f/EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Region 6
1201 Elm Street
Dallas, TX 75270
October 1981
Environmental Inventory of 38
Counties With Known Coal
Resources in Arkansas
WAPORA, Inc.
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DISCLAIMER
The informational findings, opinions, conclusions or recommendations
expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not
necessarily reflect the views of the Regional Office of the Environ-
mental Protection Agency nor does mention of company names, trade
names, or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation
for use by the Federal government. The document is available for
review and use by other individuals; however, this release does not
signify an approval by EPA of the contents such as data validation and
planned plant sitings.
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ENVIRONMENTAL INVENTORY
OF 38 COUNTIES WITH
KNOWN COAL RESOURCES IN ARKANSAS
EPA Contract 68-01-4157
Directive of Work 21
Prepared by:
WAPORA, Inc.
8515 Greenville Avenue
Suite N-205
Dallas, Texas 75243
Federal Assistance Branch
Environmental Protection Agency
1201 Elm Street
Dallas, Texas 75270
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
LIST OF TABLES v
LIST OF FIGURES ix
INTRODUCTION 1
1.0 COAL RESOURCES 1-1
1.1 INTRODUCTION : 1-1
1.2 COAL PROVINCES 1-9
1.2.1 Gulf Coast Lignite Province 1-11
1.2.2 Oklahoma - Arkansas Coal Province 1-14
2.0 EXISTING AND PLANNED COAL DEVELOPMENT 2-1
2.1 INTRODUCTION 2-1
2.2 TECHNOLOGY OF COAL DEVELOPMENT 2-1
2.2.1 Coal Mines 2-1
2.2.2 Coal-Fired Electric Generating Facilities 2-2
2.3 EXISTING AND PLANNED COAL DEVELOPMENT 2-5
2.3.1 Coal Mines 2-5
2.3.2 Coal-Fired Electric Generating Facilities 2-10
2.3.3 Coal Gasification Facilities 2-10
3.0 EARTH RESOURCES 3-1
3.1 INTRODUCTION 3-1
3.2 PHYSIOGRAPHY 3-1
3.2.1 Boston Mountains 3-9
3.2.2 Arkansas Valley 3-9
3.2.3 Ouachita Mountains 3-10
3.2.4 Gulf Coastal Plains 3-10
3.3 SOILS 3-11
3.3.1 Boston Mountains and Ouachita Mountains 3-12
i
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Page
3.3.2 Valley 3-12
3.3.3 Coastal Plain 3-16
3.3.4 Bottomland 3-16
3.3.5 Loessial Plains and Hills 3-16
3.4 NONMETALS 3-16
3.5 METALS 3-17
3.6 PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS 3-17
4.0 SOCIOECONOMICS 4-1
4.1 ECONOMICS 4-1
4.1.1 Introduction 4-1
4.1.2 Employment 4-1
4.1.3 Income 4-7
4.2 SOCIAL 4-14
4.2.1 Demography 4-14
4.2.2 Housing Characteristics 4-22
4.2.3 Education 4-27
4.2.4 Transportation 4-27
5.0 WATER RESOURCES 5-1
5.1 INTRODUCTION 5-1
5.2 SURFACE WATER 5-1
5.2.1 Red River Basin .. 5-3
5.2.2 Ouachita River Basin 5-12
5.2.3 Arkansas River Basin 5-29
5.2.4 White River Basin 5-46
5.2.5 St. Francis River Basin 5-55
5 .3 GROUNDWATER 5-64
5.3.1 Interior Highlands 5-64
ii
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Page
5.3.2 Gulf Coastal Plain 5-69
6.0 LAND USE AND BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES 6-1
6.1 LAND USE 6-1
6.1.1 Introduction 6-1
6.1.2 Land Use/Land Cover 6-1
6.1.3 Recreational Lands 6-4
6.1.4 Select Natural Areas 6-4
6.1.5 Selected Federal and Indian Land
Ownership Types 6-6
6.1.6 Farmland 6-6
6.2 BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES 6-11
6.2.1 Introduction 6-11
6.2.2 Biological Provinces (Ecoregions) 6-11
7.0 AIR RESOURCES AND NOISE 7-1
7.1 INTRODUCTION 7-1
7.2 AIR RESOURCES 7-1
7.2.1 Climate 7-1
7.2.2 Ambient Air Quality 7-7
7.2.3 Major Emissions 7-15
7.3 NOISE 7-16
7.3.1 Existing Environment 7-16
7.3.2 Noise Levels From Typical Mining
Operations 7-20
7.3.3 Noise Criteria and Standards For
Mining Operations 7-20
8.0 CULTURAL RESOURCES 8-1
8.1 INTRODUCTION 8-1
8.2 TEMPORAL UNITS 8-7
8.2.1 Paleo-Indian 8-7
iii
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Page
8.2.2 Archaic 6-16
8.2.3 Ceramic 8—17
8.2.4 Historic 8-18
8.3 REGIONS 8-19
8.3.1 Northeast 8-19
8.3.2 Southeast 8-22
8.3.3 Southwest 8-24
8.3.4 Northwest 8-26
9.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY 9-0
iv
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LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
1-1 Coal resource data for 38 Arkansas counties 1-2
1-2 Rank of coal 1-5
1-3 Estimated recoverable reserves (low-volatile
bituminous coal) 1-16
1-4 Estimated recoverable reserves (semianthracite
in the Lower Hartshorne Coal Bed) 1-17
2-1 Environmental considerations associated with
surface mining 2-3
2-2 Existing coal mines in 38 Arkansas counties 2-7
2-3 Planned coal mines in 38 Arkansas counties 2-9
2-4 Existing coal-fired electric generating
facilities in 38 Arkansas counties 2-11
2-5 Planned coal-fired electric generating
facilities in 38 Arkansas counties 2-12
3-1 Earth resources of 38 Arkansas counties 3-2
3-2 Description of major soil associations 3-13
4-1 Labor force statistics for 38 Arkansas counties 4-4
4-2 Employment by industry for 38 Arkansas counties 4-8
4-3 Income statistics for 38 Arkansas counties 4-12
4-4 Population counts and projections for 38
counties in Arkansas 4-15
4-5 Population characteristics of 38 Arkansas
counties 4-20
4-6 Information on settlement patterns in 38
Arkansas counties 4-23
4-7 Housing characteristics in 38 Arkansas counties 4-25
4-8 Public school enrollment and number of colleges
and universities in 38 Arkansas counties 4-28
4-9 Transportation information for 38.Arkansas counties 4-30
5-1 Drainage areas and flows in the Red River Basin 5-4
5-2 Percent flow durations in the Red River Basin 5-5
v
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Table Page
5-3 14 day low-flow and recurrence intervals in
Red River Basin 5-7
5-4 Signficant industrial dischargers in the Red
River Basin 5-8
5-5 Water quality summary for the Red River Basin 5-9
5-6 Water quality standards and recommended water
quality limits 5-11
5-7 Water quality inventory summary for the Red
River Basin 5-13
5-8 Drainage areas and flows in the Ouachita
River Basin 5-15
5-9 Percent flow durations in the Ouachita River
Basin 5-17
5-10 14 day low-flow and recurrence intervals in
the Ouachita River Basin 5-18
5-11 Water quality inventory summary for the
Ouachita River Basin 5-19
5-12 Water quality summary for the Ouachita River
Basin 5-22
5-13 Significant industrial dischargers in the
Ouachita River Basin 5-28
5-14 Drainage areas and flows in the Arkansas
River Basin 5-31
5-15 Percent flow durations in the Arkansas River
Basin 5-33
5-16 7 day low-flow and recurrence intervals in the
Arkansas River Basin 5-35
5-17 Water quality inventory for the Arkansas River
Basin 5-37
5-18 Water quality inventory summary for the
Arkansas River Basin 5-39
5-19 Significant industrial dischargers in the
Arkansas River Basin ?••• 5-47
5-20 Drainage areas and flows in the White River Basin 5-49
5-21 Percent flow durations in the White River Basin 5-50
vi
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Table Page
5-22 7 day low-flow and recurrence intervals
in the White River Basin 5-51
5-23 Water quality summary for the White River Basin 5-52
5-24 Significant industrial dischargers in the White
River Basin 5-53
5-25 Water quality inventory summary for the White
River Basin 5-54
5-26 Drainage areas and flows in the St. Francis
River Basin 5-56
5-27 Percent flow durations in the St. Francis
River Basin 5-57
5-28 7 day low-flow and recurrence intervals in the
St. Francis River Basin 5-58
5-29 Significant industrial dischargers in the St.
Francis River Basin 5-60
5-30 Water quality summary for the St. Francis
River Basin 5-61
5-31 Water quality inventory summary for the St.
Francis River Basin 5-63
5-32 Geologic column of major aquifers in the Gulf
Coastal Plain 5-70
5-33 Withdrawals of groundwater from aquifers in 38
Arkansas counties 5-73
5-34 Records of wells in 38 Arkansas counties 5-74
5-35 Chemical analyses of water from wells in
selected Arkansas counties 5-79
6-1 Numbers of acres and percent of total acres of
land use/land cover classifications in 38
Arkansas counties 6-3
6-2 National and State parks in 38 counties in
Arkansas 6-5
6-3 Number of acres and percent of total land area
of select Federal and Indian land ownership in
38 counties in Arkansas 6-7
6-4 Acreages and values per acre of farmland in 38
counties in Arkansas 6-9
vii
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Table Page
6-5 Numbers of select wildlife species in 38
Arkansas counties 6-15
6-6 Occurrence of selected wildlife species
in 38 Arkansas counties 6-17
6-7 Occurrence of Federally listed species in
38 Arkansas counties 6-26
7-1 Climatological data for the Study Area in
Arkansas 7-2
7-2 Regulatory standards affecting air quality 7-9
7-3 Ambient monitoring data for select Arkansas
counties 7-12
7-4 Total 1978 point source emissions from 38
Arkansas counties 7-17
7-5 Total 1978 emissions from area sources for
38 Arkansas counties 7-18
7-6 Total 1978 point source and area source
emissions for 38 Arkansas counties 7-19
7-7 Noise levels produced by coal mining
equipment at 100 feet 7-22
7-8 Yearly L
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
1 The 38 county study area 2
1-1 Geology of 38 Arkansas counties 1-6
1-2 Landforms associated with 38 Arkansas counties 1-7
1-3 Coal provinces and outcrops of 38 Arkansas
counties 1-10
3-1 Physiographic regions of 38 Arkansas counties 3-7
3-2 Existing conditions of earth resources in 38
Arkansas counties 3-8
4-1 Existing economic conditions in 38 Arkansas
counties 4-2
4-2 Counties where agriculture is a significant
activity 4-10
4-3 Existing social conditions in 38 Arkansas
counties 4-18
4-4 Settlement patterns for 38 Arkansas counties 4-24
5-1 Major drainage basins and segments in 38
Arkansas counties 5-2
5-2 Areal distribution of water bearing strata in
38 Arkansas counties 5-65
5-3 Cross section diagram showing subsurface geology
of portions of the Arkansas Study Area 5-66
5-4 Diagrammatic transverse section of a major
tributary valley showing the various relations
between alluvial deposits and bedrock 5-67
6-1 Biological provinces of 38 Arkansas counties 6-12
6-2 Existing biological resources in 38 Arkansas
counties 6-14
6-3 Range of three endangered species in 38
Arkansas counties 6-27
6-4 Range of three endangered species in 38
Arkansas counties 6-28
ix
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Figure Page
7-1 Areas sensitive to acid precipitation based on
soils, climatic patterns, and vegetation 7-4
7-2 Precipitation - evaporation indexes for Arkansas 7-5
7-3 Mean annual mixing heights and wind speeds for
the Region 6 Study Area 7-6
7-4 Prevailing mean surface wind directions in the
Region 6 Study Area 7-8
7-5 Ranking of ambient monitoring data for 38
Arkansas counties 7-14
7-6 Typical urban and rural L
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INTRODUCTION
Over the next two to three decades it appears inevitable that coal
production will increase significantly as the United States strives for
energy self-sufficiency. States in the middle south will likely, due to
their large coal resources, play an important role in this production. The
bulk of coal production doubtless will come from surface mining, although
underground mining will yield relatively large quantities of coal in some
areas.
Accompanying increased coal production will he an alteration of vast
natural and manmade resources. Public awareness for the need to protect
and mitigate significant adverse effects to these resources has culminated
in numerous Federal and State laws and regulations to guide coal develop-
ment. The responsibility for adhering to laws and regulations rests with
the mine developer. The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) along
with numerous other State and Federal agencies presently maintains the role
of monitoring and working with coal developers in adhering to this respon-
sibility .
This Arkansas Environmental Inventory Document was prepared by WAPORA,
Inc., Dallas, Texas, to aid EPA, cooperating agencies, and Industry in
identifying and minimizing potential environmental problems associated with
future coal development and utilization. Because the development of coal
is limited somewhat by its distribution, the Study Area in Arkansas in-
cludes only the 38 counties underlain by known potentially developable coal
reserves (Figure 1).
This document is one in a series of five State Environmental Documents
and is divided into nine chapters that provide an inventory of the existing
natural and manmade resource conditions. Information used to assemble this
document was derived largely from nonproprietary sources and other avail-
able data bases. Although parts of the presentation are limited due to the
lack of reliable technical data, an effort was made to balance the presen-
tation wherever possible. Each chapter (except Chapters 4 and 8) includes
a fold-out map(s) (Exhibit[s]) at a scale of 1:1,000,000 depicting the
1
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> CRAWFORD
CONWAY
CROSS
SEBASTIAN
YEU.
ST. FRANCIS
SCOTT
PULASKI
JEFFERSON
GRANT
HOT SPRING
PALLAS V
NEVADA
OUACHITA
CO
CHICOT
lMILL£R'
UNION
Figure 1. The 38 County Study Area
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major features of each resource. Additionally, there are numerous page-
size graphics and tables that contain specific information far each of the
38 counties in the Arkansas Study Area. The narrative accompanying each
chapter is concise by design, and not intended to describe or discuss the
variances associated with each resource. The user should refer to the
tables, figures, and exhibits to obtain specific data on the county level.
Chapter 1.0, "Coal Resources", contains a characterization of the
coal/ lignite resources of the Study Area. The origin, depth, as well as
physical and chemical characteristics of the coal are presented.
Chapter 2.0, "Existing and Planned Coal Developments", describes the
most probable types of coal development in the Study Area, and briefly
discusses the primary technologies associated with coal development.
Currently known existing and planned coal developments and associated
characteristics also are presented.
Chapter 3.0, "Earth (non-coal) Resources", summarizes the major earth
resource conditions in the Study Area. Major elements discussed include
physiography, soils, non-metals, metals, and petroleum and natural gas.
Chapter 4.0, "Socioeconomics", presents a profile of the social and
economic conditions of the Study Area. Major economic conditions consid-
ered include: employment, income, government revenues, and property val-
ues. Existing housing, education, and transportation are addressed to
describe the social environment.
Chapter 5.0, "Water Resources", contains a relatively detailed presen-
tation of existing water resource characteristics owing primarily to the
nature and extent of available data, and importance of water in coal devel-
opment. Surface water and groundwater quantity and quality information is
presented.
Chapter 6.0, "Land Use and Biological Resources", summarizes the
biological data base for major vegetation cover (plants) and wildlife (game
species, furbearers, and endangered or threatened species). Additionally,
major land uses (parks, forests, etc.) are depicted and discussed.
3
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Chapter 7.0, "Air Resources and Noise", consolidates available infor-
mation on climate, ambient air quality, and major point and area source
emissions in the Study Area. Existing noise levels for typical coal
machinery-related activities are presented in a brief noise section.
Chapter 8.0, "Cultural Resources", contains an overview of known and
potential prehistoric and historic resources. The information is presented
utilizing a regional concept that discusses known sites and their orienta-
tion to physiographic features.
Chapter 9.0, "Bibliography", represents a resource-specific compendium
of Information sources utilized to assemble this document. Numerous other
data sources were reviewed during this study, but were not Included due to
their marginal usefulness to the objectives of the study.
4
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1.0 COAL RESOURCES
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1.0 COAL RESOURCES
1.1 INTRODUCTION
The coal resources of Arkansas are composed of two very different
types of coal deposits, with different histories of development, and dif-
ferent potential for future development. The location of the coal re-
sources and a general description of the nature and extent of the deposits
are presented in this chapter. Counties containing coal deposits that have
been, or have the potential to be, commercially exploited are discussed.
Areas containing insignificant quantities of coal or areas where coal is
not marketed or used in industry were excluded from consideration. Basic
information on the deposits of coal in the State is summarized in Coal
Resources Tables 1-1 and 1-2, and displayed graphically on the Coal Re-
sources Map (Exhibit 1) .
The geology of the State determines the location of the coal deposits.
Basically, Arkansas is divided along a northeast to southwest diagonal.
The northwest half of the State is composed of old rock (Paleozoic age -
more than 225 million years old) folded or uplifted to form mountains or
rolling uplands. The southeastern half is underlain by younger and softer
rock strata and is more folded or uplifted. In general, coal deposits in
the older formations can be expected to be of higher rank, enclosed in
harder rock strata, and more folded and faulted. Thus, the older deposits
are more likely to require blasting or coal cutting machinery for mining,
whereas the mining of younger deposits is more likely to be a simple exca-
vation operation. Figure 1-1 shows the general areas and age of rock
outcrops in the Study Area. Quaternary age outcrops are relatively thin
and cover the underlying Teriary age sediments (except near the Mississippi
River). The Tertiary sediments are near the surface in most of the Study
Area.
The distribution of landforms follows the same general pattern as geo-
logical features influening landform development. The young softer rock of
the coastal plain has developed an open, gently rolling landform with low
hills or shallow valleys (Figure 1-2). Because of the generally level
1-1
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Table 1-1. Coal resource data for 38 Arkansas counties.
Total Total Total
County Province Rank Moisture Ash Sulfur No. Seams Thickness Depth in
X " Z Z Feet Feet
Ashley GC Lig - 200
Bradley GC Lig - 2 4 < 100
Calhoun GC Lig B 36 15 0.4 1 7 < 100
Chicot GC Lig - 200
Clark GC Lig B 35 12 0.1 2 7 < 100
Clay GC Lig B 1 < 3 < 100
Cleveland GC Lig B 32 18 0.5 1 <3 <100
Columbia GC Lig A 41 10 0.5 3 15 < 100
Conway OA Bit - 1 < 3 < 100
Craighead GC Lig B 3 10 < 100
Crawford OA Bit 1 1 < 3 < 100
Cross GC Lig - 1 < 3 < 100
Dallas GC Lig B 38 22 0.7 2 6 < 100
Drew GC Lig - 1 < 3 200
Franklin OA Bit 2 5 8 0.7 1 4 <100
Grant GC Lig B 47 17 1.3 2 7 < 100
Greene GC Lig - 1 < 3 < 100
Hempstead GC Lig A 36 15 0.4 2 10 100-200
Hot Spring GC Lig B 44 11 2.1 2 6 <100
Jefferson GC Lig - 1 < 3 200
Johnson OA Bit 2 4 7 1.5 2 3 100-300
Johnson OA Ant 3 2 6 1.7 1 2 100-200
Lafayette GC Lig - 1 < 3 < 100
Lincoln GC Lig - 200
Logan OA Bit 2 16 8 1.2 2 3 100-300
1-2
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Table 1-1. Coal resource data for 38 Arkansas counties (concluded).
County
Province Rank Moisture Ash
% *
Total Total Total
Sulfur No. Seams Thickness Depth in
Feet Feet
Lonoke
Miller
Nevada
Quachita
Perry
Poinsett
Pope
Pulaski
St. Francis
Saline
Scott
Sebastian
Union
Yell
GC
GC
GC
GC
OA
GC
OA
GC
GC
GC
OA
OA
GC
OA
Lig -
Lig B
Lig B
Lig A
Bit C
Lig B
Ant 3
Lig B
Lig -
Lig A
Bit B
Bit 2
Lig A
Bit 1
32
33
35
38
5
5
38
6
32
19
18
11
11
15
10
14
10
1.4
0.5
0.5
2.1
0.5
2.3
2.2
0.5
1.5
12
6
5
<3
7
2
5
15
3
ti
10
2
200
< 100
<100
<100
<100
<100
100-400
100-200
<100
<100
<100
<100
<100
<100
Sources: Holbrook 1980; Haley 1977; Stroud ^t al. 1969.
1-3
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Descriptions for Table 1-1.
• Province - indicates whether a county is in the Gulf Coast Lignite
Province or the Oklahoma-Arkansas Coal Province.
• Hank - designation of the general characteristics of the coal as
determined by the degree to which the coal has been Altered from its
original woody state. Rank is determined by the heating value of
the coal (expressed in BTU per pound of naturally moist coal) or for
the higher ranks of bituminous coal and anthracite, by the percentage
of fixed carbon. Rank is defined in Table 1-2.
• Moisture - expression of the percentage of the coal that is moisture
in the as-mined condition.
• Ash - incombustable as-mined coal remaining as a solid after the
coal is burned.
• Sulfur - total of all forms of sulfur present in the coal.
• Number of Seams - subjective approximation of significant seams of
coal that are known in the-county.
• . Total Thickness - the sum total thickness of all of the significant
coal seams.
• Depth - general description of the distance below the ground surface
at which the uppermost significant coal seam occurs.
Since the information for this table comes from very inconsistent
sources, the following should be considered. For the developed mining
districts, the data is for coal from the thickest seam and/or most pro-
ductive mine in the county. Where coal data is based only on a sampling
program, the data is for the sample from the thickest seam in the county.
If there is only a mention of the presence of coal and its rank, only
this information is tabulated. When only a range of composition is given
for a county, the data in the table is the midpoint of the range.
1-4
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Table 1-2. Rank o£ coal.
Types of Coal X Fixed Carbon Heat Value BTU/lb
Ant
1
Meta-Anthracite
over 98%
"kit
Ant
2
Anthracite
92
- 97*
trie
Ant
3
Semi-Anthracite
86
- 912
**
Bit
1
Low Volatile Bituminous
78
- 85%
**
Bit
2
Medium Volatile Bituminous
69
- nx
~iSf
Bit
A
High Volatile Bituminous A
less
than 69%
over 14,000
Bit
B
High Volatile Bituminous B
less
than 69%
13,000-14,000
Bit
C
High Volatile Bituminous C
less
than 69%
11,000-13,000
Sub
A
Subbituminous A *
less
than 69%
11,000-13,000
Sub
B
Subbituminous B
less
than 69%
9,500-11,000
Sub
C
Subbituminous C
less
than 69%
8,300 9,500
Lig A
Lignite A
less
than 69%
6,300 8,300
Lig
B
Lignite B
less
than 69%
below 6,300
* The distinction between Subbituminous A and Bituminous C is based on the
weathering and aggolmerating characteristics of the coal.
^Coal containing over 69% fixed carbon is ranked by fixed carbon content
instead of heat value.
Source:
Stroud, Raymond B., et al. 1969. Mineral resources and industries
of Arkansas. US Department of Interior, Bureau of Mines, Washington
DC, 418 p.
-------
I
&
m
FRAMOI
Lower Tertiary
fCVAOAi-
OUACMITA
CHICOT
|*j Legend
Age of Rock Exposed at Surface
Mlsslsslpplan-Pennsylvanlan-
Permlan (Late Paleozoic)
Cambrlan-Ordovlclan
(Early Paleozoic)
Figure 1-1. Geology of 38 Arkansas counties (USGS 1969).
-------
» CRAWFORD
POPE
JT
POII
CONWAY
CROSS
LOGAN
B3a
SEBASTIAN.
ST.(FRANCIS
PERRY
SCOTT
C5a
PU_ASKI
A1
INS
B2b
A1
OUACHITA
DREW
CALHOUN
CHICOT
2b
Imillep
COLUMBIA
A2b }#
BRADLEY
*See legend on next page.
Figure 1-2. Landforms associated with 38 Arkansas counties (USGS 1969).*
-------
Figure 1-2. Landforms associated with 38 Arkansas counties (concluded).
Legend for Figure 1-2
A1 Flat Plains - More than 80Z of the area is gently sloping with a local
relief from 0 to 100 feet.
A2b Smooth Plains - More than 80Z of the area is gently sloping with 100 to
200 feet of local relief and 50Z to 75Z of the gentle slopes in the
lowland.
B2 Irregular Plains - S0Z to 80Z of the area is gently sloping with 100 to
200 feet of local relief.
B2b Irregular Plains - 50Z to 80Z of the area is gently sloping with 100 to
200 feet of local relief and 50% to 7531 of the gentle slopes in the
lowland.
B3a Open Plains - 50Z to 80Z of the area is gently sloping with 300 to 500
feet of local relief and more than 75Z of the gentle slopes in the
lowland.
C5a Open Low Mountains - 20Z to 50Z of the area is gently sloping with 1,000
to 3,000 feet of local relief and more than 75Z of the gentle slopes in
the lowland.
D5 Low Mountains - Less than 20X of the area is gently sloping with 1,000
to 3,000 feet of local relief.
1-8
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surface and the undistorted rock strata, the lignite seams are often near
the surface over a large area.
The old, hard, folded rock of the northwest part of Arkansas have
produced low mountains with rolling lowlands of the Arkansas River Valley
between them (Figure 1-3). Coal seams can be mined where irregularities of
the surface expose them or where folding of the rock bring6 coal-bearing
strata near the surface. Unfortunately, the same features carry the coal
seam to great depths and may render large areas unfeasible for mining.
Special areas of the State that contain economically developable
deposits of coal are shown on Exhibit 1. Deposits of lignite are shown by
dot or circle patterns. The actual extent of lignite deposits is indefi-
nite, although Exhibit 1 reflects the most current data based on explora-
tion to date. Areas containing more than 3 feet (1 meter) of coal are
presently the best prospects for near-term commercial development, but
further exploration will likely identify many more such areas. The deep
basin deposits, indicated by the circle pattern, are shown to a depth of
2,000 feet (600 meters) but extend to greater depths under most of the
coastal plain. The deposits along Crowley's Ridge in the northeast part of
the State are where Mississippi River alluvium is separated by a gentle
uplift of the underlying strata. The line patterns in the west-central
part of the State indicate deposits of bituminous coal and anthracite (hard
coal) . These deposits have been exploited for over a century and the
extent and nature of the deposits is well established.
Most Arkansas coal and lignite generally has a sulfur content (less
than 2%). Coal containing 2% or more of sulfur occurs in isolated anal-
yses .
1.2 COAL PROVINCES
The lignite coal resources of the Gulf Coast Lignite Province (Figure
1-3) have not been developed significantly and probably will be exploited
only in large mines producing 1,000 tons per day or more to mine-raouth
power or fuel conversion plants. Except for a State-sponsored survey,-
limited available information on the actual location and extent of commer-
cial lignite deposits exists for this province (Holbrook 1980).
1-9
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NSETT
CGMMV
•YELL
ST. VRANCIS
JEFFERSON
Oklahoma-Arkansas Province
INCOLN
Gulf Coast Province
fM • !• •••?
w . ••
[/•••*~•* ¦ ij
CHICOT
• •• •
• •• >
• •••
• - •
>"
Figure 1-3. Coal provinces
and outcrops of 38 Arkansas counties.
-------
The bituminous coal-anthracite deposits of the Oklahoma-Arkansas
Province (Figure 1-3) represent a resource of relatively high quality coal
that has been exploited for over a century. Therefore it is possible to
obtain relatively detailed production figures and accurate estimates of
reserves. The province produced more than 1 million tons of high grade
coal annually from about 1900 through the 1950's. After a decline in
production to less than 250,000 tons during the 1960's, production is now
increasing (Stround et al. 1969; Haley 1977).
1.2.1 Gulf Coast Lignite
Southeastern Arkansas lies in the Gulf Coastal Plain, a geologic and
topographic division. The Gulf Coast Lignite Province is part of a divi-
sion where lignite-bearing rock is near the surface. This province extends
in a high arc from southern Texas through northern Louisiana, and from
southeastern Arkansas and northern Mississippi into Alabama. Sections of
Gulf Coast Lignite Province with near-surface (within 200 feet of surface)
lignite deposits are shown in Exhibit 1. The light dot pattern shows the
area in which there is a likelihood that lignite might occur at a depth of
less than 200 feet (60 meters), meaning present methods of surface mining
could be used to recover the coal. The heavy dot pattern represents areas
known to have seams more than 3 feet (1 meter) thick. Further exploration
will almost certainly identify similar areas. Lignite is more than 200
feet (60 meters) below the surface in the area designated by the open
circle pattern. This now is considered to be too deep for recovery by
present mining technologies. The nature of the soft rock material over-
lying the lignite renders underground mining uneconomical and impractical.
Consequently, these deposits must be extracted by new remote raining methods
or utilized in-place.
Several strata of sediments in the province contain deposits of lig-
nite with potential economic value. Because the lignite was laid down in
shallow swamp conditions, somewhat like those now prevalent in southern
Louisiana, the deposits of lignite are miles across, of variable thickness,
and separated by spaces that were once rivers that ran through the swamps.
1-11
-------
In general, the potentially developable deposits lie along the north-
western part of the province where the coal-bearing strata are near the
surface. An area of deposits also exists in Crowleys Ridge where the
lignite-bearing strata protrude through the more recent deposits of the
Mississippi Valley. The remainder of the Gulf Coast Lignite Province
contains strata where lignite deposits are likely, however the deposits are
too deep for recovery by surface mining techniques.
The deposits of lignite are of variable dimensions and composition.
Where analyses are available, the lignite ranges in rank from low grade
lignite B with less than 3,000 BTU/lb to a high grade lignite A with 6,000
BTU/lb. Ash content generally varies inversely to heat content. The
sulfur content of the lignite generally is less than 1%.
1.2.1.1 Extent and Nature of Deposits
There is little definite public knowledge regarding the size of any
exploitable deposits, since the detailed drilling and sampling program
findings that define a commercial deposit often are proprietary. The
Arkansas Geological Commission has conducted an exploratory drilling pro-
gram throughout the province and much of our data is based on that report
(Holbrook 1980). Where no drilling test information exists from county
descriptions, the US Bureau of Mines Mineral Resources Bulletin was uti-
lized (Stroud et al. 1969). In some cases, few detailed descriptions or
data are available.
Lignite occurs in tabular deposits typically from a few inches to
several feet in thickness, and a few miles in lateral extent. Frequently
there are layers of sediment (partings) in the lignite seams as well as
multiple lignite seams separated by layers of sediment.
1.2.1.2 Geologic Formations
Lignite in the Gulf Coast Province occurs in sedimentary rocks of
Tertiary age (Figure 1-3) divided in the Wilcox Group, Claiborne Group, and
Jackson Group. Jackson Group sediments contain only a few thin seams (less
than 1 foot thick) of lignite in Arkansas, while commercial deposits occur
1-12
-------
in adjacent States. Lignite, in beds of up to several feet or more thick,
occurs in the Wilcox Group and Claiborne Group; all are characteristic of
fluvial-deltaic origin.
The Wilcox Group is exposed in outcrops extending from Lonoke County
southwestward to Miller County on the Texas border (Figure 1-3). The
Wilcox Group is exposed along Crowley's Ridge which protrudes through
sediments on the west side of the Mississippi Valley in northeastern Arkan-
sas. Wilcox sediments are as much as 850 feet (260 meters) thick and
outcrop over a width of 21 miles (35 km) in northern Dallas County.
The predominant lithology is fine sand, silty sand, and clay. Some of
the sands and clays contain sufficient carbonaceous material, giving them a
dark brown or black appearance. The lignite occurs in beds in the sand-
clay sequence and occurs at any location where the depositional history and
environment was suitable.
The Claiborne Group is situated above the Wilcox Group and outcrops to
the south of the zone of Wilcox exposure. The- group is as much as 1,500
feet (460 meters) thick and is composed mostly of sand, silt, and silty
clay. Lignite occurs throughout the formation with other layers of the
group containing large quantities of carbonaceous material. Although
deposits of the Claiborne Group are less abundant than those of the Wilcox
Group, deposits of lignite are suitable for exploitation when at or near
the surface. There are significant deposits of lignite in the Jackson
Group in other States, but no sizeable reserve has been found in the Study
Area in Arkansas.
1.2.1.3 Reserves
Currently, lignite reserves in the Gulf Coast Province are estimated
at 18.5 billion tons (recoverable reserves) at a depth of 150 feet (50 me-
ters) or less (George and Harner 1980). Experience in evaluating the
resources of adjacent areas suggests the quantity of reserves will increase
as more of the area is explored in detail.
1-13
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1.2.2 Oklahoma-Arkansas Coal Province
The west-central part of Arkansas is underlain by rock formations of
Pennsylvanian age that contain deposits of bituminous coal and anthracite
(Figure 1-1). These resources are contained in a complex basin or syncli-
norium structure located between the Ouachita Mountains to the south and
the Ozark Uplift to the north. The province is part of the United States
Interior Coal Province, a series of bituminous coal deposits that extend
from central Texas to Indiana.
The area is Indicated by the line pattern along the Arkansas River
Valley in the western part of the State (Exhibit 1). Owing to the complex-
ity of the geology of this area commercial deposits occupy only a small
fraction of the indicated area. Most of the commercial deposits occur
where folded seams intersect the land surface. The general east-west
alignment of the coal districts is due to the pattern of folding in the
province. The dense line patterns Indicate areas where the aggregate
thickness of the coal seams is over 3 feet (1 meter). These deposits are
of considerable commercial significance.
1.2.2.1 Extent and Nature of Deposits
Commerical deposits occur primarily in the Arkansas Valley and measure
about 30 miles (50 km) from north to south and 60 miles (100 km) from east
to west. These deposits also extend into Oklahoma. Coal has been mined
commercially in the following districts (Stoud et al. 1969):
Field and District County
Western part of Arkansas field (south of
Arkansas River):
Bonanza-Jenny Llnd district Sebastian
Excelsior-Greenwood district .... Sebastian
Hartford-Huntington district .... Sebastian
Bates district Scott
Charleston district Franklin
Paris district Logan
Scranton district Logan
1-14
-------
Field and District
County
Eastern part of Arkansas field (north of
Arkansas River):
Philpott district
Denning-Coal Hill district
Spadra district
Franklin-Johnson
Franklin-Johnson
Johnson
Ovita and Shinn Basins
(Russellville) district
Pope
The bituminous coal and anthracite in Arkansas are of high quality and
have been used extensively as metallurgical coal for smelting due to their
low content of ash and sulfur and high heat value. In the past, these
coals also were prized as high grade fuel for domestic heating. Although
high sulfur coal has been reported from many areas (Table 1-1), most coal
produced is low in sulfur. Haley (1977) presented comprehensive analyses
of Arkansas bituminous coal and anthracite..
Owing to the complex folding and faulting of coal deposits in the
Oklahoma-Arkansas Coal Province, the extent and nature of mineable deposits
is variable. The complex geologic structure of this province makes under-
ground mining more costly than normal. This complexity is best demon-
strated by the Lower Hartshorne Seam which has been identified over a
vertical interval of more than 2,300 feet (767 meters), ranging from more
than 1,700 feet (567 meters) below sea level to 600 feet (200 meters) above
sea level. The deposits tend to be less complex in the northern part of
the province.
1.2.2.2 Geological Formations
Coal beds are in rocks of the Hartshorne Sandstone Formation, and the
McAlester Shale and Savanna Sandstone Formations of the early and middle
Pennsylvanian age (Figure 1-1). Although 19 coal seams have been identi-
fied and investigated, only four beds are of significant economic value
(Tables 1-3 and 1-4). The most significant seam is the Lower Hartshorne
Bed at the junction of the Hartshorne and McAlester Formations. The Lower
2
Hartshorne Bed is more than 14 inches (36 cm) thick for over 740 mi (1,233
2 2 2
km ), and has been identified over an additional 580 mi (967 km ). It
reaches a maximum thickness of over 8 feet (2.5 meters) in Sebastian County.
1-15
-------
Table 1-3 . Estimated recoverable reserves, (in millions of short tons).
Low-volatile bituminous coal in the Arkansas-Valley Coal Field.
LOWER HARTSHORNE
COAL BED
County*
Thickness.in
Inches
Total
14-28 28-42
42+
Crawford
138.4 104.9
46.6
289.9
Franklin
123.5 14.5
25.1
163.3
Johnson
37.5 19.1
2.8
59.4
Logan
5.3 3.7
-
9.0
Scott
40.9 29.7
33.6
104.2
Sebastian
270.6 475.6
268.0
1,024.2
Subtotal:
1,640.0
UPPER HARTSHORNE
COAL BED
Sebastian
16.4 27.8
0.1
27.9
Subtotal:
27.9
CHARLESTON COAL BED
Franklin
40.3
-
40.3
Logan
0.5
-
0.5
Sebastian
20.9
-
20.9
Subtotal:
61.7
PARIS COAL
BED
Franklin
8.8
-
8.8
Logan
23.4 8.5
-
31.9
Subtotal:
40.7
TOTAL
1,770.3
Source: Haley 1977.
1-16
-------
Table 1-4. Estimated recoverable reserves (in millions of short tons).
Semianthracite in the Lower Hartshorne Coal Bed, Arkansas Valley Coal
Field.
Thickness in Inches
County * Total
14-28
28-42
42+
Johnson
56.0
161.5
57.4
274.0
Logan
64.7
64.3
28.5
157.5
Pope
18.6
3.1
1.7
23.4
TOTAL:
454.9
"Study Area counties listed are known to have economic deposits.
Source: Haley, D.R. 1977. Low-volatile bituminous coal and semi-anthracite
in the Arkansas Valley coal field. Information Circular 20-K,
Arkansas Geological Commission, Little Rock AR, variously paged.
1-17
-------
The Upper Hartshorne Bed is of lesser extent but is known to occur over an
2 2
area of 28 mi (47 km ) and reaches a maximum thickness of 34 inches (86
cm).
The Charleston Bed in the lower part of the Savanna Formation is known
2 2
to occur over an area of 120 mi (200 km ). The seam reaches a maximum
thickness of 23 Inches (58 cm) and contains high rank, low-volatile bitumi-
nous coal in the western sections and semianthracite in the eastern sec-
tions. This seam also is known locally as the Philpott Bed.
In the upper part of the Savanna Formation, the Paris Bed appears. It
2 2
is known to occur over an area of 18 ml (30 km ) and reaches a maximum
thickness of 32 inches 81 cm).
1.2.2.3 Reserves
Total coal production from the Oklahoma-Arkansas Province to date
represents less than 10% of the total estimates recoverable reserves.
Recoverable reserves are the fraction of the total coal resource that can
be extracted with known technology under forseeable economic conditions.
This production, however, represents most of the easily mineable coal, so
that future production depends on improved mining techniques and/or higher
value coal. Tables 1-3 and 1-4 itemize the estimated reserves of bitumi-
nous coal and anthracite, respectively, for Arkansas. It should be empha-
sized that most of the remaining bituminous coal is in the lower Hartshorne
Seam in Sebastian County, whereas most of the anthracite is in Johnson
County. About one tenth of these reserves has been recovered.
1-18
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2.0 EXISTING AND PLANNED COAL DEVELOPMENT
-------
2.0 EXISTING AND PLANNED COAL DEVELOPMENT
2.1 INTRODUCTION
Chapter 2.0 presents an overview of current and projected coal devel-
opment in Arkansas. The discussion examines the three most probable forms
of lignite and bituminous coal development—coal mines, coal-fired electric
generating facilities, and coal gasification and liquefaction facilities.
A brief description of each technology including pertinent environmental
considerations is included. All known existing and planned coal develop-
ment facilities are documented.
The primary constraints on the information presented in this chapter are:
• the necessity of timely response by industries to requests for
information;
• the desire of industry to maintain confidentiality about existing
and planned operations;
• the desire of State regulatory agencies to respect industry
confidentiality; and
• the varying stages of development of planned facilities.
2.2 TECHNOLOGY OF COAL DEVELOPMENT
There are three predominant categories of coal development: coal
mines, including surface and subsurface mines; coal-fired electric gener-
ating facilities; and coal gasification and liquefaction facilities. Only
mines and electric generating facilities are found in Arkansas. This
section contains a generalized outline of each development. Typical envi-
ronmental effects and mitigative measures are included and aspects asso-
ciated with environmental considerations are noted. The level of infor-
mation presented is appropriate during preliminary planning and for drawing
general conclusions about potential areas of environmental concern.
2.2.1 Coal Mines
In Arkansas, all active and planned coal mines are surface mines.
Surface mining operations began in 1918. Subsurface mining took place in
2-1
-------
Arkansas between 1870 and 1978 (Arkansas Mining and Mineral Resources
Institute 1979).
Surface coal mines are classified as area mines Including conventional
and mountain top removal; or contour mines Including box cuts and block
CUt8 .
The following activities generally are uniform and common to all
surface mining operations. They differ primarily In procedural sequence
among mining systems.
e
clearing
•
surface water diversion
•
drilling and blasting
•
overburden stripping and storage
•
dewatering
•
coal loading and transportation
•
coal processing
•
topsoil and overburden replacement
•
revegetation
•
reclamation and maintenance
Typical consumed resources, waste streams, environmental effects, and
mitigation measures for each surface mining activity are included in Table
2-1. Revegetation, reclamation, and maintenance are not Included as sepa-
rate operations because they are themselves mitigation measures.
2.2.2 Coal-Fired Electric Generating Facilities
For purposes of this document, electric generating facilities are
categorized as either lignite burning or bituminous coal burning. The
environmental consequences of building or operating either type of plant
are similar. Lignite typically has a lower heating value per pound than
bituminous coal. Therefore, to generate an equivalent amount of electric-
ity, a lignite-fired plant would consume more of the lignite resource than
a bituminous coal-fired plant. Air emissions on a kilowatt-hour generated
basis also differ. In general, waste streams and waste stream components
2-2
-------
Table 2-1. Environmental considerations associated with surface raining.
Operation Resources Consumed Waste Streams
Effects Mitigation
Decreased habitat, In- Reclamation, incremen-
creased TSS In recelv- tal clearing
lng stream, temporarily
decreased air quality
Habitat alteration, In- Reclamation, stream
creased TSS In stream, slope stabllzatlon
temporarily decreased
air quality
Clearing
Surface water diversion
Drilling & blasting
Stripping and storage
Dewaterlng
Coal loading &
transportation
Coal processing
Topsoll & overburden
replacement
Equipment, fuel, labor,
timber, habitat
Equipment, fuel, labor,
habitat
Equipment, fuel, labor,
land use
Equipment, fuel, labor,
water (minimal)
Equipment, fuel, labor
Equipment, fuel, labor
Equipment, fuel, labor
Equipment, fuel, labor
Fugitive dust, trees,
brush, equipment ex-
haust, runoff
Stream sediment, equip-
ment exhaust, fugitive
dust
Noise, fugitive dust
Runoff, fugitive dust,
equipment exhaust, run-
off treatment sludge
Drainage, treatment
sludge
Vehicle emission, noise,
fugitive dust
Solid waste, wastewater,
storage pile runoff,
noise, fugitive dust,
air emissions
Fugitive dust, equip-
ment emissions
Increased TSP, increas-
ed noise
Erosion, increased TSS
and altered pH In
receiving streams, in-
creased TSP
Increased TSS and
altered pH in receiv-
ing stream
Increased TSP and
vehicle emissions
Increased TSS & alter-
ed pH In receiving
stream, decreased air
quality
Altered infiltration,
altered runoff, in-
creased TSS & altered
pH in receiving stream
Locate away from popu-
lated areas
Runon diversion, runoff
collection, runoff
treatment, spraying
water
Drainage treatment
(sedimentation, neu-
tralization) , sludge
dewaterlng and disposal
Dust suppression,
emission control, haul
distance minimization
Runoff Interception &
treatment, air pollution
control equipment
Segregate horizons,
revegetation, water
spraying
TSS - Total Suspended Solids
TSP - Total Suspended Particulate
-------
are similar for both fuels (Table 2—1). However, the quantities and propor-
tions of constituents of waste streams may vary. Principal waste streams
and sources of wastes are as follows:
• Liquid Wastes
- sanitary waste
- boiler blowdown
- organic metal cleaning waste
- inorganic metal cleaning waste
- demineralizer waste
- cooling tower blowdown
- condensate polisher waste
- fuel storage pile runoff
- lime/limestone storage pile runoff
- process area runoff
- ash quench water
- laboratory waste
- waste oils, hydraulic fluids
- preoperational boiler cleaning waste
• Air Emissions
- fugitive dust
- total suspended particulates
- SO
- NO*
- HCX
- CO
- metals
• Solid Waste
- treatment sludges
- flue gas desulfurization sludge
- fly ash
- bottom ash
- economizer ash
Liquid waste treatment systems at electric generating facilities
depend on the waste characteristics and are affected by raw intake water
quality, fuel characteristics, water quality of the receiving water body,
and process configuration at the facility. Typical air emission control
equipment includes wet lime or limestone flue gas desulfurization scrub-
bers, or hot or cold side electrostatic precipitators for particulate
2-4
-------
removal. Solid wastes typically are landfilled when appropriate, or dis-
posed of by contract waste disposers.
Condenser water cooling systems are environmentally significant be-
cause they dissipate waste heat to the environment and usually require
intake structures and the discharge of cooling water or blowdown. Typical
systems are impoundments (lakes or ponds) and cooling towers (wet or dry).
Materials consumed in significant quantities during construction and
operation of an electric generating facility are listed below:
•
construction materials
•
labor
•
energy
•
water
•
land area
•
coal
•
lime or limestone
•
chemical substances
•
equipment
2.3 EXISTING AND PLANNED COAL DEVELOPMENT
Facilities currently in operation, under construction, or issued New
Source National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permits have
been categorized as existing facilities. Facilities that are being planned
(but not under construction) and expected to be in operation by 1990 are
categorized as planned facilities.
2.3.1 Coal Mines
Bituminous reserves generally are developed first due to their higher
marketability. All active mines in Arkansas are either bituminous or
semi-anthracite.. Lignite mines generally are economically feasible only
when haul distances are minimized. Therefore, lignite mines often are
associated with mine-mouth electric generating facilities or other lignite-
based operations.
2-5
-------
2.3.1.1 Existing Coal Mines
All existing coal mines in Arkansas are surface mines (Table 2-2).
Surface mining techniques were discussed in Section 2.2.1. Only the Ozark
Mine in Johnson County uses contour mining methods. The rest of the mines
employ area mining techniques. The operators of the Ozark Mine plan to
mine most of the site using area mining, except for small portions in hilly
areas which will be mined using contour methods. Operation of the Ozark
Mine will cease during May 1981 pending establishment of an adequate market
for the coal. If operation does resume, coal reserves are adequate for
approximately 3 to 4 years of operation (By phone, Bob Foreman, Director of
Operations, Peabody Coal Company, 19 March 1981).
Numerous abandoned coal mines exist in Arkansas; most are subsurface.
Comprehensive lists of individual abandoned mines could not be developed in
the framework of this study. Areas of abandoned subsurface mining are not
included in Exhibit 2.
2.3.1.2 Planned Coal Mines
*» i . —i ——
There are only two planned coal mines in Arkansas; both are surface
mines (Table 2-3 and Exhibit 2). Whether the mines actually begin opera-
tion is dependent on finalized contracts for the coal. The Sparta Mine
originally was intended to operate in conjunction with the Arkansas Lignite
Energy Center, owned by Arkansas Power and Light (AP&L). AP&L has post-
poned plans indefinitely for this electric generating facility. As a
result, the Sparta Mine plans also are postponed indefinitely. If a new
lignite purchaser is found, the mine could be in operation by 1987 (by
telephone, Bill Coleman, Manager of Environmental Affairs, AP&L, 19 March
1981). Carter Mining tentatively planned to begin operation of the New
Hope Mine in conjunction with a lignite gasification facility formerly
planned by Exxon. Plans for the gasification facility are canceled, and
therefore, plans for the mine are canceled pending a new customer.
2-6
-------
Table 2-2. Existing coal mines in Arkansas.
County
Franklin
Name
NA
Walatule
Mining Area
Method [ha(ac)]
Surface
(area)
47
(115)
Surface 486
(area) (1,200)
Production
Rate [kkg/yr
(t/yr)]
65,000
(72,000)
54,000
(60,000)
NA Surface NA NA
NJ
i
Johnson Ozark Surface 162 68,000
(area, (400) (75,000)
contour)
NA Surface NA NA
NA
Ozark
Real
Estate #1
Spadra Surface 40 NA
(100)
Surface NA NA
Surface 364 93,000
(area) (900) (102,000)
Dates of
Operation Coal Type
Discharge
To Reclamation Owner
1981- Bituminous Hall Pasture, Garland
1983 Creek 1 End Lake Coal Co.
1975-
1991
NA
Bituminous Duncan
Branch
NA
NA
Grassland
or Pasture,
Importing
Top Soil
NA
Multi-
Minerals
Corp.
Black
Crystal
Mining Co
1970- Bituminous Horse-
1981 head
Creek
Grassland,
Segregated
A&B Hori-
zons , End
Lakes
Peabody
Coal Co.
NA
NA
NA
NA
R&S Coal
Co.
NA
NA
NA
NA
ARCO
1978-
1988
Semi-An-
thracite
No Dis-
charge
Grassland,
No End
Lakes
Oscar
Horany
1977-
1980
Semi-An-
thracite
Horse-
head
Creek
Pasture,
One Lake
Crown
Const. Co
-------
Table 2-2. Existing coal mines in Arkansas (concluded).
County
Logan
Name
NA
Mining
Method [ha(ac)]
Production
Area Rate [kkg/yr Dates of Discharge
(t/yr)] Operation Coal Type To Reclamation Owner
Surface NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
John Hixon
Mines
Scott
NA
Surface NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Bowmar
Mining
Sebastian
NA
Surface NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
General
Fuel Corp.
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Great
National
Corp.
Yell
Dardan- Surface 76 Variable 1979-
elle (188) 1990
Bituminous Choate
Pasture, Aearth
George Rangeland, Develop-
Branch Cattle ment
Ponds
Total permitted to date
^Total 1980 production - 13,000 kkg, total January 1981 production -
NA = Information not available
16,000 kkg (thousand kilograms)
-------
Table 2-3. Planned coal mines in Arkansas.
County Name
Mining
Method
Area
[ha(ac)]
Production
Rate [kkg/yr
(t/yr)
Dates of
Operation Coal Type
Discharge
To
Reclamation
Owner
Calhoun
Sparta Surface
(area)
NA
7.3 million
(8 million)
1987-2017 Lignite Champagnolle Pine Trees, G-S Lignite
Creek, Hur- primarily
ricane Creek
Blann Creek,
or Lloyd
Creek
Partnership
(Shell Oil
& GCO Minerals
Dallas New Surface 17,000 11 million NA
Hope (42,500) (12.5 million)
Lignite Tulip Creek
Original
condition
or land
owner pre-
ference
Carter Mining
(Exxon Coal
Co.)
NA = Information not available
-------
2.3.2 Coal-Fired Electric Generating Facilities
2.3.2.1 Existing Coal-Fired Electric Generating Facilities
There are three coal-fired electric generating facilities existing or
under construction in Arkansas (Table 2-4 and Exhibit 2). All three facili-
ties burn bituminous coal, and all are supplied coal from Gillette, Wyoming.
The two AP&L facilities, White Bluff and Independence, are or will be
similar. The Independence facility is presently under construction.
2.3.2.2 Planned Coal-Fired Electric Generating Facilities
As discussed in Section 2.3.1.2, the Arkansas Lignite Energy Center
plans are postponed indefinitely. If AP&L determines in the future that
the facilitiy is needed and decides to carry out the project, the first
generating unit can be on line in 1990. This planned facility is charac-
terized in Table 2-5 and the location shown in Exhibit 2.
2.3.3 Coal Gasification Facilities
As discussed in Section 2.3.1.2, the plans for the only gasification
facility in Arkansas, in Calhoun County, were postponed.
2-10
-------
Table 2-4. Existing coal-fired electric generating facilities in Arkansas.
Generation
County
Name
No. of
Units
Rate/Unit
(raw)
Coal Type
Date
On-Line
Cooling
Method
Air Pollution
Control Method
Owner
Jefferson
White Bluff
2
375
Bituminous
1980/
1981
Tower
(closed
natural
draft)
ESP
(hot side)
AP&L
Benton
Flint Creek
1
512
Bituminous
1978
Pond
ESP
SWEPCO
Independence
Independence
2
375
Bituminous
1983/
1984
Tower
(closed
natural
draft)
ESP
(hot side)
AP&L
NJ
i
ESP = Electrostatic Precipitator
AP&L = Arkansas Power and Light
SWEPCO = Southwestern Electric Power Company
-------
Table 2-5. Planned coal-fired electric generating facilities in Arkansas.
County
Calhoun
Name
Arkansas
Lignite
Energy
Center
No. of
Units
Generation
Rate/Unit
(mw)
800
Coal Type
Lignite
Date
On-Line
1990-
1992
Cooling
Method
Towers
(closed)
Air Pollution
Control Method Owner
NA AP&L
NA = Information not available
AP&L = Arkansas Power and Light
to
i
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3.0 EARTH RESOURCES
-------
3.0 EARTH RESOURCES
3.1 INTRODUCTION
Earth resources are a combination of the physical elements of the
surface and subsurface of the earth from which most life forms derive their
basic needs. The importance of these resources in a particular location
varies depending on the nature in which various resource elements interact
with the enviroment.
This chapter presents information (Table 3-1 and Exhibit 3) intended
to aid in proper environmental planning for coal development as it relates
to earth resources. Concerns from coal/lignite development include ero-
sion, restoration, and reclamation (or enhancement) of the present contour
of the land including soil conditions, and effects on other mineral re-
sources .
3.2 PHYSIOGRAPHY
The processes of uplift, erosion, deposition, settling, faulting, and
folding have produced wide variation in the physiography of Arkansas. The
results of these processes produced the Boston Mountains, Arkansas Valley,
Ouachita Mountains, and Gulf Coastal Plain (Figure 3-1). The upland Boston
Mountains Region and Ouachita Mountains Region are dissected by the low-
lying Arkansas Valley, situated in a west-east orientation accommodating
the easterly flow of the Arkansas River. The Gulf Coastal Plain is the
most extensive of the four regions, covering the southern and eastern
counties in the Study Area.
Eight landforms, varying from the most level to the most rugged, are
used to further describe the terrain in each region of the Study Area:
flat plains, smooth plains, irregular plains, plains with hills, open
hills, open low mountains, high hills, and low mountains (Table 3-1) (USGS
1969). These types of landforms are further classified according to dif-
ferences in relief as: simple, varied, or complex (Figure 3-2) in the
following manner:
3-1
-------
Table 3-1.
Earth resources of 38
Physionraphy
countie* in Arkansas.
Soils
County
Land Forms
Slope
Depth
Ashley
Flat plains
Level to
gentle
Deep
Bradley
Flat plains;
Irregular plains
Level to
moderate
Deep
Calhoun
Flat plains;
Irregular plains
Level to
moderate
Deep
Chicot
Flat plains
Level to
moderate
Deep
Clark
Flat plains;
Irregular plains;
open high hills
Level to
moderately
steep
Mostly deep;
some shallow
Clay
Flat plains;
Irregular plains
3
Level to
gentle
Deep
Cleveland
Flat plains;
irregular plains
Level to
moderate
Deep
Columbia
Smooth plains;
Irregular plains
Gentle to
moderately
steep
Deep
Conway
Plains w/hllls
Gentle to
steep
50Z shallow;
50Z deep
Texture
Loamy
Loamy
Loamy
Clayey to silty
Clayey to loamy
Clayey to loamy
Clayey to loamy
Loamy
Other
Poorly to moderately
well drained; mostly
acidic - some alkaline
Poorly to well drained;
mostly acidic
Poorly to moderately
well drained; acidic
Poorly to moderately
well drained; acidic
Poorly to well drained;
mostly acidic
Minerals
(Metals, Monmetals,
Hydrocarbons)
S&G,1 Clay, MW, Pet1
Pet,1 S&G,1 Clay
Pet,1 S&G,1 Clay
S&G1
S&G,1 Clay,1 Stone(c),1
Shale, Mercury, Antimony
Poorly drained w/some S&G, Clay
moderately well
drained; acidic
Poorly to moderately S&G,1 Clay
well drained; acldiq
some areas of erosion
hazard
Poorly to well drained; Pet,1 S&G,1 Clay
acidic
Loamy
Moderately to well
drained; acidic
S&G,1 Stone(c),1 NG1
-------
Table 3-1. Earth resources of 38 counties in Arkansas (continued).
County
Craighead
Physiography
Land Forms
Flat plains;
irregular plains
Soils
Slope
Level to ^
nearly level
Depth
Deep
Crawford
Cross
Plains w/hills;
high hills; low
mountains
Flat plains;
irregular plains
Moderately
steep to
steep
Level to
gentle^
Mostly deep
less than 20%
shallow
Deep
OJ
I
OJ
Dallas
Drew
Franklin
Grant
Flat plains;
irregular plains
Flat plains;
irregular plains
Plains with hills;
low mountains
Irregular plains
Level to
moderate
Level to
moderately
steep
Nearly level
to very
steep
Level to
moderately
steep
Deep
Deep
Shallow to deep
Deep
Greene
Flat plains;
irregular plains
Level to ^
undulating
Deep
Hempstead
Smooth plains;
irregular plains
Nearly level
to rolling
Deep
Texture
Loamy
Loamy and stony
Other
Mostly poorly drained;
some moderately well
drained; mostly acidic -
some alkaline
Well drained; acidic
Minerals
(Metals. Nonmetals,
Hydrocarbons)
S&G,1 Clay1
S&G,1 Stone(c), NG1
Silty loam
Poorly drained fo mod-
erately well drained;
acidic; erosion hazard
on slopes
S&G, Clay
Loamy
Poorly to well drained; S&G, ¦ Clay
acidic
Mostly loamy;
some clayey
Poorly to moderately
well drained; acidic
S&G, Clay
Stony to loamy
Moderately to well
drained; acidic;
erosion hazard
S&G,1 NG,1 Stone (c & d)
Loamy
Mostly moderately to
well drained; some
poorly drained;
acidic
S&G, Clay
Clayey; silty;
loamy
Clayey or
loamy
Poorly to well drained; S&G, Clay
acidic; slight erosion
hazard
Moderately well drained; S&G,1 Clay,1 Jasper, Pet,
mostly acidic
Gs, Titanium
-------
Table 3-1.
Earth resources of 38 counties in Arkansas (continued).
County
Hot Springs
Jefferson
Johnson
Lafayette
Lincoln
•o
Logan
Lonoke
Miller
Nevada
Physiography
Land Forms
Soils
Depth
Irregular plains; Level to
open high hills; steep
open low mountains
50X moderately
deep and shallow;
50Z deep
Flat plains;
Irregular plains
Level to
undulating
Deep
Plains with hills;
low mountains
Gentle to
very steep
Shallow to deep
Smooth plains;
Irregular plains
Flat plains;
irregular plains
Plains w/hills;
open low mountains
Flat plains;
plains w/hills
Smooth plains;
irregular plains
Irregular plains
Level to
rolling
Level to
moderately
sloping
Gentle to
steep
Level to
moderate
Level to
moderately
steep
Nearly level
to steep
Deep
Deep
Mostly deep;
some shallow
Deep
Deep
Deep
Texture
Other
Stony to silty loam Mostly well drained;
acidic
Clayey to loamy
Loamy and Stony
Clayey to loamy
Clayey to loamy
Stony to loamy
Clayey to loamy
Poorly to well drained;
mostly acidic - some
alkalinity
Well, drained; acidic;
some areas of erosion
hazard
Poorly to well drained;
acidic
Poorly to moderately
well drained; mostly
acidic - some alkaline
Moderately to well
drained; acidic
Poorly to well drained
Minerals
(Metals, Nonmetals,
Hydrocarbons)
Barite,1 J&G,1 Clay,1
Stone(c), Shale,1 Co,
LZC, tin. Titanium, Mo
S&G1
S&G,1 Clay,1 NG,1
Stone(c & d), Shale
S&G,1 Pet,1 Clay, Iron
S&G
S&G,1 Stone(c id),1 NG1
Clay,1 Stone1
Mostly loamy;
some clayey
Mostly loamy;
some sandy;
some clayey
Poorly to well drained;
mostly acidic; some
alkaline
Mostly moderately to
well drained; some
poorly drained; acidic
S&G.1 Clay,1Stone(c),*
Pet
S&G,1 Pet,1 Iron, Clay
-------
Table 3-1• Eacth resources of 38 counties in Arkansas (continued).
County
Ouachita
Perry
Physiography
Land Forms
Flat plains;
irregular plains
Plains w/hills;
open high hills;
open low mountains
Soils
Level to
moderately
steep
Moderately
sloping to
steep; socne
level
Depth
Deep
Most deep;
20% shallow
Poinsett
Pope
Flat plains;
irregular plains
Plains w/hills;
low mountains
Level to ^
nearly level
Gentle to
very steep
Deep
Shallow & deep
Pulaski Flat plains; Level to
irregular plains; steep
plains w/hills;
open high hills
Mostly deep;
some shallow
St. Francis
Flat plains;
irregular plains
Level to ^
undulating
Deep
Saline
Irregular plains;
open high hills;
open low mountains
Mostly undula-
ting to steep.;
some level
Shallow and deep
Scott
Open low mountains
Mostly rolling
to steep; some
level
70% deep; 30%
shallow
Texture
Mostly loamy; some
sandy; some
gravelly
Loamy; loamy and
stony; some clayey
Other
Poorly drained to well
drained
Well drained; acidic
Minerals
(Metals, Nonmetals,
Hydrocarbons)
S&G.J Clay,* Stone(c),'''
Pet, Iron
S&G,* Stone(c),* Clay
50% loamy;
50% clayey
Mostly gravelly
and stony loam;
some clayey to
loamy
Loamy; loamy
and stony
Mostly silty;
30% clayey
60% gravelly &
stony loam; 40%
lpamy
Gravelly and
stony loam
Poor drained; acidic;
slight erosion hazard
Well drained
S&G, Clay
S6G,1 Stone(c),1 NG1
Poorly drained to well. S&G,* Stone(c),* Clay,^
drained; slight erosion Bauxite; LZC; Mn; Iron;
hazard
Mostly poorly drained; S&G
mostly acidic
Q, Silver
1
Mostly well drained;
acidic
Well drained; acidic
S&G, Clay, Bauxite,
Stone(c), Q, Titanium,
Slate, Iron, SR
Clay, Stone(c), NG"''
-------
Table 3-1. Earth resources of 38 counties in Arkansas (concluded).
County
Sebastian
Physiography
Land Forms
Plains w/hills;
open low mountains
Slope
55% level to
gentle; 45%
gentle to
steep
Soils
Depth Texture
Mostly deep; some Loamy
moderately shallow
to shallow
Other
Mostly well drained;
Mostly acidic; ero-
sion hazard in
mountains
Minerals
(Metals, Honmetals,
Hydrocarbons)
S&G,1 Stone(c),1 Shale,
NG
Union
Yell
Flat plains;
irregular plains
Plains w/hills;
open high hills;
open low
mountains
Level to
steep
Level to
steep
Deep
Loamy
Mostly deep; some Gravelly and stony
shallow loam; loamy
Mostly well drained;
acidic
Mostly well drained;
acidic
Bromine, S&G, Clay,
Pet,1
S&G,1 Stone(c),1 NG1
^For minerals: indicates mineral was commercially produced in 1978. For petroleum and natural gas: indicates currently producing (By phone,
Mary Stenson, AOGC, 26 March 1981).
2
Information is approximate, based on predominant features, considering all soil associations in the county. Key to slope designation:
level - 0 to 1%; nearly level - 1 to 31; gently sloping or undulating - 3 to 8%; moderately sloping or rolling - 8 to 12%; moderately
steep - 12 to 20%; steep - 20 to 40%; very steep - greater than 402. Key to depth designations: deep - greater than 100 centimeters
(40 inches); moderately deep - 50 to 100 centimeters (20 to 40 inches); shallow - less than 50 centimeters (20 Inches). Example: level
to moderate (0 to 12%), moderate to steep (8 to 40%).
3
Contains part of Crowley's Ridge and associated steeper areas.
Key to Mineral Abbreviations:
Petroleum - Pet Columbium - Co Quartz - Q Mineral Water - MW
Natural Gas - NG Lead, Zinc, Copper - LZC Molybdenite - Mo Serpentine Rock - SR
Greensand - GS Manganese - Mn Sand & Gravel - S&G crushed - c
dimension - d
Source: Bush and Stroud 1979; SCS 1971; SCS (various years); Stroud £t at. 1969; USGS 1969.
-------
UJ
I
^ST.'FRANCTSy
JO-risofT
FRAhKL IN
^QNWAY
LOGAN-A
SEBASTIAN
m
¦ ' y
grant/1
*5tVWr
OALLA
lV/
I Legend
Boston Mountains
Arkansas Valley
Ouachita Mountains
Gulf Coastal Plain
Figure 3-1. Physiographic regions of 38 Arkansas counties (Source: Arkansas Geological and
Conservation Commission 1959).
-------
—L- -
u>
I
00
J1
FRAMsLJN
CONWAY
GRANT
A3
HOT SPRI
OUACHITA
MILLER
CTCEtNL:
POINSETT
ST. FRANCIS
A®
Legend
J Landforma
A Simple
V A Varied
Complex
Soils
O Poor
O Moderate
® Good
Figure 3-2. Existing conditions of earth resources in 38 Arkansas counties (USGS 1969, USDA-SCS 1967).
CLEVELAM)
\AO
LINCOLN
A©r
' C
1
ORE*
CO
CHICOT /
Acr)'
s
N
A®,
A3
jfaWOLEY
ASH-EY
AO
-------
Simple
Varied*
Complex
Flat plains
Smooth plains
Irregular plains
Plains with hills
Open high hills
Open low mountains
High hills
Low mountains
*Includes combinations of Simple and Comples classifications in a county.
3.2.1 Boston Mountains
The Boston Mountains were once a tableland, but extensive erosion has
since converted them to mountainous terrain. Interbedded shales and sand-
stones characterize the region. Erosion has resulted in a bench-slope
terrain with shale forming steep slopes and sandstone forming the benches.
This region contains the most rugged terrain in the Study Area (AGCC 1959),
generally causing assooiated environmental problems (primarily erosion
potential) to be a greater risk than in other regions.
Two complex landforms are associated with the Boston Mountains — high
hills and low mountains. These features form an irregular east-west es-
carpment with most mountain tops at similar elevation.
The range in elevation in the Boston Mountains is approximately 700
feet (210 meters), increasing from 1,500 feet (460 meters) above sea level
in the eastern part of the region to 2,200 feet (670 meters) above sea
level in the western part of the region. The region also displays diverse
changes in local relief with hills and mountains ranging from 500 feet
(150 meters) to 1,400 feet (430 meters) above valley floors.
3.2.2 Arkansas Valley
The Arkansas Valley, primarily formed by erosionary processes of the
Arkansas River drainage, contrasts greatly with the adjacent hills and
mountains on either side. The major landforra type is plains with hills —
the hills being further described as a system of resistant high ridges
rising prominently above the valley floor (USGS 1969; Stroud et^ a_l. 1960).
3-9
-------
Some of the hills in the Arkansas Valley are among the highest in the
Study Area, while some valleys are among the lowest in the Study Area.
Typically, changes in local relief range between 300 feet (90 meters) and
500 feet (150 meters). Elevation ranges from approximately 400 feet (120
meters) above sea level in the rolling lowlands to 2,800 feet (850 meters)
above sea level in localized mountain areas (Stroud et al. 1969; USGS
1969).
The location of hilly areas in the mostly flat valley is a major
concern in this region. Careful consideration must be taken in planning
coal development in this region due to the high erosion potential asso-
ciated with these areas.
3.2.3 Ouachita Mountains
A varied and complex surface of open high hills and open low mountains
(the two basic landform types) is displayed in the Ouachita Mountains (USGS
1969). Long linear ridges trend east-west, similar to the Arkansas Valley.
Level areas do occur, but much less frequently than in the Arkansas Valley.
The elevations range widely, from less than 300 feet (90 meters) above sea
level along the southern edge of the region to 2,600 feet (790 meters) in
the highest areas. Local relief changes of 1,000 feet (300 meters) or more
occur in the rugged northwestern section, and gradually decrease in an
eastward direction. The southern sections (Hot Spring and Clark counties)
gently slope southward to the Gulf Coastal Plain (Stroud et d. 1969; AGCC
1959).
With the occurrence of numerous hills and mountains, this region
displays steep slopes similar to the Boston Mountains. However, the geo-
logically complex folding of strata leaves these mountains more vulnerable
to weathering and erosion than the Boston Mountains.
3.2.4 Gulf Coastal Plain
The broad expanse of the Gulf Coastal Plain generally is level to
rolling hills of accumulated sediments derived from the erosion of upland
regions to the northwest. There is enough variation in local relief
3-10
-------
throughout the region for it to be divided into three types of plains —
flat, smooth, and irregular. The irregular plains in the south-central
part of the Study Area are noted for the abundance of rolling hills.
Crowley's Ridge is another area of irregular plains formed by a resistant
rock outcrop running in a narrow north-south band from Clay County to St.
Francis County. The other sections show little variation in relief. Flat
plain areas are primarily bottomlands, floodplains, and broad level areas
associated with the Mississippi, White, Arkansas, Saline, and Ouachita
rivers. Smooth plains, with slight local relief of 100 to 300 feet (30 to
90 meters), and other similar level areas are associated with the Red
River.
The highest elevations in the Gulf Coastal Plain occur near the junc-
tion of this region with the Ouachita Mountains and Arkansas Valley in
Clark, Hot Spring, Saline, and Pulaski counties. From this area, the
elevations decrease slowly in a general southeasterly direction to lower
elevations near the Mississippi River. Some of the higher rolling hills of
the region reach elevations of about 700 feet (210 meters) above sea level,
but in general the Gulf Coastal Plain differs in elevation by about 200
feet (60 meters), ranging from about 100 feet (30 meters) above sea level
to 300 feet (90 meters) above sea level.
Environmental limitations concerning physiography are less of a prob-
lem than in other regions of the Study Area primarily due to the level
nature of the region. However, areas of irregular plains (i.e., rolling
hills) are susceptible to severe erosion.
3.3 SOILS
The productive quality of soil and its suitability for certain uses is
largely determined by properties of slope, depth, texture, and levels of pH
(Table 3-1). Soils in the same physiographic region have similar soil
characteristics and are classified based on their physical and chemical
properties. Their related physiographic areas are shown in Exhibit 3.
3-11
-------
There are several major soil associations In each physiographic area (Ex-
hibit 3 and Table 3-2). Due to distinct soil differences, the Gulf Coastal
Plain has been subdivided into Coastal Plain, Bottomlands, and Loesslal
Plains and Hills.
Soils are classified as poor, moderate, or good according to their
actual present productivity or potential productivity (Figure 3-2). Recla-
mation is dependent on restoring the productive nature of soils. If a
majority of a county has over 12% slope, has less than 20 Inches (50 cm) to
bedrock, or has a sandy texture, the soils are considered poor. If a
majority of a county has slopes of 3% or less, and has greater than 40
inches (100 cm) to bedrock with a loamy texture, the soils are considered
good. Counties with a mixture of poor and good qualities (or character-
istics which fall between the specifications of "poor" or "good") are
considered to have moderate soils. Virtually all soils in the Study Area
(i.e., all five groups) are acidic (less than 7 pH).
3.3.1 Boston Mountains and Ouachita Mountains
Soil associations of this group include those located on the steepest
slopes with the shallowest soil depths and with texture ranging from stony
to loamy. These soils are best suited for forest or rangeland (Table 3-2).
Steep slopes and shallow soils in this region virtually preclude major
surface land alterations.
3.3.2 Valley
The silty or sandy loam soils typical of this region occur predomi-
nantly on level to moderate slopes; steeper slopes have stone or gravel
mixed in the topsoils. The subsoils of the region are composed largely of
silty clay loam or sand loam. Deeper soils are associated with more level
slopes and become shallower as the slope Increases.
Soils of this region are presently used as agricultural land, except
where steep slopes occur. Steep slopes in the region present some concern,
but reclamation of productive soils is the major environmental problem.
3-12
-------
Table 3-2. Description of major soil associations depicted In Exhibit 3.
Regions
Slope (Z) or
Location
Boston Mountains and Ouachita Mountains
10-Ende r s-A1legheny
11-Enders-Rolston
18-Goldston-Georgeville-
Herndon (SD)1
19-Goldston-Rockland,
Quartzlte (S)
21-Rockland, Nova-
cullte (S)
22-Porters (SD)
Valley
13-Leadvale-Taf£ -
Montevallo (SD)
14-Mountainburg-
F.nders (SD)
15-Linker-Mountainburg-
Hartsells (SD)
16-Pickwlck-Leadvale
17-Falkner
Coastal Plain
23-Blnnsville-Sumter (SD)
24-Tlckfaw-Tlppah
25-Caddo-Weston-Cahaba
26, 27-Shubuta-Ruston-
Alaga
28-Caddo
8-40
8-40
8-40
Mountainous
Areas
Mountainous
Areas
B-40
Valleys,
Ridges
8-40
8-12
1-8
Broad Valleys
3-12
3-8
0-8
3-40
0-1
Texture (Topsoil/
Subsoil)
Loamy, Stony/Loamy
Loamy, Stony/Clay,
Clay Loam
Silty Loam/Silty
Clay
Silty Clay/Stony
Rough, Stony/
Rough, Stony
Silty Loam, Stony/
Silty Clay Loam
Silty Loam/Silty
Clay Loam
Present Use or'
Suitability
Forest, Rangeland
Forest
Forest, Agricultural
(Cropland)
Forest
Forest (Scattered)
Forest
Agricultural (Cropland),
Rangeland
Sandy Loam, Gravelly/ Forest, Rangeland
Sandy Loam, Clay
Sandy Loam, Gravelly/ Rangeland, Agricultural
Clay Loam, Sandy Loam (Cropland)
Sandy Loam, Silt
Loam/Clay Loam
Silty Clay Loam/
Clay
Clay/Marl, Chalk
Silty Loam/Clay
Fine Sandy Loam/
Sandy Clay Loam
Fine Sandy Loam,
Loamy Sand/Sandy Clay
Silty Loam/Silty
Clay Loam
Agricultural (Cropland),
Rangeland
Agricultural (Alfalfa),
Rangeland
Rangeland
Rangeland, Agricultural
(Soybeans)
Forest (Pine), Agricultural
(Cotton, Soybeans), Rangeland
Forest (Pine)
Forest (Hardwood)
3-13
-------
Table 3-2. Description of major soil associations depicted in Exhibit 3 (continued).
Regions
Prairie and Coastal
Plain (cont'd)
29-Saffell-Ruston
30-Bosvell-Shubuta-
Bowle
31-Savannah-Bosvell-
Bowle-Shubuta
Bottomland
32-Brune-Morganfield
33-Sharkey-Alligator-
Steele
Slope (X) or
Location
1-12
3-12
3-20
1-3
1-3
Texture (Topsoll/
Subsoil)
Fine Sandy Loam/
Sandy Clay Loam.
Both Gravelly.
Fine Sandy Loam/
Sllty, Sandy Clay
Fine Sandy Loam/
Sandy Clay Loam, Clay
Present Use or
Suitability
Forest (Pine), Rangeland
Forest (Pine), Rangeland
Forest (Pine), Rangeland
Sandy Loam/Loamy
Sand, Sandy Loam
Clay/Clay
Agricultural (Cotton,
Soybeans, Com)
Agricultural (Cotton,
Soybeans, Rice)
34—Bruno-Dundee
35-Dundee-Dubbs
36-Zachary-Alligator-
Mhoon
37-Lonoke-Portland
38-Coushat ta-Norvood
39-Portland-Perry
AO-Caddo-Ochlockonee
41-Gal1lon-Muskogee
1-3
1-3
0-1
1-3
1-3
0-1
0-1
0-8
Loamy Sand, Sandy
Loam/Sllty Clay Loam
Sandy Loam/Sllty
Clay Loam
Sllty Loam/Clay,
Silty Clay Loam
Fine Sandy Loam,
Clay/Silty Clay Loam,
Clay
Sllty Loam/Sllty
Clay Loam
Clay/Clay
Silty Loam/Sllty
Clay Loam
Fine Sandy Loam,
Sllty Loam/Clay Loam,
Sllty Clay Loam
Agricultural (Cropland)
Agricultural (Cotton,
(Soybeans, Corn)
Agricultural (Cotton, Rice),
Forest (Hardwood)
Agricultural (Cotton, Soy-
beans), Rangeland, Forest
Agricultural (Cotton, Soy-
beans), Rangeland, Forest
Forest, Agricultural (Cotton,
Soybeans)
Forest (Hardwood)
Agricultural (Soybeans),
Rangeland, Forest
42-Acadia-Wrightsville
0-1
Silty Loam/Clay
Forest
3-14
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Table 3-2. Description of major soil associations depicted in Exhibit 3 (concluded).
Regions
Loessial Plains and
Hills
43-Calhoun-Alligator
44-Calloway-Loring
45-Henry-Calloway
46-Crowley-Stuttgart
47-Loring-Grenada
Slope CI) or
Location
0-1
1-8
1-3
1-3
3-40
(Ridges)
Texture.(Topsoil/
Subsoil)
Silty Loam/Silty Clay
Loam, Clay
Silty Loam/Silty Clay
Loam
Silty Loam/Silty Clay
Loam
Silty Loam/Silty Clay
Silty Loam/Silty Clay
Loam
Present Use or
Suitability
Agricultural (Rice,
Cotton, Soybeans)
Agricultural (Cotton,
Soybeans, Com), Rangeland
Agricultural (Rice, Cotton,
Soybeans), Rangeland
Agricultural (Rice, Soy-
beans, Oats), Rangeland
Rangeland
aA11 soils are deep unless noted otherwise, shallow (S), ranges from shallow to deep (SD).
^Agricultural refers to cropland. Forest includes wooded, scattered hardwood, timber, and
similar descriptions. Rangeland includes pasture, grasses, grazingland, and similar
descriptions.
Source: Adapted from Soil Conservation Service. 1967. Soil Association Map, State of
Arkansas. US Department of Agriculture. University of Arkansas Agricultural
Experiment Station.
3-15
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3.3.3 Coastal Plain
Soil associations of this group comprise a major amount of the for-
ested lands in the Study Area. Most of the associations are composed of a
fine sandy loam or silty loam surface over generally clay or clay loam
subsoils. The topography generally is one of rolling hills (SCS 1967).
This presents severe erosion problems to unvegetated areas. The major
consideration for coal development is the effects on those soils that are
supporting forests.
3.3.4 Bottomland
The variously textured topsoil loams of this region with underlying
clayey subsoil loams support a combination of agricultural and forest land
uses. These deep soils occupy broad and level alluvial plains, and flood-
plains associated with major streams of the Study Area. The rich soils of
this region support most of the bottomland forest (wetlands) of the Study
Area as well as agriculture. Due to the environmental concern for wet-
lands, mining may be restricted in bottomlands.
3.3.5 Loessial Plains and Hills
This region is composed of highly productive soils. The nearly level,
deep soils of this group (steeper along Crowley's Ridge) have silty loam
surfaces generally with silty clay loam soils in the subsurface. Erosion
is not a significant concern except along Crowley's Ridge where severe
erosion in the past has forced productive agricultural lands to be con-
verted to rangeland (SCS 1967).
3.4 NONMETALS
The 12 nonmetal resources considered in this study include barite,
bromine, clay, greensand, jasper, quartz, sand and gravel, shale, slate,
serpentine rock, stone, and mineral water (Exhibit 3 and Table 3-1).
Throughout the Study Area, all are in demand to varying degrees. Sand and
gravel is by far the most abundant nonmental, with deposits currently being
3-16
-------
mined in all but two counties (Lonoke and Scott) of the Study Area. Stone
(mainly crushed) and clay are next in abundance but are limited in distri-
bution, and local in occurrence.
Nearly all nonmetal deposits are located at the surface or within 200
feet (60 meters) of the surface. Potential surface and underground lignite
development will infringe heaviest upon sand, gravel, and clay deposits.
Barite, shale, and stone deposits also may present mining conflicts, al-
though these deposits are much less extensive than sand and gravel or clay.
Major deposits of other nonmetals are outside coal deposits and should not
be affected by coal development.
3.5 METALS
There are 10 metals or metal ores present in the Study Area (Exhibit 3
and Table 3-1): antimony, bauxite (aluminum ore), columbium, iron, lead-
zinc-copper, mercury, manganese, molybdenite, silver, and titanium. Baux-
ite, columbium, iron, and titanium are metal deposits that may be encoun-
tered concurrent with coal development. In the Study Area, other metals
follow a northeast-southwest trend, just outside the coal deposit boundary
in Hempstead, Clark, Hot Spring, Saline, and Pulaski counties, and there-
fore, should be unaffected by coal development.
3.6 PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS
Extensive deposits of petroleum and natural gas exist in the Study
Area (Exhibit 3 and Table 3-1). The petroleum district is located in
southern counties, and the natural gas district occurs in the most western
counties of the Study Area. The main concern during coal development is
encountering existing wells because oil and gas generally are located well
below coal deposits. It should be noted that existing petroleum wells are
spaced closer than natural gas wells, and therefore are likely to be encoun-
tered more often (by phone, Bill Caplan, Arkansas Geological Commission, 26
March 1981). This is important in developing coal reserves since a perime-
ter of 100 feet (30 meters) must be maintained between mining and gas or
petroleum wells.
3-17
-------
PAGE NOT
AVAILABLE
DIGITALLY
-------
4.0 SOCIOECONOMICS
-------
4.0 SOCIOECONOMICS
Coal resource development Involving large capital projects will affect
the socioeconomic characteristics of both the locality and the region being
developed. The area population is directly and indirectly affected by coal
development through changes in the existing environment and by the influx
of new workers and their families. An assessment of the existing economic
base, employment, and income levels will focus on the key elements of the
economy affected by coal development.
4.1 ECONOMICS
4.1.1 Introduction
This section describes the economic profile of the 38-county Study
Area utilizing the major indicators, employment (labor), income, government
revenue, and property values affected by coal development. The area eco-
nomics will be stimulated by coal development and lead to the expansion of
existing economic activities. In addition, new economic ventures will be
undertaken thereby diversifying the economic base and contributing to
overall growth of the area economies. Existing economic conditions in the
Study Area are summarized in Figure 4-1.
4.1.2 Employment
The discussion of employment is provided to describe the size, compo-
sition, and availability of the current labor force. Data relating civil-
ian labor force, total employment, unemployment, and employment by sector
are used to further describe employment.
4.1.2.1 Civilian Labor Force
The civilian labor force represents a measure of the number of people
16 years of age and older available for work, excluding the military and
institutional population. Labor force data including the annual average of
all people who were employed, unemployed, or involved in labor management
disputes in 1980, are presented in Table 4-1. Participation in the labor
4-1
-------
> CRAWFORD
POINSETT
FRAMCLIN
A D
CROSS
LOGAN
SEBASTIAN
'A JT
A D
ST. FRANCIS
SCOTT
Legend
A c
Income
A Low
A Moderate
A High
JEFFERSON
HOT SPRING
CLARK
DALLAS V
Labor Supply
(Unemployment Rate)
A Less than 1.5X
5.9Z
OUACHITA
9.0 - 11.9X
12.0Z or higher
CHICOT
A D
MILLER'
Figure 4-1. Existing economic conditions in 38 Arkansas counties.
-------
Explanatory data for Figure 4-1.
Basis for Ranking Economic Conditions By County
• Per Capita Income (PCI)*
Value
County above State average
County below State average
2
1
• Median Household Effective Buying Income (EBI)*
County above State average
County below State average
2
1
• Unemployment Rate (UR)*
County below State average
County above State average
2
1
If the cumulative total value for PCI, EBI, and UR is 3, the county is an
economically depressed area or a low income area.
If the cumulative total value for PCI, EBI, and UR is 4 or 5, the county is
a moderate income area.
If the cumulative total value is 6, the county is an economically healthy
area or high income area.
^Summarized from Table 4-1 and Table 4-3.
4-3
-------
Table 4-1. Labor force statistics for 38 counties in Arkansas (1976 and 1980).
Civilian Labor
Total Unemployment
Unemployment
Rate
Rank
1980
Force 1980
1976
1980
Z Change
1976
1980
1976
1980
1 " lowest
Classif:
State
1,000,800
871,000
927,300
6.46
62,000
73,500
7.1
7.3
-
-
County
Ashley
10,650
9,275
9,725
4.85
625
925
6.3
8.7
21
D
Bradley
5,300
4,375
4,825
10.28
475
475
9.8
9.0
22
E
Calhoun/Ouachita
14,125
12,500
12,950
3.60
1,100
1,175
8.1
6.7
9/20
D
Chicot
7,025
5,275
6,550
24.17
475
475
8.3
6.8
10
D
Clark
9,900
8,375
9,225
10.14
700
675
7.7
6.8
10
D
Clay
9,175
7,050
8,225
16.66
600
950
7.8
10.4
25
E
Columbia
12,375
11,325
11,725
3.53
675
650
5.6
5.3
2
C
2
Conway/Perry
11,575
9,100
10,725
17.85
775
850
7.8
7.3
14/16
D
Craighead
31,600
25,200
29,125
15.57
1,675
2,475
6.2
7.8
17
D
Crawford/Sebastian^
41,550
N/A
37,600
N/A
N/A
3,950
N/A
9.5
28/23
E
Cross
9,200
7,850
8,525
8.59
475
675
5.7
7.3
14
D
Cleveland
1,950
1,725
1,725
0
150
_ 225
8.0
11.5
30
E
Dallas
3,875
3,700
3,625
- 2.02
225
250
5.7
6.5
8
D
Drew
8,100
6,775
7,500
10.70
500
600
6.9
7.4
15
D
Franklin
6.275
4,875
5,825
19.48
525
450
9.7
7.2
13
D
Grant
5,525
3,975
5,150
29.55
250
375
5.9
6.8
10
D
Greene
13,900
11,725
12,425
5.97
900
1,475
7.1
10.6
26
E
Hempstead
11,100
8,825
10,500
18.98
525
600
5.6
5.4
3
C
Hot Spring
11,150
8,325
9,900
18.91
1,025
1,250
11.0
11.2
29
E
Jefferson
39,625
30,875
36,875
19.43
2,450
2,750
7.4
6.9
11
D
Johnson
7,750
6,075
7,350
20.98
500
400
7.6
5.2
1
C
-------
Table 4-1. Labor force statistics for 38 counties in Arkansas (1976 and 1980) (concluded).
•c-
I
l_n
Civilian Labor
Force 1980
Total Employment
% Change
Total Unemployment
Unemployment
Rate
Rank
1980
1 " lowest
Labor !
Classlf:
1976
1980
1976
1980
1976
1980
Lafayette
3,525
3,175
3,325
4.72
200
200
5.9
5.7
5
C
Lincoln
4,250
3,200
3,975
24.21
300
275
8.6
6.5
8
D
Logan
7,100
6,175
6,525
5.66
525
575
7.8
8.1
18
D
Lonoke
15,900
13,800
15,050
9.05
675
850
4.7
5.3
2
C
Miller
13,850
-
12,675
N/A
N/A
1,175
N/A
8.5
19
D
Nevada
4,400
3,500
4,125
17.85
250
275
6.7
6.3
7
D
Poinsett
12,100
8,825
10,850
22.94
925
1,250
9.5
10.3
24
E
Pope/Yell3
16,975
19,950
22,900
14.78
1,700
1,200
7.9
7.1
12
D
Pulaski/Saline'1
192,700
158,400
181,000
14.26
8,900+
11,700
5.3+
6.0
6
D
St. Francis
13,125
9,875
11,875
20.25
1,250
1,250
11.2
9.5
23
E
Scott
3,175
2,525
2,825
11.88
275
350
9.8
11.0
27
E
Union
23,425
N/A
22,150
N/A
N/A
1,275
N/A
5.4
3
C
Yell3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
5.6
4
C
Calhoun and Quachlta Counties = Camden Labor Area
2
Conway and Perry Counties = Morrilton Labor Area
3
Pope and Yell Counties = Russville Labor Area
4
Pulaski and Saline Counties = Little Rock - North Little Rock SMSA
^Crawford and Sebastian Counties = Fort Smith SMSA
Labor Supply Classifications. (D.O.L.) - to measure adequacy of labor supply
Category
A
B
C
D
E
F
Description
Excessive labor shortage
Serious labor shortage
Moderate labor shortage
Moderate labor surplus
Serious labor surplus
Excessive labor surplus
Unemployment Rate
Less than 1.5%
1.5 - 2.9%
3.0 - 5.9%
6.0 - 8.9%
9.0 - 11.9%
12.0 or more
Sources: Arkansas Employment Security Division 1980; Arkansas Employment Security Division 1981; US Department of Labor 1980.
-------
force Increases with the demand for labor and new or additional development
will increase the demand for certain types of labor.
The labor force size varies directly with the population of the county
and the demand for labor. The data in some instances are aggregated for
two counties because the area is viewed as a single cohesive labor market.
4.1.2.2 Total Employment
Data for the number of persons actually employed, including full- and
part-time employment and persons who are temporarily laid off, are pre-
sented in Table 4-1. The majority of the counties in the Study Area experi-
enced a healthy increase in total employment between 1976 and 1980 (approx-
imately 4% per year). Approximately 73% of the counties increased employ-
ment at a rate above the average overall increase for the State.
4.1.2.3 Unemployment
Unemployment data are shown in Table 4-1. These data represent the
number of people in the labor force who are not working, but who are avail-
able for work and are actively seeking employment. Unemployment data do
not include workers who are underemployed or discouraged workers who have
dropped out of the labor force.
The unemployment rates in the Study Area are relatively high (average
December 1980 - 7.9%), indicating an overall depressed economy. This trend
is true for the entire State of Arkansas when compared to the rest of the
United States (average December 1980 - 6.9%). Fifty-five percent of the
counties in the Study Area currently have a moderate labor surplus, and 26%
currently have a serious labor surplus (US Department of Labor 1980).
The Federal government designates certain areas as Labor Surplus
Areas. These areas are eligible to bid on Federal contracts to help guide a
portion of the government's procurement dollars into these areas. To qual-
ify, the unemployment rate must be at least 1.2 times the national unemploy-
ment rate for 2 consecutive years. Forty percent of the Study Area falls
4-6
-------
into this category. Labor Surplus areas include the following counties:
• Ashley
o Chicot
• Clay
• Cleveland
• Crawford
• Franklin
• Lafayette
• Lincoln
• Logan
• Balance of Miller
County less Texarkana
• Poinsett
• Pope
• Scott
• Sebastian less Fort Smith
• St. Francis
A ranking of unemployment by county is presented in Table 4-1. The
lowest unemployment rate is indicated by a 1 (one). Several counties tied
for placement and thus were given the same ranking. The labor supply
classification developed by the US Department of Labor is a measure of the
adequacy of the current labor supply in each county. This measure (indi-
cated by a letter) is entered in the last column in Table 4-1.
The overall high unemployment and relatively low incomes found in the
Study Area indicate a need for additional local jobs and income. Most
forms of coal development will stimulate the economies of these areas. In
addition, this unemployment trend indicates the existence of a reservoir of
workers available for seasonal and low-wage service jobs.
4.1.2.4 Employment by Sector
Information on employment by major industrial sector is given in Table
4-2. Nonagricultural economic activities are classified as either manufac-
turing or nonmanufacturing. Agricultural employment is significant, indi-
cating the importance of agribusiness. Agricultural employment in the US
averages approximately 4% of the labor force, whereas 34% of the counties
in the Study Area have more than 10% of their labor force engaged in agri-
cultural activity (Figure 4-2).
4.1.3 Income
Income data are provided to assess the current standard of living. In
general, the Study Area is characterized by low incomes, resulting from low
wages and a depressed economy. Individual buying power also is relatively
4-7
-------
Table 4-2. Employment by industry for 38 counties in Arkansas (1976 and 1979).
| 4
Total Agriculture Manufacturing HomnanufacturinR*
Employment
1976
1979 X
L. F. **
1976
1979 X
L.P.**
1976
1979
Z L.i
State (1979)
64,300
66,600
8
195,100
216,900
27
464,900
533,000
65
County
Ashley
9,225
875
900
10
4,500
4,550
49
3,500
3,775
41
Bradley
4,500
175
200
4
1,650
1,950
43
1,975
2,350
52
Calhoun/Ouachita
10,975
275
275
2
4,225
4,225
38
5,875
6,475
59
Chicot
6,250
1,250
1,300
21
625
*
-
2,375
*
-
Clark
7,750
325
350
5
1,950
2,175
28
4,900
5,225
67
Clay
6,050
1,275
1,325
22
1,400
1,800
30
2,425
2,925
48
Columbia
8,475
375
375
4
2,650
2,550
30
5,050
5,550
65
Conway/Perry
7,550
975
1,000
13
2,750
3,025
40
2,950
3,525
47
Craighead
25,650
1,975
2,025
8
6,300
7,075
28
13,900
16,550
65
Crawford/Sebastian
70,100
2,400
2,450
3
21,500
23,900
34
38,100
43,750
62
Cross
8,625
1,325
1,375
16
A
*
-
*
*
-
Cleveland
850
75
75
9
275
225
26
450
550
65
Dallas
3,550
150
150
4
1,550
1,650
46
1,650
1,750
49
Drew
6,325
425
450
7
2,375
2,650
42
2,725
3,225
51
Franklin
3,600
400
400
11
850
1,025
28
1,925
2,175
60
Grant
2,525
100
100
4
1,200
1,075
43
1,150
1,350
53
Greene
10,125
1,150
1,200
12
4,200
4,050
40
4,050
4,875
48
Hempstead
7,850
1,225
1,275
16
2,075
2,600
33
3,475
3,975
51
Hot Spring
6,875
325
325
5
2,100
2,725
40
3,225
3,825
55
Jefferson
34,300
1,925
2,000
6
5,725
6,175
18
21,050
26,125
76
Johnson
4,925
475
500
10
1,800
2,125
43
1,950
2,300
47
-------
Table 4-2.
Employment by industry for 38 counties in Arkansas (1976 and 1979) (concluded).
Total
Employment
Agriculture
Manufacturing '
NonmanufacturinR2
1976
1979
X L.F.**
1976
1979
X L.F.**
1976
1979
X L.l
Lafayette
2,625
525
550
21
625
550
21
1,350
1,525
58
Lincoln
3,425
875
900
26
*
*
-
*
*
-
Logan
4,650
625
650
14
1,600
1,450
31
2,125
2,550
55
Lonoke
8,075
2,025
2,100
26
2,425
2,100
26
3,175
3,875
48
Miller
N/A
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Nevada
3,075
350
375
9
850
975
32
1,425
1,725
59
Poinsett
9,025
1,925
1,975
22
2,525
3,325
37
3,075
3,725
41
Pope/Yell
18,400
2,275
2,375
13
4,675
4,600
25
9,825
11,425
62
Pulaski/Saline
183,300
2,200
2,300
1
28,500
31,900
17
129,600
149,100
81
St. Francis
10,350
1,425
1,475
14
3,000
3,150
30
5,100
5,725
56
Scott
2,750
200
225
8
675
*
-
825
*
-
Union
19,450
315
375
2
4,675
6,025
31
10,950
13,050
67
* Data not given because of the possibility of disclosure
** L.F. = 1979 labor force
^Manufacturing, the production of goods
^Non-manufacturing, includes trade; construction; mining; service industries; finance, insurance, real estate;
government service; transportation; communication and utilities.
Source: Arkansas Employment Security Division. 1980. Labor force statistics annual averages, State and areas,
1975-1979. Research and Analysis Section, Little Rock AR, variously paged.
-------
Ml?
CROSS
YEL
stTfranc
PERR'
SCOTT
JEFFERSON
GRANT
OAUJH \ I
Legend
K3T SPRINB
10X to 20Z of labor force
engaged In agriculture
More than 20Z of labor
force engaged in agri-
culture
OUACHITA
1TEAD
CALHOLN
Imiller
CHICOT*
UNION
Figure 4-2. Counties where agriculture Is a significant activity (Arkansas Employment
Security Commission 1980).
-------
low, consistent with the low standard of living. The following indicators
are used to discuss income: per capita income; effective buying income;
and average annual wages.
A.1.3.1 Per Capita Income (PCI)
Per capita income is measured by dividing the total personal income by
the population to obtain a relative measure of the standard of living.
Generally, the higher the PCI the more developed the economy. PCI data are
presented in Table 4-3 and are ranked by county from lowest to highest.
The Study Area is characterized by low per capita incomes with no
county having a PCI above the US average. The Study Area is typical of a
depressed economy that has not diversified. Per capita incomes range from
a low of $4,572 to a high of $7,613. In 1978, only eight counties (21%) in
the Study Area had a PCI above the Arkansas State average ($6,121) PCI.
Based on combined data on unemployment and PCI, the economy of the Study
Area is depressed with a low standard of living.
4.1.3.2 Effective Buying Income (EBI)
Effective buying income is the amount of personal income remaining
after all Federal, State, and local taxes are paid. The median (or mid-
point) EBI for households in each county in the Study Area is presented in
Table 4-3. Counties with a low PCI have a low median EBI. The range
indicates a wide variation among counties, from $7,800 to $18,371 per
household.
4.1.3.3 Average Annual Wages
Average annual wage data for 197 7 are given in Table 4-3. This is
computed by dividing total annual payroll by the average number of employ-
ees for that year. In general, where per capita income and median EBI were
low, annual average wages were also low. Annual wages in the Study Area in
1977 ranged from $6,465 to $12,231.
4-11
-------
Table 4-3. Income statistics for 38 counties in Arkansas.
Per Capita
Income
1978 $
Per Capita
Income
Ranking
1 = Lowest
Per Capita
Income
% of U.S.
Avr. 1978
Median
Household
EBI1 1979
1977 $
Averag<
Annual
,T 2
Wages
State of Arkansas
All Counties
6,121
78
13,150
9,006
Metro Counties 3
6,843
-
87
16,062
N/A
Non-metro Counties ^
5,669
-
72
N/A
N/A
County
Ashley
5,825
23
74
14,472
12,003
Bradley
5,903
26
75
10,319
8,531
Calhoun
4,787
4
61
9,525
7,307
Chicot
4,770
3
61
7,866
7,469
Clark
5,969
27
75
13,344
9,312
Clay
5,039
5
64
9,030
6,709
Columbia
5,839
24
74
12,745
9,439
Conway
5,345
12
68
11,280
9,044
Craighead
6,186
31
79
15,484
9,031
Crawford
5,405
13
69
13,239
8,60?.
Cross
6,503
34
83
13,822
8,214
Cleveland
5,125
7
74
10,948
6,465
Dallas
5,508
18
70
12,295
8,608
Drew
5,210
8
66
11,505
7,699
Franklin
5,447
15
69
10,041
7,872
Grant
5,524
19
70
13,610
7,884
Greene
5,718
21
73
12,528
7,918
Hempstead
6,035
28
77
12,230
7,773
Hot Spring
6,278
32
80
14,099
10,656
Jefferson
6,485
33
83
15,047
9,449
Johnson
5,074
6
65
9,878
7,047
Lafayette
5,475
16
70
11,158
7,890
Lincoln
4,704
2
60
10,234
8,126
Logan
5,474
17
70
10,734
7,144
Lonoke
6,101
30
78
12,266
8,536
Miller
6,519
35
83
14,419
7,070
4-12
-------
Table 4-3. Income statistics for 38 counties in Arkansas (concluded).
Per Capita
Income
1978 $
Per Capita
Income
Ranking
1 = Lowest
Per Capita
Income
X of U.S.
Avg. 1978
Median
Household
EBI1 1979
1977 $
Average
Annual
Wages^
Kevada
5,342
11
68
9,262
7,898
Ouachita
6,068
29
77
13,017
9,900
Perry
4 ,572
1
58
10,077
6,906
Poinsett
5,896
25
75
11,393
7,270
Pope
5,595
20
71
14,578
8,918
Pulaski
7,613
38
97
18,371
10,027
St. Francis
5,279
9
67
9,626
8,706
Saline
5,728
22
73
15,601
12,231
Scott
5,417
14
69
7,800
7,151
Sebastian
7,300
37
93
15,717
9,598
Union
7,199
36
92
14,297
9,740
Yell
5,333
10
68
11,093
7,156
^EBI = Effective buying income is personal income less Federal, State, and local taxes
(equivalent to disposable income).
^Average annual wage is calculated by dividing total annual payroll by the number of
employees.
^Metro counties are the same as a SMSA (Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area) with a
population of 50,000 or more.
^Non-metro counties are more rural and have a population less than 50,000.
Sources: Sales and Marketing Management 1980; US Department of Commerce 1980a;
US Department of Commerce 1980b.
4-13
-------
4.2 SOCIAL
Social information describes people and the characteristics of their
environment. Coal and related developments require large work forces and
often result in major changes in regional social (demographic) characteris-
tics .
A large influx of people into underdeveloped or low populated areas
can stress the capacity of local infrastructures, including: housing
supply, public services, education services, and transportation. In addi-
tion, the introduction of people with ethnic, religious, and philosophic
characteristics that differ from those of the original residents of the
communities, can create social stesses. This section characterizes the
existing demographic, housing, education, and transportation conditions for
each county in the Study Area.
4.2.1 Demography
Demography is the statistical study of the human population. Demo-
graphic conditions examined in this section include population trends,
projections, characteristics, and settlement patterns.
4.2.1.1 Population Trends and Projections
The population between 1970 and 1980 increased moderately (less than
50%) throughout the Study Area, except Chicot and Ouachita counties which
lost population. Moderate population increases are beneficial economically
and should not strain community services.
Three factors determine population change - births, deaths, and migra-
tion. Counties that experienced a natural increase in population and
in-migration should continue to increase in population (Table 4-4). A
population trend for counties with either a natural decrease in population
and in-migration, or a natural increase in population and out-migration
cannot be predicted. None of the counties in the Study Area had a natural
decrease in population and out-migration.
4-14
-------
Table 4-4. Population counts and projections for 38 counties in Arkansas.
1970
1980
1970-1980
Natural
Increase or
1990
1980-1990
Population
Population
ChanRe
Change
Decrease
Migration
Population
Change
Change
State
1,923,322
2,285,513
362,191
18.8
133,127
229,064
2,666,762
381,249
16.7
County
Ashley
24,976
26,538
1,562
6.3
2,151
(-589)
26,636
98
0.4
Bradley
12,778
13,803
1,025
8.0
179
846
12,190
(-1,613)
(-11.7)
Calhoun
5,573
6,079
506
9.1
10
496
6,825
746
12.3
Chicot
18,164
17,793
(-371)
(-2.0)
1,332
(-1,703)
17,200
(-593)
(-3.3)
Clark
21,537
23,326
1,789
8.3
639
1,150
24,970
1,644
7.0
Clay
18,771
20,616
1,845
9.8
(-21)
1,866
22,270
1,654
8.0
Cleveland
6,605
7,868
1,263
19.1
177
1,086
7,511
(-357)
(-4.5)
Columbia
25,952
26,644
692
2.7
817
(-125)
28,144
1,500
5.6
Conway
16,805
19,505
2,700
16.1
1,012
1,688
20,963
1,458
7.5
Craighead
52,068
63,218
11,150
21.4
3,838
7,312
74,152
10,934
17.3
Crawford
25,677
36,892
11,215
43.7
2,284
8,931
43,830
6,938
18.8
Crass
19,783
20,434
651
3.3
2,076
(-1,425)
22,534
2,100
10.3
Dallas
10,022
10,515
493
4.9
218
275
11,288
773
7.4
Drew
15,157
17,910
2,753
18.2
1,041
1,712
18,042
132
0.7
Franklin
11,301
14,705
3,404
30.1
317
3,087
16,941
2,236
15.2
Grant
9,711
13,008
3,297
34.0
400
2,897
19,816
6,808
52.3
Greene
24,765
30,744
5,979
24.1
1,012
4,967
35,566
4,822
15.7
Hempstead
19,308
23,635
4,327
22.4
718
3,609
23,465
(-170)
(-0.7)
Hot Spring
21,963
26,819
4,856
22.1
1,055
3,801
30,062
3,243
12.1
Jefferson*
85,329
90,718
5,389
6.3
7,044
(-1,655)
97.644
6,926
7.6
Johnson
13,630
17,423
3,793
27.8
160
3,633
20,159
2,736
15.7
-------
Table 4-4. Population counts and projections for 38 counties in Arkansas (concluded).
1970
County Population
1980
Population
1970-1980
Change
Z
Change
Natural
Increase or
Decrease
Migration
1990
Population
1980-1990
Change
Z
Change
Lafayette 10,018
10,213
195
1.9
421
(-226)
9,394
(-819)
0.8
Lincoln 12,913
13,369
456
3.5
841
(-385)
14,847
1,478
11.1
Logan 16,789
20,144
3,355
20.0
633
2,722
21,895
1,751
8.7
Lonoke 26,249
34,518
8,269
31.5
2,194
6,075
46,278
11,760
34.1
Miller* 33,385
37,766
4,381
13.1
2,405
1,976
37,102
(-664)
(-1.8)
Nevada 10,111
11,097
986
9.8
137
849
11,446
349
3.1
Ouachita 30,896
30,541
(-355)
(-1.1)
1,252
(-1,607)
29,328
(-1.213)
(-4.0)
Perry 5,634
7,266
1,632
29.0
304
1,328
9,833
2,567
35.3
Poinsett 26,843
27,032
189
0.7
1,818
(-1,629)
28,981
1,949
7.2
Pope 28,607
39,003
10,396
36.3
2,264
8,132
53,277
14,274
36.6
Pulaski* 287,189
340,613
53,424
18.6
34,912
18,512
415,215
74,602
21.9
St. Francis 30,799
30,858
59
0.2
3,834
(-3,775)
32,728
1,870
6.1
Saline* 36,107
52,881
16,774
46.5
3,117
13,657
69,394
16,513
31.2
Scott 8,207
9,685
1,478
18.0
214
1,264
11,739
2,054
21.2
Sebastian 79,237
94,930
15,693
19.8
6,609
9,084
106,121
11,191
11.8
Union 45,428
49,988
4,560
10.0
1,787
2,773
46,584
(-3,404)
(-6.8)
Yell 14,208
17,026
2,818
19.8
574
2,244
23,222
6,196
36.4
*1980 Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area (SMSA) county
Sources: Arkansas Department of Health 1979; Industrial Research and Extension Center, College of
Business Administration, University of Arkansas 1978; US Department of Commerce 1978a; US
Department of Commerce 1981a; US Department of Commerce 1981b; US Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare 1970-1978, Volume I-Natality; US Department of Health, Education,
and Welfare 1970-1978, Volume II-Mortallty.
-------
Population projections for 1990 (Table 4-4) were developed using the
cohort-survival method. However, the 1990 projections were based on infor-
mation that may not reflect changes that have occurred in the last 5 years.
4.2.1.2 Population Characteristics
Age composition, education, and supplemental income recipients are
three aspects of population used to describe existing demographic condi-
tions (Figure 4-3).
Age composition provides an indication of the potential labor supply
with respect to age; the lower the age composition, the more advantageous
the existing population is for coal development. None of the counties in
the Study Area had a population with the median age above 40. As a result,
age in relation to the labor supply should not restrict coal development
and related activities.
The level of educational achievement is indicated by the median years
of school completed (Table 4-5). Depending on the types of skills re-
quired, education could restrict coal development. Pulaski County and
Sebastian County were the only counties in the Study Area where over half
the population 25 years and older were high school graduates.
Supplemental income recipients are people receiving aid either from
the pulbic assistance to families with dependent children program or the
old age survivors, disability, and health insurance (OASDH) program. Coal
development and related activities in sparsely populated areas cause the
cost of living to rise significantly. Consequently, counties with a high
percent (30%) of people receiving supplemental income will be affected most
by coal development and related activities (Table 4-5).
4.2.1.3 Settlement Patterns
Population density (number of people per square mile) and the percent
of urban, rural non-farm, and farm population are indicators of settlement
and development. Counties exceeding a 50% urban population and counties
with a population density higher than the State population density of 44.0
4-17
-------
I
00
CLAY
© 00 A
OEOA
I CRAWFORD
POINSETT
JOHNSON
© E A
ID A FRANKLIN ©m
©<£> V
CONWAY
~ A
LOGAN
8A
® ^ V
Legend
r~
—^Demography
>© Low
© Medium
OHigh
Housing Conditions
Low
Medium
~ High
Housing Availability
Low
A Medium
A High
Educational Conditions
ST. FRANCIS
© E A
r cS$v
85
©m
JEFFERSON
© ED A
GRANT
© DA
$^7
DALLAS V
® baPLeveland
\®BA
0
] LINCOLN
CB1A
© ffi A
• Ov
NEVADA
® ED A
OUACHITA
® B] A r CALHOUN
k
© E) A
©
A
ui
CHICOT /
© ID i)
ED
©
A
ASHLEY
©EDA
COLUMBIA
© El A
W ~ A
Figure 4-3. Existing social conditions in 38 counties in Arkansas.
Low
Medium
High
Migration
^>Low
^Medium
OHigh
Transportation
V Low
Medium
V High
(See page 4-19 for explanation
of legend)
-------
Figure 4-3. Existing social conditions in 38 counties in Arkansas (concluded)
DEMOGRAPHY
Age Composition - Median Age
Less than 30
30 - 40
Creater than 40
Education - Median Years Completed
If total value is:
5 - 7 - low housing characteristics exists
8 - 9 - medium housing characteristics exists
10 - 11 - high housing characteristics exists
If total value is:
1 - 2 - low educational opportunity
3 - 4 - medium educational opportunity
5 - 6 - high educational opportunity
HOUSING AVAILABILITY
t Population Change 1970 - 1980
Male
Female
Less than 0
12 or greater 1.5
10 - 11.9 1.0
1.5
1.0
0-50
Greater than
50
Less than 10 0.5
0.5
Z
Housing Change
1970 - 1980
Supplement Incooe Recipients
Value
Creater than
50
Less than 20Z of population
20X - 30Z of population
3
2
20 - 50
Less than 20
Creater than 30Z of population
1
z
Unoccupied Housing 1970
Value
3
2
1
~migration
If in-qigration between 1970 and 1960 is:
Less than 1,000 or out-migration occurs
low migration
1,000 - 10,000 - medium migration
Greater than 10,000 - high migration
3
2
1
Value
If total value is:
Less than 5 - low demographic conditions
5 - 7 - medium demographic conditions
Creater than 7 - high demographic conditions
HOUSING CONDITIONS
Cost of Owner Housing Value
Above State average 1
Below or equal to State average 2
Cost of Renter Housing Value
Above State average 1
Below or equal to State average 2
Greater than 1
7.5 - 15
Less than 7.5
Housing With Partial or No Plumbing Value
If 1980 population is:
Creater than 50,000 multiply subtotal by 2
10,000 - 50,000 multiply subtotal by 1.5
Less than 10,000 multiply subtotal by 1
If total value is:
Less than 8 - low housing availability
8 - 13 - medium housing availability
Greater than 13 - high housing availability
• EDUCAT10MAL OPPORTUNITY
TTRANSPORTATION DENSITY
Interstate Mileage Compared to Land
Area
3 Equal to or above State ratio
2 Below State ratio
1 None present
State Highway Mileage Compared to
Land Area
Equal to or above State ratio
Belov State ratio
Railroad Hileage Compared to Land
Area
Equal to or above State ratio
Below State ratio
None present
Above State average
Below or equal to State average
Housing With 1.01 or More Persons/Room Value
Above State average
Below or equal to State average
Z Rent llousi
ing
Less than 20
20 - 40
Creater than 40
Public School Enrollment
Less than 2,000
2,000 - 10,000
10,000 - 20,000
Creater than 20,000
Number of Collegea/Universities
0 colleges/universities
1 col lego/university
2 or more colleges/univerftities
Value
1
2
3
4
Cocnercial Waterways
Present
None present
If total value is:
Value
2
1
0
Value
2
1
Value
2
0
Value
1
0
1 - 2 - low transportation density
3 - 5 - medium transportation density
6 - 7 - high transportation density
-------
Table 4-5. Population characteristics of 38. counties in Arkansas.
Educational Achievement
Age Composition
Male - 25
Years and
Over
Female - 25
Years and
Over
Supplemental
Income
Z
0-17
Z
18-49
Z
50+
Median
Af?e
Median
Years
Completed
%
High
School
Graduates
Median
Years
Completed
Z
High
School
Graduates
1976
Recipients
Z of
1975
Population
State
29.0
42.4
28.6
30.7
10.2
23.5
10.7
27.5
516,826
24.5
County
Ashley
30.7
43.2
26.1
29.8
10.4
40.6
10.6
39.1
6,377
25.3
Bradley
28.3
36.7
35.0
35.0
9.3
41.9
10.4
34.2
3,883
30.6
Calhoun
27.0
38.3
34.7
33.7
9.2
30.2
10.4
32.3
1,479
25.7
Chicot
34.0
34.8
31.2
30.2
7.9
26.9
8.9
28.3
6,639
37.0
Clark
24.5
47.8
27.7
27.4
10.5
39.7
11.1
43.3
5,028
22.5
Clay
25.1
38.6
36.3
36.9
8.4
23.0
8.7
23.6
5,776
28.7
Cleveland
27.1
38.6
34.3
33.9
9.3
30.0
10.0
31.6
1,901
27.6
Columbia
26.5
42.6
30.9
31.7
10.3
37.8
10.8
39.9
6,980
26.9
Conway
30.2
39.9
29.9
31.4
10.3
37.3
10.5
37.7
4,610
25.7
Craighead
26.8
48.7
24.5
28.3
9.7
39.0
10.2
39.3
11,032
19.1
Crawford
30.1
41.3
28.6
31.0
9.7
34.9
10.4
37.9
6,706
22.3
Cross
33.6
40.4
26.0
28.1
8.7
30.5
9.3
31.9
4,792
23.4
Dallas
28.2
37.6
34.2
33.7
9.4
29.2
10.3
34.4
3,228
31.5
Drew
29.1
42.9
28.0
28.5
9.4
32.6
10.4
36.5
3,925
22.8
Franklin
27.8
38.3
33.9
34.0
9.7
35.0
10.0
34.9
3,184
24.7
Grant
28.1
41.9
30.0
32.0
10.0
33.1
10.5
35.4
2,480
20.6
Greene
27.2
41.9
30.9
32.6
8.7
29.5
8.9
28.1
6,150
21.5
Hempstead
27.8
36.8
35.4
34.4
10.0
35.5
10.7
37.8
5,114
25.2
Hot Spring
27.7
41.8
30.5
32.6
10.3
38.1
10.6
35.7
5,788
23.1
-------
Table 4-5. Population characteristics of 38 counties in Arkansas (concluded).
Educational Achievement
Age Composition
Male
Vears
Over
- 25
and
Female - 25
Years and
Over
Supplemental
Income
County
X
0-17
Z
18-49
X
50+
Median
Age
Median
Years
Completed
X
High
School
Graduates
Median
Years
Completed
X
High
School
Graduates
1976
Recipients
% of
1975
Population
Jefferson
31.4
43.3
25.3
28.3
11.1
43.3
11.2
43.6
20,075
24.0
Johnson
24.9
38.6
36.5
35.3
8.9
30.7
10.0
35.1
4,244
27.6
Lafayette
29.6
37.0
33.4
32.4
8.9
29.7
9.9
33.2
3,015
32.3
Lincoln
29.8
43.4
26.8
29.1
8.3
22.6
9.2
27.6
3,208
24.1
Logan
27.2
36.5
36.3
35.3
9.0
27.9
9.9
32.6
5,529
30.1
Lonoke
32.4
40.3
27.3
29.7
9.5
35.0
10.3
37.2
6,271
20.1
Miller
29.1
42.4
28.5
30.9
10.5
40.3
10.9
41.1
8,168
24.0
Nevada
27.6
34.3
38.1
36.1
8.8
27 .4
10.0
33.5
3,293
31.5
Ouachita
29.0
40.4
30.6
32.5
10.3
37.4
10.8
39.2
9,473
31.6
Perry
30.4
37.4
32.2
32.4
8.5
27.1
9.6
29.3
1,888
27.3
Poinsett
29.9
43.0
27.1
30.2
7.9
23.1
8.6
24.0
7,129
25.6
Pope
27 .6
46.6
25.8
29.2
10.7
42.9
10.7
40.7
7,280
21.6
Pulaski
30.5
46.8
22.7
28.6
12.3
59.3
12.2
57.8
64,843
21.0
St. Francis 36.2
39.5
24.3
26.5
8.5
29.8
9.A
31.3
9,991
32.5
Saline
29.5
45.4
25.1
30.6
10.5
39.7
11.0
42.2
6,274
15.6
Scott
25.6
39.9
34.5
34.6
8.8
27.3
9.4
27.3
2,505
26.4
Sebastian
28.8
44 .1
27.1
30.8
12.0
50.9
11.9
49.2
17,646
16.2
Union
28.3
39.9
31.8
33.4
11.4
46.7
11.5
46.4
13,331
29.9
Yell
27 .2
39.3
33.5
33.7
9.0
32.1
10.0
36.2
4,321
26.3
Sources:
Sales .
and Marketing
Management 1980; US
Department
of Commerce
1973; US
Department of
Commerce
1978a.
-------
people per square mile are shown in Table 4-6 and Figure 4-4. Counties
with both of these qualities are considered more developed.
4.2.2 Housing Characteristics
A shortage of housing, especially in rural areas, is a major problem
associated with coal development. To characterize existing housing condi-
tions in the Study Area, housing availability, renter/owner occupancy,
cost, and quality are described.
4.2.2.1 Availability of Housing
The availability of housing (Figure 4-3) was determined by considering
housing and population changes between 1970 and 1980, unoccupied housing
units in 1970, and the 1980 population. None of the counties in the Study
Area had a high availability of housing. Areas with shortages of available
housing could cause problems for coal developers.
4.2.2.2 Renter/Owner Occupancy
The short time period (2-5 years) associated with construction activi-
ties during coal development (i.e., power generating facility) necessitates
that rental housing be available. Only two counties, Poinsett and St.
Francis, had a high rate (over 40%) of renter housing in 1970 (Table 4-7).
4.2.2.3 Cost and Quality of Housing
People associated with coal developments require adequate, affordable
housing. High costs for housing and/or poor quality of housing are prob-
lematic to coal developments.
The median cost of housing for the county, as compared to the median
cost of housing for the State, was used to indicate housing costs. Most of
the counties had median housing costs below the State (Table 4-7).
Housing units lacking some or all plumbing facilities and units with
1.01 or more persons per room were used to measure the quality of housing.
Twenty-five counties have a percent of housing units lacking some or all
4-22
-------
Table 4-6.
Information on settlement patterns in 38 counties in Arkansas.
-C-
I
ho
w
State
County
Ashley
Bradley
Calhoun
Chicot
Clark
Clay
Cleveland
Columbia
Conway
Craighead
Crawford
Cross
Dallas
Drew
Franklin
Grant
Greene
Hempstead
Hot Spring
Population
Density
(People/
Sq. Mile)
44.0
28.6
21.1
9.6
27.7
26.6
32.2
13.1
34.7
34.5
90.4
61.6
32.7
15.7
21.6
23.9
20.6
53.1
32.6
43.2
Urban
Population
50.0
48.8
50.3
0
63.1
45.7
30.9
0
43.6
43.0
51.9
32.6
33.8
46.8
33.5
23.2
0
42.6
45.6
39.9
Rural
Non Farm
Population
%
41.0
46.3
41.3
96.7
28.1
49.0
43.1
91.6
51.7
44.9
36.0
60.3
47.8
49.1
56.3
63.9
94.7
33.6
43.1
54.9
Farm
Population
X
9.0
4.9
8.4
3.3
8.8
5.3
26.0
8.4
4.7
12.1
12.1
7.1
18.4
4.1
10.2
12.9
5.3
23.8
11.3
5.2
County
Jefferson
Johnson
Lafayette
Lincoln
Logan
Lonoke
Miller
Nevada
Ouachita
Perry
Poinsett
Pope
Pulaski
St. Francis
Saline
Scott
Sebastian
Union
Yell
Population
Density
(People/
Sq. Mile)
97.7
25.8
19.4
23.7
27.9
43.4
60.6
18.1
41.5
13.1
35.7
47.3
445.4
48.5
73.3
10.8
180.3
46.4
18.3
Urban
Population
Z
70.9
35.1
0
0
42.1
35.3
63.3
38.3
49.1
0
35.3
41.1
84.5
40.7
46.0
0
82.1
55.7
23.2
Rural
Non Farm
Population
X
26.9
53.8
90.8
83.4
41.9
48.3
33.5
47.8
49.1
78.5
43.2
51.1
15.1
44.7
51.9
82.5
16.0
43.2
61.8
Farm
Population
%
2.2
11.1
9.2
16.6
16.0
16.4
3.2
13.9
1.8
21.5
21.5
7.8
0.4
14.6
2.1
17.5
1.9
1.1
15.0
Note: Population density was determined by dividing the 1980 final census of population by the number of square miles in the state or county.
Sources: US Department of Commerce. 1978a. County and city data book, 1977. Bureau of Census, Washington DC, 956 p.
US Department of Commerce. 1981b. 1980 census of population and housing, advance reports - Arkansas - final population and housing
unit counts. Bureau of Census, Washington DC, 32 p.
-------
K5
-fs
m
sebasti
KjT spring
CLARK
OUACHITA
CHICOT
~
LEGEND
Less Chan SOX of
population urban
502 or more of
population urban
County population density
above State
Characterized by both of
the above conditions
Figure 4-4. Settlement patterns for 38 counties in Arkansas.
Sources: US Department of Commerce 1978a;
US Department of Commerce 1981b.
-------
Table 4-7. Housing characteristics in 38 counties in Arkansas.
1970 1980
Housing Housing
Units Units Change % Change
State 675,620 898,138 222,518 32.9
County
Ashley 8,263 9,770 1,507 18.2
Bradley A,721 5,591 870 18.4
Calhoun 2,032 2,372 340 16.7
Chicot 6,177 6,584 407 6.6
Clark 7,233 8.82Z 1,589 22.0
Clay 7,085 8,688 1,603 22.6
Cleveland 2,363 3,078 715 30.3
T Columbia 8,988 10,445 1,457 16.2
KJ
^ Conway 5,827 7,457 1,630 28.0
Craighead 17,650 24,135 6,485 36.7
Crawford 8,896 13,763 4,867 54.7
Cross 6,035 7,188 1,153 19.1
Dallas 3, 520 4,237 717 20.4
Drew 5,078 6,648 1, 570 30.9
Franklin 4,070 5,689 1,619 39.8
Grant 3,349 4,901 1,552 46.3
Greene 8,770 11,944 3,174 36.2
Hempstead 7,137 9,702 2,565 35.9
1970
Housing Quality
Percentage (1970)
1970 Occupied
Lacking Some
or All
With 1.01
or More
Persons
1970 County Median
Housing Cost
lits (Z)
Owner
Renter
Facilities
Per Room
Owner Z
Renter %
8.6
66.7
33.3
16.0
10.5
-
-
8.6
70.5
29.5
18.1
12.4
<
14.3
< 13.9
8.6
72.6
27.4
24.2
11.3
<
44.4
< 27.8
11.9
79.3
20.7
29.4
12.1
<
46.5
< 26.4
10.4
62.9
37.1
34.0
17.8
<
39.2
< 29.2
8.6
65.4
34.6
15.5
8.9
<
14.7
Psl
V
7.7
68.0
32.0
18.5
8.2
<
34.6
< 20.8
9.2
74.5
25.5
34.2
11.0
<
41.9
< 37.5
8.8
69.2
30.8
23.7
10.1
<
24.6
< 25.0
8.8
71.0
29.0
14.2
10.0
<
13.5
< 15.3
5.4
63.8
36.2
11.0
7.9
>
5.7
> 9.7
8.1
73.4
26.6
17.3
12.6
<
22.0
< 13.9
5.1
60.8
39.2
25.6
16.2
<
16.6
< 6.9
9.0
76.2
23.8
26.4
7.8
<
36.5
< 22.2
8.0
67.1
32.9
28.7
11.9
<
25.5
< 13.9
9.8
74.8
25.2
18.5
11.3
<
24.3
< 5.6
6.7
77.2
22.8
14.3
8.6
<
11.3
< 11.1
4.9
66.6
33.4
16.2
8.9
<
15.6
< 1.4
8.9
72.6
27.4
23.5
10.0
<
33.9
< 29.2
-------
Table 4-7. Housing characteristics in 38 counties in Arkansas (concluded)
1970
Housing
Units
1980
Housing
Units
(Preliminary)
Change
X Change
1970
Unoccupied
Units (Z)
Hot Spring
7,713
10,699
2,986
38.7
6.6
Jefferson
28,347
33,032
4,685
16.5
9.1
Johnson
5,278
7,179
1,901
36.0
9.5
Lafayette
3,792
4,502
710
18.7
16.0
Lincoln
3,786
4,229
44 3
11. 7
9.1
Logan
6,186
7,900
1,714
27.7
9.4
Lonoke
8,910
12,442
3,532
39.6
9.9
Miller
11,875
14,695
2,820
23.7
8.8
Nevada
3,825
4,436
611
16.0
10.4
-p»
Ouachita
11, 113
12,116
1,003
9.0
9.4
1
to
Perry
2,218
3,176
958
43.2
16.4
Poinsett
8,930
10,212
1,282
14.4
6.3
Pope
9,882
14,900
5,018
50.8
8.7
Pulaski
98,201
132,810
34,609
35.2
6.3
St. Francis
9,025
10,663
1,638
18.1
5.3
Saline
11,684
tn
r-
00
7,070
60.5
5.7
Scott
3,037
3,839
802
26.4
8.4
Sebastian
28,606
39,003
10,397
36.3
7.1
Union
16,645
20,226
3,581
21.5
8.9
Yell
14,208
17,026
2,818
19.8
10.5
Note:
< Less Than the State Median
> Greater Than the State Median
Sources: US Department of Commerce. 1978a. County and city data book, 1977. Buret
US Department of Commerce. 1981b. 19S0 census of population and housing
counts. Bureau of Census, Washington DC, 32 p.
1970 Occupied
Percentage
Housing Quality
Percentage (1970)
Lacking Some With 1.01
or All or More
Plumbing Persons
Facilities Per Room
1970 County Median
Housing Cost
Compared to State
Owner
Renter
Owner Z
Renter Z
76.5
23.5
12.2
10.1
<19.3
< 15.3
63.7
36.3
16.6
12.5
> 0.8
< 1.4
73.4
26.6
19.8
9.7
< 19.5
< 22.2
71.7
28.3
29.7
13.8
< 43.4
< 27.8
62.7
37.3
31.6
16.8
< 34.2
< 27.8
75.0
25.0
14.9
9.7
< 30.2
< 15.3
65.2
34.8
15.4
13.2
< 4.7
< 5.6
67.7
32.3
12.4
11.0
< 11.4
n
73.1
26.9
28.1
9.3
< 39.8
< 31.9
71.8
28.2
17.8
8.9
< 27.1
< 22.2
77.5
22.5
31.8
13.9
< 37.5
< 30.6
51.8
48.2
20.9
13.5
< 23.8
< 18.1
69.3
30.7
13.1
8.5
> 8.5
> 4.2
63.2
36.8
4.0
8.3
> 38.1
> 25.0
52.3
47.7
32.4
20.5
< 7.0
> 5.6
76.3
23.7
6.1
9.8
> 9.5
n
76.6
23.4
23.7
9.9
< 39.1
< 25.0
68.4
31.6
4.9
7.4
> 7.3
> 4.2
71.7
28.3
15.3
9.1
< 12.8
< 15.3
71.0
29.0
17.5
9.0
< 29.3
< 11.1
i of Census, Washington DC, 956 p.
advance
reports
- Arkansas - final
population
and housing unit
-------
plumbing facilities that is higher than the State average. Seventeen
counties have a percent of housing units with 1.01 or more persons per room
that is higher than the State average.
4.2.3 Education
An increase in numbers of school age children often is associated with
the population influx that occurs with a coal development. Education is
profiled using public school enrollment and number of higher education
facilities to indicate the level and amount of educational services avail-
able .
4.2.3.1 Public Education
Larger school systems can absorb increases in school enrollment more
efficiently than smaller systems. Thirty-three counties in the Study Area
had less than 10,000 students enrolled (Table 4-8). Large developments may
strain existing education systems in the Study Area.
4.2.3.2 Higher Education
Another indication of educational quality is the availability of
higher education facilities. A majority of the counties do not have uni-
versities or colleges, thus higher education opportunities at the local
level are limited.
4.2.4 Transportation
Coal developments rely heavily on existing transportation facilities
to mitigate costs incurred to move coal and materials used to extract coal.
Existing highway, railroad, and commercial waterway systems are the main
modes for transport of goods and services associated with coal development.
4.2.4.1 Highways
Existing interstate and State highways are essential to new coal
development to transport both labor and materials. If adequate highways
are available, the production of coal is less expensive. A majority of the
4-27
-------
Table 4-8. Public school enrollment and number of colleges and universities in 38 counties in Arkansas.
.c-
l
ho
00
State
County
Ashley
Bradley
Calhoun
Chicot
Clark
Clay
Cleveland
Columbia
Conway
Craighead
Crawford
Cross
Dallas
Drew
Franklin
Crant
Greene
Hempstead
Hot Spring
1975
Public School
Enrollment
450,493
6,022
2,839
1,389
4,759
3,969
4,301
1,709
5,691
6,951
11,679
6,653
5,104
2,223
3,486
3,158
3,538
5,953
4,489
.5,472
Number of
Colleges and
Universities
31
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
County
Jefferson
Johnson
Lafayette
Lincoln
Logan
Lonoke
Miller
Nevada
Ouachita
Perry
Poinsett
Pope
Pulaski
St. Francis
Saline
Scott
Sebastian
Union
Yell
1975
Public School
Enrollment
19,287
3,097
2,429
2,855
3,575
7,218
8,071
2,246
6,583
1,535
6,526
7,133
62,419
8,307
8,755
1,613
16,814
10,261
3,630
Number of
Colleges and
Universities
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
5
1
0
0
1
1
0
Sources: US Department of Commerce. 1976a. County
Bureau of Census, Washington DC, 956p.
Educational Information Center. No date,
institutions In Arkansas. Little Rock AR,
and city data book, 1977.
Geographic location of post-secondary
, 2p.
-------
Study Area counties had a highway density less than the State highway
density. Fifteen counties have access to interstate highways (Table 4-9).
4.2.4.2 Railroads
Railroads, like highways, are important in moving coal as well as
other materials. A majority of the counties had a rail density equal to or
higher than the State rail density (Table 4-9).
4.2.3.3 Commercial Waterways
Counties with commercial waterways have an alternate means for moving
coal and other related materials. Twenty-one of the counties in the Study
Area have commercial waterways.
4-29
-------
Table 4-9. Transportation information for 38 counties in Arkansas.
Land Area
(Sq. Miles )
Interstate
Highway
Mileage
State
Highway
Mileage
Railroad
MlleaRe
Miles/Square
Interstate State
Mile
Railroad
Access
Coroner c
Watervt
State
51,945
530
15,508
3,453
.01
0.30
0.07
Yes
County
Ashley
928
0
217
107
0
0.23
0.12
Yes
Bradley
651
0
123
66
0
0.19
0.10
Yes
Calhoun
629
0
149
48
0
0.24
0.08
Yes
Chicot
643
0
192
47
0
0.30
0.07
Yes
Clark
878
28
223
76
0.03
0.26
0.09
No
Clay
639
0
176
37
0
0.28
0.06
No
Cleveland
601
0
159
21
0
0.27
0.04
No
Columbia
768
0
207
60
0
0.27
0.08
No
Conway
561
21
210
22
0.04
0.38
0.04
Yes
Craighead
716
0
267
60
0
0.37
0.08
No
Crawford
596
28
151
59
0.05
0.25
0.10
Yes
Cross
625
0
247
71
0
0.40
0.11
No
Dallas
672
0
184
59
0
0.27
0.09
No
Drew
832
0
203
48
0
0.24
0.06
No
Franklin
613
19
199
34
0.03
0.33
0.06
Yes
Grant
631
0
176
30
0
0.28
0.05
No
Greene
579
0
204
40
0
0.35
0.07
No
Hempstead
726
23
243
106
0.03
0.34
0.15
Yes
Hot Spring
621
25
189
62
0.04
0.30
0.10
No
Jefferson
873
0
267
93
0
0.31
0.11
Yes
Johnson
673
27
181
38
0.04
0.27
0.06
Yes
-------
Table 4-9. Transportation information for 38 counties in Arkansas (concluded).
County
Land Area
(Sq. Miles)
Interstate
Highway
Mileage
State
Highway
Mileage
Railroad
Mileage
Miles/Square Mile
Interstate State Railroad
Access to
Commercial
Waterways
Lafayette
523
0
139
61
0
0.27
0.
12
Yes
Lincoln
563
0
169
14
0
0.30
0.
03
Yes
Logan
718
0
202
42
0
0.28
0.
06
Yes
Lonoke
796
22
285
52
0.03
0.36
0.
07
No
Miller
623
17
192
41
0.03
0.31
0.
07
Yes
Nevada
616
13
211
40
0.02
0.34
0.
07
No
Ouachita
736
0
200
85
0
0.27
0.
12
Yes
Perry
551
0
171
36
0
0.31
0.
07
Yes
Poinsett
760
0
263
63
0
0.35
0.
o
00
No
Pope
812
27
274
32
0.03
0.34
0.
04
Yes
Pulaski
765
61
270
120
0.08
0.35
0.
16
Yes
St. Francis
635
46
209
70
0.07
0.33
0.
11
No
Saline
724
21
136
59
0.03
0.19
0.
08
No
Scott
898
0
180
22
0
0.20
0.
02
No
Sebastian
527
11
227
54
0.02
0.43
0.
10
Yes
Union
1,050
0
248
82
0
0.24
0.
08
Yes
Yell
929
0
253
36
0
0.27
0.
04
Yes
Sources: Arkansas State Highways and Transportation Department 1980; Arkansas Transportation Commission
1980; BATTELLE, Columbus Laboratories 1979; Corbett 1981; US Department of Commerce 1978a;
US Department of the Interior 1966.
-------
5.0 WATER RESOURCES
-------
5.0 WATER RESOURCES
5.1 INTRODUCTION
Adequate and reliable information concerning surface and groundwater
quantity and quality is necessary as a basis for sound economic develop-
ment. An inadequate water supply may limit the potential development of
lignite/ coal resources. Industries using lignite as a fuel or a source
for other products will use and consume water. In addition to being ade-
quate in quantity, water must meet the requirements for quality. Water
quantity and quality considerations are closely related and cannot be
considered unilaterally.
This chapter focuses on the existing quantity and quality of surface
and groundwater in the State of Arkansas where lignite/coal development is
probable.
5.2 SURFACE WATER
Arkansas is divided into five major drainage basins: the Red River,
Ouachita River, Arkansas River, White River, and St. Francis River (Figure
5-1). The Study Area includes portions of all five major basins.
The surface water section documents existing quantity and quality
conditions. Continuously-recorded stream gauging stations, flow duration
and low-flow magnitude and frequency are addressed, as well as total water
usage by county (Exhibit 5a).
Stream flow is important in design, construction, and operation of
water related developments. Flow duration and the magnitude and frequency
of low-flow are significant in addressing water supply characteristics of
streams. Flow duration data are used to make preliminary estimates of
water supply. Low-flow is used in estimating availability of water for
dilution and transport of waste and industrial cooling.
Water quality is defined accurately through the assessment of various
biological, chemical, and physical parameters. Statistical data of se-
5-1
-------
U1
I
N)
J.
I
TO INS
CONWAY
CHICOT
Legend
Planning Basins
1 Red River
2 Ouachita River
3 Arkansas River
4 White River
5 St. Francis River
(letters, A-I, indicate
stream segments within
the basin)
Figure 5-1. Major drainage basins and segments in 38 Arkansas counties (Baker 1955).
-------
lected water quality parameters along with names and location (Exhibit 5a)
of the significant dischargers are presented in this section.
To ensure conformity among water resource management agencies (Federal
and State) that define and collect surface water information, surface water
quantity and quality data are presented by drainage basin. Each basin is
divided further into smaller planning areas or "segments". Only segments
located in the Study Area are discussed (Exhibit 5a).
5.2.1 Red River Basin
The major tributaries of the Red River Basin in Arkansas (Exhibit 5a)
include the Sulphur River, Bayou Bodcau, and Dorcheat Bayou. The Red River
2 2
Basin encompasses an area of about 11,598 km (4,478 mi ). The Sulphur
River originates in Texas entering the Red River approximately 16 km (10
miles) above the Louisiana line. The headwaters of Bayou Bodcau and Dor-
cheat Bayou originate in the vicinity of Nevada-Hempstead County and flow
southward into Louisiana. Average annual runoff from the Arkansas portion
3
of the Red River Basin is estimated at 4 billion m (3 million acre-feet)
(Exhibit 5b).
5.2.1.1 Quantity
The Study Area in the Red River Basin encompasses a drainage area of
6,325 km^ (2,442 mi^); segment 1A has 2,945 km^ (1,137 mi^), while Segment
2 2
IB has 5,383 km (1,306 mi ). The source of all public water in Segment 1A
and Segment IB is groundwater. Industry is the major user of surface
water.
Two stream gauging stations (3370 and 3415) are monitored by the
Arkansas Department of Pollution Control and Ecology (ADPCE) in Segment IB.
The drainage area, discharges, and periods of record are presented in Table
5-1. The percent of time daily discharges were equaled or exceeded for a
given period of record is presented in Table 5-2. If a specified amount of
water is needed for a given percent of time, the sites where streamflow is
adequate to meet these requirements may be determined directly from Table
5-2. Annual low-flow frequency data for stations located on Red River at
5-3
-------
Table 5-1. Drainage areas and discharges of continuous-record gauging station in the Red River Basin, Arkansas.
Station
Number
3370
3415
Station Name Segment
Red River at Index IB
Red River at Fulton IB
County
Miller
Henpstead-Miller
Period of Record
(Water Years)
July 1936-1977
Oct. 1927-1977
Drainage
2
Area (km )
124,400
135,660
Maximum
Discharge
(m3/s)
8,410
9,570
Average
Discharge
(n3/s)
338
500
Minimum
Discharge
10.7
11.0
I
Source: US Geological Survey. 1977. Water Resources Data for Arkansas. Little Rock, Arkansas.
-------
Table 5-2. Duration of daily flow (m /sec.) from gauging stations on streams in the Red River Basin, Arkansas.
Station
Number
3415
3370
Station Name Segment
Red River at Fulton IB
Red River at Index IB
County
Hempstead/Miller
Miller
Drainage
2
Area (km )
135,660
124,400
Flow in m-Vsec, Equaled or Exceeded Period
for Percent of Time Indicated of
99
22
45
50
214
147
25
10
570 1,340
348 852
3,267
2,531
Record
1928-1979
1938-1977
ui
I
Ul
Source: US Geological Survey. 1981. WATer Data STOrage and REtrieval (WATSTORE). Dallas, Texas.
-------
Fulton, and Red River at Index in Arkansas are presented in Table 5-3. The
tabular values in Table 5-3 indicate how often the average flow for 14
consecutive days are equal to or less than that shown. Low-flow data are
used in determining the dependable amount of water available for develop-
ment. The application of data in Table 5-3 may be illustrated by the
following example. Assume a coal/lignite fired power plant has an average
3
water demand of 115 m /sec and could tolerate an insufficient supply for 14
consecutive days once every year. The examination of Table 5-3 indicates
that the station on the Red River at Index does not have sufficient stream-
3
flow (i.e., 14-day, 1-year low-flow less than 115 m /sec). However, the
station located on the Red River at Fulton (Table 5-3) has adequate stream-
flow to meet this water demand (i.e., 14-day, 1-year low-flow greater than
115 m^/sec).
5.2.1.2 Quality
General observations of the water quality violations in Segments 1A
and IB (Exhibit 5a) indicate point source problems. There are 14 municipal
dischargers and 18 industrial dischargers in Segments 1A and IB. As a
tributary to Dorcheat Bayou, Big Creek receives one of the heaviest pollu-
tant loads in Segment 1A, as does Bodcau Creek. Oil field brine is a
source of pollution in the Red River Basin, but is not as problematic as in
the Ouachita River. Red River, Bodcau Creek, and Dorcheat Bayou are the
three streams that receive most of the brine in the Red River Basin.
Significant dischargers in Segment 1A are presented in Table 5-4 and their
locations are shown on Exhibit 5a. A significant discharger is any dis-
charger causing serious or critical water quality problems relative to the
segment to which it discharges.
Water in Dorcheat Bayou, at the upstream site near Taylor (34865), has
a high mean concentration of dissolved oxygen, but often has concentrations
less than the minimum recommended 5.0 mg/1 (Table 5-5). Iron and manganese
concentrations generally are high at this location and do not meet recom-
mended water quality limits for drinking water (Table 5-6). Dorcheat Bayou
receives municipal and industrial wastes and oil-field brine through its
tributaries (ADPCE 1976, 1980). That portion of Bodcau Creek above Lake
5-6
-------
Table 5-3. Fourteen-day, low-flow, £or various recurrence intervals in streams in the Ked Kiver Basin, Arkansas.
Station
Number
3415
3370
Station Name Segment
Red River at Fulton IB
Red River at Index IB
County
Hempstead/Miller
Miller
Drainage
2
Area (km )
135,660
124,400
Annual Low Flow In m /sec. for 14 Consecutive
Days for Indicated Recurrence Interval In Years
1
169.47
113.19
57.62
56.02
32.31
33.17
10
22.85
23.52
20
16.75
17.04
Period
of
Record
1929-1979
1938-1977
Ln
I
Source: US Geological Survey. 1981. WATer Data STOrage and REtrieval (WATSTORE). Dallas, Texas.
-------
Table 5-4. Significant industrial dischargers in the Red River Basin,
Arkansas.
Segment Industry
1A Firestone Coated Fabrics, Magnolia
1A Bromet Company, Magnolia
IB Nekoosa-Edwards Paper Company, Ashdown
IB Cherokee Carpet Mills, Texarkana
IB Hope Foods Corporation, Hope
IB Spears Carpet Company, Hope
Source: Arkansas Department of Pollution Control and Ecology. 1977.
Arkansas water quality inventory report. Little Rock, Arkansas,
162 pp.
5-8
-------
Table 5-5. Water quality statistical summary for stations located in the Red River Basin,
Arkansas.
FiraiLcters
ft*. *>;
Location; Bodc.u Creek
County: UF.yette
Segment: 1A
Sta. No. 34865
Location: Doreheat River
County* Columbia
Segment: 1A
Sta. Mo. 344275
Location; Sulphur River
County: Miller
Segment: IB
Keen
Hin.
Max.
Mean
Hlo.
Max.
Mean
Kin.
water cetuperature (Peg.C)
17.90
3.00
2B.00
16.25
1.00
28.00
17.10
1.00
33.50
Turbidity (JTU)
16.11
6.00
85.00
16.00
5.00
40.00
43.81
5.10
210.00
Dissolved oxygen (Mg/L)
5.94
3.40
10.50
6.66
2.20
12.10
7.31
1.20
13.90
EOD 5 Day (>!g/L)
1.41
0.54
3.20
1.61
0.25
4.30
2.32
0.52
8.00
pK (£U)
6.32
5.50
7.00
6.52
5.40
7.40
7.33
2.90
8.60
Total Alkalinity CaC03 (Mg/L)
9.92
4.00
23.00
11.63
2.00
28.00
60.14
21.00
194.00
Total Rcsi«uii (Mg/L)
147.00
54.00
266.00
283.61
109.00
299.00
203.32
108.00
407.00
Vol. Filterable Residue (Kg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
5.50
5.50
5.50
Total ttcnfilterable Residue OigfL)
16.14
10.00
46.00
15.94
1.00
45.00
63.75
4.00
276.00
Total Phosphorus P (Mg/L)
0.13
0.04
0.32
0.51
0.07
5.70
0.20
0.02
3.10
Dissolved Phosphorus ? (Mg/L)
-
-
-
5.00
5,00
5.00
0.07
0.00
0.62
Total Hardness (Mg/L)
33.64
19.00
79.00
' 53.71
19,00
134.00
66.45
0.00
140.00
Dissolved Calcium Ca (Mg/L)
6.76
5.00
10.00
17.57
4.70
42.00
22.04
7.40
39.00
Total Calcium Ca (Hg/L)
9.35
5.00
21 *00
6.85
4.00
9.00
18.35
5.90
41.00
Dissolved Magnesium Kg (Mg/L)
3.01
2.00
6.00
4.37
1.B0
7.50
2.94
2.00
6.00
Total Magnesium Hg (Mg/L)
3.43
1.00
6.00
2.80
2,00
6.00
3.30
0.00
6.00
Chloride CI (Kg/L)
30.21
11.00
200.00
67.36
2.03
204.00
22.62
5.10
78.00
Total Iron Fe (Mg/L)
1735.95
350.00
3206,99
i 7 39.24
280.00
4578.00
1861.16
240.00
7500.00
DifiBOlved Iron Pe (Mg/L)
-
-
-
2300.00
-
4600.00
317.00
20.00
1200.00
Dissolved Lead Pb (Mg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
3.57
0.00
6.00
Total Lead Pb (Mg/L)
25.24
0.00
160.00
34.88
0.00
110.00
27.37
0.00
87.00
Manganese Mn (Mg/L)
250.82
79.00
544.00
445.25
70.00
1800.00
187.10
43.00
630.00
Dissolved Manganese Mn (Mg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
65.11
2.00
150.00
Dissolved Nickel Ni (Mg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
3.33
0.00
10.00
Total Nickel Nl (Mg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
12.69
0.00
50.00
Dissolved Silver Ag (Hg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
0.00
0.00
0.00
Total Silver Ag (Mg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
0.27
0.00
3.00
Dissolved Zinc 2n (Mg/L)
T
-
-
-
-
-
14.80
3.00
50.00
Total Zinc Zn (Mg/L)
26.95
0.00
260.00
24.44
0.00
70.00
21.72
0.00
142.00
Dissolved Selenium Se (Mg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
0.14
0.00
1.00
Total Selenium Se (Mg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
0.14
0.00
1.00
Total Ammonia NH^ (Hg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
0.10
0.00
0.41
Dissolved Aamonla (Mg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
0.08
0.00
0.41
Total Collform /100 ml
1193.50
50.00
3500.00
1756.09
10.00
30000.00
2076.11
20.00 41999.90
5-9
-------
Table 5-5. Water quality statistical summary for stations located in the Red River Basin
Arkansas (concluded).
Sta. Mo;
3443
Sta. Bo.
34434
Sta. No.
344)3
Location;
Days River.
Location:
Sulphur
River
Location
1 Red River
County:
Miller
County:
Miller
County:
Miller
Segment:
IB
Segment:
IB
Segmenti
IB
Maan
Min.
Max.
Mean
Min.
Max.
Mean
Kin.
Max.
-
-
--
17.43
1.50
34.90
19.13
2.00
32.00
Turbidity
-------
Table 5-6. Water quality standards and recommended water quality limits.
National Academy of Science and
National Academy of Engineering,
Water Quality Arkansas EPA Quality Criteria 1974, Recommended Limits
Parameter Standard for Domestic Water* Public Water Supply Livestock
Arsenic (*) 50 ug/L 100 ug/L 200 ug/L
Cadmium (^) 10 ug/L 10 ug/L 50 ug/L
Chloride (2) 250 mg/L6 250 mg/L
Chromium (* "*) 50 ug/L ^50 ug/L 1,000 ug/L
Copper (*) 1,000 ug/L 100 ug/L 500 ug/L
Dissolved solids (2) 250 mg/L^
Dissolved oxygen 5.0 mg/L^ 5.0 mg/L
Iron C1) 300 ug/L 300 ug/L
Lead (*) 50 ug/L 50 ug/L 100 ug/L
Manganese (^) 50 ug/L 50 ug/L
Mercury (^) 2.0 ug/L 2 ug/L 1,000 ug/L
pH 6.0-9.0 5.0 - 9.0 5.0-9.0
Phosphorus 100 ug/L 100 ug/L
Sulfate (2) 250 mg/L 250 mg/L
Zinc (^) 5,000 ug/L 500 ug/L
*Also Public Health Service Limit
^Standards are based on 96-hour Median Tolerance Limit.
^Standards are set for individual streams. See "Arkansas Water Quality Standards,
Regulation No. 2, as Amended," September 1975.
-*Hexavalent (Cr+®).
'•Minimum of 5.0 mg/L, except for natural conditions. Minimum of 6.0 mg/L for trout
and small-mouth bass streams.
^For trout or small-mouth bass streams, the standard is 10 Jtu (Jackson turbidity unit).
^Applicable only to Public Health Service Limit.
^Not applicable to Public Health Service Limit.
Source: Arkansas Department of Pollution Control and Ecology. 1975. Arkansas Water
Quality Standards Regulation No. 2 as Amended. Little Rock, Arkansas,
variously paged.
5-11
-------
Erling does not meet State standards for dissolved oxygen and is therefore
classified as water quality limited by ADPCE. Below Lake Erling, Bodcau
Creek is classified as effluent limited (Table 5-7).
Waste sources in Segment IB include four municipal dischargers, six
industrial dischargers, and one school district. Water quality in Segment
IB is affected strongly by discharges located in Texas. The Sulphur River
and its tributary stream, Days Creek, receive extremely heavy waste loads
from the City of Texarkana, Texas, and from International Paper Company,
located 0.5 stream km (0.3 mi) from the Arkansas State line. Other signif-
icant dischargers located in Segment IB are shown in Table 5-4.
Station 34435 is the only water quality sampling station operated by
ADPCE on the Red River (Exhibit 5a). A statistical summary for this sta-
tion is shown in Table 5-5. The Red River is characterized by a very high
concentration of suspended sediments, as evidenced by excessive turbidity
concentrations and total nonfilterable residues. Turbidity concentrations
often exceed the Arkansas State standard of 50 JTU (Jackson turbidity
unit). Most of the sediment originates in the upper Red River Basin where
red, sandy soils subject to erosin are predominant. The iron-bearing, red
soil accounts for most of the high total iron concentration (Table 5-5).
Manganese also exceeds the recommended maximum for drinking water.
The water at sampling stations (344275 and 3443) located on the Sul-
phur River and its tributary, Days Creek, has high calcium bicarbonate
levels and occasionally contains high concentrations of iron and manganese.
The stream is overloaded with waste from municipal and industrial dis-
charges (Exhibit 5a). Both water courses are water quality limited (Table
5-7).
5.2.2 Ouachita River Basin
The principal tributaries originating in Arkansas are Caddo River,
Little Missouri River, Smackover Creek, Champagnolle Creek, Moro Creek,
Saline River, Bayou Bartholomew, Crooked Bayou, Boeuf River, and Bayou
Macon (Exhibit 5a). Bayou Bartholmew, Crooked Bayou, and Bayou Macon,
5-12
-------
Table 5-7. Water quality inventory summary for the Red River Basin.
CLASSIFICATION
STRIA* NILtS
SEGMENT
ocscRimo:;
STREAK
SEGMENT
USE
EL/WQ
TOTAL
•EXCEED! WQS OX
OR GOAL Of FtfrfA
PARA"f.7CRS NOT MEETING
GCsi.S OF F'/PCA AMf.'/TiR WQS
USES PR!.rum?D
'.ATfR CWAt:r<-
FR3cl IK
l-A
Bodcaw
SW
EL/HQ
53
IB '
Phosphorus
Dissolved Oxygen
Fishery
Municipal
Industrial
l-A
Dorcheat
BU
EL
49
16
Phosphorus
Dissolved.Oxygen
Fecal Colifort
Fishery
Primary
Contacv
Municipal
l-B
Red
BW
KO 1
163
163
Turbidity, Toxic Substance,
Fecal Coliform. Phosohorus
Fishery, Irrigation
Primary, Contact,
Hater' SuooTv.
Municipal
Industrial
Nonooint
1-B
BW
WO
24
24
Dissolved Oxygen
Thosaharus
Fishery
Hydrologic Modi-
fication,
Industrial
l-B
Davs Cr.
BW
HO
.. 12
.1?
Dissolved Oxygen
Fecal Coil form
Phosphorus
Fishery
Primary
Contact
Municipal
Ul
I
WQ - Water Quality Limited:
EL - Effluent Limited:
Class B:
Any segment where it is known that water quality does not meet applicable water quality
standards (WQS) even after the application of the best practica le technology for industry
and secondary treatment for municipalities. Stream classification is based on the waste
load allocation studies. Water quality parameters considered included DO, BOD, dissolved
solids, chlorides, and sulfates.
Any segment where water quality is meeting and will continue to meet water quality
standards after the application of the best practicable treatment for industry and
secondary treatment for municipalities.
Suitable for desirable species of fish, wildlife and other aquatic and semi-aquatic life,
raw water source for public water supplies, secondary contact recreation and other uses.
W - Warm Water Fishery
Source: ACPCE. 1977. Arkansas water quality inventory report. Little Rock AR, 162 p.
-------
although originating in southeast Arkansas, discharge into the Ouachita
River farther south in Louisiana. The Ouachita River Basin in Arkansas has
2 2
a drainage area of about 3,496 km (1,350 mi ). The average annual runoff
3
of the Ouachita River Basin in Arkansas is more than 10.7 million m (8.7
million acre-feet).
5.2.2.1 Water Quantity
Six segments of the Ouachita River Basin are located in the Study
Area. The dischargers and drainage areas of each segment are included in
Table 5-8. All municipal water systems in Segment 2A and Segment 2B use
groundwater sources. Segment 2C has six surface water intakes, while
Segment 2D has four, and Segment 2F has ten. The duration of daily flows,
and 7-day low-flow data for gauging stations in the Ouachita River Basin
are included in Tables 5-9 and 5-10.
5.2.2.2 Water Quality
The quality of water in streams of the Ouachita River Basin varies
from excellent to poor. Generally, water quality in those streams origi-
nating in the Ouachita Mountains above the City of Camden is excellent and
shows a gradual degradation below this general area due to industrial,
municipal, and agricultural wastes (Exhibit 5a).
Segment 2A consists of two drainage systems that have their headwaters
in Arkansas and flow into Louisiana where they eventually enter the Oua-
chita River. Boeuf River and Bayou Macon are the two largest streams in
this segment. Water in these two rivers is classified as water quality
limited by APDCE (Table 5-11). Both river segments do not meet water qual-
ity standards for dissolved oxygen and both exhibit high turbidity and
measurable pesticide concentrations, presumably the results of farming.
High fecal coliform counts also are reported from the Boeuf River. There
are 10 municipal waste dischargers on the Boeuf River (Exhibit 5a).
The major stream in Segment 2B is Bayou Bartholomew. Water quality
station (36415) is located on Bayou Bartholomew upstream of point source
discharges. The bayou is classified as water quality limited due to low
5-14
-------
Table 5-8. Drainage areas and discharges of continuous-record gauging station in the Ouachita River Basin, Arkansas
Station
Number
26545
36415
3635
3632
3630
3625
3620
U1
I 3621
K-
U1
3658
3600
35991
359S
Station Name Segnent
Mississippi P.iver 2A
near Arkansas City
Bayou Bartholomew 2B
near McGehee
Saline River near 2C
Saline River near 2C
Sheridan
Hurricane Creek 2C
Horo Creek near 2D
Fordyce
Ouachita River at 211
Camden
Smackover Creek 2D
near Smackover
Connie Bayou near 2F
Three Creeks
Ouachita River at 2F
Arkadelphia
Caddo P.iver at Degray 2F
regulating dam near
Arkadelphia
Degray lake near 2F
Arkadelphia
County
Chicot
Drew-Ashley
Bradley
Grant
Union
Union
Hot Springs
Clark
Period of Record
(Water Years)
Oct. Sept.
1938 - 1942
Oct. 1945-1977
Aug.1937-1977
Oct.1970-1977
Grant Oct.1961-1977
Calhoun-Cleveland Aug.1951-1977
Ouachita
Oct.1961-1977
Feb.1956-1977
Drainage
2
Area (km )
2,928,300
1,533
5,340
2,924
528
559
13,960
976
Maximum Average Minimum
Discharge Discharge Discharge
(m^/s) (m^/s) (m^/s)
195
2,110
1,690
513
759
Clark
1,490
466 65,000
1,243
1,173
19.0
72.7
48.1
6.32
6.37
10.9
5.04
0.006
0.099
0.37
0
0
-------
Table 5-& Drainage areas and discharges of continuous-record gauging station in the Ouachita River Basin, Arkansas (concluded).
Station
Number
Station Name
Segment
County
Drainage
2
(Water Years) Area (km )
Period of Record
Maximum
Discharge
(m3/s)
Average
Discharge
/s>
Minimum
Discharge
(rc3/s)
m
I
CT>
3595
3590
3616
3605
360501
3610
Ouachita river near
Malvern
Lake Catherine at
Jones Mill
Little Missouri
River near
Boughton
Lake Greeson near
Murfreesboro
2F
2F
2C
2G
Little Missouri River at 2C
tlorrows Dam near
Murfreesboro
Little Missouri
River near
Murfreesboro
2G
Hot Springs
Hot Springs
Nevada
Pike
Pike
Pike
Jan.1928-1977
Oct .1924-1977
4,046
3,926
2,766
614
614
140,000
2,364
40
- Data not available
Source: US Geological Survey. 1977. Water Resources Data for Arkansas. Little Rock, Arkansas.
-------
Table 5-9. Duration of daily flow (m /sec.) from gauging stations on streams in the Ouachita River Basin, Arkansas.
Station
Number Station Name Segment
35991 Caddo River at Degray 2F
Regulating Dam near
Arkade
3635 Saline River near Rye 2C
3616 Little Missouri River 2G
near Boughton
26545 Mississippi River near
Arkansas City 2A
36415 Bayou Bartholemew near
McGehee
3600 Ouachita River at 2F
Arkadelphia
3621 Smackover Creek near 20
Smackover
3620 Ouachita River at 2D
Camden
3625 Moro Creek near 2D
Fordyce
3599 Degray Lake near 2F
Arkadelphia
- Data not available for this station.
County
Clark
Bradley
Nevada
Chicot
Drew/Ashley
Hot Spring
Union
Ouachita
Calhoun/Cleveland
Clark
Drainage Flow in m-Vsec, Equaled or Exceeded ''er^ot'
j fnr Pprrpnf nf Timp Tnrfirarprt Of
Area (kin ) 99 _50 _25 10 1
1,243
5,340
2,766
2,928,300
1,533
NA
976
13,960
559
1,173
0.002
0.4
0.5
0.2
4
0.03
6
0.0
19
15
22
92
40
6 26
49 104
2 9
87 230
.3 4
67
212
102
56
215
186
601
448
119
862
31 117
542 1.719
19 91
Record
1968-1977
1938-1979
1938-1977
1939-1979
1930-1977
1962-1979
1929-1979
1952-1977
Source: US Geological Survey. 1981. WATer Data STOrage and REtrieval (WATSTORE). Dallas, Texas.
-------
Table 5-10. Fourteen-day, low-flows for various recurrence intervals in streams in the Ouachita River Basin, Arkansas.
Station
Number
36415
26545
3616
3635
35991
3599
y1 3625
00
3620
3621
3600
Station Name
Bayou Bartholomew
near McGehee
Mississippi River
near Arkansas City
Little Missouri River
near Boughton
Saline River near
Rye
Caddo River at
Degray Dan near
Arkade
Degray Lake near
Arkadelphia
Moro Creek near
Fordyce
Ouachita River at
Camden
Smackover Creek
near Smackover
Ouachita River at
Arkadelphia
Segment
2B
2A
2G
2C
County
2F
2F
2D
2D
2D
2F
Drew/Ashley
Chicot
Nevada
Bradley
Clark
Clark
Calhoun/Cleveland
Ouachita
Union
Hot Springs
Drainage
2
Area (km )
5,340
2,928,300
2,766
5,340
1.24.3
1,173
559
13,960
976
Annual Low Flow In m /sec. for 14 Consecutive Period
Days for Indicated Recurrence Interval In Years of
99 50 20 10 _5 Record
1.92 1.10 0.41 0.18 0.08 0.01 1940-1979
- - - - - No low flow
period
15.11 1.70 0.76 0.49 0.35 0.18 1939-1977
8.11 1.26 0.59 0.39 0.27 0.14 1939-1979
No low flow
period
No low flow
period
No low flow
period
81.40 17.14 9.44 6.86 5.25 3.15
1930-1979
2.90 0.11 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.004 1963-1979
41.00 9.14 5.56 4.33 3.54 2.45 1931-1977
Source: US Geological Survey. 1981. WATer Data STOrage and REtrieval (WATSTORE). Dallas, Texas.
Data not available.
-------
Table 5-11. Water quality inventory summary for the Ouachita River Basin, Arkansas.
SEGUNT
DLSCRIPTIOII
CLASSIFICATION
STRCAH HUES
PARAMETERS NOT MEETING
GOALS OF fWPCA AND/OR WQS
USES PrtLCL UUED
WATER QUALITY
PRCtLt'M
STREW.
SEGMENT
USE
EL/WQ
TOTAL
'EXCEEDING HQS OR
OR GOAL OF FUPCA
Boeuf
Piunr
nu
ur)
V!
11
Turbidity, Phosphorus
Toxic Substance, Nitrates
Water Supply
Recreation, Fishery
Agricultural
Runoff
2-A
Macon
Bayou
BW
WQ
35 •
35
Turbidity, Phosphorus
Toxic Substance
Water Supply
Recreation, Fishery
Agricultural
Runoff
2-B
Bartho-
lomew
BW
WQ
278
278
luroidity, loxic buostance,
Oissolved Oxygen, Fecal
Coliform.
Water Supply
Primary Contact
F1shery
Urban Run-Off
Municipal
Agrl. Run-Off
2-C
Saline
River
(AS)
(AW)
EL
260
20
Turbidity, Fecal Conform
Primary Contact
Fishery
Urban, Sllvi-
cultural, Muni.
2-C
Hurricane
BW
WQ
48
48
Fecal Conform, pH
Primary Contact
Fishery
Municipal
Mine Run-Off
2-0
Moro Cr.
BW
WQ
64
64
Oissolved Oxygen, Phosphorus
Fecal Colirorm
Primary Contact
Recreation
Municipal
2-D
Ouachita
BW
EL
148
148
Fecal Coliform
Primary Contact
Industrial
Municipal
2-0
Smackover
BW
WQ
4B
48
Dissolved Oxygen, Oil '
Fishery
Recreation
Residual Waste
L'-D
Coffee
BW
WQ
12
12
Dissolved Oxygen, Phosphorus
Fecal Coliform
Primary Contact
Fishery
Industrial
Municipal
2-E
Cornie
-ri'pk
BW
wq
20
2-E
Three
r roolt
BW
WQ
13
13
2-E
DeLoutre
BW
WQ
IS
18
Dissolved Oxygen, Phosphorus
Fecal Coliform
Primary Contact
Fishery
Municipal
Industrial
2-F
Ouachita
iO!iri
(BW.AT,
AAV AAT
EL
143
WQ - Water Quality Limited: Any segment where it is known that water quality does not meet applicable water quality
standards (WQS) even after the application of the best practical technology for industry and
secondary treatment for municipalities. Stream classification is based upon the waste load
allocation studies. Those water quality parameters considered were DO, BOD, dissolved solids,
chlorides, and sulfates.
-------
Table 5-11. Water quality inventory summary for the Ouachita River Basin, Arkansas (concluded).
EL - Effluent Limited: Any segment where water quality is meeting and will continue to meet water quality standards
after the application of the best practicable treatment for industry and secondary treatment for municipalities.
Class A: Suitable for primary contact recreation, propagation of desirable species of fish, wildlife, and other
aquatic life; raw water source ior public water supplies; and other compatible uses.
Class AA: Extraordinary and recreational and aesthetic value; suitable for primary contact recreation; propagation
of desirable species of fish; wildlife, and other aquatic life; raw water source for public water supplies;
and other compatible uses.
Class B: Suitable for desirable species of fish, wildlife, and other aquatic and semi-aquatic life; raw water source
for public water supplies; secondary contact recreation and other uses.
S - Smallmouth Bass Fishery
T - Trout Fishery
I
r-o
® W - Warm Water Fishery
Source: ADPCE. 1977. Arkansas water quality inventory report
Little Rock AR, 162 p.
-------
dissolved oxygen concentrations. Turbidity standards are violated occa-
sionally in some reaches of the bayou (Table 5-12) .
Segment 2F consists of the Ouachita River and tributaries of the
Little Missouri River. Statistical water quality data are presented for
these tributaries in Table 5-12. Major tributaries are the South Fork
Ouachita River (designated as water quality limited by the ADPCE) and the
Caddo River. The Ouachita River receives municipal and industrial wastes
at Lake Hamilton. Fecal coliform and total coliform levels above allowable
standards in this section result from improperly functioning septic tanks
and municipal waste treatment effluents.
Basin Segment 2C encompasses the Saline River drainage system from its
headwaters in the Ouachita Mountains to its confluence with the Ouachita
River, a distance of 402 km (250 miles). Wastewater is discharged by 22
industrial dischargers and 11 municipal dischargers to the Saline River. A
list of significant industrial dischargers is presented in Table 5-13.
Many of the industrial discharges are from aluminum mining and processing
industries in Saline County. The tributary, Hurrican Creek, is classified
water quality limited. Non-point sources affecting the Saline River Basin
are those arising from mining, silviculture, and construction activities.
Statistical data for three water quality stations located in this segment
are presented in Table 5-12. Water in the Saline River is of good quality,
except for certain trace metals (copper, iron, lead, manganese, and zinc),
which exceed levels recommended for drinking water.
Segment 2D consists mainly of the lower Ouachita River. The principal
tributaries are Bayou De Loutre, Champagnolle Creek, Moro Creek, and Smack-
over Creek. Dissolved oxygen violations and high specific conductance,
along with high levels of sodium, chloride, and total, filterable residues
have been recorded in the lower Ouachita River just upstream of the Louis-
iana State line (36408, 3624). These stations are affected by Smackover
Creek which receives oil field brines. Some dilution takes place as Moro
Creek and the Saline River discharge into the Ouachita River. Readings on
stations on the Ouachita River reflect occasional concentrations of iron,
lead, and manganese that exceed drinking water standards. Existing mining
5-21
-------
Table 5-12. Water qua'lity statistical summary for stations located in Ouachita River
Basin.
8ca. No;
367666
6u. Bo.
366115
Sta. No.
363002
Location;Blg Bayou
Location:
:Bayou Bartholo&ev
Locotloo:Sallne 1
River
Parautera
County»
Chicot
Countyi
Jefferson
County:
Saline
Segmentt 1a
Segmentt
2B
Segaeott
2C
Hean
Mln.
Max.
Mean
Mln.
Max.
Mean
Mln.
Max.
Vator tearperature (Dog.C)
19.08
1.00
31.00
10.07
1.00
30.00
19.44
0.50
31.00
Turbidity (JTU)
115.62
9.00
720.00
36.15
15.00
70.00
13.62
'4.00
50.00
Dissolved oxygen (Kg/L)
7.66
4.00
13.22
6.09
1.40
11.90
8.76
6.10
13.20
BOD 5 Day (Mg/L)
3.16
0.77
11.00
2.59
0.30
4.10
1.17
0.03
3.00
pH (SU)
7.54
6.68
8.31
6.97
6.04
7.60
7.48
7.00
7.90
Total Alkalinity CaCO^ (Kg/L)
77.61
14.00
180.00
31.76
8.00
55.00
52.59
38.99
67.00
Total Residue Olg/L)
354.50
127.00
1506.00
143.28
64.00
246.00
93.77
78.00
133.00
Vol. Filterable P.eeldue (Kg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
.
_
Total !1cnf Ucereble Residue (Mg/L) 127.18
9.00
1610.00
72.19
1.00
1090.00
13.58
3.00
70.00
Dissolved Manganese Mn (Mg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Dissolved Nickel Ml (Mg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Total Nickel Ni (Mg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Dissolved Silver Ag (Mg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Total Silver Ag (Mg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
"
"
-
Dissolved Zinc Zn (Mg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
"
-
-
Total Zinc Zn (Mg/L)
48.07
0.00
330.00
41.87
0.00
390.00
142.59
1.00
3800.00
Dissolved Selenium Se (Mg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Total Selenium Se (Mg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Total Ammonia NH^ (Mg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Dissolved Aca&onla KH^ (Mg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Chloride CI (Mg/I.)
36.66
5.00
94.00
6.93
4.00
14.00
4.60
3.50
6.>0
Total Iron Fe (Mg/L)
4953.11
344.00
39639.90
3101.95
530.00
15100.00
632.93
20.00
2900.0(
Dissolved Iron Fe (Mg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
"
-
-
~
Dissolved Lead Pb (Mg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
"
"
-
"
Total Lead Pb (Mg/L)
51.36
0.00
340.00
34.83
0.00
180.00
34.07
0.00
270.'V
Manganese Mn (Mg/L)
366.75
10.00
7136.00
502.41
65.00
1640.00
70.33
10.00
360.01
Total Phoaphorue P (Mg/L)
0.34
0.03
.1.70
0-27
0.01
1.70
0.04
0.01
0.15
Dissolved Phosphorus P (Mg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Totcl Hardness CaCO^ (Mg/L)
85.81
30.00
220.00
32.75
6.00
60.00 •
59.75
41.00
110.00
Dissolved Calcium Ca (Mg/L)
22.00
9.00
48.00
8.75
5.00
14.00
17.25
10.00
28.
Total Calcium Ca (Mg/L)
17.15
0.30
55.00
5.18
0.30
11.00
17.72
7.20
21 .¦
Dissolved Magnesium Mg (Mg/L)
8.78
3.00
24.00
3.37
1.00
8.00
4.00
1.00
9.C.
Total Kagnealufii Mg (Mg/L)
B.32
2.00
18.00
2.65
0.00
4.90
3.91
2.50
5.00
Total Conform /100 ml
B354.96
50.00
78999.80
4820.68
20.00
33999.90
457.16
10.00
2500.0'
5-22
-------
Table 5-12. Water quality statistical summary for stations located In Ouachita River
Basin (continued)*
Stt. Ko.
36211
Sta. Mo.
3624
Sta. Ko
. 36255
Location:
Smaekover
Creek
Location:
:Ouachita
River
Location: Horo
Creek
County:
Union
Covnty:
Union
County:
Bradley
Segment:
2D
Segment:
2D
Segment
: 20
Mean
Kin.
Max.
Kean
Kin*
Kax.
Mean.
Kin.
Ka>
Nates temperature (Deg.C)
17.95
2.00
29.00
19.17
1.00
34.00
16.96
0.00
30.00
Turbidity (JTU)
17.37
6.00
40.00
17.14
6.00
' 40.00
23.26
10.00
55.00
Dissolved oxygen (Kg/1)
6.80
3.20
12.60
7.5
1.33
11.90
7.35
3.80
12.30
BOO 5 Day (Kg/L)
1.35
0.30
5.20
2.08
0.20
20.00
2.32
8.70
0.50
PH (SU)
6.17
5.30
7.10
6.66
5.10
6.50
6.52
5.90
7.60
Total Alkalinity CaC03 (Kg/L)
8.21
3.00
16.00
15.06
2.00
32.00
13.45
2.00
37.00
Totil Residue (Mg/L)
439.93
6.26
1060.00
239.BB
109.00
480.00
104.91
71.00
138.00
Vol. Filterable P.esidue (Mg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Total Ilcr.filtcrable residue (Kg/L)
24.40
2.00
91.00
27.39
6.00
137.00
10.87
1.00
77.00
Dissolved Ksnganeee Mn (Hg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
160.00
50.00
270.00
Dissolved Nickel Ni (Mg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Total Kickel Ni (Mg/L)
-
-
-
20.67
0.00
50.00
3.50
1.00
6.00
Dissolved Silver Ag
-------
Table 5-12. Water quality statistical summary for stations located in Ouachita River
Basin (continued).
St*. So;
36408
St*. Ho.
364088
Stfl. No.
3636
Location;
Countyi
; Ouachita
Union
Blver
Location;
Countyi
Coffee
Ashley
Creek
Location
County:
Bayou De
Loutre
Union
Segment:
'2D
Segment:
2D
Segment:
2D
Keen
Kin.
Max.
M**n
Kin.
Max.
Mean
Kin.
Max.
Water temperature (Dcg.C)
20.07
2.00
35.00
23.28
6.00
35.00
19.00
0.50
32.00
Turbidity (JTU)
19.78
. 2.00
45.00
100.64
2.00
650.00
12.34
2.70
30.00
Dissolved oxygen (Mg/L)
7.93
1.20
12.70
0.21
0.00
3.80
6.17
0.40
13.70
EOD 5 Dny (Mg/L)
1.57
0.20
3.40
60.65
3.80
760.00
4.06
0.83
74.00
pH (SU)
6.78
3.60
8.50
7.51
6.72
8.17
7.08
5.70
6.10
Total Alkalinity CaC03 (Hg/L)
15.78
0.00
100.00
212.03
65.00
344.00
55.51
4.00
176.00
Total Rebliue (Mg/L)
152.00
92.00
278.00
1210.66
436.00
1770.00
1876.82
322.00
4510.00
Vol. Filterable P.e&idue (Mg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Total Henfilterable Residue (Mg/L)
19.00
1.00
60.00
58.17
18.00
128.00
37.83
1.00
336.00
Dissolved Manganese Mn (Mg/L)
140.00
20.00
330.00
-
-
_
_
_
_
Dissolved Nickel Ni (Mg/L)
2.67
0.00
6.00
-
-
-
-
-
_
Total Nickel Ni (Mg/L)
-
-
-
24.33
4.00
50.00
14.17
0.00
50.00
Dissolved Silver Ag (Mg/L)
1.00
0.00
2.00
-
-
-
-
-
-
Total Silver Ag (Mg/L)
-
- ¦
-
-
-
-
-
-
Dissolved Zinc Zn (Mg/L)
11.22
0.00
30.00
-
-
-
-
-
-
Total Zinc Zn (Mg/L)
33.84
9.00
170.00
69.87
10.00
540.00
40.11
0.00
170.00
Dissolved Selenlua Se (Mg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Total Selenium Se (Mg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Total Ammonia NH^ (Mg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Dissolved Aamonia NH^ (Mg/L)
0.18
0.18
o.ie
-
-
-
-
-
-
Chloride CI (Kg/I.)
Total Phosphorus ? (Mg/L)
230.56
0.07
2.00
0.00
1360.00
0.15
323.68
0.36
81.00
0.01
425.00
0.80
1055.25
0.34
19.00
0.01
2500.00
1.70
Dissolved Phosphorus ? (Mg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
"
~
-
Total Hardness CaCO^ (Mg/L)
102.73
5.00
522.00
181.62
116.00
334.00 •
314.38
37.00
950.00
Dissolved Calcium Ca (Mg/L)
28.65
4.20
140.00
71.70
38.00
190.00
86.69
15.00
270.00
Total Calcium Ca (Ng/L)
14. 44
2.50
44.00
57.31
43.00
72.00
87.21
1.70
190.00
Dissolved Hfignc6lua Mg (Mg/L)
7.44
0.50
39.00
11.50
5.00
34.00
16.86
5.00
39.00
Total Magnesiun Mg (Mg/L)
17.41
1.00
140.00
6.44
3.00
11.00
17.35
2.00
32.00
Total Iron ft (Kft/L)
1036.75
10.00
2800.00
1159.31
410.00
4200.00
1172.26
240.00
5600.00
Dissolved Iron Pa (Mg/L)
258.89
B0.00
740.00
-
-
-
1537.50
375.00
2700.1-
Dissolved Lead Pb (Mg/L)
1.44
0.00
10.00
-
-
-
"
-
-
Total Lead Pb (Mg/L)
24.75
10.00
70.00
108.97
0.00
400.00
49.36
0.00
256.00
Manganese Mn (Mg/L)
195.89
0.00
681.00
2051.24
122.00
30379.90
955.fr5
10.00
3700.00
Total Coliforo /100 si
656.33
10.00
4600.00
14x10*
3074.99
94»10S
2730.48
10.00 ;
22000.00
5-24
-------
Table 5-12. Water quality statistical summary for stations located in Ouachita River
Basin (continued).
Jta. Kd. 3595 Sta. No. 35956 Sta. No. 3599
Location: Ouachita River Location: Ouachita liver Location: Degray Lake
County: Hot Spring County: Hot Spring County: Clark
Segment: 2F Segment: 2F Segment: 2F
Mean
Kin.
Max.
Mean
Kin.
Max.
llentv
Kin.
Kr
Kater temperature (T/eg.C)
16.66 .
3.00
JO. 00
38.15
1.00
30.00
8.76
3.50
31.00
Turbidity (JTU)
32.69
1.70
60.00
14.08
4.00
100.00
-
-
-
Dissolved oxygen (Mg/L)
6.58
3.70
13.40
8.53
3.30
12.90
6.80
0.10
12.30
EOD 5 Day (Mg/L)
1.54
0.03
9.00
1.23
0.27
4.70
-
-
-
pk (su)
7.12
5.30
8. 70
6.95
6.50
7.40
6.73
5.50 .
8.00
Total Alkalinity CaCO^ (Mg/L)
21.48
2.00
163.00
16.95
9.00
23,00
27.08
10.00
45.00
Totsl Residue (Mg/L)
102.15
50.00
185,00
110.77
55.00
316.00
-
-
-
Vol. Filterable Residue (Mg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
•
-
-
Total ricnfilterable Residue (Hg/L)
13.BO
1.00
308.00
20.05
1.00
163.00
*
-
-
Dissolved Manganese Mn (Kg/L)
80.00
60.00
80.00
-
-
-
.
.
Dissolved Nickel Ni (Mg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Total Nickel Ni (Mg/L)
21.00
0.00
93.00
-
-
-
-
-
-
Dissolved Silver Ag (Mg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Total Silver Ag (Hg/L)
0.00
0.00
0.00
-
-
-
-
-
Dissolved Zinc Zn (Mg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Total Zinc Zn (Hg/L)
32.48
0.00
480.00
16.47
0.00
80.00
-
-
-
Dissolved Selenium Se (Mg/L)
-
-
-
*
-
-
-
-
-
Total Selenium Se (Mg/L)
0.00
0.00
0.00
-
-
-
-
-
-
Total Amnonla (Mg/L)
0.02
0.00
0.05
-
-
-
-
-
-
Dissolved Ammonia N*H^ (Mg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Chloride CI (Mg/I.)
7.32
0.20
44.00
15.41
4.50
120.00
3.94
1.80
36.00
Total Phosphorus P (Kj/L)
0.11
0.01
2.30
0.06
0.01
0.23
-
"
-
Eisaolvc* Phosphorus ? (Hg/L)
0.01
0.00
0.02
-
-
-
-
-
-
Total Hardness CaCO^ (Mg/L)
26.21
8.00
150.00
31-50
6.00
62.00
29.37
12.00
45.0(
Dissolved Calcium Ca (Mg/L)
6.94
1.60
18.00
9.56
6.00
13.00
8.55
3.10
15.Of
Total Calcium Ca (Hg/L)
8.99
6.00
14.00
8.66
1.00
20.00.
-
-
-
Eissolvcd Magnesium Mg (Hg/L)
1.87
0.90
6.20
2.78
1.00
7.00
3 .94
1.00
3. 30
Total Msenesiuo (Mg/L)
5.15
1.00
32.00
2.21
1.00
4.60
-
-
-
Total Iron Fe (Mp./L)
359.93
30.00
2600.00
513.16
140.00
2100.00
-
-
-
Dissolved Iron Fe (Mg/L)
33.33
10.00
50.00
-
-
-
"
-
-
Dissolved Lead ?b (Mg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Total Lead Fb (Mg/L)
25.91
0.00
750.00
45.00
0.00
186.00
-
-
-
Manganese Mn (Mg/L)
200.63
11.00
660.00
216.14
39.00
1500.00
-
¦-
-
Total Colifora /100 si
456.69
o
o
7700.00
997.00
7.00
0200.00
-
-
-
5-25
-------
Table 5-12. Water quality statistical summary for stations located in Ouachita River
Basin (continued).
Am. «o: 16127 it*. lo. J64012 *»• j620
Location; Burr lean Creek Loc«tlon:Sallnt River Location:Ouachita liver
County: Ouachita Covmtyi A„hiey County: Ouachita
Segnant: 2C Segment: 2C Segment: 2D
Mean
Min-
Max.
Mean
Kin.
Hax.
Mean
Kin.
Max.
k'a:cr tcuperature (Iiog.C)
17.66
0.00
2&.00
18.3B
0.00
34.OD
17-87
1.00
31.66
Turbidity'(JTV)
29.77
4.00
190.00
20.05
B.OO
75.OD
17-54
2.00
50.GO
Dissolved oxygen (Kg/L)
9.12
6.02
IB.00
7.-90
2.20
12. BO
6.90
4.70
12.70
BOD 5 Day (Kg/L)
1.37
0.39
E. 00
1.43
0.28
3.30
1.17
0.40
2.70
pH (SU)
6.16
3.03
6.83
6.95
5.80
7.90
7.23
5.80
8.50
Total Alkalinity CaCOj (Hg/L)
26.47
0.00
113.00
23.57
3.00
110.00
19.13
2.00
34.00
Total Residue (Wg/L)
448.13
46.00
1185.00
104.03
66.00
161.00
-
-
_
Vol. Filterable Residue (Hg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
_
Total Ilcnfilterable Residue (Mg/L)
4.00
303.00
20.38
4.00
69.00
13.00
13.00
13.00
Dissolved Manganese Mn (Mg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
78.40
10.00
170.00
Dissolved Niclcel Ni (Hg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
1.20
0.00
2.00
Total NlcVel Hi (Hg/L)
-
-
-
9.33
0.00
50.00
4.00
0.00
B.OO
Dissolved Silver Ag (Mg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
0.00
0. DO
0.00
Total Silver Ag (Mg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
0.78
0.00
10.00
Dissolved Zinc Zn (Mg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
12.76
0.00
40.00
Total Zinc Zn (Hg/L)
123.42
10.00
610.00
29.46
0.00
3B0.00
44.17
0.00
400.00
Dissolved 5elenlun Se (Mg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
0.04
0.00
1.00
Total Selenium Se (Mg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
0.06
0.00
1.00
Totsl Ammonia KH^ (Kg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
0.06
0.00
0.16
Dissolved Annonla NH^ (Mg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
0.06
0.00
0.21
Chloride CI (Mg/L)
6.29
4*00
10.00
20.70
2.50
140.00
13-16
3.10
79.00
Total Phosphorut ? (Mg/1»)
0.05
O.Ol
0.24
0.06
0.01
0.15
0.06
0.00
0.31
Dissolved Phosphorua ? (Kg/1«)
-
-
-
-
-
0.027
0.00
0.22
Total Hardness CaCO^ (Hg/L)
131.17
22.00
374.00
42.92
12.00
160.00.
26.16
15.00
45.00
Dissolved Calcium Ca (Hg/L)
45.09
9.00
125.00
9.42
3.00
22.00
7.53
3.70
13.00
Total Calcium Ca (tlg/L)
35.56
3.00
97.00
12.55
2.70
46.00-
-
-
"
Dissolved Magnesiuu Mg (Mg/L)
a. to
2.40
15.00
3.33
1.00
7.00
1.7B
0.80
3.60
Total Magnaslua )lg (Hg/L)
B. 27
2.60
15.00
3.35
1 .00
11.00
-
•
~
Total Iron Fe (Kg/L)
3422.7B
BO. 00
24049.90
1070.52
20.00
3500.00
1500.80
150.00
7200.00
Dissolved Iron Fe (Mg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
217.3;
50.00
900.00
Dissolved Laad Pb (Mg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
1.32
0.00
6.00
Total Lead Pb (Mg/L)
122.70
0.00
880.00
56.46
0.00
270.00
58.56
2.00
100.00
Manganese Mn (Hg/L)
1553.68
10.00
6020.00
216.09
21.00
530.00
156.80
60.00
610.00
Total Collforn /100 ml
253.64
4.00
3500.00
2005.44
10.000
33999.90
1400.00
1400.00
1400.00
5-26
-------
Table 5-12. Water quality statistical summary for stations located in Ouachita River
Basin (concluded).
St*. So. 359910 St*. No. 360162 St*. Kn. 361600
Location: Caddo River location: Ouachita River Location: hi«®ourl Rlvi
County: Clark County: Dallaa County: levada
Segment: 2F Segment: 2F Segment: 2C
Kean
Mia.
Max.
Mean
MXn.
Max.
Hej a
Mln.
Kc
Vater temperature (Iieg.C)
16.80
4.00
29.00
19.05
3.00
31,00
19.18
3.00
33.33
Turbidity
-
-
-
18,51
5.00
90.00
22.54
3.00
70.00
Dissolved oxygen (Mg/L)
9.50
5.SO
14.10
8.61
5.80
12.50
8.99
5.80
12.90
EOD 5 Day (Mg/L)
-
-
-
1.47
0.35
5,30
1.4B
0.38
4.50
pH (S'J)
6.90
5.90
7.90
6.96
5.90
8.20
7.16
6.20
8.50
Total Alkalinity CaCOj (Mg/L)
-
-
-
17.11
11.00
23.00
24.54
2.00
80.00
Total Reuiiue (Mg/L)
-
-
-
114.62
46.00
308.00
96.22
47.00
210.00
Vol. Filterable Residue (Mg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Total Hcnfilterable TLesldue (Mg/L)
-
-
-
27. »8
1.00
174.00
33.80
1.00
245.00
Dissolved Manganese Mn (Mg/L) .
-
-
-
-
-
-
120.00
120.00
120.(
Dissolved Nickel Ni (Mg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Total Nickel Ml (Hg/L)
-
' -
-
-
-
-
-
-
Dissolved Silver Ag (Mg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-¦
-
-
-
Total Silver Ag (Mg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
--
-
Dissolved Zinc Zn (Kg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
30.00
30.00
30.<
Total Zinc Zn (Hg/L)
-
-
-
IS.12
0.00
50.00
14.96
0.00
. 110.1
Dissolved Selenium Se (Hg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
0.00
0.00
0.1
Total Seleniun Se (Mg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Total Armenia KH^ (Kg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Dissolved Amaonia (Mg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Chloride CI (Mg/1)
-
-
-
18.61
6.50
110.00
4.57
3.50
25.OC
Iotal Phosphorus ? (Mg/L)
-
-
-
0.05
0.01
0.23
0.08
0.03
0.90
lis solve"! Phosphorus P (Hg/L) '
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Total Hardness CaCO^ (Mg/L)
-
-
32.94
20.00
64.00
27.74
12.00
96. or
Dissolved Calcium Ca (Ilg/L)
-
-
-
8.89
6.00
13.00
8.64
3.00
34. Ot
Total Calcic- C* (Hg/L)
-
-
-
8.79
4.00
14,00-
6.28
4.00
14.OC
Dissolved Hagnesluu Mg (Mg/L)
-
-
-
2.00
1.00
4.00
1.52
0.40
S.9C
Total yxgneslun }Ig (Mg/L)
-
-
' "
. 2.32
1.00
5.60
1.48
1.00
4.0<
Total Iron Fe (Kj/L)
-
-
-
726.07
180.00
2600.00 1235.55
439.00 5200.00
Dissolved Iron Fe (Hg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
320.00
320.00
320.00
Dissolved Lead ?b (Mg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
3.00
3.00
3.00
Total Lead Fb (Mg/L)
-
-
-
46.04
1.00
171.00
26.48
0.00
200.00
Manganese Mn (Mg/L)
-
-
-
184.72
79.00
810.00
139.31
2 0.00
540.00
Total Collforn /100 ml
-
-
-
1839.80
13.00
18000.00
680.10
17.00
2700.0
Source: USCS. 1981. WATer
Data
STOrage and
REtrieval (WATSTORE).
Dallas
, Texas.
5-27
-------
Table 5-13. Significant industrial dischargers in the Ouachita River Basin,
Arkansas.
Segment
Industry
2A
McGraw Edison Company, Dumas
2A
Sunbeam Corporation, Dumas
2C
ALCOA, Bauxite
2C
Rockwell International Corporation, Sheridan
2D
Georgia-Pacific Corporation, Crossett
2D
International Paper Company, Camden
2D
Monsanto Chemical Company, El Dorado
2D
Great Lakes Chemical Company, El Dorado
2D
Elk Roofing Company, Stephens
2D
Cross Refinery Company, El Dorado
2D
MacMillen Refinery Company, El Dorado
2D
Elrod Company, Fordyce
2D
Michigan Chemical Company, El Dorado
2D
Prescott Industries, Prescott
2D
Berry Asphalt Company, Stephens
2F
Arkansas Power & Light Company, Hot Springs
2F
Reynolds Metals, Malvern
2F
National Lead, Baroid Division, Malvern
2F
Aluminum Processors, Hot Springs
2F
Featherlite Manufacturing Company, Hot Springs
2F
National Rejectors, Inc., Hot Springs
2F
Reichold Chemicals, Inc., Malvern
2F
Reynolds Metals Corporation, Arkadelphia
2F
Red Diamond Battery Plant, Hot Springs
2F
Dixie Arts, Hot Springs
2F
Dresser Minerals, Malvern
Source: Arkansas Department of Pollution Control and Ecology. 1977.
Arkansas water quality inventory report. Little Rock, Arkansas,
162pp.
5-28
-------
activities may contribute to the high concentrations of metals. Bayou De
Loutre joins the Ouachita River in Louisiana, and monitoring data indicate
periodic low flow and low dissolved oxygen. Decreased levels of dissolved
oxygen, which sometimes are less than the State standard, are due to munic-
ipal and industrial point source discharges and urban runoff. High chlo-
ride concentrations result from oil field brine discharges. Chromium,
iron, lead, and manganese also are in excess of acceptable limits. The
major tributaries, and the Ouachita River are designated as water quality
limited. Table 5-11 includes more detailed information regarding water
quality conditions for each major tributary in the segment.
There are three major tributaries draining Segment 2E — Cornie Bayou,
Little Cornie Bayou, and Three Creeks. All tributaries drain oil fields
and receive discharges of chlorides and oils. Cornie Bayou and Three
Creeks are water quality limited (see Table 5-11) and both violate stan-
dards for dissolved oxygen, chromium, iron, lead, and manganese. Concen-
trations of arsenic that exceed standards have been recorded in Cornie
Bayou. Chloride and zinc levels in Three Creeks also occasionally exceed
acceptable standards.
Major tributaries in Segment 2G are the Antoine River and Little
Missouri River. No major wastewater sources are located on the Little
Missouri River, however, occasional high levels of iron, lead, manganese,
and unfilterable residue have been recorded at a monitoring station (3616)
below the confluence of its two tributaries.
5.2.3 Arkansas River Basin
The major tributaries in the Arkansas River Basin are the Mulberry
River, Petit Jean River, Bayou Meto, and the Fourche La Fave River. The
basin encompasses a 50 km (31 mile) section of the Arkansas River, and a
230 km (143 mile) section of Bayou Meto and its tributaries. The drainage
2 2
basin covers 31,378 km (12,115 mi ). Mulberry River enters the Arkansas
River from the north; the Petit Jean River and Fourche La Fave River origi-
nate in the Ouachita Mountains, and enter from the south. Bayou Meto
crosses the relatively flat Coastal Plain east of Little Rock. The average
5-29
-------
3
annual runoff of the Arkansas River Basin exceeds 37,000 million m (30
million acre-feet).
5.2.3.1 Water Quantity
The total surface water usage in the Arkansas River Basin in 1975 was
3
651,020 million m /day (172 million gallons per day). Of that amount, 35%
was used for drinking water. Exhibit 5a presents surface water usage by
county. Tables 5-14, 5-15, and 5-16 include data on drainage areas, dis-
charges, flow durations, and low-flows.
5.2.3.2 Water Quality
The water quality in the Study Area in the Arkansas River Basin is
affected by non-point source stream pollutants. Erosion is the largest
contributor of sediments. As in the lower White River, high concentrations
of turbidity, phosphorous, iron, and manganese are noticeable in this
watershed.
Segment 3A includes the Arkansas River between Madding and the Missis-
sippi River. The only water quality monitoring station (26375) in the
sub-basin is located on the Arkansas River at Lock and Dam 3 near the point
where the river first enters the sub-basin. The sub-basin receives signif-
icant amounts of runoff from agricultural areas. The City of Pine Bluff,
although not located in sub-basin 3A, affects water quality in the sub-
basin. The lower Arkansas River is effluent limited (Table 5-17).
Segment 3B includes Bayou Meto from the Arkansas River upstream to its
headwater and its tributary, Two Prairie Bayou. Flow in Bayou Meto and its
tributaries are sluggish, with low waste assimilation capacity, especially
during dry seasons. Bayou Meto (2640) is water quality limited, with
dissolved oxygen and turbidity levels exceeding standards (Table 5-18).
Two Prairie Bayou also is a water quality limited segment (26405), and
several municipal waste treatment plants discharge into the waters of the
segment.
5-30
-------
Table 5-14. Drainage areas and discharges of continuous-record gauging station in the Arkansas River Basin, Arkansas.
ui
I
u>
Station
Number
264000
263450
263000
262500
26200
261500
25800
257995
260500
259500
259000
258500
257000
Station Name
Bayou Meto near
Lonoke
Arkansas River at
South Fourche LaFave
River near Hollis
Fourche LaFave River
near Nimrod
Nimrod Lake near
Nimrod
Fourche LaFave River
near Gravelly
Arkansas River at
Dardanelle
Lake Dardanelle
at Dardanelle
Petit Jean River
at Danville
Petit Jean River
near Waveland
Blue Mountain Lake
near Waveland
Petit Jean River
near Boonville
Big Piney Creek
near Dover
Segment
3B
3D
3E
3E
3E
County
3E
3F
3F
3G
3C
3G
3G
3H
Lonoke
Pulaski
Perry
Perry
Perry
Yell
Pope
Pope
Yell
Yell
Yell
Yell
Pope
Period of Record
(Water Years)
Oct.1954-1977
Sept.1927-1977
Hay 1941-1977
Mar.1936-1977
Feb.1939-1977
July 1937-1977
Oct.1964-1977
June 1916-1977
Jan.1939-1977
Mar.1947-1977
Nov.1938-1977
Oct.1950-1977
Drainage
2
Area (km )
536
409,300
544
1,772
1,760
1,062
398,010
397,995
1,979
1,336
1,264
624
710
Maximum
Discharge
(m^/s)
133
15,200
1,340
1,020
1,970
19,300
2,010
1,770
1,220
2,110
Average Minimum
Discharge Discharge
0"3/s)
8.07
1160
8.18
24.3
15.0
1020
23.1
15.0
(">3/s)
24.1
0
1.22
7.08
11.2
-------
Table 5-14. Drainage areas and discharges of continuous-record gauging station in the Arkansas River Basin, Arkansas (concluded).
Station
Number
252405
252000
250550
250000
247000
ui
I
W 249400
Station Name
Ozark Lake at
Ozark
Mulberry River
near Mulberry
Arkansas River
at Dam No.13,
near Van Uuren
Lee Creek near
Van Buren
Poteau River at
Cauthron
James Fork near
Hackett
3H
3H
3H
31
31
Segment County
3H Franklin
Franklin
Sebastian
Sebastian
Scott
Sebastian
Period of Record
(Water Years)
Dec.1969-1977
Hay 1938-1977
Oct.1927-1977
Feb.1939-1977
April 1958-1977
Drainage
2
Area (km )
393,165
966
389,917
Sept.l930-June 1937 1,103
526
381
Maximum
Discharge
(m^/s)
1,609
24,100
2.2B0
912
850
Average
Discharge
(m3/s)
15.3
892
14.3
6.06
3.65
Minimum
Discharge
(ni3/s)
Data not available
Source: US Geological Survey. 1977. Water Resources Data for Arkansas. Little Rock, Arkansas.
-------
3
Table 5- 15. Duration of daily flow (m /sec.) from gauging stations on streams in the Arkansas River Basin, Arkansas.
t-n
I
OJ
CO
Station
Number Station Name Segment
2640 Bayou Me to near 3B
Lonoke
2520 Mulberry River near 3H
Mulberry
257995 Lake Dardanelle at 3F
Dardanelle
2605 Petit Jean River at 3G
Danville
2595 Petit Jean River near 3G
Waveband
2590 Blue Mountain Lake near 3G
Waveland
2585 Petit Jean River near 3G
Booneville
252405 Ozark Lake at Ozark 3H
2570 Big Piney Creek near 3H
Cover
2580 Arkansas River at 3F
Dardanelle
2625 Fourche La Fave River 3E
near Nimrod
2620 Fourche La Fave River 3E
near Nimrod
2520 Mulberry River near 3H
Mulberry
25055 Arkansas River at Dam 3H
No. 13, near Van Buren
2494 James Fork near Hackett 31
County
Lonoke
Franklin
Pope
Yell
Yell
Yell
Yell
Franklin
Pope
Pope
Perry
Perry
Franklin
Sebastian
Sebastian
Drainage
2
Area (km )
536
966
57,604
1,979
1,336
1,264
624
393,165
710
398,010
1,772
1,760
966
389,917
381
Flow in m-Vsec, Equaled or Exceeded Period
for Percent of Time Indicated of
99 50 25 10 1 Record
.03 2
.002 5
.02 5
.02 3
.0004 1
10 34
.6 1955-1979
16
36 160
25 70 217
14 112
.0001 3 11 28 120
21 508 1,218 3,360 6,615
.01 4 24 90 188
1938-1979
1916-1979
17 52 92 1939-1979
1939-1979
1951-1979
1938-1979
1936-1979
.002 5 16 36 160 1938-1979
18 410 1,034 2,227 6,160 1928-1979
.003 .7 3 7 56 1958-1979
-------
Table 5-15. Duration of daily flow (m /sec.) from gauging stations on streams in the Arkansas River Basin, Arkansas
(concluded).
Station
Number
2500
2615
2630
Station Name Segment
Lee Creek near Van 3H
Buren
Fourche La Fave River 3E
near Gravelly
So. Fourche La Fave 3E
River near Hollis
County
Sebastian
Yell
Perry
- . Flow in m-Vsec, Equaled or Exceeded Period
„ forPercent of Time Indicated of
Area (km )
1,103
1,062
544
99 _50
.004 3
.00005 3
.0002 1
25
12
12
5
10
31
32
17
179
204
136
Record
1931-1979
1939-1979
1941-1979
Cn
I
OJ
- Data not available for this station.
Source: US Geological Survey. 1981. WATer Data STOrage and REtrieval (WATST0RE). Dallas, Texas.
-------
Table
Statio
Mumbe
2585
2595
2605
2520
2640
2494
25055
2500
2615
2625
2630
Seven-day, low-flows for various recurrence intervals in screams in tlie Arkansas River Basin, Arkansas.
Station Mame Segment
Petit Jean River 3G
near Boonville
Petit: Jean River 3G
near Waveland
Petit Jean River 3G
at Danville
Mulberry River 3H
near Mulberry
Bayou Metro near 3B
Lonoke
James Fork near 31
Hackett
Arkansas River at 3H
Dam No. 13, near
Van Buren
Lee Creek near 3H
Van Buren
Fourche LaFave 3G
River near Cravelly
Fourche LaFave 3E
River near Nitnrod
South Fourche LaFave 3E
River near Hollis
County
Yell
Yell
Yell
Franklin
Lonoke
Sebastian
Sebastian
Sequoyah
Yell
Perry
Perry
Drainage
2
Area (km )
624
1,336
1,979
966
536
381
389,917
1,103
1,062
1,772
544
Annual Low Flow in m /sec. for 7 Consecutive
Days for Indicated Recurrence Interval in Years
1 2 5 10 20
0.14 0.006 0.002 0.001
0.79 0.16
0.03
0.72
0.04
1.35 0.17 0.05 0.02
0.33 0.19 0.05 0.02
0.0006
0.02 0.007
0.01
1.51 0.05 0.01 0.003 0.001
0.004
0.314 0.02 0.007 0.004 0.003
360.55 81.91 40.107 26.51 18.43
0.026 0.02 0.008 0.004
0.09 0.02 0.008 0.003
1.35 0.07 0.02 0.012 0.007
0.51 0.02
0.003 0.001 0.000
-------
Table 5-16. Seven-day, lou-flous for various recurrence intervals in streams in the Arkansas River Basin, Arkansas (concluded).
3
Drainage Annual Low Flow in m /sec. for 7 Consecutive Period
Station e Days for Indicated Recurrence Interval in Years of
Number Station Name Segment County Area (km ) l 2 5 10 20 Record
2570 Big Piney Creek 311 Pope 710 1.24 0.04 0.01 0.003 0.002 1952-1979
near Cover
2580 Arkansas River 3F Pope 398,010 414.77 113.04 55.57 36.21 24.66 1939-1979
U1
I Source: US Geological Survey. 1981. WATer Data STOrage and.REtrleval (WATSTORE). Dallas, Texas.
-------
Table 5-17. Water quality inventory summary for the Arkansas River Basin.
Ln
J
u>
SCGKIKT
description
CLAi>Slf ICATICM
STROM Hllt'S
PARAMETERS NOT HIETIHG
GOALS Or rWPCA AND/OR WOS
USES PRCClUJtfO
WATER QUAL. ITV
PR081EM
SI REAM
SEGMENT
USF
EL/Wt}
TOTAL
•CKCtEOtW VQS OR
OR GOAL OF FUPCA
3-A
Arkansas
SU
EL
61
50
Fecal Coll form, Toxic Sub-
stances. Phosohcrui
Prlury Contact
Industrial
Municipal
Monpoint
3-8
Bayou
BW
el/uq
143
143
Dissolved Oiygen, Fecal
Col Worn, Turbidity Toxic
Primary Contact
Fishery
Recreation
Industrial Muni-
cipal A?r1. Run-
Pff. Urb. Run-Off
3-B
Bayou
T*o
Prairie
. BW
wo
56
56
Dissolved Oiygen, tecal
Collfonn, Phosphorus, Toxic
Substance. Turbiflitv
Prfnary Contact
Fishery
Recreation
pvjrlfilbJli
Agrtcut tural
Bun-Off
3-C
Arkansas
By
EL
61
61
Fecal Collfonn
Phosohorus
Primary Contact
Municipal
Industrial
3-0
Cadron
ps
EL
50
3-D
Cist
BW
EL
35
3-0
Arkansas
River
AW
CL
50
1
Fecal Coif form
Phosphate
PrVoary Contact
ftnfcfpif
Urban Run-Off
3-E
Fourche
l«0
r RW,
wq
1*9
3-E
South
Fourche
AH
ti
34
3-F
Arkansas
Rinc-r
AW
EL
60
2
Fecal Colifor*
.Ptnutaau^
Frloary ConUct
Municipal
Class A: Suitable for primary contact recreation, propagation of desirable species of fish, wildlife,
and other aquatic life, raw water source for public water supplies, and other compatible uses.
Class AA: Extraoridinary and recreational and aesthetic value; suitable for primary contact recreation;
propagation of desirable species of fish, wildlife and other aquatic life, raw water source
for public water supplies, and other compatible uses.
S - Smallmouth Bass Fishery
-------
Table 5-17. Water quality inventory summary for the Arkansas River Basin (concluded).
SEGMENT
DESCRIPTION
STREAM
SEGMENT
CLASSIFICATION
SI RCA* MILES
PARAMETERS NOT MEETING
GOALS or FVPCA AND/OR UQS
USES PRECLUDED
WATER QUALITY
PROBLEM
USE
EL/UQ
TOTAL
'EXCEEDING WQS OR
OR GOAL Of FWPCA
3-F
Illinois
Bayou
(AW)
IAS)
EL
S3
3-6
Petit
Jem
(AW)
WQ
116
60
Dissolved Oxygen, Phosphorus
Fecal Col Horn
Primary Contact
fenlclpal
3-G
Dutch
Tre-k
AU
EL
18
3-H
Plney
Cr^k
AAS
EL
SO
3-H
Arkansas
(AU)
flUl
EL
75
3-H
Mulberry
River
AAS
WQ
50 <
3-H
Fro j
AS
WQ
42
3-H
Lee
IAU)
fASI
EL
32
10
Fecal Coltfora
Primary Contact
tonpoint
3-1
Poteau
AW
WQ
35
3-1
J4WI
AU
WQ
20
y1 WQ - Water Quality Limited:
u>
oo
EL - Effluent Limited:
Class B:
W - Warm Water Fishery
Any segment where it is known that water quality does not meet applicable
water quality standards (WQS) even after the application of the best prac-
ticable technology for industry and secondary treatment for municipalities
Stream classification is based upon the waste load allocation studies.
Those water quality parameters considered were DO, BOD. dissolved solids,
chlorides, and sulfates.
Any segment where water quality is meeting and will continue to meet
water quality standards after the application of the best practicable
treatment for industry and secondary treatment for municipalities.
Suitable for desirable species of fish, wildlife and other aquatic
and semi-aquatic life, raw water source for public water supplies,
secondary contact recreation, and other uses.
Source: ADPCE. 1977. Arkansas water quality inventory report. Little Rock AR, 162 p.
-------
Table 5-18. Water quality statistical summary for stations located In Arkansas River
Basin.
Farooctcrs
Sta. No:
Location;
County:
Segment:
26375
Arkansas
Jefferson
3A
River
Sta. Ho.
Location;
County:
Segment:
2640
Bayou Meto
Lonoke
3E
Sco. No.
Location;
County;
Segment:
26405
: Bayou TVo PrairJ
Lonoke
3B
Hean
Kin.
Max.
Hean
Kin.
Hait.
Hean
Hin.
Kax.
Katci temperature (Dcg.C)
17.82 .
1.00
29.00
17.06
0.50
30.00
16.64
0.50
27.Ot
Turbidity (JTU>
34.21
6.00*
70.00
46.24
10.00
200.00
40.72
10.00
90.01
Dissolved oxygen (Mg/L)
9.60
5.50
14.10
6.21
1.80
12.20
5.45
0.50
11.71
BOD 5 Day (Kg/L)
2.37
1.00
9.20
4.03
1.00
16.00
3.42
1.16
20.0'
pH (SU)
7.8*
7.10
8.60
7.23
4.40
8.20
6.90
6.00
7.6'
Total Alkalinity CoCO^ (Mg/L)
74.53
31.00
107.00
61.06
0.00
213.00
38.00
9.00
75.0'
Total Residue (Mg/L)
317.70
197.00
540.00
310.36
96.00
1000.00
150.21
90.00
276.0
Vol. Tilterable Residue (Hg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Total Hcmfilctreble Residue (Kg/L)
36.00
7.00
90.00
<5.05
9-00
131.00
35.86
7.00
123.0
Dissolved Manganese Hn (Mg/L)
-
-
-
124.55
0.00
500.00
-
-
-
Dissolved Nickel Ni (Mg/L)
-
-
-
5.09
1.00
10.00
-
-
-
Total Nickel Hi (Mg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Dissolved Silver Ag (Mg/L)
-
-
-
0.20
0.00
1.00
-
-
-
Total Silver Ag (Mg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Dissolved Zinc Zn (Mg/L)
-
-
-
34.00
0.00
160.00
-
-
Total Zinc Zn (Mg/L)
43.60
0.00
1100.00
30.02
0.00
146.00
33-59
1.00
1S0.0C
Dissolved Seleniun Se (Mg/L)
-
-
-
-
¦ -
-
-
-
-
Total Seleniun Se (>lg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Total Ammonia NH^ (Mg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Dissolved Ammonia
-------
Table 5-18. Water quality statistical summary for stations located In Arkansas River
Basin (continued).
Sea. Ko;
Location;
26362
Albania* |iv«r
Sea. Ko.
Location;
26345
Arkansas livct
Ita. Ho.
Location
26126
: Arkansas liver
County;
Begoent:
Pulaski
' 3C
County: .
Segment:
Pulaski
3C
Countyj
Segment:
Faulkner
3D
Mean
Min.
Hu.
Mean
Hln.
Max.
Mean
Hln.
Max.
Water temperature (Bcg.C)
ie.04 .
0.00
31.50
18.05
1.00
31.00
IB.49
1.00
32.00
Turbidity (JTU)
24.22
4.tu
yu.uu
2J.JU
b.00
60.00
27.20
8.00
60.00
Dissolved oxygen (Mg/L)
9.01
5.50
13.90
9.61
6.90
14.10
9.55
6.90
3 A. 10
BOD 5 Day (f-g/L)
2.BO
0.60
13.00
1.93
0.70
6.50
2.18
0.B2
4.10
pH csy)
7.81
fc.10
6.6
7.85
7.10
8.50
7.83
7.0&
e. so
Total Alkalinity CaCOj (Kg/L)
81.39
36.00
221.00
85.27
50.00
115.00
70.27
45.00
110.00
Total Hcsliuc (Mg/L)
-
-
-
324.05
152.00
487.00
316.07
182.00
556.00
Vol. Filterable P.esidue (Kfi/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Total ticnfil.teri.ble Residua (Mg/L) 51.69
4.00
260.00
24.24
5.00
70.00
19.33
0.00
7<. :¦ ?
DlBG&lved Hsngcnes-e Ki {Hjfl)
13.IB
0.00
BD,GQ
30.B5
3.00
180.00
-
-
-
Dissolved Nickel Ni (Hg/L)
2.50
0.00
6.00
-
-
-
-
_
_
Total Nickel NI (Mg/L)
3.00
4.00
7.00
-
-
-
-
-
Dissolved Silver A§ (Mg/L)
o.oo
0.00
O.OO
-
-
-
-
-
-
Total SilvcT Ag (Mg/L)
0.8 J
o.oo
10.00
-
-
-
-
-
-
Dissolved Zinc Zn (Mr/I.)
11.15
0.00
50.00
-
-
-
-
-
-
Total Zinc In (Mg/L)
28.52
10.00
70.00
-
-
-
37.71
10.00
420.00
Dissolved Seleniun Se (Mg/L)
0.07
0.00
1.00
-
-
-
-
-
-
Total Sfilenlun Sc (Mg/L)
0.36
0.00
4.00
-
-
-
-
-
-
Total Anunonia (Hg/L)
0,12
0.02
0.35
-
-
-
-
-
-
Dissolved Aactonift (Hg/L)
0.12
0.00
0.41
-
-
-
-
-
-
Chloride CI (Mr/1)
B8.56
13.00
220.00
79.63
17.00
310.00
84.84
15.00
340.00
Total Phosphorus P (>lg/L)
0.13
0.02
0.61
0.09
0.04
0.27
0.11
0.01
0.90
Dissolved Phosphorus ? (Mg/L)
0.06
0.02
0.22
-
-
-
-
-
-
Total Hardness CaCO^ (Mg/L)
L1C.61
51.00
187.00
;09.17
24.00
170.00
95.31
25.00
150.00
Dissolved Caiciuo Ca (Mg/L)
33.92
14.00
57.00
37.29
27.00
46.00
31.83
20. DO
38.00
Total Calcium Ca (Hg/L)
-
-
-
25.49
2.90
42.00
23.75
1.50
43.00
Dissolved Kagnesiuo Mg (Hg/L)
7.84
3.90
22.00
9.75
5.00
18.00
7.00
5.00
B .00
Total Kigneslinn Kg (Hg/L)
-
-
-
6.59
2.60
10.00
6.88
2.70
15.00
Total Iron F*
-------
Table 5-18. Water quality statistical summary for stations located in Arkansas River
Ba s in (con t inued).
St«. »o. J580 lu. No. 26066 iU. »o. 2585
Locttlon; irkmui Mver Location: Tkmui llvir Loc«tloo:
County: Pope County: Comity County: Logan
Segment: 3F Segment: 3F Segment: 30
Hean
Kin.
Max.
Mean
Kin.
Max.
Ifean
Kin.
K:
Vater ten.peratcre (Beg.C)
17.66
0.00
33.00
18.18
0.00
31.00
16.31
1.00
32.00
Turbidity (JTU)
26,87
7.00
60.00
27.21
10.00
65.00
23.25
5.00
60.00
Dissolved oxygen (Kg/L)
9.36
4.80
14.80
9.43
3.60
14.20
7.96
2.60
13.70
BOD 5 Day (Mg/L)
4.00
0.70
62.00
2.20
0.20
4.50
2.43
0.34
7.20
pH (SU)
7.70
6. 50
8.60
7.93
7.30
8.40
7.11
6.60
7.80
Total Alkalinity CaCO^ (Kg/L)
95.26
26.00
198.00
86.72
40.00
120.00
29.20
13.00
87.0C
Total Residue (Mg/L)
347.73
234.00
568.00
341.71
218.00
587.00
94.65
53.00
178.00
Vol. Filterable Residue (Mg/L)
-
-
. -
-
-
-
-
-
-
Total Ilcnf ilterable Residue (Hfi/L) 25.00
5.00
57.00
28.34
6.00
71.00
25.54
3.00
230. (V
Dissolved Manganese Hn (Hg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Dissolved Nickel Hi (Mg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Total Nickel Hi (Mg/L)
Dissolved Silver Ag (Hg/L)
Total Silver Ag (Hg/L)
Dissolved Zinc Zn (Mg/L)
-
-
"
-
-
-
-
-
-
Total Zinc Zn (Mg/L)
30.03
4.00
170.00
43.92
10.00
550.00
54.84
2.00
280.0(
Dissolved Selenium Se (Mg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Total Selenium Se (Hg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Total Ammonia (Kg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Dissolved Ammonia NH^ (Hg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Chloride CI (Kg/1.)
257.10
14.00
1660.00
92.96
29.00
330.00
7.25
4.50
13. CO
Total Phosphorus p (Hg/L)
0.09
0.01
0.20
0.09
0.02
0.25
0.06
0.0)
0.23
Dissolved Phosphorus ? (Hg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Totcl Hardness CaCO^ (Mg/L)
193:62
32.00
583.00
113.90
32.00
200.00
30.33
14.00
56.00
Dissolved Calcium d (Mg/L)
55.74
12.00
159.60
35.25
27.00 .
43.00
6.51
4.00
13.0.'
Total Calcium Cc (Hg/L)
26.89
2.30
47.00
29.97
4.70
52.00
3.79
1.00
11.00
Liasolvcd Magnesiuia Mg (Mg/L)
13.46
1.50
52.00
8.56
6.00
15.00
4.56
3.00
9.00
Totol Vxgneslua Kg (Kg/L)
6.85
1.00
12.00
7.55
3.40
16.00
3.69
2.00
6.00
Total Iron Fe
-------
Table 5-18. Water quality statistical summary for stations located in Arkansas River
Basin (continued).
St*. So;
Location;
County:
Segment:
2615
Fourche
Yell
3E
8u. Ho.
Location:
County:
Segment:
2625
Fourche
Perry
3E
LaFave
River
Sta. No.
Location;
County:
Segment:
26315
Fourche
Perry
3E
i LaFave
River
Mean
Mis.
Ku.
Mean
Min.
Max.
Mean
Min.
Max.
Water temperature (Dog.C)
20.01 .
1.50
IV)
17 *»•>
1 C A
::.cs
L~C. OS
1.00
32.00
Turbidity (JTU)
19.65
2.50
120.00
30.67
30.00
32.00
39.91
15.00
150.00
Dissolved oxygen (Kg/L)
9.53
5.10
13.70
9.53
6.40
14.00
7.84
3.00
13.00
BOD 5 Day (Kg/L)
1.89
0.40
4.30
1.94
1.20
3.80
2.08
0.67
5.00
pH (SU>
6.98
6.30
8.20
6.85
5.90
8.50
6.89
6.30
7.90
Total Alkalinity CoC03 (Mg/L)
15.03
5.00
29.00
11.43
0.80
30.00
16.78
7.00
28.00
Totil Rcbi-ue (Mg/L)
56.92
22.00
169.00
-
-
-
100.54
31.00
421.00
Vol. Filterable Residue (Mg/L)
-
-
' -
-
-
-
-
-
Total Ilcnf llterable Residue (Mg/L)
11.53
1.00
111.00
-
-
-
30.21
0.00
89.00
Dissolved Manganese Hn (Hg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Dissolved Nickel Ni (Mg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Total Nickel Ni (Mg/L)
-
-
-
20.29
0.00
50.00
-
-
-
Dissolved Silver Ag (Hg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Total Silver Ag (Mg/L)
. -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Dissolved Zinc Zn (Mg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Total Zinc Zn (Mg/L)
58.66
10.00
230.00
45.00
5.00
280.00
28.20
0.00
102.00
Dissolved Selenium Se (Mg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Total Selenium Se (Mg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Total Aixoonia NH^ (Mg/L)
-
-
-
0.14
0.05
0.36
-
-
-
Dissolved Aaasonia NH^ (Mg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Chloride CI (Kg/I.) .
4.55
2.00
14.00
3.32
0.00
30.00
13.72
2.00
140.00
Total Phosphorus ? (Hg/L)
0.04
0.01
0.31
0.05
0.01
0.12
0.08
0.01
0.60
Dissolved Phosphorus ? (Mg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Total Hardness CaCO^ (Mg/L)
19.17
7.00
89.00
13.33
6.00
32.00
29.05
10.00
130.00
Dissolved Calcium Ca (Mg/L)
2.99
1.20
7.00
2.48
0.90
8.90
3.87
2.00
6.00
Total Calcium Ca (Mg/L)
A.30
0.10
26.00
0
0
0
11.26
0.40
48.00
Dissolved Magnesium Mg (Kg/L)
3.19
0.90
10.00
1.28
0.30
2.00
3.11
1.00
9.00
Total Magnesium Mg (Mg/L)
2.25
0.90
4 ,80
-
-
-
2.45
1.00
8.00
Total Iron Fe (Mg/L)
865.72
100.00
2600.00
1266.47
330.00
5000.00
1823.58
240.00
4000.00
Dissolved Iron Fe (Mg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Dissolved Lead Pb (Mg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Total Lead Pb (Mg/L)
20.24
0.00
100.00
33.24
0.00
100.00
41.19
0.00
270.00
Manganese Mn (Mg/L)
63.35
10.00
250.00
705.68
60.00
3100.00
269.70
27.00
1500.00
Total Colifortn /100 ml
142.75
5.00
1080.00
-
-
-
351.10
20.00
1100.00
5-42
-------
Table 5-18. Water quality statistical summary
for stations located In
Arkansas River
Basin (continued).
fta. Ho;
2595
Sta. Mo.
26064
fta. Mo.
252406
Location:
Petit Jean River
Location;
Petit Jean River
Location: Arkansas River
County:
Tell
County:
Tell
County:
Franklin
Segment:
' 3C
Segment:
3C
Segment:
3H
Mean
Kin.
Max.
Mean
Min.
Max.
Meon
Kin.
Max.
Vater temperature (Dag.C)
15.72 .
1.50
29.00
17.20
1.00
32.00
17.02
0.00
31.01
Turbidity" (JIU)
98.33
75.00'
110.00
73.26
30.00
150.00
26.54
7.00
60.01
Dissolved oxygen (Mg/L)
9.39
5.20
13.60
7.86
4.80
13.00
9.45
6.40
14.7(
BOD 5 Day (Mg/L)
1.5G
0.20
2.40
2.31
0.17
4.70
2.10
0.20
3.71
pH (STJ)
7.20
7.20
7.20
6.93
6.40
7.60
7.97
7.60
8.51
Total Alkalinity CoC03 (Hg/L)
16.35
5.00
27.00
22.11
10.00
79.00
94.22
65.00
120.0:
Total RcblJuu (Mg/L)
-
-
-
145.96
80.00
239.00
370.33
273.00
559.01
Vol. Filterable Residue (M&/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Total tlonf ilterable Residue (Mg/L)
-
-
61.82
12.00
308:00
32.10
8.00
141.0»
Dissolved Manganese Mn (Mg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
. -
-
Dissolved Nickel Ni (Mg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Total Nickel Ni (Mg/L)
22.53
3.00
50.00
-
-
-
-
-
-
Dissolved Silver Ag (Mg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Total Silver Ag (Hg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Dissolved Zinc Zn (Mg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Total Zinc Zn (Mg/L)
60.88
0.00
270.00
27.92
0.00
290.00
69.90
3.00
480.00
Dissolved Seleniuta Se (Mg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Total Selenium Se (Mg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Total Ammonia NH^ (Mg/L)
0.08
2.00
0.16
-
-
-
-
-
-
Dissolved AasDonla (Mg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Chloride CI (Hg/I.)
4.03
1.70
6.90
7.53
3.50
13.00
101.03
38.00
250.OU
Total Phosphorue ? (Hg/L)
0.10
0.02
0.40
0.13
0.03
0.70
0.11
0.03
0.41
Dissolve! Phosphorus P (Mg/L) '
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Totcl Hardness CaCO^ (Mg/L)
23.64
16.00
38.00
34.68
13.00
110.00
108.05
16.00
16C.0i
Dissolved Calcium Ca (Kg/L)
4.65
2.90
6.20
4.75
3.00
6.00
35.00
25.00
41.0'
Total Calcium C* (Hg/L3
-
-
-
6.45
0.60
30.00
25.12
2.80
4 5.01
Dissolved Magnesium Kg (Mg/L)
2.M
1.60
3.40
4.33
2.00
10.00
8.22
5.00
12.01
Total Magnesium >(g (Mg/L)
-
-
-
3.52
0.70
10.00
6.49
1.50
11 .Oi
Total Iron Fe (Mp,/L)
2687.65
400.00
1600.00
3394.18
760.00
19400.00
1665.10
226.00
4700.00
Dissolved Iron Fe (Mg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Dissolved Lead Pb (Mg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Total Lead Pb (Mg/L)
36.12
0.00
100.00
31.35
1.00
205.00
153.80
3.00
2100.Of
Manganese Mn (Mg/L)
392.94
BO. 00
1400.00
352.43
22.00
2400.00
106.75
10.00
530.00
Total Collforc. /100 ml
-
-
-
2472.49
80.00
30000.00
344B.26
50.00 13000.00
5-43
-------
Table 5-18. Water quality statistical summary for stations located in the Arkansas
River Basin (concluded).
tu. Ho: 2*7012
Location; Potcau River
Countyt Scott
Segiuat: 31
Mean
Mia.
Max.
Water temperature (Deg.C)
19.70
2.00
33.00
Turbidity (JTU)
34.67
5.00
170.00
Dissolved oxygen (Kg/L)
8.40
2.60
12.91
BOD 5 Day CMg/L)
2.64
0.60
7.00
pH (SU)
6.87
1.90
7.60
Total Alkalinity CaCO^ (Hg/L)
17.85
5.00
45.00
Total Revidue (Mg/L)
87.79
48.00
350.00
Vol. Filterable Residue (Mg/L)
-
-
-
Total tlcnf ilterable Residue (Mg/L) 21.03
1.00
240.00
Dissolved Manganese Mn (Hg/L)
-
-
-
Dissolved Nickel til (Hg/L)
-
-
-
Total Klckel Nl (Hg/L)
4.60
o.oo
10.00
Dissolved Silver Ag (Mg/L)
-
-
-
Total Silver Ag (Mg/L)
-
-
-
Dissolved Zinc Zn (Hg/L)
-
-
-
Total Zinc Zn (Kg/L)
18.66
0.00
106.00
Dissolved Seleniun Se (Mg/L)
-
-
-
Total Selenium Se (Mg/L)
-
-
-
Total Amnonia (Hg/L)
-
-
-
Dissolved Amaonld NH^ (Mg/L)
-
-
-
Chloride CI (Mr/I.)
6.08
2.50
11.00
Total Phosphorus P (Hg/L)
0.07
0.01
0.26
Dissolved Phosphomi ? (Hg/L)
-
-
Total Hardness CaCOj (Hg/L)
2*. 54
9.00
66.00
Dissolved Calcium Ca (Hg/L)
4.00
2.00
6.00
Total Calcium Ca (Mg/L)
3.14
0.70
7.00
Dissolved Magnesium Kg (Hg/L)
4.77
1.00
15.00
Total Magnesium Mg (Kg/L)
3.69
1.00
11.00
Total Iron Fe (K&/L)
1352.97
286.00
6571.99
Dissolved Iron Fe (Hg/L)
-
-
-
Dissolved Lead Pb (Mg/L)
-
-
-
Total Lead Pb (Kg/L)
17.97
0.00
230.00
Manganese Mn (Mg/L)
367.22
11.00
700.00
Total Collform /100 ml
1670.S3
10.00
27999.00
Source: USGS. 1981. UATer Data STOrage and REtrieval (WATSTORE). Dallas, Texas.
5-44
-------
Segment 3C includes the Arkansas River and its tributaries from Lock
and Dam 7 above Little Rock to Lock and Dam 14. Water quality monitoring
stations are located just upstream (26345) and downstream (26362) of Little
Rock. Tributaries are Fourche Creek, Phillips Creek, Yellow Creek, and
Caney Bayou. The streams in the segment receive heavy waste loadings from
both municipal and industrial discharges. Below Little Rock, tributaries
receive significant amounts of drainage from farmland. The Arkansas River
has high flow and thus relatively high assimilative capacity. However, the
smaller tributaries, such as Fourche Creek, have lower flows and can assim-
ilate less organic loading. Dissolved oxygen concentrations in violation
of State standards were measured in Fourche Creek. Plum Bayou is effluent
limited between kilometer 37 (mile 23) and kilometer 105 (mile 65). All
other reaches in the segment also are effluent limited (Table 5-17).
Segment 3D includes a segment of the Arkansas River between Lock and
Dam 7 and a point near Fourche. It also includes Cadron Creek and East
Fork Cadron Creek. East Fork Cadron Creek receives waste from a packing
plant; Cadron Creek is effluent limited. The Arkansas River also is efflu-
ent limited in this reach, exhibiting dissolved oxygen concentrations
consistently above State standards and high sediment loadings. A moni-
toring station is located on Cadron Creek (36125), and on the Arkansas
River at Toad Suck Ferry Dam (26126).
Segment 3E includes the Fourche La Fave River and tributary streams.
The Fourche La Fave River is a northward-flowing tributary of the Arkansas
River. The only point source discharge in segment 3E is a municipal dis-
charge to the Fourche La Fave River upstream of the last monitoring sta-
tion. Fourche La Fave River and Gafford Creek are water quality limited.
The South Fourche La Fave River is effluent limited (Table 5-17).
Segment 3F includes the Arkansas River between Illinois Bayou and
Point Remove Creek including Illinois Bayou, Whig Creek, Petit Jean River,
and Point Remove Creek. The most significant industrial discharge is from
a nuclear power plant on the Arkansas River at Illinois Bayou. Several
municipal discharges also are located on the segment. Water quality moni-
toring stations are located on the Arkansas River at the upper reach of the
5-45
-------
segment (2580) and at Lock and Dam 9 at the downstream extreme of the
segment (26066). All tributaries in the segment are effluent limited. The
Arkansas River is effluent limited (Table 5-17).
Segment 3G includes the Petit Jean River. The Petit Jean River has
high turbidity levels from natural runoff and soil characteristics. Most
of the drainage area is pastureland. Monitoring stations are located on
the Petit Jean River near Booneville (2585), near Waveland (2590), and near
Centerville (26064). Four small municipal treatment facilities discharge
to the Petit Jean River and its tributaries. An industrial park and two
other industrial dischargers also are on the segment. The Petit Jean River
is designated as water quality limited by the ADPCE.
Segment 3H includes the Arkansas River and its tributaries from the
Oklahoma State line to Lake Dardanelle. Water quality data are available
from station 252406 near Ozark. The segment receives waste loadings from
numerous municipal and industrial point sources. In addition to the urban
area centered around Fort Smith, there also are agricultural croplands and
livestock producing areas in the drainage area. The Arkansas River is
effluent limited in this segment; monitoring data reveal low to moderate
contamination.
Segment 31 includes the Poteau River and James Fork. The only point
source in this segment is a municipal discharge to the East Fork of the
Poteau River. Monitoring stations 2494 on the James Fork and 247012 on the
Poteau River, are both close to the Oklahoma State line. The Poteau River
is water quality limited.
Table 5-19 is a list of significant industrial dischargers to the
Arkansas River Basin, arranged by segments.
5.2.4 White River Basin
The major tributaries addressed in the White River Basin include Bayou
Deview and the Cache River. These two segments of the White River Basin
2 2
have a drainage area of approximately 63,270 km (24,430 mi ). The Bayou
Deview sub-basin is long and narrow, originating in the southern part of
5-46
-------
Table 5-19. Significant industrial dischargers in the Arkansas River Basin,
Arkansas•
Segment Industry
3B Remington Arms Company, Lonoke
3C International Paper Company, Pine Bluff
3C Dierks/Weyerhaeuser, Pine Bluff
3C Superwood of Arkansas, North Little Rock
3C Teletype Corporation, Little Rock
3C AMF Cycle Company, Little Rock
3C Koppers Company, North Little Rock
3C Mo-Pac Railroad, North Little Rock
3C Chicago-Rock Island Railroad, Little Rock
3F Arkansas Power & Light Company, Nuclear 1, Unit I,
Russellville
3F Arkansas Power & Light Company, Nuclear 1, Unit II,
Russellville
3F Arkansas Kraft Corporation, Morrilton
3F Standard Rendering Company, Russellville
3H Whirlpool Corporation, Fort Smith
3H Osburn & Sons Poultry Processing Company, Bloomer
3H Plastronics Packaging Company, Ozark
Source: Arkansas Department of Pollution Control and Ecology. 1977.
Arkansas water quality inventory report. Little Rock, Arkansas,
162 pp.
5-47
-------
Greene County and extending through Craighead, Poinsett, Woodruff, Jackson,
and Monroe counties. Bayou Deview discharges into the Cache River. The
Cache River sub-basin extends from just above the Arkansas State line in
Butler County, Missouri, to the White River near Claredon, Arkansas.
5.2.4.1 Water Quantity
The Study Area in the Lower River Basin consists of Segments 4B and 4C
(Exhibit 5a). Segment 4B has a total drainage area of approximately 18,314
2 2 2
km (7071 mi ), and Segment 4C has a total drainage area of 44,960 km
(17,359 mi2).
None of the streams in Segment 4B and 4C is being used for municipal
or industrial water supplies. With the implementation of Best Management
Practices (BMPs), water use potential should increase in both the segments.
Two stream gauging stations (7380 and 6400) are located in the Study
Area. The drainage areas and discharges are presented in Table 5-20. Flow
duration and 7-day low-flow data for the Lower White River are presented in
Table 5-21 and Table 5-22.
5.2.4.2 Water Quality
The water quality in the White River is affected by non-point sources
of agricultural runoff from farming operations, resulting in increased
turbidity, phosphorous, iron, manganese, and pesticide levels.
Two water quality monitoring stations are located in Segments 4B and
4C - one on Bayou Deview (7660), and one on the Cache River (7400). The
major point sources of water pollution in Segment 4B are municipal waste-
water treatment discharges. High concentrations of iron and manganese were
recorded at the sampling station on Bayou Deview (Table 5-23). Industrial
discharges to Segment 4B are not causing any significant problems. Signif-
icant industrial dischargers on Segment 4B are listed in Table 5-24.
Non-point discharges are responsible for the major water quality problems
in this segment. A water quality inventory summary for Segment 4B is
presented in Table 5-25.
5-48
-------
Table 5-20. Drainage areas and discharges of continuous-record gauging station in the White River Basin, Arkansas -
Station Period of Record
Maximum Average Minimum
Drainage Discharge Discharge Discharge
2. , 3, . / 3, , ,3,
Number Station Name Segment County (Water Years) Area (km ) (m /s) (m /s) (m /s)
077380 Cache River at 4B Craighead Oct.1964-1977 1,816 253 23.2 0.54
Egypt
064000 Black River 4C Clay Oct.1938-1977 4,530 1,380 50.7 6.34
near Corning
Ln
I
¦E-
Source: US Geological Survey. 1977. Water Resources Data for Arkansas. Little Rock, Arkansas.
-------
3
Table 5-21. Duration of daily flow (m /sec.) from gauging stations on streams in the White River Basin, Arkansas.
Station
Number Station Name Segment
7738 Cache River at Egypt 4B
6400 Black River near
Corning 4C
Drainage
2.
Flow in m^/sec, Equaled or Exceeded Period
for Percent of Time Indicated of
County Area (km ) 99 50 25 10 1 Record
Craighead 1,816 0.5 9 35 73 144 1965-1979
Clay
4,530
7.0
26
65
113
327 1939-1979
Source: US Geological Survey. 1981. WATer Data STOrage and REtrieval (WATSTORE). Dallas, Texas.
-------
Table 5-22. Seven day low flow for various recurrence intervals in streams in the White River Basin, Arkansas.
Station
Number
6400
7380
Station Mame
Black River near
Corning
Cache River at
Egypt
Segment
AC
AB
County
Clay
Craighead
Drainage
9
Area (k.m")
A, 530
1,816
Annual Low Flow in m /sec. for 7 Consecutive
Days for Indicated Recurrence Interval in Years
20.35
1.69
10.11
0.9A
8.26
0.60
10
7.50
0.AA
20
6.97
0.33
Period
of
Record
1940-1979
1966-1979
Ln
I
Ul
Source: US Geological Survey. 1981.
WATer Data STOrage and REtrieval (WATSTORE). Dallas, Texas.
-------
Table 5-23. Water quality statistical summary for stations located In White River
Basin, Arkansas.
St«. Ho. 7766 SU. Ho. 774
Location: Bayou D«viev Location: Cache giver
Parameters Count;: Craighead County: Craighead
Segment: 4B Segment: AC
Mean Kin. Max. Mean Mln. Kax.
Kate? temperature (Leg.C)
17.35 .
0.00
29.00
17.47
1.00
29.00
Turbidity
-------
Table 5-24. Significant industrial dischargers in the White River Basin,
Arkansas.
Segment Industry
4B General Electric Company, Jonesboro
4C Revere Copper & Brass, Newport
4C Victor Metals Company, Newport
Source: Arkansas Department of Pollution Control and Ecology. 1977.
Arkansas water quality inventory report. Little Rock, Arkansas,
162 pp.
5-53
-------
Table 5-25. Water quality inventory summary for the White River Basin, Arkansas.
SfGHENT
DESCRIPTION
STREAM
SEGHENT
CLASSIFICATION
STREAM HUES
PARAMETERS NOT MEETING
GOALS OF FWPCA ANP/fiR HQS
LISTS FStCLUPfO
WATER (JiMLITr
PROBLEM
USE
EL/HQ
TOTAL
•EXCEEDING HQS OR
OR GOAL Or FUPCA
4-1
Bayou
OeView
¦U
EL
as
85
Fecal Coliform, Dissolved
Oxygen, Phosphorus, Turbid-
ity
Primary Contact
Recreation
Municipal
llnnDOint
4-C
White
Rlvpr
BW
EL
15
8S
Phosphorus
flonpjint
4-C
Cache
Biuor
BW
EL
208
147
Fecal Coliform, Phosphorus
Dissolved Oxygen, Turibldity
Tank Sub&unce .
Primary Contact
Fisheries
Recreation
Municipal
Honoaint. .... .
Ln
I
Ln
-t-
WQ - Water Quality Limited:
Any segment where it is known that water quality does not meet applicable water quality
standards (HQS) even after the application of the best practicable technology for industry
and secondary treatment for municipalities. Stream classification is based upon the waste
load allocation studies. Those water quality parameters considered were DO, BOD, dissolved
solids, chlorides, and sulfates.
EL - Effluent Limited:
Class B:
W - Warm Water Fishery
Any segment where water quality is meeting and will continue to meet water quality
standards after the application of the best practicable treatment for industry and
secondary treatment for municipalities.
Suitable for desirable species of fish, wildlife and other aquatic and semi-aquatic life,
raw water source for public water supplies, secondary contact recreation, and other uses.
Source: ADPCE. 1977. Arkansas water quality inventory report. Little Rock AR, 162 p.
-------
Water quality monitoring station 7400 is located on the Cache River in
Segment 4C. A recent survey (1976-1977) from the abmient monitoring pro-
gram indicated several violations of Arkansas water quality standards. The
major point sources in Segment 4C also are municipal waste treatment facil-
ities; however, the major problems originate from non-point sources as in
Segment 4B. A list of significant industrial dischargers in Segment 4C is
presented in Table 5-24.
5.2.5 St. Francis River Basin
The St. Francis River is the major stream in the basin and joins the
Mississippi River south of Clay, Greene, Craighead, Poinsett, Cross, and
St. Francis Counties. The major tributaries in the Study Area are Big
Slough Ditch, Little River, the left Hand Chute of Little River, Tyronza
River, St. Francis Bay, Blackfish Bayou, and L'Anguille River. The average
3
annual runoff is about 8,000 million m (6.5 million acre-feet). The areal
extent of all segments in the St. Francis River Basin approximates 11,513
km2 (4,445 mi2).
5.2.5.1 Water Quantity
All of the St. Francis River Basin is included in the Study Area.
2 2
Segment 5A has a total drainage area of 12,37 2 km (4,777 mi ); Segment 5B
has 2,489 km2 (961 mi2); Segment 5c has 4,993 km2 (1,928 mi2); and Segment
5D has 1,808 km2 (698 mi2).
Surface water is not used as a source for public water supplies and
little surface water is used for industrial water supplies. Total water
usage by county is presented in Exhibit 5a.
The drainage areas and discharge data for various stations located on
the St. Francis River are presented in Table 5-26. Duration of daily flow,
and 7-day low-flow data are presented in Tables 5-27 and 5-28.
5.2.5.2 Water Quality
The quality of water in the St. Francis Basin is poor as it enters
Arkansas at the Missouri State line. Non-point sources consist primarily
5-55
-------
Table 5-26. Drainage areas and discharges of continuous-record gauging station in the St. Francis River Basin, Arkansas.
Station
Number
47942
4795
47902
479
478
y 476
Ui
&
466
4045
401
Station Name Segment
L'Anguille River 5B
near Colt
L'Anguille River 5B
at Palestine
St. Francis River 5C
at Latitude of
Wittsburg
St. Francis Bay 5C
at RiverFront
St. Francis River 5C
at Parkin
Tyronza River 5C
near Spear Lake
Right Hand Chute 5C
of Little River at
Riverdale
St. Francis River 5C
at Lake City
St. Francis River 5C
at St. Francis
County
St. Francis
St. Francis
Cross
Cross
Cross
Poinsett
Poinsett
Craighead
Clay
Period of Record
(Water Years)
Oct.1970-1977
Jan.1949-1977
June 1935-1977
June 1935-1977
Jan.1930-1977
Jan.1947-1977
Jan.1931-1977
June 1930-1977
Drainage
2
Area (taa )
1,386
2,036
16,770
5,455
6,150
4,589
Maximum
Discharge
(m3/a)
323
442
2,100
1,530
716
889
1,040
1,110
Average
Discharge
(m3/s)
19.9
33.6
222
147
79.5
82.0
85.0
60.5
Minimum
Discharge
(m3/s)
0.028
7.08
4.93
2.18
1.70
1.56
Source: US Geological Survey. 1977. Water Resources Data for Arkansas. Little Rock, Arkansas.
-------
Table 5-27- Duration of daily flow (m /sec.) from gauging stations on streams in the St. Francis River Basin, Arkansas.
Station
Number
476
47902
479
478
466
4045
4795
47 9 4 2
Station Name Segment
Tyronza River near 5C
Tyronza
St. Francis River at 5C
Latitude of Witts-
burg
St. Francis Bay at 5C
Riverfront
St. Francis River at 5C
Parkin
Right Hand Chute of 5C
Little River at
Rivervale
St. Francis River at 5C
Lake City
L'Anguille River at 5B
Palestine
L'Anguille River near 5B
Coit
County
Poinsett
Cross
Cross
Cross
Poinsett
Craighead
St. Francis
St. Francis
Drainage Flow in m^/sec, Equaled or Exceeded Period
o for Percent in Time Indicated of
Area (km ) 99 _50 25
901
16,770
16,770
16,770
5,455
6,150
2,036
1,386
0.8
10
33
Record
110 1949-1974
13.0 125 295 569 1,248 1935-1977
1.0 6-9 195 417
9.0 58 96 159
6.0 46 99 196
3.0 42 115 213
0.01 14 41 87
0.1 12 27 56
924 1935-1978
355 1930-1978
490 1947-1977
468 1931-1977
255 1949-1977
192 1971-1979
Source: US Geological Survey. 1981. WATer Data STOrage and REtrieval (WATST0RE). Dallas, Texas.
-------
Table 5-28. Seven-day, low-flow data for various recurrence intervals in streams in the St. Francis River Basin, Arkansas.
Station
Number
4795
4045
4660
476
470
479
479 0 2
00
Station Hame
L'Anguille River
at Palestine
St. Francis River
at Lake City
Right iland Chute of
Little River at
Rivervale
Tyronza River near
Tyronza
St. Francis River
at Parkin
St. Francis River
at Riverfront
St. Francis at lati-
tude of Wittsburg
Segment
5B
5C
5C
5C
5C
5C
5C
County
St. Francis
Craighead
Poinsett
Poinsett
Cross
Cross
Cross
Drainage
2
Area (km )
2,036
6,150
5,455
901
16,770
16,770
16,770
Annual Low Flow in m /sec. for 7 Consecutive
Days for Indicated Recurrence Interval in Years
10
20
5.41 0.30
29.99 6.72
38.41 10.07
0.08
3.90
i. 59
0.04
2.94
4.02
33.12 1.35 0.97 0.82
0.02
2.32
3.02
0.71
66.66 13.98 9.46 7.98 7.04
70.54 6.00 2.45 1.53 1.04
109.91 26.84 15.99 12.17
9.71
Period
of
Record
1950-1977
1932-1977
1948-1977
1950-1974
1931-1978
1936-1978
1936-1975
Source: US Geological Survey. 1981. WATer Data STOrage and Retrieval (WATST0RE). Dallas, Texas.
-------
of agricultural runoff. Pollutants entering the tributaries include sedi-
ments, fertilizers, and pesticides. High concentrations of iron and manga-
nese also have been reported. Municipal waste treatment facilities are the
major point source dischargers. Municipal dischargers and significant
industrial dischargers are shown in Exhibit 5a.
Segment 5A includes a short section of the St. Francis River as well
as Fifteen Mile Creek and its tributaries. Tributaries of Fifteen Mile
Creek include Ten Mile Bayou, Blackfish Bayou, and Frenchmans Creek. There
are no water quality monitoring stations in Segment 5A. Fifteen Mile Creek
and its tributaries are water quality limited. There are three municipal
dischargers located on tributaries of Fifteen Mile Creek.
The L'Anguille River and its tributaries comprise Segment 5B. The
L'Anguille River receives waste loading from five municipal sewage treat-
ment plants and a plating industry. Streams in Segment 5B, like streams in
Segment 5A, are frequently characterized by low-flow. Many have little or
no flow during a 7-day, 10-year recurrence interval. Low-flow severely
limits the ability of a stream to assimilate wastes.
Segment 5C includes the St. Francis River and its tributaries from the
Segment 5A boundary to the Missouri State line. Twenty-eight municipal
waste treatment facilities and five industries are located on Segment 5C.
Significant industrial dischargers in the St. Francis River Basin are
presented in Table 5-29. Thirteen of the streams in Segment 5C are water
quality limited; the St. Francis River is effluent limited. Water quality
statistical data are included in Table 5-30 from the four monitoring sta-
tions in the segment stations (40.1, 4045, 478, and 479).
All of the Tyronza River is located in Segment 5D. Nine communities
discharge sewage into streams in the segment. The only industrial point
source discharges to the Osceola municipal wastewater treatment system.
Upper Sandy Bayou, which receives the Osceola discharge, is water quality
limited (Table 5-31). Upper Sandy Bayou flows to Ditch 40 which empties
into the Tyronza River; both are water quality limited for dissolved solids
and sulphates. Big Creek is water quality limited for dissolved solids.
5-59
-------
Table 5-29. Significant industrial dischargers in the St. Francis River
Basin, Arkansas
Segment
Industry
5C
Randall Company, Blytheville
5C
Crane Company, Blytheville
5C
Monroe Auto Equipment Company, Paragould
5C
Jonesboro Grease Extraction Company, Jonesboro
5C
Agrico Chemical, Blytheville
Source: Arkansas Department of Pollution Control and Ecology. 1977.
Arkansas water quality inventory report. Little Rock, Arkansas,
162 pp.
5-60
-------
Table 5-30. Water quality statistical summary for stations located in St. Francis
River Basin, Arkansas.
Sto. Ho:
040100
Sta. No.
040450
Sta. No.
047800
parameter*
Location;
St. Francis River
Location:
St. Francis River
Location:
St. Francis
River
County:
Clay
County:
Craighead
County:
Cross
Segment:
5C
Segment:
5C
Segment:
SC fi 5A
Mean
Hin.
Max.
Mean
Kin.
Max.
Mean
Kin.
Max.
Water temperature (Deg.C)
15.8*.
l.oa
30.00
15.81
0.00
31.00
17.00
0.50
31.00
TurbiJity (JTU)
73.33
30.00*
210.00
B1.80
15.00
170.00
155.65
6.00
BOO.00
Dissolved oxygen (Kg/L)
8.BO
4.50
13.20
B.23
4.90
12.90
7.82
3.80
12.50
E00 5 Day (Mg/L)
3.08
1.20
5.10
2.80
1.00
4.80
2.BO
1.80
3.80
pH (SU)
7.63
5.90
B.60
7.59
6.10
6.80
7.81
6.90
8.40
Total Alkalinity CaCOj (Mg/L)
BO.OA
30.00
192.00
92.00
16.00
164.00
136.42
17.00
253.00
Totil Re&Uue (Mg/L)
282.17
209.00
582.00
264.04
170.00
381.00
-
-
-
Vol. Filterable Residue (Mg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Total Jlcnf ilterable Residue (MgAL) 251.43
10.00
3080.00
99. B7
4.00
445.00
-
-
-
Dissolved Manganese Mn (Hg/L) .
62.12
0.00
280.00
-
-
-
41.23
0.00
300.00
Dissolved Nickel Ni (Mg/L)
22.50
10.00
35.00
-
-
-
3.00
0.00
8.00
Total Nickel Ni (Mg/L)
-
¦ -
-
-
-
-
12.50
7.00
17.00
Dissolved Silver Ag (Mg/L)
X.00
0.00
2.00
-
-
0.00
0.00
0.00
Total Silver Ag (Mg/L)
-
- ¦
-
-
-
-
1.00
0.00
10.00
Dissolved Zinc Zn (Mg/L)
285.00
160.00
410.00
-
-
-
35.21
0.00
300.00
Total Zinc Zn (Hg/L)
70.68
10.00
650.00
21 .48
0.00
110.00
69.66
20.00
300.00
Dissolved Selenium Se (Mg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
0.66
0.00
6.00
Total Selenium Se (Mg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
. 0.93
0.00
9.00
Total Anmonia NH^ (Mg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
0.14
o.oo
0.61
Dissolved Ammonia KK^ (Mg/L)
-
-
-
-
-
-
0.16
o.oo
0.86
Chloride CI (Mg/I.)
5.01
1.40
19.00
5.50
1.00
9.00
5.91
1.80
12.00
Total Phoaphorue > (fJg/L)
0.21
0.01
1.90
0.19
0.01
0.49
0.48
0.10
5.30
Dissolve! Phosphorus ? (Mg/L)
0.02
0.00
0.15
-
-
-
0.22
0.00
4.80
Total Hardness CaCO^ (Mg/L)
87.28
32.00
203.00
91.85
19.00
210.00
144.27
27.00
252.00
Dissolved Calcium Ca (Mg/L)
19.29
8.00
46.00
26.78
2.80
58.00
40.00
7,30
72.00
Total Calcium Ca (Ng/L)
12.84
1.60
28.00
15.50
3.00
42.00
-
-
-
Dissolved Magnesium Kg (Hg/L)
9.52
4.50
17.00
9.36
2.80
16.00
10.51
1.80
19.00
Total Magnesiuo Hg (Mg/L)
7.83
2.70
14.00
7.11
2.30
13.00
-
-
-
Total Iron Fe (Mg/L)
3563.CI
140.00
27400.00
3864.46
400.00
15400.00
7534.48
1100.00
16000.00
Dissolved Iron Fe (Mg/L)
82.32
0.00
316.00
-
-
-
234.84
0.00
3500.00
Dissolved Lead Pb (Mg/L)
7.50
3.00
12.00
-
-
-
0.86
0.00
4.00
Total Lead Pb (Mg/L)
35.19
10.00
300.00
9.03
0.00
20.00
60.38
5.00
100.00
Manganese Mn (Mg/L)
370.92
60.00
1BOO.OO
372.07
32.00
930.00
317.59
120.00
670.00
Total Coliforo /100 ol
2704.57
6.00
38000.00
5297.29
50.00
73000.00
1981.42
J 20.00
7200.00
5-61
-------
Table 5-30. Water quality statistical summary for stations located in St. Francis
River Basin (concluded).
Sto. Wo; 047900
Location; St. Francis River
County I Cross
Segment: 50
Mean
Kin.
Max.
Vatcr temperature (Deg.C)
16.25
A r\n
•»» AA
Turbidity (JTU)
69.06
3.00
330.00
Dissolved oxygen (Kg/L)
6.77
4.50
13.60
E0D 5 Day (Mg/L)
2.66
3.20
1.70
pH (SU)
7.76
5.60
6,60
Total Alkalinity CaC03 (Kg/L)
110.71
25.00
217.00
Total Resiiue (Mg/L)
-
-
-
Vol. Filterable Residue (Mg/L)
-
-
-
Total !lcnflltersblc Residue (Mg/L)
-
-
-
Dissolved Manganese Mr. (Mg/L) .
32.67
0.00
210.00
Dissolved Nickel Ni (Mg/L)
2.50
. 0.00
5.00
Total Klckel Nl (Mg/L)
7.50
A. 00
14.00
Dissolved Silver Ag (Mg/L)
0.00
0.00
0.00
Total Silver Ag (Mg/L)
0.94
0.00 ¦
10.00
Dissolved Zinc Zn (Mg/L)
22.39
3.00
100.00
Total Zinc Zn (Hg/L)
53.S3
10.00
170.00
Dissolved Selenium Se (Mg/L)
0.59
0.00
9.00
Total Selenium Se (Mg/L)
0.93
0.00
10.00
Total Araonia KH^ (Mg/L)
0.08
0.01
0.30
Dissolved Annonia (Hg/L)
0.09
0.00
0.33
Chloride CI (Mg/I )
5.99
0.00
13.00
Total Phosphorus ? (Mg/L)
0.26
O.CU
0.66
Dissolved Phosphorus f (Mg/L)
0.10
0.02
0.72
Totcl Hardness CaCO^ (Mg/L)
117.71
27.00
230.00
Dissolved Calcium Ca (Mg/L)
31.34
7.00
65.00
Total Calcium Ca (Mg/L)
-
-
-
Dissolved Magnesium Mg (Mg/L)
9.22
2.30
16.00
Total Magneeiun Mg (Mg/L)
-
-
-
Total Iron Pe (Mg/L) 4594.62
780.00
19000.00
Dissolved Iron Fe (Mg/L)
59.67
o.oo
180.00
Dissolved Lead Fb (Hg/L)
1.17
0.00
9.00
Total Lead Pb (Mg/L)
60.U
6.00
100.00
Manganese Mn (Mg/L)
255.00
70.00
670.00
Total Collfora /100 nl
639.26
180.00
1500.00
Source: USGS. 1981. WATer Data STOrage and REtrieval (WATSTORE). Dallas, Texas.
5-62
-------
Table 5-31. Water quality inventory summary for the St. Francis River Basin, Arkansas.
SEGMENT
DESCRIPTION
STREAM
SEGMENT
CLASSIFICATION
STRLAM MILES
PARAMETERS NOT HEFTING
GOALS OF FWPCA AN0/OR HQS
PRdL;:DtO
WTC* G-i
WQ - Water Quality Limited:
EL - Effluent Limited:
Any segment where it is known that water quality does not meet applicable water quality
standards (WOS) even after the application of the best practicable technology for industry
and secondary treatment for municipalities. Stream classification is based upon the
waste load allocation studies. Those water quality parameters considered were DO, BOD,
dissolved solids, chlorides, and sulfates.
Any segment where water quality is meeting and will continue to meet water quality
standards after the application of the best practicable treatment for industry and
secondary treatment for municipalities.
Class A:
Class B:
Suitable for primary contact recreation, propagation of desirable species of fish,
wildlife, and other aquatic life, raw water source for public water supplies, and other
compatible uses.
Suitable for desirable species of fish, wildlife and other aquatic and semi-aquatic life,
raw water source for public water supplies, secondary contact recreation, and other uses.
W - Warm Water Fishery
Source: ADPCE. 1977.
Arkansas water quality inventory report. Little Rock AR, 162 p.
-------
All other sections are effluent limited. Although a water quality monitor-
ing station is located on the Tyronza River, water quality data collected
in the segment were unavailable.
5.3 GROUNDWATER
2
The State of Arkansas covers an area of about 137,500 km (53,104
_ 2
mi ). Due to the land surface and differences in the underlying rocks, the
State is divided into two groundwater regions of nearly equal size — the
Interior Highlands and the Gulf Coastal Plain (Figure 5-2). The Interior
Highlands is located in the Arkansas-White-Red River Region, whereas the
Gulf Coastal Plain is in the lower Mississippi River Region, as defined by
the Water Resources Council.
The average annual precipitation in Arkansas ranges from 1,118 to
1,422 mm (44 to 56 inches), being highest in the southern part of the
State. The annual runoff ranges from 305 mm to 610 mm (12 to 24 inches)
(Exhibit 5b) .
The geologic structure and hydraulic properties of aquifers (subsur-
face zones capable of producing water) as well as the quantity and quality
of groundwater are discussed in this section. These aspects are essential
in an evaluation of the effects of proposed development on groundwater.
5.3.1 Interior Highlands
The most important aquifers in the Interior Highlands lie in the
2 2
Arkansas Valley. The Arkansas Valley has an area of 18,650 km (7,200 mi )
in the Interior Highland, most being in the drainage basin of the Arkansas
River. Groundwater in this region occurs in two distinct units — the
unconsolidated alluvial deposits of the Quaternary age of the Arkansas
River and its tributaries, and the consolidated rocks of the Pennsylvanian
and Ordovician ages that underlie the entire region (Figure 5-3).
5.3.1.1 Quantity
The groundwater resources in the Interior Highlands are limited. The
quantity of water generally expected by drilling wells and usage is pre-
sented in Exhibit 5b. The amount of water available to wells depends on
5-64
-------
Ul
I
Ln
FRAI^CLIN
LOGANi
GRANT.
DALla:
LINCOLN
:vada.
OUACHITA.
IMILLEP
CHICOT.
.union!
£
Unnamed units
(Alluvium and Terrace
Deposits)
Cockfield Formation
(Claiborne Group)
Sparta sand
(Claiborne Group)
So-called "1400-foot
sand" (Kilcox Group)
Undifferentiated
(Nacatoch and Tokio
Formation)
Quaternary
Tertiary
Cretaceous
Figure 5-2. Areal distribution of water-bearing strata (segments of a formation capable of producing water) in 38
counties in Arkansas (ADPCE 1977).
-------
400-
Sea Level
400-
' \
Wm
1200-
2000'-
2800'J
ARKANSAS
LITTLE ROCK "
*
Otigocene
Eocene
VieXiburg
Jockion
Eocene-Poleocene *iico«
Poleocene -1 Midwoy
{"
Cloiborrn -
-L
-r
L.
*-
mm
Cockfitkj
-| Cook Mountom
P.Vo^dTy"
1 Sparta
Can# Rivtr
#B1
»Tmy
Tertiory
Figure 5-3. Cross-sectional diagram showing subsurface geology of
portions of the Arkansas Study Area.
Source: Bedinger, et al. 1963. Groundwater potential of the alluvium of
the Arkansas River between Little Rock and For Smith, Arkansas.
5-66
-------
the saturated thickness, areal extent, and specific yield. The amount of
water that can be pumped perennially without depletion of the groundwater
in storage depends largely on the amount of recharge from precipitation.
The principal source of groundwater outside the alluvial area of the
Arkansas River is consolidated rocks. The complex pattern of occurrence of
these aquifers (Figure 5-2) makes it difficult to predict the yield of
wells in these rocks. However, most wells do not yield more than 0.19
3
m /min (50 gpm). The depth of drilling is inhibited by the depth of salt
water, which ranges from about 152 m to 610 m (500 to 2,000 feet).
The alluvium of the Arkansas River comprises terrace and floodplain
deposits. The terrace deposits consist of clay, sand, and gravel, with
coarse materials grading into fine materials. The floodplain deposits of
the Arkansas River consist of gravel, sand, silt, and clay. A transverse
section of a major tributary valley showing the subsurface geology is
presented in Figure 5-4. The thickness of formations (strata of similar
composition) varies from about 12 ni (40 feet) near Fort Smith (Crawford
County) to about 24 m (80 feet) near Little Rock (Pulaski County). Gener-
ally, wells tapping the alluvial deposits yield between 1.14 and 2.65
m^/min (300 and 700 gpm).
5.3.1.2 Quality
The chemical quality of groundwater reflects the chemical composition
of the rocks with which the water comes in contact. Water percolating down
through soil and rocks dissolve minerals during its movement, and the
amount and kinds of dissolved minerals depend on the types available and
the duration of contact.
Water quality standards have been established Eor municipal, indus-
trial, and irrigation supplies. Sulfate and chloride concentrations for
drinking water should not exceed 250 mg/1, nitrate levels should not exceed
45 mg/1, and dissolved solids content should not exceed 500 mg/1. Chemical
parameters for irrigation use are specific conductance, sodium absorbtion
ratio, residual sodium carbonate, and boron.
5-67
-------
Alluvial Mrraet
Dalachtd 1»rrac».
iCf.oy'."isilt .'IgoniT
Prcttnt
flood plain
Prtttnt itrrom
channtl J
Grave
Bedrock
Figure 5-4. Diagrammatic cross-section of a major tributary valley
showing the various relations between alluvial deposits and bedrock.
Source: Cordova, M.R. 1963. Reconnaissance of the groundwater resources
of the Arkansas Valley Region. Washington DC, 33 p.
5-68
-------
Information is limited on groundwater quality for the Interior High-
lands. The principal constituents in water from the alluvium indicate that
a calcium magnesium bicarbonate water exists. Locally high concentrations
of sulfate, chloride, or nitrate are the result of water moving from other
formations into the alluvium. High concentrations of chloride in the
water, however, may be the result of influent seepage of river water.
Although the quality of water in the alluvium generally is suitable for
domestic and irrigation purposes, the hardness and high content of iron and
nitrate makes the water undesirable for many industrial uses.
Saltwater is present beneath fresh groundwater in the Arkansas River
Valley. Part of the salt in groundwater in the Arkansas River Valley has
resulted from brine being dumped from oil and gas wells into the Arkansas
River, or into pits in the alluvium.
5.3.2 Gulf Coastal Plain
Stratified rocks underlying the Gulf Coastal Plain region are of the
Quaternary age. They consist generally of clay, silt, sand, and some
calcareous materials. The deposits are thin (less than 1 cm) near the
boundary of the Interior Highlands and thick (1,372 m) in the southeastern
corner of the State. Most of these formations are poorly consolidated and
only lightly folded and fractured. The most important water-bearing de-
posits (formation or alluvium that produce water) in the Gulf Coastal Plain
are presented in Figure 5-2. The major aquifers in the Gulf Coastal Plain
and their characteristics are listed In Table 5-32.
5.3.2.1 Quantity
Most of the Gulf Coastal Plain (Figure 5-2) is underlain by one or
more permeable deposits that yield relatively large quantities of water
(Exhibit 5b). Groundwater usage by county is illustrated in Exhibit 5b.
• Cretaceaous Formations. Aquifers of Cretaceous age that contain
freshwater include the Nacatoch Sand and the Tokio Formation. The
Nacatoch Sand consists mainly of sand and calcareous clay. The
Tokio Formation consists mainly of sand, gravel, clay, and lignite.
The Nacatoch Sand yields moderate supplies of water to wells in
northern Miller County, Hempstead County, and Nevada County. The
Tokio Formation yields water to wells in northern and central
5-69
-------
Table 5-32. Geologic column of major aquifers in the Gulf Coastal Plain.
System
Quaternary
Series
Group or Formation
Pleistocene Alluvium and
and Holocene terrace deposits
Thickness
(m)
0-30
Character
of Minerals
Sand, gravel,
silt, and
clay
Water Supply
Yields moderate supplies of
hard water to eastern Miller,
Ashley, Clark, Drew, Jefferson,
Lafayette, Lincoln, and Pulaski
counties. Jefferson and
Lincoln are the main users.
Tertiary
Tertiary
Eocene
Eocene
Wilcox Formation
Sparta Sand
Formation
0-180
0-270
Tertiary
Eocene
Cockfield
Formation
0-60
Cretaceous
Upper
Cretaceous
(Gulf)
Nacatoch Sand
Formation
0-120
Lignitic
clay and
sand
Lignitic
clay and
sand
40 to 802
sand
Sand,
massive
cross-bedded
limestone
lenses, and
calcareous
clay
Yields water to domestic wells
in southern Hempstead County,
southern Nevada County, and
southern Clark County.
Yields water to wells in
Bradley, Calhoun, Cleveland,
Columbia, Dallas, Drew, Grant,
Hot Spring, Jefferson, Lafayette,
Lincoln, Miller, Neveda, Ouachita,
Pulaski, Saline, and Union coun-
ties. Jefferson is the largest
user of water from Sparta Sand,
Yields water to wells in Ashley,
Bradley, Cleveland, Columbia,
Dallas, Drew, Grant, Jefferson,
Lincoln, and Union counties.
Union and Cleveland are the
largest users.
Yields water to wells in south-
western Clark, north central
Nevada, central Hempstead, and
northern Miller counties.
-------
Table 5-32. Geologic column of major aquifers in the Gulf Coastal Plain (concluded).
System
Cretaceous
Series
Upper
Cretaceous
(Gulf)
Group or Formation
Tokio Formation
Thickness Character
(m) of Minerals Water Supply
0-110 Sand, cross- Yield moderate supplies of good
bedded quality water to domestic,
quartz, industrial, and public supply
gravels and wells in southern Pike County,
clay, gray northern Nevada, and central
lignitic Hempstead counties.
Source: US Department of the Interior. 1979. Water resources appraisal of the South Arkansas lignite
area. Open File Report 79-924. Little Rock AR, 162 p.
-------
Hempstead County, northern Nevada County, and southern Pike County.
The yield of wells in the Nacatoch Sands in Hempstead County and in
northwestern Nevada County can be expected to be in the range of
0.49 to 0.57 m /min (130 to 150 gpm). Yields in the range of 300
gpm are obtained from the Tokio Formation.
• Tertiary Formations. Water-bearing formations of the Tertiary age
are found in the eastern and southeastern areas of the State.
Important aquifers of Tertiary age strata include the 1,400-foot
sand of the Wilcox Group, and the Sparta Sand and Cockfield Forma-
tions of the Claiborne Group.
The 1,400-foot sand underlies northeastern Arkansas (Figure 5-2)
and ranges in thickness from 61 to 152 m (200 to 500 feet). It
consists of interbedded clays and sand and yields 0.76 to 1.14
m /min (200 to 300 gpm) to individual wells in southeastern Hot
Spring and southwestern Grant counties. Throughout the remainder
of the Study Area, quantities of water adequate for household
supply generally are available from this formation.
The Sparta Sand Formation is present throughout the Study Area. It
consists of beds of fine to medium grain sand in the lower part of
the formation, and beds of sand, clay, and lignite in the upper
formation. It is the most productive aquifer in the Study Area,
and is the source of significant municipal withdrawals in 17 of the
20 counties (Table 5-33). Jefferson County is the largest user of
water from the Sparta Sand.
The Cockfield Formation is an important source of water for indus-
trial use in Pine Bluff (Jefferson County) and municipal use in
other areas. It occurs throughout the eastern part of the Study
Area. Wells yield from 4.5 to 11.4 m /min (1,200 to 3,000 gpm) and
average about 1,800 gpm with the largest water usage occurring in
Union and Cleveland counties (Exhibit 5b).
• Quaternary Formations. Formations of the Quaternary age occur over
most of the Gulf Coastal Plain in eastern Arkansas and in the
valleys of the Saline River, Ouachita River, Red River, and Arkan-
sas River. Deposits of Quaternary age consists of gravel, sand,
silt, and clay. They include alluvium that underlies the flood-
plain of streams, and terrace deposits composed of older alluvial
deposits situated at higher altitudes above th^ present flood-
plains. Alluvial aquifers yield as much as 5.7 m /min (1,500 gpm)
to properly constructed wells in Miller and Lafayette counties
(Ludwig 1972). The Quaternary deposits are the most important
sources of groundwater in Arkansas with respect to both presently
developed supplies and undeveloped reserves.
Numbers of observation wells operated by USGS in cooperation with
the Arkansas Geological Commission as well as their character-
istics, water level, and location are presented in Table 5-34.
5-72
-------
Table 5-33. Withdrawals of groundwater in cubic meters per day (million gallons per day) from aquifers
in selected counties in Arkansas (1975).
County
Deposits of
Quaternary Age
Cockfield
Formation
Sparta Sand
Wilcox
Group
Nacatoch Sand
Older Geologic
Units
Ashley
0.20 (53.27)
0.0019 (0.50)
-
-
-
Bradley
-
0.001 (0.27)
0.005 (1.34)
-
-
Calhoun
-
0.001 (0.26)
0.0018 (0.47)
-
-
Clark
0.004 (0.13)
-
-
0.0007
(0.19)
0.0024 (0.64)
0.0012 (0.31)
Cleveland
0.0001 (0.02)
0.0017 (0.44)
0.0006 (0.16)
-
-
Columbia
-
0.0013 (0.34)
0.023 (6.02)
-
-
Dallas
-
0.0003 (0.07)
0.005 (1.19)
-
-
Drew
0.12 (32.10)
0.0008 (0.21)
0.0112 (2.97)
-
-
Grant
0.0005 (0.12)
0.0008 (0.19)
0.005 (1.41)
-
-
Hempstead
-
-
-
0.0003
(0.08)
0.0055 (1.44)
0.0081 (2.15)
Hot Spring
0.0005 (0.14)
-
0.0006 (0.15)
0.0011
(0.29)
-
0.002 (0.53)
Jefferson
0.404 (106.79)
0.0006 (0.17)
0.2037 (53.82)
-
-
Lafayette
0.046 (12.19)
-
0.0009 (0.24)
-
-
Lincoln
0.318 (83.92)
0.0003 (0.07)
0.0045 (1.20)
-
-
Miller
0.007 (1.74)
-
0.0013 (0.35)
0.0005
(0.14)
0.0002 (0.04)
-
Nevada
-
-
0.0005 (0.13)
0.0003
(0.07)
0.0021 (0.55)
0.0021 (0.55)
Ouachita
-
-
0.016 (4.28)
-
-
Pulaski
0.082 (21.69)
-
0.0008 (0.20)
0.0018
(0.47)
-
0.0041 (1.07)
Saline
0.0005 (0.12)
-
0.0007 (0.18)
0.0007
(0.18)
-
0.0025 (0.65)
Union
-
0.0025 (0.67)
0.066 (17.40)
-
-
Total
1.182 (312.23)
0.012 (3.19)
0.346 (91.51)
0.0054
(1.42)
0.010 (2.67)
0.02 (5.26)
Source: USGS. 1979. Water resources appraisal of the South Arkansas lignite area. Little Rock, Arkansas, 162
-------
Table 5-34. Records of wells in 38 Arkansas counties.
Exhibit
Designation
la
lb
lc
2
3a
3b
Y1 3c
^4.
XN
4a
4b
4c
5
6a
6b
7a
Hell Number
330624091552801
331009091523201
331729091424001
333230092274501
330215091120501
330640091154103
332628091261201
Owner
Georgia-Pacific
Paper Co.
Earl Daugherty
and Sons
E. T. Muller
City of Hampton
C. M. Rankin
City of Eudora
Multiponics, Inc.
County
Ashley
Ashley
Ashley
Calhoun
Chicot
Chicot
Chicot
362311090111002 City of Piggott Clay
362502090095801 A. L. Freytag Clay
362759090332401
335729092112002
330557093114601
331609093144902
354246090503801
D and E Farms Clay
Town of Rison Cleveland
Town of Emerson Columbia
City of Magnolia Columbia
A. B. Clark Craighead
Well Characteristics
Type of Depth Diameter
Well (m) (m)
Water-Bearing
Unit
Period of
Record
Below land-surface
Datum (LSD)
Water level extremes
For Period of Record
High (mT Low (m)
Drilled 47
Drilled 39
Drilled 35
Drilled 137
Drilled 31
Drilled 101
Drilled 37
Drilled 32
Drilled 168
Drilled 137
Drilled 130
Drilled 37
0.10
0.46
0.30-0.20
0.46-0.15
0.61
0.46-0.15
0.41-0.30
Drilled 1.22 0.03
Drilled 27 0.30
Sand and Gravel of June 1960-Aug 1963 26.84
Quaternary Age April 1971-1977
Sand and Gravel of April 1946-1977
Quaternary Age
Sand and Gravel of April 1969-1977
Quaternary Age
Sporta Sand of July 1964-1977
Eocene Age
Sand and Gravel of March 1969-1977
Quaternary Age
Sand Cockfield For- Jan 1967-1977
¦nation of Eocene Age
Sand and Gravel of April 1955 -
March 1961
March 1969-1977
Quaternary Age
March 1967-1977
Nacatoch Sand of
Cretaceous Age
Sand and Gravel of June 1955
Quaternary Age Jan 1957-1977
0.30
0.25-0.15
0.20-0.10
0.20
0.30
Sand and Gravel of
Quaternary Age
Sparta Sand of
Eocene Age
Sparta Sand of
Eocene Age
Sparta Sand of
Eocene Age
Sand and Gravel of
Quaternary Age
June 1955
Jan 1957-1977
Nov 1964-1977
Oct 1950
March 1965-1977
April 1953-1977
Jan 1957-1977
21.61
22.08
40.99
0.20
11.20
6.86
1.23
0.11
3.33
46.09
60.97
72.58
15.30
28.43
26.43
22.82
48.23
10.05
13.86
8.79
5.64
2.89
6.36
55.42
79.31
108.02
21.98
-------
Table 5-34. Records of wells in 38 Arkansas counties (continued).
Well Characteristics
Exhibit
Designation
7b
7c
8a
8b
8c
8d
8e
l_n
I
-J
Ul
8f
9
10a
10b
10c
11a
lib
Well Number
354921090281201
354437090335701
351542090332002
351544090334101
352231090421501
35132609473603
351456090423201
Owner
County
Harley Box Craighead
Town of Boy Craighead
Parkin Water Co. Cross
Parkin Water Co. Cross
Vanndale-Birdeye Cross
Water Assoc.
City of Wynne Cross
J. E. llollan, Jr. Cross
3:-:'-?.V:'j?1000201 H. H. Holleman
Cross
334830092245702 Fordyce Water Co. Dallas
332418091272601 Ernest Ellington Drew
and Son
334545091383701 J. E. Holloway Drew
334601091412101 James E. Henley, Drew
Jr.
360322090290401 City of Paragould Greene
360219090262501 Otis Williams Greene
Type of Depth
Well (m)
Drilled
Drilled
46
45
Drilled 152
Drilled 141
Drilled 350
Drilled 244
Drilled 60
Drilled
Drilled 271
Drilled 232
Drilled 47
Drilled 263
Drilled 155
Drilled 59
Diameter
(m)
0.20-0.15
0.41
0.30
0.25
0.41-0.25
0.41
0.30-0.20
0.25-0.20
0.46-0.20
0.30-0.20
0.46-0.25
0.51
0.46-0.25
Water-Bearing
Unit
Sand and Gravel of
Quaternary Age
Sand and Gravel of
Quaternary Age
Sand, Memphis Aqui-
fer of Eocene Age
Sand, Memphis Aqui-
fer of Eocene Age
Sand, Memphis Aqui-
fer of Eocene Age
Memphis Aquifer of
Eocene Age
Sand and Gravel of
Quaternary Age
Sand and Gravel of
Quaternary Age
Sparta Sand of
Eocene Age
Sparta Sand of
Eocene Age
Sand and Gravel of
Ouaternary Age
Sparta Sand of
Eocene Age
Sand, Wilcox Group
of Eocene Age
Sand and Gravel of
Quaternary Age
Period of
Record
April 1957-1977
March 1968-1977
Nov 1966-1977
Dec 1976
July 1973-1977
Nov 1966-1977
March 1962-1977
Below land-surface
Datum (LSD)
Water level extremes
For Period of Record
High (m) Low (m)
0.18
2.16
7.62
73.3
21.04
11.79
Feb 1955
Feb 1961-62
July 1964-1977
Jan 1957-Aug 1962 10.64
April 1964-1974
March 1976-1977
Oct 1949-May 1950 29.81
June 1959-1977
8.85
Jan 1965-March 1968 8.93
March 1970-1975
March-Sept 1977
March 1962
March 1964-1977
March 1967-1977
Jan 1957-1977
28.07
22.33
5.55
1.76
3.57
8.66
74.7
22.69
14.31
15.33
41.10
13.87
10.98
36.37
29.68
12.20
-------
Table 5-34.
Exhibit
Designation
12a
12b
13a
13b
13c
13d
^ 11
I 13e
13f
14a
14b
15a
15b
16
Records of wells in 38 Arkansas counties (continued).
Well Number
334345093373701
334358093370101
340901091564601
341043091562201
341138091551601
341151092022101
341427091565201
342116091474501
330804093435501
332145093280402
344607091543401
344955091565301
Owner
City of Hope
City of Hope
W. K. Shell
Arkansas Flying
Service
International
Paper Co.
Ceneral Water
Works Corp.
International
Paper Co.
Frank Ragland
Lee Calvin
Arkansas Power
and Light Co.
State and Fish
Commission
Joe Bob Cotcher
County
Hempstead
Hempstead
Jefferson
Jefferson
Jefferson
Jefferson
Jefferson
Jefferson
Lafayette
Lafayette
Lonoke
Lonoke
332441093461401 Harold E. Beck Miller
Characteristics
Depth Diameter
(m) (m)
352
366
49
290
245
276
247
31
19
108
41
39
12
0.30
0.30
0.41-0.20
0.20
0.05
0.10-0.05
0.05
0.46-0.30
0.41-0.30
0.15
0.46
0.61
0.25
Water-Bearing
Unit
Period of
Record
Sand, Tokio Forma- April 1972-1977
tion of Cretaceous Age
Sand, Tokio Forma- April 1971-1977
tion of Cretaceous Age
Sand and Gravel of April 1957-1977
Quaternary Age
Sparta Sand of
Eocene Age
Sparta Sand of
Eocene Age
Sparta Sand of
Eocene Age
Sparta Sand of
Eocene Age
Sand and Gravel of
Quaternary Age
Sand and Gravel of
Quaternary Age
Cane River Formation June 1952-1977
of Eocene Age
Sand and Gravel of
Quaternary Age
Sand and Gravel of
Quaternary Age
March 1964-1977
Aug 1958-1977
Oct 1956-1977
Sept 1956-1977
Oct 1949-1977
March 1955-1977
Sept 1968-1977
Sand and Gravel of
Quaternary Age
March 1937
March 1944
March 1947
March 1951
March 1953-1977
Nov 1960
April 1964-1977
Below land-surface
Datum (LSD)
Water level extremes
For Period of Record
High (iaT Low (m)
29.57 54.98
24.21
2.40
46.02
33.22
24.49
16.68
3.67
1.38
11.20
25.80
14.55
0.08
49.83
6.43
63.39
67.60
72.87
76.42
10.62
5.35
27.10
31.95
29.58
4.26
-------
Table 5-34. Records of wells in 38 Arkansas Counties (concluded).
I
Exhibit
Designation
18a
18b
19
20a
20b
21a
21b
21c
21d
21e
Well Number
334018092594801
334215092413201
352930090582501
345848090521903
350029090265801
330107092432301
330228092110101
331358092424301
331438092411901
330855092505601
Owner
U.S. Geological
Survey
J. S. J. Lyle
Estate
City of Fisher
Arkansas Power
and Light Co.
C. D. Brown
County
Ouachita
Ouachita
Poinsett
St. Francis
St. Francis
Junction City Union
City of Huttig Union
City of El Dorado Union
Monsanto Chemical Union
Co.
Well Characteristics
Type of Depth Diameter
Well (in) (m)
H. G. McKennon
Union
Drilled 37
Drilled 91
Drilled 92
Drilled 46
Drilled 34
Drilled 183
Drilled 235
Drilled 187
Drilled 165
Drilled 215
0.05
0.30
0.15
0.41
0.20
0.25
Water-Bearing
Unit
Sparta Sand of
Eocene Age
Sparta Sand of
Eocene Age
Sparta Sand of
Eocene Age
Period of
Record
Nov 1958-tIarch 1962 13.02
March 1964-1977
Below land-surface
Datum (LSD)
For Period of Record
High (mT Low (m)
16.22
Sparta Sand of
Eocene Age
Memphis Aquifer of
Eocene Age
Sand and Gravel of
Quaternary Age
0.30-0.25 Sand and Gravel of
Quaternary Age
0.25-0.20 Sparta Sand of
Eocene Age
0.20 Sparta Sand of
Eocene Age
0.46-0.20 Sparta Sand of
Eocene Age
Oct 1954-1977
March 1968-1977
April 1961-1977
April 1955
Feb 1961
March 1962
July 1964-1977
Nov 1967-1977
Dec 1964-1977
April 1968-1977
July 1954-1977
April 1968-1977
6.24
15.00
7.69
5.06
55.57
18.70
9.23
17.72
9.30
7.96
64.36
26.83
103.42 111.59
82.20 108.97
96.12 101.74
Source: USGS. 1977. Water resources data for Arkansas.
Little Rock AR.
-------
5.3.2.2 Quality
Because groundwater primarily is derived from precipitation, mineral-
ization occurs when the water passes through rocks and soil to the zone of
saturation. The quality of water is related directly to the solubility of
the minerals in the surrounding rock and the length of time the water is in
contact with the minerals. In the Interior Highlands, the major constit-
uents obtained by groundwater during infiltration are calcium and bicarbon-
ate. Iron is present in objectionable quantities in groundwater from the
Gulf Coastal Plain.
© Cretaceous Formations. The quality of water from Nacatoch Sand
Formations generally is moderately soft and alkaline. Near the
outcrop, calcium and bicarbonate are the principal contituents.
Near the downdip limit of fresh water in the formation, the sodium
and chloride levels increase with a corresponding increase in
dissolved solids concentration. Bicarbonate in natural water
results from the interaction of dissolved carbon dioxide and car-
bonate rocks. In general, the quality of water obtained from this
formation is poor. In northern Miller County and in southern Clark
and northeastern Nevada counties, salt water occurs near the ex-
posed area of the Nacatoch Sand. This occurrence can be explained
because the Nacatoch Sand is a marine deposit, and sea water that
was entrapped in the formation while it was being deposited has
never been flushed out. Concentrations of iron are low in all
areas.
Chemical analyses of water obtained from the Tokio Formation indi-
cate the water is a soft or moderately hard sodium carbonate type
with high iron content. The high iron content generally is not
indicative of water from this formation, but is the result of the
mixing of water from uncased holes from the shaly formations above
the Tokio. The iron content of this formation is high near the
center of northern Hempstead County and in parts of southern Howard
County.
o Tertiary Formations. Groundwater from the Wilcox Formation ranges
from soft to moderately hard, and has a high content of sodium
bicarbonate. Typically, in this formation, the water becomes
brackish or saline within a short distance downdip and is unsuit-
able for most uses. Water obtained from Sparta Sands and the
Cockfield Formation generally is soft and high in sodium bicarbon-
ate .
e Quaternary Formations. Groundwater from the Quaternary Formations
has a tendency to be hard. Water from the alluvium generally is
moderately to highly mineralized and contains excessive iron,
especially in Drew County.
Water quality data from observation wells located in Craighead,
Cross, Green, and Union counties are presented in Table 5-35.
5-78
-------
Table 5*35. Chemical analyses of water from wells In selected Arkansas counties.
Exhibit 5b
Designation
Well Number
County
Date of
Collection
Depth
(Deters)
Specific
Conductance
Iflrromhoft
Temperature
(°C)
pH
7c
354437090335701
Craighead
12-8-76
30.5
385.0
17.0
7.4
8b
351544090334101
Cross
12-8-76
140.9
200.0
20.0
7.5
8c
352231090421501
Cross
12-7-76
350.1
508.0
21.5
7.7
11a
360322090290401
Greene
12-9-76
154,0
231.0
20.0
7.4
21c
331358092424301
Union
6-15-72
NA
446.0
23.0
8.5
Ui
f
•vj
v£>
NA - Mot Available
Source: USGS. 1981. Water Data Storage and Retrieval (WATSTORE). Dallas, Texas.
Hardness as CaCOi
Carbonate
(mfl/1)
Bicarbonate
R/n
Dissolved
Solids
(or/1)
Sulfate
(ott/1)
Chloride
(da/1)
Nitrate
(®r/1)
I ron
Hanganes*
(nm/1)
Total
{ma/1)
Non
Carbonate
(mR/1)
0.0
206.0
250.0
31.0
7.0
0.0
530.0
390.0
180.0
15.0
0.0
130.0
130.0
3.0
3.0
0.0
930.0
30.0
51.0
0.0
0.0
340.0
310.0
10.0
3.0
0.0
980.0
40.0
250.0
0.0
0.0
164.0
180.0
5.0
2.0
0.0
180.0
7.0
11.0
O.O
4.0
224.0
NA
2.0
27.0
0.0
20.0
30.0
4.0
0.0
-------
PAGE NOT
AVAILABLE
DIGITALLY
-------
LAND USE AND BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES
-------
6.0 LAND USE AND BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES
6.1 LAND USE
6.1.1 Introduction
In the United States alone, agricultural land is converted to other
uses at a rate of 3 million acres (1.2 million ha) each year (US Department
of Agriculture, Council on Environmental Quality, and participating agen-
cies 1981). Similar acreages of forest land, as well as other natural
vegetation, are likewise being developed. Although some land use values
can be mitigated by reclamation or through the development of parks, lakes,
and associated recreational facilities, much of the land will be converted
indefinitely to other land uses.
Major concerns associated with land use result from conversion, loss
of prime or unique farmlands, changes in land values, and degradation of
recreational and natural areas. Major land modifying developments, such as
coal mining, must incorporate in the initial planning stages adequate
mitigation measures to Insure the value of existing land uses.
6.1.2 Land Use/Land Cover
Seven major land use/land cover types (urban, agriculture, rangeland,
forest, water, wetland, and barren land) are delineated for the 38-county
Study Area (Exhibit 6a). Agricultural land in Table 6-1 combines the Soil
Conservation Service resource inventory categories of cotton, corn, soy-
beans, rice, wheat, grain sorghum, hayland, other cropland, orchard and
vineyards, and other agricultural land. Rangeland in Table 6-1 is the same
as grassland in the resource inventory files, and other land (Table 6-1) Is
the combination of the speciality, extractive and construction, and feed
lot categories. The land use/land cover information shown in Exhibit 6a is
based on Level I LANDSAT data from the US Geological Survey. Because of
the necessity to use two different sources, the information in Table 6-1
may not necessarily coincide with Exhibit 6a.
6-1
-------
Table 6-1. Number of acres and percent of total acres of land use/land cover classifications in 38 counties in Arkansas.
Agricul-
Urban
7.
tural
Land
X
Range-
land
%
Forest
X
Wet-
land
%
Other
Land
%
Land
X
Water
%
Total
State
653,558
1.9
7,902,842
23.3
6,316,695
18.6
18,346,112
54.0
33,405
0.1
59,869
0.2
33,312,481
98.1
657,867
1.9
33,970,348
County
Ashley
4,786
0.8
142,450
23.9
15,191
2.5
434,604
72.8
0
0
0
0
597,031
100.0
0
0
597,031
Bradley
0
0
8,943
2.1
31,165
7.5
376,975
90.4
0
0
0
0
417,083
100.0
0
0
417,083
Calhoun
12,697
3.1
2,673
0.7
21,667
5.4
365,126
90.8
0
0
0
0
402,163
100.0
0
0
402,163
Chicot
2,864
0.7
331,560
75.8
18,985
4.3
44,381
10.1
0
0
0
0
397,790
90.9
39,970
9.1.
437,760
Clark
2,474
0.4
25,887
4.6
75,961
13.5
443,074
78.9
0
0
0
0
547,396
97.4
14,587
2.6
561,983
Clay
2,710
0.7
277,158
67.7
56,502
13.8
67,418
16.4
2,189
0.5
0
0
405,977
99.1
3,623
0.9
409,600
Cleveland
0
0
0
0
41,717
10.8
342,966
89.2
0
0
0
0
384,683
100.0
0
0
384,683
Columbia
7,356
1.5
2,400
0.5
62,929
12.8
418,835
85.2
0
0
0
0
491,520
100.0
0
0
491,520
Conway
4,233
1.2
45,526
12.7
133,261
37.2
159,390
44.4
0
0
0
0
342,410
95.5
15,990
4.5
358,400
Craighead
31,124
6.8
346,265
75.5
39,226
8.5
42,265
9.2
0
0
0
0
458,880
100.0
0
0
458,880
Crawford
8,122
2.1
28,635
7.4
107,929
27.8
228,478
58.8
0
0
0
0
373,164
96.1
15,316
3.9
388,480
Cross
8,240
2.0
310,861
77.6
17,442
4.4
56,728
14.2
0
0
0
0
393,271
98.2
7,369
1.8
400,640
Dallas
5,466
1.3
9,477
2.2
35,160
8.2
377,578
87.7
2,687
0.6
0
0
430,368
100.0
0
0
430,368
Drew
1,175
0.2
74,664
14.0
64,528
12.1
394,532
73.7
0
0
0
0
534,899
100.0
0
0
534,899
Franklin
2,710
0.7
7,069
1.8
198,379
49.8
181,250
45.4
0
0
2,892
0.7
392,300
98.4
6,420
1.6
398,720
Grant
0
0
2,901
0.7
39,111
9.7
361,827
89.6
0
0
0
0
403,839
100.0
0
0
403,839
Greene
2,379
0.6
219,823
59.3
76,949
20.8
60,049
16.2
2,232
0.6
0
0
361,432
97.5
9,128
2.5
370,560
Hempstead
7,426
1.6
34,023
7.2
146,832
30.9
281,652
59.3
0
0
0
0
469,933
99.0
4,947
1.0
474,880
Hot Spring
10,944
2.8
5,174
1.3
70,329
17.6
297,305
74.5
0
0
1,830
0.5
385,582
96.7
13,281
3.3
398,863
Jef ferson
27,569
4.7
271,467
46.8
37,661
6.5
233,116
40.1
3,390
0.6
0
0
573,203
98.7
7,279
1.3
580,482
Johnson
2,911
0.7
14,732
3.4
88,111
20.2
326,628
75.1
0
0
0
0
432,382
99.4
2,818
0.6
435,200
Lafayette
4,192
1.2
59,724
17.4
63,116
18.3
206,817
60.2
0
0
0
0
333,849
97.1
9,831
2.9
343,680
-------
Table 6-1. Number of acres and percent of total acres of land use/land cover classifications in 38 counties in Arkansas (concluded).
Urban
2
Agricul-
tural
Land
Z
Range-
land
Z
Forest
Z
Wet-
land
%
Other
Land
z
Land
Z
Water
Z
Total
County
Lincoln
5,803
1.6
160,500
44.0
17,956
4.9
178,660
49.0
0
0
0
0
362,919
99.5
1,881
0.5
364,800
Logan
7,760
1.7
19,469
4.2
194,986
41.6
232,451
49.6
0
0
0
0
454.666
97.1
13,814
2.9
468,480
Lonoke
0
0
323,342
63.1
78,753
15.4
97,628
19.0
0
0
0
0
499,723
97.5
12,917
2.5
512,640
Miller
5,081
1. 2
99,773
24.3
78,034
19.0
216,805
52.8
0
0
1,581
0.4
401,274
97.7
9,606
2.3
410,880
Nevada
0
0
17,367
4.4
66,841
17.0
310,032
78.6
0
0
0
0
394,240
100.0
0
0
394,240
Ouachita
11,721
2.5
9,937
2.1
37,214
7.9
414,062
87.5
0
0
0
0
472,934
100.0
0
0
472,934
Perry
2,746
0.8
17,442
4.9
43,775
12.2
286,677
79.8
0
0
0
0
350,640
97.7
8,401
2.3
359,041
Poinsett •
4,305
0.9
398,024
81.6
14,746
3.0
68,631
14.1
0
0
0
0
485,706
99.6
1,974
0.4
487,680
Pope
14,815
2.8
18,890
3.6
139,179
26.2
344,242
65.0
0
0
0
0
517,126
97.6
12,794
2.4
529,920
Pulaski
79,050
15.3
92,875
18.0
55,470
10.8
239,346
46.5
0
0
14,070
2.7
480,811
93.3
34,389
6.7
515,200
St. Francis
6,911
1.7
316,311
77.4
12,147
3.0
65,366
16.0
0
0
0
0
400,735
98.1
7,585
1.9
408,320
Saline
32,619
7.0
1,963
0.4
55,342
11.9
359,913
77.2
0
0
16,083
3.5
465,920
100.0
0
0
465,920
Scott
0
0
0
0
123,689
21.5
451,031
78.5
0
0
0
0
574,720
100.0
0
0
574,720
Sebastian
36,831
10.7
26,074
8.2
132,745
38.6
131,823
38.4
437
0.1
4,441
1.3
334,351
97.3
9,329
2.7
343,680
Union
11,315
1.7
7,011
1.0
27,123
4.0
628,495
93.3
0
0
0
0
673,944
100.0
0
0
673,944
Yell
0
0
35,227
5.8
150,537
24.8
412,986
68.1
0
0
0
0
598,750
98.7
7,970
1.3
606,720
Source: US Department of Agriculture. 1977. Resource inventory data system files. Soil Conservation Service, Little Rock AR, 3p.
-------
Forest is the predominant land use/land cover followed by agricultural
land. In counties where coal/lignite developments are proposed, the pre-
dominant land use is forest (i.e., Dallas - 87.7%; Calhoun 90.8%). If
present reclamation trends continue, large acreages of forest will be
converted to other land uses (probably rangeland). A change from forest to
rangeland will result in alterations in plant and wildlife species diver-
sity as well as aesthetic qualities.
Agricultural lands most affected by coal development occur extensively
in Clay, Craighead, Cross, Greene, Poinsett, and St. Francis counties.
These counties contain nearly one-fourth of the agricultural land in Arkan-
sas .
6.1.3 Recreation Lands
Recreation areas are established not only for recreational purposes,
but also for scenic, historic, and conservation purposes. Thirteen of the
23 State parks in the Study Area are underlain by coal (Exhibit 6b and
Table 6-2).
Coal development areas generally will be restricted in and near the
boundaries of State parks and other recreatonal lands due to their associ-
ated recreational and aesthetic values. In addition, the influx of people
associated with coal developments results in a greater need and utilization
of recreational areas.
6.1.4 Select Natural Areas
Natural areas are valued for their aesthetic, scientific, wild, and
essentially undisturbed natural qualities. Both Federal and State govern-
ments have designated sites to be preserved as natural areas (Exhibit 6B).
National Natural Landmarks, National Forests, and Wild and Scenic
Rivers are Federal natural areas virtually excluded from changes in land
use. Of the total land area in the Study Area, 8% is National Forest.
There are no Wild and Scenic Rivers in the Study Area.
6-4
-------
Table 6-2. National and State parks in 38 counties in Arkansas.
County No. Acres
National Parks
None
State Parks
Cane Creek
Lincoln
1,936
Conway Cemetery
Lafayette
0
Crowley's Ridge
Greene
271
DeGray
Hot Spring/Clark
939
Jenkin's Ferry
Grant
40
Lake Catherine
Hot Spring
2,180
Lake Chicot
Chicot
132
Lake Dardanelle
Pope/Yell
294
Lake Fort Smith
Crawford
126
Lake Frierson
Greene
114
Lake Poinsett
Poinsett
81
Logoly
Columbia
345
Mark's Mill
Cleveland
6
Moro Bay
Bradley
110
Mt. Nebo
Yell
3,403
Old Washington
Hempstead
63
Parkin Indian Mounds
Cross
0
Petit Jean
Conway
3,715
Pinnacle Mountain
Pulaski
1,370
Poison Springs
Ouachita
85
Toltec
Lonoke
177
Village Creek
Cross/St. Francis
6,829
White Oak Lake
Ouachita/Nevada
610
Sources: Arkansas Department of Parks and Tourism. 1980. Schedule of lands -
Arkansas State parks. Little Rock AR, 2 p.
Woodall, G. 1980. Phone, G. Woodall, Arkansas National Park Service,
3 March 1981.
6-5
-------
The State of Arkanas has two designations for natural areas — regis-
try and system. Registry natural areas are recognized by the Arkansas
Natural Heritage Commission, but are not under their control. System
natural areas either are purchased or leased by the Arkansas Natural Heri-
tage Commission. System natural areas underlain by coal resources include
Chalk Bluff, Dardenell Rock, and Smoke Hole (Exhibit 6b).
6.1.5 Selected Federal and Indian Land Ownership Types
Surface mining is excluded from land where the US Forest Service owns
both surface and mineral rights. In instances where the US Forest Service
does not have control of both surface and mineral rights, surface mining is
decided through litigation.
Over 35% of the surface area in the northwestern counties of the Study
Area — Crawford, Franklin, Johnson, Logan, Perry, Pope, Scott, and Yell
counties — is owned by the US Forest Service (Exhibit 6b and Table 6-3).
However, only Scott and Logan counties have Forest Service lands underlain
by coal.
6.1.6 Farmland
Farmland in Arkansas, as defined by the Bureau of Census in 1969,
increased between 1969 and 1978 (Table 6-4). In contrast, the acres in
farmland in the Study Area decreased by 310,481 acres (125,650 ha) during
the same period, a 4.5% decrease. Columbia, Sebastian, and Yell counties
had the highest loss (over 30%) of farmland during the 10-year period.
Columbia County and Sebastian County contain sizable coal resources and, as
a result, could sustain additional losses in farmland.
Farmland, as defined in this section, is not the same as agricultural
land in Section 6.1.2. Due primarily to inflation, the value of farmland
and buildings more than doubled between 1969 and 1978 in every county
except Calhoun and Lonoke.
Of all available farmland, prime farmland has the best combination of
physical and chemical characteristics for producing food, feed, forage,
6-6
-------
Table 6-3. Number of acres and percent of total land area of select Federal
BLM
%
FS
X
W&P
%
NPS
X
Array
State
1,864
0.0
2,470,907
7.4
0
0
85,215
0.3
71,080
County
Ashley
0
0
1,675
0.3
0
0
0
0
0
Bradley
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Calhoun
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Chicot
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Clark
40
0.0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Clay
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cleveland
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Columbia
80
0.0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Conway-
0
0
6,969
1.9
0
0
0
0
0
Craighead
1
0.0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Crawford
40
0.0
84,724
22.2
0
0
0
0
262
Cross
40
0.0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Dallas
40
0.0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Drew
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Franklin
0
0
103,209
26.3
0
0
0
0
10,932
Grant
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Greene
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Hempstead
40
0.0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Hot Spring
0
0
360
0.1
0
0
0
0
0
Jefferson
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Johnson
0
0
175,246
40.7
0
0
0
0
0
Lafayette
160
0.0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Indian land ownership in 38 counties in Arkansas.
Total
Land
2
COE
%
F&U
1
Indian
%
Total
X
Area
0.2
572,692
1-7
8,882
0.0
0
0
3,210,640
9.7
33.244,800
0
18,701
3.1
0
0
0
0
20,376
3.4
593,920
0
16,948
4-1
0
0
0
0
16,948
4.1
416,640
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
402,560
0
326
0.1
0
0
0
0
326
0.1
411,520
0
21,729
3.9
0
0
0
0
21,769
3.9
561.920
0
2,162
0.5
0
0
0
0
2,162
0.5
408,960
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
384,640
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
80
0.0
491,520
0
263
0.1
0
0
0
0
7,232
2.0
359,040
0
200
0.0
0
0
0
0
201
0.0
458,240
0.1
4,838
1.3
0
0
0
0
89,864
23.6
381,440
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
40
0.0
400,000
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
40
0.0
430,080
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
532,480
2.8
6,901
1.8
0
0
0
0
121,042
30.9
392,320
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
403,840
0
403
0.1
0
0
0
0
403
0.1
370,560
0
9,264
2.0
0
0
0
0
9,304
2.0
464,640
0
8,873
2.2
0
0
0
0
9,233
2.3
397,440
0
2,696
0.5
0
0
0
0
2,696
0.5
558,720
0
16,735
3.9
0
0
0
0
191,981
48.3
430,720
0
1,148
0.3
0
0
0
0
1,308
0.4
334,720
-------
Table 6-3. Number of acres and percent of total land area of select Federal and Indian land ownership in 38 counties in Arkansas (concluded).
BLM
%
FS
X
W&P
%
NPS
X
County
Lincoln
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Logan
0
0
86,627
18.9
0
0
0
0
Lonoke
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Miller
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Nevada
40
0.0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Ouachita
110
0.0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Perry
0
0
93,680
26.6
0
0
0
0
Poinsett
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Pope
0
0
182,774
35.2
0
0
0
0
Pulaski
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
St. Francis
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Saline
0
0
52,239
11.3
0
0
0
0
Scott
0
0
357,568
62.2
0
0
0
0
Sebastian
0
0
12,058
3.6
0
0
6
0.0
Union
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Yell
0
0
219,776
37.0
0
0
0
0
Legend
BLM - Bureau of Land Management
FS - Forest Service
W&P - Water and Power Resources Service
NPS - National Park Service
COE - Corps of Engineers
F&W - Fish and Wildlife Service
Total
J
COE
%
F&W"
X
Indian
%
Total
X
Land
Area
0
38
0.0
0
0
0
0
38
0.0
360,320
0
27,181
5.9
0
0
0
0
113,808
24.8
459,520
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
509,440
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
398,720
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
40
0.0
394,240
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
110
0.0
471,040
0
2,015
0.6
0
0
0
0
95,695
27.1
352,640
0
5,116
1.1
0
0
0
0
5,116
1.1
486,400
0
9,372
1.8
0
0
0
0
192,146
37.0
519,680
0
1,770
0.4
0
0
0
0
1,770
0.4
489,600
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
406,400
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
52,239
11.3
463,360
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
357,568
62.2
574,720
8
2,775
0.8
0
0
0
0
74,725
22.2
337,280
0
25,568
3.7
0
0
0
0
25,568
3.7
672,000
0
29,338
4.9
0
0
0
0
249,114
41.9
594,560
Army
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
59,886
0
0
Sources: US Department of Commerce 1978; US Department of the Interior 1971; US Department of the Interior 1980.
-------
N.A
65
29
24
83
N.A
61
26
N.A
54
68
22
82
13
46
21
N.A
65
27
N.A
78
23
N.A
Vcreages and
values per acre of farmland in 38
counties
in Arkansas.
Acres in Farmland
Value
of Farmland
and Buildines
1969
1978 3
Change
Z Change
D
1969
1978b
Change
Z Change
15,694,527
16,159,090
464,563
3.0
260
769
509
196
172,383
178,121
5,738
3.3
270
920
650
241
54,547
51,684
- 2,863
- 5.2
193
751
558
289
29,684
30,488
804
2.7
352
531
179
51
321,067
305,383
-15,684
- 4.9
293
899
606
207
129,374
132,191
2,817
2.2
297
680
383
129
345,521
323,743
-21,778
- 6.3
297
872
575
194
56,590
52,192
- 4,398
- 7.8
300
674
374
125
134,511
88,106
-46,405
-34.5
161
636
475
295
193,832
183,270
-10,562
- 5.4
176
630
454
258
403,015
365,218
-37,797
- 9.4
393
981
588
150
135,787
150,400
14,613
10.8
311
831
520
167
336,395
346,110
9,715
2.9
337
899
552
164
39,596
41,056
1,460
3.7
179
862
683
382
163,665
150,610
-13,055
- 8.0
212
824
612
289
200,984
162,968
-38,016
-18.9
177
640
463
262
44,613
39,063
- 5,550
-12.4
210
709
499
238
291,481
259,467
-32,014
-11.0
287
780
493
172
213,057
191,928
-21,129
- 9.9
186
659
473
254
68,279
83,184
14,905
21.8
231
727
496
215
290,310
332,964
42,654
14.7
361
888
527
146
123,723
118,728
- 4,995
- 4.0
172
548
376
219
126,021
120,507
- 5,514
- 4.4
208
772
564
271
-------
Table 6-4.
Acreages arid values per acre of farmland in 38 counties in Arkansas (concluded).
Acres in
Farmland
Value
of Farmland
and Buildings
Prime
Farmland
1969
1978 3
Change
X Change
1969 b
b
1978
Change
% Change
Acres
X County
County
Lincoln
211,847
224,090
12,243
5.8
267
802
535
200
279,623
78
Logan
210,987
217,310
6,323
3.0
179
560
381
213
129,760
28
Lonoke
423,124
425,072
1,948
0.5
549
914
365
67
375,024
74
Miller
185,712
190,787
5,075
2.7
257
694
437
170
N.A.
N.A.
Nevada
113,363
100,267
- 13,096
- 11.6
189
725
536
284
N.A.
N.A.
Ouachita
68,128
54,911
- 13,217
- 19.4
156
643
487
312
79,621
17
Perry
77,352
77,097
255
0.3
189
684
495
262
64,215
18
Poinsett
407,960
416,698
8,738
2.1
397
960
563
142
283,820
58
Pope
180,719
177,828
- 2,891
- 1.6
204
669
465
228
140,282
27
Pulaski
168,005
143,231
- 24,774
- 14.7
366
983
617
169
122,162
25
St. Francis
339,426
338,537
889
- 0.3
315
824
509
162
320,473
79
Saline
61,268
62,925
1,657
2.7
223
903
680
305
37,293
8
Scott
119,841
123,271
3,430
2.9
161
514
353
219
N.A.
N.A.
Sebastian
263,840
145.229
-118,611
- 45.0
171
673
502
294
86,388
26
Union
44,700
136,194
91,494
204.7
166
711
545
328
N.A.
N.A.
Yell
212,570
111,966
-100,604
- 47.3
231
561
330
143
N.A.
N.A.
g
Using 1969 Bureau of Census definition of farmland
''Average per acre
N.A. - Not Available
Sources: Fultz, Charles 1981; US Department of Commerce
Commerce 1980.
1977; US Department of Commerce 1978; US Department of
-------
fiber, and oil seed corps. Because prime farmland occurs in virtually
every county in the Study Area (Table 6-4), acreages of prime farmland may
decrease as coal/lignite deposits are exploited.
6.2 BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES
6.2.1 Introduction
Biological resources are the product of the interactions between
species of vegetation and wildlife. These resources are linked to climate,
physiography, and man's activities. The major vegetation and wildlife
occurring in the Study Area are discussed in this section. The section is
organized by Biological Provinces (Bailey 1978), thus allowing a concise,
systematic, and geographic evaluation of the resources. A similar organi-
zation is being utilized in various other key Federal studies (e.g., USFWS
habitat evaluations).
The discussion has been narrowed to include only characteristic vege-
tation and selected wildlife species (game, furbearers, and State or Feder-
ally endangered or threatened species) of each Biological Province.
Virtually all of the select species of wildlife considered in this
study utilize forests, wetlands, streams, or laikes for the majority of
their primary activities (feeding, reproducing, etc.). Most of the streams
and lakes in the Study Area are surrounded by forest. Stream water quality
and quantity, especially in bottomlaiad forests, is controlled partly by the
forest soil and vegetation, and likewise, vegetation is dependent on water
for nutrient transport. Wildlife also depend on maintenance of the deli-
cate balance between water and vegetation.
6.2.2 Biological Provinces (Ecoregions)
Biological Provinces are regiona that contain similar vegetation and
wildlife throughout a specific geograpihic area. The Study Area is composed
of parts of three Biological Provinces (Figure 6-1) — the Southeastern
Mixed Forest Province, the Oak/Hickorjr Forest section of the Eastern Decid-
uous Forest Province, and the Southern Floodplain Forest section of the
6-1.1
-------
CLAY.
GREENE I
POINSETT
CROSS
SEBASTIAN
ST. FRANCIS
PERRY
SCOTT
JEFFERSON
HOT SPRING
mil Southern floodplain forest
DALLAS V
Oak-hickory forest
OUACHITA
CALHOUN |
Southeastern mixed forest
IMILLER
CHICOT
COLUMBIA
Figure 6-1. Biological provinces of 38 Arkansas counties (Bailey 1978).
-------
Outer Coastal Plain Fore'st Province. Although these biological regions
differ, many species of vegetation and wildlife are common to all.
6.2.2.1 Southeastern Mixed Forest Province
The Southeastern Mixed Forest Province covers the southwest corner of
2 2
the State and approximately 61%, or 16,070 mi (41,625 km ), of the Study
Area (Figure 6-1). The. province remains largely in natural vegetation and
contains moderate to low numbers of Federally listed endangered species
(Figure 6-2 and Table 6-^5).
Land Cover
The major land cover types in this province are forest, rangeland,
agriculture, urban, waterf, and wetlands (Exhibit 6a). Seventy-nine percent
of the province is forested. Hardwoods have been cleared and replaced by
pines in most of the province, thus reducing the relative value of these
forests for wildlife. Moderately extensive bottomland forests (many of
which flood seasonally) exist along the Ouachita River, Saline River, and
Red River in the southern', sections of the province. The total acreage of
bottomland hardwoods comprises approximately 10% (1.7 million acres) of the
total forest acreage. Dominant overstory tree species include southern
yellow pines (mainly loblolly and shortleaf), oaks, and hickories. Other
common tree species are sweetgum, red maple, blackgum, and winged elm.
Common understory vegetation are viburnums, deciduous holly, American
beautyberry, yaupon, and various woody vines. Dominant rangeland species
include grasses such as panicums, bluestems, and longleaf uniola. Major
agricultural cash crops include cotton, soybeans, rice, sorghum, and wheat.
Wetlands primarily consist of cypress, tupelo, willows, and cattails.
No endangered or threatened species of plants occur in the South-
eastern Mixed Forest Province (USFWS 1980).
Wildlife
The distribution of wildlife in the Southeastern Mixed Forest Province
varies with respect to age and stocking of timber stands, presence of
water, bottomland forest, and percent of cover in deciduous trees (Bailey
1978).
6-13
-------
ON
I
CLAY \
o ~ ~
POINSETT
OlA)
FRANCLIN
LOGAN
ST, FRANCIS
OB ~
PULASKI
HOT SPRING
OUACHITA
CHICOT
LEGEND
cover types
D*
¦ 5
Percent county in natural
O 142 to 422 vegetation
f) 432 to 71%
* 722 +
Percent select animal species
A 73% to 772
A 782 to 842
A 852 +
Number of Federally listed species
O 3
C 4
a 5 +
Figure 6-2. Existing biological resources in 38 Arkansas counties
-------
Table 6-5. Numbers of select wildlife species in 38 Arkansas counties.
•o
4)
*o
0)
•—¦»
"B=
(0
©
•J ~
s
2
to
tn
—-
U
h
.
•H
a a>
u>
a
c >.
•H
to 01
t/1
a
¦-I u
U -rf
01
•H U
(-4
I-. —1
01
> c
•v
01 u
(D
Xl
> c
•o
01 u
01
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0 D
H
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g
u
O 9
•o 01
B
u o
u ex
a
3
u o
01 CL
CO
3
Ok u
3
U. (/]
U
fc,
a, u
3
(b C/i
O
k.
Southeastern Mixed
Oak/Hickory
Forest
Forest
Ashley
5
44
14
Conway
5
36
14
Bradley
3
44
14
Crawford
5
45
14
Calhoun
4
35
14
Franklin
6
47
14
Clark
5
44
14
Johnson
5
45
14
Cleveland
3
40
14
Pope
5
45
14
Columbia
4
36
14
Sebastian
4
45
14
Dal las
4
36
14
Drew
4
42
14
Grant
3
37
14
Hempstead
4
42
14
Southern
Hot Spring
Floodplain
4
43
14
Forest
Lafayet te
4
43
14
Logan
5
44
14
Chicot
3
40
14
Miller
3
43
14
Clay
4
39
14
Nevada
4
40
14
Craighead
5
40
14
Ouachita
4
40
14
Cross
5
35
14
Perry
3
42
14
Greene
5
37
14
Pulaski
4
45
14
Jefferson
3
42
14
Saline
4
35
14
Lincoln
3
35
14
Scott
4
37
14
Lonoke
4
37
14
Union
4
38
14
Poinsett
4
37
14
Yell
3
46
14
St Francis
5
39
14
6-15
-------
Sunfish are the predominant game fish of the province occurring in
virtually all sizes and types of water bodies. Northern game fish species,
such as rainbow trout, walleye, northern pike, and rauskellunge are stocked
in some of the colder lakes and streams in the most northern counties
(Table 6-6). The white bass and striped bass are abundant in numerous
larger reservoirs and their tributary streams. Catfish are common in all
streams and rivers throughout the State and, to a lesser extent, in reser-
voirs .
All upland game birds, with the exception of the Turkey, are found
throughout the province. All game birds, except the Turkey and Bobwhite,
migrate and are common only during fall and winter months. A segment of
the populations of a few species, such as the Wood Duck and Mourning Dove,
are permanent residents while another segment of the population migrates.
The Turkey is economically the most important game bird, being most abun-
dant in the northern counties of the province.
The whitetail deer is the most important game mammal. The highest
deer harvests for the State during the 1979-1980 season were reported from
the heavily forested central counties (e.g., Cleveland, Union, and Ouachita
counties) of this province. Other common game include the gray and fox
squirrel, while the raccoon is the most widely trapped furbearer.
Most of the Federally listed endangered species (the State of Arkansas
has adopted the Federal list) that occur in the province (Table 6-7) are
associated with forest and/or wetlands. Several Federally listed species
are restricted in range to a few counties in the Study Area (Figure 6-3 and
Figure 6-4). Other species, such as the Bald Eagle, occur throughout the
Study Area.
Coal developments occurring in forests, wetlands, or in or near perma-
nent water in this and other provinces will be required to consider mitiga-
tion for displacing or altering habitat of endangered species as required
by the Endangered Species Act of 1973 and its amendments. Mitigation, as
required by the Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act, also may be necessary
when large acreages of habitat supporting other select species are de-
stroyed .
6-16
-------
Table 6-6. Occurrence of selected wildlife species in 38 Arkansas counties.
Southeastern Mixed Forest
DO
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-------
Table 6-6. Occurrence of selected wildlife species in 38 Arkansas counties (continued).
Southeastern Mixed Forest
Habitat*
Fish
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Redear Sunfish
Spotted Bass
Largemouth Bass
Smallmouth Bass
White Crappie
Black Crappie
Sauger'
Wal leyei!
Birds
Canada Goose
Blue Goose
Mallard
Black Duck
Pintai 1
Gadva11
American Wigeon
Northern Shoveler
Blue-Winged Teal
Green-Winged Teal
Wood Duck
Redhead
Migrant
Migrant
Migrant/Winter Resident
Migrant
Migrant/Winter Resident
Migrant/Winter Resident
Migrant/Winter Resident
Migrant/Winter Resident
Migrant/Winter Resident
Migrant/Winter Resident
Resident
Migrant/Winter Resident
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-------
Table 6-6. Occurrence of selected wildlife species in 38 Arkansas counties (continued).
Southeastern Mixed Forest
Habitat*
(T>
I
Birds
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Canvasback
Migrant/Winter Resident
X
X
Ring-necked Duck
Migrant/Winter Resident
X
X
Lesser Scaup
Migrant/Winter Resident
X
X
Hooded Merganser
Migrant/Winter Resident
X
X
Turkey 2 X
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
X
X X
X
Bobwhite ^
Resident
X X
X
Sandhill Crane
Migrant
X
X
King Rail
Migrant/Resident
X
Common Gallinule
Migrant/Summer Resident
X
American Coot
Migrant/Summer Resident
X
X
J
American Woodcock
Common Snipe
Mourning Dove 2
Mammals
Opossum
Black Bear ^
Raccoon
Migrant
Migrant/Winter Resident
Migrant/Resident
Statewide Distribution
Statewide Distribution
X X
X X
X X
-------
Table 6-6. Occurrence of selected wildlife species in 38 Arkansas counties (continued).
Southeastern Mixed Forest
Habitat*
CJ\
I
ho
o
Mammals
W
at
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at
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3
s
u
2
Longtail Weasel
Mink
River Otter
Spotted Skunk
Striped Skunk
Red Fox
Gray Fox
Coyote
Bobcat
Eastern Gray Squirrel^
Eastern Fox Squirrel'
Beaver
Muskrat
Nutria
Blacktail Jackrabbit ^
•a
Eastern Cottontail
Swamp Rabbit '
Whitetail Deer ^
Statew
Statewii
Statew
Statew
Statew
Statew
Statew
Statew
Scaceu
Statew
Statew
Statew
Statew
ide
de
ide
ide
ide
ide
ide
ide
ide
ide
ide
ide
ide
Statewide
Statewide
Statewide
Statewide
Distribution
Distribution
Distribution
Distribution
Distribution
Distribution
Distribution
Distribution
Distribution
Distribution
Distribution
Distribution
Distribution
Distribution
X
Distribution
Distribution
Distribution
X
X
X
X
X
-------
Table 6-6. Occurrence of selected wildlife species in 38 Arkansas counties (continued).
Oak/Hickory Forest
Southern Floodplain Forest
Habitat*
Amphibian
:*
c
o
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o **
U-t J*
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(0 CO
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Bullfrog
Fish
Rainbow Trout 1
Brown Trout '
Northern Pike 1
MuskeLlunge '
Chain Pickerel
Blue Catfish
Channel Catfish
Flathead Catfish X
White Bass x
Striped Bass *
Green Sunfish X
Warmouth x
Bluegill x
Redear Sunfish X
Largemouth Bass X
Smallnouth Base X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
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X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-------
Table 6-6. Occurrence of selected wildlife species in 38 Arkansas counties (continued).
Oak/Hickory Forest
Southern Floodplaln Forest
Habitat4
01
I
tNj
ro
Fish
c
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3
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Spotted Bass
White Crappie
Black Crappie
Sauger '
Walleye '
Birds
Canada Goose
Blue Goose
Mallard
Black Duck
Pintail
Gadwall
American Wigeon
Northern Shoveler
Blue-winged Teal
Green-winged Teal
X
X
X
X
X
X X X X
XXX
X
Seasonal Migrant
Seasonal Migrant
Migrant/Winter Resident
Seasonal Migrant
Migrant/Winter Resident
Migrant/Winter Resident
Migrant/Winter Resident
Migrant/Winter Resident
Migrant/Winter Resident
Migrant/Winter Resident
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-------
Table 6-6. Occurrence of selected wildlife species in 3d Arkansas counties (continued).
Oak/Hickory Forest
Southern Floodplain Forest
Habitat*
Birds
>»
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Wood Duck
Redhead
Canvasback
Ring-necked Duck
Lesser Scaup
Hooded Merganser
Turkey2
Bobwhite^
ox
K> Sandhill Crane
U)
King Rail
Common Gallinule
American Coot
Amreican Woodcock?
Common Snipe?
Mourning Dove?
Mamma1s
Opossum
Black Bear
Resident
Migrant/Winter Resident
Migrant/Winter Resident
Mlgrant/Ulnter Resident
Migrant/Winter Resident
Mlgrant/Ulnter Resident
X X X X X X
Resident
Seasonal Migrant
Resident
Summer Resident
Summer Resident
Seasonal Migrant
Migrant/Winter Resident
Resident
Statewide Resident
X X
Resident
Migrant/Winter Resident
Migrant/Winter Resident
Migrant/Winter Resident
Migrant/Winter Resident
Migrant/Winter Resident
X XXX
Resident
Seasonal Migrant
Resident
Summer Resident
Summer Resident
Seasonal Migrant
Migrant/Winter Resident
Resident
Statewide Resident
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X X
-------
Table 6-6. Occurrence of selected wildlife species in 38 Arkansas counties (continued)
Oak/Hlck.ory Forest
Southern Floodplain Forest
Habitat*
I
N3
.>
3
c
o
O —I
3 C
(3 to
x>
111
Mammals
Raccoon ' Statewide Resident
Longtail Weasel Statewide Resident
Mink Statewide Resident
River Otter Statewide Resident
Spotted Skunk Statewide Resident
Striped Skunk Statewide Resident
Red Fox Statewide Resident
Gray Fox Statewide Resident
Coyote Statewide Resident
Bobcat Statewide Resident
Eastern Gray Squirrel^ Statewide Resident
Eastern Fox Squirrel Statewide Resident
Beaver Statewide Resident
Muskrat Statewide Resident
Nutria Statewide Resident
Blacktail Jackrabbit-' XX X
Eastern Cottontail^ Statewide Resident
w
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c
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<
Statewide
Statewide
Statewide
Statewide
Statewide
Statewide
Statewide
Statewide
Statewide
Statewide
Statewide
Statewide
Statewide
Statewide
Statewide
Statewide
Resident
Resident
Resident
Resident
Resident
Resident
Resident
Resident
Resident
Resident
Resident
Resident
Resident
Resident
Resident
X
Resident
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-------
Table 6-6. Occurrence of selected wildlife species in 38 Arkansas counties (concluded).
Oak/Hickory Forest
Southern Floodplaln Forest
Habitat
CO
a»
*.4
4>
u
e
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Haemal a
. 3
Swamp Rabbit Statewide Resident
3
Whitetail Deer Statewide Resident
Statewide Resident
Statewide Resident
~Designates area of primary activity such as feeding, reproducing, etc.
1. Cold water game fish (most from stocked origin); all other species are warm water game fish.
ro
^ 2. Upland game birds; all other species are waterfowl or aquatic inhabitants.
3. Game mammals; all other species are furbearers (the raccoon is both).
Sources: ' Buchanan 1973; Bellrose 1976; Robbins, Brun, and Zim 1966; Burt and Grossenheider 1976; Hall and Kelson 1959; and Lee et al. 1980.
-------
Table 6-7. Occurrence of Federally Listed species* in 38 Arkansas counties.
Oak/Hickory Forest Southern Floodplain Forest
Southeastern Mixed Forest
Fat Pocketbook Mussel
American Alligator
c
TJ
c
a
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9
E E E
CT>
I
hO
ON
Red-cockaded Woodpecker
Bald Eagle
Artie Perlgrine Falcon
Gray Bat
Indiana Bat
Ozark Big-eared Bat
Florida Panther
E E
E E
E
E EE E
Statewide Distribution During Migration
Statewide Distribution During Migration
E E E E EE
E E E E E
E E EE
E E E E
E E
No threatened species occur in Arkansas. All are endangered (E). The Arkansas list is identical to the Federal (USFWS) list.
Source: US Fish and Wildlife Service. 1979. Endangered and threatened species of the southeastern United States.
USFWS, Region 4, Atlanta, Georgia.
US Fish and Wildlife Service. 1980. Selected vertebrate endangered species of the seacoast of the United States. USFWS/D0I
Biological Services Program, Washington, DC.
-------
On
I
ro
sj
I O t AO
t-RAWL
SEBASTIAN
COTT
) LEGEND
GRANT
HOT SPRING—
CLARK
OUACHITA
CHICOT
ONION
Gray bat
(Myotls grlsenscens)
Indiana bat
(Myotls sodalls)
Red-cockaded woodpecker
(Plcoldes borealls)
Figure 6-3. Range of three endangered species in 38 Arkansas counties (USFWS 1979).
-------
I
NJ
00
CLAY
&SaSf2S/
H
RAMQ.I
ST. FRAtlCISN
fCVAOA
ACM IT
CM I CO
• " Legend
^ Mttt* Fat.pocketbook mussel
(Potamllu3 capax)
Ozark big-eared bat
(Plecotus townsendl lngens)
American alligator
(Alligator mlsslsslppi-
ensls)
Figure 6-4. Range of three endangered species in 38 Arkansas counties (USFWS 1979).
-------
6.2.2.2 Oak/Hickory Forest
The Oak/Hickory Forest covers the northwestern section of the State
2 2
and approximately 16%, or 4,150 mi (10,760 km ), of the Study Area. This
area remains largely in natural vegetation (forest and rangeland), hosts
most of the selected species of wildlife, and contains the highest numbers
of Federally listed endangered species (Figure 6-2).
Land Cover
Major land cover types in this region are identical to other regions.
Fifty-six percent of this section is forested, being dominated by tall,
broadleaf deciduous trees that provide a dense canopy in summer. Common
trees are oak, hickory, beech, birch, walnut, maple, elm, ash, basswood,
and chestnut. Many of these species are typical of the mature upland
forests of eastern United States. In wetlands the major species of vege-
tation are willow, alder, ash, and elm, as well as numerous wetland shrubs.
Minimal acreages of grassland occur in this province.
No endangered or threatened plant species occur in the Oak/Hickory
Forest (USFWS 1980).
Wildlife
Sunfish are again the predominant game fish of the region. Other game
fish are distributed as described in Section 6.2.2.1.
All upland game birds, including Turkey, are abundant throughout the
province. Ducks, geese, and other waterfowl are not as widespread due to
the limited numbers of streams and lakes in this province. Some of the
most productive Turkey habitat in the Study Area is contained in upland
forests in Pope County and Johnson County.
The whitetail deer is the most important game mammal. The highest
deer harvest (715) in this region during the 1979-1980 season occurred in
the heavily forested sections of Johnson County. Other common game include
the eastern fox squirrel and to a lesser extent the eastern gray squirrel.
6-29
-------
The raccoon is the most commonly trapped furbearer. All these species are
predominantly forest inhabitants (Table 6-6).
Most of the Federally listed endangered species in counties of this
province (Table 6-7) are associated with forests or wetlands. Those that
do not range throughout the State are represented graphically in Figures 6-
3 and 6-4.
6.2.2.3 Southern Floodplain Forest
The Southern Floodplain Forest (Figure 6-1) covers the eastern coun-
ties of the State and approximately 23%, or 6,185 mi^ (16,025 km^) of the
Study Area. Agriculture is very important in this province. There are
moderate to high numbers of land cover types in most counties, and moderate
to low numbers of select animal species (Figure 6-2). Numbers of Federally
listed endangered species are higher in the northern counties of the prov-
ince (Table 6-7 and Figure 6-2).
Land Cover
The major land cover types are agriculture, forest, rangeland, wet-
lands, urban, and water. Much of the province (approximately 21%) still
remains in bottomland hardwoods, although numerous acres have been cleared
and converted to agricultural uses (Exhibit 6a). Most of the remaining
hardwoods flood annually. Primary agricultural crops are wheat, soybeans,
cotton, rice, sugarcane, and sorghum. Rice and soybean crops are an impor-
tant food source for migrating waterfowl during fall and winter months.
Common trees include bottomland oaks, cypress, magnolia, and gums. The
bottomland forests are well developed and highly productive. Understory
species include palmettos, shrubs, and some ferns. Most numerous wetland
species are cypress and various wetland shrubs.
No endangered or threatened plant species occur in the Southern Flood-
plain Forest (USFWS 1980).
Wildlife
This region provides habitat for a wide variety of animals and has a
higher proportion of wetlands than other provinces in the Study Area. Warm
6-30
-------
water fish (sunfish and catfish) are the predominant game fish. More
northern species are rarely introduced.
With the exception of the Turkey, which occurs in low numbers, all
upland game birds are found throughout this region. Waterfowl are the most
important game species. Stuttgart, Arkansas, just east of Lonoke County,
is known as the duck hunting capital of the world. The unique mixture of
forest, wetland, agriculture land cover, and the area's proximity to the
Mississippi River, provides the optimum setting responsible for attracting
millions of waterfowl annually (Bellrose 1976).
Many of the Federally listed endangered species that occur in this
region (Table 6-7) are associated with forest and wetlands. Ranges of
Federally listed species that are not distributed throughout the State are
presented in Figures 6-3 and 6-4.
Owing to the vast acreages of bottomland hardwoods, wetlands, and
agricultural lands in this province and their naturally high productivity,
coal development may be restricted more in this province and/or require a
higher level of mitigation.
6-31
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PAGE NOT
AVAILABLE
DIGITALLY
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AIR RESOURCES AND NOISE
-------
7.0 AIR RESOURCES AND NOISE
7.1 INTRODUCTION
Air and noise pollution can be major environmental concerns associated
with coal development. Regulations promulgated to protect and improve air
quality may limit coal development and associated noise that potentially
may affect the people in the surrounding areas.
7.2 AIR RESOURCES
7.2.1 Climate
Climatological factors affect the emission and dispersion of air
pollutants associated with coal development. The climatic conditions
(precipitation, mixing heights, and wind) that have the greatest effect on
air emissions from coal developments are discussed briefly in this section.
7.2.1.1 Precipitation
Fugitive dust emissions, the major air pollutant associated with coal
mining and transport, are inversely proportional to precipitation. As
moisture increases, the fine particles in the coal or overburden, that
would otherwise become airborne, adhere to larger particles due to the
increased surface tension created by the water. Successful revegetation of
surface mined land, which would help to reduce fugitive dust emissions, is
partly dependent on adequate precipitation.
Precipiation in Arkansas (Table 7-1) is distributed evenly through the
year, with peak precipitation falling in the months of January and May.
From 90 to 120 days, each year Arkansas receives 0.01 inches (0.03 cm) or
more precipitation the majority falling as rain (Baldwin 1973).
Precipitation in certain areas of the United States has become adidic
as a result of the mixing of emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels
(such as coal) with moisture. The primary pollutants associated with acid
precipitation are sulfur and nitrogen dioxide which convert into acids
through a series of complex chemical reactions in the atmosphere. Acid
7-1
-------
Table 7-1. Climatological data for the Study Area in Arkansas^.
Climatological
Station
Sebastian County,
Fort Smith
Pulaski County,
Little Rock
Caddo Parish,
Shreveport ^
Mean Annual
Precipitation
cm (inches)
107.37 (42.27)
123.24 (48.52)
113.59 (44.72)
Mean Annual
Wind Speed
km/h (mph)
12.2 (7.6)
13.0 (8.1)
14.0 (8.7)
SOURCE:
Data based on records for 1941 through 1970.
2
Data for Shreveport, Louisiana was included because
the climatological data is representative of southern
Arkansas.
NOAA/National Climatic Center. 1978. Local climatological
data, annual summary with comparative data. USDOC, Asheville,
North Carolina, variously paged..
7-2
-------
precipitation, commonly known as acid rain, can result in severe ecological
effects on the environment. Such factors as soils, climatic patterns, and
types of vegetation cause certain areas to be more sensitive to acid pre-
cipitation than others. The majority of the Study Area is highly sensitive
to acid precipitation (Figure 7-1) (USEPA 1979d).
7.2.1.2 Precipitation-Evaporation Index
The precipitation-evaporation (P-E) index, developed by C. Warren
Thornthwaite, has an important relationship to fugitive emissions from coal
storage piles as well as other cleared or exposed surfaces (USEPA 1978b).
The greatest effect is on coal storage piles because they are exposed
usually for a long period of time. This index considers humidity, precipi-
tation, and temperature in developing a numerical value which describes the
moisture entering (precipitation) and leaving (evaporation) an area. Lower
fugitive emissions are associated with higher P-E index values. This
occurs because higher P-E index values are indicative of higher precipi-
tation and lower evaporation (i.e., higher moisture).
P-E index values for Arkansas range from 98 to 113 (Figure 7-2).
These values are higher than the national average of 91 (USEPA 1978b).
Therefore, emissions from coal storage piles in Arkansas should be lower
than the national average as related to this factor.
7.2.1.3 Morning and Afternoon Mixing Heights
The mixing height is the height above the surface through which rela-
tively vigorous vertical mixing occurs. The dispersion of emissions is
directly proportional to the mixing height because this layer produces the
volume through which the pollutant(s) can disperse. The morning mixing
heights for Arkansas are about average for the 5-State region, whereas the
afternoon mixing heights are lower than for the western sections of the
region (Figure 7-3).
7.2.1.4 Wind Spind
Fugitive dust emissions and the dispersion of air pollutant emissions
are related directly to wind speed. Fugitive dust emissions increase with
7-3
-------
I
mmmmsm
mmmmm
Arkansas
L.T
High sensitivity
Moderate sensitivity
Low sensitivity
Figure 7-1. Areas sensitive to acid precipitation based on soils, climatic patterns, and
vegetation (USEPA 1979).
-------
CLAY
106
98
136
POINSETT
CONWAY
CROSS
SEBASTIAN
PERRY
SCOTT
PULASKI
109
GRANT
HOT SPRING
107
nnmiiii| LINCOLN
NEVADA
OUACHITA
Imiller
COLUMBIA
CHICOT
UNION
8RA0LEY
Figure 7-2. Precipitation-evaporation indexes for Arkansas (USEPA 1978b).
-------
r-
I A H 0 M
MS AS
A R
1
Mean annual vlnd speed
through the afternoon
mixing layer (m./sec.)
Mean annual afternoon^
mixing height (m x 10 )
Figure 7-3. Mean annual mixing heights and wind speeds for the Region 6 Study Area (Holzworth 1972).
-------
wind speed due to the Increase in wind energy which is capable of lifting
larger particles and making them airborne. Conversely, downwind concentra-
tions of pollutants decrease with increased wind speed due to the greater
distances traveled per unit time (larger dispersion volume). The wind
speeds for Arkansas (Table 7-1, Figure 7-3) are relatively consistent
through the morning and afternoon mixing layer.
7.2.1.5 Wind Direction
The direction of the prevailing wind aids in determining the primary
area of effects from the emission of air pollutants. Receptors downwind
from the source, in the predominant wind direction, receive a longer time
of exposure to windborne pollutants.
When analyzed for the year, wind direction is distributed about evenly
between the 16 points on the compass with a slight predominance of winds
from the south and southwest (Figure 7-4).
7.2.2 Ambient Air Quality
The ambient air quality of Arkansas meets the National Ambient Air
Quality Standards (NAAQS) (Table 7-2) with the exception of Pulaski County,
which is nonattainment for ozone. This discussion is limited to available
baseline data on the major pollutants from coal and coal-related develop-
ments (particulates, sulfur dioxide [SC^], and nitrogen dioxide [NO^] •
The nonattainment area for ozone is shown because coal related development
(e.g., power plants) could be limited in this area.
7.2.2.1 Air Quality Control Region (AQCR)
The 1967 Air Quality Act designated that the nation be divided into
air quality control regions (AQCRs). Organization by AQCRs reduces the
State to a more manageable size; AQCRs are shown on Exhibit 7 to allow for
cross referencing with other USEPA documents.
The USEPA National Aerometric Data Bank - SAROAD System (ambient data)
monitors for N0„, while the USEPA NEDS (point and area sources) monitors
for NO .
x
7-7
-------
I
CltT
Lj—%"
ia Cllf
C«»f
L..r
Legend
Ulnd roses show percentage
of tine wind blew from the
16 compass points or was cfIm.
* Indicates less than 0.51 calm.
Hourly Percentage
25 ^ 25
/tTTTTTi
calm
Nule: Based on hourly observations 1951-60
Figure 7-4. Prevailing mean surface wind directions
In the Region 6 Study Area (Baldwin 1973)
-------
Table 7-2. Regulatory standards affecting air quality.
National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)
Pollutant
Type of
Standard
Averaging
Time
Frequency
Parameter
Concentration
uR/m3 ppm
Nitrogen
dioxide
Primary &
Secondary
1
yr
Arithmetic mean
100
0.05
Particulate
Primary
24
hr
Annual maximum
260
-
matter
24
hr
Annual geometric
mean
75
-
Secondary
24
hr
Annual maximum
150
-
24
br
Annual geometric
nean
60
Sulfur
dioxide
Primary
24
1
hr
yr
Annual maximum
Arithmetic mean
365
80
0.14
0.03
Secondary
3
hr
Annual maximum
1,300
0.5
Carbon
monoxide
Primary t
Secondary
1
8
hr
hr
Annual maximum
Annual maximum
40,000
10,000
35
9
Ozone
Primary fc
Secondary
1 hr
235
0.12
Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) Increments:
maximum allowable increase by class
Pollutant
Particulate Matter:
Annual geometric mean
24-hour maximum
Sulfur Dioxide:
Annual arithmetic mean
24-hour maximum
3-hour maximum
Class I
5
10
2
5*
25*
Class II
(ug/m^)
19
37
20
91
512
Class III
(uc/ffl3)
37
75
40
182
700
* A variance may be allowed to exceed each of these Increments on 18 days
per year, subject to limiting 24-hour increments of 36 ug/m3 for low
terrain and 62 ug/m3 for high terrain Bnd 3-hour increments of 130
ug/m3 for low terrain and 221 ug/m3 for high terrain. To obtain such
• variance both state and Federal approval 16 required.
7-9
-------
7.2.2.2 Nonattainment Areas
Under the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977, the States are required to
identify, for each AQCR, the attainment status of each criteria pollutant.
Pulaski County is designated as a nonattainment (NA) area for ozone (Ex-
hibit 7). Arkansas has permitting authority for the NA area and Section
4.5 of the State Implementation Plan (SIP) has included requirements for
existing and new sources located within the NA area which emit volatile
organic compounds (VOC) . With coal related developments, the primary VOC
would be hydrocarbons, which are a precursor of ozone.
7.2.2.3 Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) Areas
PSD regulations apply to areas where the existing air quality is
cleaner than the NAAQS. Congress has determined that additional pollutant
growth in these areas will be limited to a certain amount (increment). In
addition, three classes of areas were identified with different increments
assigned to each class. Class I areas were identified with different
increments assigned to each class. Class I areas are pristine areas where
any effects from air pollutants may be adverse. Class II areas are regions
of nominal air quality sensitivity. Class III areas have little air qual-
ity sensitivity and the air quality increment for these areas is the most
lenient. At present, only two pollutants (particulate matter and sulfur
dioxide) have been assigned PSD increments. Table 7-2 shows the increments
allowed for each of the PSD classes. The Class I areas in Arkansas are
shown in Exhibit 7. Caney Creek Wilderness Area is 14,344 acres (5,807 ha)
and the Upper Buffalo Wilderness Area is 9,812 acres (4,013 ha). Neither
of these Class I areas is located in the Study Area. However, both areas
are included due to the potential limiting effect they could have on coal
development in the Study Area as a result of long range transport. The
remaining areas of the State are desginated as Class II, or unclassified.
As yet, there are no Class III areas designated in the United States.
The requirements for obtaining a PSD permit are applicable to most
major stationary sources of modifications and are included in 40 CFR Parts
51.24 and 52.21. The requirements associated with effects on a Class I
area also are included in these regulations.
7-10
-------
Section 169a of the Clean Air Act requires visibility protection for
mandatory Class I areas where it has been determined that visibility is an
important value. On 30 November 1979, USEPA promulgated a list of the
mandatory Class I areas where visibility is an important value. This list
includes the two Class I areas in Arkansas (USEPA 1979b). As yet no inte-
gral vistas (view perceived from within the mandatory Class I Federal area
of a specific landmark or panorama located outside the boundary of the
mandatory Class I area) have been identified with these Class I areas
(National Park Service 1981).
7.2.2.4 Ambient Monitoring Data for Total Suspended Particulates (TSP)
Although no areas in Arkansas exceed the NAAQS for particulate matter
(nonattainment areas), sources that are potential major emitters of partic-
ulate matter (i.e., coal developments) are required to conduct an air
quality analysis to determine if the NAAWS and the PSD increments will be
violated.
Ambient monitoring data (24-hour second high and annual geometric
mean) from the USEPA National Aerometric Data Bank-SAROAD System for those
counties in Arkansas that monitor for TSP are presented in Table 7-3. The
ambient TSP levels in the Study Area were rated high, medium, or low for
the most recent year available (Figure 7-5). The arbitrary ratings were
based on the upper third (high), middle third (medium), and lower third
(low) of the NAAQS for the 24-hour annual geometric mean. TSP is the only
one of the three criteria pollutants which occurs at levels in the top
third (high rating) of the NAAQS. The ranking is applicable only to the
location of the monitoring station. When there was more than one station
per county, the highest level was rated.
7.2.2.5 Ambient Monitoring Data for Sulfur Dioxide (S02)
Although no areas in Arkansas exceed the NAAQS for SO2 (i.e., coal
related developments)are required to conduct an air quality analysis to
determine if NAAQS and PSD increments will be violated.
Ambient monitoring data from the USEPA National Aerometric Data Bank-
SAROAD System for counties in Arkansas that monitor for SO^ are presented
7-11
-------
Table 7-3.
Ambient monitoring data
(ug/m^) for those
counties
in the Study Area
in Arkansas that monitor for TSP,
SO2 t NO2•
TSP Level
so.
Level
N0o
Level
Most
Most
Most
.... z
Most
Most
Recent
Recent
(Primary
Recent
(Primary
Recent
(Primary
Recent
(Primary
Year
Year
NAAQS -
Year
NAAQS =
Year
NAAQS =
"Year
NAAQS =
Year w/
Year w/
75)
Year w/
365)
Year w/
80)
Year w/
100)
Highest
24-Hr
Highest
Geometric
Highest
24-Hour
Highest
Arithmetic
Highest
Arithmetic
County
City
Level
2nd high
Level
Mean
Level
2nd High
Level
Mean
Level
Mean
Ashley
Crossett
1980
125b
1979
58
_
_
_
_
.
_
1977
228
1978
69
-
-
-
-
-
-
Clark
Arkadelphia
1980
102b
1979
44
-
-
"
-
-
-
1977
201.
1977
55
-
-
-
-
-
-
Columbia
Magnolia
1980
103
1979
56
"
-
-
-
-
-
1977
172
1977
63
-
-
-
-
-
-
Craighead
Jonesboro
1980
169b
1979
70
1980
9b
-
c
-
-
1977
230
1977
79
1978
49
-
c
_
-
Crawford
Van Buren
1977
145
1976a
43
-
-
_
-
-
-¦
Greene
Paragould
1977
191
1976a
63
-
-
-
-
_
-
Hempstead
Hope
1977
162
1976a
52
-
-
-
-
-
-
sane
-
-
-
-
_
_
-
Hempstead
Hope
1980
I55b
1979
66
-
-
_
-
_
-
1977
188
1978
68
-
_
_
_
_
Jefferson
Sherrill
1980
88b
1979
43
1978
9
1977
3
1979
15
1977
188
1977
50
1976
18
1976
4
same
Jefferson
Wright
1980
125b
1979
39
1978
16
1977
3
1979
15
1977
174
1977
50
same
1976
4
same
Jefferson
Althelmer
1979
509
1978
67
1978
19
1977
3
1978
12
same
same
same
1976
4
same
Jefferson
Pine Bluff
1980
126b
1979
47
1978
18
1977
3
1979
20
1977
192
1977
53
1976
25
1976
5
1978
27
Lonoke
England
1980
89b
1979
36
1978
3
1977
3
1979
8
1977
131
77 & 78
42
1976
15
1976
4
same
Miller
Texarkana
1980
116b
1979
51
1980
8b
1979
4
1979
15
1977
244
1977
56
1979
15
same
1976
36
Miller
Texarkana
1980
146b
1979
49
_
-
-
_
1977
187
1977
51
_
-
-
-
-------
Table 7-3. Ambient monitoring data (ug/m^) for Chose counties in the Study Area in Arkansas that monitor for TSP, SO2, and NO2 (concluded).
TSP Level
SO. Level
Most
Most
Most
L—
Most
ir
Most
Recent
Recent
(Primary
Recent
(Primary
Recent
(Primary
Recent
Year
Year
NAAQS =
Year
NAAQS =
Year
NAAQS =
Year
Year w/
Year v/
75)
Year w/
365)
Year w/
80)
Year w/
Highest
24-Hr.
Highest
Geometric
Highest
24-Hour
Highest
Arithmetic
Highest
County
City
Level
2nd high
Level
Mean
Level
2nd High
Level
Mean
Level
Ouachita
Camden
1980
72b
1979
43
-
-
-
1977
163
1977
45
-
-
-
—
Pope
Russellville
1980
104b
1979
52
-
-
-
—
—
1977
198
1977
65
-
-¦
-
-
—
Pulaski
North Little
1980
159
1979
74
1980
4b
-
c
1979
Rock
1977
205
1978
81
1979
18
-
c
same
Pulaski
Little Rock
1980
l32b
1979
61
1978
17
1977
3
1979
1977
209
1977
66
1976
20
1976
4
1976
Pulaski
Little Rock
1980
115b
1979
60
1980
14b
1979
3
1979
1977
193
1978
65
1978
20
1976
4
1977
St. Francis
Forrest City
1980
155
1979
76
_
_
1977
292
1977
87
-
-
-
-
-
Saline
Bryant
1980
180b
1979
67
-
-
-
-
-
1976
258
1978
70
-
-
-
-
-
Sebastian
Fort Smith
1980
123b
1979
58
1980
3b
1979
3
1979
1977
209
1978
68
1976
11
76,77,79
3
76 & 77
Union
El Dorado
1980
97
1979
43
1980
6b
1979
6
1979
1977
155
1978
53
1979
35
1977
7
1977
NO. Level
(Primary
NAAQS =
100)
Arithmetic
Mean
23
37
28
43
29
36
31
39
No data available
Only year for which data are available or only year for which data meet EPA's summary criteria
b1980 4th quarter data are nor. included
cNo data available that meet EPA's summary criteria
Source: USEPA. 1981. National aerometric data bank/quick look report. Computer printout, January 1981, 123 p.
-------
•vj
I
I CRAMFGPO
FRAMQ.IN
CONWAY
LOGAN
PULASKI
AOD
GRANT
KIT SPRING
CLARK
LINCOLN
OUACHITA
AOD /COLUMBIA
CHICOT
UNION AJT0RAOLEY
AOD
C TSP (ug/m ) -
l geometric mean
r°
^ 3
SO2 (ug/m )
arithmetic mean
NO2 (ug/m )
arithmetic mean
LEGEND
A
50-25
A
<25
o
53-27
D
66-33
o
<27
~
<33
Figure 7-5. Ranking of ambient monitoring data for those counties in the Study Area that monitor for TSP,
SO2, and NO2.
-------
in Table 7-3. The 24-hour second high value and the arithmetic mean were
both presented to aid in the planning of coal developments. The arithmetic
mean was rated high, medium, or low for the most recent year available
(Figure 7-5). The ratings were arbitrarily based on the upper third
(high), middle third (medium), and lower third (low) of the NAAQS for the
arithmetic mean. None of the counties that monitor for SC^ was rated above
low. The ranking is applicable only to the location of the monitoring
station. When there was more than one station per county, the highest
level was rated.
7.2.2.6 Ambient Monitoring Data for Nitrogen Dioxide (NO^)
Although no areas in Arkansas exceed the NAAQS for NC>2 (nonattainment
areas) sources that are a potential major emitter of NC^ are required to
conduct an air quality analysis to determine if NAAQS will be violated.
Ambient monitoring data (arithmetic mean) from the USEPA National
Aerometric Data Bank-SAROAD System for those counties in Arkansas that
monitor for NC^ are presented in Table 7-3. The ambient NC>2 levels in the
State were rated high, medium, or low for the most recent year available
(Figure 7-5). The ratings were arbitrarily based on the upper third
(high), middle third (medium), and lower third (low) of the NAAQS for the
arithmetic mean. None of the counties which monitor for NC^ was rated
above low. The ranking is applicable only to the location of the monitor-
ing station. When there was more than one station per county, the highest
level was used.
7.2.3 Major Emissions
The quantity and location of major existing point source emissions in
Arkansas are helpful in planning the location of new coal developments.
The potential for a violation of either the NAAQS or the PSD increments
(for SO^ and particulates) increases where there is a cluster of major
point source emitters or where there are higher levels of point and area
source emissions.
7-15
-------
7.2.3.1 Point Source Emissions
Major point sources are clustered around the larger cities in Arkansas
such as Little Rock, El Dorado, Magnolia, Jonesboro, and Fort Smith (Ex-
hibit 7 and Table 7-4). Ahsley, Jefferson, Pulaski, and Saline counties
have SO^ emissions greater than 5,000 tons/year. Ashley and Hot Spring
counties have NO^ emissions greater than 5,000 tons/year (Table 7-4).
7.2.3.2 Area Source Emissions
Area source emissions are defined as sources reported collectively
because they are too difficult to be surveyed individually and these
sources can affect the ambient air quality of the county (USEPA 1976).
The total 1978 area sources by county for particulates, SO^, and NO^
are presented in Table 7-5. The total 1978 point and area sources for each
county are presented in Table 7-6. The total point and area source emis-
sions for particulates range from 4,602 tons/year in Lafayette County to
54,857 tons/year in Pulaski County. Ashley, Craighead, Jefferson, Pulaski,
and Saline counties have point and area source particulate emissions
greater than 20,000 tons/year. The SO^ area and point source emissions
range from 33 tons/ year for Perry County to 21,805 tons/year for Hot
Spring County. Hot Spring, Jefferson, Saline, and Union counties have
point and area source SO2 emissions greater than 10,000 tons/year in Cal-
houn County to 22,996 tons/year in Pulaski County. Hot Spring, Jefferson,
and Pulaski counties have point and area source NO^ emissions greater than
10,000 tons/year.
7.3 NOISE
7.3.1 Existing Noise Levels
Specific information concerning the existing noise environment of
Arkansas cannot be presented because levels differ dramatically from one
area to another. Because noise attenuates rapidly with distance, it is
best defined on a site-specific basis (i.e., a noise survey should be
performed at each location of interest to determine the actual noise envi-
ronment. Typical noise values for urban and rural environments have been
7-16
-------
Table 7-4. Total 1978 county emissions (tons/year) from point sources
for 38 counties in Arkansas.
Total Point Number of Plants>
Source Emissions 100 Tons Per Year
County
Particulates
S0„
NO _
Particulates
§o2
NO
i.
Ashley
5,865
7,224
7,465
2
1
1
Bradley
291
117
776
1
0
2
Calhoun
5
0
1
0
0
0
Chicot
211
8
54
0
0
0
Clark
1,187
1,269
110
3
1
0
Clay
185
2
10
0
0
0
Cleveland
0
. 0
0
0
0
0
Columbia
430
5,516
879
2
4
2
Conway
723
1,312
311
2
1
1
Craighead
2,462
123
64
4
1
0
Crawford
2,151
4
25
1
0
0
Cross
135
3
20
0
0
0
Dallas
1,154
45
346
2
0
1
Drew
282
7
46
1
0
0
Franklin
1,136
4,104
988
2
1
1
Grant
1,984
79
529
2
0
1
Greene
216
3
21
0
0
0
Hempstead
296
38
264
1
0
1
Hot Spring
2,626
21,157
11,257
4
2
3
Jefferson
8,626
15,131
4,392
5
2
2
Johnson
3,852
1
12
1
0
0
Lafayette
254
553
2,484
1
1
1
Lincoln
23
1
6
0
0
0
Logan
1,810
127
28
4
1
0
Lonoke
1,026
5
30
3
0
0
Miller
78
1,700
2
0
1
0
Nevada
183
36
254
1
0
1
Ouachita
1,891
3,214
1,366
2
2
2
Perry
0
0
0
0
0
0
Poinsett
656
5
32
1
0
0
Pope
1,064
4
54
1
0
0
Pulaski
16,138
1,639
690
10
2
1
St. Francis
838
2,653
1,840
2
1
1
Saline
9,561
10,498
1,154
5
1
1
Scott
925
0
0
2
0
0
Sebastian
1,370
7
94
4
0
0
Union
1,395
11,982
810
. 5
6
3
Yell
372
0
4
1
0
0
Source: USEPA. 1981. National anlsslons data system. Computer printout,
January 1981, variously paged.
7-17
-------
Table 7-5. Total 1978 emissions (tons/year) from area sources for 38
counties in Arkansas.
County
Particulates
so2
NO
x—
Ashley
16,674
196
1,993
Bradley
9,491
65
735
Calhoun
8,812
65
470
Chicot
6,424
104
1,096
Clark
11,248
195
1,683
Clay
12,543
139
1,614
Cleveland
5,991
37
. 504
Columbia
9,229
296
2,152
Conway
8,198
155
1,234
Craighead
25,233
590
3,642
Crawford
10,338
300
2,221
Cross
7,557
238
1,746
Dallas
9,449
112
806
Drew
9,031
191
1,246
Franklin
7,591
113
980
Grant
10,466
96
921
Greene
12,940
267
2,067
Hempstead
8,993
270
2,149
Hot Spring
11,033
648
2,518
Jefferson
18,088
1,742
5,851
Johnson
8,839
177
1,247
Lafayette
4,428
68
765
Lincoln
6,666
66
839
Logan
10,395
128
1,198
Lonoke
13,411
214
2,180
Miller
9,615
470
3,527
Nevada
7,296
75
687
Ouachita
9,498
709
2,861
Perry
5,527
33
488
Poinsett
15,221
161
1,889
Pope
13,081
439
2,863
Pulaski
38,719
4,134
22,306
St. Francis
10,014
192
1,949
Saline
13,359
1,117
5,810
Scott
8,406
65
695
Sebastian
13,800
1,940
6,939
Union
13,207
813
4,964
Yell
10,263
97
1,220
Source: USEPA. 1981. National emissions data system. Computer printout,
January 1981, variously paged.
7-18
-------
Table 7-6. Total 1978 county emissions (tons/year) from point sources and
area sources for 38 counties in Arkansas.
County
Particulates
S0o
NO
Ashley
22,539
L
7,420
X
9,458
Bradley
9,782
182
1,511
Calhoun
8,817
65
471
Chicot
6,635
112
1,150
Clark
12,435
1,464
1,793
Clay
12,728
141
1,624
Cleveland
5,991
37
504
Columbia
9,659
5,812
3,031
Conway
8,921
1,467
1,545
Craighead
27,695
713
3,706
Crawford
12,489
304
2,246
Cross
7,692
241
1,766
Dallas
10,603
157
1,152
Drew
9,313
198
1,292
Franklin
8,727
4,217
1,968
Grant
12,450
175
1,450
Greene
13,156
270
2,088
Hempstead
9,289
308
2,413
Hot Spring
13,659
21,805
13,775
Jefferson
26,714
16,873
10,243
Johnson
12,691
178
1,259
Lafayette
4,682
621
3,249
Lincoln
6,689
67
845
Logan
12,205
255
1,226
Lonoke
14,437
219
2,210
Miller
9,693
2,170
3,529
Nevada
7,479
111
941
Ouachita
11,389
3,923
4,227
Perry
5,527
33
488
Poinsett
15,877
166
1,921
Pope
14,082
443
2,917
Pulaski
54,857
5,773
22,996
St. Francis
10,852
2,845
3,789
Saline
22,920
11,615
6,964
Scott
9,331
65
695
Sebastian
15,170
1,947
7,033
Union
14,602
12,795
5,774
Yell
10,635
97
1,224
Source: USEPA.
1981. National emissions data
system.
Computer printout
January
1981, variously paged.
7-19
-------
established (Figure 7-6). However, even within the noise categories pre-
sented, the noise level can vary dramatically depending on location.
7.3.2 Noise Levels From Typical Mining Operations
The major noise producing equipment associated with mining operations
is the dragline, front loaders, tractors, haul trucks, scrapers, backhoes,
water trucks, and mine vent fans (Table 7-7). Because noise levels de-
crease rapidly with distance (6 dBA per doubling of distance), the effects
of noise sensitive receptors will be confined to those areas immediately
outside of the mine area. Noise sensitive receptors include private resi-
dences, schools, hospitals, and parks. Commercial and industrial activi-
ties generally are not considered sensitive to noise (USEPA 1978a).
7.3.3 Noise Criteria and Standards for Mining Operations
There are no Federal, State, or local regulations at this time defin-
ing the noise level effects associated with industrial or mining opera-
tions. The US Environmental Protection Agency has published values below
which there is no reason to suspect that the public will be at risk from
any effects of noise (USEPA 1978a). These values are not considered guide-
lines or regulations and were derived without concern for technical or
economic feasibility, thus, they contain a margin of safety to ensure their
protective value. These values are presented in Table 7-8.
7-20
-------
Figure 7-6. Typical urban and rural noise levels (NRC 1977).
QUALITATIVE
DESCRIPTIONS
City Noise
(Downtown Major
Metropolis)
DAY-NIGHT
SOUND LEVEL
DECIBELS
_90_ OUTDOOR LOCATIONS
_ __ Los Angeles — 3rd Floor Apartment Next to
^ Freeway
Los Angeles — % Mile from Touch Down at
Major Airport
Very Noisy
Noisy Urban
Urban
Suburban
QQ
¦ Los Angeles — Downtown With Some Con-
struction Activity
Harlem — 2nd Floor Apartment
-70-
Boston — Row Housing on Major Avenue
"T~ Watts — 8 Miles from Touch Down
at Major Airport
-60—\ Newport - 3.5 Miles from Takeoff at
— Small Airport
Los Angeles — Old Residential Area
I
Fillmore — Small Town Cul-de-Sac
Small Town and gQ_r["
uiet Suburban San Diego — Wooded Residential
California — Tomato Field on Farm
-40-
^"The L is the 24-hour equivalent noise level with a 10 dBA penalty
applied to the hours between 10:00 p.m. and 7:00 a.m.
7-21
-------
Table 7-7. Noise levels (dBA) produced by coal mining equipment at
100 feet (30 meters).
Equipment Sound Level
Dragline1 74
100 ton truck (loaded) at 12 MPH1 70
Tractor1 72
Water truck (10-12 MPH)1 65
Scraper1 67
2
Front loader 73
2
Backhoe 71
3
Mine vent fan 77
Sources: ^Adapted
^Adapted
3
Adapted
from USGS 1976.
from USEPA 1971.
from Watkins and
Associates 1979.
7-22
-------
Table 7-8. Yearly values established to protect public health and welfare
with a margin of safety.
Effect Level Area
Hearing Leq(24) 70 dB All areas (at the ear)
Outdoor activity Leq(24) 70 dB
interference and
annoyance
Outdoors in residential areas
and farms and other outdoor areas
where people spend widely varying
amounts of time and other places
in which quiet is a basis for use
Leq(24) 55 dB Outdoor areas where people spend
limited amounts of time, such as
school yards, playgrounds, etc.
Indoor activity L
-------
-------
8.0 CULTURAL RESOURCES
-------
8.0 CULTURAL RESOURCES
8.1 INTRODUCTION
Cultural resources are archaeological data "embodied in material
remains (artifacts, structures, refuse, etc.) utilized purposefully or
accidentally by human beings, and in the spatial relationships among such
remains". Cultural resources may be historic, prehistoric, or scientific
data (36 CFR 1210.4).
This discussion briefly defines the major (prehistoric and historic)
cultural traditions and identifies the different types of sites for each
and their known distributions. The major traditions represent similar
trends in technology, settlement patterns, and site types over a wide
geographical area. Although all major traditions are present throughout
Arkansas, there are regional variations in specific manifestations. Figure
8-1 graphically outlines the four major cultural regions of Arkansas fol-
lowing McGimsey et al. (1969). Table 8-1 identifies the major traditions
and the regional sequences, each sequence being defined by specific arti-
fact types.
All observations concerning site distributions are tentative, and
based on the location of known sites. However, the data base is neither
complete nor accurate enough to predict exactly where sites occur. Al-
though approximately 10,000 sites from these 38 counties are on file with
the Arkansas Archeological Survey and the Arkansas Historic Preservation
Program (Table 8-2, Figure 8-2), these do not represent the total number of
sites present, since no county has been inventoried completely. Probably
no more than from 5% to 6% of any one county has been systematically sur-
veyed, with some counties surveyed considerably less than that (By letter,
Dr. Hester Davis, State Archeologist, to Mr. Kimball Banks, WAPORA, Inc.,
16 February 1981).
Although the following discussion on site distributions is based on an
incomplete data base, two main axioms generally can be accepted: (1)
prehistoric occupations tend to be oriented towards major drainages and
8-1
-------
a3v
00
I
ro
Northwest
l CRA.'.'rCftO
I
POINSETT
Northeast
FRAhKLIN
CONWAY
ST. FRANCIS
HOT SPRING j 1
—-/H
Southwestern ~~ | OAll-AS Y
CUEVELAhC I LINCOLN
Southeast
NEVADA
OUACHIT
MILLER
COLUMBIA I UNIQN^% If BRAOLEY { ASH-Et
CHICOT
Figure 8-1. Culture regions of Arkansas (after McGimsey et al. 1969).
-------
Table 8-1. Major cultural traditions and regional sequences in Arkansas,
Regional Sequences
^ Northeast Southeast Southwest Northwest
BP q Major Traditions
Historic
Historic
Historic
Historic
Historic
1000
Ceramic
Mississippian
Mississippian
Late
Middle
Early
Plaqueiilne
i
i
Caddoan !
1 V Q>
IX C
, , , . » "
Mississipplan-Caddoan
2000
Uoodland
Uoodland
Late
Middle
Early
Baytown-Coles Creek
Marksville
Tchefuncte
1 U i-l
Coles Creek | o 5?
Marksville j1*
i
Fourche Maline
Marksville
Poverty Point
(Late)
Late
Late
3000
Late
4000
Archaic
Middle
Middle
5000
Middle
Middle
6000
7000
Early
Early
Early
Early
8000
9000
—
Transitional
Transitional
TDaltonJ
Transitional
^DaltonJ
Transitional
(DaltonJ
Transitional
(DaltonT"
10000
Paleo-Indian
11000
P A
LEO-
[ N D I
A
N
12000
BP = "Before Present", i.e., before 1950.
-------
Table 8-2. Recorded archaeological sites In 38 Arkansas counties.
County
Ashley
Bradley
Calhoun
Chicot
Clark
Clay
Cleveland
Columbia
Conway
Craighead
Crawford
Cross
Dallas
Drew
Franklin
Grant
Greene
Hempstead
Hot Spring
Jefferson
Johnson
Lafayette
Lincoln
Logan
Lonoke
Miller
Kevada
Ouachita
Perry
Arkansas
Archeologlcal
Survey8
286
92
154
86
371
221
101
75
129
887
196
151
532
137
83
88
315
228
155
194
105
127
79
78
205
47
76
183
85
Arkansas
Historical
Preservation
Program8
55
19
17
73
28
43
18
110
48
40
60
15
100
115
41
77
16
82
48
255C
49
47
41
34
45
67
46
82
15
National
Register of
Historic
Places
National
Historic
Landmarks
Program
[2]
5
4
9 14]
3 [2]
10 (1 district)
1
4
4 (1 district)
4
1
2 (1]
7 (1 district)[1]
3
22 (1 district)
1
2 [1]
1
4
5 II]
4
2
13
1
8-4
-------
Table 8-2. Recorded archaeological Bites In 38 Arkansas counties (concluded).
County
Poinsett
Pope
Pulaski
St. Francis
Saline
Scott
Sebastlon
Union
Yell
Total
Arkansas
Archeologlcal
Survey a
461
103
178
230
137
93
67
185
231
7,151
'Current to December, 1980
''Number Is an approximation
H Eligible Sites
Arkansas
Historical
Preservation
Program a
16
36
550b
28
25
15
287b
46
20
2,709
National
Register of
Historic
Places
National
Historic
Landmarks
Program
1 [4]
3
76 (3 districts)
1
7
1
16 (2 districts)[1]-
3
1 [11
244 (including 9 2
districts)[18]
Sources: Baldridge, J.W, 1981. Letter, J.W. Baldridge, Arkansas State
Historic Preservation Officer, to Kimball Banks, WAPORA, Inc.,,
23 January 1981, 2p.
Davis, H.A. 1981. Letter, H.A. Davis, Arkansas State Archaeologist,
to Kimball Banks, WAPORA, Inc., 16 February 1981, 2p.
Federal Register. Vol. 44, No. 26, pt.2, 1979, Vol. 45, No. 54, pt.2,
1980; Vol. 46, No. 22, pt.2, 1981.
8-5
-------
I
» CPAWFCJO
JOttiSON
franklin
PCPE
L®
0r^__
CCNWAY
SEBASTIAN
SCOTT
VA©
SALINE
M
w'ErFERSCW
HOT SPRING
A©
CLEVELAND LINCOLN
OUACHITA PPYA
® ( 0
MILLER
ASHLEY
UNION
^AOO
VA©
vA©
Figure 8-2. Recorded sices in 38 Arkansas counties.
A
CPAloeAO
VA©0
POINSETT
VA©0
CROSS
^©0
c
ST. FRANCIS
VA©
/>
f
"\
\
„r
$
rr
%
CHICOT /
or
Legend
Arkansas Archaeological Survey
^ * Arkansas Historic
/ \ Preservation Program
(") National Register of
2^ Historic Places
Qj Eligible for the National
~Register
National Historic Landmark
• Includes districts
«« Series of archaeological
sites
-------
their tributaries, and (2) historic occupations tend to be more randomly
scattered about the landscape.
The following discussion is not necessarily meant to emphasize prehis-
toric sites. Because historic sites are more visible and exhibit a greater
variability than prehistoric sites, those sites in the study area that are
included in or eligible to the National Register of Historic Places (Tables
8-3 and 8-4) are presented to exemplify the variety of historic resources.
The National Register has traditionally emphasized historic resources; by
referring to Tables 8-3 and 8-4, a better description of the types of
historic resources in Arkansas can be obtained.
8.2 TEMPORAL UNITS
The major cultural traditions in Arkansas are identified in Table 8-1.
These are pan-regional constructs that extend beyond Arkansas and have
temporal significance because of similarities in types and distributions of
sites. The specific manifestation of these traditions varies throughout
the State and are thought of as individual archeological cultures identi-
fied by a specific artifact assemblage (Table 8-1).
8.2.1 Paleo-Indian (12000 - 7000 BP1)
Importance: Earliest widely accepted evidence for human occupation
in North America.
Settlement-subsistence: Exploitation of large Late Pleistocene
animals by highly mobile human groups.
Diagnostic artifacts: Distinctive, lanceolate-shaped projectile
points.
Site types:
Kill sites - locations where Late Pleistocene animals were
killed and butchered.
Camp sites - Occupational locations.
Comments. Both site types have not been identified in Arkansas.
Evidence of Paleo-Indian occupation comes from finding projectile points
*BP - "Before Present," i.e., before 1950.
8-7
-------
Table 8-3. Sites on the National RegiBtor of Historic Places for 38 Arkansas counties.
Ashley
Hamburg. Watson House, 300 N. Cherry, (12-28-77)
Hamburg. Watson-Sawyer House, 502 E. Parker St., (12-6-75)
Bradley
Warren. Bailey House, 302 Chestnut St., (8-28-75)
Warren. Bradley County Courthouse and Clerk's Office, Courthouse Sq., (12-12-76)
Warren. Warren and Ouachita Valley Railway Station, 325 W. Cedar St., (8-3-77)
Warren vicinity. Adams-Leslie House, S. of Warren, (8-9-79)
Calhoun
Calion vicinity. Boone's Mounds (4-14-80)
Calion vicinity. Keller Site (Keller Place), (10-29-79)
Hampton. Calhoun County Courthouse, Courthouse Sq., (12-12-76)
Hampton vicinity. Dunn House, W. of Hampton on AR 4, (5-4-76)
Chicot
Shives vicinity. Lakeport Plantation, about 3 mi. SE of Shives, off AR 142, (11-20-74)
Clark
Arkadelphia. Barkman, James E. M., House, 406 N, 10th St., (7-30-74)
Arkadelphia. Clark County Courthouse, 4th and Crittenden Sts., (12-1-78)
Arkadelphia. Clark County Library, 609 Caddo St., (11-5-74)
Arkadelphia. Flanagin Law Office, 320 Clay St., (12-22-77)
Arkadelphia. Magnolia Manor, 0.6 mi. SW of jet. of I 30 and AR 51, (9-27-72)
Arkadelphia vicinity. Bayou Sel, (9-10-74)
Arkadelphia vicinity. Bozeman House, W. of Arkadelphia on AR 26/51, (11-14-78)
Clay
Corning. Oliver House, 203 W. Front St., (12-8-78)
Corning. Sheeks House, 502 Market St., (8-22-75)
St. Francis vicinity. Chalk Bluff, N. of St. Francis, (10-29-74)
Success. Baynham House, Stephens St., (8-31-78)
Success. Waddle House, S. Ervin, (3-28-77)
Cleveland
Fordyce vicinity. Marks' Mills Battlefield Park, Jet. of AR 8 and AR 97, (1-21-70)
New Edinburg vicinity. Barnett-Attwood House, NE of New Edinburg, (7-29-77)
Rison. Cleveland County Clerk's Building, Fairgrounds, (1-31-76)
Rlson. Cleveland County Courthouse, Main and Magnolia, (4-11-77)
Rison. Mount Olivet Methodist Church, Fairgrounds off AR 35, (12-1-75)
Columbia
Bussey vicinity. Frog Level, (9-22-72)
Magnolia. Columbia County Courthouse, Court Sq., (4-15-78)
Magnolia vicinity. Old Alexander House, NE of Magnolia, (1-9-79)
Spotville vicinity. Allen, W. H., House, NW of Spotville off AR 98, (10-14-76)
Conway
Atkins vicinity. Trinity Lutheran Church, 7.2 mi. S. of Atkins off AR 154, (12-13-76)
Morrilton. Aycock House, 410 W. Church St., (5-13-76)
Morrilton. Conway County Library, 101 W. Church St., (4-15-78)
Morrilton. Cox House (Col. H. W. Burrow House), Bridge St., (10-22-74)
8-8
-------
Table 8-3. Sites on the National Registor of Historic Places for 38 Arkansas
counties (continued).
Conway (cont'd)
Morrilton. Moose House, 711 Green St., (10-22-74)
Morrilton. Morrilton Male and Female College, E. Church St., (8-3-79)
Morrilton. Morrilton Railroad Station, Railroad Ave. between Division and
Moose Sts., (9-13-77)
Plummerville. Sims Hotel, Center of Plummerville, (8-28-75)
Plummerville vicinity. Plunnner's Station, S. of Plummerville on Gap Creek, (8-11-75)
Craighead
Bay vicinity. Bay Mounds, N. of Bay, (2-14-78)
Jonesboro. Bell House, 303 W. Cherry St., (11-7-76)
Jonesboro. Frierson House, 1112 S. Main St., (4-24-73)
Crawford
Chester. Yoes, Col. Jacob, Building, Front St., (6-5-75)
Van Buren. Brown, Dr. Charles Fox, House, 420 Drennan St., (9-6-78)
Van Buren. Bryan House, 105 Fayetteville St., (1-9-78)
Van Buren. Burns, Bob, House, 821 Jefferson St., (4-30-76)
Van Buren. Drennen-Scott House, Drennen Reserve, N. 3rd St., (9-10-71)
Van Buren. Dunham, Joseph Starr, House, 418 Broadway, (5-3-76)
Van Buren. Mills, Henry Clay, House, 425 N. 15th St., (12-16-77)
Van Buren. Mount Olive United Methodist Church, Lafayette and Knox Sts., (7-30-76)
Van Buren. Van Buren Historic District, Main St., bounded by Cane Hill St. and
the Arkansas River, (4-30-76)
Van Buren. Wilhauf House, 109 N. 3rd St., (8-27-74)
Cross
Parkin vicinity. Parkin Indian Mound, N. edge of Parkin, (10-15-66) NHL*
Dallas
Leola vicinity. Bird Kiln, 6 mi. SW of Leola off AR 9, (5-29-75)
Princeton vicinity. Culbertson Kiln, E. of Princeton on Stark Bland Rd., (5-29-75)
Tulip vicinity. Welch Pottery Works, S. of Tulip, (5-12-75)
Wave vicinity. Wommack Kiln, SE of Wave on Wave Rd., (6-10-75)
Drew
Monticello. Cavaness, Garvin, House, 404 S. Main St., (5-23-80)
Monticello. Hotchkiss House, 509 N. Boyd St., (12-12-76)
Monticello. Monticello North Main Street Historic District, Irregular pattern
along Westwood Ave. and N. Main St., (2-2-79)
Selma. Selma Methodist Church, N. of AR 4 in town of Selma, (9-22-72)
Franklin
Altus vicinity. Our Lady of Perpetual Help Church, N. of Altus, (5-3-76)
Altus vicinity. Wiederkehr Wine Cellar, N. of Altus at St. Mary's Mountain, (5-2-77)
Charleston. Franklin County Courthouse, Southern District, AR 22, (10-18-76)
Ozark vicinity. The Cabins (Deane Summer House), W. of Ozark on AR 219, (4-13-77)
Grant
Leola vicinity. Jenkins' Ferry Battleground (Battle of Jenkins' Ferry State Park),
NE of Leola on AR 46, (1-21-70)
8-9
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Table 8-3. Sites on the.National Registor of Historic Places.for 38 Arkansas
counties (continued).
Greene
Paragould. Greene County Courthouse, Courtequare, (8-11-76)
Paragould vicinity. Old Bethel Methodist Church, W. of Paragould off AR 141, (4-19-78)
Hempstead
Hope. Carrigan House, 704 W. Avenue B, (7-20-78)
Hope. McRae, K. G., House, 3rd and Edgewood Sts., (5-4-76)
Hope. St. Mark's Episcopal Church, 3rd and Elm Sts., (5-6-76)
Ozan vicinity. Goodlett Gin, 3 mi. W. of Ozan on AR 4, (1-17-75)
Washington. Confederate State Capitol (Hempstead County Courthouse), Main St., (5-19-72)
Washington. Royston, Grandison D., House, Alexander St., SW of Columbus St., (6-21-71)
Washington. Washington Historic District, Boundaries correspond to original 1824 plat
of city, (6-20-72)
Hot Spring
Malvern vicinity. Lake Catherine Quarry, NW of Malvern off US 270, (9-11-75)
Saginaw vicinity. Morrison Plantation Smokehouse, off I 30, (12-28-77)
Social Hill vicinity. Blakely House, W. of Social Hill on AR 84, (5-3-76)
Jefferson
Altheimer vicinity. Elms, The, S. of AltheimeT, (7-7-78)
Altheimer vicinity. Lake Dick, 4 mi. S. of Altheimer off AR 88, (7-3-75)
Altheimer vicinity. Roselawn, SW of Altheimer off AR 88, (5-23-78)
Pine Bluff. Boone-Murphy House, 714 W. 4th Ave., (2-14-79)
Pine Bluff. Dilley House, 656 Laurel St., (8-3-77)
Pine Bluff. Dubocage, 1115 W. 4th St., (6-24-74)
Pine Bluff. Ferguson House, 902 E. 4th Ave., (1-18-78)
Pine Bluff. Hotel Pines, Main St. and W. 5th Ave., (8-10-79)
Pine Bluff. Hudson-Grace-Borreson House, 716 W. Barraque, (6-24-71)
Pine Bluff. Knox, R. M., House, 1504 W. 6th St., (6-5-75)
Pine Bluff. MacMillan-Dllley House, 407 Martin Ave., (12-12-76)
Pine Bluff. Masonic Temple, 4th and State St., (11-30-78)
Pine Bluff. Merchants and Planters Bank Building, 100 Main St., (8-1-78)
Pine Bluff. Pine Bluff Fifth Avenue Historic District, 5th Ave. (10-29-80)
Pine Bluff. Roth-Rosenzweig House, 717 W. 2nd Ave., (12-12-76)
Pine Bluff. Trinity Episcopal Church, 3rd and Oak Sts., (7-30-74)
Pine Bluff. Trulock-Cook House, 703 W. 2nd Ave., (2-23-79)
Pine Bluff. Trulock-Gould-Millis House, 704 W. Barraque St., (-1-3-78)
Pine Bluff. Union Station, E. 4th Ave. and State St., (12-14-78)
Pine Bluff. Yauch-Ragar House, 625 State St., (1-20-78)
Pine Bluff vicinity. Plum Bayou Homesteads (Wright Plantation), N. of Pine Bluff,
E. of Arkansas River, includes town of Wright and environs, (6-5-75)
Redfield vicinity. Dollarway Road, S. of Redfield off US 65, (5-17-74)
Johnson
Clarksville. McKennon, Capt. Archibald S., House, 215 N. Central, (1-2-76)
Lafayette
Bradley vicinity. Conway Cemetery, W. of Bradley, (11-23-77)
Lewisville. King-Whatley Building, 2nd and Maple Sts., (3-30-78)
8-10
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Table 8-3. Sites on the National Reglstor of Historic Places for 38 Arkansas
counties (continued).
Lincoln
Star City vicinity. Crow House, 7 mi. SE of Star City, (6-29-76)
Logan
Blue Mountain. Chicago, Rock Island, and Pacific Railroad Depot, off AR 10, (2-14-78)
Booneville. Bank of Booneville Building, 1 W. Main St., (4-26-78)
New Blaine. Elizabeth Hall, off AR 22, (5-4-76)
Paris. Logan County CouTthouse, Eastern District, Courthouse Sq., (7-30-76)
Lonoke
Lonoke. Boyd, Thomas Sloan, House, 220 Park Ave., (1-1-76)
Scott vicinity. Ashley-Alexander House, N. of Scott, (6-18-76)
Scott vicinity. Dorch Plantation, NW of Scott off AR 140 at Bearskin Lake, (3-21-79)
Scott vicinity. Marlsgate (William P. Dortch House), NW of Scott off AR I 30
at Bearskin Lake, (12-6-75)
Scott vicinity. Toltec Mounds (Knapp Mounds), 5 mi. SE of Scott, off AR 30,
(1-12-73) NHL*
Miller
Texarkana. Dean House, 1520 Beech St., (12-12-76)
Texarkana. Orr School, 831 Laurel St., (7-30-76)
Texarkana. Texarkana Union Station, State Line and Front St., Union Plaza also in
Bowie County, TX, (11-19-78)
Texarkana. Whitmarsh, Alvah Horace, House, 711 Pecan St., (8-29-80)
Nevada
Prescott. Missouri Pacific Depot, 300 W. 1st St. North, (11-17-78)
Prescott vicinity. Prairie De Ann Battlefield, N. and S. of Hwy. 24 and SW of
Prescott, (3-22-74)
Ouachita
Camden. Elliott-Meek House, 761 Washington St., (3-1-74)
Camden. Graham-Gaughan-Betts House, 710 Washington St., (10-18-74)
Camden. Leake-Ingham Building, 926 Washington St., NW., (6-24-71)
Camden. McCollum-Chidester House, 926 Washington St., NW, (6-24-71)
Camden. Oakland Farm, Tate and Oakland Streets, (3-24-78)
Camden. Old Camden Post Office, 133 Washington St., SW., (5-2-77)
Camden. Powell, Benjamin T., House, 305 California Ave., (1-21-74)
Camden. Smith, Rowland B., House, 234 Agee St., (1-21-74)
Camden. Tate's Barn, 902 Tate St., (11-9-72)
Camden vicinity. Bragg House, W. of Camden on AR 4, (3-1-74)
Camden vicinity. Richmound-Tufts House, NW of Camden on AR 24, (12-2-77)
Chidester vicinity. Poison Spring State Park, (12-3-69)
Stephens vicinity. Lester and Haltom No. 1 Well Site, NE of Stephens on Old Wire
Rd., (4-3-76)
Perry
Perryville. Perry County Courthouse, Main and Pine Sts., (7-6-76)
Poinsett
Harrisburg. Modern News Building, 216 N. Main St., (6-18-76)
8-11
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Table 8-3. Sites on the National Registor of Historic Places for 38 Arkansas
counties (continued).
Pope
Pottsville. Potts' Inn, Main and Center Sts., (6-22-70)
Russellville. White, W. J., House, 1412 W. Main St., (12-13-78)
Russellville. Wilson House, 214 E. 5th St., (3-29-78)
Little Rock.
Little Rock.
Little Rock.
Little Rock.
Little Rock.
Little Rock.
Little Rock.
Little Rock.
Little Rock.
Little Rock.
Little Rock.
Little Rock.
Little Rock.
Little Rock.
Little Rock.
Little Rock.
Pulaski
Cato vicinity. Frenchman's Mountain Methodist Episcopal Church and Cemetery, W.
of Cato on Cato Rd., (10-22-76)
Hensley vicinity. Harris House, SE of Hensley off AR 365, (1-1-76)
Little Rock. Arkansas State Capitol, 5th and Woodland Sts., (6-28-74)
Bechle Apartment Building, 1000 East Ninth, (10-2-78)
Bechle House, 1004 E. 9tb St., (2-8-79)
Bragg, Richard, House, 305 E. 16th St., (7-22-79)
Bruner House, 1415 Cantrell Rd., (4-11-77)
Capital Hotel, 117 W. Markham St., (7-30-74)
Chisum House, 1320 Cumberland, (12-4-75)
Choctaw Route Station, E. 3rd at Rock Island RR., (5-6-75)
Compton-Wood House, 800 High St., (5-7-80)
Curran Hall, 615 E. Capitol St., (1-1-76)
Deane House, 1701 Arch St., (9-5-75)
Dunbar Junior and Senior High School and Junior College, Wright Ave.
and Ringo St., (8-6-80) „
Little Rock. Fones House, 902 W. 2nd St., (8-19-75)
Fordyce House, 2115 S. Broadway, (8-6-75)
Fowler, Absalom, House, 502 E. 7th St., (6-4-73)
Garland, Augustus, House, 1404 Scott St., (6-10-75)
George, Alexander, House, 1007 E. 2nd St., (5-28-76)
Governor's Mansion Historic District, bounded by the Mansion grounds,
13th, Center, Gaines, and 18th Sts., (9-13-78)
Little Rock. Halliburton Town Houses (Walker-Murrell Houses), 1601 and 1605 Center
(12-12-76)
Little Rock.
Little Rock.
Little Rock.
Little Rock.
Little Rock.
Little Rock.
Little Rock.
Little Rock.
Little Rock.
(8-10-77)
Little Rock. Little Rock, The, on S. bank of the Arkansas River at foot of Rock
St., (10-6-70)
Little Rock. Little Rock Y.M.C.A., 524 Broadway St., (7-22-79)
Little Rock. MacArthur Park Historic District, roughly bounded by Ferry, McGowan,
McAlmont, 16th, Bragg, 15th, Scott (includes both sides), 9th, Cumberland, and
5th Sts., (7-25-77)
Little Rock. Marshall Square Historic District, bounded by 17th, McAlmont, 18th,
and Vance Sts., (8-10-79)
Little Rock. Main Building, Arkansas Baptist College, 1600 High St., (4-30-76)
Little Rock. McDonald-Wait-Newton House, 1406 Cantrell Rd., (7-14-78)
Little Rock. Mopac Station, Markham and Victory St., (6-17-77)
Hanger, Frederick, House, 1010 Scott St., (3-15-74)
Hornibrook House, 2120 S. Louisiana St., (7-30-74)
Hotze House, 1619 Louisiana St., (8-11-75)
Ish House, 1600 Scott St., (1-3-78)
Jones, Arthur J., House, 814 Scott St., (1-1-76)
Leiper-Scott House, 312 S. Pulaski St., (5-1-80)
Little Rock Central Fire Station, 520 West Markham, (10-18-79)
Little Rock City Hall, 500 West Markham, (10-18-79)
Little Rock High School (Central High School), 14th and Park Sts.
8-12
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Table 8-3. Sites on the National Registor of Historic Places for 38 Arkansas
counties (continued).
Pulaski (cont'd)
Little Rock. Mount Holly Cemetery, 12th St. and Broadway, (3-5-70)
Little Rock. Old Post Office Building and Customhouse (The Government Building),
2nd and Spring Sts., (5-7-73)
Little Rock. Old Statehouse, 300 W. Markham St., (12-3-69)
Pearson-Robinson HOuse, 1900 Marshall St., (7-24-78)
Pettefer, Harry, House, 105 E. 24th St., (10-19-78)
Pike, Albert, Hotel, 7th and Scott Sts., (11-21-78)
Pike-Fletcher-Terry House (Albert Pike House), 411 E. 7th St., (8-21-72)
Pulaski County Courthouse, 405 West Markham, (10-18-79)
Ragland House, 1617 Center St., (6-17-77)
Reichardt House, 1201 Welch St.
Retan, Albert, House, 506 North
Robinson, Joseph Taylor, House,
Gazette Building, 112 W. 3rd St.
Tavern, The (Arkansas Territorial Restoration),
Terminal Hotel, Victory at Markham, (11-17-78)
Terry, William L., House, 1422 Scott St., (1-1-76)
Thompson, Ada, Memorial Home, 2021 S. Main, (8-3-77)
Trapnall Hall (Frederick Trapnall House), 423 E. Capitol Ave.
Trinity Episcopal Cathedral, 310 W. 17th St., (5-13-76)
U.S. Arsenal Building, MacArthur Park, 9th and Commerce Sts., (7-28-70)
Villa Marre (Angelo Marre House), 1321 Scott St., (6-15-70)
Vinson House, 2123 Broadway, (5-6-76)
Ward-Hays House, 1008 W. 2nd St., (8-11-75)
Ward, Zeb, Building, 1001-1003 W. Markham St., (4-19-78)
Waters, Charles Clary, House, 2004 W. 22nd St., (8-10-79)
White-Baucum House, 201 S. Izard St., (2-29-80)
Little Rock vicinity. Walnut Grove Methodist Church, W. of Little Rock on Walnut
Grove Rd., (9-28-77)
Mabelvale vicinity. Ten Mile House (Stagecoach House), N. of Mabelvale on AR 5,
(6-22-70)
North Little Rock.
North Little Rock.
North Little Rock.
North Little Rock.
North Little Rock.
North Little Rock.
North Little Rock.
North Little Rock.
Little
Little
Little
Little
Little
Little Rock.
Little Rock.
Little
Little
Little
Little
Little
Little
Little
Little
Little
Little
Little
Little
Little
Little
Little
Little
Rock.
Rock.
Rock.
Rock.
Rock.
Rock.
Rock.
Rock.
Rock.
Rock.
Rock.
Rock.
Rock.
Rock.
Rock.
Rock.
Rock.
Rock.
Rock.
Rock.
Rock.
(5-2-75)
Elm, (12-12-80)
2122 Broadway, (8-28-75)
(10-22-76)
214 E. 3rd St., (3-5-70)
(4-13-73)
Baker House, 109 Fifth Street, (12-6-78)
Faucette Building, Fourth at Main, (12-6-78)
Faucette, James Peter, House, 316 West Fourth, (1-4-78)
Fort Logan Roots Military Post, Scenic Hill Drive, (9-4-74)
Manees, E.O., House, 216 West Fourth, (8-6-75)
Monfee House, 300 West Fourth, (1-4-78)
North Little Rock City Hall, Third and Main Streets, (8-6-75)
St. Joseph'8 Home, Camp Robinson Road, (5-4-76)
Scott. All Souls Church, Highway 161, (8-12-77)
Sweet Home. Hanger Cotton Gin, Harper Road at Gates Lane, (10-8-76)
St. Francis
Forrest City.
Stuart Springs, Stuart St., (8-3-77)
Saline
Benton.
Benton.
Benton.
Benton.
Gann Building, 218 S. Market St., (10-21-75)
Gann House, S. Market St., (1-2-76)
Saline County Courthouse, Courthouse Sq., (11-22-76)
Shoppach House, 508 N. Main St., (10-10-75)
8-13
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Table 8-3. Sites on the National Registor of Historic Places for 38 Arkansas
counties (concluded).
Saline (cont'd)
Benton. Walton, Dr. James Wyatt, House, 301 W. Sevier, (12-22-76)
Benton vicinity. Old River Bridge, SW of Benton at River Rd. and Saline River,
(9-15-77)
Bryant vicinity. Hunter, Andrew, House, VI. of Bryant on AR 5, (12-12-76)
Scott
Waldron. Forrester, John T., House, 115 Danville (12-12-80)
Sebastian
Fort
Smith.
Fort
Smith.
Fort
Smith.
Fort
Smith.
Fort
Smith.
Fort
Smith.
Fort
Smith.
Fort
Smith.
Fort
Smith.
Fort
Smith.
Fort
Smith.
Fort
Smith.
Fort
Smith.
Fort
Smith.
Fort
Smith.
Fort
Smith.
Atkinson-Williams Warehouse, 320 Rogers Ave., (12-13-79)
Bonneville House, 318 N. 7th St., (9-22-71)
Bracht, Karl Edward, House, 315 N. 13th St., (5-2-79)
Breckinridge, C. R., House, 504 No. 16th St., (8-7-79)
Clayton, W. H. H., House, 514 N. 6th St., (9-4-70)
Commercial Hotel, 123 N. 1st St., (5-7-73)
Ferguson-Calderara House, 214 N. 14th St., (12-11-79)
Fort Smith National Historic Site, (10-15-66)
Fort Smith's Belle Grove Historic District, (7-16-73)
Foster, Josiah, Building, 22 GarriBon Ave., (1-20-78)
Knoble, Joseph, Brewery, N. 3rd and E. Sts., (3-24-72)
McLeod, Angus, House, 912 N. 13th St., (12-8-78)
Murphy, William J., House, 923 N. 13th St., (8-7-79)
Rogers, Horace Franklin, House, 2900 Rogers Ave., (5-2-79)
Sparks, James, House, 201 N. 14th St., (9-14-72)
West Garrison Avenue Historic District, 100-525 Garrison Ave., (4-26-
Union
El Dorado, El Dorado Junior College Building, 300 S. West .'ive. , (9-13-78)
El Dorado, Garrett House, 210 Peach St., (11-21-74)
El Dorado. Rainey, Matthew, House, 510 N. Jackson St., (11-6-74)
Yell
Dardanelle. Steamboat House, 601 N. Front St., (6-5-75)
*NHL = National Historic Landmark
Source: Federal Register Vol. 44, No. 26, pt.2, 1979; Vol. 45, No. 54, pt.2, 1980
Vol. 46, No. 22, pt.2, 1981.
8-14
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Table 8-4. Sites deemed eligible for the National Register from 38 Arkansas
counties.
Clay
Archeologlcal Sites, Black River Watershed, (also In Missouri): 78/11/28
Clark National Forest. Site 3CY34, Little Black River Watershed: 78/11/28
Conway
Springfield, Alexander, W. S., Site
Springfield, Scroggins, Don, Site
Springfield, Temper Site
Springfield, Wilder Log House Site
Craighead
Mangrum Site (State Site Number 3CG636): 78/11/28
Jonesboro. U.S. Post Office, Church and Jackson Sts.,: 78/11/28
Greene
Archeologlcal Site LC No. 1, along Locust Creek,: 79/11/07
Hempstead
Ozan vicinity. Archeologlcal Sites in Ozan Creeks Watershed,: 78/11/28
Lafayette
Archeologlcal Site 3LA94, Near Lake Erling
Red River, Archeologlcal Site 3LA97 (1204.3)
Lonoke
Scott vicinity. William S. Pemberton House,: 78/11/28
Poinsett
Archeologlcal Site 3P0450 (D-4)
Archeologlcal Site 3PO 366
Archeologlcal Site D-3 (3P0499)
Rivervale Site (State Site Number 3P0395),: 78/11/28
Sebastian
Boonville. Sliding Slab Shelter Site (3SB29),: 78/11/28
Union
£1 Dorado. Post Office (Federal Building)
Source: Federal Register, Vol. 44, No. 26, pt.2, 1979; Vol. 45, No. 54, pt.2, 1980;
Vol. 46, No. 22, pt.2, 1981.
8-15
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on eroded upland surfaces or Pleistocene deposits, or mixed in with arti-
fact assemblages dating to later periods. The only possible sites date to
Late Paleo-lndian — Early Archaic and are characterized by a distinctive
projectile point, the Dalton point.
The lack of recorded Paleo-lndian sites does not mean that none exists
in Arkansas. Rather, the presence of their projectile points suggests that
sites should exist. Taylor (1975) suggested these sites may be buried
under more recent alluvium, particularly along the major drainages where
there has been much stream meandering. He identified three potential
situations: (1) around confluences of fast moving upland streams with
larger, slower rivers; (2) where a nonmeandering fairly rapid river leaves
a narrow valley and drops into a broader, flatter valley; and (3) along the
base of steep slopes covered with loessic soils that are eroding and being
redeposited along the base.
8.2.2 Archaic (7000 - 2000 BP)
Importance: Represents increasing regionalism and a change in settle-
ment-subsistence and technology.
Settlement-subsistence: Seasonal movement between sites to exploit
locally available flora and fauna.
Diagnostic artifacts: Includes stemmed and corner-notched projectile
points called "dart points"; pecked, ground, and polished stones axes,
and food grinding implements.
Site types:
Base camps - Major site types where a variety of activities took
place and which are identified by a wide variety of artifact
types, depth and extent of cultural material, and features such
as hearths, burials, and storage pits.
Campsites/specialized activity sites - Locations where specific
activities took place that lack the variety and density of arti-
facts at base camps. Specialized acitivity sites include:
• Quarry sites - where raw material for stone tools
was procured.
• Hunting-butchering sites - where animals were killed and
butchered.
• Plant processing sites - where plant foods were secured.
8-16
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Comments. Base camps generally are located on well drained terraces
overlooking major drainages, or on natural levees in floodplains. Rock-
shelters and overhangs were used where available. Specialized activity
sites were distributed randomly and tended to be associated with the de-
sired resources.
8.2.3 Ceramic (2000 - 300 BP)
Importance: Represents the zenith and culmination of prehistoric
occupation and is marked by the appearance of domesticates, sedentism,
and increased social organization and ceremonialism.
Settlement-subsistence: Semi-sedentary occupations based on domesti-
cates .
Diagnostic artifacts: Ceramics, small projectile points called "arrow-
points" and occasional ceremonial objects.
Site types:
Mound centers - Consists of one or more artificially built
mound(s); contain associated refuse areas called middens; house-
sites are often present.
Villages - Similar to mound centers, but lacking the mounds; they
contain extensive middens and numerous housesites.
Hamlets - Small, dense concentrations of middens thought to
represent a number of small housesites.
Campsites/specialized activity sites - Occupation loci that lack
middens and appear to have been only briefly occupied.
Comments. Mound centers and villages generally are found on well
drained terraces along major drainages. Hamlets occur up tributary
streams, while campsites/specialized activity sites have a more random
distribution. Two occupational periods are recognized: Woodland and
Mississippian. Woodland is the earlier of the two being identified by the
presence of Woodland pottery, while the Mississippian is recognized by
Mississippian pottery. The major differences between settlements is that
Woodland mound centers are smaller, more dispersed, and often contain
burials in the mounds. Mississippian mound centers are generally larger
but more concentrated, and contain at least one large platform mound (lack-
ing burials) and associated house mounds that generally are arranged around
a central plaza. These centers also often have palisade earth walls sur-
8-17
-------
rounding them and attendant outlying villages. Mississippian mound centers
may often contain multiple mound groups.
8.2.4 Historic (300 BP - Present)
Importance: Represents the period of Anglo-American occupation
Settlement-subsistence: Sedentism based on agro-economy.
Diagnostic artifacts; Glass, metal, all nonaboriginal items.
Site types: The number of site types is extremely varied; a partial
list includes: early trading posts, military posts, farmsteads,
churches, cemeteries, courthouses, communities, roadways, lumbering
camps, mines and raining camps, and river landings; sites associated
with the plantation system, tenant farming, sharecropping, the oil
industry, the railroad industry, and those connected with health
resorts.
Comments. The historic tradition is probably the most archaeologi-
cally visible of all traditions. The period began with the advent of the
first European explorers, principally De Soto in 1541. However, Anglo
colonization did not really begin until after 1700 with the appearance of
French and Spanish colonists. Early colonists established trading posts
and forts, such as the Arkansas Post. During this period, there also were
aboriginal contact sites, such as the Quapaw Village of Osotory. A number
of historic Indian sites are known.
The American period began after the Louisiana Purchase originating
with the settlement of Arkansas and the establishment of numerous communi-
ties along major drainages. Steamboat and railroad travel, the building of
roads and the establishment of the industries that characterize modern
Arkansas were introduced during this period. The majority of known his-
toric resources date to this period (Tables 8-3 and 8-4). The American
period can be divided into several stages. The Territorial and Statehood
era commenced with the establishment of the Arkansas Territory in 1819, and
the State of Arkansas in 1836. During this era, the major drainages were
an important means of transportation and communication, and the first
commercial centers were established along these drainages. This era also
involved the development of the plantation system. The Civil War era
involved several battles between Union and Confederate forces in Arkansas.
8-18
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The Reconstruction era that followed was marked by the introduction of
sharecropping, and later, tenant farming. The end of the Reconstruction
era was followed by the establishment of the railroad industry. Around the
turn of the century (1900), lumbering became important, followed by coal
mining and oil development.
These eras are characterized by specific site types and distributions.
The inclusion of all sites included in or eligible to the National Register
of Historic Places (Tables 8-3 and 8-4) provide an idea of the types and
varieties of historic (and, to a lesser extent, prehistoric) sites in the
Study Area.
8.3 REGIONS
The remaining discussion will focus on the archaeology of the dif-
ferent regions of the State as defined in Figure 8-1. Each region is
characterized by distinct manifestations of the major traditions and can be
considered as a separate area. The geographic features discussed below are
identified in Figure 8.3.
8.3.1 Northeast
Probably more archaeological investigations have been conducted in
northeast Arkansas than in any other part of the State. In the Study Area,
the focal points of historic and prehistoric occupations were along the
major drainages and the Late Pleistocene terraces that flank either side of
Crowley's Ridge (Figure 8-3). The regional sequence is outlined in Table
8-1.
8.3.1.1 Paleo-Indian
Evidence for Paleo-Indian occupations comes from surface finds of
projectile points. Areas of high density include the upper reaches of the
Cache River in Clay County, extreme western Craighead County, east of
Crowley's Ridge along abandoned braided channels of the Mississippi, and in
the lowland dunefields and west of Crowley's Ridge. Paleo-Indian projec-
tile points are found in the upland regions and along the terraces of
Crowley's Ridge. Taylor (1975) suggested that possible areas for buried
8-19
-------
Figure 8-3. Physiographic features of Arkansas (Santeford and Martin 1980).
-------
sites include the flanks of Crowley's Ridge and along old channel cuts,
loops, meander scars, and levees along the major drainages such as the
Cache, Black, and St. Francis rivers.
8.3.1.2 Archaic
Archaic base camps are identified at stream junctures, terrace edges,
and old relict channels of the major rivers in the area, including the
L'Anguille, St. Francis, and Cache rivers.
Specialized activity sites are observed throughout the region. Quarry
sites occur on hillsides and creeks on Crowley's Ridge, as well as gravel
bars in the adjacent floodplains. Hunting and butchering sites are found
in both upland regions and floodplains areas.
Other locations for Archaic sites include the edges of braided stream
terraces and in elevated areas along meander belts. These sites are espe-
cially prevalent along the Black and St. Francis meander belts.
8.3.1.3 Ceramic
Early and Middle Woodland sites are rare and resemble Archaic sites
except for the presence of pottery. Most of these sites are known from the
lower reaches of the Cache and St. Francis rivers. Late Woodland sites are
very frequent and appear to be concentrated along the Cache River and Bayou
de View.
Hamlet and village sites are common along braided stream terraces,
natural levees, and relict channels. Mound centers are located on large
promontories or terraces overlooking major drainages.
Mississippian sites are rarer than Woodland sites, although their
numbers increase in the northern half of the Cache River Basin. The large
ceremonial centers appear to be most prevalent in the lowlands east of
Crowley's Ridge. Villages and hamlets are found on the edges of braided
stream terraces, beside sloughs on interfluvial terraces, or on bluff
points that overlook stream valleys along the west side of Crowley's Ridge.
8-21
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8.3.1.4 Historic
The majority of historic sites in this region (Table 8-3) date to the
post 1800's, especially post 1830. The majority of sites consist of farm-
steads and small communities. Such sites are encountered in virtually all
topographic situations and are not associated only with floodplain envi-
ronments. In addition, this category includes logging camps, old roads,
bridges, and sites associated with the railroad industry.
8.3.2 Southeast
To date, southeast Arkansas has not received as much archaeological
attention as the rest of the State. Occupation sites are clustered along
major drainages such as the Ouachita River, Arkansas River, and Mississippi
River. One area appearing to have a high density of sites is the delta
region of the Arkansas River. The cultural sequence of southeast Arkansas
is presented in Table 8—1.
8.3.2.1 Paleo-Indian
Paleo-Indian artifacts are found in the Arkansas River delta in upland
regions near Felsenthal in Union County, and from Pleistocene terraces
along the Ouachita River. Late Paleo-Indian — Transitional Arcahic
(Dalton) artifacts are abundant in the western portion of this region;
Dalton projectile points are found in the Felsenthal Wildlife Refuge in
Union, Ashley, and Bradley counties.
8.3.2.2 Archaic
Although scarce, early Archaic sites are reported from southern Chicot
and Ashley counties. A number of sites were found on natural levees ad-
jacent to old meander scars of the Arkansas River and Mississippi River.
In a proposed strip mine in Calhoun County, three of four sites with
Archaic artifacts were located on primary terraces. The fourth site was
situated on an upland plateau.
8-22
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The Late Archaic occupation of this region is associated with the
Poverty Point culture (named for the Poverty Point Site) of northeastern
Louisiana. The Poverty Point culture is a unique Archaic manifestation
because it predates the Woodland and Mississippian periods and represents
the earliest involvement in the construction of mounds and large ceremonial
centers. Poverty Point sites have been reported from eroded terraces along
the east side of Major Ridge, along Bonne Idee Bayou and Bayou Bartholomew,
on natural levees and braided terraces along the eastern meander belt of
the Arkansas River below Pine Bluff, and along relict courses of the Missi-
ssippi River. Other Poverty Point sites occur in the Ouachita River drain-
age around the confluence with Champagnole and Moro Creeks, and in Union,
Bradley, and Calhoun counties.
8.3.2.3 Ceramic
Woodland sites are prevalent in this region, especially along the
Ouachita River and Arkansas River. Although unconfirmed, mound centers may
occur along the higher bluffs along the Ouachita River.
In the Bayou Bartholomew drainage, sites correlate with elevation.
The majority of sites are found above 115 feet (38 meters) in elevation,
although the possibility exists for buried sites in backswamp deposits.
Sites primarily are located on Bartholomew Ridge or along streams draining
the backslope of the ridge. Mound centers occur on the banks of the bayou,
while villages and hamlets are on the edge of the bayou. Most sites are
near oxbow lakes. Two mound centers are situated so that 20 to 25 villages
and hamlets are within 5 miles and all villages are at least 1 mile apart.
Mississippian occupations are more dispersed, consisting of small
villages and hamlets on the edges of Pleistocene terraces and along major
tributaries. Sites are closely associated with fertile soils.
8.3.2.4 Historic
The potential for early historical sites in this area is probably
high, as DeSoto is purported to have wintered (1541-1542) in south Arkansas
on the Ouachita River. An important early historic Indian site, the Menard
8-23
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Site, is located in the Arkansas Delta in south Arkansas County. Other
early French trading posts, such as Arkansas Post, are known for this area.
The majority of historic sites postdate the early 1800's and include
farmsteads, logging camps, early communities, roads, and sites associated
with the plantation system, tenant farming, sharecropping and the railroad
industry. Tables 8—3 and 8-4 list the sites in this region that are eli-
gible for inclusion or are on the National Register of Historic Places.
8.3.3 Southwest
The Southwest region has undergone a number of archaeological investi-
gations, primarily because of the presence of a number of Woodland and
Mississippian ceremonial centers and villages. The regional sequence is
presented in Table 8-1.
8.3.3.1 Paleo-Indian
There is little evidence for Paleo-Indian occupation in Southwest
Arkansas Region. Paleo-Indian points are found along the middle reaches of
the Ouachita River and Arkansas River drainages, mostly from highland areas
bordering the stream valleys. In the eastern Ouachita Mountains, Paleo-
Indian points were recovered from three localities. Two locations are on
high terraces or promontories overlooking major stream valleys, one at
Blakely Mountain Dam on the Ouachita River and the other near Caddo Gap at
the junction of the Caddo River and a tributary creek. The third locality
is on a low terrace in the floodplains of Caddo River.
8.3.3.2 Archaic
Evidence for Early and Middle Archaic occupations is limited and comes
mostly from surface finds. Early Archaic artifacts are found on upland
surfaces adjacent to the Red River in the Ouachita Mountains. In the
Ouachita River drainage, artifacts are found in both lowlands and uplands.
Other points occur in the Arkansas River drainage. In the eastern sections
of the Ouachita Mountains projectile points are found on terraces over-
looking major rivers, and at higher elevations.
8-24
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Archaic base camps appear to be concentrated on the older level sur-
faces and on terrace deposits in the bottomlands. Areas of concentration
are the Little River drainage and th'e eastern sections of the Ouachita
Mountains.
Specialized activity sites are located primarily on higher ground.
Quarry sites are numerous in the eastern Ouachita Mountains, particularly
around outcrops of novaculite, a favored raw material. These quarry sites
are often extensive; one such quarry in Hot Spring County extended for over
1.5 miles (2.4 km) along the top of a ridge system. Many have associated
occupation sites, since quarrying continued in the Ceramic and Historic
periods.
8.3.3.3 Ceramic
Woodland sites occur generally in th^ eastern sections of the Ouachita
Mountains. Villages are generally along terraces in the alluvial bottom-
lands of major rivers. Hamlets occur anong smaller tributary streams.
Specialized activity sites and campsites >are found along tributaries and
above stream valleys. Mound centers appear to be concentrated south of the
Ouachita Mountains in the Red River, Ouachita River, and Little River
drainages. Small mound centers are know to occur from the bottomlands and
terraces of Little Bodcaw Creek in Hempstead County, and in the Red River
Valley in Lafayette and Miller counties.
Village sites, hamlets, and campsites were identified along the Lit-
tle, Cossatot, and Saline rivers. Sites generally are found on bottomland
rises or terraces.
The regional expression of the Mississippian period in southwest
Arkansas is the Caddoan culture, primarily because of its similarities with
northwest Louisiana, northeast Texas, and southeast Oklahoma. Unlike other
cultures of the Mississippian period, the Caddoan stressed small habitation
sites. Mound centers were constructed in major river valleys but did not
function as occupation loci in most cases. Caddoan hamlets are widely
distributed, occurring both in major river valleys and valleys of tributary
streams. Village sites were not as numerous as hamlets.
8-25
-------
The middle and upper Ouachita River drainage is the northeastern
border of the Caddoan culture area. Caddoan mound centers have been re-
corded along the middle Ouachita River, Saline River, Caddo River, and
Missouri River where they leave the mountains and enter the Gulf Coastal
Plain.
The most common type of Caddoan site consists of a low conical mound
with associated cemetery and midden. These sites are dispersed along
terraces of major stream valleys including the Red River, Little River,
Caddo River, Arkansas River, and Ouachita River.
8.3.3.4 Historic
Although no sites dating to the period of the first European explorers
were found, some may exist. Early European sites and aboriginal contact
sites occur in northeast Texas. La Salle is puported to have stayed in two
aboriginal villages along the Great Bend of the Red River. Other European
and American explorers used the Red River and Arkansas River as routes to
areas further west. In the early 1800's displacement of tribes living
further east brought new aboriginal inhabitants into the area. An Indian
agency for these tribes was established at the mouth of Sulphur River, but
to date has not been located.
The majority of historic sites postdate the early 1800's. Historic
sites include farmsteads, cotton plantations, river landings, lumber camps,
mining settlements, and sites associated with the oil industry and health
springs. Tables 8-3 and 8-4 include the sites in this region that are
eligible for or on the National Register of Historic Places.
8.3.4 Northwest
The Northwest region is unique in Arkansas archaeology because the
mountainous terrain has created numerous rock shelters, overhangs, and
shallow caves that were used extensively by prehistoric* inhabitants. These
types of sites are important because of their excellent preservation quali-
ties and yields of high quantitites of perishable materials generally not
found in open sites. The regional sequence is presented in Table 8-1.
8-26
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8.3.4.1 Paleo-Indian
Paleo-Indian projectile points are found in Logan County as well as
other areas in northwest Arkansas outside the Study Area. Of 13 sites
containing fluted points, from the Ozark Mountains, five are located on
second terraces, one on a first terrace, one on a undefined terrace, and
the remaining six from upland areas.
Late Paleo-Indian — Transition Archaic (Dalton) artifacts also were
found in this region. One site in Conway County was probably a butchering
site. Points dating to the Late Paleo-Indian period were found in the base
of deep shelter deposits in Johnson County, on a site in Dardanelle Reser-
voir, and from four upland sites in Ozark Reservoir in Franklin County.
8.3.4.2 Archaic
Evidence for Archaic occupations are more numerous than for the Paleo-
Indian. Archaic materials were found in shelters in Johnson County. In
Conway County, base camps and special activity sites are located on the
floodplain or adjacent terraces of Cypress Creek. Base camps occur on the
terraces of Lee Creek Valley in Crawford County while special activity
sites are found both in the floodplain and along the upland edge. In Ozark
Reservoir, 23 of the identified Archaic sites are located in the bottom-
lands, and 16 are in the uplands. Lowland sites are situated on natural
levees, while upland sites are at the edge, overlooking the river valley.
Other Archaic material occurs along the Arkansas River in Yell County.
8.3.4.3 Ceramic
There are substantial numbers of Woodland period sites on terraces
along the Arkansas River Valley and in the larger stream valleys of the
eastern Ozark Mountains. In the Ozark Mountain interior, Woodland groups
made extensive use of bluff shelters. Woodland sites do not show the
complexity of similar sites to the south and lack burial mounds.
Woodland villages and hamlets along the central sections of the Arkan-
sas River are located in bottomlands, on natural terraces, or on slight
erosional terraces and often are surrounded by streams. Sites containing
8-27
-------
artificially constructed mounds were reported along the Arkansas River in
Franklin County.
The local manifestation of the Mississippian period is the Caddoan
culture. Major occupational centers are along the central sections of the
Arkansas River, primarily between Little Rock and Dardanelle. Caddoan
mounds and hamlets are also known from the heart of the Ozark Mountains,
although bluffshelters were also used and the majority of Mississippian
sites are campsites or special activity sites. One major mound center is
located at Cavanaugh, south of Fort Smith in Sebastian County, and several
possible late Mississippian mound sites were identified around Little Rock
in Pulaski County.
8.3.4.4 Historic
Northwest Arkansas was largely abandoned by the aboriginal occupants
prior to the appearance of white expansion into the area. The majority of
historic sites in the area are associated with farming, raining, fruit
production, the railroad industry, and sites associated with development
centers along the Arkansas River. Several early settlements are known,
such as the Georgia Settlement in Conway County. Tables 8-3 and 8-4 in-
clude a list of sites eligible for or on the National Register of Historic
Places.
8-28
-------
9.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
CHAPTER 1.0
COAL RESOURCES
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In Proceedings, Third Coal Utilization Conference, Houston TX.
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Information Circular 20-B. Arkansas Geological and Conservation Com-
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9-1
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• 1977c. Ozarks region energy alternatives study, working paper
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. 1979. Environmental implications of lignite development -
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for lignite - working paper. Prepared for Ozarks Regional Commission
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summary, regional energy alternative study. Prepared for Ozarks
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Merewether, E.A. 1967. Geology of Knoxville Quadrangle, Johnson and Pope
counties, Arkansas. Information Circular 20-E. Arkansas Geological
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. 1972. Geology of the Knoxville and Delaware Quadrangles,
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Merewether, E.A., and B.R. Haley. 1961. Geology of Delaware Quadrangle,
Logan County and vicinity, Arkansas. Information Circular 20-A.
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. 1969. Geology of Coal Hill, Hartman and Clarksville Quad-
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AR, 47 p.
9-2
-------
Stone and Webster Engineering Corporation, Stone and Webster Management
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Mineral resources and industries of Arkansas. Bureau of Mines
Bulletin 645. US Department of the Interior, Washington DC, 418 p.
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9-3
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CHAPTER 2.0
EXISTING AND PLANNED COAL DEVELOPMENT
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9-4
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CHAPTER 3.0
EARTH RESOURCES
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9-5
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Jefferson, Johnson, Lincoln, Logan, Ouachita, Poinsett, Pulaski,
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Abbreviations used in text:
A0GC, Arkansas Oil and Gas Commission
AGCC, Arkansas Geological and Conservation Commission (now Arkansas
Geological Commission)
AGC, Arkansas Geological Commission
SCS, Soil Conservation Service
USGS, US Geological Survey
9-6
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CHAPTER 4.0
SOCIOECONOMICS
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Center for Health Statistics, Hyattsville MD, variously paged.
1974b. Vital statistics of the United States. Volume II- -
mortality part B. Office of Health Research, Statistics, and Technology;
National Center for Health Statistics, Hyattsville MD, variously paged.
9-8
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. 1975a. Vital statistics of the United States. Volume I -
natality. Office of Health Research, Statistics, and Techology; National
Center for Health Statistics, Hyattsville MD, variously paged.
. 1975b. Vital statistics of the United States. Volume II -
mortality part B. Office of Health Research, Statistics, and Technology;
National Center for Health Statistics, Hyattsville MD, variously paged.
. 1976a. Vital statistics of the United States. Volume I -
natality. Office of Health Research, Statistics, and Technology;
National Center for Health Statistics, Hyattsville MD, variously paged.
. 1976b. Vital statistics of the United States. Volume II -
mortality part B. Office of Health Research, Statistics, and Technology;
National Center for Health Statistics, Hyattsville MD, variously paged.
. 1977a. Vital statistics of the United States. Volume I -
natality. Office of Health Research, Statistics, and Technology;
National Center for Health Statistics, Hyattsville MD, variously paged.
. 1977b. Vital statistics of the United States. Volume II -
mortality part B. Office of Health Research, Statistics, and Technology;
National Center for Health Statistics, Hyattsville MD, variously paged.
. 1978a. Vital statistics of the United States. Volume I -
natility. Office of Health Research, Statistics, and Technology;
National Center for Health Statistics, Hyattsville MD, variously paged.
. 1978b. Vital statistics of the United States. Volume II -
mortality part B. Office of Health Research, Statistics, and Technology;
National Center for Health Statistics, Hyattsville MD, variously paged.
US Department of the Interior. 1971. Indian land areas - general. Bureau
of Indian Affairs, Washington DC, 1 sheet.
US Department of Labor. 1980. Area trends in employment and unemployment.
January-June 1980. Employment and Training Administration, Washington
DC, 62 p.
WAPORA, Inc. 1981. Taxing electric utilities: matching benefits with
burdens. Prepared for the Minnesota Environmental Quality Board, St.
Paul MN. Chicago IL, variously paged.
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CHAPTER 5.0
SURFACE WATER
Arkansas Department of Pollution Control and Ecology. 1975. Arkansas water
quality standards regulation number 2 as amended. Litle Rock AR,
variously paged.
• 1976. State of Arkansas, 303(e) water quality management plan,
Upper White River Basins. Little Rock AR, 159 p.
. 1976. State of Arkansas, 303(e) water quality management plan,
Red River Basin. Little Rock AR, 227 p.
. 1976. Arkansas water quality inventory report. Little Rock
AR, 297 p.
. 1976. State of Arkansas, 303(e) water quality management plan,
St. Francis River Basin. Little Rock AR, 303 p.
. 1976. State of Arkansas, 303(e) water quality management plan,
Arkansas River Basin. Little Rock AR, 351 p.
. 1976. State of Arkansas, 303(e) water quality management plan,
Ouachita River Basin. Little Rock AR, 563 p.
. 1977. Arkansas water quality inventory report. Little Rock
AR, 162 p.
. 1980. Arkansas water quality inventory report. Little Rock
AR, 650 p.
American Petroleum Institute. 1980. Guide to water quality standards of
the US. Washington DC, variously paged.
Arkansas Soil and Water Conservation Commission. 1979. Nonpoint source
pollution assessment summaries for White River Basin. Variously paged.
Linsley, K.R., and B.J. Franzini. 1972. Water resources engineering.
McGraw-Hill series in Water Resources and Environmental Engineering.
Printed in US, 690 p.
Stroud, Raymond B., R.H. Arndt, F.B. Fulkerson, and W.G. Diamond. 1969.
Mineral resources and industries of Arkansas. Washington DC, 418 p.
US Department of Interior. 1979. Water resources appraisal of the South-
Arkansas lignite area. Open File Report 79-924. Little Rock AR, 162 p.
US Environmental Protection Agency. 1978. National water quality inventory,
1977. Report to Congress. Washington DC, EPA-440/4-78-001, B-138 p.
US Geological Survey. 1965. Water supply characteristics of selected
Arkansas streams. Little Rock AR, 43 p.
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. 1977. Water resources data for Arkansas. Little Rock AR,
650 p.
. 1981. WATer Data STOrage and REtrieval (WATSTORE). Dallas TX.
GROUNDWATER
Albin, R.D. 1964. Geology and groundwater resources of Bradley, Calhoun,
and Ouachita counties, Arkansas. Washington DC, 32 p.
Arkansas Department of Pollution Control and Ecology. 1977. Arkansas water
quality inventory report. Little Rock AR, 162 p.
Baker, C.R. 1955. Arkansas groundwater resources. Little Rock AR, 16 p.
Bedinger, Emmett, and Jeffery. 1963. Groundwater potential of the alluvium
of the Arkansas River between Little Rock and Fort Smith, Arkansas.
Washington DC, 29 p.
Bedinger, S.M., and E.J. Reed. 1961. Geology and groundwater resources of
Desha and Lincoln counties, Arkansas. Little Rock AR, 105 p.
Bedinger, S.M., and T.R. Sniegoeki. 1976. Summary appraisals of the nation's
groundwater resources — Arkansas - White-Red Region. Washington DC, 31 p.
Cordova, M.R. 1963. Reconnaissance of the groundwater resources of the
Arkansas Valley Region. Washington DC, 33 p.
Counts, B.H. 1957. Groundwater resources of parts of Lonoke, Prairie,
and White counties. Little Rock AR, 58 p.
Counts, Tait, Klein, and Billingsley. 1955. Groundwater resources in a
part of southwestern Arkansas. Little Rock AR, 35 p.
Ludwig, H.A. 1972. Water resources of Hempstead, LaFayette, Little River,
Miller, and Nevada counties, Arkansas. Washington DC, 41 p.
Onellion, E.F. 1956. Geology and groundwater resources of Drew County.
Little Rock AR, 32 p.
Terry, E.J., L.R. Hoxman, and T.C. Bryant. 1979. Summary appraisals of
the nation's groundwater resources - Lower Mississippi Region.
Washington DC, 41 p.
US Geological Survey. 1977. Water resource data for Arkansas. Little Rock
AR, 650 p.
1979. Water resources appraisal of the South Arkansas lignite
area. Little Rock AR, 162 p.
. 1981. WATer Data STOrage and REtrieval (WATSTORE). Dallas TX.
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CHAPTER 6.0
LAND USE
Arkansas Department of Parks and Tourism. 1980. Schedule of lands -
Arkansas State parks. Little Rock AR, 2 p.
Arkansas Natural Heritage Commission. 1977. Annual report, 1977. Little
Rock AR, 31 p.
Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department. 1980. Highway map
of Arkansas. Division of Planning and Research, Little Rock AR,
1 sheet.
Fultz, Charles. 1981. Letter, Charles Fultz, Arkansas Soil Conservation
Service, 17 March 1981, 2 p.
US Department of Agriculture. 1977. Resource inventory data system files.
Soil Conservation Service, Little Rock AR, 3 p.
US Department of Agriculture, Council on Environmental Quality, and
Participating Agencies. 1981. National agricultural lands study:
Final report. Washington DC, 94 p. (AG-69)
US Department of Commerce. 1977. 1974 census of agriculture - Arkansas
state and county data. Volume 1 Part 4. Bureau of the Census,
Washington DC, variously paged.
. 1978. County and city data book, 1977. Bureau of the Census,
Washington DC, 956 p.
. 1980. 1978 census of agriculture, preliminary report for
various counties in Arkansas. Bureau of Census, Washington DC,
variously paged.
US Department of the Interior. 1971. Indian land areas - general. Bureau
of Indian Affairs, Washington DC, 1 sheet.
. 1980a. National registry of natural landmarks. Heritage
Conservation and Recreation Service, Washington DC, 45 FR 232,
(1 December 1980), 79698-79722.
. 1980b. Payments in lieu of taxes, fiscal year 1980. Bureau
of Land Management, Division of Finance, Washington DC, variously paged.
Woodall, G. 1980. Phone, G. Woodall, Arkansas National Park Service,
3 March 1981.
BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES
Arkansas Department of Planning. 1974. Arkansas natural area plan. Little
Rock AR, 249 p.
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Arkansas Game and Fish Commission. 1980a. 1980-1981 hunting regulations
guide. Little Rock AR, 28 p.
. 1980b. List of threatened and endangered species in Arkansas.
Little Rock AR, 2 p.
Bailey, R.G. 1978. Description of the ecoregions of the United States.
US Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Ogden UT, 77 p.
Bellrose, F.C. 1976. Ducks, geese and swans of North America. Wildlife
Management Institute and Illinois Natural History Survey. Stackpole
Books, Harrisburg PA, 543 p.
Buchanan, T.M. 1973. Key to the fishes of Arkansas. Arkansas Fish and
Game Commission, Little Rock AR, 68 p. plus maps.
Burt, W.H., and R.P. Grossenheider. 1976. A field guide to the mammals.
Third edition. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston MA, 289 p.
Conant, R. 1975. A field guide to reptiles and amphibians of eastern and
central Nort America. Second edition. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston
MA, 429 p.
Hall, E.R., and K.R. Kelson. 1959. The mammals of North America.
Volumes 1 and 2. Ronald Press, New York NY, 1083 p.
Lee, D.S., et al. 1980. Atlas of North American freshwater fishes. North
Carolina State Museum of Natural History, Raleigh NC, 854 p.
Robbins, C.S., B. Brun, and H.S. Zim. 1966. A guide to field indenti-
fication - birds of North America. Golden Press, New York NY, 340 p.
US Fish and Wildlife Service. 1979. Endangered and threatened species of
the southeastern US. Atlanta GA, variously paged.
. 1980. Selected vertebrate endangered
species of the seacoast of the US. Slidell LA, variously
paged.
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CHAPTER 7.0
AIR RESOURCES AND NOISE
Baldwin, John L. 1973. Climates of the United States. US Department of
Commerce, Washington DC, 113 p.
Budiansky, Stephen. 1981. Visibility clarified. Environmental Science
and Technology 15(2):135-137.
Department of Pollution Control and Ecology. 1980. State implementation
plan. Little Rock AR, variously paged.
Glass, Norman R. 1979. Environmental effects of increased coal utilization:
ecological effects of gaseous emissions from coal combustion. Environ-
mental Health Perspectives 33:249-272.
Holzworth, George C. 1972. Mixing heights, wind speeds, and potential for
urban air pollution throughout the contiguous United States. US
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park NC, 118 p.
National Park Service. 1981. Identification of intergal vistas associated
with Federal Class I areas; Guideline availability and preliminary list
FR46(10):3646-3657.
National Research Council, National Academy of Sciences. 1977. Noise
abatement: policy alternatives for transportation. Washington DC,
variously paged.
NOAA/National Climatic Center. 1978. Local climatological data, annual
summary with comparative data. US Department of Commerce, Asheville
NC, variously paged.
Rusek, S.J. 1978. Source assessment: open mining of coal, state of the
art. Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory, Cincinnati OH,
EPA-600/2-78-004X, 73 p.
US Environmental Protection Agency. 1971. Noise from construction equipment
and operations, building equipment, and home appliances. Washington DC,
variously paged.
1976. Aeros manual series volume III: aeros user's manual.
Research Triangle Park NC, EPA-450/2-76-029, variously paged.
1977a. Approval and promulgation of state implementation
plans. 40 CFR part 52, FR 42(212):57460.
1977b. Potential siting problems for increased coal use/staff
study. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle
Park NC, 28 p.
. 1978a. Protective noise levels, condensed version of EPA
levels document. Washington DC, variously paged.
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. 1978b. Source assessment: coal storage piles. Industrial
Environmental Research Laboratory, Cincinnati OH, EPA-600/2-78-004k,
variously paged.
. 1979a. A handbook of key Federal regulations and criteria for
multi-media environmental control. Industrial Environmental Research
Laboratory, Research Triangle Park NC, EPA-600/7-79-175, 272 p.
. 1979b. Identification of mandatory Class I Federal areas
where visibility is an important value; final rule. 40 CFR part 81,
FR 44(232):69122-69127.
. 1979c. Requirements for preparation, adoption, and submittal
of implementation plans. 40 CFR part 51, FR 44(11):3274-3285.
. 1979d. Research Summary: Acid rain. Office of Research and
Development, Washington DC, EPA-600/8-79-028, 23 p.
. 1980a. Radiological impact caused by emissions of radionuclides
into air in the US. Office of Radiation Programs, Washington DC,
EPA-520/7-79-006, variously paged.
. 1980b. Acid rain. Office of Research and Development,
Washington DC, EPA-600/9-79-036, 36 p.
. 1980c. Requirements for preparation, adoption, and submittal
of SIPs; approval and promulgation of State implementation plans. 40
CFR parts 51 and 52, FR 45(94):31307-31312.
. 1980d. Requirements for preparation, adoption, and submittal
of implementation plans; approval and promulgation of implementation
plans. 40 CFR parts 51, 52, and 124, FR 45(154):52676-52692.
. 1980e. Visibility protection for Federal Class I areas.
40 CFR part 51, FR 45(233):80084-80095.
. 1981a. National aerometric data bank/quick-look report.
Computer printout, January 1981, 123 p.
. 1981b. National emissions data system. Computer printout,
January 1981, variously paged.
US Geological Survey. 1976. Final environmental statement, proposed 20-
year plan of mining, and reclamation, Westmoreland Resources Tract III,
Crow Indian Ceded Area MT. Variously paged.
WAPORA, Inc. 1979a. Environmental impact assessment guidelines for new
source coal gasification facilities. Prepared for US Environmental
Protection Agency. Chevy Chase MD, 98 p.
. 1979b. Environmental impact assessment guidelines for new
source fossil-fueled steam electric generating stations. Prepared
for US Environmental Protection Agency. Chevy Chase MD, 144 p.
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. 1979c. Environmental impact assessment guidelines for new
source surface coal mines. Prepared for US Environmental Protection
Agency. Chevy Chase MD, 155 p.
Watkins and Associates. 1979. Environmental noise in Kentucky. Lexington
KY, 142 p.
9-16
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CHAPTER 8.0
CULTURAL RESOURCES
Brain, J.P. 1971. The Lower Mississippi Valley in North American prehistory.
Manuscript on deposit at the Southeastern Archeological Center, Talla-
hassee FL and the Arkansas Archeological Survey, Fayetteville AR,
varously paged.
Caldwell, W. No date. Archeological investigations in the Dardanelle
Reservoir, west-central Arkansas. Manuscript on deposit at the
Missouri Basin Project, Lincoln NE, variously paged.
Davis, E.M. 1960. Studying early man in the Arkansas area. Arkansas
Archeological Society, Newsletter 1:1-12.
Davis, H.A. 1967. Paleo-Indian in Arkansas. The Arkansas Archeologist
8:1-3.
. 1972. An inventory and assessment of the archeological and
historical resources of the Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley to
January 1971. Report on deposit with the Arkansas Archeological
Survey, Fayetteville AR, variously paged.
Ferguson, J.L., and J.H. Atkinson. 1966. Historic Arkansas. Arkansas
History Commission, Little Rock AR, variously paged.
Ford, J.A. 1961a. An archeological survey in the alluvial valley of the
Mississippi River. Arkansas Archeological Society Newsletter 2(5):12-14.
Goodyear, A.C. 1974. The Brand Site: a techno-functional study of a
Dalton Site in northeast Arkansas. Arkansas Archeological Survey,
Research Series 7, variously paged.
Green, D.F. 1966. Investigations in DeGray Reservoir, 1964. Manuscript
on deposit at the University of Arkansas Museum, Fayetteville AR,
variously paged.
Greengo, R.E. 1957. Appraisal of the archeological resources of the
Dardanelle Reservoir, Arkansas. Unpublished report prepared by River
Basin Surveys, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, variously paged.
Giffin, J.B. 1967. Eastern North American archaeology: a summary.
Science 156:175-191.
Harrington, M.R. 1920. Certain Caddo sites in Arkansas. Indian Notes
and Monographs, Miscellaneous Series, No. 10. Museum of the American
Indian, Heye Foundation, New York NY, variously paged.
1924. The Ozark bluff-dwellers. American Anthropologist
26(1):1-21.
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* 1960. The Ozark bluff-dwellers. Indian Notes and Monographs,
Volume XII. Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, New York
NY, variously paged.
Heartfield, Price, and Greene, Inc. 1981. A cultural resources reconnais-
sance of the Felsenthal National Wildlife Refuge, Arkansas. Draft
Final Report submitted to Interagency Archeological Services, Heritage
Conservation and Recreation Service. Atlanta GA, variously paged.
Hodges, Mrs. T.L. 1957. The Cahinnio Caddo: a contact unit in the eastern
margin of the "Caddo Area." Bulletin of the Texas Archeological Society
28:190-197.
Hoffman, M.P. 1969. Prehistoric developments in southwestern Arkansas. The
Arkansas Archeologist 10:36-49.
. 1970a. Archaeological and historical assessment of the Red
River Basin in Arkansas. Ill H.A. Davis (Editor). An archaeological
and historical assessment of the Red River Basin. Arkansas Archeo-
logical Survey Research Series No. 1:137-194.
. 1970b. Three sites in Millwood Reservoir: the Hutt Site,
the Stark Site, and the Beard Lake Site. Arkansas Archeological
Survey Research Series No. 2, variously paged.
Hoffman, M.P., N.E. Myer, D. Printup, and C.L. Bond. 1977. Ozark Reservoir
papers: Archeology in west-central Arkansas 1965-1970. Arkansas
Archeological Survey Research Series No. 10, variously paged.
Jelks, E.B. 1954. Appraisal of the archeological resources of Millwood
Reservoir, Little River, Arkansas. River Basin Surveys, National Park
Service, US Department of the Interior, Washington DC, variously paged.
Klinger, T.C. (Assembler). 1977. Contract archeology in the Lower Missis-
sippi Valley of Arkansas: miscellaneous papers. Arkansas Archeological
Survey Research Report No. 12, variously paged.
Klinger, T.C. 1978. Lowland environmental variability and prehistoric
settlement behavior in the Lower Mississippi Valley. Mid-Continental
Journal of Archaeology 3(2):286-331.
Klinger, T.C. (Assembler). 1979. Hampton: an archeological and historical
overview of a proposed strip mine tract in south central Arkansas.
Arkansas Archeological Survey Research Report No. 19, variously paged.
Klinger, T.C., and M.A. Mathi (Assemblers). 1978. St. Francis II: an
archeological assessment of three COE-sponsored channelization projects
in the St. Francis Basin, Arkansas. Arkansas Archeological Survey
Research Report No. 14, variously paged.
Lemley, H.J., and S.D. Dickinson. 1937. Archeological investigations
on Bayou Macon in Arkansas. Bulletin of the Texas Archeological
and Paleontological Society 9:11-47.
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Medford, L.D. 1972. Site destruction due to agricultural practices in
northeast Arkansas. Arkansas Archeological Survey Research Series
No. 3:41-82.
Moore, C.8. 1908. Certain mounds of Arkansas and of Mississippi. Journal
of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia:13(4), variously
paged.
. 1909. Antiquities of he Ouachita Valley. Journal of the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia:14(1), variously paged.
. 1910. Antiquities of the St. Francis, White and Black Rivers,
Arkansas. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia:
14(2), variously paged.
. 1911. Some Aboriginal sites on Mississippi River. Journal
of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia:14(3), variously
paged.
. 1912. Some Aboriginal sites on Red River. Journal of the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia:14(4), variously paged.
. 1913. Some Aboriginal sites in Louisiana and in Arkansas.
Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia:16(1),
variously paged.
. 1916. Additional investigations on Mississippi River. Journal
of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia:16(3), variously
paged.
Morse, D.F. 1969. Introducing northeastern Arkansas prehistory. The
Arkansas Archeologist 10:12-28.
1973. Dalton culture in northeast Arkansas. The Florida
Anthropologist 25:28-38.
McClurkan, B.B. 1969. Culture history of southeast Arkansas. The Arkansas
Archeologist 10:31-36.
McGimsey, C.R., III. 1969. Indians of Arkansas. Arkansas Archeological
Survey, Popular Series 1, variously paged.
McGimsey, C.R., III., H.A. Davis, C.A. Figley, D.F. Morse, B.B. McClurkan,
M.P. Hoffman, and J.A. Scholtz. 1969. A review of Arkansas prehistory.
The Arkansas Archeologist:10, variously paged.
Padgett, T.J. (Compiler). 1977. Poinsett watershed: contract archeology on
Crowley's Ridge. Arkansas Archeological Survey Research Report No. 10,
variously paged.
Phillips, P., J.A. Ford, and J.B. Griffin. 1951. Archaeological survey
in the Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley, 1940-1947. Peabody Museum
of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, Papers 25, variously
paged.
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Raab, L.M. 1976. Pine Mountain: a study of prehistoric human ecology in
the Arkansas Ozarks. Arkansas Archeological Survey Research Report
No. 7, variously paged.
Redfield, A. 1971. Dalton project notes, Volume I. University of
Missouri, Museum of Anthropology, Columbia MO, variously paged.
Rolingson, M.A. 1976. The Bartholomew Phase: a Plaquemine adaptation in
the Mississippi Valley. In C.E. Cleland (Editor). Culture change and
continuity: essays in honor of James Beenett Griffen. Academic Press,
New York NY, pp. 99-119.
Santeford, L.G., and W.A. Martin. 1980. The Conway water supply: results
of archeological survey and testing and a historical survey of a
proposed reservoir area in Conway County, Arkansas. Arkansas Archeo-
logical Survey Research Report No. 20, variously paged.
Saucier, R.T. 1978. Sand dunes and related Eolian features of the Lower
Mississippi River Alluvial Valley. Geoscience and Man 19:23-40.
Schambach, F.F. 1970. Pre-Caddoan cultures in the Trans-Mississippi
South: a beginning sequence. Doctoral dissertation, Department of
Anthropology, Harvard University, Boston MA, variously paged.
Schiffer, M.B., and J.H. House (Assemblers). 1975. The Cache River
archeological project: an experiment in contract archeology. Arkansas
Archeological Survey, Research Series No. 8, variously paged.
Scholtz, J. 1969. A summary of prehistory in northwest Arkansas. The
Arkansas Archeologist 10:51-60.
Taylor, R.A. 1975. Survey for buried Paleo-Indian sites in Arkansas.
Ln M.B. Shiffer, and J.H. House (Editors). The Cache River archeo-
logical project: an experiment in contract archeology. Arkansas
Archeological Survey, Research Series No. 8:199-204.
Turbowitz, N.L. 1980. Pine Mountain revisited: an archeological study
in the Arkansas Ozarks. Arkansas Archeological Survey Research
Report No. 23, variously paged.
Webb, C.H. No date. The extent and content of Poverty Point Culture.
Unpublished paper presented at the 32nd annual meeting of the Society
for American Archaeology, Ann Arbor MI, 5 May 1967.
Wycoff, D.G. 1971. The Caddoan cultural area: an archaeological perspec-
tive. Oklahoma Archeological Survey, University of Oklahoma, Norman
OK. ^n D.A. Horr (Compiler and Editor). 1974. Caddoan Indians I.
Garland Publishing Inc., New York NY, variously paged.
Note: This bibliography contains general references to the cultural
resources of the Study Area. For more detailed references, refer
to the bibliographies in each of the above citations.
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