 p.
¦c-
ho
-------
Ui
I
U>
Table 5-22. Duration of daily flow (m /sec.) from gauging stations on streams in the San Juan Kiver Has in, New Mexico.
3
Station
Number
3650
367561
36795
3555
3645
3675
367555
367680
Station Name
San Juan River at
Farmington
Shumway Arroyo near
waterflow
Chaco River near
waterflow
San Juan River near
Archuleta
Animas River at
Farmington
LaPlata River near
Farmington
Shumway Arroyo near
fruitland
County
San Juan
San Juan
San Juan
San Juan
San Juan
San Juan
San Juan
Canyon Natl. Monument San Juan
Area (km )
18,750
191
11,300
8,440
3,520
1,510
163
1,497
Flow in m /sec, Equaled or Exceeded
for Percent of Time Indicated
99
0.00
0.12
0.00
N/A
N/A
50
0.02
25
10
1
Period
of
Record
3.99 27.02 64.04 139.81 372.00 1931-1978
0.04 0.07 0.25 1975-1978
0.48 0.64 0.88 14.93 1977-1978
8.37 15.22 42.68 67.92 179.20 1956-1978
0.57 10.05 24.73 63.62 175.0 1914-1978
0.08 0.43 1.49 10.83 1939-1979
N/A N/A N/A 0.34 1976-1980
N/A
N/A 0.01 2.82 1977-1978
N/A - Not available
Source: US Geological Survey. 1981. WATer data STOrage and REtrieval (WATSTORE). Dallas, Texas.
-------
Table 5-23. Seven day low flow for various recurrence intervals in streams in the San Juan River Basin, Hew Mexico.
Station
Number
Station Name
County Area (km^) 1
Annual Low Flow in m /sec. for 7 Consecutive
Days for Indicated Recurrence Interval in Years
10
20
Period
of
Record
3650 San Juan River at
Farmington
San Juan
18,750 319.75 93.060 45.440
29.26
19.63 1932-1978
367561 Shumway Arroyo near
waterflow
San Juan
191
212.85 76.210 48.320 37.37
29.93 1975-1978
3645 Animas River at
Farmington
San Juan
3,520 148.60 23.250 8.520
4.66
2.72 1921-1978
3675 LaPlata River near
Farmington
San Juan
1,510
1.79
0.051 0.012
0.005
0.003 1939-1979
I
!>•
•P-
Source: US Geological Survey. 1981. VJATer data STOrage and REtrieval (WATSTORE). Dallas TX.
-------
5.2.4.2 Quality
Except for Segments 1 and 3, all stream segments In the basin were
effluent limited (Table 5-24). The quality of water in the San Juan River
Basin presents no major problems for existing uses.
Stream Segment 1 meets or exceed existing standards, although there are no
specific standards for parameters such as turbidity, sulfate, chloride and
total dissolved solids. This stretch of the San Juan River receives
ephemeral flows from Canyon Largo, Gallups Canyon, and Chaco Canyon, and is
high in sediment and TDS content. No significant water quality problems
occurred in Segment 2-7 (Table 5-24). The statistical water quality summary
for the basin is presented in Table 5-25.
5.2.5 Lower Colorado River Basin
The Lower Colorado River Basin extends along much of the western New
Mexico border to the extreme southwest and has an area of 34,447 km^ (13,30
mi^). The major tributaries are the Little Colorado River, San Francisco
River, Gila River, San Simon Creek, Rio Yaqui River, and Animal Closed River
(Exhibit 5a). The climate is dry, with potential evaporation exceeding
precipitation except at higher elevations.
5.2.5.1 Quantity
Table 5-26 presents the water use in the Lower Colorado River Basin is
presented in Table 5-26. Data on drainage areas and discharges are presented
in Table 5-27. Duration of daily flow data and 7-day low-flow information are
presented in Table 5-28 and Table 5-29.
5-45
-------
Table 5-24. Water quality inventory summary for the San Juan River Basin, New Mexico.
Seinnent No.
1
I
¦>
Location
The main sten of the San
Juan River from the point
where the San Juan leaves
New Mexico and enters
Colorado upstream to New
Mexico Highway 17 at Blanco,
and any flow which enters
the San Juan River from the
Mancos and Chaco Rivers
La Plata River from its con-
fluence with the San Juan
River upstream to the New
Mexico-Colorado line
The Animas River from its con-
fluence with the San Juan up-
stream to US Highway 550 to
Aztec
The Animas River from US
Highway 550 upstream to the
New Mexico-Colorado line
The main stem of the San Juan
River from New Mexico Highway
17 at Blanco upstream to the
Navajo Dam
Navajo Reservoir in New
Mexico
Classification
EL/WQL
WQL
EL
WQL
EL
EL
EL
Designated Uses
Industrial water supply;
irrigation; livestock and
wildlife watering; secondary
contact recreation; warm-
water fishery; marginal
coldwater fishery
Irrigation; lijnited warm-
water fishery; livestock and
wildlife watering; secondary
contact recreation
Industrial water supply;
irrigation; livestock and
wildlife watering; marginal
coldwater fishery; secondary
contact recreation; warm
water fishery
Coldwater fishery; irrigation;
livestock and wildlife watering;
municipal and industrial water
supply; secondary contact recre-
ation
High quality coldwater fishery;
irrigation; livestock and wild-
life watering; municipal and
industrial water supply; secon-
dary contact recreation
Coldwater fishery; irrigation
storage; livestock and wildlife
watering; municipal and indus-
trial water storage; primary
contact recreation; warmwater
fishery
Known Water
Quality Problems
NA
No significant
problems
NA
No significant
problems
No significant
problems
No significant
problems
-------
Table 5-24. Water quality inventory summary for the San Juan River Basin, New Mexico (concluded).
Classification
Known Water
Quality Problems
Segment No.
Location
EL/WQL
Designated Uses
7
The Navajo and Los Pinos
Rivers in New Mexico
EL
Coldwater fishery; irri-
gation; livestock and
wildlife watering; secon-
dary contact recreation
No significant
problems
NA - Information not available
WQL - Water Quality Limited - A segment where water quality does not meet applicable water quality standards,
and is not expected to meet standards after the application of the effluent limitations required by
Section 301 (b) (1) (B) of the 1972 Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments.
EL - Eftluent Limited - A segment where water quality is meeting and will continue to meet applicable water
quality standards or where there is an adequate demonstration that water quality will meet applicable
water quality standards after the application of the effluent limitations required by Section 201 (b)
(1) (A) and 301 (b) (1) (B) of the 1972 Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments.
Source: New Mexico Water Quality Commission. 1980. Water Quality Status Summary. Sante Fe, NM. Variously
paged.
¦o
-------
Table 5-25. Water quality statistical summary for stations located In San Juan River
Rtvpr Basin, NM.
Sta. So: 3680
Location; San Juan R.
Countyt San Juan
Segment:
(lean
Kin.
Hax.
'.Cater tct;>=ratuic (Beg.C)
12.56
0.00
30.00
TurhiJity (JTU)
455.83
1.00
13,000.00
Dissolved oxygen (!!c/L).
9.80
4.60
14.50
E02 5 Day O^/L)
1.64
0.60
6.60
?K (£'J)
7.84
6-80
9.10
Tei.nl Alkalinity CaCOj (Xg/L)
128.86
21.00
250.00
Total Kcsi'uc (Xs/l>)
-
. -
-
Vol. Filterable ?.esidua (Xg/L)
-
-
-
Total "enfiltcvaSle Ecsidue' (Xg/I.)1005.30
36.00
9700.00
Totel Phosphorus P (Hj/L)
0.69
0.00
33.00
Dissolved Phosphorus ? (Kg/L)
0.05
0.00
0.25
Total Hardness CaCO^ (Mp,/L)
247.88
76.00
920.00
Dissolved Cslciua Ca (Kg/L)
76.07
1.00
240.00
Total Cr.lcits Ca (f-g/L)
-
-
-
Cisiolvci Magnesiun Kg (Hg/L)
14.02*
1.10
77.00
Total Kagnesiuu ?.'s (J!g/L)
-
-
-
Chloride CI (Xg/I.)
17.93
1.60
196.00
Total Iron Fe (u^/L)
32,054.40
760.00
350000.00
Dissolved Iron Fe (ug/L)
33.64
0.00
1700.00
Dissolved Lead fh (ug/L)
4.53
0.00
40.00
Total Lead Pb (i«/L)
82.78
2.00
300.00
llanganese Mn (ug/L)
1256.30
40.00
12000.00
Dissolved Manganese Kb (ug/L)
113.39
0.00
2100.00
Dissolved Nickel Ki (ug/L)
-6.64
0.00
20.00
Tital Nickel M (ug/L)
7.5
1.00
15.00
Dissolved Silver Ag (ug/L)
0.13
0.00
0.99
Total Silver Ag (ug/L)
0.55
0.00
4.00
Dissolved Zinc Zn (ug/L)
38.99
0.00
489.99
Total Zinc Zn (ug/L)
208.46
10.00
1300.00
Dissolved Sclcniurr. Sc (ug/1.)
3.63
0.00
50.00
Total Scleniua Sc (ug/L)
2.78
0.00
10.00
Total Arronia NH^ (Xg/L)
0.07
0.00
0.18
Dissolved Ar.^onla Nll^ (M;;/L)
0.08
0.00
0.24
Tctal Coliforu /100 nl
8696.92
50.00
40000.00
5-48
-------
Table 5-25. Water quality statistical summary for stations located in San Juan River
Basin, NX. (continued).
Sta. No: 367938 Sta. No. 367950
Location: Chaco R. location: Chaco R.
County: San Juan County: San Juan
Parameters Segment: Segment:
Mean
Kin.
Ha*.
Mcaa
Mln.
Max.
Vatcr tci-.yarature (Djg.C)
12.48
1.50
14.22
14.22
0.00
35.00
Turbidity (JTU)
-
-
1108.18
230.00
7200.00
Dissolved oxygen (>!g/L).
8.67
6.50
11.20
9.74
6.30
14.20
E02 5 Day (Xg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
?K (£"J)
8.05
6.70
8.90
.7.69
6.80
8.89
Toi.il Alkalinity CaCOj (Xg/L)
230.56
75.00
440.00
137.36
26.00
468.00
-0C=1 SesiJi:i: (Mg/L)
-
-
-
-
Vol. Filterable ?.csldu2 C.00
Total Cr.lclv^. Ca (Kg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
Dissolved Magnesiua Kg (Mg/L)
¦ 1.71*
0.50
3.10
56.87
2.30
210.00
Total Xsgne3lun ^ (Xg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
Chloride CI (Xg/L)
7.90
2.50
13.00
116.31
14.00
300.00
Total Iron Fe (u»/L)
200000.00 200000100
2001000.00
115,224.00
230.00
79000a 00
Dissolved Iron Fe (ug/L)
350.00
10.00
2100.00
34.46
0.00
340^00
Dissolved Lead Pb (ug/L)
12.67
0.00
44.00
1,44
0.00
9.00
Total Lead Pb (ug/L)
606.50
56.00
1200.00
276.63
0.00
1400.00
Manganese Mn < ug/L)
7152.50
610.00
18QD0Q.00
4749.84
40.00
30000.00
Dissolved Manganese Kn (ug/L)
9.00
0.00
20.00
12.37
0.00
90.00
Dissolved Nickel Ki (ug/L)
2.75
0.00
4.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Tital Nickel Ni (ug/L)
66.00
31.00
100.00
7.00
7.00
7.00
Dissolved Silver Ag (ug/L)
-
-
-
0.00
0.00
0.00
Total Silver Ag (ug/L)
-
-
-
1.91
0.00
10.00
Dissolved Zinc Zn (ug/L)
9.75
4.00
20.00
12.88
3.00
40.00
Total Zinc Zn (ug/L)
743.33
130.00
1800.00
258.33
30.00
1100.00
Dissolved Sclcniua Sc (ug/l.)
2.75
0.00
6.00
11.84
1.00
47.00
Total ScloniuM Se (ug/L)
5.87
0.00
21.00
10.29
0.00
51.00
Tatal Anrjjnla NM^ (Kg/L)
1.05
0.04
6.80
0.09
0.02
0.29
Dissolved Ar.nonla NH^ (H;;/l.)
-
-
-
0.92
0.01
0.30
Tct.ni CoIifori.T /I03 nl
_
_
_
-
-
-
5-49
-------
Table 5-25. Water quality statistical summary for stations located In San Juan River
Basin. NM. (cpntlnued).
Paraustero
Sta. St>: 367934 Sta- Ko- 367936
Location; Teec-Ni-Di-TSO location: Burnham Wash.
County Wash. County: San Juan
San Juan
Sclent: Segment:
Ilean
Kin.
Max.
Kcnn
Win.
Kax.
Vatcr tctiyerature (Gj&.C)
12.00
0.00
19.50
9.74
0.00
176.00
TurMJi-y (JTU)
-
-¦
-
-
-
-
Dissolved oxygen (tig/L).
9.40
7.10
11.70
9.39
8.50
11.60
103 5 Eav (>'.g/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
jK (£tl)
9.30
9.30
9.30
8.32
7.60
9.30
Total Alkalinity CaCOj (Xg/L)
161.00
64.00
258.00
271.00
200.00
342.00
Totil RciiJ'je (Xg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
Vol. Filterable ?.esidu: CXg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
Total "cr.fllccrable f.csiduc (Xg/L) -
-
-
-
-
-
Total Phosjfcorui P (tlg/L)
1.75
1.50
2.00
3.68
3.10
4.70
Dissolved Phosphorus ? (Kg/L)
0.10
0.03
0.17
0.07
0.03
0.13
Tctci j'-crir.ess CaCO^ (Mg/L)
12.50
10.00
15.00
42.75
14.00
79.00
3issolvcd Calciua Ca (Xg/L)
3.80
3.10
4.50
10.73
5.10
. 16.00
Totcl C.-.lcie= Ca (!\6/l.)
-
-
¦ -
-
-
-
¦tissolvci Magnesiuia Hg (Hg/L)
0.65'
0.50
0.81
3.92
0.27
12.00
Total ''r.j-ne:; Iu*_ (Mg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
Chloride CI (Xg/t.)
7.50
4.30
11.00
8.05
4.50
10.00
Total Iron Fe (ur/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
Dissolved Iron Tc (ug/L)
225.00
190.00
260.00
552.50
100.00
1700.00
Dissolved Lead rb (ug/L)
10.00
10.00
10.00
20.50
10.00
31.00
Total Lead pb (ie/L)
180.00
180.00
18.00
655.00
560.00
750.00
K-mgancse Mn (ug/L)
2200.00
2200.00
2200.00
1140(100
7800.00
O
o
o
o
Dissolved Xsnganese Hn (ug/L)
6.00
6.00
6.00
61.00
2.00
120.00
Dissolved Nickel Ki (ug/L)
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.50
1.00
4.00
TAtal Nickel XI (ug/L)
64.00
64.00
64.00
99.00
78.00
120.00
Dissolved Silver Ag (ug/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
Total Silver Ag (uf,/L)
-
- .
-
-
-
- .
dissolved Zinc Za (ug/L)
35.00
35.00
35.00
137.00
24.00
250.00
Toeal Zinc Zn (ug/L)
430.00
430.00
430.00
1700.00
1600.00
1800.00
Dissolved Sclcniua Sc (ug/L)
2.00
2.00
2.00
4.00
2.00
6.00
Total Selcniua Sc (ug/L)
6.00
6.00
6.00
3.86
0.00
13.00
Total Anrxnia NH^ (Kg/L)
0.16
0.16
0.16
6.79
0.57
13.00
Dissolved Arjionla Nll^ (H;;/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
Total ColX'oru /100 ol
-
-
-
-
-
-
5-50
-------
Table 5-25. Water quality statistical summary for stations located in San Juan River
Basin. NM. (continued).
Sta. So: 367561 Sra. Ko. 367682
Location; Shumuay Arroyo location: Gallo Hash.
Comity: San Juan County: ¦ San Juan
Segment: Segrrent:
Parameters
ttean
Hln.
Max.
Mean
Hln.
Hax.
temperature (Dog.C)
15.41
0.00
40.00
2.00
0.00
4.00
TurMJiiy (JTU)
54.82
2.00
420.00
-
-
-
dissolved oxygen (Jlg/L).
7.29
0.00
12.60
11.60
11.60
11.60
£03 S Cay (>:E/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
?H tg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
Vol. Filterable ?.esidus (Xg/L)
-
-
-
-
¦ -
-
Total ::cr.flltc"£ble tesidue Olg/L) 68.00
68.00
68.00
-
-
-
Total Phosphorus P (Ifg/L)
• 0.73
0.05
6.50
0.63
0.63
0.63
Dissolve* Phosphorus ? (Kg/L)
0.16
0.04
0.29
0.21
0.21
0.21
Total j'ardr.ess CaCO^ (Mg/L)
1738.81
250.00
4400.00
47.00
47.00
47.00
Dissolved Calciua Ca (Xg/L)
351.74
71.00
680.00
16.00
16.00
.16:00
Total C.-.lciu= Ca (;;E/J.)
-
-
¦ -
-
-
-
Elssolved Magncsiuu Kg (Mg/L)
208.67
L6.00
810.00
1.70
1.70
1.70-
Total Xajnesiur.i (Xg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
Chloride CI Oig/I.)
361.12
28.00
1900.00
7.80
7.80
7.80
Total Iron Fe (u»/L)
86,064.70
o
o
o
O
o
o
3
00
in
2700.00
2700.00
2700.00
Dissolved Iron Fe (ug/L)
718.13
0.00
i6poo.oo
40.00
40.00
40.00
Dissolved Lead Pb (ug/L)
5.31
0.00
22.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Total Lead Pb (ug/L)
186.63
0.00
1500.00
-
-
-
Kingancse Mn (ug/L)
3556.09
40.00
38000.00
500.00
500.00
500.00
Dissolved Manganese Kn (ug/L)
474.83
0.00
2800.00
-
-
Dissolved Nickel Ki (ug/L)
58.00
58.00
58.00
-
-
-
Tital Nickel St (ug/L)
73.00
73.00
73.00
-
-
-
Dissolved Silver Ag (ug/L)
0.00
0.00
0.00
¦ -
-
-
Total Silver Ag (uP,/L)
0.00
0.00
0.00
-
-
-
Dissolved Ziac Zn (ug/L)
83.04
0.00
280.00
-
-
-
Total Zinc Zn (*«g/L)
155.91
20.00
400.00
-
-
-
Dissolved Sclcniua Se (tig/1.)
137.83
1.00
720.00
-
-
-
Total Selenium Se (ug/L)
147.22
2.00
710.00
1.14
1.00
2.00
Total Anr.onta (.-r^/L)
0.79
0.00
1.70
-
-
-
Dissolved Ar.-nonta \"H. (t!;;/l.)
0.81
0.49
1.30
-
-
-
Tct.il Col if ana /100 nl
_
-
_
-
-
-
5-51
-------
Table 5-25. Water quality statistical summary for stations located In San Juan River
Basin, NM. (continued).
Sta. No: .
3675
Sta. No.
367540
Location;
La Plata R.
Location
San Juan R.
Parameters
Comity:
Segtcenc:
San Juan
County:
Segment:
San Juan
tlcan
Hin.
Max.
Kcan
Min.
Max.
'.later tcr.-.jcsrature (fcig.C)
14.12
0.00
. 34.00
11.84
0.00
25.00
T-.trbiJity (JTU)
381.48
0.99
8500.00
-
-
Dissolved oxygen (;!g/L).
9.17
5.50
13.00
9.92
7.60
12.00
E02 5 Cay O'e/L)
-
¦
-
-
-¦
. - .
?K (E-J)
8.18
7.10
8.60
.8.24
7.90
8.60
To:*! Alia!ini;y CaCOj pig/L)
208.25
75.00
450.00
109.32
51.00
154.00
Totsl ScsIJue (r&'L)
-
-
-
-
-
Vol. Filterable P.csidu: (Hfi/L)
-
-
- ¦
—
—
Tocal t'cnfiltcrable Residue' (Xg/L) -
98.00
98.00
98.00
Total Phosphorus P (Mg/L)
• 0.57
0.00
5.40
0.35
0.02
2.00
Eissolvei Phosphorus ? (Kg/L)
0.01
0.00
0.05
-
-
-
Tetcl Zzrir.css CaCO^ (Mg/L)
859.53
150.00
1600.00
179.53
86.00
380.00
Dissolved C^lciua Ca (Xg/L)
215.27
46.00
410.00
55.86
27.00
100.00
Tot=l C.-.lcii.-= Ca (Kg/L)
-
-
• -
-
-
-
Dissolved Magnesiun Kg C-s/L)
80.69'
8.60
270.00
9.93
4.60
31.00
Tocal "^gncaluiu (Xg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
Chloride CI p!g/I.)
106.44
7: 70
420.00
10.44
1.00
31.00
Total Iron Fe (u»/L)
460.00
370.00
610.00
2775.00
noaoo 4100.00
Dissolved Iron Fe (ug/L)
41.31
0.00
340.00
37.03
10.00
320.00
Dissolved Lead Pb {ug/L)
4.90
0.00
25,00
4,77
0.00
23.00
Totcl lead Pb (i«/L)
23.00
5.00
96.00
23.00
0.00
83.00
21-iTlgancse Hn (ug/L)
1142.00
80.00
4000.00
200.90
50.00
920.00
Dissolved Manganese Kn (ug/L)
245.64
0.00
960.00
17.31
0.00
90.00
Dissolved Nickel Mi (ug/L)
1.45
0.00
5.00
0.84
0.00
3.00
Tital N'ickcl Ni (ug/L)
33.00
3.00
140.00
6.13
3.00
14.00
Dissolved Silver Ag (ug/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
Total Silver Ag (uft/L)
-
-
-
-
-
Dissolved Zinc (ug/L)
L9.09
0.00
50.00
21.14
3.00
120.00
Total Zinc Zn (ug/L)
204.29
0.00
940.00
77.50
20.00
270.00
Dissolved Sclcniun Sc (u£/t.)
1.27
0.00
6.00
1.08
0.00
5.00
Tocal Sclcniuu Sc (ug/L)
1.29
0.00
5.00
0.88
0.00
1.00
Total .\nT.onla N!l^ 0:t/L)
0.07
0.00
0.22
0.06
0.00
0.42
dissolved Ar.nonLa (H"./L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
Tctal Coliforu /100 nl
14.04
10.00
IQOOO.OO
-
-
-
5-52
-------
Table 5-25. Water quality statistical summary
Basin, NM. (continued).
for
stations located in San Juan River
Sta. No:
Location:
3645
Animas R.
Sta. Ko.
Location
3650
: San Juan R.
Farascters
County:
Segment:
San Juan
County:
ScgMnt:
San Juan
Mean
Kin.
Hax.
Mean
Kin.
Hax.
Katcr temperature {Bag.C)
12.36
0.00
72.00
18.78
0.00
N/A
lurbiJUy (JTU)
136.00
0.00
3400.00
195.15
9.99
4600.00
Dissolved oxygen (Kg/L).
9.70
5.99
14.20
9.58
5.40
14.60
EOD 5 Cay (Mb/L)
1.41
0.59
2.80
1.58
0.20
5.60
?K
7.82
7.00
9.04
7.83
6.90
8.90
Tcr.il Alkalinity CaCOj {Kg/D
134.41
50.00
1560.00
113.32
49.00
302.00
7ot=l Residue (J!g/L)
-
-
-
Vol. filterable ?.csidus C'fi/L)
-
-
-
-
-
Total t'cr.Iilterable Residua (Xg/L) 311.4 3
10.00
1100.00
-
-
-
Total ?hosjt.on:£ P (Mg/lO
• 0.18
0.00
2.80
0.29
0.03
4.00
^isjoivci Phosphorus ? (Hg/L)
0.03
0.00
0.06
0.07
0.01
0.17
Tctil Jiarir.ess CiCO^ (Mg/L)
242.78
80.00
608.00
188.49
65.00
820.00
Dissolved Calciua Ca C'c/L)
79.01
24.00
211.00
61.58
5.10
276.00
"ntal Ca (i'e/Q
-
-
r
-
-
-
Dissolved Magncsiun Mg (Hg/L)
11.15*
1.70
55.00
8.39
0.30
32.00
Total "agnesiuci (Xg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
Chloride CI (Xg/I.)
19.06
1.80
52.00
9.68
1.30
160.00
Total Iron Fe (u»/L)
8686.84
20.00 100000.00 28,289.2
760.00
3loooaoo
Dissolved Iron Fe (ug/L)
30.51
0.00
600.00
44.73
0.00
1700.00
Dissolved Lead Pb (ug/L)
5.00
0.00
39.00
1.00
0.00
4.00
Total Lead Pb (ug/L)
101.38
1.00
700.00
94.24
5.00
400.00
J Manganese Mn (u^/L)
426.32
30.00
3300.00
1149.23
50.00
12,000.00
Dissolved Manganese Kn (ug/L)
74.25
o.oo
620:00
20.33'
0.00
70.00.
Dissolved KicUel HI (ug/L)
3.00
0.00
6.00
-
-
-
TStal Nickel Xi (ug/L)
. 4.33
1.00
7.00
-
-
- "
'Dissolved Silver Ag (ug/L)
0.31
. 0.00
2.00
0.12
0.00
1.00
Totol Silver Ag (ug/L)
2.35
0.00.
10.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Dissolved Zinc Zn (ug/L)
28.54
0.00
340.00
14.66
0.00
70.00
Total iinc Zn (ug/L)
208.26
10.00
270.00
220.76
20.00
1900.00
Dissolved Selenium Sc (ug/L)
19.15
0.00
540.00
0.93
0.00
2.00
Total Sclcniua Se (ug/L)
1.50
0.00
7.00
1.31
0.00
5.00
Total A^Tonta XM^ («|;/L)
0.07
0.01
0.18
0.22
0.02
0.80
Dissolved Ar.nonla KH^ (Ug/L)
0.06
0.00
0.18
0.17
0.00
0.80
Tctal Col ifcru /mo nl
339.99
9.99
1520.00 162(439.00 2^49^95100 100.00
5-53
-------
Table 5-25. Wacer quality statistical summary for stations located in San Juan River
Basin, NM. (continued).
Sia. No; 357250 Sra. Ko. 3573
Location; Gallegos Canyon location; San Juan R.
County: San Juan County: San Juan
Parameters Segment: Segment:
(lean
Kin.
Max.
Heart
Kin.
Kax.
Vacer temperature (fr^fi.C)
TurhiJUy (JTU)
Dissolved oxygen (Mg/L).
£0D 5 Day (Xg/L)
?H (S3)
Tc:.il Alkalinity CoCO3 fg/L)
Dissolve*! Cjlciu.-a Ca -Cfg/L)
Tozzl Cr.lcivrz Ca (.\V//,)
Dissolved Xafcnasici* Kg (tfg/L)
Total &i£nc3lur.i C*g/L)
Chloride CI (Xg/L)
Total Iron Fe (u.-./L)
Dissolved Iron Fe (uj/L)
Dissolved Lead Pb (uj/L)
Total Le=d fh (ug/L)
Ibnjnnose Hn (uj/L)
Dissolved Manganese Kit (ug/L)
Dissolved KicUcl N'l (ua/L)
Tital Nickel S£ (ug/L)
Dissolved Silver Ag (ug/L)
Total Silver Ag (ug/L)
Dissolved iinc Za (ug/L)
Tot.il Zinc Zn {u g/L)
Dissolved Sclcniua Se (ug/L)
Totjl Selenium 5c (ug/L)
Tocsl An-.in ia (f.'g/L)
Dissolved .Vnionla N'H^ (M;;/L)
Icr.il Coliforn /100 nl
9.50
9.97
8.63
281.64
• 1.17
0.05
114.00
39.32
3.47 '
24.43
460.00
175.63
8.00
40.00
15.00
6.00
20.00
7.00
0.37
0.00 26.00 11.87 0.00 28.00
59.99 59.99 59.99
5.50 14.00 10.04 5.50 13.70
1.40 1.40 1.40
8.20 9.10 7.90 6.80 9.00
104.00 591.00 100.97 69.00 226.00
0.03 3.80
0.01 0.09 ¦ _
19.00 230.00 158.44 .76.00 350.00
6.90 79.00 49.35 29.00 120.-00
0.40 7.30 7.63 2.40 15.00-
6.10 49.00 4.91 1.30 18.00
460.00 460.00 -
10.00 780.00 56.42 0.00 1700.00
8.00 8.00 -
100.00 100.00 100.00
40.00 40.00 - - . -
10.00 20.00 87.49'' 0.00 350.00
6.00 6.00 -
20.00 20.00 -
7.00 7.00 47.75 0.00 180.00
1.00 1.00 1.00
0.00 1.30
1882.85 99.99 4299.99
5-54
-------
Table 5-25. Hater quality statistical summary for stations located in San Juan River
Basin, NM. (continued).
Sta. So: 356565 St;l- *"• 3571
Location; Canon Largo location: gan juan 2
County: San Juan County: San Juan
Parameters
Socitent: Scgtrcnt:
Itean
Hin.
Max.
Mean
Hin.
Hax.
!»arer temperature (T^g .C)
8. 16
0.00
24.00
11.29
1.00
25.00
TurhiJIiy (JTU)
-
-
-
-
-
Dissolved oxygen (J!s/L).
9.36
6.40
11.60
10.07
7.4C-
12.60
ZOD 5 Say O-q/I)
-
-
-
-
-
• -
?H (SJ)
7.96
7.10
8.50
. 8.31
7.90
8.90
Tcl.U Alkalinity CaO>3 (Mg/L)
301.00
131.00
648.00
96.95
66.00
213.00
Total RcsiJua (Xg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
Vol. Filterable ?.esidu2 (X&/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
Tocal !:cnf lltcrable Residue O-g/L) -
-
'
-
-
-
Total Phosphorus ? (tlg/L)
¦1.58
0.01
9.50
. 0.23
0.01
3.80
Dissolved Phosphorus ? (tfs/L)
0.03
0.01
0.07
0.02
0.00
0.06
Tctel Kcrdr.css CaCO^ (Mg/L)
606.66
110.00
1300.00
132.71
91.00
200.00
Dissolved Cilciua Ca (l^/L)
171.05
40.00
410.00
41.55
28.00
65 .-00
ToccI C-.Iciua C® (ifc/Q
-
-
-
-
-
Siszolvcd >fagn£sivu Kg (Mg/L)
43.55 '
3. 10
110.00
33.21
14.00
73.00¦
Tocal Xagnesluci (Mg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
Chloride CI (Xg/I.)
27.03
5.00
83.00
3.77
2.20
6.60
Total Iron Fe (uf>/L)
300.00
300.00
300.00
o
o
00
-------
Table 5-25. Water quality statistical summary for stations located In San Juan River
Basin, NM. (concluded).
Sta. No:
Location
36766
: Chaco
Wash.
Sen. No.
Locntion;
3550
San Juan R.
Parameters
County:
Segment:
McKinley
County:
Scgircnt:
San Juan
Mean
Kin.
Max.
Mean
(fin.
Kax.
Vatcr ic^ir.iturc (fiag.C)
13.96
1.00
22.00
9.61
0.50
25.6
TurMJity (JTU)
-
- '
-
6.35
0.99
15.00
dissolved oxygen
8.50
6.30
10.80
11.44
6.60
15.33
£02 5 Day O'-g/L)
-
-
-
0.78
0.10
1.80
?K (S3)
7.60
7.00
8.80
7..80
6.90
9.49
Tct.*l Alkalinity CaCOj (y,g/L)
87.00
71.00
110.00
93.33
49.00
185.00
toc=l KcsiJuu (>tg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
Vol. Filterable ?.csidus (Xg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
Total "enf lltev^ble F.csiaue (Mg/L)
-
- .
-
-
-
Total Phosphorus ? (Hg/L)
1.00
0.12
1.70
0.04
0.00
0.24
dissolve: ?hos?r.orus ? (Mg/L)
0.07
0.03
0.12
0.06
0.00
0.23
Tctcl Hardness CaCO^ (Mg/L)
16.60
11.00
21.00
113.78
40.00
250.00
Dissolved Calclua Ca (!fg/L)
6.08
4.40
7.80
35.37
10.00
. 73.00
Totsl C-.lci«! Ca (ug/L)
-
-
-
-
-
Sissolvci Magncsiuu Kg (Hg/L)
0.38
0.10
0.50
6.16
0.60
21.00
Total Kajnesiun (Hg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
Chloride CI Oig/I.)
-
-
-
3.57
0. 70
14.00
Total Iron Fe (uj;/L)
_
_
_
525.00
0.00
L 9,000. 00
Dissolved Iron F« (vg/L)
378.00.
120.00
1000.00
18.55
0.00
120.00
Dissolved Lead Pb (ug/L)
20.50
3.00
38.00
1.79.
0.00
8.00
Total Lead PV (ug/L)
137.50
95.00
180.00
41.14
0.00
100.00
JLing-anese Kn (ug/L)
1550.00 1100.00
2000.00
31.58
0.00
270.00
Dissolved Manganese Kn (ug/L)
3.00
0.00
5.00
9. 32
0.00
40.00.
Dissolved Nickel Ni (ug/L)
5.00
4.00
7.00
3.00
3.00
3.00
Tital Mckel XI (ug/L)
58.00
26.00
90.00
-
-
-
Dissolved Silver Ag (ug/L)
-
-
-
0.28
0.00
3.00
Total Silver Ag (ug/L)
- .
-
0.16
0.00
8.00
Dissolved Zinc Zn (ug/L)
59.67
8.00
140.00
18.77
0.00
150.00
Tot.^l Zinc Zt\ (ug/L)
560.00
360.00
760.00
21.58
0.00
80.00
dissolved Sclcniim Sc (ug/l.)
2.00
1.00
4.00
1.70
0.00
8.00
Total Selenium Sc (ug/L)
3.18
0.00
12.00
. 0.90
0.00
2.00
Total Anxonla SH^ (flg/L)
1.24
0.67
2. 30
0.12
0.00
0.41
Dissolved AcnonLa MH (H;:/l.)
-
-
-
0.07
0.00
0.26
7c Ml Coliforu 7103 ol
-
-
-
152.68
5.00
1160.00
Source: USGS. 1981. WATer data STOrage and REtrieval (WATSTORE). Dallas, Texas.
5-56
-------
Table 5-26. Water use (thousands of acre-feet) in the Lower Colorado
River Basin, New Mexico. (1970 - 2000)
1970 1975 1980 2000
UBe
Wd.
Depl.
Wd.
Depl.
Wd.
Depl.
Wd.
Depl
Urban (municipal)
3.5
1.4
4.2
1.9
6.1
2.9
9.7
5.5
Rural domestic
1.3
0.6
1.4
0.6
1.1
0.7
0.9
0.7
Irrigated
150.1
86.8
Agriculture
99.3
55.3
78.3
43.5
145.5
CM
00
Manufacturing
0.3
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.5
0.3
Minerals
8.8
4.6
13.0
8.4
16.6
11.1
23.8
16.2
Military
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
Livestock
1.7
1.7 '
1.8
1.8
1.3
1.3
1.4
1.4
Stockpond
Evaporation
2.7
2.7
2.3
2.3
3.3
3.3
3.8
3.8
Power
0.9
0.7
0.3
0.3
1.0
0.9
16.7
16.7
Fish and
Wildlife
1.0
1.0
1.3
1.3
3.2
3.2
9.0
9.0
Recreation
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Reservoir
Evaporation
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
14.0
14.0
23.2
23.2
Playa Lakes
Evaporation
9.4
9.4
9.4
9.4
TOTALS
133.6
82.3
117.0
74.4
192.5
118.9
239.1
163.7
Source: Water Quality Control Commission. 1979. New Mexico statewide water quality
management plan, appendix. Santa Fe NM, variously paged.
5-57
-------
Table 5-27. Drainage areas and discharges for continuous-record gauging stations in the Lower Colorado River Basin, New Mexico.
Minimum Average ^ximuir.
Period of Record ~ ... .
Ul
I
Ln
oo
Nn-ihec
3869
38695
4426
442692
4430
4440
Station Name
Rio Nutria near
Ramah
Zuni River above
Black Rock Reservoir
San Francisco River
near Reserve
Tularosa River above
Aragon
San Francisco River
Near Alma
San Francisco River
County
McKinley
McKinley
Catron
Catron
Catron
Catron
(Water Years)
1969-1978
1969-1978
1959-1978
1966-1978
1904-1914
1964-1978
1927-1978
Drainage;
Area (km )
185
2,100
907
244
4,004
4,281
Discharge
(m /s)
no flow
no flow
0.028
0.031
no flow
0.042
Discharge
(m. /s)
0.105
0.228
0.649
0.095
1.829
1.974
Discharge
(a3/i.)"
22.1
147.0
337.0
11.1
867.0
966.0
Source; USGS. 1979. Water Resources Data for New Mexico. Albuquerque NM, 747 p.
-------
Ln
I
Ui
\o
Table 5-28. Duration of daily flow (m /sec.) from gauging stations on streams in the Lover Colorado River Basin, New Mexico.
3
Station
Number
Station Name
442692 Tularosa River above
Aragon
4430 San Francisco River
near Alma
4440 San Francisco River
near Glenwood
3869 Rio Nutria near
Ramah
44268 San Francisco River
near Reserve
County
Catron
Catron
Catron
McKinley
Catron
Area (km )
244
4,004
4,281
185
907
Flow in m /sec, Equaled or Exceeded
for Percent of Time Indicated
99
0.07
0.00
50
25
N/A N/A
0.29 0.99
0.21 0.82 1.43
0.00 0.00 0.01
0.05 0.20 0.43
10
1
Period
of
Record
0.09 0.45 1967-1978
4.60 27.90 1965-1979
3.59 20.78 1966-1978
0.07 2.36 1970-1978
1.20 8.40 1960-1978
N/A - Not available
Source: US Geological Survey. 1981. WATer data STOrage and RF.trieval (WATSTORE). Dallas, Texas.
-------
Table 5-29. Seven day low flow for various recurrence intervals in streams in the Lower Colorado River Basin, New Mexico
3
Station
Number
Station Name
442692 Tularosa River above
Aragon
3869 Rio Nutria near Ramah
44268 San Francisco River
near Reserve
County
Catron
McKinley
Catron
Area (km^)
244
185
907
Annual Low Flow in m /sec. for 7 Consecutive
Days for Indicated Recurrence Interval in Years
10
20
0.82
8:18
2.20
0.70
3.16
0.69
0.66
2.23
0.51
0.64
1.85
0.44
0.62
1.59
0.40
Period
of
Record
1967-1978
1966-1978
1960-1978
ui
I
o
Source: US Geological Survey. 1981. WATer data STOrage and REtrieval (WATSTORE). Dallas TX.
-------
5.2.5.2 Quality
In general the quality of water in the Lower Colorado River Basin presents
no significant problems and is suitable for most beneficial uses. The upper
reaches of the Gila River Sub-basin and the San Francisco River Sub-basin are
acceptable sources of domestic water supply. Segment 1 of the San Francisco
River Sub-basin is water quality limited (Table 5-30).
The quality of water in the upper reaches of the basin is high, with
turbidity and color degrading downstream. Suspended sediment levels in the
Gila River and San Francisco River are notably low, with an average of 389,200
metric ton per year (429,000 tons per year) passing Glenwood on the San
Francisco River (Station 4440, Table 5-31 and Exhibit 5a) and 107,000 metric
ton per year (118,000 tons per year) passing Gila on the Gila River.
Total dissolved solids concentrations are also low, ranging between 90 mg/1
and 234 mg/1 on the Gila River and between 139 mg/1 and 275 mg/1 on the San
Francisco River. Dissolved oxygen levels in the basin are above standards
(Table 5-31). There are no significant municipal or industrial dischargers in
the basin.
5.2.6 Western Closed Basins
The Western Closed Basins consist of the North Plains Basin and the San
Augustin Plains Basin. The total drainage area of the basin is 6,993 km^
(2,700 mi^). The basin receives about 381 mm (15 inches) of precipitation
annually. There are no perennial streams in the Western Closed Basins. The
only surface water is an occasional spring, or stock tank, and an ephemeral
playa at the western edge of the San Augustin Plains.
5.2.7 Arkansas-White-Red River Basin
The Arkansas-White-Red River Basin is located in the northeast corner of
New Mexico. It has a drainage area of 45,325 km^ (17,500 mi^). Most of
5-61
-------
fur quality inventory summary for the Lower Colorado River Basin, New Mexico.
Location
Classif ication
EL/WQL
Designated Uses
Known Water
Quality Problems
Gila River from Arizona
boundary upstream to
Redrock
Main stem of the Gila
River from Redrock to
confluence of West Fork
and East Fork
All tributaries of the
Gila River above Cliff,
excluding Segment No. 2
Gila River Sub-Basin
EL
EL
EL
Irrigation; limited warm-
water fishery; livestock
and wildlife watering;
secondary contact recrea-
tion
Industrial water supply;
irrigation; livestock and
wildlife watering; marginal
coldwater fishery; secondary
contact recreation; warm-
water fishery.
Domestic water supply, high
quality coldwater fishery;
irrigation; livestock and
wildlife watering; secondary
contact recreation
No significant
problems
No significant
problems
No significant
problems
San Francisco River Sub-Basin
San Francisco River
from Arizona boundary
upstream to Tularosa
confluence
San Francisco River from
Tularosa confluence up-
stream to Arizona boun-
dary
WQL
EL
Irrigation; limited warmwater
and marginal coldwater fishery;
livestock and wildlife watering;
secondary contact recreation
Coldwater fishery; irrigation;
livestock and wildlife watering;
secondary contact recreation
NA
No significant
problems
-------
Table 5-30. Water quality Inventory summary for the Lower Colorado River Basin, New Mexico (concluded).
NA - Information not available
WQL - Water Quality Limited - A segment where water quality does not meet applicable water quality standards,
and is not expected to meet standards after the application of the effluent limitations required by
Section 301(b)(1)(B) of the 1972 Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments.
EL - Effluent Limited - A segment where water quality Is meeting and will continue to meet applicable water
quality standards or uheTe there is an adequate demonstration that water quality will meet applicable
water quality standards after the application of the effluent limitations required by Section 201(b)(1)
(A) and 301(b)(1)(B) of the 1972 Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments.
Source: New Mexico Water Quality Commission. 1980, Water Quality Status Summary, Santa Fe NM, variously
Ui paged.
U>
-------
Table 5-31. Water quality statistical summary for stations located in Lower Colorado
River Basin. NM.
Sta. No: 4440
Location; San Francisco
County: Catran
Segment:
Parameters
Mean
rUn.
Max.
'a3: c r torrjarature (n^g.C)
16.75
0.00
29.00
Tur^iJity (JTU)
119.13
2.00
2200.00
Dissolved oxygen (Mg/L).
8.40
1.20
12.00
£02 5 Day (Xg/L)
1.17
0.00
5.00
?K CSUJ *
7.96
6.99
9.10
Total Alkalinity CaCO^ (Xg/L)
148.02
75.00
202.00
Totcl KcsiJuts Osg/L)
-
-
-
• Vol. Filterable ?.csidu2
-------
the basin is semi-arid with over half of the precipitation falling between May
and September. Major tributaries include the Canadian River, Purgatory River,
Dry Cimmarron River, Carrizozo River, North Canadian River, Carizo Creek, and
Red River.
5.2.7.1 Quantity
Water use data in the Arkansas-White-Red River Basin are presented in
Table 5-32. Data on drainage areas and discharges are presented in Table
5-33.
5.2.7.2 Quality
In general, there are no major water quality problems in the
Arkansas-White-Red River Basin. Segment 3 and Segment 5 are suitable for a
limited warm water fishery. Segment 6 lis suitable for a high quality warm
water fishery as well as a drinking water supply. All of the segments in the
basin are classified as effluent limited by the New Mexico Water Quality
Control Commission (Table 5-34).
Dissolved solids and suspended sediments are the significant water quality
parameters in the basin. Suspended sediment concentrations in the Canadian
River increase from 400 mg/l near Taylor Springs (Station No. 2115) to 16,00
mg/1, at the State line. Total dissolved solids concentrations increase
similarly between the same two stations, from 500 mg/l to 1,500 mg/1, res-
pectively. The increase in salinity is due primarily to concentration by
surface water evaporation. Increases in sediment loads potentially result
from erosion. The municipal discharges from Tucumcari and Raton are in
violation of NPDES permit limitations. Discharges from the York Canyon Mine
do not present significant problems. The Raton Public Service Co. discharge
is also affecting receiving streams, as are the two feed lots in the basin. A
water quality statistical summary for stations located in the Arkansas-White-
Red River Basins is presented in Table 5-35.
5-65
-------
Table 5-32. Water
Basin, New Mexico
use (thousands
(1970 - 2000).
of acre-
•feet) in the
Arkansas-White-
-Red River
Use
Wd
1970
Depl.
1975
Wd. Depl.
Wd.
1980
Depl.
Vd.
2000
Depl
Urban (municipal)
4.0
1.8
3.9
1.7
4.2
2.2
8.3
4.8
Rural domestic
1.2
0.5
2.0
0.9
1.5
0.9
1.8
1.2
Irrigated
Agriculture
223.0
176.1
326.0
159.9
424.3
229.5
415.6
235.3
Manufacturing
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.3
0.2
0.5
0.3
Minerals
0.4
0.2
0.4
0.2
1.9
1.2
5.8
4.0
Military
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Livestock
3.6
3.6
5.4
5.4
3.8
3.8
4.1
4.1
Stockpond
Evaporation
10.8
0.8
10.3
10.3
11.5
11.5
12.6
12.6
Power
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.2
14.6
14.6
Fish and
Wildlife
18.5
18.5
18.5
18.5
13.3
10.5
14.0
11.2
Recreation
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0
0
0
0
Reservoir
Evaporation
52.7
52.7
32.7
32.7
74.5
74.5
76.8
76.8
Playa Lakes
Evaporation
0
0
0
0
TOTALS
426.1
265-3
399.6
230.0
535.6
334.5
554.1
364.9
Source: Water Quality Control Commission. 1979. New Mexico statewide water quality
management plan, appendix. Santa Fe NM, variously paged.
5-66
-------
Table
umber
1990
1996
20142
2030
2040
2045
2050
2060
2070
2075
2085
Drainage areas and discharges for continuous-record gauging stations in the Arkansas River Basin, Mew Mexico.
Minimum
Station N'ame
Canadian River
near Hebron
Chicorica Creek
near Yankee
Una De Gato Creek
below Throttle Dam
near Raton
Vermijo River near
Dragon
Moreno Creek at
Eagle Nest
Cieneguilla Creek
near Eagle Nest
Slxmile Creek near
Eagle Nest
Cimarron River below
Eagle Nest Dam
Cimarron River near
Cimarron
Ponil Creek near
Cimarron
Rayado Creek at
Sauble Ranch near
Cimarron
County
Colfax
Colfax
Colfax
Colfax
Colfax
Colfax
Colfax
Colfax
Colfax
Colfax
Colfax
Period of Record
(Water Years)
1946-1978
1975-1978
1975-1978
1915-1978
1928-1955
1964-1978
1928-1955
1964-1978
1928-1955
1958-1978
1950-1978
1950-1978
1915-1929
1950-1978
1909-1978
Diainagg
Area (km )
593.0
84.2
128.2
780.0
191.0
145.0
27.2
433.0
761.0
443.0
168.0
Discbarge
(m /s)
no flow
no flow
no flow
no flow
no flow
no flow
no flow
no flow
no flow
no flow
0.001
Average
Discharge
(n/s)
0.204
ND
ND
0.507
ND
ND
0.071
0.385
0.572
0.306
0.388
-------
Table 5-33. Drainage areas and discharges for continuous-record gauging stations in the Arkansas River Basin, New Mexico (concluded).
Minimum Average Maximum
Period of Record Drainagg Discharge Discharge Discharge
Number Station Name County (Water Years) Area (km ) (m /s) (m /s) (m js)
2110 Cimarron River Colfax 1907-1909 2,673.0 no flow 0.464 835.00
at Springer 1921-1978
2115 Canadian River Colfax 1940-1978 7,380.0 no flow 2.325 4,590.00
near Taylor Springs
ND - Not determined
Source: USGS. 1979. Water Resources Data for New Mexico. Albuquerque NM, 747 p.
Ln
I
a*
oo
-------
Table 5-34. Water quality inventory summary for the Arkansas River Basin, New Mexico.
Designated Uses
Segment No
3
6.
Classification
EL/WQL
Location
The main stem of the Canadian EL
River from the headwaters of
the reservoir upstream to
Concha Dam and all of the Ute
Creek
The main stem of the Canadian EL
River from the headwaters of
Conchas Reservoir upstream to
N.M. Highway 56, and Conchas
River and any flow from below
the perennial reaches of the
Nora River, and Chiconas Creek
which enters the main stem of
the Canadian River
All tributaries to the Mora EL
River above the town of Mora
Coyote Creek all tributaries
to the Cimarron River above
the town of Cimarron, Rayado
Creek above Miami Lake divi-
sion and all other tributaries
to Canadian River northwest of
U.S. Highway 64 in Colfax County,
and perennial reaches of the
main stem of the Canadian River
upstream from NM Highway 56
Irrigation; limited warmwater
fishery; livestock and wild-
life watering; secondary con-
tact recreation
Irrigation; limited warmwater
fishery; livestock and wild-
life watering; secondary con-
tact recreation
Domestic water supply; irriga-
tion; high quality wildwater
fishery; wildlife watering arid
livestock; municipal and indus-
trial water supply; secondary
contact recreation
Known Water
Quality Problems
No significant
problems
No significant
problems
No significant
problems
EL - Effluent Limited - A segment where water quality is meeting and will continue to meet applicable water
quality standards or where there is an adequate demonstration that water quality will meet applicable
water quality standards after the application of the effluent limitations required by Section 201(b)(1)(A)
and 301(b)(1)(B) of the 1972 Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments.
Source: New Mexico Water Quality Commission. 1980. Water Quality Status Summary, Santa Fe NM, variously paged.
-------
Table 5-35. Water quality statistical summary for stations located In Arkansas-White-Red
River Basin, NM.
Sea. So: 2030
Location; Vermejo R.
County: Coi£ax
Parameters Select:
tfean
Kin.
Hex.
'.o:er tct^isratute (fr*g.C)
11.71
0.00
26.00
T-.itMJity (J7U)
2.00
2.00
2.00
OlssoIvcJ oxygen (>£/L).
6.79
6.79
6.79
202 S Cay O'e/L)
-
-
-
(S-J)
7.87
6.80
9.30
Total Alkalinity CaCOj (Xg/L)
157.15
62.00
236.22
"otil SesiJluu O'fi/L)
-
-
-
Vol. Filterable ?.esidua (:
-------
5.2.8 Pecos River Basin
The Pecos River Basin is the largest water quality basin in New Mexico.
It stretches for 700 km (435 miles) from its headwaters in the Sangre de
Cristos Mountains in the north central part of the State to the extreme
southeastern corner at the Texas River. The basin has a drainage area of
67,300 km^ (25, 985 mi^). The major tributaries of the Pecos River Basin
are Eagle Creek, Gallinas River, and Cow Creek (Exhibit 5a).
5.2.8.1 Quantity
The drainage areas and discharges, duration of daily flow, and 7-day low-
flow frequency information are presented in Table 5-36, Table 5-37 and Table
5-38. Data on water use in the Pecos River Basin are presented are Table
5-39.
5.2.8.2 Quality
The general surface water quality in the basin is acceptable for
designated uses. The waters of Segment 8 are designated acceptable for a
marginal coldwater fishery. Segment 9 contains water suitable for a domestic
water supply and high quality cold water fishery. Segment 9 waters are
classified as water quality limited by the New Mexico Water Quality Control
Commission (Table 5-40). Dissolved solids concentrations are of primary
concern in the basin, especially down stream. Greatly reduced flow, caused by
irrigation, compounds water quality problems.
Dissolved solids are contributed to the Pecos River from springs and
groundwater seepage, and possibly from irrigation return flows, oilfield
brines, and discharges from potash industries. Average dissolved solids
concentrations on the Pecos River between 1974 and 1979 were 2,500 mg/1 at
Artesia and 8,500 mg/1 at Red Bluff. Dissolved oxygen levels in the lower
Pecos River can fluctuate diurnally between 0.0 and 18 mg/1 during the summer.
5-71
-------
Table 5-36. Drainage areas and discharges for continuous-record gauging stations in the Pecos River Basin, New Mexico.
Nuraber
3869
3870
3876
3878
Station Name
F. Herrera Ditch
S. at Hollywood
Rio Ruidosa at
Hollywood
Eagle Creek below
South Fork near Alto
Eagle Creek near
Alto
County
Lincoln
Lincoln
Lincoln
Lincoln
Period of Record
(Water Years)
1960-1978
1953-1979
1969-1978
1969-1978
Dxainagg
Area (km )
NA
310.00
21.08
40.07
Minimum
Discharge
(m /s)
no flow
0.008
0.001
no flow
Average
Discharge
(m /s)
0.014
0.388
0.075
0.037
Maximum
Discharge
(m /s)
0.19
37.90
3.03
2.04
NA - Not available
Y" Source: USGS. 1979. Uater Resources Data for New Mexico. Albuquerque NM, 747 p.
-J
N5
-------
Table 5-37. Duration of daily flow (m /sec.) from gauging stations on streams in the Pecos River Basin.
Station
Number
3869
3870
3876
3878
Station Name
F. Herrera ditch S. at
Hollywood
Rio Ruidoso at
Hollywood
Eagle Creek below
South Fork near Alto
County
Lincoln
Lincoln
Lincoln
Eagle Creek near Alto Lincoln
Area (kn )
310.00
21.08
AO. 70
Flow in m /sec, Equaled or Exceeded
for Percent of Time Indicated
99
N/A
50
25
0.00 0.02
10
0.04 0.10
0.03 0.22 0 .44 0.92 2.56
0.00 0.03 0.08 0.19 0.60
N/A N/A 0.03 0.20 0.71
Period
of
Record
1961-1979
1954-1978
1970-1978
1971-1979
m
I
u>
N/A - Not available
- Not applicable
Source: US Geological Survey. 1981. WATer data STOrage and REtrieval (WATST0RE). Dallas, Texas.
-------
Table 5-38. Seven day low flow for various recurrence intervals in streams in the Pecos River Basin, New Mexico.
Station
Number
Station Name
County
Area (kro^)
Annual Low Flow in m /sec. for 7 Consecutive
Days for Indicated Recurrence Interval in Years
10
20
Period
of
Record
3869 F. Herrera ditch S. at
Hollywood
Lincoln
3.28
0.61
0.34
0.25
0.20
1955-1978
Ul
I
° Hot applicable
Source: US Geological Survey. 1981. WATer data STOrage and REtrieval (WATSTORE) . Dallas TX.
-------
Table 5-39. Water
New Mexico. (1970
use (thousands
- 2000)
of acre-
feet) in
the Pecos
River Basin,
Use
1970
Wd. Depl.
Wd
1975
Depl
Wd
1980
Depl.
Wd.
2000
Depl,
Urban (municipal)
24.5
12.6
28.1
13.8
33.1
20.2
51.0
33.5
Rural domestic
3.7
1.8
3.7
1.9
4.1
2.7
4.4
3.1
Irrigated
Agriculture
676.2
402.5
688.0
408.1
692.6
416.3
661.4
404.2
Manufacturing
0.8
0.5
0.6
0.4
1.3
0.8
2.1
1.3
Minerals
9.A
6.5
33.7
12.2
18.6
11.8
40.2
31.0
Military
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Livestock
5.5
2.8
5.5
5.5
6.0
6.0
6.5
6.5
Stockpond
Evaporation
7.0
7.0
7.3
7.3
8.1
8.1
9.2
9.2
Power
2U.lt
0.9
14.1
0.6
0.6
0.4
1.1
1.1
Fish and
Wildlife
7.6
6.4
6.2
5.9
29.9
19.3
35.3
22.8
Recreation
0
0
0
0
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
Reservoir
Evaporation
49.6
49.6
42.6
42.6
65.5
65.5
88.3
88.3
Playa Lakes
Evaporation
TOTALS
7.4
7.4
7.4
7.4
816.1
500.7
837.2
605.7
859.9
551.2
899.7
601.2
Source: Water Quality Control Commission. 1979. New Mexico statewide water quality
management plan, appendix. Santa Fe NM, variously paged.
5-75
-------
Tabic 5-40. Water quality inventory summary for the Pecos River Basin, New Mexico.
Classif ication
SeRment No. Location EL/WQL Designated Uses
8 Perennial reaches of the EL Fish culture; irrigation;
livestock and wildlife
watering; marginal cold-
water fishery; secondary
contact recreation
Ln
ON
Location
Perennial reaches of the
Rio Penasco and its trib-
utaries above Dunken, and
Perennial reaches of
Boniot Creek below Angus,
the Rio Ruidoso below
Sleeping Springs Lakes and
Aqua Chiquita
Eagle Creek above upstream
of Angus and Rio Ruidoso
and its tributaries above
Sleeping Springs Lakes
Known Water
Quality Problems
No significant
problems
WQL/EL Domestic water supply; fish
culture; high quality cold-
water fishery; Irrigation;
livestock and wildlife
watering; municipal and
Industrial water supply;
secondary contact recreation
WQL - Water Quality Limited - A segment where water quality does not meet applicable water quality standards,
and is not expected to meet standards after the application of the effluent limitations required by
Section 301 (b) (1) (B) of the 1972 Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments.
EL - Effluent Limited - A segment where water quality is meeting and will continue to meet applicable water
quality standards or where there is an adequate demonstration that water quality will meet applicable
water quality standards after the application of the effluent limitations required by Section 201 (b)
(1) (A) and 301 (b) (1) (B) of the 1972 Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments.
Municipal waste-
water causes
high phosphorus
Source: New Mexico Water Quality Commission. 1980. Water Quality Status Summary. Sante Fe, NM. Variously
paged.
-------
There are no major Industrial dischargers, although there are three large
feedlots in the basin. Most municipalities discharge poor quality effluent in
the Pecos River Basin, but upgraded treatment levels are anticipated.
5.2.9 Central Closed Basins
The Central Closed Basins consist of the Estancia, Tularaso, Salt and
Jorando del Muerto Basins. The basin has a drainage area of 37,736 km^
(14,570 nri.2) and extends from the center of the State to the Texas border.
The Estancia Basin has no perennial streams. The Tularnso Basin has
several perennial streams, including Three Rivers and the Rio Tulayosa River;
both have significant flows. The Tornado del Muerto Basin has no perennial
streams.
5.2.9.1 Quantity
A summary of the estimated annual water use in the Central Closed Basin is
presented in Table 5-41. Drainage areas and discharges (Table 5-42), data on
duration of daily flow (Table 5-43), and low-flow frequency data (Table 5-44),
are presented in table form.
5.2.9.2 Quality
Surface water in the basins is generally acceptable for all designated
uses including municipal water supply (Table 5-45). Total dissolved solids,
sulfates, and chlorides are high in some streams, and occasionally exceed
standards (Table 5-46).
Total dissolved solids averaged 1,242 mg/1 in the water in the Tularosa
Basin in 1976, while sulfates averaged 617.6 mg/1. During 1975 and 1976,
total dissolved solids in LaLuz Creek were also high.
5-77
-------
Table 5-41. Summary of estimated average annual water uses (thousands of acre-feet)
In the Central Closed Basins, New Mexico.
Total
Item Diversion Depletion
Irrigation 81*59 53*04
(Sewage used for
irrigation) (0-82)
Urban 5*12 2*56
Self-supplied
Industrial 0* 20 10
Minerals 0-70 30
Sub-total,
Self-supplied (0-90) (0-40)
Military 3-83 1-91
Rural Domestic 1*22 0*56
Livestock 1-10
Fish, recreation
and wildlife 0*14
Evaporation
Reservoirs 0*06
Stock ponds 1-36
Playa lakes* 50'00
TOTAL 110-77
* - In Estancla basin only
Source: New Mexico Water Quality Control Commission. 1975. Central closed
basin plan. Santa Fe N>I, variously paged.
5-78
-------
I
vo
Table 5-42. Drainage areas and discharges for continuous-record gauging stations in the Central Closed Basins, New Mexico.
Minimum Average
Period of Record Drainage
County (Water Years) Area (km )
Number
Station Name
Discharge
(m /s)
Discharge
(m /s)
Maximum
Discharge
(m /s)
4815
Rio Turlarosa
near Bent
Otero
1947-1978
310
0.274
121
Source: USGS. 1979. Water Resources Data for New Mexico. Albuquerque nm, 747 p.
-------
3
Table 5-43. Duration of daily flow (id /sec.) from gauging stations on streams in the Central Closed Basin, New Mexico.
3
Flow In m /sec, Equaled or Exceeded Period
Station 2 for Percent of Time Indicated of
Number St3tion Name County Area (km ) 99 50 25 10 1 Record
4815 Rio Tularosa near Bent Otero 310 0.09 0.27 0.33 0.38 0.55 1949-1978
Source: US Geological Survey. 1981. WATer data STOrage and REtrieval (WATST0RE). Dallas, Texas.
Ui
I
oo
o
-------
Table 5-44. Seven day low flow for various recurrence intervals in streams in the Central Closed Basins, New Mexico.
Period
of
Record
1969-1978
Source: US Geological Survey. 1981. WATer data STOrage and REtrieval (WATSTORE). Dallas TX.
3
Annual Low Flow in m /sec. for 7 Consecutive
Station Days for Indicated Recurrence Interval in Years
Number Station Name County Area (km^) 1 2 5 10 20
4815 Rio Tularosa near Bent Otero 310 2.21 1.22 0.93 0.79 0.69
-------
Table 5-45. Water quality Inventory summary for the Closed Central Basins, New Mexico.
Sonmetic No. Location
1 Rio Tularosa lying east
of New Mexico Highway 70
bridge crossing east of
Tularosa, and perennial
tributaries to the
Tularosa Basin
Classification
EL/WQL
EL
Designated Uses
Coldwater fishery; fish
culture; irrigation; live-
stock and wildlife watering;
municipal and industrial water
supply; secondary contact
recreation
Known Water
Quality Problems.
No significant
problems
EL - Effluent Limited - A segment where water quality is meeting and will continue to meet applicable water
quality standards or where there is an adequate demonstration that water quality will meet applicable
Y* water quality standards after the application of the effluent limitations required by Section 201(b)(1)(A)
00 and 301(b)(1)(B) of the 1972 Federal Uater Pollution Control Act Amendments,
ro
Source: New Mexico Water Quality Commission. 1980. Water Quality Status Summary, Santa Fe NM, variously paged.
-------
Table 5-46. Uater quality statistical summary for stations located in Central Closed
River Basin, NM.
Parameters
Sta. No: 4815
Location; Rio Tularosa
County:
Otero
Sogcenc:
Mean
Mln.
Max.
Voter temperature (fcg.C)
14.19
0.50
28.00
TurMuity (JTU)
238.76
3.00
7500.00
Dissolved oxygen (Mg/L).
8.85
6.99
11.50
£03 5 Eay (Xg/L)
-
-
-
?H (S"J)
7.79
7.00
8.50
Tct.il Alkalinity CaCO<>fg/L)
189.58
57.00
247.00
Totcl RcslJuts (>lg/t.)
-
-
-
Vol. Filterable ?.csidu3 (Xg/L)
-
-
-
local Ttcnfiltevable Residue (Mg/L)
Total ?ho5jton:s ? (Hg/L)
¦0. 17
0.00
5.90
Slssolvci ?>.os?>.orus ? (Kg/L)
0.01
0.00
0.08
Iczzl. terir.css CaCO^ (Kg/L)
814.63
490.00
1500.00
Dissolved Calciu3 C« (Sfg/L)
223.79
97.00
560.00
Inzzl Cr.lclu= Ca (i>g/L)
-
-
¦ -
Dissolve; Magncsiuu Kg (Mg/L)
59.84
6.30
87.00
Total ya^ncaluci }l$ (Xg/L)
¦ -
-
Chloride CI (Xg/I.)
62.99
31:00
110.00
Total Iron Fe (uf,/L)
1909.20
150.00
25000.00
Dissolved Iron Fe (ug/L)
32.2.3
0.00
1200.00
Dissolved Lead Pb (*Jg/L)
1.76
0.00
15..00
Totcl Lead Pb (ug/L)
42.96
0.00
100.00
ibngjncse Mn (ug/L)
94.80
20.00
950.00
Dissolved Manganese Ka (ug/L)
27.60
0.00
50.00
Dissolved tslcVel Ni (ug/L)
0.80
0.00
3.00
Tiral Nickel Xi (ug/L)
3.80
2.00
6.00
Dissolved Silver Ag (ug/L)
0.00
0.00
0.00
Total Silver Ag (ug/L)
0.88
0.00
10.00
Dissolved Zinc Zr\ (ug/L)
11.24
0.00
90.00
Total Zinc Za (ug/L)
20.80
0.00
110.00
Dissolved Scioniua Sc (ug/L)
1.04
0.00
3.00
Total Selenium Sc (ug/L)
L. 24
0.00
3.00
Total AzutooU N!(^ (J^/L)
0.05
0.00
0.41
Dissolved Amonla NH. (H:*/L)
4
0.04
0.00
0.31
7ct.il Coliforo /103 Q1
Source: USGS. 1981. '..'ATer data STOrage and REtrieval (WATSTORE). Dallas, Texas.
5-83
-------
There are no industrial discharges to surface water in the basins and
Cloudcraft is the only municipal discharger.
5.3 GROUNDWATER
Groundwater data for New Mexico are reported by major surface water drain-
age basins (Figure 5-1). These basins were introduced in Section 5.2.
The amount of groundwater available to wells depends on saturated thick-
ness, areal extent, and specific yield. The amount of groundwater in storage
depends on the amount of recharge from precipitation. The mean annual
precipitation in New Mexico ranges from 203 mm (8 Inches) along the Lower San
Juan River Valley and the Rio Grande River Valley, to 762 mm (30 inches) in
the Rocky Mountains. Most of the precipitation at lower altitudes falls
during summer as heavy downpours. The annual runoff across the Study Area
ranges from 12.7 to 127 mm (0.5 to 5.0 inches) (Exhibit 5b).
The geologic structure and hydrologic properties of aquifers, as well as
water quantity and quality are addressed in this chapter. These aspects are
essential in an evaluation of the effects of proposed coal development on
groundwater resources.
5.3.1 Arkansas River Basin
The central and eastern parts of the Arkansas River Basin are in the Great
Plains physiographic province; the western edge is in the southern Rocky
Mountain physiographic province. Colfax is the only county in the Study Area
located in the Arkansas River Basin. Generally for most areas in this basin,
groundwater is difficult to obtain and at present not extensively developed.
Only 5% of the water used in the Arkansas River Basin is groundwater.
5-84
-------
5.3.1.1 Quantity
The principal aquifers in Colfax County are in sandstone (Figure 5-2), and
range in age from Pennsylvanian to Cretaceous (Table 5-47). Aquifers
underlying Colfax County generally yield water quantities of less than 0.4
m-Vm (10 gpm). One USGS observation well is located in the county (Table
5-48 and Exhibit 5b). Most of the groundwter in Colfax County is used for
watering livestock and/or irrigation. Recharge is primarily local and largely
limited to precipitation falling in the basin. In areas where groundwater is
used for irrigation, information regarding extent and general condition of the
aquifers is not available. Information on the depth to groundwater in Colfax
County is presented in Figure 5-3.
5.3.1.2 Quality
Because groundwater in New Mexico originates primarily from precipitation,
mineralization results when the water passes through rocks and soil to the
zone of saturation. The quality of water is directly related to the
solubility of the minerals in the enclosing rock and the length of time the
water is in contact with the minerals.
Water quality standards are established for water used for municipal,
industrial, and irrigation supplies. Sulfate and chloride concentrations in
drinking water should not exceed 250 mg/1, the nitrate level should not exceed
45 mg/1, and dissolved soilds content should not exceed 500 mg/1. Chemical
parameters applicable to irrigation uses include specific electrical
conductance, sodium absorption ratio, residual sodium carbonate, and boron
concentration.
The general areal extent of groundwater in New Mexico is depicted in
Figures 5-4, 5-5, and 5-6. Water quality data obtained from wells in Colfax
County are presented in Table 5-49.
5-85
-------
// los -r
/«L4M06 ^ <. /
'a N D O V A L V«NTA FE
, p
b^rnIlillo
I C M
iRotwtllP-
*t7oJ ftttnao
AtomogonJo
Silver City
AtttmbUtf by W. C. Hoi*, 1962
iO»*
U. S. C
explanation
Aquifers in londtlonti of undif ftrcntiottd oqi
Study area boundary
Figure 5-2. Principal sandstone aquifers in New Mexico.
5-86
-------
Table 5-47. Generalized stratlgraphic section in the Arkansas River basin, New Mexico.
Stratlgraphlc
Unit
Thickness
(fut)
Distribution
Physical properties
Wjt.r-bwlM ch.r.cttrl.tlc.
Quaternary *Alluvium
Cin«rilly less
than 100
Tributaries to Arkansas llvar, Silt, sand, and gravel.
Tucuiacarl area.
Yields aaall to moderate quantities of water to
wells. Generally yields Creah water in noat
areaa.
~Pediment
and terrace
deposit*
Cap flat-top mesas near Cana-
dian River and large tributaries.
Terraces are prominent along the
large stream valleys.
Silt, aand, gravel, and
boulders.
Recharge by precipitation or surface flow; may
yield snail to moderate quantities of water to
wells. Generally yields freshwater.
Quaternary *Volcanic
and complex
Tertiary
Cap many high meaaa, occur as
channel deposits, dikes, tills,
and Interbedded with sedlmen-
tarv rocks.
Basalt, cinders, and
fine to coarae basaltic
alluvium, scoria.
May yield small to large quantities of water to
wells depending on fracturea and saturated
thlckneaa. Generally La not a principal aquifer.
Tertiary
~Ogallata
0 to 400
Mostly In south-central and
Irregularly bedded sand,
Recharged by precipitation, varies In permeabili-
Formation
eastern parta of Canadian
grit, and local con-
ty; may yield small to medium quantities of water
River basin.
glomerate ceacnted by
to wella. Generally ylelda fresh water.
caliche and local beds
of shale, clay, and
IImestone.
Pol son
Underlies high mesas.
Conglomerate, arkose.
Not known to yield water to wells.
Canyon
sandstone, siItstone,
Fo rrtaclon
and shale; intertongues
with the Raton Forma-
tion.
~Raton
1,000
Underlies high aesas
Conglomerate and sand-
Recharged from rainfall and snow rolt; spring
Formation
generally.
atono; black shale with
discharge in many places; yields small quanti-
coal beds; intertongues
ties of water to wells at some places. General-
with Poison Canyon For-
ly yields fresh water.
mation.
Cretaceous
VermcJo
loot
North and east of Raton.
Interbedded sandstone
Not known to yield water to wells.
Formation and
Coal mined In this forma-
and shale with coal
Trinidad Sand-
tion In Colfax County.
bode.
stone
~Pierre Shale
1,650
Outcrops in large areas In
Compact shale with thin
Yields small amounts of water to wells In the
and upper part
southern Colfax County and
calcareous beds and
westhered zone of the formation. Generally
of Niobrara
Mora County.
nodules.
yields slightly saline water,
Formation
~Fort Hays
900*
Exposed on gentle soil-
Thin-bedded marine
Permeability depends on Interconnected fractures
Limestone
covered slopes in Colfax
limestone with some
and beddlng-plane openings. Yields small quan-
Member of
County.
thin shale lnterbeds.
tities of water to wells In same areas. General-
Niobrara
ly ylelda fresh water.
Formation
~Carl Ue
2201
San Miguel and Colfax
Sandy shale with some
Yields small quantities of water to wells*
Shale
Count lea,
beds of sandstone.
Goncrallv yields slightly saline water.
~Creenhorn
35*
Exposed along streams and
Marine limestone with
Yields water to some stock and domestic wells;
Limestone
ridges in Union and Colfax
thin lnterbeds of
water Is hard but fair quality.
Counties.
Bhale.
~Craneros
215
Dark fissile shale with
Yields small quantities of water to wells;
Shale
do.
sandy shale and lorae
quality of water is generally slightly saline
thin sandstoi.e beds at
but suitable for livestock.
base.
~ Dakota
Sands tone
(Also Purge-
tolre Forma-
tion in Union
Count y)
Exposed on hillsides and
streams In reach of the Ar*
kansaa River basin.
Conglomeratic sandstone,
sandstone, and shale.
areaa. Generally yields fresh water.
~Morrison
Format Ion
Colfax, San Miguel, Union,
and Harding Counties.
Fine-grained shale and
sandstone.
Poor source of water; yields small quantities
of water to some wells. Generally yields fresh
water.
~Entrada
Sandstone
Union, Harding, and Quay
Counties.
Fine-grained naastva
aandatone.
Principal aquifor In Tucumeari area; of little
importance aa aquifer elsewhere; has small re-
charge area; yields small quantities of water to
wells locally. Generally yields freah water.
Trlassic
~Chlnle Forma-
tion and Santa
Rosa Sandstone
Exposed over small area In
Colfax County and large area
on plalna of San Miguel County.
Interbedded red shale,
slltatone, sandstone.
Santa Rosa Sandstone is an important aquifer for
stock and domestic wella In San Miguel County.
Chlnle Formation Is less Important but supplies
small quantities of water to some wells. General-
ly "yields slightly to moderately aallne water.
~San Andres
Limestone
50 to 400
Union and San Hlguel Counties.
Dolonlte, anhydrite, and
fine-grained sandstone.
Varies In permeability; yields small quantities
of water to stock and domestic wells In San
Miguel County. Generally yields fresh water.
Yeso
Formation
100 to 500
Southwest Union County.
Fine- to coarse-grained
sandstone and tnudstone.
Not known to yield water to wells.
~Clorleta
Sandstone
San Miguel County.
Quartaltlc sandstone.
Yields small quantities of water to some wells.
Generally yields fresh to slightly aallne water.
Pennsy1va-
nlan
Sang re de
Crlato Forma-
tion (locally
also Magdalena
Limestone >
600 to 1,000 Probably underlies all of the
northern part of the Arkansas
River basin.
Shale and feldgpathic
sandstone.
Yields smalt quantities to atock wells In west-
ern Colfax and San Miguel Counties.
Sedimentary
rocks
3,500 to
4,000
Western Colfax County and
Cimarron Range.
Limestone, shale
and aandatone.
arkose, Not known to ylold water to wells.
Pre-
cambrlan
Mctamorphlc
and Igneous
rocka
Exposed In the Cimarron Range
and several places along the
western boundary of Colfax
County.
Granite, gneiss, schist,
and quartilte.
*Knovn or probable aquifer, regardless of areal extent or production potential.
Source: New Mexico State Engineer Office. 1967.
5-87
-------
Table 5-48. Records of wells in selected New Mexico counties.
Ln
I
oo
oo
ixhiblc
iignation
Well Number
Owner
County
101
345730106431001
Denlson
Bernalilllo
102
350655106395001
City of
Albuquerque
Bernalillio
103
350415106403001
City of
Albuquerque
Bernalilllo
104
364500104031501
John King
Colfax
105
333015105382201
M. VI. Coll
Lincoln
106
333242105340701
Village of
Capltan
Lincoln
107
332145105333001
E. H. Fuchs
Lincoln
108
332157105094101
Lincoln Co.
Cimestock Co.
Lincoln
109
330324106011201
Luther Watson
Otero
110
324853105582501
US Air Force
Otero
111
320650105034801
Frank Gentry
Otero
113
352235106282401
John Bowers
Sandoval
114
350525106025001
W. R. Irby
Santa Fe
115
350340106005001
Glen Terry
Santa Fe
116
353810106025501
Santa Fe
Country Club
Santa Fe
117
330715107171901
City of Truth Sierra
or Consequences
118
325550107184001
William M.
Dawson
Sierra
119
325350107175501
US Govt.
Sierra
120
35040010107510501
Monico Mirabal
Valencia
Well Characteristics
Type of Depth Diameter
Well (m) (to)
Drilled Unknown 0.30
Drilled 290.0 0.15
Drilled
NA
0.15
Drilled
37.0
0.20
Drilled
27.4
0.20
Drilled
98.8
0.20
Drilled
27.4
0.20
Drilled
38.1
0.30
Drilled
70.1
0.43
Drilled
71.9
0.25
Drilled
165.0
0.46
Drilled
15.2
0.31
Drilled
156.0
NA
Drilled
61.0
0.36
Drilled
122.0
0.13
Drilled
134.0
0.31
Drilled
NA
0.41
Drilled
9.8
0.25
Drilled
65.8
0.41
121
350925107523001 City of Grants Valencia
Drilled
4 8.2 41.0-30.0
Water-Bearing
Unit
Santa Fe Group
Alluvium & Santa
Fe Group
Alluvium & Santa
Fe Group
Alluvium
Alluvium
Mancos Shale of
Getaceous Age
Alluvium
Period of
Record
1958-1979
1953; 1957-
1979
1956-1979
1957-1969;
1971-1979
1955-1979
1955-1979
1955-1979
1955-1979
Water Level Extremes
For Period of Record*
Yeso Formation
of Permian Age
Bolson Deposits 1952-1979
Bolson Deposits 1955-1979
Bolson Deposits 1971-1979
Valley Fill 1976 only
Valley Fill 1950-1979
Glorieta Sandstone 1951-1979
of Permian Age
Ancha Formation
Santa Fe Group of
Quaternary Age
Valley Fill
1951; 1953-
1979
1976
1974-1979
High (m)
3.42
3.69
4.39
1.42
5.05
11.38
17.42
13.68
22.48
18.72
15.57
6.70
26.44
17.67
75.56
2.81
7.66
Low (m)
4.97
10.59
8.24
2.86
13.52
21.27
19.43
18.34
40.79
25.65
25.21
7.89
43.76
32.48
82.92
9.48
12.42
Valley Fill 1957-1979
Glorieta Sandstone 1952-1979
of Permian Age
San Andras Lime- 1953-1979
stone of Permian Age
3.97
6.76
6.05
8.47
11.57
11.91
-------
T.-ible 5-48. Records of wells in selected New Mexico counties (concluded).
Exhibit
Designation
122
123
124
Well Number
351400107524201
351650107535001
351610107514501
Owner
A. R. Card
Tom Yager
Duane Berry-
hill
County
Valencia
Valencia
Valencia
Well Characteristics
Type of Depth Diameter
Well (m) (m)
Drilled 62.5 0.46
Drilled 154.0 0.41
Drilled 39.6 0.10
00 *Below Land-surface Datum (LSD)
\o
Source: USGS. 1979. Water Resources Data for New Mexico. Albuquerque NM, 747 p.
Water-Bearing Period of
Unit Record
San Andras Lime- 1944; 1946'
stone of Permian Age 1979
San Andras Lime- 1946-1979
stone of Permian Age
Alluvium of 1949-1979
Quaternary Age
Water Level Extremes
For Period of Record*
High (m) Low (m)
19.95 32.80
28.58 42.38
26.16 30.90
-------
UNION
»\ HARDING
UADAILUP E
L E A o
Hobbt
Coritbod
90 Milt*
I
Ats*(*bi*d bv W. E. Holt, 1962
iOt*
U. S. Geological Sw**«v b*»t mcp
EXPLANATION
^1
200 200 to SOO f•*t
Mort than 900 f• • t Areoi in trhieh igneou*
rockt predominant ond
Oilumod to be dry
Study area boundary
Figure 5-3. Depth to ground water in New Mexico.
5-90
-------
U OS
A»««mb>«d by
E XPL ANATION
Areas in which ground water commonly
contains more than 1,000 ppm
of dissolved solids
Study area boundary
Figure 5-4. General quality of shallow ground water in New Mexico.
5-91
-------
•: UN.i'p
Fo*mingior?
fri vtr
a S HARDiNO .
A Lift MOS
SANTAFE
&ollup-;
K UCufT>C0f'*1
ulfflcRQUE
„
ouaoailupe
^•.v.v.y-vc^ u r r y-Xi
'Xvi'i/noos*^ eS
(0
Hp
i
o
Rj A N T
O
0 Silvtr City
DON A\ ANA
Lot
0 20 40 60 SO Miltt
1 i i i i—i—i—i—i
EXPLANATION
No toline woler known
Hill.
3,000- 10,000 ppm
1,000- 3,00 0 ppm
10,000 - 39,000 ppm
Over 33,000 ppfn
Study area boundary
Figure 5-5. General occurrence of saline groundwater in New Mexico.
5-92
-------
L,r
O Raton
c ——
FgrrrtinqTOn —^
X\ HARDIN O
ANTA
UOUbRO
0 U A D A
i * '
Aiomo90*do
Alitmblad t>1 W E Holt, 1962
U. S-Gtvlftgicol Sorvtv B«»» Hop
EXPL ANATION
Pottntiol yitld of ¦•!!«
L«»> thon 100 gpm, highly
tolinc wottr ortot, or oreoi
tor which doto ort inodequott
for opproitol
100 to 300 gpm
More than 300 Qpm
Study area boundary
Figure 5-6. General availability of relatively fresh ground water in New Mexico.
5-93
-------
Table 5-49. Chcalcal analysis of vmtcr In selected Hew Mexico counties.
Specific
Well Nueber
County
Date of
Collection
Depth
(oetera)
Conductance
Hlcro Bhofl
Teapcrature
Co
Carbonate
-------
Table 3-49. Chealcel analytic of vater In selected New Mexico count!** (continued).
Depth
Sp«clflc
Conductance
I
VD
Ui
Veil Nuobiir
County
Collection
(oeters)
Kicro ahoa
(*«
355437107220101
HcKlnley
79-08-02
41.76
2370
21.5
355400107224201
HcKlnley
79-07-25
71 .02
4000
16.0
355447LG7224301
HclLtnley
79-07-25
55.47
1900
16.0
355353107244S01
Mctinlejr
79-07-24
18.29
4 tOO
15.5
3556111075)4701
HcKlnley
79-08-20
1356.36
1580
23.5
352306106275701
Sandoval
79-09-14
167.64
850
26.0
355217106545701
Sandoval
78-11-27
847.34
3780
16.3
363113108333501
San Juan
79-09-24
3.35
2790
34.0
363503108 342101
San Juan
79-09-24
2.29
1730
34.0
36432510B353001
San Juan
79-03-17
2.90
3090
10.0
361503108243801
San Juan
79-09-21
2.44
7150
26.0
3621451083L0901
San Juan
79-09-21
2.47
200Q
25.0
361554103333201
San Juan
79-09-24
3.66
910
25.0
362217108335701
San Juan
79-08-21
2.90
3490
-
362213108340501
San Juan
79-09-21
2.29
1160
26.0
362212108340701
San Juan
79-09-21
11.58
1440
24.0
362208108341201
San Juan
79-08-20
2.44
6250
-
361142108220401
San Juan
79-09-21
-
1190
25.5
360415108022201
San Juan
79-09-20
-
986
30.0
360621107582301
San Juan
79-09-20
-
1200
25.0
360733108103201
San Juan
79-09-21
2.29
1250
20.0
3613181O815I401
San Juan
79-09-21
2.44
1940
22.5
353257105492801
Santa Fe
79-09-12
18.90
460
14.5
355006106093001
Santa P*
79-09-12
333.15
355
23.5
332727107410301
Sierra
79-04-04
133.81
220
17.5
332723107434501
Sierra
79-04-05
38.1
480
14.5
341520107375601
Socorro
79-47-10
-
520
-
341014106450810
Socorro
79~07-10
-
4000
40.0
340602107323101
Socorro
79-05-07
-
4 30
-
340656107401401
Socorro
79-48-30
-
210
-
340424107372701
Socorro
79-08-21
-
310
-
340238107402301
Socorro
79-08-31
-
270
-
335B40107434001
Socorro
79-05-08
-
460
-
335112107430801
Socorro
79-08-23
-
310
-
334908106390601
Socorro
79-02-15
-
3470
-
334759107410201
Socorro
79-08-24
234.70
2100
-
334347107470001
Socorro
79-03-30
176.79
250
-
334038L07402201
Socorro
79-08-31
-
200
-
334032107431801
Socorro
79-08-24
-
310
-
323155107353501
&OCOTTO
79-12-13
-
870
-
333322107353501
Socorro
79-04-1B
-
900
-
333354107384901
Socorro
79-04-12
36.58
700
-
333257107404601
Socorro
79-04-11
-
290
-
34 3010108390001
Valencla
79-07-19
-
-
-
343756107523301
Valencia
78-10-30
-
1990
12.0
343957108151601
Valencia
78-11-28
66.09
2130
12.0
343905108182001
Valencia
79-08-10
-
-
-
344B521O8O61901
Valencia
79-11-30
139.42
259
16.0
345217109020701
Valencia
79-06-19
-
1250
16.0
345619107505001
Valencia
78-11-30
62.79
893
13.0
345333107513401
Valencia
78-11-13
7B.03
727
13.0
Carbonate
35
39
24
MA
NA
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
NA
HA
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
0
0
HA
NA
HA
NA
NA
HA
NA
NA
Bicarbonate
Dleaolved
Solid*
(b*/1)
Dlaaolved
Sulfate
(¦w/1)
Dlaaolv*d
Chloride
(n/U
Nitrogen
NO2 + HO)
(B8/1)
Dliaolvtd
Iron
C«*/l>
Dleiolved
Mangaaaaa
{«/1)
EUrdnuo
Total
<¦*/!)
«a CaOOl
Notl
Carbonate
-------
Table 5-49. Chealcal analyses of water in selected Hew Mexico counties (concluded).
Specific
Veil Ruflber
County
Collection
(tttera)
Micro shoe
PU
<*/l>
34570610*015701
Valencia
78-11-02
>42
12.0
7.9
HA
345450106404601
Valencia
79-06-31
-
700
-
6.)
MA
345455108575401
Valencia
79-06-19
-
1370
26.0
8.1
NA
WW 38100570201
Valencia
79-06-19
-
1050
22.0
7.0
NA
J452451085919«l
Valencia
79-08-21
-
1060
16.0
7.6
NA
- ¦ Unknown
Source: USCS. 1979. Water ftaaourcea Data (or Haw Mexico. Albuquerque IM, 747 p.
I
v£>
ON
Bicarbonate
(¦«/»
Dissolved
Solids
(*/l)
Dissolved
Sulfate
Ml)
Dissolved
Chloride
(mc/1)
Nitrogen
N02 + HO3
(*/l)
Dissolved
Iron
Cm/1)
Dissolved
Kanfansae
(¦*/l>
Total
(¦«/!)
140
Hon
Carbonate
(o*/l)
NA
16.0
6. S
1.40
0
6
0
XA
332
210.0
5.9
0.14
50
20
ie
0
NA
966
450.0
43.0
0.25
20
-
470
250
NA
761
310.0
32.0
0.01
10
-
520
250
NA
725
370.0
21.0
0.02
< 10
110
210
56
-------
5.3.2 Pecos River Basin
The Pecos River Basin occurs in several physiographic provinces. The
headwaters of the Pecos River are in the southern Rocky Mountain Province of
the Rocky Mountain System. The headwaters of tributary streams from the west
are in the Sacramento section of the Basin and Range Province of the
Intermontane Plateaus. The remainder of the basin, or the Pecos River Valley
Section, is in the Great Plains Province of the Interior Plains. Portions of
Lincoln and Otero counties in the Study Area are located in the Pecos River
Basin.
5.3.2.1 Quantity
In the northern half of the Pecos River Basin groundwater development is
primarly for public supply, rural, domestic, and livestock uses. In the
southern half of the basin groundwater is used extensively for irrigation.
Important aquifers in the Pecos River Basin occur in sedimentary rocks
(Figure 5-7). The generalized stratigraphic section presented in Table 5-50,
reveals the geologic formations and water-bearing characteristics. Most of
the water-bearing rock formations in the Pecos River Basin are found in the
plains areas. Large scale withdrawal of groundwater in the south-central part
of the basin has resulted in a long-term net loss of groundwater storage. The
alluvial aquifers are generally stream connected and usually are recharged by
local precipitation and floods. Yields of over 300 gallons per minute are
derived from alluvial or limestone aquifers. Data on well characteristics and
extreme high and low water levels of wells located in Lincoln County and Otero
County are presented in Table 5-48.
5.3.2.2 Quality
The groundwater quality in the Pecos River Basin generally is acceptable
for domestic uses with no treatment other than disinfection. The quality of
groundwater presents few problems in the northern part of the basin. However,
5-97
-------
HAROiNO
Tucumcori
Kwtw
?R***«v#v
&>?~?~>?<¦&
%V*W*W
<&$$$&
>J»Jv
>NKv %*»f
Wt!
v«v«vw<
lvKw«w
'HvXvwv
CwtwK4
Silver Cify
OONAl ANA
Lo» Cruet <
Ait«mb<»0 by W. E. Hot*, 1962
I0»#
EXPLANATION
Aquiftn in limatton* of Ptrmion ago
%
m
Aquiftn in limgtton# of Penntylvonian og*
Study area boundary
Figure 5-7. Principal limestone aquifers in New Mexico.
5-98
-------
Table 5-50. Generalized stratigraphic section In Che Pecos River basin, New Mexico.
Svatea
Stratlgraphlc
Unit
Thickness
(feet)
Distribution
ftvalcal orooertles
tfater-bearlnt characteristics
Quaternary
•Al luviuo
0
Co 150*
Thick In lowland areaa, thin
In upland areaa. In all parte
of basin.
Gravel, aand, and allt;
caliche, llae-ceoented
congloaerate.
Yields 2 to 3.500 gpa. Large yields are In
Pecos Valley, Hondo Valley, and near Carls-
bad. Generally usable for dooestlc supply,
satisfactory for irrigation and stock use.
Yields fresh to hlnhlv saline water.
Bo1 son de -
posits, dune
•and, alluvi-
al Cans.
Scattered distribution in
oeae area* of basin.
Boulders, sard, un-
tortad rock dabria.
Not generally utllixed as a source of water.
Quaternary^-?)
and
Tertlarv(Tl
'Alluvlua
0
to 500-
Southeaat of Carlafcad.
Fluvial §rav*l, aand,
and silt.
Yields small quantity of saline to moderate-
ly saline water.
Pedloant
nr.v.l
0
to 50*
Hoatly In central part of
baaln.
Not utilized as a source o£ water.
Tertiary
'Ogallala
Formation
0
to JOCJt
Mostly In northern part of
baaln.
Silt, sand, gravel,
aandstona, conglomer-
ate. and caliche.
Yields 0.2 to 1,600 gpa. Generally fresh
water. Large yields In Quay, CurTy, and
Roosevelt Counties.
Tertiary!T>
* Intrust ve
and extrusive
Igneous rocks
Scattered distribution In
aost areas of basin.
Andeslte. diorlte, ai-
crogranice, and rhyo-
llts dikes. all Is, and
stocks.
Yields a few
water.
gpa Co wells; generally fresh
CretaceousC ?)
*Cub Mountain 0 to 500-
Foraatlon of
Bodlne (1956)
Western part of Rio Hondo
drainage basin.
Sandstone, pebble, con-
glomerate, ahaLfl.
Yields 5 to
water.
50 gpa. Generally yields fresh
•Hesaverde
Formation
TtoW
0 CO £002
Western part of Lincoln
_Co\inty.
Sandstone, shale, coaL,
and carbonaceous shale.
Yields 5 co 20 gpa. Generally ylelda slLght-
ly to moderately aallne water.
*Hancos
Sha 1«
~Greenhorn 0 to 260t
Limestone and
Graneroa Shale
* Dakota 0 co 130*
Sandstone
Western part of Lincoln
County.
Shale, limestone, sand-
stone?
San Miguel County.
Western part of Lincoln
County, Quay And San Miguel
Countles
Lloestone, shale, sand-
stone .
Sandstone, shale, and
conglomerate.
Yields 6 to 75 gpra- Generally yields noder-
ataty saline water.
Yield about 5 gpm of slightly to moderately
saline water.
Yields S to 125 gpa of fresh water to wells.
Jurassic
•Morrlson
ForaaClon
0 to 400*
San Miguel and Guadalupe
Countiea.
Clay, shale, sandstone.
Yields ebout 2 gpa of fresh Co slightly va-
line water co wells.
+ Entrada
Sandstone
0 CO 240*
do.
Sardscone. lloestone,
and slltstone.
Yields about 5 gpa of fresh co atlghtly sa-
Trlaaslc
•Chinle
ForaaCIon
0 to 1,000*
Most parts of basin except
Roewell arceslen basin wesc
of Pecos River.
Shale, clay, siltstone,
saridscone, and lloestone.
Ylelds 0.1 to 50 gpa of fresh to slightly
saline water to wells.
•Santa X.osa
Sandstone
0 to 360*
Host parts of basin except
Rorwelt artesian basin.
Sandscone, lloestone,
shale, and pebble con-
Kloraerate.
Yields 1 to 750 gpn of freah to slightly sa-
line water.
Persian
Dewey Lake
Redbeds
0 to 350t
Eddy and Lea Counties.
Slltstone; sandy shale,
shale. and sandstone.
Mot known to yield water to wells in basin.
•Rustler
Comet Ion
0 to 500*
do.
Gypsua, slltstone, clay-
stone, sandstone, halite,
and doloalce.
Yields about 10 gpa of slightly to moderate-
ly saline water.
Salado
Formation
0 to 1 ,000
do.
Halite lnterbedded with
anhydrite, thin clastic
rocks, and beds of potash
ore.
Yields no water Co wells as .the formation la
relatively Impermeable.
* Ce b111 e
Format Ion
0 to 2,500
Subsurface in Eddy and Lea
Counties.
Anhydrite, banded layers
of anhydrite and bltutnl-
nous calclte; local beds
of salt.
Yields ssall quantities of slightly saline
water co stock wells mostly in the Black Riv-
er valley and adjacent areas.
•Tanslll
Fomat ion
125
West of Carlsbad.
Dolomite, llacstone,
slltstone, and hvdsub.
Yields large quantities of fair to slightly
sallno water to veils at Carlsbad.
&
3
O
u
•Yatei
Formation
250 to 300
do.
Dolomite, llaastone,
sandstone, slltstone,
BVDBum, and elastic rocks.
Yields small quantities of fresh water to
mils.
a
¦
s>
u
•Seven Rivers
Format Ion
270 to 400
Chaves end Eddy Counties
Dolomite, limestone, sand-
stone, and slltstone.
Yields snail quantities of fresh water to
many wells; yields of 2,000 gpa or more in
Che area from Lake McMillan to Juat below
Ma lor Johnson Springs.
•Queen
Format Ion
325 to 400
do.
Doloaite, sandstone,
and slltstone.
Yields snail quantities of fresh to slightly
saline water.
+Grayburg
Format Ion
475
do.
do.
Yields moderate to large quantities of fresh
water.
+Aj-cesla For-
mation ( Setae
age as Arte-
ala Croup)
0 to 1,000*
Underlies most perts of the
baaln.
Gypsua, anhydrite, dolo-
oltQ, Impure limestone,
sllcstone, shale, and
sandstone .
Yields as much ae 200 gpa of slightly saline
water In many parts of baaln. Slightly to
highly valine quality In eastern pare of Rio
Hondo Dralnaae Basin.
*Capltan
Lloestone
(Sane ega as
Artesla Crouo)
1,000 to 1.500
Eddy County.
Lloestone.
Yields Urge quantities of fresh water to
well*. Yields satlne water east of Carls-
bad .
Goat Seep
"
do.
do.
Not developed by welle because of great
depth.
Bell Canyon.
Cherry Canyon,
and Brushy
Canyon Force-
tlona (Saoe
age as Artesla
Grouo)
do.
Sandstone, shaly sand-
stone, carbonate rocks.
Yield no water to wells or springs In the
baaln. Sandatonea contain talc water.
* San Andres
Llneatone
0 to 1,500
Underlies aost parts ot
baaln.
Llaeatone, doloalce,
sandstone, sllteCone,
shale, gypsum, and
anhvdrlte.
Yields 8 to 2.000 gpa of fresh water to
wells. Very saline water east of Pecos Riv-
er and In extreme eastern part of Rio Hondo
Dralnese Basin.
•Clorlet*
Sandstone
( Al so Hondo
Sandstone Hea-
ber of San
Andres Lime-
stone )
0 to 160
do.
Sandstone, ailty limestone,
slltstone, gypsua, and an-
hydrite.
Yields to 700 gpn of freah water.
*Ye*o
Formation
l.OOOi to
2,000j
do.
Slltstone, limestone, sand-
stone, shale, gypsua, an-
hydrite. and'aalc.
Yields 1 co 125 gf» of slightly to aoderate-
ly saline water.
Pennaylva-
nlen
4 Sang re de
Crlsto For-
mation
600 to 1,000
San Miguel County.
Shale and sandstone.
Ylelda small quantities of fresh water.
*Magdalene
Grouo
0 Co 2.000
do.
Sandstone, ahalo, and
I 1ms tone.
Yields small to large quAntltlea of trash
water.
Precanbrlan
*Metanorphlc
and Igneous
rocks
Outcrops In San Miguel end
Torrance Counties, under-
lies raost of basin.
Gneiss, schist, quartzlte,
granitic rocks, and peg-
matite.
Ylelda email quantities of fresh to slight-
ly saline water.
*Knovm or probable aquifer, regardless of areal extent or production potential.
Source: New Mexico State Engineer Office. 1967.
5-99
-------
in the southern part of the basin, the encroachment of saline water in fresh
artesian aquifers is threatening irrigation and municipal supplies.
Approximately 361 hm3 (280,580 acre-feet) of groundwater is depleted from
the Pecos River Basin annually by beneficial uses (State Planning Office
1967). The largest single depletion is for irrigation.
5.3.3 Central Closed Basins
The Central Closed Basins are all in the Basin and Range Physiographic
Province. They consist of the Gntancia Basin, Tularosa Jornada del Mueto
Basin, and Salt Basin (Figure 5-1). In general, there is considerable relief
between the central part of each basin and the higher mountainous ridges.
Portions of Socorro, Lincoln, Sierra, and Otero counties are included in the
basin.
5.3.3.1 Quantity
The major source of water in the Estancia Basin is the alluvium (Figures
5-7 and 5-8). The Maclera Limestone in the west, Glorieta Sandstone in the
north, and Yeso Formation in the southern and northeastern parts of the valley
also yield considerable quantites of water (Table 5-51). The total volume of
stored groundwater is roughly estimated at 2,500 hm3 (2 million acre-feet);
all of this amount is not readily available. Between 1948 and 1960, the level
of groundwater in the Estancia Basin near Moriarty dropped as much as 7.6 m
(25 feet).
Groundwater in the Tularosa Basin is located in a large alluvial deposit.
The only sources of fresh groundwater in this basin occur in a long narrow
band around Tularosa and Alamogordo, and in the southwestern part of the
basin. An estimated 9,000 hm3 (7.3 million acre-feet) of fresh groundwater
occurs in the aquifers in this basin.
In the Jornada del Muerto Basin, groundwater in sufficent quantities for
watering stock is found at depths ranging from 9 m to about 120 m (30 to about
5-100
-------
9 U NIO
_ HA R DING
BANOOVA
Gallup
^^TucumcOri
QUAY l_J9.
3 ^ OB
Att«mbi«d by W. C. Moif, 1962
EXPLANATION
Aquifart in »ond ond grovel ol Tortior» ago
Study area boundary
Figure 5-8. Principal sand and gravel aquifers in New Mexico.
5-101
-------
Table 5-51. Generalized stratlgraphlc section in the Central closed basin, N.M.
Sir.ti (graphic
In it
U.-et)
Dlatr Ihut loi
Physical pn>a»rtl*«
P<-.!twn(, ter-
racv, June. pla
yi, and other
aurflclal de>
pua lt«
Central!) Pi-dlAciit and UtrraOd (tipoHH
thin, hut on ha|nla
SurfUtal
volcanic
rocka
Generally Perennial and lit
thin; prob* atreaa channola.
ably leaa
than 10
i-rat t tent
t'ooonani tdated aand and
gravel.
0 to JOUlT) Large Mow In northern parta
of Jornada del Muerto and
Tularoaa baaln.
Probably will yield siaatl >|UAntttl.900 In tula-
roaa baatn| 0
to 500 In S«lt
baaln
I'nconaol Idatvd to compacted
ard aoderately conaolIdatad
•lit, clay, aand and grav-
el. Generally coarae near
upland tourcea at baaln
aldea, finer and better
aorted toward baaln can-
tara.
Ylalda *aall to large voIumi of potable to
saline water to wclla. Largest ylalda ob-
tained froa wella op baiadaa pe.ieiratl^g
thick sections of eoderately veil-aorted aai
ai-d gravel.
•Santa F*
Croup
Max loia prob-
ablv about
2.000 on mat
alda of area
Soutba
parta
-n and northvetten
if Jornada dal
Poorly consolidated. thin
bedded till, clay, fend,
and grave I.
Ylelda large quantltlet of water to deep
well* In Mo Crande trough and probably would
alao where thick In Jornaila del Jhjcrto.
Tertiary
Rhyolltlc to
Maxloua
Crope out locally on both
Haaalve, to thln-hnJded
L'aually wltl yield :o water, 'ocally. a»all
andesltlc vol-
probably
aldca of Jornada del Muerto
flova. locally Inter-
qua. tltlea ^Ight be developed froa ( oicb of area of occurrence.
Ranch*, Pain
J.000
Park**, Baca.
and Thuraan**
Fornatlons
Tertlaryl?)
"Cub Mountain
JOO to
Eaat aide of Tulareia bailn
Sanditono, illtttonc, and
*iay yield ipaII r)uantlt(ei of potable water
and
Formation of
1,000
In vicinity of Three Rivera
ahal«.
to a few we 11a.
Creia-
Bodlne (1956)
and Cerrlsoio.
•McRaa Foraa-
About
Central and northwratern
Co* Ami
Sandatonr will ytrld snail to --«>1erste quar-
Croup
1.000
b.iil.T, Jornada del Muerto,
«l!t«co»i» with In to rhei'rieil
title* of w.iter to welta. Vater ^r >-rdl!y
and Tutaroaa batln. Da-
sandacotie.
of poor quality.
poaltlona! wudge-out to
aouth. Wedga edge croaa«-a
cencera of lornada and Tu-
laroaa taaln
Persian
*San Andrea
00 to 700
Cropi out on «att and aouth
I.lnpaionc, doloalte, sand-
Ytelda qeiieral'y nonpocanie water to eone
Llewatone
and underline cor.ter of Ea-
stone, (ypaua.
wella 0- aoutheri- Chupadera Veaa. "Ot known
tancia baaln; cropa out
to yield water Iv. flsiancla basl<'.
and urderllea central and
northern Jornada del Puer-
to and Tularoaa baaln.
•Glorleca
50 to JOO "
Cropa out on eaat and aouth
Yields up to ),000 Kpo to welta where ln-
Sandatone,
and underltra center of Ea*
cennnted.
tenaely fractured aa li. nort h-cent ra I Ka-
tancla baaln, cropa out
tancla baslii; elsewhere, where saturated.
around and underline northern
nay yield aaall to noderate quantities.
Jornada dal Muerto and Tula-
roaa baaln.
•Ye ao
Few Hun-
Uldnapread; cropa out In or
Sandatone. ahale, gypauo.
Conreuty yields aealt to eodurato riuantltlea
FornatIon
dred to
underllaa ouch of Central
1laaatone.
of generally noopotable watcrr to wella; lo-
about
closed baalna area• '
cally In Estancka Valluy up to 3,000 ^pa Is
i .ooo
probably derived fron fractured and caver-
noua llneatone of the Yeao.
•Bone Spring
1,6O0 where
Cropa out around and underllea
Charty. cavernoua llae-
Yl.-tda up to J.600 npn (with 10 foot of
Llaeatone
cropping
mac of Salt baaln. Interfln-
atone, and alllcaoua
drawdown) to Irrigation wella In Crow Flats
out In
gtra with Yeio and lover part
ahale.
ar>*a of Salt baatn.
Cuadalupa
of San Andrea to north-
Houittalna
•Abo Forma-
JOO to
Cropa out around and underlies
Shale with Interbedcied
Yields snail quantlttus of water aouthvest
tion
i ,*entO Moun-
Maaalve. relatively purr
Do.
¦lta
tain! and touthtrn part of San
doloalte.
Andrea Mountalna. Thine
northward.
Ordovlclan
Hontoya Ooloialta
0 to 400
do.
Hatllve doloalte and llaa-
Do.
and El Paao
0 to 1,600
do.
atone.
LlnaaCone
Maaalve llaeatone and
Da.
dotoalte.
Ordovlclan
Bllaa
0 to 225
Cropa out In Sacraaento and
Sandatone, quarlilte,
Not laportant as aqulfera.
and
Sandatone
San Andrea Mountalna. Thins
and ahale.
Caabrlan
northward.
Precaabrlan
•Hetaaorphlc and
Igneoua and aetaaurphic
Ylelda aaall quantities of water to a few
laneoua rocka
rocka.
aorlnea In outcroo areaa.
*Known or probable aquifer, regardless of areal extent or production potential.
Source: New Mexico State Engineer Office. 1967.
5-102
-------
400 feet). An estimated 2,100 hm^ (1.7 million acre-feet) of freshwater is
stored in this basin, of which 1,850 hm^ (1.5 million acre-feet) is in the
southern area (Herrick and Davis 1965).
The Bolson Alluvium in the Salt Basin yields about 3.2 m^/m (840 gpm) of
water. The Bone Spring Limestone is a prolific bedrock aquifer penetrated by
many irrigation wells, and yields as much as 13.7 m^/m (3,620 gpm) with only
.3 meters (10 feet) of draw down. A rough estimate of the freshwater storage
capacity in the Salt Basin is 620 hm^ (500,000 acre-feet).
5.3.3.2 Quality
Limited monitoring of the quality of groundwater is conducted in the
Central Closed Basins. The chemical characteristics of groundwater in the
Central Closed Basin are presented in Table 5-49. Areas of high quality water
usually occur around the edge of each basin, whereas the center of each closed
basin contains highly saline water.
Information from groundwater samples from wells in Estancia, Mountairian,
Manzano, Moriarty and Tajique indicate available water of suitable quality for
all beneficial uses. The water supply system in Moriarty pumps water of about
1,300 ppm total dissolved solids (TDS), which exceeds the recommended 1,000
ppm concentration.
Most of the freshwater in Tularosa Basin is in the extreme southwest and
to the east in the vicinity of Alamogordo. Groundwater of good to inferior
quality can be obtained north of Alamogordo along the east side of the basin.
Small areas of potable water occur elsewhere in the basin in areas such as
Mockingbird Gap. Good quality groundwater is present in the western and
southern ends of the Jornada del Muerto Basin. Water of good to inferior
quality can be obtained in all but the northern part of the basin.
Groundwater in large quantities suitable for irrigation is obtained west of
the alkali flat, an area that occupies the central part of the basin.
5-103
-------
5.3.4 Rio Grande River Basin
The Rio Grande River Basin in New Mexico includes parts of several
physiographic provinces: Southern Rocky Mountains Province, Navajo and Datil
sections of the Colorado Plateaus Province, and the Mexican Highland Section
of the Basin and Range Province. Most of the Rio Grande River Basin is in the
Study Area.
5.3.4.1 Quantity
Aquifers in the Rio Grande River Basin are generally separated into two
groups: the valley fill, and bedrock. Valley fill aquifers usually are stream
connected and recharged primarily from streamflow. Valley fill aquifers are
the most reliable aquifer for large quantities of water in the basin. Yields
of water in the Albuquerque area range from 0.91 to 7.6 m^/m (240 to 2,000
gpm) and average 3.3 m^/m (860 gpm). The valley fill aquifer along
tributary streams is a less reliable aquifer. Wells in Rio San Jose yield
about 0.04 to 0.4 m^/m (10 to 100 gpm), and wells in the valley fill along
the Pojoque River in Santa Fe County yield from less than 0.04 to more than
1.1 ra-fym (10 to 275 gpm).
Bedrock aquifers in the Rio Grande River Basin consist of sandstone,
conglomerate, or limestone. Generally, beds of shale, mudstone, siltstone, or
clay yield little or no water directly to wells. Generalized physical
properties and water-bearing characteristics of formations are presented in
Table 5-52. Known and probable aquifers are designated by an asterisk in the
stratigraphic-unit column. Depth to groundwater in this basin is presented in
Figure 5-3.
5.3.4.2 Quality
The quality of groundwater in the upper Rio Grande River Basin is
generally good. Near the confluence of Rio Chama Creek and El Rito Creek,
slightly saline groundwater containing 1,000 to 3,000 ppm total dissolved
5-104
-------
Table 5-52. Generalized stratigraphlc section in the Rio Grande basin, New Mexico.
Stratigraphlc
Thickness
SVSten
Unit
(feat)
Diatribution
ftvaical Drooartlea
Watsr*bearl:>a characterlatlcs
Quaternary
* Al luvluB
Canerally
thiol lata
than 100
Perennial atrees channel*,
flood plalpt, and locally
in dry arroyo*.
Unconsolidated allt, sand,
and gravel.
Recharged froa aireanflow; generally
yields snail to aoderata quantities of
wateT to walls; oay yield large quant 1 -
tlas locally.
•Padlaent, tar-
raca, and baja-
da depoalta
Hay be as
ouch aa
200
Along atreaa* and adjacent
to Mountain*, Terrace* are
pronlnant alorj the Santa
Fa River.
Generally unconaolldatad
allt, aand, gravel, and
beuldera. Gravel and
boulder depoalta «ay be
lenticular.
Recharged by surface flow and by direct
precipitation- Water generally la las*
abundant than In atreaa al luviuoi aay
yield aooll to large quantities of water
to walls.
Quaternary
and
Ta rtlary
•Volcanic
coaplei
0 to 2,600*
Capa aariy neaaa and occura
aa channel dapoclt*, dike*,
•Ills, and Interbedded with
aediaentary rock* In Boat
of tha Rio Grand* baaln.
Basalt, andealte. rhyollte,
latlte, puaice, and tuff.
May y(*Iri eaall Co large quantities of
water to wellat yield dependa primarily
on fracture parneablllty and saturated
thickness. Generally la not a principal
or reliable aaulfer.
Quaternary! ?)
'Santa Fa
0 to 9,000*
Fltle the Rio Grande trough.
Clay, allt, aand, and
Ylelda large quantitlea of watar (as
and
Tart lary
Croup
gravel congloaerate; nostly
unconsolidated. Contai n*
volcanic aaterial locally.
mjch as 2,500 gpn, locally) to deep wells.
This is the nost e*te-*lv* a-d reliable
aaulfer 1" the Rio Grande baaln.
Tertiary
Callateo Foraa-
900 to
Expoaad In valley* naaT Clen-
Sandstone, said, clay, and
Low paraeebllity where lasted south of
tlon
4. ,500
ega In Santa Ft Countyi prob-
ably undarllea Albuquerque
area at treat depth.
¦hale) ataa nay certain
*oaa congloaerate.
Santa Fa. Foraatiof ties at great depth
elsewhere t" the basin and uneconoalcal
to tao.
Sadlaantary
rock*
0 to
6,000*
SedioenCary rocka ar* preae.it
throughout the Rio Grande baaln;
however, abundant nomenclature
prohibit* axianaive treatment
here.
Safdatone. alltatone, ahale,
a>>d son* co-gloaarata.
Canerally yield anal' quartities of
water to velle; locally, bed* of aand-
atone alght yield eoderate quantities)
and cumulative yield froa aany bads of
sandstone could be larse.
Cretaceous
*OJo Alaao
Sanda tone
70 to 200
San Juan (atructural) baaln.
Coarse-grained, conglotaaratlc
sandstone.
Known to yield 2 to JO gpn.
Klrtland Shale
100* to
do.
Shale, sandy ahale, alltatone
Beds of sandstone of low peraaablilty
and Frultland
Formation
600*
and Interbedded aandston*.
alght yield acull quantity of water.
Generallv not considered as an aaulfer.
•Pictured
Cliff*
35 to 75
do.
Thin- to thick-bedded sand-
atone with Interbedded silt-
Lov porosity and low peraeablllty.
Generally not considered as an aquifer;
Sandatone
stone and ahale.
however, aay yield saall quantities of
wator localIv.
Lawla Shale
600 to
1,400
do.
Fissile clay ahale vlth inter-
bedded alltatone, sandatone,
and lloeetone*
Generally does not yield watar; thin
beds of sandstone in lower part alght
yield saall aaount of water, but It prob-
ablv Is saline.
*Heaaverde
250 to
Prlnarlly In tha San Juan
Shale with Interbedded aand-
Sandstone aay yield anall to ooderate
Croup
2,500*
(atructural) baaln; under-
lie* caoBt of the ftlo Crande
baaln at sreat depth.
stone and coal•
quantities of water; not tapped In aany
areaa because of great depth.
•Mancoa
350 to
Cropa out at edge of San Juan
Dark-grey, oarlne shale, sand-
Beds of sandstone alght vleld aiaall
Shale
5,500
(atructural) baaln and undar-
llea moat of the Rio Crande
baaln at sreat depth.
atone Interbedded near the base
locally.
quantitlea of water.
~Dakota
25 to 265
San Juan (atructural) baaln
Sandstone with Interbedded
Ylelda saall to nodcrate quantities of
Sanditana
and aost of Rio Grande basin.
carbonaceous ahale.
voter to veils; not Capped at aany
place* because of great depth. Water
aualltv orobablv beat near outcroDs.
Jurassic
•Horrl*on
210 to 910
San Juan (structural)
Variegated ahala, claystone.
Yields snail Co moderate quantities of
For aa 11 on
baaln; nay underlie other
part* of the Rio Crande
baaln, but probably at
Brest death.
and slltstone with Inter-
bedded sandatone.
water to wella; depends on saturated
thickness of sandstone.
•Bluff
75 to 150
San Juan (atructural)
Sandstone.
Hay yield saall quantities of water to
Sandatone
baaln| this foraatlon or Ita
equivalent oiay underlie other
oarts of the Mo Grande basin.
veils where saturated. Generally has
low peracablllty.
Sunnervl lie
60 Co 120
do.
Sandstone, alltatone, and
Not known to yteLd water tc veils.
Fomat Ion
sandv ahale.
Todllto
Llaestone
0 to 100
do.
Gyptua and flaalle llae-
atone.
Yields very little water to veils.
Vater generally has high sulfate con-
tent.
•Zntrada
150 to 250
do.
Cross-bedded aandstone.
May yield saall quantities of poor
Sandatone
aualltv water to wells.
Trlasslc
•Chlnle
600 to .
do.
Hudstor>e and alltatone with
Sandatone nay yield saall to aodarate
Fortaatlon
1 >600
Interbedded sandatone.
quantitlea of generally poor quality
wstsr; quality la beat cloae to the
outcropa.
Penal an
•San Andre*
Llataton*
50 to 1,000
Probably widespread and crops
out in or undarllea nost of
tlo Grande baaln.
Llaestone, sandstone,
alltatone, and gypsun.
Fracture or aolutlon-channe1 peraeabil-
Ity. Hay yield large quantitlea of
water to wella. (Ylelda as nuch as
3,000 gpa near Granta.) Water quality
is variable and Is bast close to the
outeroas.
•Glorleta
70 to 300
San Juan (structural) baaln.
Thick-bedded to easslve
Hay yield noderate quantitlea of water
Sandstone
Thla fonaatlon or lta equiva-
lent nay underlie other part*
sandstone.
to wells.
•Yeeo
too to
Widespread; crops out In or
SUtatone, sandstone, and
Mq'yield anal 1 to noderate quantities
Foraatlon
I, 100
undarllea eost of Rio Crande
basin.
ahale.
of water to valla.
*Abo
300 to
do.
Arkoslc sandstone, allt-
Generally low peraeablllty, but yield
Foraatlon
1.100
atone, and ahala.
of water to valla nay range froa saall
to larse.
Persian and
•Sangre de
230 to
Sangra de Crlato HounteLne;
Arkoslc shale, aandstone.
Generally not an aquifer In Che basin
Pennsylva-
Crlato
1,600
oay underlie Santa Fe
and congloaerate.
because depth to utter Is too great.
nlan
Formation
•Magdalene
Ctoud
0 to
a.500
Widespread! cropa out in or
underlies nost of the baaln.
Llaestone, sandatone, and
Interbedded ahale.
Hay yield anall quantities of water to
vella.
Mlsslsalp-
Lake Valley
0 to 60
Mountains In sou them part of
Llovatone and mm ahale.
Unknown.
elan
Lla«atone
the baaln.
Devonian
Percha
Shale
20 to 105
do.
Shale, clayarone, and aoae
aandatone and alltatone.
Do.
Silurian
Fuseelaan
Doloalte
Laaa than
20 to
about 50
do.
Cherty dolonlte
Do.
Ordovtclan
Hon toy a
200 to
do.
Hasalve dolonlte, chert 11 n»-
Do.
Dolonlte
430*
etone, clayatone, and a basal
aandatone.
CI Faao
350 to
do.
Thin-bedded llaestonei basal
Do.
Llaestone
65<>
unit la laalnated, cherty
llaestone.
Caabrlan
Bliss Forna-
tloc
0 to 000
do.
Thin- to thick-bedded aand-
stone with »oae congloaerate
and lloeetone.
Do.
Priciabri«n
•Hatajaorphtc
.
Underlie all of the Rio
Granite, schlet, gneles, and
Yield aaall quantities of vater to
and Igneous
rocka
Crandv baaln .
other aataaerphlc rocka.
valta. generally near the outcrops.
*Known or probable aquifer, regardless of areal extent or production potential.
Source: New Mexico State Engineer Office. 1967.
5-105
-------
solids occurs. Groundwater in the upper basin is moderately hard, but
generally adequate for irrigation, stock, and domestic consumption. Data from
chemical analyses of USGS observation wells are presented in Table 5-49.
Groundwater quality is normally acceptable for domestic and industrial
uses in the middle Rio Grande River Basin, although localized groundwater
contamination problems do exist, particularly in the shallow aquifers in
the floodplain of the middle Rio Grande River and Grants Mineral Belt. Water
with a total dissolved solids content of less than 1,000 mg/1 is often found
in the Santa Fe Group. Sulfates and dissolved solids often are high in
aquifers along tributaries to the Rio Grande River in the middle section.
Sulfate concentrations in wells along the Rio San Jose River range between 112
and 410 mg/1 for the communities of Bluewater, Milan, Grants, and Cuba.
The surface waters in the lower Rio Grande River Basin are generally of
better mineral quality than groundwater, especially in the lower Mesilla
Valley. In general the mineral quality of groundwater decreases as one
proceeds down the valley. The quality of groundwater in the lower Rio Grande
River Basin is generally acceptable for domestic use with no treatment
necessary other than disinfection.
5.3.5 Western Closed River Basin
The Western Closed River Basin is in the Datil section of the Colorado
Plateaus Province (Fenneman 1933). Portions of Valencia, Catron, and Socorro
counties are included in the Study Area.
5.3.5.1 Quantity
Known and probable aquifers in the Western Closed River Basins are
designated by an asterisk on the stratigraphic section in Table 5-53. The
principal aquifer in the North Plains region is the thick basalt of Quaternary
age rock that underlies the North Plains and extends over half the total area
of the basin. The principal aquifer in the San Agustin Plains is formed by
5-106
-------
Table 5-53. Generalized stratigraphlc section In the Western closed basins. New Mexico.
System
Stratigraphic Thickness
Unit (feet) Distribution
Physical properties
Water-bearing characteristics
Quaternary •Alluvium
0 to 100+ About 100 sq. miles in
south part of North
Plains. Small scatter-
ed patches in San Agus-
tin Plains.
Valley fill and flood
plain deposits of un-
consolidated silc,
clay, sand, and gravel
Ground-water possibilities not.
known. May contain water where
below regional water table.
Quality of water uncertain.
•Bolson
0 to
San Agustin Plains.
Unconsolidated clay.
Yield moderate to large quan-
deposits
2,000*
silt, sand, and gravel
composed of debris
from enclosing up-
1ands.
tities of water to wells.
Yield fresh to moderately
fresh water.
•Basalt
0 to 600*
North Plains.
Dense to vesicular
black basalt, extrud-
ed as lava flows of
varying thickness
and extent.
Yields small quantities of
water to wells. Generally
yields fresh to slightly
saline water.
Quaternary (?)
Basalt
-
South and southwest-
Flows of basalt and
Ground-water possibilities
and Terti-
ern sides of San
basaltic andesite.
not known.
ary
Agustin Plains.
Scoriaceous in upper
part. Some latite
and rhyolite flows
and tuff.
Quaternary
•Gila
Variable
Small outcrops in
Variable, comnonly
Yields small to moderate quan-
and Terti-
Conglomerate
to 2,000*
San Agustin Plains.
well-cemented, local-
tities of water to wells.
ary
ly unconsolidated
clay, silt, sand, and
a ravel-
Yields fresh to slightly sa-
1ine water.
Tertiary Basalt - Cobolleta Mesa and
south end of North
Plains basin.
*Datil Variable Highlands around
Formation to 5,000 perimeter of San
Agustin Plains. Sed-
imentary facies pres-
ent in southwestern
end of North Plains.
Flows of basalt. In-
cludes small amounts
of latite, andesite
and tuff.
Intertonguing volcanic
flows, pyroclastic
rocks, and sedimentary
rocks that consist
largely of volcanic
detritus. Sed iment-
ary facies in lower
part. Andesite and
rhyolite facies in
upper part. Latite
facics in middle or
Yields small to moderate quan-
tities of water to wells.
Yields fresh to slightly sa-
1ine water.
Yields small quantities of
water locally and moderate quan-
tities where below regional
water table. Generally yields
fresh to slightly saline water.
•Rubio Peak
Formation
Variable
to 5,000
Small outcrops in
San Agustin Plains.
Andesite, basalt, and
latite flows and
pyroc1 ast ic rock s.
Yields small quantities of
water to wells. Generally
yields sliqhtlv saline water.
Baca
Formation
0 to 700
South end of North
Plains.
Maroon to brick-red
and variegated shale,
siItstone, graywacke,
sandstone, and con-
qlomc rate.
Ground-water possibilities not
known.
Cretaceous
•Mesaverde
Group
1,000 to
1,500
East side of North
Plains.
Gray to yellowish-buff
silty shale and thin-
to thick-bedded fine-
grained sandstone,
with some local coal
beds.
Sandstone formations yield
small quantities of water to
wells in adjacent areas. Gen-
erally yields fresh to moder-
ately saline water.
•Mancos
Sha le
700 to
800
Cast side of North
Plains .
Platy, calcareous
dark-gray marine
shale, with some
thick-bedded sand-
stone in lower part.
Sandstone beds, where present
within the formation, yield
small quantities of water to
wells in adjacent areas. Gen-
erally yields slightly to mod-
erately saline water.
•Dakota
Sandstone
50 to 100
East side of North
Plains.
Massive, medium- to
coarse-grained yel -
lowish-buff sandstone,
locally with inter-
Yields small quantities of
water to wells in adjacent
areas. Generally yields fresh
water near outcrop.
Jurassic
•Zuni
Sandstone
175 to
325
East sido of North
Plains.
Gray, tan, brown, or
pink, thin-bedded to
massive sandstone.
Yields small quantities of water
to wells in adjacent areas.
Triassic
•Chinle
Formation
1,400 to
1 , 600
North end of North
Plains in Zuni Moun-
tains.
Variegated si 1tstone
and mudstone, with
interbedded silty
sandstone and some
conglomeratic sand-
stone .
Sandstone beds, where present
within the formation, yield
small quantities of water to
wells in adjacent areas.
Permian
•San Andres
Limestone
80 to
150
North end of North
Plains in Zuni Moun-
tains.
Thick-bedded to mas-
sive light-gray
limestone and sandy
1imestone.
Yields small to moderate quan-
tities of water to wells. Gen-
erally yields fresh to slightly
saline water.
•Glorieta
Sandstone
125 to
300
North end of North
Plains in Zuni Moun-
tains.
Thick-bedded to mas-
sive white- to yel-
lowish-gray sand-
stone .
Yields small to moderate quan-
tities of water to wells. Gen-
erally yields fresh to slightly
sal ine water.
•Yeso
Formation
350 to
500
North end of North
Plains in Zuni Moun-
tains.
Orange to red silt-
stono and fine-grained
silty sandstone. In
part qypsiferous.
Yields small quantities of
water to wells in adjacent
areas. Generally yields fresh
to eliqhtlv saline water.
Abo
Format ion
500 to
800
North end of North
Plains in Zuni Moun-
tains.
Dark brick-red to
reddish-brown arkosic
sandstone and con-
qlomcrate.
Ground-water possibilities not
known.
Pennsyl-
vanian (?)
Sedimentary
rocks
0 to 460
Assumed to be present
in subsurface beneath
ent i re area.
Arkose and conglomer-
ate, and a few lime-
stone- lenses and shale
beds.
Ground-water possibilities not
known.
Precambri an
Hetamorphic
and igneous
rocks
Crop out in Zuni
Mountains at north
end of North Plains.
Granite, gneist»,
schist, and green-
stone.
Assumed to be non-water-bearing.
*Knovn or probable aq
uifer, regardless
of areal extent or production potential.
Source: New
Mexico State Engineer Office. 1967.
5-10.7
-------
the bolson deposits of the Quaternary age that underlie the mid-section of the
basin. The only known use of groundwater in the North Plains is for domestic
use and livestock. Similar conditions apply in the San Agustin Plains, with
the exception of the additional use of groundwater for irrigation. Yields of
wells located in the Western Closed River Basin are presented in Table 5-53.
5.3.5.2 Quality
Much of the North Plains section (the San Agustine Plains) is underlain by
slightly saline water (McGuinness 1963). Analyses of water are available for
a few wells in the northeastern part of the North Plains and the southwestern
part of the San Agustine Plains. No data are available for other localities
in the Western Closed Basin. Water quality data are presented in Table 5-49.
5.3.6 San Juan River Basin
The San Juan River Basin in New Mexico is in the Canyon Lands and Navajo
sections of the Colorado Plateaus Province (Femmem 1931). Portions of San
Juan, Rio Arribia, McKinley, and Sandoral counties lie in the San Juan River
Basin.
5.3.6.1 Quantity
A minimal amount of information is available for groundwater in the San
Juan River Basin. Groundwater occurs in limited supply and only a few of the
rock formations are capable of yielding significant quantities of water with
the exception of the San Jose and Nacimiento Formations (Table 5-54). The
estimated amount of recoverable fresh (0-1,000 mg/l TDS) groundwater in the
San Juan River Basin is only 2,500 hm3 (2 million acre-feet). Two of the
formations, the San Jose and Nacimiento, outcrop over a considerable area in
the eastern section of the basin and yield up to 0.75 m3/m (200 gpm), with
predicted yields calculated at 4.5 m3/m (1,200 gpm). The alluvium of stream
valleys comprises a known and significant aquifer of limited capacity that
yields minimal volumes of water to wells. During prolonged droughts alluvial
5-108
-------
Syatem
Table 5—5A. Generalized stratigraphic section in the San Juan River basin. New Mexico.
Stratigraphic Thickness
Unit (feet) Distribution
Physical properties
Water-bearing characteristics
Quaternary
•Alluvium
Stream deposits in
all major valleys and
local in most minor
tributaries? wind-
blown sand on inter-
stream areas; terrace
gravels.
Hostly unconsolidated
clay, silt, sand, and
gravel: generally poor-
ly sorted; well-sorted
dune sands.
Poor to excellent depending on
the coarseness and degree of
sorting; high yields uncommon
because of generally thin de-
posits in the stream valleys;
terrace gravels generally not
water bearing. Generally yields
fresh to slightly saline water.
Tertiary
Chuska
Sandstone
1,000+
•Son Jose
Formation
25(3+ to
1,000+ ¦
West aide of the
Chuska Mountains,
western San Juan
County.
Eastern part of
San Juan basin.
Gray to grayish-white,
cross-bedded sandstone
with some interbedded
shale and siltstone.
Unknown, but probably ranging
from poor to good, depending on
thickness of interbeds of shale
and siltstone.
Gray to brown con-
glomeratic sandstone
interbedded with var-
iegated shale; local-
ly well-sorted sand
beds.
Generally fair to excellent,
depending on thickness of well-
sorted beds of sand; potentially
good to excellent aquifer;yields
up to 200 gpm reported, yields
up to 1,000 gpm predicted. Gen-
erally yields fresh to slightly
saline water,
•Nacimiento 1,140.+ Central and eastern
Formation part of San Juan ba-
sin; underlies the
San Jose Formation.
Lenticular yellow, to
soft white, and con-
glomeratic sandstone
with interbedded var-
iegated shale in north-
em part of baain;gray
and red shale, soft
sandstone and gray to
black shale in south-
ern part.
Poor, yields generally less
than 10 gpm. Generally yields
slightly to moderately saline
water.
Cretaceous
•Ojo Alamo
Sandstone
Central and eastern
part of San Juan
basin; underlies the
Nacimiento Formation.
Gray to brown coar&e
sandstone, with lenses
of pebbles and var-
iegated shale.
*Kirtland
Shale,Fruit-
land Forma-
tion, Pic-
tured Cliffs
Sandstone and
Lewis shale.
1,000;+ to Underlie all rocks of
4,500+ Tertiary age in the
central and eastern
part of the basin.
Mesa Verde 600+ to Underlies all the San
Group 3,500± Juan basin in New Mex-
ico except for a nar-
row strip along the
NW side of San Juan
County.
Mostly light-gray to
blue-gray and brown
shales; locally car-
bonaceous; and light-
colored, soft, fine-
grained sandstone,
locally crossbedded.
Poor to locally fair—a poten-
tial aquifer in the eastern
half of the San Juan basin to
supply water to stock and do-
mestic wells. Generally
yields fresh water.
Generally poor; sandstone units
comprise important oil and gas
reservoirs of the basin; most
water saline except in immediate
vicinity of outcrops, where it
may be fresh to slightly
saline.
Yellow to reddish-
brown and gray sand-
stone, massive to
thin-bedded, some
concretionary, sandy
shale, and gray to
dark gray carbona-
ceous shale.
Mostly poor everywhere, except
for the Gallup Sandstone at the
base, which, in the southwest
part of the basin, yields fair
to moderate amounts of fresh
water. Sandstone units toward
base of the group act as reser-
voir rock for oil and gas. Water
in most rocks of the group is
saline.
~Hancos
Shale and
Dakota
Sandstone
Underlie all the San
Juan basin in New Mex-
ico except for a nar-
row strip along the
NW side of San Juan
County.
Dark gray to olive
green, commonly fis-
sile shale, and brown
sandstone with thin
shale and coal; cherty
conglomerate locally
Mostly poor everywhere in the
shale beds; locally fair to good
in the Dakota Sandstone near
areas of outcrop; yields seldom
more than 10-15 gpm from the
Dakota. Generally yields fresh
Jurassic
•Morrison
400+^ to
Probably underlie
Variegated shale and
Generally poor everywhere;yields
Formation,
1,600+
all of the San Juan
Bilty sandstone.
seldom more than 5-10 gpm of
San Rafael
basin.
orange-red to gray
water. Generally yields slight-
Group, and
cross-bedded sand-
ly saline water near outcrop
¦9
Glen Canyon
stone, red to gray
and very saline water away from
Group
shale, sandy shale.
outcrop.
and red cross-bedded
sandstone.
*Chinle 800+ to Probably underlies
Formation 1.600 all of the San Juan
basin.
Fed to variegated
and white shale and
sandstone; some thin
beds of limestone.
Generally poor everywhere;
yields generally less than 5 gpm,
commonly less than 1 gpm. Gen-
eral ly yieIdss1ightly to mod-
eratelv saline water.
Permian to ^Sedimentary 5,000+. Rocks of Paleozoic
Cambrian rocks age are believed to
underlie much of the
northern and eastern
part of the San Juan
basin. Oil test
holes in the central
part of the basin,
in San Juan County,
generally are bot-
tomed at depths not
greater than 7,000
ft. and at that depth
corrcnonly find the
Morrison Formation of
Jurassic age. Rocks
of Pennsylvanian age
yield oil and gas
from depths of about
8,000 to 9,000 ft. in
the Barker Creak area,
north-central San
Juan County.
Massive to thin-
bedded limestone,
local beds of evap-
orites, and wide-
spread thick depos-
its of reddish and
variegated shale,
siltstone, sandstone,
and conglomerate.
Generally yield moderately to
very saline water.
*Known or probable aquifer, regardless of
Source: New Mexico State Engineer Office,
areal extent or production potential.
1967.
5-109
-------
reservoirs may dry up, however, their proximity to streams results in rapid
recharge during periods of stream flow. Only the alluvium in valleys of the
main stream of the San Juan River and the perennial northern tributaries of
the San Juan River are recharged.
5.3.6.2 Quality
In general, groundwater from stream valley alluvium and bolson deposits is
of good quality, suitable for domestic, livestock, irrigation, and mo6t
industrial uses. Total dissolved solids average about 250 ppm, but range as
high as 1,000 to 3,000 ppm. Also, water in the bolson normally contains more
dissolved solids than water in the stream-valley alluvium.
The Gila River and San Francisco River recharge extensive groundwater
supplies in shallow, alluvial deposits. No problems are noted with water
quality in these shallow aquifers or in the deeper deposits that are used for
livestock and domestic uses near these rivers.
Highly mineralized groundwater is found in the Little Colorado River
Sub-basin in sedimentary rocks of Cambrian to Cretaceous age (Table 5-54).
Data on groundwater quality in these aquifers are presented in Table 5-49.
5.3.7 Lower Colorado River Basin
This basin covers parts of three physiographic sections of two
physiographic provinces — the Navajo and Datil sections of the Colorado
Plateaus Province, and the Mexican Highland section of the Basin and Range
Province. The Study Area in this basin includes portions of McKinley,
Valencia, and Catron counties.
5.3.7.1 Quantity
Groundwater in the lower Colorado River Basin is locally available for
domestic and livestock uses. Approximately 1.3 million hm^ (355 million
acre-feet) of recoverable fresh (0 to 1,000 mg/1 TDS) groundwater exists in
5-110
-------
the basin. The alluvial aquifers in the channels and valleys of the Little
Colorado Sub-basin are stream connected, because recharge occurs infrequently
during periods of flow. These aquifers are thin and undeveloped for other
than domestic and livestock uses. In areas where groundwater is used in the
San Francisco and Gila Sub-basins pumping occurs in highly permeable
floodplain material where groundwater withdrawal is primarly replaced from
surface flows. A generalized stratigraphic section of the Lower Colorado
River Basin is presented in Table 5-55.
5.3.7.2 Quality
In general, groundwater from stream valley alluvium and from bolsom
deposits is of good quality and suitable for domestic, stock, irrigation, and
most industrial uses. Total dissolved solids average about 250 ppm, but range
as high as 1,000 ppm. Generally, water in the bolsom fill has a higher
concentration of dissolved solids than water in the stream-valley alluvium.
Water in intrusive and volcanic rocks in the basin also is generally of good
quality, although it tends to be somewhat more mineralized than water in
alluvium and bolsom fill. Water in volcanic rocks may be highly mineralized
locally and unsuitable for domestic use. Fluoride in concentrations up to 12
ppm occurs in thermal spring waters originating in volcanic rocks at several
places in the Gila drainage.
Groundwater in the sedimentary rocks of Cambrian to Cretaceous age in the
drainage of the Little Colorado River commonly is mineralized, except in the
immediate vicinity of outcrops where recharge tends to freshen the water. As
the water moves away from the area of recharge it rapidly mineralizes from
contact with the thick sequences of carboniferous shales, limestones, and
locally interbedded evaporites. Many wells in the vicinity of Gallup produce
water with total dissolved solids in excess of 1,000 ppm. Data on water
quality in the Colorado River Basin are included in Table 5-49.
5-111
-------
Table 5-55. Generalized stratigraphlc section in the Lower Colorado River basin, New Mexico.
Strati- Thick ne
graphic Unit l«..t>
rtiY»mi mniim
HKir-mrlM c)i«r,ct«rl.tlc.
•Strtu
channel
allaviaa
o to
100*
In all major villcyi and
ie acit minor tributaxiee.
Oneeniolldkttd clay, eilt,
•and, and |tav«l, gener-
ally poorly sorted, of
vutid coopoeitloe.
Landslide Highly Along southeastern front
blocks vsrleble of Chusks Mountain*, San
Joan County.
In etream valley* aaat
of Zuni and on tha plain*
naar Fane* Lake.Valencle
Cwintv.
Un sorted and highly dis-
turbed debris composed of
eandatone, alltetone, and
ihala.
Nwr to eecellent depending on tha eoarae-
neae and degree of sortingi yialda up to
3,000 gpa in th* Gila River valley. Gan-
•rally yialda freah. locally slightly
saline water.
Unknown« but likely to ba poor.
Dana* to highly ecorl-
acaoua and brokan flowe
of baaalt
•Boleon Variable In San Simon Valley,
fill to 1,000 Hidalgo County, and tha
or more araa laaadietely sooth of
tha Oila River, Orant and
nUllao Count!..,
Poorly to vell-aortad
clay, ailt. eand, and
gravel; locally w*ll In-
durated.
Unknown, but could produce large quantiti**
of water locally, under favorable clrcum-
atancea, aa naar Oranta and Blaewat*r.Oual-
ltv of water llkelv to be freah.
Yielda up to 1,000 gpa in the San Biaon
valivy; stock wall, only adjacent to tha
Oila River becauae of greater depth of
water. Oanerally yialda freah water.
*Tarrac«
gravel
Thin,
•aldoa
over SO
Along aain drainege-wcya
in *11 areaa.
Oanerally poorly eorted,
unconaolidated allt, eand,
and gravels
Oenerally poor to non-water bearing bacauae
of location above the general water table.
Cn.r.llv vl.ld. fr.»h wr.
Quaternary
and Ter-
tiary
•Oila , Variable Underliea the bolaon fill
Congleoar- to 2,000 and the elope* up to th*
at* or more higher ground bordering
the Oila and San Francie-
co Rivera, Orant and
Catroe Counties.
•Baaalt variable
and rhyo- to 1,000
lite flows
•chuska Sand- 1,000,+
stone,Bidsho-
chi Forme -
tion,alluvi-
um and lake
deposits
Upper part locally inter-
bedded with Oila Conglaa-
erate. In the high coun-
try of th* Oila-San Fran-
clsco drainage ar
Highly variable! cooaenly
well caaented but locally
unconsolideted clay, eilt,
aand, and gravel, locally
darivedt include* several
¦ember* locally eepereted
b* .ngular uncontonaltl...
Yield* froa lesa than 1 gpa up to 300 gpe
depending upon the dogree of consolidation
and the locality. Oanerally yields freah
water
Neatly d*nae, locally
veaicular end jointed.
Scee andeait* flow* and
brecciaa.
Locally watsr-bearingi yields rang* froa S
to 10 gps. Oenerally yield freah water,
but may have high concentration of fluor-
ide.
i the west flank of the
Chuaka KOuntaina, and in
SW McKinley County and
weatern Valencia County.
Cray to plnX croaa-beddad
taffaceoue **ndaton*i r*d-
dish sand and clay, eoft
white sandatone. gray
ahal*. and whit* tuff.
Unknown, but prob*bly ranging froa poor--
wh«r* lake sediment* prevail, to good
where the Chuaka Sandatone and Bldahochl
formation are eaturated. Generally yield
•Datil variable Underlies aost of the
Formation to 5,000+ high country of the 011a
and San Franclaco River
drainage area.
Rhyollte, latite. and an-
deaite flow*, tuffa,
welded tuffa, end associ-
ated interbedded tuffa-
ceous sand and gravel
deooalta.
Yielda H to 10 gpa locally from the flow
rodie, and up to 400 gpm where flows and
interbedded eand and gravel occur below
the regional water table. Oanerally
yielda freah water.
0 to
700
northwestern Catron
County.
Variegated ahale, silt-
stone, greywecke, sand-
stone. and congloaerete.
Oenerally unknown, but probably poor; re-
ports from vicinity of Pietown indicate
the formation there is aoetly red clay
and ailtatone, end non-water-bearing to
deotha of 700 ft.
Tertiary
and
Cretaceoue
•volcanic Variable Western Grsnt County, and Intruaive dioritea and
intrusiv*,
and eaeoc-
iated aed-
isentary
rock*
in Chuaka Mountains, north" aonronltesi andvslt* and
weatern McKinley County. dacite flora, aaaociated
pyroclastics, and inter-
bedded sandatone con-
glomerate. and fangloa-
eratea.
Intruaive rocks locally water-boaringi
yield 1/S to 20 gpa froa joints, fracture*,
and weathered con**. Occurrence in flw
rocka erratic) yield generally leaa than
H gpa. Sediment* locally wat*r>bearingt
yield generally lea* than 10 gpa. Gen-
erallv vlalda freah water.
Juraaaic
'Colorado 0 to
Shale end 1.S00
Beartooth
In central Orant County.
Shaly aandstone,
and qusrtcits.
ahale
Oenerally poor> unlikely to yield aore
than 5 gpa, comonly no aore than 1 gpo.
Oenerally yield fresh water.
Widespread in north-
western Catron County,
weatern Valencie and
McKinley Countiea, and
southwestern San Juan
County.
Ouartzoee aandstone,
ahale, carbonaceoua
ahal*. and coel.
•Hancos
Shal* and
Oakota
Sendatooe
widespread in northweat-
ern Catron County, and
weatern Valencia end
McKinley Countiea.
Poor, yielda generally lees than 10 gf«:
the Oallup Sandatone, where it occur* be-
low th* regional water table, la a rela-
tively reliable aquifer for aaall •mount¦
of water. Generally yield*, alightly to
moderately saline water.
Marine ahal*, sandy ahale. Generally poor In the ahala. aandy ahale.
thin-bedded limeatoner conglomerate, end liaeatone bedei eocaewttat
quartsoee sandatone, con- b*tt*r in th* sandaton* units; yield sel-
glcnerat*. and carbons- don aore than 10-13 gpi. Oenerally yield
¦hale. sliahtlv to noderntelv ssllrn wmr.
1,000+_ The Horr lson in SW San Varlfegate^'clay and ahale,
Juan County, the Zuni in Interbedded with aandstona
SW McKinley County, and and conglomerate, thln-
the San Rafael in w valen- bedded to aaaaive eend-
cla and McKinley Countiea. atone, and liaeatone.
In general poor, eapecialiy where ehale
and ahaly aandetones predoalnatei yield
generally less thsn 10 gj». Oanerally
yield fresh to slightly sellne water.
*Morrison
Formation
Zuni Sand-
stone end
Sen Rafael
Group
Juraaaic
and
Trlssaic
•Glen
Canyon
Oroup
In SW San Juan County,
and w*at*rn Valencia and
McKinley Countiea.
Shale, eiltatone,
aandstone.
and In general very poor where ahale and ailt-
aton* predoalnate, slightly better where
eencJy: yields coaaonly leaa than 5 gpa.
generally fresh to slightly aallne water.
•San Andrea 1,000±
Llaeaton*.
Clorlata
Sandatone,and
Chiricahua
Liaeatone of
Bteyanow
11226)
•Yeao Fore- 1,500^
ation, Abo
Sandstone,
and undivided
aadisentary
rocka of
Barly Peral-
Crop out along the creat
of th* Zuni Mountain* in
weatern McKinley County,
but probably underlie all
younger rocka to the weati
Chlricahua Llaeaton* in
the Feloncillo Mountains.
TTiick- to thin-bedded
liaaatone. locally in-
cludea ahale end
evaporlte rockat friable
to wel1-indurated guartt-
oae eandatona.
Not well known in this basin; elsewhere,
aa near Cranta-Bluewater. up to 3,000 gpa.
Oeepwella near Zuni, believed drilled
into the Glorieta, produced aallne water.
Crop out along the creat
of the Bun 1 Mountsine in
weatern McKinley Co., but
probebly underlie all
younger rocka to the weati
Lower Permian rocka, un-
divided, in the Peloncillo
Mta.. Ride loo County.
Fine-grained eilty eand-
atona, gypeum, liaeatone,
and'doloaitic limestone.
Mudatone and aandstonei
locally may ba arkoalc
and conglomeratic.
Oenerally poor, yield cononly leaa than
10 gpa. Oenerally yield freah to very
ealine water.
Penneylvsn-
len, and
Mlssissip-
pian
•Magdalena
Oroup, L*ke
valley Liae-
etone,Eaca-
broaa and
Rorguill*
Llmestonaa,
Madera and
Bandi*
Foraation*
Magdalena and Lake Valley
exposed only in the Silver
City Range, but probably
underlie much of the Detil
Formation! Eacabross Liae-
atone in tha Peloncillo
Mts..Rldslgo Co,.Naders
and Bandla Formationa on
craat of Zuni Kts., and
probably In sub*urf*c* to
th* ***at.
Liaeatone end cherty
liaeatone with interbedded
ahale; eiltatone. eand-
atone, and congloaerete.
Oenerally poor becauee of their eituetlon
at higher elevetiona; yield cooaonly leaa
than S g^i fran fecturea and jointa, but
local yielda up to 130 gpn froa eprlnga in
Silver City Range; yielda up to SOO gpa
nay be poeelble in baaln areea. Generally
yield freah water.
nian Percha 300* Exposed In th* Silver
Shale City Range but probably
underliea such of
Datil Fomation.
Black and gray fisell*
ehale.
Poor; yialda generally lee* than 1 gpa.
Silurian.
Ordovlcian
and
Cambrian
•Puaaalman 1
Doloait*,
Montoya Dolo-
ait*. El Paao
Limestone
and Blisa
Sandatone.
Expoeed In the Silver
City Range but probably
underlie much of Detil
Formation.
ilte.
Cherty dolonite, doll
doloaitlc llaeetone,
massive to thln-beddad
limestone, glauconitic
and haaatitic aandstone.
Oenerally poor, yield tcaiaitunly leaa than
3 gpa frai fracturee and jointe; yielda
up to SOO gra may ba possible in bssin
•reaa. Oenerally yield fresh w*t*r.
Precaabrian
•Hetamor-
piilc and
igneoue
rocka
Exposed in the Zuni and
Burro Mta., and along
baa* of the Silver City
Range.
Oranlte, gneiae, achiat, Poor, yield generally leas than * gpn froa
and greenstone, noatly deeply weathered tones, fracturee, and
cryatalllne. herd, and jointa: coononly no meaaurable yield froa
dense, eapecialiy at depth! unwmethered, unbroken rock. Oenerally
locally deeply weathered. yield freah water.
ioinfd. .ml fr»eturgd.
*Known or probable aquifer, regardless of areal extent or production potential.
Source: New Mexico State Engineer Office. 1967.
5t-.11 2
-------
PAGE NOT
AVAILABLE
DIGITALLY
-------
CHAPTER 6.0 LAND USE AND BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES
-------
6.0 LAND USE AND BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES
6.1 LAND USE
6.1.1 Introduction
In the United States agricultural land alone is converted to other uses at
a rate of 3 million acres (5 million ha) each year (US Department of
Agriculture 1981). Similar acreages of forest land, as well as other natural
vegetation, are likewise being developed. Although some land use values can be
mitigated by reclamation or through the development of parks, lakes, and
associated recreational facilities, many of the land uses will be converted
indefinitely.
Major concerns associated with land use result from conversion, loss of
prime or unique farmlands, changes in land values, and degradation of
recreational and natural areas. Major land modifying developments, such as
coal/lignite mining, must incorporate in the initial planning stages adequate
mitigation measures to insure that the values of existing land use will be
maintained.
6.1.2 Land Use/Land Cover
Eight major land use/land cover types (urban, agriculture, rangeland,
coniferous forest, deciduous forest, water, barren land, and tundra) are
delineated for the 13-county Study Area in Exhibit 6a. The classifications
used in Exhibit 6a, "Vegetation and Land Use in New Mexico", correspond to the
New Mexico vegetation and land use classifications as follows:
6-1
-------
Exhibit 6a
Classification
Vegetation and Land Use
in New Mexico Classification
Urban
Urban Areas
Agricultural Land
Irrigated agriculture
Dryland agriculture
Orchard crops
Rangeland
Grama/galleta steppe
Grama/buffalo grass "shortgrass
prairie"
Intermontane meadows
Great Basin sagebrush
Saltbush/greasewood
Creosote bush/tarbush
Scrub oak
Grama/tobosa/mesquite shrub
steppe
Yucca/cholla
Coniferous Forest
Spruce/fir
Pine/fir
Pinon/juniper
Deciduous Forest
Cottonwood/willow/tamarisk
Water
Major lakes and reservoirs
Barren Land
Playa
Sand dunes
Tundra
Alpine meadows
The acreages in Table 6-1 are from the "New Mexico Water Resource
Assessment For Planning Purposes," and correspond in the following manner:
-------
Table 6-1.
Number of
acres
and percent of
total
acres of land
use/land
cover classifications
in 13 counties in
New Mexico.
Urban
Z
Agricultural
Land
Z
Range land
%
Forest
Z
Other Land
Z
Land
Z
Water
Z
Total
State
738,798
1.0
2,678,160
3.4
50,049,892
64.3
19,947,221
25.6
4,300,669
5.5
77,714,740
99.8
151,500
0.2
77,866,240
County
Bernalillo
86,180
11.5
17,040
2.3
358,589
47.9
223,730
29.9
62,621
8.4
748,160
100.0
0
0
748,160
Catron
9,434
0.2
3,000
0.1
1,937,625
43.9
2,448,773
55.5
15,482
0.3
4,414,314
100.0
406
0.0
4,414,720
Colfax
26,000
1.1
50,220
2.1
1,449,577
60.1
826,039
34.2
54,356
2.2
2,406,192
99.7
7,248
0.3
2,413,440
Lincoln
20,837
0.7
5,240
0.2
2,144,561
68.9
729,735
23.5
209,214
6.7
3,109,587
100.0
173
0.0
3,109,760
McKinley
18,703
0.5
17,640
0.5
1,493,155
42.7
1,910,171
54.7
51,850
1.5
3,491,519
99.9
3,521
0.1
3,495,040
Otero
33,623
0.8
16,000
0.4
1,863,808
43.8
853,372
20.1
1,481,517
34.9
4,248,320
100.0
0
0
4,248,320
Rio Arriba
22,101
0.6
51,160
1.4
1,223,898
32.5
2,408,956
64.0
42,509
1.1
3,748,624
99.6
16,496
0.4
3,765,120
Sandoval
22,960
1.0
18,850
0.8
1,090,742
45.8
1,211,103
50.9
35,225
1.5
2,378,880
100.0
0
0
2,378,880
San Juan
18,607
0.5
61,000
1.7
2,983,432
84.5
409,145
11.6
48,408 .
1.4
3,520,592
99.7
9,648
0.3
3,530,240
Santa Fe
27,102
2.2
37,010
3.0
498,018
40.8
647,697
53.0
11,758
1.0
1,221,585
100.0
175
0.0
1,221,760
Sierra
10,652
0.4
8,840
0.3
1,714,397
63.5
353,540
13.1
573,254
21.3
2,660,683
98.5
39,477
1.5
2,700,160
Socorro
23,281
0.6
36,800
0.9
2,240,786
52.8
1,412,942
33.3
516,310
12.2
4,230,119
99.8
10,521
0.2
4,240,640
Valencia
73,000
2.0
67,280
1.9
1,902,014
52.5
1,554,702
42.9
22,178
0.6
3,619,174
99.9
1,946
0.1
3,621,120
Sources: Adapted from US Department of the Interior. 1976. New Mexico water resource assessment for planning purposes. Published by
Bureau of Reclamation in cooperation with the State of New Mexico, Amarillo TX, 218 p.
-------
Table 6-1
Classification
New Mexico Water
Resource Assessment For
Planning Purposes Classification
Urban
Urban and built-up
Agriculture Land
Cropland - Total
Rangeland
Rangelands
Forest
Commercial Timber
Non commercial timber and woodland
Other Land
Roads
Defense
Park F&WL
Water
Inland Waters
Since it was necessary to obtain data from different sources, the information
in Table 6-1 and Exhibit 6a does not correspond in all instances.
Two land use/land cover types, forest and rangeland, are the predominant
cover in the the Study Area. In counties where coal development is proposed,
the predominant land use is forest (McKinley 54.7%, Sandoval 50.9%, and Santa
Fe 53.0%) and rangeland (Lincoln 68.9% and San Juan 84.5%). If present
reclamation trends continue, it is likely that large acreages of forest will
be converted to other land uses (probably rangeland). A change in land use may
result in alterations in plant and wildlife species diversity as well as
aesthetic qualities.
6.1.3 Recreation Lands
Recreation areas are established not only for recreation purposes, but
also for scenic, historic, and conservation purposes. Five of the 17 State
parks in the Study Area are underlain by coal (Exhibit 6b and Table 6-2). Coal
development generally will be restricted in and near the boundaries of State
parks and other recreational lands due to their associated recreational and
aesthetic values.
6-4
-------
Coal development would also be limited on Federal recreation areas. The
coal deposits under the Aztec Ruins National Monument and Chaco Canyon
National Monument (Exhibit 6b) would be prohibited from development. In
addition, the coal deposits in Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge (Exhibit 6b)
would be excluded from development.
6.1.4 Select Natural Areas
Natural areas are valued for their aesthetic, scientific, wild, and
essentially undisturbed natural qualities. National Natural Landmarks,
National Forests, and Wild and Scenic Rivers are Federal natural areas vir-
tually excluded from changes in land use. The 6,651,395 acres (2,691,820 ha)
of National Forests represent 16.7% of the land area in the Study Area. The
location of the National Natural Landmarks in Exhibit 6b are approximations
because the specific location for some landmarks is not provided due to an
owner's request for minimum publicity and/or the fragility of the landmark's
natural features. There are no Wild and Scenic Rivers in the Study Area.
6.1.5 Selected Federal and Indian Land Ownership
Over half the land in the Study Area is owned by a Federal agency or
Indian tribe. The Bureau of Land Management, Forest Service, and Indian tribes
are the major landowners with 16.4%, 16.7%, and 17.6% of the land area,
respectively.
Surface mining is forbidden on land where the National Forest Service
owns both surface and mineral rights (By phone, Harry Switzer, USFS, August
1981). In instances where the National Forest Service does not control both
surface and mineral rights, surface mining is decided through litigation. Coal
development can occur on Bureau of Land Management lands provided all
regulations are satisfied (By phone, Gil Esquerdo, BLM, August 1981). The
Indian land acreages listed in Table 6-3 represent the Bureau of Indian
Affairs classification of Tribal and Government-owned lands.
6-6
-------
Table 6-3. Number of acres arid percent of total land area of select Federal and Indian land ownership in 13 counties in New Mexico.
BLM
%
FS
%
W&P
%
NPS
%
Army
X
COE
%
F&W
State 12
,860,922
16.6
8,996,958
11.6
178,018
0.2
236,876
0.3
0
0
27,305
0.0
15,767
County
Bernalillo
16,009
2.1
73,828
9.9
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Catron
593,742
13.5
2,149,492
48.7
0
0
533
0.0
0
0
0
0
0
Colfax
1,215
0.1
11,505
0.5
1,690
0.1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Lincoln
517,259
16.6
398,775
12.8
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
McKinley
249,992
7.2
170,246
4.9
0
0
640
0.0
0
0
0
0
0
Otero
929,578
21.9
469,700
11.1
0
0
84,906
2.0
0
0
0
0
0
Rio Arriba
560,720
15.0
1,411,629
37.7
25,317
0.7
0
0
0
0
3,368
0.1
0
Sandoval
547,416
23.0
399,655
16.8
0
0
25,428
1.1
0
0
2,289
0.1
0
San Juan
843,361
24.0
0
0
17,095
0.5
20,536
0.6
0
0
0
0
0
Santa Fe
72,155
5.9
250,577
20.6
0
0
826
0.1
0
0
2,689
0.2
0
Sierra
824,687
30.9
384,274
14.4
62,353
2.3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Socorro
947,016
22.4
630,652
14.9
15,990
0.4
371
0.0
0
0
0
0
140
Valencia
408,967
11.3
301,062
8.3
0
0
1,040
0.0
0
0
0
0
0
LEGEND
BLM - Bureau of Land Management
FS - Forest Service
W&P - Water and Power Resources Service
NPS - National Park Service
COE - Corps of Engineers
F&W - Fish and Wildlife Service
Total Land
%_
Indian
Z
Total
Z
Area
.0
13,603,496
17.5
35,919,342
46.2
77,703,680
0
217,264
29.0
307,101
41.0
748,160
0
0
0
2,743,767
62.2
4,414,080
0
0
0
14,410
0.6
2,408,960
0
0
0
916,034
29.5
3,109,120
0
1,772,158
50.8
2,193,036
62.8
3,490,560
0
460,402
10.8
1,944,586
45.8
4,248,320
0
646,146
17.3
2,647,180
70.8
3,739,520
0
645,085
27.1
1,592,873
66.9
2,379,520
0
2,130,886
60.5
3,011,878
85.6
3,520,000
0
79,420
6.5
405,667
33.3
1,217,280
0
0
0
1,271,314
47.7
2,666,240
.0
43,344
1.0
1,637,513
38.7
4,225,920
0
1,025,006
28.3
1,736,075
48.0
3,619,840
Sources: US Department of Commerce 1978; US Department of the Interior 1979; US Department of the Interior 1980b.
-------
6.1.6 Farmland
Farmland, as described in this section, uses the Bureau of Census 1969
definition of farmland. Farmland is a part of the agricultural land listed in
Section 6.1.2, but the two terms are not synonymous.
Farmland in New Mexico increased by 5.0% between 1969 and 1978 (Table
6-4). In comparison, the acres in farmland in the Study Area increased by
606,862 acres (245,597 ha) during the same time period, a 2.9% increase. Every
county that has a proposed coal development project had an increase in
farmland between 1969 and 1978. The value of farmland and buildings more than
doubled between 1969 and 1978 in every county in the Study Area, due primarily
to inflation. However, as coal is developed, there could be a decrease in
farmland.
Prime farmland has the best combination of physical and chemical charac-
teristics for producing food, feed forage, fiber, and oil seed crops, of lands
available for these uses. County data on prime farmland in the Study Area is
limited (By phone, Jim Hosack, SCS, August 1981). However, site-specific
information can be obtained through contact with the Soil Conservation Service
(SCS).
6.2 BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES
6.2.1 Introduction
Biological resources are the product of the interactions between species
of vegetation and wildlife. These resources are linked to climate, physiogra-
phy, and man's activities. The major vegetation and wildlife occurring in the
Study Area are discussed in this section. The section is organized by
Biological Provinces (Bailey 1978), thus allowing a concise, systematic, and
geographic evaluation of the resources. Similar organization is being utilized
in various other Federal studies (e.g., USFWS habitat evaluations).
6-8
-------
Table 6-4. Acreages and values per acre of farmland In 13 counties In New Mexico.
Acres in Farmland
Value
of Farmland
and BuildinRs
Prime
Farmland
1969
19783
ChanRe
% ChanRe
1969b
19 78b
ChanRe
2 ChanRe
Acres
7. Count'
State
46,792,302
49,117,462
2,325,160
5.0
42
143
101
240
N.A.
N.A.
County
Bernalillo
392,213
431,117
38,904
9.9
164
351
187
114
6,436
0.9
Catron
1,669,248
1,524,704
-144,544
-8.7
21
92
71
338
N.A.
N.A.
Colfax
2,329,287
2,433,658
104,371
4.5
32
115
83
259
N.A.
N.A.
Lincoln
1,982,738
2,008,792
26,054
1.3
27
99
72
267
N.A.
N.A.
McKinley
3,185,818
3,275,983
90,165
2.8
22
73
51
232
N.A.
N.A.
Otero
999,136
1,183,824
184,688
18.5
57
262
205
360
N.A.
N.A.
Rio Arriba
1,639,666
1,594,852
-44,814
-2.7
41
193
152
371
N.A.
N.A.
Sandoval
706,269
811,277
105,008
14.9
42
247
205
488
N.A.
N.A.
San Juan
1,895,854
1,917,319
21,465
1.1
21
144
123
586
N.A.
N.A.
Santa Fe
766,748
843,893
77,145
10.1
53
134
81
153
N.A.
N.A.
Sierra
1,245,839
1,412,643
166,804
13.4
26
97
71
273
N.A.
N.A.
Socorro
1,957,639
1,898,235
-59,404
-3.0
28
118
90
321
N.A.
N.A.
Valencia
2,481,124
2,522,144
41,020
16.5
34
141
107
315
19,605
0.5
3Using 1969 definition of farmland
b.
Average per acre
N.A. - Not Available
Sources: US Department of Agriculture 1978; US Department of Agriculture 1980; US Department of Commerce 1977;
US Department of Commerce 1978; US Department of Commerce 1980.
-------
This discussion includes only characteristic vegetation and selected
wildlife species (game, furbearers, and State or Federally endangered or
threatened species) of each Biological Province.
New Mexico vegetation and wildlife differ widely throughout the Study Area
due to vast changes in altitude and water availability. Vegetative cover
ranges from softwood forest at the highest elevations to sparce xeric grasses
and shrubs in lowlying areas. Wildlife species dependent on water are
restricted primarily to the larger river drainages and associated wetlands.
There exists a distinct separation of wildlife forms as one move farther away
from permanent water.
6.2.2 Biological Provinces (Ecoregions)
Biological Provinces are regions that contain similar vegetation and
wildlife throughout a specific geographic area. The Study Area is composed of
portions of three Biological Provinces (Figure 6-1): the Upper Gila Mountains
Forest Province, the Grama-Galleta Steppe and Juniper-Pinyon Woodland Mosaic
Section of the Colorado Plateau Province, and the Ponderosa-Pine-Douglas-Fir
Forest Sections of the Rocky Mountain Forest Province. Although these
biological regions differ, many species of vegetation and wildlife are common
to all.
6.2.2.1 Upper Gila Mountains Forest Province
The Upper Gila Mountains Forest Province is located in the central portion
of western New Mexico. This region includes approximately 28% of the Study
Area and covers approximately 17,750 mi^ (45,950 km^). The province
remains largely (77%+) in natural vegetation and contains moderate numbers of
Federally listed (3 to 4) and State listed (4 to 5) endangered or threatened
species (Figure 6-2 and Table 6-5).
Land Cover - The major land cover types are rangeland and forest, with
small acreages of urban, agricultural, and water (Table 6-1 and Exhibit 6a).
6-10
-------
-&AKOOVJU."
LEGEND
Ponderosa Pine - Douglas Fir Forest
Grama - Callera Steppe & Juniper - Pinyon
Woodland Hosaic
Upper-Gila Mountains Forest
Figure 6—1. Biological provinces of the 13 county Study Area in New Mexico.
6-11
-------
tOO ARRIBA
COLFAK
SANDOVAL
MCKINLEY
oru
VALENCIA
BERNALILLO
CATRON
LINCOLN
OTERO I
% Natural Vegetation
95
95 - 75
O 75
LEGEND
Land Cover Types
5
% Select Species
82
State Listed Species
5 or more
4
V 3 or less
O
82 - 79
A 79
Federally Listed Species
4 or more
3
2
Figure 6-2. Biological resources of 13 counties in New Mexico.
6-12
-------
Table 6-5 . Numbers of select wildlife species in 13 counties in New Mexico.
Province/
County
Wildlife
Federally Listed
Species (.0)
State Listed
Species (#)
jcame Species (//)
jFurbearers (//)
Flora
Federally Listed
Species
Ponderosa Pine-Douglas
fir Forest
Colfax
2
8
44
11
0
Rio Arriba
3
7
47
12
0
Upper Cila Mountains
Fore9t
Catron
3
it
43
11
0
Sierra
3
b
48
12
1
Socorro
4
4
46
12
0
Grama-Galleta Steppe +
Juniper-Pinyon Woodland
Mosaic
Bernalillo
3
3
41
12
0
Lincoln
2
1
43
11
1
McKinley
3
3
39
11
0
Otero
2
3
42
11
1
Sandoval
3
4
43
12
0
San Juan
4
4
43
12
2
Santa Fe
3
3
43
13
0
Valencia
It
It
40
13
0
6-13
-------
Fifty two percent of this province is covered by rangeland. Common species of
vegetation include grama, galleta, tobosa, and mesquite. At higher
elevations, forests dominate (37%) the province. At approximately 7,000 feet
above sea level, open forest of ponderosa pine occur, with pinyon-juniper
common on southern slopes. This zone extends to about 8,000 feet above sea
level and is replaced by Douglas fir and aspen (Bailey 1978).
Todsen's pennyroyal is the only species of endangered plant occurring in
the Upper Gila Mountains Forest Province (USFWS 1980). This species is found
on steep, gravelly gypsum limestones in Sierra County (Figure 6-3).
Wildlife - The distribution of wildlife in the Upper Gila Mountains Forest
Province varies with respect to altitude, land cover type, and water
availability.
Most game fish are distributed throughout the province. Sunfish are
dominant in larger bodies of water (e.g., lakes), while trout are abundant in
streams. Largemouth and smallmouth bass are abundant in large reservoirs and
their tributary streams. Catfish are common in most streams and reservoirs
throughout the State (Table 6-6).
All upland and waterfowl species are present throughout the region. Most
upland game species are residents while other species migrate and are common
only during specific seasons (primarily fall and winter) of the year (Table
6-6).
The most common and economically important large mammal is the mule deer.
Other game mammals include the black bear, mountain lion, whitetail deer, and
blacktail jackrabbit. Oryx were stocked in Catron and Sierra counties and
offer restricted hunting opportunities. Important furbearers are the gray fox,
raccoon, coyote, and beaver.
6-14
-------
J K""* n
LEGEND
Todsen's Pennyroyal
I'.noulton Cactus
Kuenzler Hedgehog Cactus
Black-footed Ferret
Mesa Verde Cactus
Figure 6-3. Ranges of five Federally listed endangered species.
6-15
-------
Table 6-6. Occurrence of selected uildlife species in 13 counties in New Mexico.
Ponderosa Pine-Douglas-
fir Forest
Upper Gila Mountains
FoTest
Grama-Galleta Steppe + Juniper-
Plnyon Woodland Mosaic
Habitat
re
Xi
¦H
H
<
o
¦H
Pi
01
0
CJ
Ll
CO
T3
3
rH
*
rH
c
o
n
-a
C
in
o
¦H
C
CO
(0
u*
•r*
b
(3
rH
c
to
u
H
rH
>
3
U
rH
+J
c
3
0
u
>-
o
C
o
o
n
tz
c
X
CJ
(0
a
U
l-
u
M
o
c
03
OS
Ph
<
jj
CTn
I
Amphibian
Bullfrog
Fish
Coho Salmon
Kokanee Salmon
Cutthroat Trout
Rainbow Trout
Brown Trout
Brook Trout
Arctic Grayling
Northern Pike
Channel Catfish
Flathead Catfish
White Bass
Striped Bass
Green Sunfish
Bluegiil
Smalltnouth Bass
I.argemouth Bass
White Crappie
Black Crappte
Walleye
Birds
Canada Goose
Mallard
Pintail
Gadwa11
American Wlgeon
Distributed Throughout Study Area
X X XXX
Distributed Throughout Study Area
Distributed Throughout Study Area
X XX
X X
Distributed Throughout Study Area
X X X X
X X
X X
Distributed Throughout Study Area
Distributed Throughout Study Area
XXX
Distributed Throughout Study Area
Distributed Throughout Study Area
Distributed Throughout Study Area
X
Migrant/Winter Resident
Migrant/Winter Resident
Migrant/Winter Resident
Migrant/Winter Resident
Migrant/Winter Resident
X X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
XXX
XXX
X X
X X
X X
-------
Table 6-6. Occurrence of selected wildlife species in 13 counties in New Mexico (continued).
Ponderosa Pine-Dougla6- Upper Cila Mountains Grama-Galleta Steppe + Juniper- Habitat
fir Forest Forest Pinyon Woodland Mosaic
fO
o
O
U
X
t-H
CO
13
3
•H
iH
Sh
H
c
a>
<11
T3
C
X
u
u
o
VH
c
0)
3
u
u
c
3
<
o
u
to
O
c
o
o
¦->
m
c
X
4
U-i
u
V*
o
c
O
fl
u
"O
4-1
0)
01
oc
rH
•H
a
o
4J
u
u
c
PQ
2;
<
^5
OS
I
Birds (continued)
Northern Shoveler
Blue-Winged Teal
Creen-Winged Teal
Redhead
Canvasback
Ring-necked Duck
Lesser Scaup
Common Merganser
Turkey
Scaled Quail
Gambel's Quail
Ring-necked Pheasant
Sandhill Crane
Virginia Rail
American Coot
Common Snipe
Band-tailed Pigeon
Mourning Dove
Mammals
Black Bear^
Raccoon^
Ringtail
Longtail Weasel^
Badger2 _
Spotted Skunk
Striped Skunk2
Coyote2
Migrant/Winter Resident
Migrant
Migrant/Winter Resident
Migrant
Migrant
Migrant/Winter Resident
Migrant/Winter Resident
Migrant/Winter Resident
Resident
Resident
Resident
Resident
Migrant
Migrant
t/Summer Resident
t/Winter Resident
t/Sumnicr Resident
t/Winter Resident
Migran
Migran
Migran
Migran
Distributed
X X
Distributed
Distributed
Distributed
Distributed
Distributed
Distributed
Throughout
X
Throughout
Throughout
Throughout
Throughout
Throughout
Throughout
Study Area
X X
Study Area
Study Area
Study Area
Study Area
Study Area
Study Area
X X
X
X
X X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-------
Table 6-6. Occurrence of selected wildlife species in 13 counties in New Mexico-(concluded) .
Ponderosa Pine-Douglas-
fir Forest
Upper Cila Mountains Grama-Galleta Steppe + Juniper-
Forest Plnyon Woodland Mosaic
Habitat
ON
I
oo
Mammals (continued)
Red Fox'-
Gray Fox j
Mountain Lion
Bobcat^
Beaver^
Muskrat
Whitetail Jackrabblt
Blacktail Jackrabblt
Eastern Cottontail'
Mountain Cottontail'
Desert Cottontail'
Elk1
Muledeer
1
1
1
Whitetail Deer
Pronghorn Antelope
Oryx (Exotic)
Rocky Mountain Bighorn
Barbary Sheep''-'
1,3
ft
o
rH
CO
T3
3
•H
rH
>>
rH
C
a
n
•o
C
Cfl
4->
M
O
«H
e
01
(0
CO
f*4
•H
o
a
T3
rH
15
U
c
n)
M
rH
rH
>
3
U
rH
4J
C
3
<
0
u
M
0
c
o
0
CO
c
01
(0
(0
(J
~h
U-i
u
u
O
C
u
u
-o
4J
0>
0G
<1
rH
•H
0>
o
4*1 -
¦H
o
u
CO
Ph
3
<
3:
Distributed
Distributed
Distributed
Distributed
Distributed
X XX
Throughout Study Area
Throughout Study Area
Throughout Study Area
Throughout Study Area
Throughout Study Area
Distributed Throughout Study Area
XX XXX
X
Distributed Throughout Study Area
Distributed Throughout Study Area
XX XXX
Distributed Throughout Study Area
X X X
X
XXX X
X X
XXX
X X
X
X X
X X
Game
2
Furbearer
Occurs in mountainous areas
Sources: Lee et al. 1980; New Mexico Department of Came & Fish undated; Bellrose 1976; Robbins, Brun, and Zim
1966; Burt and Grossenheider 1976; and Hall and Kelson 1959.
-------
Many of the Federal and State* iisted endangered or threatened species
that occur in this province are associated with water or wetlands (Table 6-7).
Several listed species are restricted in range to a few counties in the Study
Area, whereas other species such as the Bald Eagle and Peregrine Falcon, occur
throughout the State. The ranges of Federally listed endangered species not
occurring throughout the Study Area are presented in Figures 6-3 and 6-4.
Coal development occurring in forests, wetlands, or in or near permanent
water in this and other provinces will be required to consider mitigation for
potentially displacing or altering critical habitats of endangered and
threatened species as required by the Endangered Species Act of 1973 and its
amendments. Mitigation, as required by the Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act,
may also be necesary when large acreages of habitat supporting other select
species are destroyed.
6.2.2.2 Grama-Galleta Steppe and Juniper-Pinyon Woodland Mosaic Section
The Grama-Galleta Steppe and Juniper-Pinyon Woodland Mosaic Section covers
the northwestern and southcentral portions of the State and approximately 56%,
or 34,925 mi^ (90,465 km^) of the Study Area. This area has 4 to 5 land
cover types, is largely rangeland and forest, and contains high to moder-
ate numbers of Federally listed endangered species (Figure 6-2 and Table 6-5).
Land Cover - Major land cover types in this region are identical to other
regions. Vegetation zones are conspicuous, but are not uniform over this sec-
tion. Fifty-five percent of the land in this section is rangeland. Xeric
shrubs grow in open stands among grasses, and sagebrush is dominant over large
areas. The woodland zone (34% of the section) is dominated by open stands of
pinyon pine and several species of juniper. Ground cover is sparse and
consists mainly of grama, other grasses, herbs, and various shrubs (Bailey
1968).
*State listed endangered species are those species classified as Group No. 1
in the State Game Commissions Regulation No. 599 as amended 4 May 1980.
6-19
-------
Table 6-7.
Occurrence of State and Federally listed threatend (T) and endangered (E) species in 13 counties
in New Mexico.
ON
I
NJ
O
Mesa Verde Cactus
Kuenzler Hedgehog Cactus
Knowlton Cactus
Ponderosa Pine-Douglas- Upper Gila Mountains
fir Forest Foresc
o
u
Todsens Pennyroyal1
Socorro Isopod'
Oila Trout^ ^
Arkansas River Shiner
Bluntnose Shiner2 ^
Southern Redhelly Dace
Colorado Squawfish'i2
Gray Hawk2
Bald Eagje'
Caracara j
Peregrine Falcon '
Aplomado Falcon2
Whooping Crane* ^
White-tailed Ptarmigian
Sharp-tailed Grouse2
Sage Grouse2 |
Black-footed Ferret
River Otter2
Desert Bighorn Sheep
^Federally Listed Species
2
State Listed Species (Group No. 1)
Grama-Galleta Steppe + Juniper-
Pinvon Woodland Mosaic
o
£}
f—t
•H
H
>>
fH
c
01
re
u-
o
'H
c
•xl
CB
(Q
u.
*H
M
c
a
V-
H
•—4
>
D
u
<
0
u
u
o
c
O
O
eg
c
M
u
o
c
u
•H
1m
-v
4J
o
u
c
e
c
w
•H
(3
•H
o
o
•H
u
W
CO
«u
ft
Om
CJ
OJ
CO
00
J
2C
o
in
to
CO
>
Statewide Migrant
Statewide Migrant
E E
E E
T
E
E E
E
Source: USFWS 1980; (New Mexico) State Game Commission 1980; Burt and Grossenheider 1976; Stebblns 1966;
American Ornithologists' Union 1957.
-------
h "«•11
RK) ARRIBA
COLFAX
SANDOVAL
MCKINLEY
SANTA F
VALENCIA
BERNALttfLO
CATRON
SOCORRO
LINCOLN
SIERRA
OTERO
X3
"> A
V V 7
> r >
~
LEGEND
Whooping Crane
Colorado Squawfish
Gila Trout
Socorro Isopod
Figure 6-4. Ranges of four Federally listed endangered species,
6-21
-------
The Federally threatened Mesa Verde cactus, and the Federally endangered
Knowlton cactus and Kuenzler hedgehog cactus are found in this section (Table
6-7 and Figure 6-3).
Wildlife - Sunfish and trout are the important game fish of this region.
Salmon are present due to stocking in San Juan County. Other fish are
distributed as described in the previous section.
Ducks, geese, and other waterfowl are present in abundance along the Rio
Grande River and other large bodies of water. All upland game birds are
present throughout the section and are important locally.
Major game mammals include the mule deer, black bear, mountain lion,
pronghorn, and whitetail deer. The exotic Barbary sheep is present in Sandoval
and San Juan counties. Important furbearers are the gray and red fox, bobcat,
beaver, and raccoon. (Table 6-6).
The Federally listed black-footed ferret may still exist in McKinley, San
Juan, and Valencia counties (USFWS 1980). Moderate to low numbers of State
listed species are found in this area (Table 6-7 ). Ranges of Federally listed
species that are not distributed throughout the State are presented in Figures
6-3 and 6-4.
6.2.2.3 Ponderosa Pine-Douglas-Fir Forest Section
The Ponderosa Pine-Douglas Fir Forest Section (Figure 6-1) covers the
extreme north central portion of the State and approximately 16%, or 9655
mi^ (25,005 km^) of the Study Area. There are high numbers (5) of land
cover typ6s and State listed species in this province. Moderate percentages of
select wildlife species are present (Figure 6-2), and the amount of land in
natural vegetation ranges from 94 to 96%.
6-22
-------
Land Cover - The major land cover types are forest and rangeland (Table
6-1). Other land cover types occupy less than 5% of the total area. A large
portion of this section lies in the Sangre de Christo Mountains and the
vegetation reflects the montane conditions. Ponderosa pine and Douglas fir are
the dominant tree species at higher elevations; the understory is extremely
sparce. Treeless areas in this mountainous region support sparce stands of
grass mixed with sagebrush.
Rangeland areas of this section contain various grass, brush, and shrub
species characteristics of a semidesert environment.
No endangered or threatened plant species occur in the Ponderosa Pine-
Douglas Fir Forest Section (USFWS 1980).
Wildlife - As in most of New Mexico, the distribution of wildlife is
dependent on altitude, cover type, and the presence of water.
Sunfish and trout are both important game fish in this area. In some
streams and lakes, salmon, northern pike, and grayling have been stocked
(Table 6-6).
Upland game birds are the most economically important fowl in this area.
Common species include Scaled Quail, Gambel's Quail, and Ring-necked Pheasant.
Waterfowl are not as abundant as in other portions of the Study Area.
Important large game mammals include the American elk, mule deer, black
bear, mountain lion, and whitetail deer. The whitetail jackrabbit and mountain
cottontail also are present (Table 6-6). Important furbearers include the
raccoon, coyote, red fox, beaver, and muskrat.
The White-tailed Ptarmigan, Sharp-tailed Grouse, and Sage Grouse are State
listed endangered species which are unique to this portion of the Study Area
(Table 6-7). Ranges of Federally listed species not distributed throughout
the State are presented in Figures 6-3 and 6-4.
6-23
-------
PAGE NOT
AVAILABLE
DIGITALLY
-------
CHAPTER 7.0 AIR RESOURCES AND NOISE
-------
7.0 AIR RESOURCES AND NOISE
7.1 INTRODUCTION
Air and noise pollution can be major environmental concerns associated
with coal development. Regulations promulgated to protect and improve air
quality may limit coal development and noise associated with coal development
that may affect people in the surrounding environs.
7.2 AIR RESOURCES
7.2.1 Climate
Climatological factors affect the emission and dispersion of air pollu-
tants associated with coal development. The climatic conditions (precipita-
tion, mixing heights, and wind) that have the greatest effect on air emissions
from coal development are presented in this section.
7.2.1.1 Precipitation
Fugitive dust emissions, the major air pollutant associated with coal
mining and transport, are inversely proportional to precipitation. As moisture
increases, the fine particles in the coal or overburden, which would otherwise
become airborne, adhere to larger particles due to the increased surface
tension created by the water.
The precipitation in New Mexico (Table 7-1) is about evenly distributed
through the year with peak precipitation falling in the months of July and
August. From 60 to 90 days each year, the majority of the Study Area receives
0.01 inches (0.03 cm) or more precipitation; most precipitation falls as rain
(Baldwin 1973).
7-1
-------
Table 7-1. Climatological data for the Study Area in New Mexico (1941-1970).
Climatological
Station^
Bernalillo County,
Albuquerque
Union County,
Clayton
Chaves County,
Roswell
Mean Annual
Precipitation
(inches)
7.77
15.91
10.61
Mean Annual
Wind Speed
(mph)
9.0
no data available
8.9
El Paso County,
El Paso, Texas
7.77
9.5
These climatological stations were selected as representative of the Study
Area although some of the stations are not located within the Study Area.
Source: NOAA/National Climatic Center. 1978. Local climatological data,
annual summary with comparative data. USDOC, Asheville, North Carolina,
variously paged.
7-2
-------
Precipitation in certain areas of the US has become acidic as a result of
the mixing of emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels (such as coal)
with moisture. The primary pollutants associated with acid precipitation are
sulfur and nitrogen dioxide which convert to acids through a series of complex
chemical reactions in the atmosphere. Acid precipitation, commonly known as
acid rain, can result in severe ecological effects on the environment. Due to
the soils, climatic patterns, and types of vegetation, certain areas are more
sensitive to acid precipitation. The majority of the Study Area is highly
sensitive to acid precipitation, while the remaining areas have a low sensi-
tivity (Figure 7-1) (USEPA 1979d).
7.2.1.2 Precipitation-Evaporation Index
Precipitation and evaporation, expressed by the (P-E) index developed by
C. Warren Thornthwaite, has an effect on fugitive emissions from coal storage
piles as well as other cleared or exposed surfaces (USEPA 1978b). The
greatest effect is on coal storage piles since they are usually exposed for a
longer period of time. Humidity, precipitation, and temperature are
considered in developing a numerical value (index), which describes the
moisture entering (precipitation) and leaving (evaporation) an area. Lower
fugitive emissions are associated with higher P-E index values. This results
because higher P-E index values are indicative of higher precipitation and
lower evaporation (i.e., higher moisture).
The P-E index values in New Mexico range from 18 to 46 (Figure 7-2) .
These values are less than the national average of 91 (USEPA 1978b). There-
fore, emissions from coal storage piles in New Mexico are generally higher
than the national averages for this factor.
7.2.1.3 Morning and Afternoon Mixing Heights
The mixing height is the height above the surface through which relatively
vigorous vertical mixing occurs. The dispersion of emissions is directly
proportional to the mixing height because this layer produces the volume
7-3
-------
"-J
i
"S(j^;;':";*v^
New Mexico
L_T
High sensitivity
Moderate sensitivity
Low sensitivity
Figure 7-1. Areas sensitive to acid precipitation based on soils, climatic patterns, and
vegetation (USEPA 1979).
-------
COLFAX
RlO &RR
-------
through which the pollutant can disperse. The morning mixing heights for New
Mexico are about average for this region, while the afternoon mixing heights
are greater than the eastern sections of the region (Figure 7-3).
7.2.1.4 Wind Speed
Fugitive dust emissions and dispersion of air pollutant emissions are
directly related to wind speed. Fugitive dust emissions increase with wind
speed due to the increase in wind energy which is capable of lifting larger
particles and making them airborne. Conversely, downwind concentrations of
pollutants decrease with Increased wind speed due to the greater distances
traveled per unit of time (larger dispersion volume). The wind speeds for New
Mexico (Table 7-1, Figure 7-3) are fairly consistent through the morning and
afternoon mixing layer.
7.2.1.5 Wind Direction
The direction of the prevailing wind aids in determining the primary area
of effects from the emission of air pollutants. Receptors downwind from the
source, in the predominant wind direction, receive a greater time of pollutant
exposure.
When analyzed for the year, wind direction is about evenly distributed
between the 16 points on the compass with a slight predominance of winds from
the north and southeast (Figure 7-4).
7.2.2 Ambient Air Quality
The discussion and presentation in this section will be limited to the
baseline information on the major pollutants associated with coal and coal
related developments [particulates, sulfur dioxide (SO2), and nitrogen
7-6
-------
—1.
.jr
speed ^
Hean annual wind !
through the morning
mixing layer (m./sec.)
Mean annual morning ^
mixing height (m x 10 )
?.
IMOI
¦ J 1
Mean annual wind speed
through the afternoon
mixing layer (m./sec.)
Mean annual afternoon^
mixing height (m x 10 )
Figure 7-3. Mean annual mixing heights and wind speeds for the Region 6 Study Area (Holzworth 1972).
-------
I
00
r
~r, $ ft
p- i ,
A * I A )*hn<
rii*
U
?
LJ~
1
Kl rmm
\
4!jf
I o ft~
.
\ L-,
\
v/>
IbM IM I
I
l «!.*«« CM, V
I
1 m.llarf
M
•rll
III*
Legend
Wind roses show percentage
of time wind blew from the
16 compass points or was ctlm.
* Indicates less than 0.51 calm.
Hourly Percentage
25 u p 25
^ calm
Note: Rased on hourlv observations 1951-60
Flfiure 7-4. Prevailing mean surface wind directions
in the Region 6 Study Area (Baldwin 1973)
-------
dioxide (N02)]^. Nonattainment areas for ozone, total suspended
particulates (TSP), carbon monoxide, and sulfur dioxide are shown because coal
and coal related development (i.e., power plants) could be limited in these
areas.
7.2.2.1 Air Quality Control Region (AQCR)
The 1967 Air Quality Act designated that the nation be divided into air
quality control regions (AQCR). Organization by AQCRs reduces the State to a
more manageable size; AQCRs are included in this document to allow for cross-
referencing with other USEPA documents (Exhibit 7).
7.2.2.2 Nonattainment Areas
Under the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977, the States are required to
identify, for each AQCR, the attainment status of each criteria pollutant. All
of Bernalillo County is nonattainment for carbon monoxide, while part of the
county is nonattainment for TSP and ozone. Other nonattainment areas in the
Study Area include parts of San Juan County that are nonattainment for SO2
(Exhibit 7). Sources locating in a nonattainment area must comply with Section
74-2-7 of the New Mexico Air Quality Control Act as well as Air Quality
Control Regulation 702 or 703. The air quality control regulations for coal-
burning equipment, coal raining and preparation plants, and gasification
facilities would apply in attainment and nonattainment areas and include
Regulations 504, 602, 603, and 670-682. In Bernalillo County, the
Albuquerque-Bernalillo County Air Quality Control Board has permitting
authority for the New Mexico Air Quality Control Act.
^The USEPA National Aerometric Data Bank. - SAR0AD System (ambient data)
monitors for NO2, while the USEPA NEDS (point and area sources) monitors
for N0X.
7-9
-------
7.2.2.3 Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) Areas
PSD regulations apply to areas where the existing air quality is cleaner
than the NAAQS. Congress has determined that additional pollutant growth in
these areas will be limited to a certain quantity (increment). In addition,
three classes of areas were identified with different increments assigned to
each class. Class 1 areas are pristine areas where any effects from air
pollutants may be adverse. Class II areas are regions of nominal air quality
sensitivity. Class III areas have little air quality sensitivity and the air
quality increment for these areas is the most lenient. At present, only two
pollutants (particulate matter and sulfur dioxide) are assigned PSD
increments. Table 7-2 shows the increments allowed for each of the PSD
classes. The Class I areas in New Mexico are shown in Exhibit 7. The name of
the Class I areas and their acreage are as follows: Wheeler Peak Wilderness
Area - 6,027 acres (2440 ha); San Pedro Parks Wilderness Areas - 41,132 acres
(16,653 ha); Bandelier Wilderness Area - 23,267 acres (9,420 ha); Pecos
Wilderness Area - 167,416 acres (67,780 ha); Gila Wilderness Area - 433,690
acres (175,583 ha); Bosque del Apache Wilderness Area - 30,850 (12,490 ha);
White Mountain Wilderness Area - 31,171 acres (12,620 ha); Salt Creek
Wilderness Area - 8,500 acres (3,441 ha); and Carlsbad Caverns National Park -
46,435 acres (18,800 ha). Salt Creek Wilderness Area and Carlsbad Caverns
National Park are not located in the Study Area. However, both areas are
included due to the potential limiting effect they could exert on coal
development in the Study Area as a result of long range transport. The
remaining areas of the State are designated as Class II, or unclassified. As
yet, there are no Class III areas designated in the United States.
The requirements for obtaining a PSD permit are applicable to most major
stationary sources or modifications and are included in 40 CFR Parts 51.24 and
52.21. The requirements associated with effects on a Class I area also are
included in these regulations.
7-10
-------
Table 7-2.
Regulatory standards affecting air quality.
Rational Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)
Pollutant
Nitrogen
dioxide
Particulate
matter
Sulfur
dioxide
Carbon
monoxide
Type of
Standard
Primary 6
Secondary
Primary
Secondary
Primary
Secondary
Primary &
Secondary
Averaging
Time
1 yr
24 hr
24 hr
24 hr
24 hr
24 hr
1 yr
3 hr
1 hr
8 hr
Frequency
Parameter
Arithmetic mean
Annual maximum
Annual geometric
mean
Annual maximum
Annual geometric
nean
Annual maximum
Arithmetic mean
Annual maximum
Annual maximum
Annual maximum
Concentration
ug/m3 ppro
100
260
75
150
60
365
80
0.05
0.14
0.03
1,300 0.5
40,000 35
10,000 9
Ozone
Primary 6
Secondary
1 hr
235
Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) Increments:
maximum allovable Increase by class
0.12
Pollutant
Particulate Matter:
Annual geometric mean
24-hour maximum
Sulfur Dioxide:
Annual arithmetic mean
24-hour maximum
3-hour maximum
Class I
(ug/m3)
5
10
2
5*
25*
Class II
tug/in^)
19
37
20
91
512
Class III
(up/m^)
37
75
40
182
700
* A variance tnay be allowed to exceed each of these increments on 18 days
peT year, subject to limiting 24-hour Increments of 36 ug/m^ for low
terrain and 62 ug/m3 foT high terrain and 3-hour increments of 130
ug/m3 for low terrain and 221 ug/m^ for high terrain. To obtain such
a variance both state and Federal approval Is required.
7-11
-------
Section 169A of the Clean Air Act requires visibility protection for
mandatory Class I areas where it has been determined that visibility is an
important value. On 30 November 1979, USEPA promulgated a list of the
mandatory Class I areas where visibility is an important value. This list
includes all the Class I areas in New Mexico (USEPA 1979b). One integral vista
(a view perceived from within a mandatory Class I Federal area of a specific
landmark or panorama located outside the boundary of the mandatory Class I
area) is identified for Carlsbad Caverns National Park (National Park Service
1981). As yet no integral vistas are identified for the wilderness areas.
7.2.2.4 Ambient Monitoring Data for Total Suspended Particulates (TSP)
Sources that are potential major emitters of particulate matter (i.e.,
coal developments) are required to conduct an air quality analysis to
determine if the NAAQS and PSD increments will be violated.
Ambient monitoring data (24-hour second high and annual geometric mean)
from the USEPA National Aerometric Data Bank-SAROAD System for those counties
in New Mexico that monitor for TSP are presented in Table 7-3. The ambient
TSP levels in the Study Area were rated high, medium, or low for the most
recent year available (Figure 7-5). The arbitrary ratings were based on the
upper third (high), middle third (medium), and lower third (low), of the NAAQS
for the 24-hour annual geometric mean. TSP is the only criteria pollutant that
occurs at levels in the top third (high rating) of the NAAQS. The ranking is
applicable only to the location of the monitoring station. When there is more
than one station per county, the highest level was rated.
7.2.2.5 Ambient Monitoring Data for Sulfur Dioxide (SO?)
Sources that are potential major emitters of SO2 (i.e., coal related
developments) are required to conduct an air quality analysis to determine if
NAAQS and PSD increments will be violated.
7-12
-------
Table 7-3. Ambient monitoring data for those counties in the Study Area that monitor for TSP, S02 and N02-
TSP Level SO? Level NO2 Level
Most
Most
Most
Most
Most
Recent
Recent
Recent
Recent
Recent
Year
Year
Year
Year
Year
Year w/
Year w/
Year w/
Year w/
Year w/
County
Highest
24-Hr
Highest
Geometric
Highest
24-Hr
Highest
Arithmetic
Highest
Arithmetic
City
Level
2nd HlRh
Level
Mean
Level
2nd High
Level
Mean
Level
Mean
Bernalillo
Albuquerque
1980
190b
1979
54
1979
5
c
c
1978
34
1977
318.
1977
99
1977
50
c
c
a
a
Bernalillo
Albuquerque
1980
215
1979
95
1979
73
1976
15
1978
6
1979
400
1976
142
same
same
a
a
1976
34
Bernalillo
Albuquerque
1980
146
1979
57
1976
26
c
c
c
c
1979
179
1976
80
a
a
c
c
c
c
Bernalillo
Albuquerque
1979
110
1978
27
-
-
-
-
-
-
1976
207
1976
74
-
-
-
-
-
-
Bernalillo
Albuquerque
1979
40
1978
29
-
-
-
-
-
-
1977
106
1976
45
-
-
-
-
-
-
Bernalillo
Albuquerque
1980
116
1979
41
-
-
-
-
-
-
1978
167b
1976
67
-
-
-
-
-
-
Bernalillo
Albuquerque
1980
219
1979
72
-
-
-
-
-
-
same
same
1976
103
-
-
-
-
-
-
Bernalillo
Albuquerque
1979
227
1979
72
-
-
-
-
-
-
same
same.
1977
96
-
-
-
-
-
-
Bernalillo
Albuquerque
1980
14?
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
—
Bernalillo
Albuquerque
a
1980
143b
-
-
1980
nb
c
c
c
c
a
a
-
-
a
a
c
c
c
c
Bernalillo
Albuquerque
1979
188
1978
76
-
-
-
-
-
-
1977
258
1976
99
-
-
-
-
-
-
Bernalillo
1979
232
1979
65
1976
3
c
c
c
c
1977
289
1976
97
a
a
c
c
c
c
Bernalillo
1980
300
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
—
Bernalillo
a
1980
17 lb
1979
75
_
-
-
-
-
-
1977
332
1976
114
-
-
-
-
-
-
Bernalillo
1980
118
-
-
-
-
-
_
-
a
a
-
-
-
_
_
_
-------
Table 7-3.
Ambient monitoring data for
those counties
in the Study Area that
monitor for TSP,
S02 and NO
2(continued) .
TSP Level
S0? Level
NOo
Level
Most
Most
Most
Most
Most
Recent
Recent
Recent
Recent
Recent
Year
Year
Year
Year
Year
Year w/
Year w/
Year w/
Year w/
Year w /
Highest
24-Hr
Highest
Geometric
Highest
24-Hr
Highest
Arithmetic
Highest
Arithmetic
County
City
Level
2nd High
Level
Mean
Level
2nd High
Level
Mean
Level
Mean
Bernalillo
Albuquerque
1980
75b
1979
24
1976
3
c
c
c
c
1976
236
1976
37
a
a
c
c
c
c
Bernalillo
1980
108b
1978
50
-
-
_
-
-
-
1977
172
same
same
-
-
-
_
-
-
Colfax
Raton
1980
118°
1979
56
1978
5
1977
11
1979
27
1977
410
1977
67
1977
37
1976
13
1976
30
Lincoln
Ruidoao Downs
1977
208
c
c
-
-
-
_
_
"•J
same
same.
c
c
-
-
-
-
_
_
1 McKinley
Gallup
1980
315
1979
128
-
-
-
_
_
_
1979
373.
a
a
-
-
_
_
_
McKinley
1980
86
1979
59
-
-
_
_
_
1977
298
1976
70
-
-
_
_
_
_
McKinley
Zuni Pueblo
1980
86
1979
29
-
-
-
-
_
_
1977
U9h
1978
33
-
_
_
_
Otero
Alamagordo
1980
146
1979
71
-
-
-
_
_
1977
294,
1977
93
_
_
_
_
_
Otero
Tularosa
1980
146
1979
77
-
-
_
_
_
1977
355b
1977
84
-
-
_
_
_
_
Rio Arriba
Espanola
1980
231
1979
55
-
-
-
-
-
-
same
same
same
same
-
-
_
_
_
_
Rio Arriba
Dulce
1979
33
1978
13
-
-
_
_
..
1977
171h
1977
14
-
-
_
_
_
Sandoval
Bernalillo
1980
135
1979
77
-
-
_
_
_
_
1977
234
1977
109
-
-
_
_
_
San Juan
Aztec
1980
150
1977
58
1978
13
c
c
c
c
1977
198
same
same
1977
50
c
c
c
c
San Juan
Farmlngton
1979
119
1978
112
1978
3
c
c
c
c
1976
323
1976
137
1977
50
c
c
c
c
San Juan
Farmington
1980
501
c
c
-
-
-
-
c
c
same
same
c
c
-
-
-
-
c
c
-------
Table 7-3. Ambient monitoring data £or those counties in the Study Area that monitor for TSP, S02 and N02 (continued) .
TSP Level SO? Level HO2 Level
Most
M06t
Most
Most
Most
Recent
Recent
Recent
Recent
Recent
Year
Year
Year
Year
Year
Year w/
Year w/
Year v/
Year v/
Year v/
County
City
Highest
24-Hr
Highest
Geometric
Highest
24 Hr.
Highest
Arithmetic
Highest
Arithmetic
Level
2nd Hifth
Mean
Level
2nd Hifih
Level
Mean
Level
Mean
San Juan
Farmington
1980
85b
1978
29
1980
89
1979
20
1977
10
1976
346
1976
52
1979
95
saroe
same
a
a
San Juan
Farmington
1980
113
1978
47
-
-
_
_
_
1976
357b
1976
77
-
-
-
_
_
San Juan
1980
79
1978
46
1978
3
1977
14
1977
19
1977
3*8h
1977
64
1977
39
a
a
a
a
San Juan
Kirtland
1980
254
1978
45
-
-
-
_
_
_
same
same
1976
59
-
-
-
_
_
_
San Juan
Huerfano
1979
99
1978
29
-
-
-
_
_
_
1977
502
1977
42
-
-
-
_
_
San Juan
Chaco Canyon
1979
57
1978
24
-
-
_
_
_
_
1977
274
1977
31
-
-
-
-
-
-
San Juan
Burnham
1979
26
c
c
-
-
-
_
_
_
1977
324
c
c
-
-
-
-
-
-
San Juan
Navajo Indian
1980
109
1978
47
1980
123
1979
19
1978
17
Reservation
1977
229
same
same
1979
185
same
same
same
same
San Juan
Shlprock
1980
73
1978
32
1980
136
1977
6
-
-
1977
158h
a
a
same
same
a
a
-
-
Santa Fe
Santa Fe
1980
104
1979
41
1978
8
1977
8
1979
16
1977
110
1976 & 77
47
1976
47
1976
20
same
same
Santa Fe
Santa Fe
1980
201
1979
83
-
-
-
-
-
-
1979
223.
same
same
-
-
-
_
-
-
Santa Fe
Santa Fe
1980
131
1979
55
-
-
-
-
-
1979
157h
same
same
-
-
-
-
-
-
Sierra
Truth or
1980
214
1979
61
-
-
-
-
-
-
Consequences
1978
246
1976
85
-
-
-
-
-
-
Socorro
Socorro
1980
119
1979
62
1978
5
1977
9
1979
21
1978
194
same
same
1976
60
a
a
same
same
Valencia
Belen
1980
165
1979
91
-
-
-
-
-
-
1976
287
same
same
-
-
-
-
-
-
-------
Table 7-3.
Ambient monitoring data Cor those counties in the ;
Study Area that
monitor for
TSP, S02 and
NO^ (concluded)
•
TSP Level
SO7 Level
NO? Level
Most
Most
Most
Most
Most
Recent
Recent
Recent
Recent
Recent
Year
Year
Year
Year
Year
Year w/
Year w/
Year w/
Year v/
Year v/
Highest
24-Hr
Highest
Geometric
Highest
24-Hr
Highest
Arithmetic
Highest
Arithmetic
County
City
Level
2nd HiRh
Level
Mean
Level
2nd High
Level
Mean
Level
Mean
Valencia
Milam
1980
407b
1979
164
_
-
_
_
_
1977
677
a
a
-
-
-
-
-
-
Valencia
Grants
1979
498
1979
100
-
-
-
-
-
-
1978
574b
1978
130
-
-
-
-
-
-
Valencia
Faquace
1980
234
1979
79
-
-
-
-
-
-
1976
326
same
same
-
-
-
-
-
-
Valencia
San Mateo
1980
128
1979
40
-
-
-
-
-
-
1978
242
same
same
-
-
-
-
-
-
vl
Valencia
Anaconda
1980
140
1979
20
-
-
-
-
-
-
1978
183b
1977
32
-
-
-
-
-
-
1—»
Valencia
Bluewater
1980
249
1979
73
-
-
-
-
-
-
1978
365
same
same
-
-
-
-
-
-
Valencia
1980
255
1979
128
-
-
-
-
-
-
1979
596b
same
same
-
-
-
-
-
-
Valencia
1980
34 lb
1979
73
-
-
-
-
-
-
same
same
a
a
—
—
—
—
- No data
available
a0nly year
for which data
is available
or only year
that data
meets EPA summary criteria
b1980 4th quarter data is not Included
cNo data available that meets EPA's summary criteria
Source: USEPA. 1981. Natloanl aerometric data bank/quick look report. Computer printout, January 1981. 123p.
-------
fsAN
'RiC ARRI0A
AOD
SANDOVAL
CATRO*
VALENCIA
| Uanta fe
A
A
O
V
~
\ BERNALILLO
\aoc
COlFAX
SOCOPRO
AOD
LINCOlN
StER«»
TSP (ug/m )
Reoir.etric mean
SO2 (ug/m )
arithmetic mean
>50
>53
LEGEND
A A
50-25 <25
€
53-27
O
<27
NO2 (ug/m )
arithmetic mean
> 66
D ~
66-33 <33
Figure 7-5. Ranking of ambient monitoring data for those counties in the
Area that monitor for TSP, SO2, and NO2.
7-17
-------
Ambient monitoring data from the USEPA National Aerometric Data Bank-
SAROAD System for counties in New Mexico that monitor for SC>2 are presented
in Table 7-3. The 24-hour second high value and the arithmetic mean are pre-
sented to aid in the planning of coal developments. The arithmetic mean was
rated high, medium, or low for the most recent year available (Figure 7-5).
The ratings were arbitrarily based on the upper third (high), middle third
(medium), and lower third (low) of the NAAQS for the arithmetic mean. SO2
was rated above low in all counties where SO2 monitoring occurred. The
ranking is applicable only to the location of the monitoring station. When
there was more than one station per county, the highest level was included in
the rating.
7.2.2.6 Ambient Monitoring Data for Nitrogen Dioxide (NO?)
Sources that are potential major emitters of NO2 (i.e., coal related
developments) are required to conduct an air quality analysis to determine if
NAAQS will be violated.
Ambient monitoring data (arithmetic mean) from the USEPA National
Aerometric Data Bank-SAROAD System for those counties in New Mexico that
monitor for NO2 are presented in Table 7-3. The ambient NO2 levels in the
Study Area were rated high, medium, or low for the most recent year available
(Figure 7-5). The ratings were arbitrarily based on the upper third (high),
middle third (medium), and lower third (low) of the NAAQS for the arithmetic
mean. A rating above low occurred only in Bernalillo County. The ranking is
applicable only to the location of the monitoring station. When there was more
than one station per county, the highest level was used.
7.2.3 Major Emission
The quantity and location of the major point source emissions* in New
Mexico are helpful in planning the location of coal development. The potential
for a violation of either the NAAQS or the PSD increments (for SO2 and
particulates) increases where there is a cluster of major point source
emitters or where there are higher levels of point and area source emissions.
7-18
-------
7.2.3.1 Point Source Emissions
Major point sources are clustered around larger cities such as
Albuquerque, Santa Fe, and Farmington (Exhibit 7 and Table 7-4). Point source
emissions of particulates were greater than 15,000 tons/year in Bernalillo and
San Juan counties. SO2 emissions greater than 25,000 tons/year were also
reported from Bernalillo and San Juan counties. SO2 emissions in excess of
100,000 tons/year occurred in San Juan County. N0X emissions greater than
5,000 tons/year were reported from Bernalillo, McKinley, and San Juan counties
(Table 7-4).
7.2.3.2 Area Source Emissions
Area source emissions are defined as sources reported collectively because
they are too difficult to be surveyed individually. These sources can affect
the ambient air quality of the county relative to the NAAQS and the PSD
increments (for SO2 and particulate matter), and therefore could affect the
amount of additional emissions allowed in the area.
Data for the total 1978 area sources particulates (SO2, and NOx) for
each county are presented in Table 7-5. Data for the total 1978 point and
area sources for each county are presented in Table 7-6. The total point and
area source emissions for particulates range from 16,667 tons/year in Sierra
County to 1,313,758 tons/year in McKinley County. Point and area source
particulate emissions greater than 100,000 tons/year were reported for
Bernalillo, McKinley, and San Juan counties. The SO2 area and point source
emissions range fdrom 35 tons/year in Catron County to 131,979 tons/year in
San Juan County. Point and area source SO2 emissions greater than 20,000
tons/year were reported from Bernalillo and San Juan counties, with the
^¦The USEPA National Aerometric Data Bank - SAROAD System (ambient data)
monitors for NO2, while the USEPA NEDS (point and area sources) monitors
for N0X.
7-19
-------
Table 7-4. Total 1978 county emissions (tons/year) from point sources
for 13 New Mexico counties.
Total
Point
Number of
Plants
>
Source
Emissions
100 Tons
Per Year
County
Particulates
so2
NO
Particulates
S0o
NO
3
Bernilillo
23,126
t-
23,618
X
11,010
7
3
4
Catron
42
1
6
0
0
0
Colfax
515
144
149
2
1
1
Lincoln
22
0
2,626
0
0
2
McKinley
783
2,466
6,330
3
3
7
Otero
758
2
18
1
0
0
Rio Arriba
238
36
2,332
0
0
6
Sandoval
538
42
1,029
1
0
2
San Juan
16,983
130,747
122,527
4
4
20
Santa Fe
510
0
0
1
0
0
Sierra
1,821
0
0
1
0
0
Socorro
17
0
0
0
0
0
Valencia
639
41
3,270
1
0
5
Source: USEPA. 1981. National emissions data system. Computer printout,
January 1981, variously paged.
7-20
-------
Table 7-5. Total 1978 county emissions (tons/year) from area sources
for 13 New Mexico counties.
County
Bernalillo
Particulates
so„
NO
y -
111,602
3,223
16,460
Catron
34,267
34
414
Colfax
26,368
140
1,127
Lincoln
43,685
135
1,104
McKinley
1,312,975
974
6,816
Otero
56,507
426
2,778
Rio Arriba
76,595
196
1,797
Sandoval
42,372
235
2,673
San Juan
142,443
1,232
6,894
Santa Fe
44,162
497
3,289
Sierra
14,846
58
515
Socorro
44,294
91
997
Valencia
93,041
352
3,308
Source: USEPA. 1981. National emissions data system. Computer printout,
January 1981, variously paged.
7-21
-------
Table 7-6. Total 1978 emissions (tons/year) from point and area sources
for 13 New Mexico counties.
County
Particulates
SO,
NO
Bernalillo
Catron
Colfax
Lincoln
McKinley
Otero
Rio Arriba
Sandoval
San Juan
Santa Fe
Sierra
Socorro
Valencia
134,728
34,309
26,883
43,707
1,313,758
57,265
76,833
42,910
159,426
44,672
16,667
44,311
93,680
26,841
35
284
135
3,440
428
232
277
131,979
497
58
91
393
27,470
420
1,276
3,730
13,146
2,796
4,129
3,702
129,421
3,289
515
997
6,578
Source: USEPA. 1981. National emissions data system. Computer printout,
January 1981, variously paged.
7-22
-------
emissions in San Juan County in excess of 100,000 tons/year. The total point
and areas sources for N0X range from 420 tons/year in Catron County to
129,421 tons/year in San Juan County. Point and area source N0X emissions
greater than 25,000 tons/year were reported from Bernalillo and San Juan
counties. N0X emissions in excess of 100,000 tons/year were reported from
San Juan County.
7.3 NOISE
7.3.1 Existing Environment
Specific information concerning the existing noise environment of New
Mexico cannot be presented because noise levels differ dramatically from one
area to another. Since noise attenuates rapidly with distance, it is best
defined on a site-specific basis (i.e., a noise survey should be performed at
each location of interest to determine the actual noise environment).
"Typical" noise values for urban and rural environments are established
(Figure 7-6). However, even in the noise categories presented, the noise level
can vary significantly depending on location.
7.3.2 Noise Levels from Typical Mining Operations
The major noise producing equipment associated with mining operations are
the dragline, front loaders, tractors, haul trucks, scrapers, backhoes, water
trucks, and mine vent fans (Table 7-7). Whereas noise levels attenuate
rapidly with distance (6 dBA per doubling of distance), the effects of noise
sensitive receptors will be confined to those areas immediately outside of the
mine area. Noise sensitive receptors may include private residences, schools,
hospitals, and parks. Commercial and industrial activities are not generally
considered sensitive to noise (USEPA 1978a).
7-23
-------
Figure 7-6. Typical urban and rural L, noise levels (NRC 1977)
an
QUALITATIVE
DESCRIPTIONS
City Noise
(Downtown Major
Metropolis)
DAY-NIGHT
SOUND LEVEL
DECI8ELS
_90_ OUTDOOR LOCATIONS
Los Angeles — 3rd Floor Apartment Next to
Freeway
^ Los Angeles — % Mile from Touch Down at
Major Airport
on
Los Angeles — Downtown With Some Con-
struction Activity
Very Noisy
Noisy Urban
Urban
Suburban
-:r\
Harlem - 2nd Floor Apartment
-70-
Boston — Row Housing on Major Avenue
-61A
i\
Watts — 8 Miles from Touch Down
at Major Airport
Newport - 3.5 Miles from Takeoff at
~ Small Airport
Los Angeles — Old Residential Area
Fillmore — Small Town Cul-de-Sac
Small Town and
et Suburban San Diego — Wooded Residential
California — Tomato Field on Farm
-40-
The L, is the 24-hour equivalent noise level with a 10 dBA penalty
applied to the hours between 10:00 p.m. and 7:00 a.m.
7-24
-------
Table 7-7. Noise levels (dBA) produced by coal mining equipment at
100 feet (30 meters).
Equipment Sound Level
Dragline1 74
100 ton truck (loaded) at 12 MPH1 70
Tractor1 72
Water truck (10-12 MPH)1 65
Scraper1 67
2
Front loader 73
2
Backhoe 71
3
Mine vent fan 77
Sources: Adapted
^Adapted
"^Adapted
from USGS 1976.
from USEPA 1971.
from Watkins and
Associates 1979.
7-25
-------
7.3.3 Noise Criteria and Standards
There are no Federal, State, or local regulations at this time defining
the noise level effects associated with industrial or mining operations. The
USEPA has published values below which there is no reason to suspect that the
general public will be at risk from any effects of noise (EPA 1978). These
values are not considered guidelines or regulations and were derived without
concern for technical or economic feasibility, these values contain a margin
of safety to ensure their protective benefit. These values are presented in
Table 7-8.
7-26
-------
Table 7-8. Yearly L,jn values established to protect public health and welfare
with a margin of safety.
Effect Level Area
Hearing Leq(24) 70 dB All areas (at the ear)
Outdoor activity Leq(24) 70 dB
interference and
annoyance
Outdoors in residential areas
and farms and other outdoor areas
where people spend widely varying
amounts of time and other places
in which quiet is a basis for use
Leq(24) 55 dB Outdoor areas where people spend
limited amounts of time, such as
school yardsj playgrounds, etc.
Indoor activity Ljjn 45 dB Indoor residential areas.
interference and
annoyance
Leq(24) 45 dB Other indoor areas with human
activities such as schools, etc.
Source: USEPA 1978a. Protective noise levels. EPA 550/9-79-100, Washington DC.
7-27
-------
PAGE NOT
AVAILABLE
DIGITALLY
-------
CHAPTER 8.0 CULTURAL RESOURCES
-------
8.0 CULTURAL RESOURCES
8.1 INTRODUCTION
Cultural resources are archaeological data "embodied In material remains
(artifacts, structures, refuse, etc.), utilized purposefully or accidentally
by human beings, and in the spatial relationships among such remains (36 CFR
1210.4[lb])". Cultural resources may be historic, prehistoric, or scientific
data.
This discussion is based on a review of relative literature and will
briefly define the major (prehistoric and historic) cultural traditions and
identify the different types of sites for each and their known distribution.
The major traditions represent similar trends in technology, settlement
patterns, and site types over a wide geographic area. Although all major
traditions are present throughout New Mexico, there are regional variations in
specific manifestations. Figure 8-1 is a graphical outline of the two major
cultural regions in the Study Area. The major traditions and the regional
sequences, with each sequence being defined by specific artifact types, are
identified in Table 8-1.
All observations concerning site distributions are tentative, given the
present state of knowledge. Although New Mexico Is among the most Intensively
investigated areas in the United States, the data base is neither complete nor
accurate enough to predict exactly where sites occur except in certain select
areas. Although approximately 11,000 sites from the 13 counties are on file
with the Archeological Records Management Program at the Laboratory of
Anthropology, New Mexico Museum, and the New Mexico State Historic
Preservation Bureau (Table 8-2, Figure 8-2), these do not represent the total
number of sites present, since no county is has been inventoried completely.
The National Park Service has developed a computerized data base using records
of known sites to develop a predictive model of site location based on exist-
8-1
-------
NORTHERN ANASAZI
LINCOLN
OTERO
SOUTHERN MOGOLLON
Figure 8-1. Major cultural regions of New Mexico.
8-2
-------
Table 8-1. Major cultural traditions and regional sequences in New Mexico.
Regional Sequences
Years
BP1
0
400
Northern
(Anasazi)
Southern
(Mogollon)
Historic
Historic
Historic
¦H
V
IV
Pueblo III
c
o
IV
Pueblo III
Ceramic
N
nj
w
ni
C
II
I
1—1
T—1
o
60
o
5
4
<
Basketmaker III
X
3
Basketmaker II
1
Archaic
Oshara
Tradition
Cochise
Tradition
Paleo-Indian
P A L E 0 -
I
N D I A N
2000
7000
12000
"'"BP = "Before Present"
-------
Table 8-2. Number of prehistoric and historic sites in the Study Area.
County
Bernalillo
Catron
Colfax
Lincoln
McKinley
Otero
Rio Arriba
Sandoval
San Juan
Santa Fe
Sierra
Socorro
Valencia
Laboratory of
Anthropology,
Museum of
New Mexico
41
395
7
89
2,016
171
1,627
1,614
3,626
340
13
226
584
10,749
New Mexico
State Historic
Preservation
Program
99
17
29
10
33
13
36
28
35
97
9
92
30
528
National Register
of Historic Places
23 (1 district)
4
10 (2 districts)
5 (2 districts)
12 (3 districts)
[6-4 districts]
4 (2 districts)[3]
13 (1 district)
[1 district]
15 [5-1 district]
9 (2 districts)
[8-4 districts]
34 (4 districts)
2
11
13
National
Historic
Landmarks
2
1
1
155 (17 districts)[23]
_3
19
[ ] = Eligble sites
Sources: Federal Register. Volume 44, No. 26, pt. 2, 1979, Volume 45, No. 54,
pt. 2, 1980; Volume 46, No. 22, pt. 2, 1981.
Laboratory of Anthropology, Museum of New Mexico. Archeological Records
Management Program. February, 1981.
State of New Mexico, State Historic Preservation Program. Property
Inventory By County, Revised August, 1980.
8-4
-------
~RJO ARRIBA
^A©0
MCKINLEY
VA®00
SANDOVAL
V^AQOQ
I I SANTA FE
COLFAX
VA©EI
VALENCIA
584
V
fA©
\ bernalill
rA@0m(
LINCOLN
^A©Q
rmOQ
VA©
OTEROL
VA©
LEGEND
V Museum of New Mexico, Laboratory of Anthropology
A State Historic Sites Inventory
National Register
Eligible Sites
~ National Historic Landmarks
Figure 8-2. Recorded prehistoric and historic sites in the Study Area.
8-5
-------
ing data in the San Juan Basin. This program was instituted, in part, to aid
energy development projects in fulfilling obligations with regards to cultural
resources.
Although the following discussion on site distributions is based on an
incomplete data base, two main axioms generally are accepted: (1) prehistoric
occupations tend to be oriented toward major drainages and associated
tributaries, and (2) historic occupations tend to be more randomly scattered
about the landscape.
The following discussion is not necessarily meant to emphasize prehistoric
sites. Because historic sites are more visible and more variabile than
prehistoric sites, those sites in the Study Area included in or eligible to
the National Register of Historic Places (Tables 8-3 and 8-4) are presented to
show the variety of historic resources. The National Register has
traditionally emphasized historic resources; by referring to Tables 8-3 and
8-4, a better description of the types of historic resources in New Mexico can
be obtained.
8.2 TEMPORAL UNITS
The major cultural traditions in New Mexico are identified in Table 8-1.
These are pan-regional constructs that extend beyond New Mexico and have
temporal significance because of similarities in types and distributions of
artifacts and sites. The specific manifestations of these traditions vary
throughout the State and are thought of as individual archaeological cultures
identified by a specific artifact assemblage (Table 8-1).
8.2.1 Paleo-Indian (12000 - 7000 BP1)
Importance; Earliest widely accepted evidence for human occupation in
North America.
Settlement-subsistence: Exploitation of large Late Pleistocene animals by
highly mobile human groups.
^BP - "Before Present, "i.e., before 1950.
8-6
-------
Table 8-3. Sites in the Study Area presently on the National Register of
Historic Places.
Albuquerque.
Albuquerque.
Albuquerque.
Albuquerque.
Albuquerque.
Albuquerque.
Albuquerque.
Bernalillo County
Albuquerque. Armijo, Salvador, House, 618 Rio Grande Blvd., NW. , (10-8-76)
Barela-Bledsoe House, 7017 Edith Blvd., NE., (3-12-79)
DeGracia, Tomasa Griego, House, 6939 Edith Blvd., NE (6-19-79)
First Methodist Episcopal Church, 3rd St. and Lead Ave., (11-7-76)
First National Bank Building, 217-233 Central Ave., NW., (2-2-79)
Hodgin Hall, University of New Mexico campus, (1-30-78)
Hope Building, 220 Gold St., SW. (8-29-80)
Huning Highlands Historic District, Bounded by Grand Ave., 1-25
Hazeldine and AT&SF RR, (11-17-78)
Albuquerque. Kimo Theater, 421 Central Ave., (5-2-77)
Lewis, Charles W. Building, 1405-1407 2nd St., SW., (7-3-79)
Occidental Life Building, 119 3rd Avd., SW., (1-30-78)
O'Reilly, J.H., House, 220 9th St., NW., (1-29-79)
Pacific Desk Building, 213-215 Gold Ave., SW. (9-30-80)
Rancho De Carnue Site, Off US 66, (5-4-77)
Rosenwald Building, 320 Central Ave., SW., (6-29-78)
San Felipe De Neri Church, Old Town Plaza, NW., (10-1-69)
San Ignacio Church, 1300 Walter St., NE, (8-21-79)
Southwestern Brewery and Ice Company, 601 Commercial St., NE.,
Albuquerque.
Albuquerque.
Albuquerque.
Albuquerque.
Albuquerque.
Albuquerque.
Albuquerque.
Albuquerque.
Albuquerque.
(3-30-78)
Albuquerque.
Albuquerque.
Spitz, Berthold, House, 323 N. 10th St., (12-22-77)
Superintendent's House, Atlantic & Pacific Railroad, 1023 S. 2nd
St., (1-20-78)
Albuquerque. Vigil, Antonio, House, 413 Romero St., (5-5-78)
Isleta. Isleta Pueblo (Tuei), US 85, (9-5-75)
Tijeras. Holy Child Church, Off I-40/US 66, (3-8-78)
Catron County
Datil vicinity. AKE Site, SE of Datil, (4-2-76)
Horse Springs vicinity. Bat Cave, S of Horse Springs, (4-23-76)
Red Hill vicinity. Mogollon Pueblo, N of Red Hill, (5-5-78)
Silver City vicinity. Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument, 47 mi. N of
Silver City on NM 25 and 527, (10-15-66)
Colfax County
Abbott vicinity. Dorsey Mansion, about 12 mi. NE of Abbott off US 56, (9-4-70)
Cimmaron. Cimmaron Historic District, S edge of city along NM 21, (4-3-73)
Eagle Nest vicinty. Eagle Nest Dam, 3 mi. SE of Eagle Nest off US 64, (4-18-79)
Folsom vicinity. Folsom Site, 8 mi. W of Folsom, (10-15-66) NHL
Raton. Raton Downtown Historic District, Roughly bounded by Rio Grande, Clark,
1st and 3rd Sts., (10-21-77)
Raton vicinity. Catskill Charcoal Ovens, 35 mi. (56 km) W of Raton, (1-30-78)
Raton vicinity. Raton Pass, US 85-87, Co/NM border, (10-15-66)(also in Las
Animas County, Co) NHL
Raton vicinity. St. John's Methodist Episcopal Church, 17 mi. (27 km) E of Raton
on NM 72, (1-18-78)
Springer. Cowan, R.H., Livery Stable, 220 Maxwell Ave., (8-3-79)
Springer. Mills House, 509 1st St., (10-6-70)
8-7
-------
Table 8-3. Sites in the Study Area presently on the National Register of
Historic Places (continued).
Lincoln County
Capitan vicinity. Fort Stanton, 7 mi. SE of Capitan near US 380, (4-13-73)
Lincoln. Lincoln Historic District, US 380, (10-15-66) NHL
Lincoln vicinity. Feather Cave, (11-20-74)
Nogal vicinity. El Paso and Southwestern Railway Water Supply System, S of
Nogal, (11-21-79)
White Oaks. White Oaks Historic Distric, 12 mi. NE of Carrizozo on NM 349,
(9-4-70)
McKinley County
Crownpoint vicinity. Case De Estrella Archeological Site (Anasazi Sites within
the Chacoan Interaction Sphere Thematic Resources)(10-10-80)
Crownpoint vicinity. Dalton Pass Archeological Site (Anasazi Sites within the
Chacoan Interaction Sphere Thematic Resources)(10-10-80)
Crownpoint vicinity. Greenlee Archeological Site (Anasazi Sites within the
Chacoan Interaction Sphere Thematic Resources)(10-10-80)
Crownpoint vicinity. Haystack Archeological District (Anasazi Sites within the
Chacoan Interaction Sphere Thematic Resources)(10-10-80)
Crownpoint vicinity. Upper Kin Klizhin Archeological Site (Anasazi Sites within
the Chacoan Interaction Sphere Thematic Resources)(10-10-80)
Fort Wingate. Fort Wingate Historic District, NM 400, (5-26-78)
Fort Wingate vicinity. Fort Wingate Archeological Site (Anasazi Sites within
the Chacoca Interaction Sphere Thematic Resources)(10-10-80)
Gallup. Cotton, C.N., House, 406 W. Aztec Ave., (7-10-79)
Gallup vicinity. Halona Pueblo (Zuni Pueblo), 36 mi. S of Gallup on NM 2 and NM 3,
(2-10-75)
Manuelito vicinity. Manuelito Complex, S of Manuelito, (10-15-66) NHL
Prewitt vicinity. Andrews Archeological District, NE of Prewitt, (5-17-79)
Thoreau vicinity. Chaco Canyon National Monument, 64 mi. N of Thoreau on NM 56,
(10-15-66)
Otero County
Cloudcroft vicinity. Mexican Canyon Trestle, NW of Cloudcroft off NM 83, (5-7-79)
La Luz Townsite Multiple Resource Area. This area includes: La Luz, La Luz
Historic District, off NM 83; Garcia, Juan House, Tulurosa St.; Queen Anne House,
Kearny St.; Sutherland, D. H., House, Main St., (10-23-80)
La Luz vicinity. La Luz Pottery Factory, 2 mi. (3.2 km) E of La Luz, (5-29-79)
Tularosa. Tularosa Original Townsite District, US 54/70, (2-14-79)
Rio Arriba County
Cumbres and Toltec Scenic Railroad (Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad),
Between Chama, New Mexico and Antonito, Colorado (1-2-74)
Abiquiu vicinity. Santa Rosa De Lima De Abiquiu, E of Abiquiu on US 84, (4-14-78)
Blanco vicinity. Frances Canyon Ruin, 17 mi. NE of Blanco, (9-4-70)
Canones vicinity. Tsiping, 7 mi W of Abiquiu in Santa Fe National Forest, (9-4-70)
Cordova. San Antonio De Padua Del Quemado Chapel, off NM 76, (11-2-78)
Dulce vicinity. Vicenti Site, (5-14-79)
Embudo. Embudo Historic District, US 64, (3-12-79)
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Table 8-3. Sites in the Study Area presently on the National Register of
Historic Places (continued).
Rio Arriba County (cont'd)
Espanola. Bond, Frank, House, Bond St. (3-6-80)
Espanola vicinity. Puye Ruins, 14 mi. W of Espanola, (10-15-66) NHL
Espanola vicinity. San Gabriel De Yungue-Quinge, 4 mi. N of Espanola,
(10-15-66) NHL
Espanola vicinity. Santa Clara Pueblo (Kapo'onwi), S of Espanola off NM 30,
(11-5-74)
Farmington vicinity. Crow Canyon Archeological Site, E of Farmington, (also in San
Juan County) (7-15-74)
Santa Fe vicinity. San Juan Pueblo (Oke'onwi), N of Santa Fe, (7-30-74)
Sandoval County
Albuquerque vicinity. Pueblo of Santo Domingo (Kiua), 35 mi. NE of Albuquerque,
off 1-25, (12-12-73)
Bernalillo. Abenicio Salazar Historic District, US 85 (6-8-80)
Bernalillo. Our Lady of Sorrows Church, US 85, (4-29-77)
Bernalillo vicinity. Jemez Pueblo, 28 mi. N of Bernalillo on NM 4, (5-2-77)
Bernalillo vicinity. Kuaua Ruin, N of Bernalillo off NM 44, (1-1-76)
Bernalillo vicinity. Sandia Cave, 11 mi. E of Bernalillo in Cibola National
Forest, (10-15-66) NHL
Bernalillo vicinity. Tamaya (Santa Ana Pueblo), N of Bernalillo, (11-1-74)
Bernalillo vicinity. Zia Pueblo, 18 mi. W of Bernalillo on NM 44, (4-3-73)
Casa Salazar vicinity. Big Bead Mesa, W of Casa Salazar in Cibola National
Forest, (10-15-64) NHL
Corrales. San Ysidro Church, Church Rd., (7-30-80)
Guadalupe vicinity. Guadalupe Ruin, SE of Guadalupe (3-24-80)
Jemez Spring vicinity. San Juan Mesa Ruin, 4 mi. E of Jemez Springs in Santa Fe
National Forest, (7-9-70)
Jemez Springs. Jemez State Monument (San Jose De Los Jemez Mission and Giusewa
Pueblo), NM 4, (3-14-73)
Los Alamos vicinity. Bandelier National Monument, 12 mi. S of Los Alamos on NM 4,
(10-15-66)
Santa Fe vicinity. Cochiti Pueblo, 27 mi. SW of Santa Fe on the Rio Grande,
(11-20-74)
San Juan County
Crow Canyon Archeological Site, Reference-see Rio Arriba County (1-2-74)
Aztec vicinity. Aztec Ruins National Monument, 1 mi. N of Aztec, (10-15-66)
Bloomfield vicinity. Halfway House Archeological Site (Anasazi Sites within the
Chacoan Interaction Sphere Thematic Resources)(10-10-80)
Bloomfield vicinity. Twin Angels Archeological Site (Anasazi Sites within the
Chacoan Interaction Sphere Thematic Resources)(10-10-80)
Farmington vicinity. Gallegos Wash Archeological District, SE of Farmington,
(11-20-75)
Farmington vicinity. Salmon Ruin, 9 mi. E of Farmington off NM 17, (9-4-70)
Fruitland vicinity. Archeological Site OCA-CGP-56, SW of Fruitland, (2-23-78)
Fruitland vicinity. Site No. OCA-CGP-54-1, SW of Fruitland, (4-19-78)
La Plata vicinity. Morris' No. 41 Archeological District, (5-17-79)
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Table 8-3. Sites in the Study Area presently on the National Register of
Historic Places (continued).
Santa Fe County
Glorieta Pass Battlefield. 10 mi. SE of Santa Fe on US 84-85, (also in San Miguel
County) (10-15-66) NHL
Chimayo vicinity. Plaza Del Cerro (Plaza Del San Buenaventura), SW of jet. of
Rtes. 76 and 4, (7-17-72)
Espanola vicinity. San Ildefonso Pueblo, SW of Espano.la off NM 4, (6-20-74)
Lamy vicinity. Apache Canyon Railroad Bridge, 3 mi. (4.8 km) NE of Lamy over
Galisteo Creek, (4-27-79)
Madrid. Madrid Historic District, 25 mi SW of Santa Fe on MN 14, (11-9-77)
Santa Cruz. La Iglesia De Santa Cruz and Site of the Plaza of Santa Cruz De La
Canada, (8-17-73)
Santa Fe. Barrio De Analco Historic District, roughly bounded by E. De Vargas
and College Sts. and the Santa Fe River, (11-24-68) NHL
Santa Fe. Bergere, Alfred M., House, 135 Grant Ave., (10-1-75)
Santa Fe. Crespin, Gregorio, House, 132 E. De Vargas St., (5-29-75)
Santa Fe. Davey, Randall, House, Upper Canyon Rd., (7-9-70)
Santa Fe. Digneo-Valdes House, 1231 Paseo de Peralta, (11-21-78)
Santa Fe. Federal Building, Cathedral PI. at Palace St., (8-15-74)
Santa Fe. Fort Marcy Officer's Residence, 116 Lincoln Ave., (6-20-75)
Santa Fe. Fort Marcy Ruins, off NM 475, (4-14-75)
Santa Fe. Hayt-Wientge House, 620 Paseo de la Cuma, (5-6-77)
Santa Fe. National Park Service Southwest Regional Office, Old Santa Fe Trail,
(10-6-70)
Santa Fe. Palace of the Governors, The Plaza, (10-15-66) NHL
Santa Fe. Reredos of Our Lady of Light, Christo Rey Church, Canyon Rd. and
Cristo Rey St., (9-4-70)
Santa Fe. Santa Fe Historic District, (7-23-73)
Santa Fe. Santa Fe Plaza, (10-15-66) NHL
Santa Fe. Second Ward School, 312 Sandoval St., (3-30-78)
Santa Fe. Shonnard, Eugenie, House, 226 Hickox St., (9-5-75)
Santa Fe. Spiegelberg House (Spitz House), 237 E. Palace St., (5-25-73)
Santa Fe. Tully, Pinckney R., House, 136 Grant Ave., (11-5-74)
Santa Fe. US Courthouse, Federal PI., (5-25-73)
Santa Fe. Vierra, Carlos, House, 1002 Old Pecos Trail, (8-3-79)
Santa Fe. Vigil, Donaciano, House, 518 Alto St., (6-28-72)
Santa Fe vicinity. Acequia System of El Rancho de las Golondrinas, 12 mi. SE of
Santa Fe (2-1-80)
Santa Fe vicinity. Otowi Historic District, 25 mi. N of Santa Fe on NM 4 in
Rio Grande Valley, (12-4-75)
Santa Fe vicinity. Pueblo of Nambe, about 16 mi. off NM 4, (1-21-74)
Santa Fe vicinity. Pueblo of Tesuque (Tatunge), about 8 mi. N of Santa Fe on
W bank of Tesuque River, (7-16-73)
Santa Fe vicinity. San Lazaro, 25 mi. S of Santa Fe, (10-15-66) NHL
Santa Fe vicinity. Seton Village, 6 mi. S of Santa Fe off US 84/85, (10-15-66) NHL
Truchas vicinity. El Santuario De Chimayo, S of Truchas in Chimayo, (4-15-70) NHL
Sierra.County '
Arrey vicinity. Percha Diversion Dam, 2 mi. (3.2 km) NE of Arrey, (4-6-79)
Elephant Butte vicinity. Elephant Butte Dam and Reservoir, NW of Elephant
Butte off NM 51, (4-9-79)
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Table 8-3. Sites in the Study Area presently on the National Register of
Historic Places (concluded).
Socorro County
Bingham vicinity. Trinity Site, 25 mi. S of US 380 on White Sands Missile Range,
(10-15-66) NHL
Gran Quivira vicinity. Gran Quivira National Monument, 1 mi. E of Gran Quivira on
NM 10, (10-15-66)(also in Torrance County)
Magdalena. Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway Depot, off US 60 (12-29-78)
Magdalena. MacDonald Merchandise Building, US 60 (9-25-80)
Magdalena vicinity. Clemens Ranchhouse, S of Magdalena, (4-18-79)
Magdalena vicinity. Gallinas Springs Ruin, 25 mi. S of Santa Fe in Cibola
National Forest, (9—4—70)
Socorro. Bursum House, 326 Church St., (6-18-75)
Socorro. Garcia Opera House, Terry Ave and California St., (8-13-74)
Socorro. Illinois Brewery, Neal Ave and 6th St., (9-2-75)
Socorro. Val Verde Hotel, 203 Manzanares St., (9-13-77)
Socorro vicinity. Fort Craig, 37 mi. S of Socorro, (10-15-70)
Valencia County
Acoma. San Estevan Del Rey Mission Church; ori NM 23, (4-15-70) NHL
Adelino. Baca, Miguel E., tfouse, NM 47, (12-11-78)
Albuquerque vicinity. Laguna Pueblo, 45 mi. W of Albuquerque off US 66, (6-19-73)
Casa Blanca vicinity. Acoma, 13 mi. S of Casa Blanca on NM 23, (10-15-66) NHL
El Morro vicinity. El Morro National Monument, 2 mi. W of El Morro via NM 53,
(10-15-66)
Encinal. Village of Encinal Day School (8-8-80)
Granta vicinity. Dittert Site, S of Grants, (8-22-77)
Laguna Pueblo. San Jose De La Laguna Mission and Convento, (1-29-73)
Los Lunas. Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railroad Depot, US 85, (8-1-79)
Los Lunas vicinity. Luna, Tranquilino, House, SW of Los Lunas at jet. of US
85 and NM 6, (4-16-75)
San Mateo vicinity. San Mateo Archeological Site, NW of San Mateo, (5-17-79)
Tome. Tome Jail, Tome Plaza, (10-5-77)
Zuni vicinity. Hawikuh, 12 mi. SW of Zuni, Zuni Indian Reservation, (10-15-66)
NHL
NHL - National Historic Landmark
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Table 8-4. Sites in the Study Area that are eligible for inclusion in the
National Register.
McKinley County
51 Sites in the Bisti-Star Lake Region
Crownpoint vicinity. Archeological Site SJC-479
Gallup vicinity. McKinley Mine Archeological District
Navajo New Mexico High School Site
Zuni. Oak Wash Sites N.M.G.:13:19-NMG:13-37. Zuni Pueblo Watershed
Zuni Pueblo Multiple Resource Area, Yellowhouse Dam Project. This area includes
sites: 2-4, 6-9, 11, 12, 14-20, 22, 23, 25-45, 49-69, 71-73, 75-85, 87-133,
135-151, 153-156, 158-165, 170-172, 174-182, 184-192, 195-200, 202-223, 225-227,
229-235, 238-240, 244-257, 259-294, 296-306, 308-313, 315, 318, and localities
numbered: 404, 405-407, 411, 413, 414, 417, 418, 422-425, 431, 435, 440, 441,
445-449, 451-457, 459-61, 463, 472-475, 481, 483, 484, 488, 490, 491, 498, 504,
507, 508, 515.
Otero County
Dog Canyon Archeological Site (LA 15839), Oliver Lee Memorial State Park
Three Rivers Petroglyphs
La Luz vicinity. La Luz Pottery Factory, 2 mi. (3.2 km) E of La Luz (5-29-79)
Rio Arriba County
Ghost Ranch vicinity. Cerrito Recreation Site Archeological District, (11-14-78)
Sandoval County
Bandelier National Monument. Archeological Sites LA 13659 and LA 12117
Boca Geothermal Lease Archeological District
Corrales vicinity. Archeological Site 0CA:SCS:3, (63.3)
Tetilla Peak Recreation Area. Tetilla Peak Site
San Juan County
Archeological Site DCA-79-364
Bolack Land Exchange Multiple Resource Area. This area includes 53 sites in
Stewart Canyon
Burnham. Lower Chaco River Multiple Resource Area. This area includes 152
archeological sites along the Chaco River
Burnham. Navajo Tribal Lands Multiple Resource Area. This area includes 8
archeological sites situated on tribal lands leased to Consolidated Coal
Farmington. Archeological Site DCA-80-19
Little Water vicinity. Archeological Site LA 7371, near US 666
Shiprock vicinity. Archeological Site LA 8970, off US 550
Squaw Springs vicinity. Squaw Springs Archeological Sites 1, 8-23, 25-51, 53-61
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Diagonistic artifacts: Distinctive, lanceolate-shaped projectile points.
Site types:
Kill sites - locations where Late Pleistocene animals were killed and
butchered.
Camp sites - Occupational locations.
Comments: Some of the most well-known Paleo-Indian sites, such as Folsom
Site and Sandia Cave (both are on the National Register of Historic Places and
list of National Historic Landmarks), are in the Study Area. New Mexico has
long been important for the study of Paleo-Indians. Both site types have been
identified in New Mexico. Paleo-lndian sites are often associated with
Pleistocene playa deposits in central and northwestern New Mexico but are
occasionally found at higher elevations. Paleo-Indian occupations are known
from both open-air and camp sites. In general, sites are in close proximity
to water, in areas that potentially served as game traps and at points that
provided overviews of the surrounding plains. There exists a possibility of
buried Paleo-Indian sites along valleys of major rivers such as the Rio Grande
River. Paleo-Indian sites are known from areas around Albuquerque.
8.2.2 Archaic (7000 - 2000 BP)
Importance: Represents increasing regionalism and a change in settle-
ment-subsistence and technology.
Settlement-subsistence: Seasonal movement between sites to exploit
locally available flora and fauna.
Diagonistic artifacts: Includes projectile points called "dart points,
and food grinding implements.
Site types:
Base camps - Major site types where a variety of activities took
place and identified by a wide variety of artifact types,
depth and extent of cultural material, and features such as hearths,
burials, and storage pits and pit houses late in this period.
Campsites/specialized activity sites - locations where specific
activities took place that lack the variety and density of
artifacts at base camps. Specialized activity sites include:
• Quarry sites - where raw material for stone tools were procured.
• Hunting-butchering sites - where animals were killed and
butchered.
o Plant processing sites - where plant foods were secured.
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Comments. Base camps are generally located near drainages or other
permanent water or along upland edges. Dunefields, rockshelters and overhangs
were used when available. Specialized activity sites were randomly
distributed and generally associated with the desired resources. Two major
Archaic traditions are present: the Oshara Tradition to the north and the
Cochise tradition to the south. The former developed into the succeeding
Anasazi Tradition, while the latter became the Mogollon Tradition.
8.2.3 Ceramic (3000 - 300 BP)
Importance: Represents the zenith and culmination of prehistoric
occupation marked by the appearance of domesticates, sedentism, and
increased social organization and ceremonialism.
Settlement - subsistence: Semi-sedentary occupations based on
domesticates.
Diagonistic artifacts: Ceramics, small projectile points called "arrow-
points" and occasional ceremonial objects.
Site types:
Habitation sites:
© Surface structures contain above-ground structures constructed
with masonary, adobe or jackal, and include pueblos, pueblitos and
field houses.
o Sub-surface structures contain semi-subterranean structures and
include pithouses, pithouse villages and kivas (usually associated
with pueblos and publitos).
e Undefined surface sites include lithica and ceramic scatters,
(with or without refuse areas), isolated hearths or hearth
clusters, tepee rings and campsites, and specialized activity
sites.
a Rockshelters and overhangs
Non-habitation sites include petroglyph-pictograph sites, quarries,
roads, trails, irrigation canals, diversion dams, terraced fields,
stone enclosures, shrines, and ritual structures.
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Comments: Two general traditions are identified for the Ceramic period.
To the north was the Anasaizi (Basketmaker-Pueblo) Tradition; to the south the
Mogollon Tradition. The former developed out of the Oshara Tradition, while
the latter grew out of the Cochise Tradition. In general, the differences
between the Anasazi and Mogollon represent different adaptive strategies to
differing environments; the Anasazi were desert-oriented while the Mogollons
adapted to more mountainous environments. The major differences in cultural
traits include the emphasis in black-on-white pottery among the Anasazi, and
Red-on-Brown pottery among the Mogollon, the relative late appearances of
villages and greater emphasis on hunting in the former compared with the
later, and the greater use of elaborate water erosion control devices and the
presence of complex communication and trade among the Anasazi. Further,
throughout much of this period, the Anasazi tended towards more dense and
larger population aggregates, such as at Chaco Canyon and Pajarito Plateau.
Both traditions encompass several distinct subareas. Both the Mogollon and
Anasazi cultures emphasized population centers characterized by above-ground
pueblos resembling apartment-block structures. In addition, the Mogollon
utilized semi-subterranean pithouse villages. The larger population centers
of both centers are found along major drainages.
8.2.4 Historic (300 BP - Present)
Importance: Represents the period of Euro-American occupation.
Settlement-subsistence: Sedentlsm based on agro-economy.
Diagnostic artifacts: Glass, metal, and other nonaboriginal items along
with historic Navaho, Comanche, Apache, and Ute items.
Site types: The number of site types is extremely varied; a partial list
includes: early trading posts, military posts, farmsteads, missions,
churches, cemeteries, courthouses, communities, roadways, lumbering camps,
mines and mining camps, and ranches, land grants, haciendas, ranches;
sites associated with the oil industry, the uranium industry, the railroad
industry, along with historic Navaho, Apache, Comanche, and Ute sites,
hogans, shrines, corrals, sheepherder sites, trails, tepee rings, and
historic pueblos.
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Comments. The historic tradition is probably the most archaeologically
visible of all traditions. The period began with the advent of the first
Spanish explorers, principally Fray Marcos Niza in 1539 and Coronado in 1540.
However, European colonization really did not begin until the late 1500's and
early 1600's with the appearance of Spanish and Mexican colonists. Early
colonists tried to convert the Indians and established missions, trading
posts, and haciendas near the pueblos. During this period many of the major
pueblos such as Pecos, Acoma, and Santo Domingo were occupied by Spanish
missionaries.
The Spanish colonial period extended to the late 1700's and was
characteristized by the establishment of Spanish land grants and haciendas
along with early communities. These were concentrated along the Rio Grande
River north of Santa Fe and from Santa Domingo south to Belem. During this
period there was much strife between the Spanish and the Pueblo Indians, which
culminated in 1680 with the Pueblo Revolt. This revolt resulted in Internal
problems among the Pueblos and the breakdown of the various Pueblo provinces.
The Eighteenth Century saw the breakdown of the haciendas into smaller rancho
settlements and Increasing In-roads by Apache, Comanche, Ute, and Navaho
groups. In 1821, the Republic of Mexico was established and was accompanied
by increased trade and settlements by Americans. The Santa Fe Trail was a
popular route of travel during this period. In 1848, New Mexico became a
territory of the United States. Numerous battles were fought In New Mexico
during the Mexican-American War and the Civil War. During these wars an
influx of American military personnel entered New Mexico. This was further
augmented by the Homestead Act of 1862 and the Indian Wars of the 1870's and
1880's. The containment of the area by the military and the confinement of
the Indians to reservations was accompanied by the development of ranching,
sheep raising, timbering, mining, stage and railroad Industries, that in turn
Induced greater numbers of American settlers and the establishment of most of
the major modern communities in New Mexico. These various historic periods
are characterized by specific site types and distributions. The inclusion of
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all sites included in or eligible to the National Register of Historic Places
(Tables 8-3 and 8-4) provides an idea of the types and varieties of historic
(and, to a lesser extent, prehistoric) sites in the Study Area.
8.3 REGIONS
The remainder of this chapter will focus on the archaeology of the two
major regions as defined in Figure 8-1. These regions roughly correspond to
the Mogollon/Anasazi culture areas, although the differences between these two
groups is not as much in kind as in type.
8.3.1 Northern-Anasazl Area
The Northern-Anasazi area is especially well known owing to numerous
Pueblo ruins, such as Chaco Canyon, Salmon River, Pecos Pueblo, and Acoma.
Many of these are now National Parks or are still occupied., Chaco Canyon,
with its concentration of Pueblos, is perhaps one of the most spectacular and
well known of the Puebloan sites. It has long attracted archaeological
attention and Anasazi sites in the Chacoan interaction sphere are considered a
thermatic resource on the National Register of Historic Places (Table 8-3).
The region sequence is outlined in Table 8-1.
8.3.1.1 Paleo-Indian
A number of Palo-Indian sites are known from this region, including the
National Register Sites of Sandia Cave above Albuquerque, and the Folsom Site
in Colfax County. A majority of the finds consist of isolated occurrences of
projectile points; however, a number of areas possibly, such as the Central
Rio Grande River Valley, were densely populated. In the Middle Rio Grande
River Valley, three types of Paleo-Indian sites are known: base camps,
armament sites, and processing sites. Sites generally are near water, a
relatively short distance from a hunting area, and at or near an overview
area. The critical factor in site location was apparently the presence of
water. This same pattern was followed farther north in the Four Corners-San
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Juan River Basin area where Paleo-Indian sites were found in upland areas in
association with sand dunes. Paleo-Indian points also are found at high
elevations in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains and in buried Pleistocene gravel
deposits along the Middle Rio Grande River Valley near Albuquerque.
8.3.1.2 Archaic
In this region, the Archaic occupation is associated with the Oshara
Tradition and occurs in a variety of areas. When available, rockshelters and
overhangs were used in more mountainous situations. In the northwest, between
the Puerco River and Jemez River, sites occur in six well-defined locations:
canyon head clifftop dunes, canyon head cliffbase springs, canyon rivers,
ephemeral ponds, low mesaland, and upland arroyo-edge dune ridges. Over 500
archaeologic sites were found in this area. Base camps were located at Canyon
head, while scattered special-use sites were found on sloping mesas and along
canyon rims. Rare isolated hunting camps were situated near ephemeral ponds,
and quarry sites were located near outcrops of the desired raw materials, such
as in the Jemez Mountains. Seasonal sites were located along cliff bases and
in small rockshelters. In the Four Corners area the majority of Archaic sites
occur in upland areas, particularly around sand dunes. In the West Mesa of
Albuquerque, sites were found on the south faces of dunes and on dune covered
ridges overlooking present-day arroyos. Late phase sites often contained pit
houses and were located on escarpments that form the borders of the West Mesa.
Pithouses also appear late in the sequence elsewhere in northern New Mexico.
Around Abiquiu Reservoir, Archaic populations utilized river terraces, while
in more mountainous areas sites are located near grassland-woodland and
pinion-juniper ecotones. Late Archaic sites occur at higher elevations in the
southern Sangre de Cristo Mountains. In general, Archaic population selected
areas with the highest vegetation diversity, in terrain where a variety of
different resources could be exploited easily.
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3.3.1.3 Ceramic-Anasazi
The Ceramic-Anasazi period gradually grew out of the Archaic-Oshara
Tradition. There is no well defined cutoff point where Anasazi appeared and
Oshara disappeared; rather it was a gradual transition. During the earlier
phases (Basketmaker 11-111) sites were situated in locations suitable for
floodplain agriculture, although sites such as rockshelters used by archaic
groups, were still employed. Population growth occurred during the early
Puebloan period and resulted in population aggregates, such as Chaco Canyon,
and the appearance of sites in areas not formerly extensively utilized. Major
population centers during the Anasazi period were along the San Juan River and
Chaco River, and in the Middle Rio Grande River Valley. The larger Pueblos
were situated along these drainages or associated major tributaries.
8.3.1.4 Historic
The Historic Period began with the advent of Spanish explorations. A
majority of the early routes into the region paralleled the Rio Grande River.
Other routes went eastward along the Pecos River. Between 1540 and 1821, a
number of Spanish settlements were established, primarily along major
drainages. In addition, the Spanish partitioned the State into a number of
administrative units called alcaldias. Each alcaldia had an administrative
center: Albuquerque was one such center. There were a number of large land
holdings called haciendas, and smaller settlements called ranchos such as the
National Register site of Rancho de Carnue east of Albuquerque. The Mexican
period from 1820 to 1848 saw a continuation of the older Spanish pattern.
During this same period Navajo, Apache, and Ute Indians began to appear.
Because these groups were highly mobile, their early sites tend to be
ephemeral, although some early Navajo villages indicate some degree of
sedentism. During the 17th century these groups lived in the middle and
northern Rio Grande River Valley.
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Starting in the early 1800's, Anglo settlements began to appear with
increasing frequency especially after the opening of the Santa Fe Trail.
Several additional events such as the exploration of the Rio Grande River
Valley in 1806-1807 by Zebulon Pike and the subsequent Mexican-American and
Civil Wars resulted in increased Anglo occupation and settlements. Following
the Civil War, Anglo communities were common along the major drainages.
During the late 1860's and the 1870's many of the Indians were placed on
reservations. A number of U.S. Army forts were built and stage routes were
established in northern New Mexico, further aiding Anglo settlement. Between
1866 and 1913, the silver boom occurred and a number of mining districts were
created. In addition, other semi-precious metals were discovered. During
this period the railroad and lumbering industries were established. The
Historic period encompasses a wide variety of site types. To obtain an
indication of site variety, refer to Tables 8-3 and 8-4 for a list of all
sites presently included in or eligible to the National Register of Historic
Places.
8.3.2 Southern-Mogollon
Southern New Mexico is more mountainous and offers a more varied resource
base. However, trends in this area closely paralled those in the northern
half of the State. Again the occupational emphasis was along the major
drainages. The regional sequence is presented in Table 8-1.
8.3.2.1 Paleo-Indian
Paleo-Indian occupations occur in the same general topographic situations
as farther north. Paleo-Indian points were found around the edges of
Pleistocene playas in Otero County and in deflated and eroded sand dunes on
the plains of San Augustin. Points also were found on mesas overlooking
drainages, on open plains, and in the foothills of mountains. Most evidence
consists of isolated finds of projectile points, although campsites and
possibly killsites, such as the National Register site of AKE in Catron
County, are present. Other areas where Paleo-Indian materials were found
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include the Jornada del Muerto in Socorro County, the lower reaches of the
eastern Ladron Mountains, and the Rio Grande River Valley. In general, the
nature of Paleo-Indian occupation in this region is not as well known as areas
in the northern part of the State. However, the presence of Paleo-Indian
projectile points indicates the area was utilized during this period.
Additionally, the evidence indicates a preference for playa edges, ridges, and
sand dunes as occupational loci.
8.3.2.2 Archaic
The cultural manifestations in this area comparable to the Oshara
Tradition is the Cochise Tradition. Perhaps the most famous Cochise site is
the National Register Site of Bat Cave in Catron County. The cave contained a
well-defined deposit containing primitive corn, to date the earlisest known in
the southwest. Cochise occupations were identifed in open air sites, caves,
and rockshelters. Sites were concentrated above the margins of former lake
terraces or playas, such as on the Plains of San Augustin. In mountainous
areas, sites were frequently found adjacent to springs and along the banks of
arroyos. Sites were reported along west Leggett arroyo, Largo Creek Valley,
Harris Creek Valley, Aqua Fria Creek, and in Gila and Cibola National Forests.
Major cave sites include Tularosa and Cordova Caves, in the Gila National
Forest, and the Lenutar and Hackberry rockshelters in Socorro County. Near the
end of this period, as agriculture became more important, sites often
contained semi-subterranean pithouses with the trend toward terrace
occupations.
8.3.2.3 Ceramic
The Mogollon Tradition developed from the Cochise Tradition. Earliest
Mogollon occupations featured pithouse villages, replaced in future years by
surface pueblos. Mogollon population centers in New Mexico were not as
numerous as the Anasazi, but included the Pine Lawn Valley, Reserve-Apache
Creek, and Mimbres. Further south and east, Mogollon sites are known in the
Jounada area around El Paso and in the Guadalupe Mountains on the Texas-New
8-21
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Mexico border. Early period villages were generally built on high mesas,
cliffs, or ridges, well back from the mainstream of travel. In later years,
sites were located in more topographically accessible areas such as in valleys
near streams or rivers; irrigation was practiced in some areas. Limited
activity sites were widely scattered and were located on mesa tops, in valley
bottoms, and in rockshelters and overhangs.
8.3.2.4 Historic
The Spanish influence in this region was not as extensive as it was
farther north. Most of the Mogollon villages were abandoned by the time the
Spanish entered. Also, few were located in the Rio Grande River Valley. The
major access route of the early explorers was the Camino Road which paralleled
the river. Few Spanish explorers ventured into the Mogollon heartland. The
Spanish established villages, such as Piros, in the Rio Grande Valley. From
the late 1700's through the late 1800's, Apaches and Navajos were active in
the area. Both groups were highly nomadic and fought continously, first with
the Spanish and later the U.S. Calvery. The major foci of their occupation
were in the Datil Mountains and the Zuni Salt Lake. The American period was
marked by the establishment of military posts such as Fort Conrad on the Rio
Grande River in Socorro County. During the Civil War a number of skirmishes
took place in the area, such as the battle of Valverde. Military posts, as
well as Apache and Navajo reservations like the Warm Springs Apache Agency,
were established in the 1870's. The military posts became focal points of
Euro-American occupations. These posts include Fort Tularosa in Catron
County, and the Ojo Caliente Post near the Alamosa River.
Ranching developed out of the old Spanish Land Grants and included raising
sheep and cattle. Other industries affecting this area included the railroad
and mining interests. Although several small towns resulted from the develop-
ment of these industries, few have been examined in any detail. The historic
resources of southern New Mexico are extremely varied. Sites presently in-
cluded in or considered eligible to the National Register of Historic Places
are listed in Tables 8-3 and 8-4. These lists provide examples of the
diversity of historic resources.
8-22
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CHAPTER 9.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
CHAPTER 1.0
COAL RESOURCES
Akers, D.J., BLG. McMillan, and J.W. Leonard. 1978. Coal minerals bibli-
ography, final report, June 1977 - July 1978. Coal Research Bureau, West
Virginia University, Morgantovm WV, 230 p.
Anderson, Orin J. 1978. Coal (in New Mexico). New Mexico Bureau of Mines
and Mineral Resources, Socorro NM, variously paged.
Anderson, Orin J., David A. Donaldson, Roy W. Foster, Allan L. Gutjahr, Kay
S. Hatton, James M. Hill, and Louise B. Martinez. 1978. New Mexico's
energy resources '77. Circular 167. New Mexico Bureau of Mines and
Mineral Resources, Socorro NM, 47 p.
Anonymous. 1977. More for Mavajo (coal royalties, New Mexico). Mining
Journal 289:245.
Arnold, Emery C., and Orin J. Anderson. 1978. Energy in New Mexico and adja-
cent states. New Mexico Bureau of Mines arid Mineral Resources Circular
167:7-9.
Arnold, Emergy C., Orin J. Anderson, David A. Donaldson, Roy W. Foster, Kay S.
Hatton, James M. Hill, Frank E. Kattlowski, and Gordon B. Page. 1977.
New Mexico's energy resources. New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral
Resources Circular 148. Socorro NM, 27 p.
Bohor, B.F., and C.L. Pillmore. 1976. Tungsten occurrences in the Raton coal
field, Colfax County, New Mexico. Field Conference Guidebook. New
Mexico Geological Society Proceedings 27:177-183.
Beaumont, E.C., and J.W. Shomaker. 1977. Geometry of coal beds in San Juan
Basin, New Mexico. Bulletin, American Association of Petroleum Geologists
61(5): 765.
Beaumont, E.C., J.W. Shomaker, and W.J. Stone. 1976. Guidebook to coal
geology of northwest New Mexico. New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral
Resources, Socorro NM, 58 p.
Dane, Carl H., and George 0. Bachman. 1965. Geologic map of New Mexico. US
Department of Interior, Geological Survey. 2 sheets (1:500,000).
Elston, Wolfgang E. 1967. Summary of the mineral resources of Bernalillo,
Sandoval, and Santa Fe Counties, New Mexico (exclusive of oil and gas).
New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources Bulletin Series 81:1-81.
Joseph, Timothy W., and John Wood. 1977. Annoted bibliography of natural
resource information; northwestern New Mexico. Ecology Consultants, Inc.,
Fort Collins CO, 150 p.
Kottlouski, Frank E. 1964. The economic geology of coal in New Mexico. New
Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources Circular 17:1-10.
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Landis, Edwin R., and Carle H. Dane. 1969. The Tierra Amarilla coal field,
Rio Arriba County, New Mexico. New Mexico-Bureau of Mines Mineral
Resources Circular 100:1-14.
Lee, Willis Thomas. 1913. Stratigraphy of the coal fields of northern New
Mexico. Geology L 1913:40-156.
New Mexico Governor's Task Force Committee on Coal. Surface Mining. 1973.
Coal surface mining in New Mexico. Santa Fe NM, 33 p.
Oetking, P., D.E. Ferry, and H.B. Renfro. 1967. Geological highway map of
the southern Rocky Mountain Region; Map No. 2. American Association of
Petroleum Geologists with Cooperation of US Geological Survey, 1 sheet.
Shomaker, John W. , and Michael R. Whyte. 1978. Geologic appraisals of deep
coals, San Juan Basin, New Mexico. New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Min-
eral Resources Circular 155:1-39.
Shomaker, John W., and Richard D. Holt. 1973. Coal resources of Southern
lite and Ute Mountain, Ute Indian Reservations, Colorado and New Mexico.
New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources Circular 134:1-22.
Siemers, W.T., and G.S. Austin (Compilers). 1979. Mines, processing plants,
and power plants in New Mexico. New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral
Resources, variously paged.
Tabet, D.E. 1979. Geology of Joranda del Muerto coal field, Socorro County,
New Mexico. New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources Circular
168:1-19.
Tabet, D.E., and S.J. Frost. 1978. Coal fields and mines of New Mexico,
Resource Map 10. New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources,
variously paged.
US Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines. 1971. Strippable reserves of
of bituminous coal and lignite in the United States. Information Cir-
cular 8531:1-148.
US Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines. 1975a. The reserve base of
US coals by sulfur content; Part 2, the western states. Information
Circular 8693. Denver CO, 322 p.
US Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines. 1975b. The reserve base of
coal for underground mining in the western United States. Information
Circular 8678. Denver CO, 238 p.
US Department of the Interior, Geological Survey. 1965. Mineral and water
resources of New Mexico. New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral
Resources Bulletin 87, variously paged.
US Department of the Interior, Geological Survey. 1980. USGS "PACER" ver-
sion of the "GRASP" retrieval system. Data bases used: USGS western
US data (WC0AL), Coal analytical data for selected areas (USALYT), USGS
geochemical analytical data (USCHEM), USBM analyses for US (BMALYT).
Computer printout, 20 February 1980.
9-2
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CHAPTER 2.0
EXISTING AND PLANNED COAL DEVELOPMENT
NUS Corporation. 1980. Commercial coal power plants. Third Edition.
Rockville MO, 56 p.
Reynolds, Jack. 1981. Memo to Emory C. Arnold, Director, Mining and Mineral
Division. State of New Mexico Energy and Minerals Department, Mining
and Minerals Division, Santa Fe NM, 8 p.
Shanks, Kenneth J. 1979. Inventory of power plants in the United States.
US Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Washington
DC, variously paged.
Tabet, David E., and Stephen J. Frost. 1978. Coal fields and mines of New
Mexico. New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources, Sante Fe NM,
1 sheet.
US Environmental Protection Agency. 1978. Environmental review of synthetic
fuels. Volume 1, Part 2. Research Triangle Park NC, 15 p.
US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Environmental Engineering and
Technology. 1980. Environmental review of synthetic fuels. Volume 1,
Part 2. Research Triangle Park NC, 15 p.
WAPORA, Inc. 1979a. Environmental impact assessment guidelines for new
source coal gasification facilities. Chevy Chase MD, 98 p.
WAPORA, Inc. 1979b. Environmental impact assessment guidelines for new
source fossil-fueled steam electric generating stations. Chevy Chase
MD, 144 p.
WAPORA, Inc. 1979c. Environmental impact assessment guidelines for new
source surface coal mines. Chevy Chase MD, 155 p.
WAPORA, Inc. 1980. Environmental impact assessment guidelines for new
source underground coal mines and coal cleaning facilities. Chevy
Chase MD, 234 p.
9-3
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CHAPTER 3.0
EARTH RESOURCES
Anderson, Eugene C. 1957. The metal resources of New Mexico and their
economic features through 1954. Bulletin No. 39. State Bureau of Mines
and Mineral Resource, Socorro NM, 183 p.
Bureau of Mines. 1978. Minerals in the economy of New Mexico. US Depart-
ment of the Interior, Washington DC, 18 p.
Dane, Carl H. , and George 0. Bachman. 1965. Geologic map of New Mexico.
US Geological Survey, Washington DC, 2 sheets (1:500,000).
Elston, Wolfgang E. 1967. Summary of the mineral resources of Bernalillo,
Sandoval, and Santa Fe Counties, New Mexico (exclusive of oil and gas).
New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources Bulletin Series 81.
Socorro NM, 81 p.
Hunt, Charles B. 1967. Physiography of the US. W.H. Freeman and Co., San
Francisco CA, 480 p.
Maker, H.J., H.E. Dregne, V.G. Link, and J.V. Anderson. 1978. Soils of New
Mexico. Research Report 285. Soil Conservation Service, Agricultural
Experiment Station, Las Cruces NM, 132 p.
Maxwell, C.H. 1978. Map showing appraisal of mineral resources potential
of RARE II proposed roadless areas in national forests, New Mexico
(exclusive of coal, oil, gas, and construction materials). US Geologi-
cal Survey, Washington DC, 1 sheet.
New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources. 1969. New Mexico energy
resources map. Resource Map 2. New Mexico Institute of Mining and
Technology, Socorro NM, 1 sheet.
New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources. 1977. New Mexico's energy
resources '76 - annual report of Office of the State Geologist. Circular
148. Socorro NM, 27 p.
New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources. 1980. Publications
available. Socorro NM, 32 p.
New Mexico Commerce and Industry Department and State Highway Department.
No date. Road map of New Mexico. Santa Fe NM, 1 sheet.
Sheffer, Herman W., and Robert Eveletti. 1978. Minerals in the economy of
New Mexico. US Bureau of Mines, Washington DC, 18 p.
Talmadge, Sterling B., and Thomas P. Wooton. 1937. The non-metallic mineral
resources of New Mexico and their economic features (exclusive of fuels).
Bulletin No. 12. State Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources, Socorro
NM, 159 p.
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US Geological Survey. 1969. Classes of land-surface forms. National Atlas
Sheet Number 62. US Department of the Interior, Washington DC, 1 sheet.
US Geological Survey. 1973. Map of State of New Mexico. US Department of
the Interior, Washington DC, 1 sheet (1:500,000).
US Geological Survey, New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources, New
Mexico State Engineer Office, and New Mexico Oil Conservation Commission.
1965. Mineral and water resources of New Mexico. Bulletin 87. Washing-
ton DC, 437 p.
9-5
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CHAPTER 4.0
SOCIOECONOMICS
New Mexico Corporation Commission. 1977. State of New Mexico official State
corporation commission railroad map, 1977. Santa Fe NM, 1 sheet.
New Mexico Employment Security Department. 1977. Table A - Civilian labor
force; employment, unemployment and unemployment rate, 1976. Research
and Statistics Section, Albuquerque NM, variously paged.
New Mexico Employment Security Department. 1980a. New Mexico labor market
review. Volume 9, No. 11. Research and Statistics Section, Albuquerque
NM, 11 p.
New Mexico Employment Security Department. 1980b. Labor information series:
nonagricultural wage and salary employment. Research and Statistics
Section, Albuquerque NM, variously paged.
New Mexico Employment Security Department. 1980c. Nonagricultural wage and
salary employment: Albuquerque area. Research and Statistics Section,
Albuquerque NM, variously paged.
New Mexico Health and Environment Department. 1981a. Mortality by county,
1979. In Health and Environment Department. 1981 (In print). Untitled
manuscript. Health Services Division, Vital Statistics Bureau, Santa
Fe NM, variously paged.
New Mexico Health and Environment Department. 1981b. Natality characteristics
by county, New Mexico residents, 1979. In Health and Environment
Department. 1981 (In print). Untitled manuscript. Health Services
Division, Vital Statistics Bureau, Santa Fe NM, variously paged.
New Mexico State Highway Department. 1980. Road and street mileage in New
Mexico. Santa Fe NM, variously paged.
Payne, Robert. 1981. Phone, Robert Payne, New Mexico Corporation Commission,
26 May 1981.
Sales and Marketing Management. 1980. Survey of buying power. Part 1, 28
July 1980. New York NY, variously paged.
US Department of Commerce. 1973. 1970 census of population - New Mexico.
Volume 1, Part 33. Bureau of the Census, Washington DC, variously paged.
US Department of Commerce. 1978a. County and city data book, 1977. Bureau
of Census, Washington DC, 956 p.
US Department of Commerce. 1978b. Compendium of government finances.
Volume A, No. 5. 1977 Census of Governments, Bureau of Census, Washington
DC, variously paged.
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US Department of Commerce. 1980a. Survey of current business. Volume 60,
No. A, April 1980. Bureau of Economic Analysis, Washington DC, variously
paged.
US Department of Commerce. 1980b. County business patterns 1977, United
States. Bureau of Census, Washington DC, variously paged.
US Department of Commerce. 1981a. 1980 census of population and housing,
preliminary reports - New Mexico - preliminary population and housing
unit counts. Bureau of Census, Washington DC, 6 p.
US Department of Commerce. 1981b. 1980 census of population and housing,
advance reports - New Mexico - final population and housing unit counts.
Bureau of Census, Washington DC, 10 p.
US Department of Health, Education and Welfare. 1970a. Vital statistics of
the United States. Volume I - natality. Office of Health Research,
Statistics, and Technology; National Center for Health Statistics,
Hyattsville MD, variously paged.
US Department of Health, Education and Welfare. 1970b. Vital statistics of
the United States. VollitflB ll - mortality jiart B. Office of Health
Research, Statistics, and Technology; National Center for Health
Statistics, Hyattsville MD, variously paged.
US Department of Health, Education and Welfare. 1971a. Vital statistics of
the United States. Volume I - natality. Office of Health Research,
Statistics, and Technology; National Center for Health Statistics,
Hyattsville MD, variously paged.
US Department of Health, Education and Welfare. 1971b. Vital statistics of
the United States. Volume II - mortality part B. Office of Health
Research, Statistics, and Technology; National Center for Health Statis-
tics, Hyattsville MD, variously paged.
US Department of Health, Education and Welfare. 1972a. Vital statistics of
the United States. Volume I - natality. Office of Health Research,
Statistics, and Technology; National Center for Health Statistics,
Hyattsville MD, variously paged.
US Department of Health, Education and Welfare. 1972b. Vital statistics of
the United States. Volume II - mortality part B. Office of Health
Research, Statistics, and Technology; National Center for Health Statis-
tics, Hyattsville MD, variously paged.
US Department of Health, Education and Welfare. 1973a. Vital statistics of
the United States. Volume I - natality. Office of Health Research,
Statistics, and Technology; National Center for Health Statistics,
Hyattsville MD, variously paged.
US Department of Health, Education and Welfare. 1973b. Vital statistics of
the United States. Volume II - mortality part B. Office of Health
Research, Statistics, and Technology; National Center for Health Statis-
tics, Hyattsville MD, variously paged.
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US Department of Health, Education and Welfare. 1974a. Vital statistics of
the United States. Volume I - natality. Office of Health Research,
Statistics, and Technology; National Center for Health Statistics,
Hyattsville MD, variously paged.
US Department of Health, Education and Welfare. 1974b. Vital statistics of
the United States. Volume II - mortality part B. Office of Health
Research, Statistics, and Technology; National Center for Health Statis-
tics, Hyattsville MD, variously paged.
US Department of Health, Education and Welfare. 1975a. Vital statistics of
the United States. Volume I - natality. Office of Health Research,
Statistics, and Technology; National Center for Health Statistics,
Hyattsville MD, variously paged.
US Department of Health, Education and Welfare. 1975b. Vital statistics of
the United States. Volume II - mortality part B. Office of Health
Research, Statistics, and Technology; National Center for Health Statis-
tics, Hyattsville MD, variously paged.
US Department of Health, Education and Welfare. 1976a. Vital statistics of
the United States. Volume I - natality. Office of Health Research,
Statistics, and Technology; National Center for Health Statistics,
Hyattsville MD, variously paged.
US Department of Health, Education and Welfare. 1976b. Vital statistics of
the United States. Volume II - mortality part B. Office of Health
Research, Statistics, and Technology; National Center for Health Statis-
tics, Hyattsville MD, variously paged.
US Department of Health, Education and Welfare. 1977a. Vital statistics of
the United States. Volume I - natality. Office of Health Research,
Statistics, and Technology; National Center for Health Statistics,
Hyattsville MD, variously paged.
US Department of Health, Education and Welfare. 1977b. Vital statistics of
the United States. Volume II - mortality part B. Office of Health
Research, Statistics, and Technology; National Center for Health Statis-
tics, Hyattsville MD, variously paged.
US Department of Health, Education and Welfare. 1978a. Vital statistics of
the United States. Volume I - natality. Office of Health Research,
Statistics, and Technology; National Center for Health Statistics,
Hyattsville MD, variously paged.
US Department of Health, Education and Welfare. 1978b. Vital statistics of
the United States. Volume II - mortality part B. pffice of Health
Research, Statistics, and Technology; National Center for Health Statis-
tics, Hyattsville MD, variously paged.
US Department of Labor. 1980. Area trends in employment and unemployment.
Employment and Training Administration, Washington DC, 62 p.
9-8
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US Department of the Interior. 1973. State of New Mexico. US Geological
Survey, Denver CO, 1 sheet.
Wombold, Lynn. 1979. Estimates and projections of the population of New
Mexico by county, 1975-1990. Bureau of Business and Economic Research,
Institute for Applied Research Services, University of New Mexico,
Albuquerque NM, 81 p.
9-9
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CHAPTER 5.0
SURFACE WATER
American Petroleum Institute. 1980. Guide to water quality standards of the
US. Washington DC, variously paged.
Linsley, R.K., and J.B. Franzini. 1972. Water resources engineering.
McGraw-Hill Series in Water Resources and Environmental Engineering,
690 p.
US Environmental Protection Agency. 1978. National water quality inventory.
1977. Report to Congress. EPA-440/4-78-001. Washington DC, B-138 p.
US Geological Survey. 1979. Water resources data for New Mexico. Albuquer-
que NM, 747 p.
US Geological Survey. 1981. WATer data STOrage and REtrieval. Dallas TX,
computer prinout, variously paged.
Water Quality Control Commission. 1974. Lower Colorado River Basin plan.
Sante Fe NM, variously paged.
Water Quality Control Commission. 1975a. Arkansas River Basin plan. Santa
Fe NM, variously paged.
Water Quality Control Commission. 1975b. Central Closed Basins plan. Santa
Fe NM, variously paged.
Water Quality Control Commission. 1975c. Lower Rio Grande Basin plan. Santa
Fe NM, variously paged.
Water Quality Control Commission. 1976a. Middle Rio Grande Basin plan.
Santa Fe NM, variously paged.
Water Quality Control Commission. 1976b. Pecos River Basin plan. Santa Fe
NM, variously paged.
Water Quality Control Commission. 1976c. San Juan River Basin plan. Santa
Fe NM, variously paged.
Water Quality Control Commission. 1976d. Upper Rio Grande Basin plan.
Santa Fe NM, variously paged.
Water Quality Control Commission. 1979a. New Mexico statewide water quality
management plan. Santa Fe NM, 107 p.
Water Quality Control Commission. 1979b. New Mexico statewide water quality
management plan. Appendix. Santa Fe NM, variously paged.
Water Quality Control Commission. 1980. State of New Mexico water quality
status summary. Santa Fe NM, variously paged.
9-10
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GROUNDWATER
Hale, W.E., L.J. Reiland, and J.P. Beverage. 1965. Characeristics of the
water supply in New Mexico. Santa Fe NM, variously paged.
New Mexico State Engineer Office. 1967. Water resources of New Mexico.
Santa Fe NM, 321 p.
US Geological Survey. 1965. Mineral and water resources of New Mexico.
Washington DC, 437.p.
US Geological Survey. 1979. Water resources data for New Mexico. Albuquer-
que NM, 747 p.
Water Quality Control Commission. 1979. New Mexico statewide water quality
management plan. Appendix. Santa Fe NM, variously paged.
9-11
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CHAPTER 6.0
LAND USE
Esquerdo, Gil. 1981. Phone, Gil Esquerdo, Bureau of Land Management, 9
June 1981.
Green, Harold. 1981. Phone, Harold Green, Corps of Engineers, Environmental
Planning, 24 April 1981.
Hosack, Jim. 1981. Phone, Jim Hosack, Resource Conservationist, Soil Con-
servation Service, 19 May 1981.
New Mexico State Highway Department and Commerce and Industry Department.
No date. Road map of New Mexico. Santa Fe NM, 1 sheet.
State Park and Recreation Division. No date. New Mexico State parks. Santa
Fe NM, 1 sheet.
Switzer, Harry. 1981. Phone, Harry Switzer. US Department of Agriculture,
US Forest Service, 19 February 1981.
Truiillo, Kathren. 1981. Phone, Kathren Trujillo, National Park Service,
26 May 1981.
US Department of Agriculture. 1978. Important farmlands, Rio Grande Valley,
Valencia County, New Mexico. Soil Conservation Service, Portland OR,
1 sheet.
US Department of Agriculture. 1980. Important farmlands, Bernalillo County,
New Mexico. Soil Conservation Service, Bernalillo County NM, 1 sheet.
US Department of Agriculture, Council on Environmental Quality. 1981.
National agricultural land study: final report. Washington DC, 94 p.
US Department of Commerce. 1977. 1974 census of agriculture - New Mexico -
State and county data. Volume 1, Part 31. Bureau of Census, Washington
DC, variously paged.
US Department of Commerce. 1978. County and city data book, 1977. Bureau
of Census, Washington DC, 956 p.
US Department of Commerce. 1980. 1978 census of agriculture, preliminary
report for various counties in New Mexico. Bureau of Census, Washington
DC, variously paged.
US Department of the Interior. 1974a. Gran quivira. National Park Service,
Washington DC, 1 sheet.
US Department of the Interior. 1974b. Maxwell national wildlife refuge,
Calfax County, New Mexico. US Fish and Wildlife Service, Albuquerque
NM, 1 sheet.
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US Department of the Interior. 1975. Sevilleta national wildlife refuge,
Socorro County, New Mexico. US Fish and Wildlife Service, Albuquerque
NM, 1 sheet.
US Department of the Interior. 1976a. New Mexico water resource assess-
ment for planning purposes. Bureau of Reclamation in cooperation with
the the State of New Mexico, Amarillo TX, 218 p.
US Department of the Interior. 1976b. White sands. National Park Service,
Washington DC, 1 sheet.
US Department of the Interior. 1977. Gila cliff dwellings. National Park
Service, Washington DC, 1 sheet.
US Department of the Interior. 1979a. El Morro National Park Service,
Washington DC, 1 sheet.
US Department of the Interior. 1979b. Pecos. National Park Service,
Washington DC, 1 sheet.
US Department of the Interior. 1979c. Annual report of Indian lands. Bureau
of Indian Affairs, Office of Trust Responsibilities, Washington DC, 65 p.
US Department of the Interior. 1980a. National registry of natural landmarks.
Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service, Washington DC, 45 FR 232,
(1 December 1980), pp. 79698-79722.
US Department of the Interior. 1980b. Payments in lieu of taxes, fiscal
year 1980. Bureau of Land Management, Division of Finance, Washington
DC, variously paged.
BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES
American Ornithologist's Union. 1957. Check-list of North American birds.
Port City Press, Inc., Baltimore MD, 691 p.
Bailey, R.G. 1978. Description of the ecoregions of the United States. US
Department of Agriculture, US Forest Service, Ogden UT, 77 p.
Bellrose, F.C. 1976. Ducks, geese and swans of North America. Wildlife
Management Institute and Illinois Natural History Survey, Stackpole
Books, Harrisburg PA, 543 p.
Burt, W.H., and R.P. Grossenheider. 1976. A field guide to the mammals.
Third Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston MA, 289 p.
Hall, E.R., and K.R. Kelson. 1959. The mammals of North America. Volumes
1 and 2. Ronald Press, New York NY, 1083 p.
Lee, D.S., et al. 1980. Atlas of North American freshwater fishes. North
Carolina State Museum of Natural History, Raleigh NC, 854 p.
9-13
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New Mexico Department of Game and Fish. No date. New Mexico fishing waters
- maps of streams and lakes. Sante Fe NM, 15 p.
New Mexico Department of Game and Fish. 1981. Proclamation big game,
turkey, and furbearer seasons, New Mexico, April 1, 1981 through March
31, 1982. Santa Fe NM, 31 p.
New Mexico Department of Game Commission. 1980. State Game Commission's
regulation No. 599 as amended May 4, 1980. Santa Fe NM, 4 p.
Robbins, C.S., B. Brun, and H.S. Zim. 1966. A guide to field identification
- birds of North America. Golden Press, New York NY, 340 p.
Stebbins, R.C. 1966. A field guide to western reptiles and amphibians.
Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston MA, 279 p.
US Fish and Wildlife Service. 1980. Endangered species of Arizona and New
Mexico. Albuquerque NM, 63 p.
9-14
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CHAPTER 7.0
AIR RESOURCES AND NOISE
Albuquerque-Bernalillo County Air Quality Control Board. 1973. Air pollution
control regulations. Albuquerque Department of Environmental Health,
Albuquerque NM, 56 p.
Baldwin, John L. 1973. Climates of the United States. US Department of
Commerce, Washington DC, 113 p.
Budiansky, Stephen. 1981. Visibility clarified. Environmental Science and
Technology 15(2):135-137.
Environmental Improvement Division. 1974. Ambient air quality standards and
air quality control regulations. State of New Mexico, Sante Fe NM,
variously paged.
Environmental Improvement Division. 1977. Air quality section annual report
1977. State of New Mexico, Sante Fe NM, 46 p.
Environmental Improvement Division. 1978. Air Quality Bureau annual report
1978. State of New Mexico, Sante Fe NM, 51 p.
Environmental Improvement Division. 1980. Air Quality Control Act - amended.
State of New Mexico, Sante Fe NM, variously paged.
Glass, Norman R. 1979. Environmental effects of increased coal utilization:
ecological effects of gaseous emissions from coal combustion. Environ-
mental Helath Perspectives 33:249-272.
Holzworth, George C. 1972. Mixing heights wind speeds, and potential for
urban air pollution throughout the contiguous United States. US
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park NC, 118 p.
National park Service. 1981. Identification of integral vistas associated
with Federal Class I areas; guideline availability and preliminary list.
FR 46(10):3646-3657.
National Research Council, National Academy of Sciences. 1977. Noise abate-
ment policy alternatives for transportation. Washington DC, variously
paged.
NOAA/National Climatic Center. 1978. Local climatological data, annual
summary with comparative data. US Department of Commerce, Asheville NC,
variously paged.
Rusek, S.J. 1978. Source assessment: open mining of coal, state of the art.
EPA-600/2-78-004X. Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory,
Cincinnati OH, 73 p.
US Environmental Protection Agency. 1971. Noise from construction equipment
and operations, building equipment, and home appliances. Washington DC,
variously paged.
9-15
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US Environmental Protection Agency. 1976. Aeros manual series volume III:
aeros user's manual. EPA-450/2-76-029. Research Triangle Park NC,
variously paged.
US Environmental Protection Agency. 1977a. Approval and promulgation of
State implementation plans. 40 CFR Part 52; FR 42(212) :57460.
US Environmental Protection Agency. 1977b. Potential siting problems for
increased coal use/staff study. Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards, Research Triangle Park NC, 28 p.
US Environmental Protection Agency. 1978a. Protective noise levels, condensed
version of EPA levels document. Washington DC, variously paged.
US Environmental Protection Agency. 1978b. Source assessment: coal storage
piles. EPA-600/2-78-004K. Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory,
Cincinnati OH, variously paged.
US Environmental Protection Agency. 1979a. A handbook of key Federal
regulations and criteria for multi-media environmental control. EPA-600/
7-79-175. Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory, Research Triangle
Park NC, 272 p.
US Environmental Protection Agency. 1979b. Identification of mandatory
Class I Federal areas where visibility is an important value; final rule.
40 CFR Part 81; FR 44(232) :69122-69127.
US Environmental Protection Agency. 1979c. Requirements for preparation,
adoption, and submittal of implementation plans. 40 CFR Part 51, FR
44(11)=3274-3285.
US Environmental Protection Agency. 1979d. Research summary: acid rain.
EPA-600/8-79-028. Office of Research and Development, Washington DC, 23 p.
US Environmental Protection Agency. 1980a. Acid rain. EPA-600/9-79-036.
Office of Research and Development, Washington DC, 26 p.
US Environmental Protection Agency. 1980b. Radiological impact caused by
emissions of radionuclides into air in the US. EPA 520/7-79-006. Office
of Radiation Programs, Washington DC, variously paged.
US Environmental Protection Agency. 1980c. Requirements for preparation,
adoption, and submittal of SIPs; approval and promulgation of State
implementation plans. 40 CFR Parts 51 and 52; FR 45(94):31307-31312.
US Environmental Protection Agency. 1980d. Requirements for preparation,
adoption, and submittal of implementation plans; approval and promulga-
tion of implementation plans. 40 CFR Parts 51, 52, and 124; FR 45(154):
52676-52692.
US Environmental Protection Agency. 1980e. Visibility protection for Federal
Class I areas. 40 CFR Part 51; FR 45(233) :800-84-80095.
US Environmental Protection Agency. 1981a. National aerometric data bank/
quick-look report. Computer printout, January 1981, 123 p.
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US Environmental Protection Agency. 1981b. National emissions data system.
Computer printout, January 1981, variously paged.
US Geological Survey. 1976. Final environmental statement, proposed 20-year
plan of mining, and reclamation, Westmoreland Resources Tract III, Crow
Indian ceded area, Montana. Variously paged.
WAPORA, Inc. 1979a. Environmental impact assessment guidelines for new
source coal gasification facilties. Prepared for US Environmental
Protection Agency. Chevy Chase MD, 98 p.
WAPORA, Inc. 1979b. Environmental impact assessment guidelines for new
source fossil-fueled steam electric generating stations. Prepared for
US Environmental Protection Agency. Chevy Chase MD, 144 p.
WAPORA, Inc. 1979c. Environmental impact assessment guidelines for new
source surface coal mines. Prepared for US Environmental Protection
Agency. Chevy Chase MD, 155 p.
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CHAPTER 8.0
CULTURAL RESOURCES
Abbink, Emily K., and John R. Stein. 1977. An historical perspective on
adaptive systems in the Middle Rio Grande, ^n Biella, Jan V., and
Richard C. Chapman (Editors). 1977. Archaeological investigations in
Cochiti Reservoir, New Mexico. Office of Contract Archaeology,
University of New Mexico, pp. 151-171.
Ambler, J. Richard. No date. An archeological survey of the San Mateo Mine
area, Cibola National Forest, New Mexico. Northern Arizona University
for Teton Exploration Drilling Company, variously paged.
Beck, W.A., and Y.D. Haase. 1969. Historical atlas of New Mexico.
University of Oklahoma, Norman OK, variously paged.
Berman, M.J. 1979. Cultural resources overview: Socorro area, New Mexico.
US Government Printing Office, Washington DC, variously paged.
Blevins, Byron B. , and Carol Joiner. 1977. The archeological survey of
Tijeras Canyon. Archaeological Report No. 18. US Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Southwestern Region, Albuquerque NM,
pp. 126-152.
Bluhm, Elaine. 1960. Mogollon settlement patterns in Pine Lawn Valley,
New Mexico. American Antiquity 25(A):538-546.
Bolton, Herbert J. 1963. Spanish exploration in the Southwest 1542-1706.
Barnes and Noble, New York, variously paged.
Brugge, David M. 1978. Small Navajo sites: a preliminary report on historic
archaeology in the Chaco Region, ^n Ward, Albert E. (Compiler and Editor).
1978. Limited activity and occupation sites: a collection of conference
papers. Contributions to Anthropological Studies, No. 1. Center for
Anthropological Studies, variously paged.
Carroll, Charles H., Michael P. Marshall, and David E. Stuart. 1976. An
archeological survey of Public Service Company of New Mexico's 345 KV
transmission right-of-way: Four Corners to Ambrosia Lake, New Mexico.
Public Service Company of New Mexico, Albuquerque NM, variously paged.
Cordell, Linda S. 1977. Late Anasazi farming and hunting strategies: one
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Grande Valley, New Mexico. US Government Printing Office, Washington DC,
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Cordell, Linda S. 1980. Tijeras Canyon: analysis of the past. Maxwell
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Cosgrove, C.B. 1947. Caves of the Upper Gila and Hueco areas in New Mexico
and Texas. Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology, Volume
XXIV, No. 2, variously paged.
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Middle Northern Rio Grande Region, New Mexico: a test of some hypotheses.
American Antiquity 40(2):159-171.
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Glassow, M.A. 1972. Changes in the adaptations of southwestern basketmakers:
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Irwin-Williams, Cynthia. 1967. PICOSA: the elementary southwestern culture.
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Irwin-Williams, Cynthia. 1973. The Oshara Tradition: origins of Anasazi
culture. Eastern New Mexico University Contributions in Anthropology
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Irwin-Williams, Cynthia. 1979. Post-Pleistocene archeology, 7000-2000 BC.
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Judge, W. James. 1973. Paleolndian occupation of the Central Rio Grande
Valley in New Mexico. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque NM,
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Judge, W. James, and Jerry Dawson. 1972. Paleolndian settlement technology
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Lange, Charles H. 1968. The Cochiti Dam, archaeological salvage project:
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Lehmer, Donald J. 1948. The Jornada branch of the Mogollon. University of
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Lyons, Thomas R. 1970. A study of the Paleo-Indian and desert culture
complexes of the Estancia Valley area, New Mexico. University Micro-
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Martin, Paul S., and John B. Rinaldo. 1950a. Sites of the Reserve Phase:
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Martin, Paul S., and John B. Rinaldo. 1950b. Turkey Foot Ridge Site: a
Mogollon Village, Pine Lawn Valley, Western New Mexico. Fieldiana:
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Martin, Paul S., John B. Rinaldo, and Ernst Antivs. 1949. Cochise and
Mogollon Sites: Pine Lawn Valley, Western New Mexico. Fieldiana:
Anthropology 38(1),. variously paged.
Martin, Paul S., John B. Rinaldo, and Eloise R. Barter. 1957. The Mogollon
Communities: four sites of the Tularosa Phase, Western New Mexico.
Fieldiana: Anthropology 49(1), variously paged.
Martin, Paul S., John B. Rinaldo, and Elaine Bluhin. 1954. Caves of the
reserve area. Fieldiana: Anthropology 42, variously paged.
McGregor, John C. 1965. Southwestern archaeology. University of Illinois
Press, Urbana IL, Second Edition, variously paged.
Mera, H. 1938. Reconnaissance and excavation in Southeastern New Mexico.
Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 51, variously paged.
National Park Service. No date. San Juan basin regional uranium study.
US Department of the Interior, Albuquerque NM, 49 p.
Plog, Fred. 1979. Prehistory: western Anasazi. In Ortiz, Alfonso (Editor).
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Reher, Charles A. 1977. Settlement and subsistence along the Lower Chaco
River: the CPG Survey. The University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque
NM, variously paged.
Reinhart, Theodore R. 1967a. The Rio Rancho Phase: a preliminary report on
early Basketmaker culture in the Middle Rio Grande, New Mexico. American
Antiquity 32(4):458-470.
Reinhart, Theodore R. 1967b. The Alameda Phase: an early Basketmaker III
culture in the Middle Rio Grande Valley, New Mexico. Southwestern Lore
33(1):24-32.
Reinhart, Theodore R. 1968. Late Archaic cultures of the Middle Rio Grande
Valley, New Mexico: a study of the process of culture change. Unpublished
Ph.D. dissertation, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque NM, variously
paged.
Schoenwetter, James, and Alfred E. Dittert, Jr. 1968. An ecological inter-
pretation of Anasazi settlement patterns. Meggers, Betty J. (Editor).
1968. Anthropological archeology in the Americas. Anthropological
Society of Washington, Washington DC, pp. 41-66.
Sciscenti, James V., and Henry C. Greminger. 1962. Archaeology of the Four
Corners power projects. Museum of New Mexico Papers in Anthropology 5,
variously paged.
Tainter, Joseph A., and David "A" Gillio. 1980. Cultural resource overview:
Mt. Taylor area, New Mexico. US Government Printing Office, Washington
DC, variously paged.
Washburn, Dorothy Koster. 1974. Nearest neighbor analysis of Pueblo I-III
settlement patterns along the Rio Puerco of the East, New Mexico.
American Antiquity 39(2):315—335.
Wendorf, Fred (Assembler). 1953. Salvage archaeology in the Chama Valley,
New Mexico. Monographs of the School of American Research No. 17,
variously paged.
Wendorf, Fred, and Erik K. Reed. 1955. An alternative reconstruction of
Northern Rio Grande prehistory. El Palacio 62(5-6):131-173.
Wetherington, Ronald K. 1968. Excavations at Pot Creek Pueblo. Fort Burgwin
Research Center, No. 6, variously paged.
Woodbury, Richard B. 1979. Prehistory: introduction. Ortiz, Alfonso
(Editor). 1979. Handbook of North American Indians. Volume 9:
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