Environmental Inventory of 23
Parishes With Known Coal
Resources in Louisiana
WAPORA, Inc.
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DISCLAIMER.
The informational findings, opinions, conclusions or recommendations
expressed in this report are those of the authors and do not
necessarily reflect the views of the Regional Office of the Environ-
mental Protection Agency nor does mention of company names, trade
names, or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation
for use by the Federal government. The document is available for
review and use by other individuals; however, this release does not
signify an approval by EPA of the contents such as data validation and
planned plant sitings.
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ENVIRONMENTAL INVENTORY OF 23
PARISHES WITH KNOWN COAL
RESOURCES IN LOUISIANA
EPA Contract 68-01-4157
Directive of Work 21
Prepared by:
WAPORA, Inc.
8515 Greenville Avenue
Suite N-205
Dallas, Texas 75243
Federal Assistance Branch
Environmental Protection Agency
1201 Elm Street
Dallas, Texas 75270
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
LIST OF TABLES . v
LIST OF FIGURES viii
INTRODUCTION 1
1.0 COAL RESOURCES 1-1
1.1 INTRODUCTION 1-1
1.2 COAL PROVINCES 1-1
1.2.1 Gulf Coast Lignite Province 1-1
1.2.2 Extent and Nature of Deposits 1-6
1.2.3 Geologic Formations 1-6
1.2.4 Reserves 1-7
2.0 EXISTING AND PLANNED COAL DEVELOPMENT 2-1
2.1 INTRODUCTION 2-1
2.2 TECHNOLOGY OF COAL DEVELOPMENT 2-1
2.2.1 Coal Mines 2-2
2.2.2 Coal-Fired Electric Generating Facilities 2-2
2.2.3 Coal Gasification and Liquefaction Facilities 2-5
2.3 EXISTING AND PLANNED COAL DEVELOPMENT 2-6
2.3.1 Coal Mines 2-6
2.3.2 Coal-Fired Electric Generating Facilities 2-6
2.3.3 Coal Gasification Facilities 2-10
3.0 EARTH RESOURCES 3-1
3.1 INTRODUCTION 3-1
3.2 PHYSIOGRAPHY 3-1
3.3 SOILS 3-5
3.3.1 Coastal Plain 3-5
i
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Page
3.3.2 Mississippi Terraces 3-5
3.3.3 Forested Lowland 3-7
3.3.4 Recent Alluvium 3-7
3.4 NONMETALS AND METALS 3-8
3.5 MINERAL FUELS 3-8
4.0 SOCIOECONOMICS 4-1
4.1 ECONOMICS 4-1
4.1.1 Introduction 4-1
4.1.2 Employment 4-1
4.1.3 Income 4-13
4.2 SOCIAL 4-16
4.2.1 Demography 4-17
4.2.2 Housing Characteristics 4-20
4.2.3 Education 4-26
4.2.4 Transportation 4-26
5.0 WATER RESOURCES 5-1
V.
5.1 INTRODUCTION 5-1
5.2 SURFACE WATER 5-1
5.2.1 Ouachita River Basin 5-3
5.2.2 Red River Basin 5-18
5.2.3 Sabine River Basin 5-25
5.3 GROUNDWATER 5-37
5.3.1 Quantity 5-37
5.3.2 Quality 5-52
6.0 LAND USE AND BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES 6-1
6.1 v LAND USE 6-1
ii
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Page
6.1.1 Introduction 6-1
6.1.2 Land Use/Land Cover 6-1
6.1.3 Recreation Lands 6-3
6.1.4 Select Natural Areas 6-5
6.1.5 Selected Federal and Indian Land Ownership Types 6-5
6.1.6 Farmland 6-5
6.2 BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES 6-8
6.2.1 Introduction 6-8
6.2.2 Biological Provinces (Ecoregions) 6-8
7.0 AIR RESOURCES AND NOISE 7-1
7.1 INTRODUCTION 7-1
7.2 AIR RESOURCES 7-1
7.2.1 Climate 7-1
7.2.2 Ambient Air Quality 7-6
7.2.3 Major Emission 7-16
7.3 NOISE 7-20
7.3.1 Existing Environment 7-21
7.3.2 Noise Levels From Typical Mining Operations 7-21
7.3.3 Noise Criteria and Standards 7-23
8.0 CULTURAL RESOURCES 8-1
8.1 INTRODUCTION 8-1
8.2 TEMPORAL UNITS 8-6
8.2.1 Paleo-Indian ) 8-6
8.2.2 Archaic 8-11
8.2.3 Ceramic 8-12
8.2.4 Historic 8-13
iii
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Page
8.3 REGIONS 8-14
8.3.1 Northeast 8-14
8.3.2 Northwest 8-17
9.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY 9-1
iv
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LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
1-1 Coal resource data for 23 Parishes in Louisiana 1-2
2-1 Environmental considerations associated with surface mining 2-3
2-2 Typical major waste streams associated with surface gasification . 2-7
2-3 Planned coal mines in 23 Parishes in Louisiana 2-9
/
2-4 Existing coal-fired electric generating facilities in 23 Parishes
in Louisiana 2-11
2-5 Planned coal-fired electric generating facilities in 23 Parishes
in Louisiana 2-12
2-6 Existing and planned coal gasification facilities in 23 Parishes
in Louisiana 2-13
3-1 Earth resources of 23 Parishes in Louisiana 3-2
3-2 Description of major soil associations depicted in Exibit 3 3-6
4-1 Labor force statistics for 23 Parishes in Louisiana 4-4
4-2 Employment by industry for 23 Parishes in Louisiana 4-7
4-3 Income statistics for 23 Parishes in Louisiana 4-14
4-4 Population counts and projections for 23 Parishes in Louisiana ... 4-18
4-5 Population characteristics for 23 Parishes in Louisiana 4-21
4-6 Information on settlement patterns in 23 Parishes in Louisiana ... 4-22
/
4-7 Housing characteristics in 23 Parishes in Louisiana 4-25
4-8 Public school and higher education in 23 Parishes in Louisiana ... 4-27
4-9 Transportation information for 23 Parishes in Louisiana 4-29
5-1 Drainage areas and discharges: Ouachita River Basin, feA 5-5
5-2 Duration of daily flows in the Ouachita River Basin, LA 5-8
5-3 Seven day low flow and recurrence intervals: Ouachita River
Basin, LA 5-9
5-4 Industrial discharges in the Ouachita River Basin, LA 5-10
5-5 Water quality statistical summary: Ouachita River Basin, LA 5-13
v
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\
Table Page
5-6 Water quality statistical summary: Ouachita River Basin, LA 5-16
5-7 Water quality criteria and recommended water quality limits 5-17
5-8 Drainage areas and dischargers: Red River Basin, LA 5-19
5-9 Duration of daily flows: Red River Basin, LA 5-21
5-10 Seven day low flows and recurrence intervals in the Red River
Basin, LA 5-22
5-11 Industrial discharges in the Red River Basin, LA 5-23
5-12 Water quality statistical summary: Red River Basin, LA 5-26
5-13 Water quality inventory: Red River Basin, LA 5-28 ^
5-14 Drainage areas and discharges: Red River Basin, LA 5-31
5-15 Duration of daily flows: Sabine River Basin, LA 5-32
5-16 Seven day low flows and recurrence intervals in the Sabine River
Basin, LA 5-33
5-17 Industrial discharges in the Sabine River Basin, LA 5-34
5-18 Water quality inventory: Sabine River Basin, LA 5-35
5-19 Water quality statistical summary: Sabine River Basin, LA 5-36
5-20 Generalized Post-Cretaceous stratigraphic column for Louisiana ... 5-38
5-21 Records of wells in selected Louisiana Parishes 5-42
5-22 Chemical analyses of water in selected Louisiana Parishes 5-54
6-1 Number of acres and percent of total acres of land use/land cover
classifications in 23 Parishes in Louisiana 6-2
6-2 National and State parks in 23 Parishes in Louisiana 6-4
6-3 Number of^cres and percent of total land area of select Federal
and Indian land ownership in 23 Parishes in Louisiana 6-6
6-4 Acreages and values per acre of farmland in 23 Parishes in
Louisiana 6-7
6-5 Occurrence of selected wildlife species in 23 Parishes in
Louisiana 6-13
6-6 Occurrence of Federally listed species in 23 Parishes in
Louisiana 6-16
vi
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Table- Page
7-1 Climatological data for selected Parishes In Louisiana 7-2
7-2 Regulatory standards affecting air quality 7-9
7-3 Ambient air data from selected Parishes in Louisiana 7-12
7-4 Total 1978 emissions from point sources for 23 Parishes in
Louisiana 7-17 -
7-5 Total 1978 county emissions from area sources for 23 Parishes in
Louisiana 7-18
7-6 Total 1978 emissions from point and area sources for 23 Parishes
in Louisiana 7-19
7-7 Noise levels (dBA) produced by coal mining equipment at 100 feet
(30 meters) 7-22
7-8 Yearly L^n valves established to protect public health and welfare
with a margin of safety 7-24
8-1 Major cultural traditions and regional sequences in northern
Louisiana 8-2
8-2 Recorded archaeological sites in 23 Parishes in Louisiana 8-5
8-3 Sites in 23 Parishes in Louisiana that are on the National
Register of Historic Places 8-7
8-4 Sites eligible to the National Register of Historic Places 8-10
vii
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
1 The 23-Parish Study Area in Louisiana 2
1-1 Geology of 23 Parishes in Louisiana 1-5
3-1 Physiographic divisions of the Gulf Coastal Plain Province in
23 Parishes in Louisiana 3-4
4-1 Economic indicators for 23 Parishes in Louisiana 4-2
4-2 Existing social conditions in 23 Parishes in Louisiana 4-19
4-3 Settlement patterns for 23 Parishes in Louisiana 4-23
5-1 Major drainage basins in 23 Parishes in Louisiana 5-2
5-2 Generalized geological map of Louisiana 5-39
5-3 Cross section diagrams showing subsurface geology of the
Louisiana Study Area 5-41
6-1 Biological provinces (ecoregions) of 23 Parishes in Louisiana ... 6-10
6-2 Biological resources of 23 Parishes in Louisiana 6-11
6-3 Distribution of two endangered species in 23 Parishes in
Louisiana 6-17
7-1 Areas sensitive to acid percipitation based on soils, climatic
patterns, and vegetation 7-4
7-2 Precipitation-evaporation indexes for 23 Parishes in Louisiana .. 7-5
7-3 Mean annual mixing heights and wind speeds for the Region 6
Study Area 7-7
7-4 Prevailing mean surface wind directions in the Region 6 Study
Area ¦ 7-8
7-5 Ranking of ambient monitoring data for the Study Area Parishes
which monitor TSP, SO2, and NO2 7-14
7-6 Typical urban and rural L^n noise levels 7-21
8-1 Culture regions of northern Louisiana 8-3
8-2 Recorded sites in 23 Parishes in Louisiana 8-4
viii
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INTRODUCTION
Over the next two to three decades it appears clear that coal production
will increase significantly as the United States strives for energy
self-sufficiency. States in the middle south will likely, due to their large
coal resources, play an important role in £his production. Most of the coal
production will come from surface mining, although underground mining will
yield relatively large quantities of coal in some areas.
Accompanying increased coal production will be an alteration of vast
natural and manmade resources. Public awareness for the need to protect and
mitigate significant adverse effects to these resources has culminated in
numerous Federal and State laws and regulations to guide coal development.
The responsibility for adhering to laws and regulations is the developers.
The US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) along with other State and
Federal agencies presently maintains the role of working with and guiding coal
developers in adhering to this responsibility.
This Louisiana Environmental Inventory Document was prepared by WAPORA,
Inc., Dallas, Texas, to aid USEPA, cooperating agencies, and industry in
identifying potential environmental problems associated with future coal
development and utilization. The development of coal is limited somewhat by
distribution, therefore, the Study Area in Louisiana includes only the 23
parishes underlain by potentially developable coal reserves (Figure 1).
This document is one in a series of five State Environmental Documents and
is divided into nine chapters that provide an inventory of the existing
natural and manmade resource conditions. Information used to assemble this
doucment was derived largely from nonproprietary sources and other available
data bases. Because data are not available on all subjects by county, parts
of certain sections were generalized to provide for a balanced presentation.
With the exception of Chapters 4 and 8, each chapter includes a fold out
map(s) at a scale of 1:1,000,000 depicting the major features of each
resource.
1
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I
MOREHOUSE*
<> "KlCLAIBORNE lUNION
(jADDO'
IER
J V. i^\_CARR0LL3^
,ACHIT)TrIchl ANO&oiSON ^
LINCOLN1
BIENVILLE I JACKSON
IWELI
!ED RIVE!
i)Esar<
WINN
'LA SALliE
NATCHrroCHE!
SABINE
GRANTJ
Figure 1. The 23-Parish Study Area in Louisiana.
2
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Additionally, there are page size graphics and tables containing specific
information for each of the 23 parishes in the Study Area. The narrative that
accompanys each chapter is concise by design, and not intended to describe or
discuss the variances associated with each resource. The user should refer to
the tables, figures, and exhibits to obtain data on the county level.
Chapter 1.0, "Coal Resources", contains a characterization of the
coal/lignite resources of the Study Area. The origin, depth, as well as
physical and chemical characteristics of the coal are presented.
Chapter 2.0, "Existing and Planned Coal Developments", describes the most
probable types of coal development in the Study Area, and briefly discusses
the primary technologies associated with coal development. Known existing and
planned coal developments and associated characteristics also are presented.
Chapter 3.0, "Earth (Non-coal) Resources", is a summarization of the major
earth resource conditions in the Study Area. Major elements discussed include
physiography, soils, non-metals, metals, and petroleum and natural gas.
The social and economic conditions of the Study Area are presented in
Chapter 4.0, "Socioeconomics". Major economic conditions considered are
employment and income. Existing housing, education, and transportation are
presented to describe the social environment.
Chapter 5.0, "Water Resources", owing to the nature and extent of
available data, and the importance of water in coal development, contains a
relatively detailed presentation of existing water resources. Surface water
and groundwater quantity and quality information is presented.
Chapter 6.0, "Land Use and Biological Resources", summarizes of the
biological data base for major vegetation cover (plants) and wildlife (game,
furbearers, and endangered or threatened species). Additionally, major land
uses (parks, forests, etc.) are dipicted and discussed.
3
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Chapter 7.0, "Air Resources and Noise", presents a consolidation of
available information on climate, ambient air quality,' and major point and
area source emissions in /the Study Area. Existing noise levels for typical
coal machinery related activities are presented in a brief noise section.
Chapter 8.0, "Cultural Resources", contains an overview of known and
potential prehistoric and historic resources. The information is presented
utilizing a regional concept discussing known sites and their orientation to
physiographic features.
Chapter 9.0, "Bibliography", contains a resource-specific compendium of
information sources utilized to assemble this document. Numerous other data
sources were reviewed during the duration of this study, but were not included
due to their marginal usefulness to the objectives of the study.
4
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1.0 COAL RESOURCES
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1.0 COAL RESOURCES
1.1 INTRODUCTION
The coal resources of Louisiana are for the most part undeveloped. Known
deposits in the 23-parish Study Area could support a few major mines.
However, investigations are underway in Louisiana to increase substantially
the information base pertaining to coal resources. Existing available
information on the coal resources of Louisiana is presented in Coal Resources
Table 1-1, and the Coal Resources Map (Exhibit 1).
i
Louisiana is in the Gulf Coastal Plain Geological Region. The rock strata
of the region are of Tertiary and Quaternary age (less than 70 million years
old) (Figure 1-1) and generally dip gently to the south. At a few isolated
points in the central section of the Study Area, salt domes have elevated
older Cretaceous age rock to the surface. The landforms developed on this
structure are low hills and rolling plains in the Study Area and low plains
for most of the remainder of the State. Most of the lignite outcrops are in
valleys among the hills of the northwestern part of the State.
1.2 COAL PROVINCES
All of the resources of the State are part of the Gulf Coast Lignite
Province. The province extends from southern Texas through northern Louisiana
and southern Arkansas, across Mississippi to Alabama. Lignite mining is most
extensive in Texas, with minimal development in Louisiana and other States.
1.2.1 Gulf Coast Lignite Province
Lignite underlies most of the northern part of the State. Deposits occur
near the surface in the northern and west-central part of the Study Area due
to the incliniation of the rock strata. The seams probably continue southward
1-1
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Table 1-1. Coal resource data for 23 parishes in Louisiana.*
PARISH
PROVINCE
RANK
Bienville
GC
Liq
Bossier
GC
Liq
Caddo
GC
Liq
Caldwell
GC
Liq
Claiborne
GC
Liq
De Soto
GC
Liq A
East Carroll
GC
Liq
Franklin
GC
Liq
Grant
GC
Liq
Jackson
GC
Liq
La Salle
GC
Liq
Lincoln
GC
Liq
Madison
GC
Liq
Morehouse
GC
Liq
Natchitoches
GC
Liq
Ouachita
GC
Liq
Red River
GC
Liq
Richland
GC
Liq
Sabine
GC
Liq A
Union
GC
Liq
Webster
GC
Liq
West Carroll
GC
Liq
Winn
GC
Liq
MOISTURE
%
ASH SULFUR
TOTAL
NO.
SEAMS
TOTAL DEPTH
THICKNESS IN
(FEET) (FEET)
28
16
0.6
3+
<200
38
14
1.5
10
<200
*Note: These are preliminary data released by the Louisiana Geological
Survey. Data for other parishes are in process and should be
available in the near future.
Source: Roland, Harry L. 1981. Analyses of lignite from two Louisiana
parishes. Unpublished preliminary data, Louisiana Geological Survey
Baton Rouge LA.
1-2
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Basis Descriptions for Table 1-1.
• Province - indicates that the parish is in the Gulf Coast Lignite Province
(GC).
• Rank - designation of the general characteristics of the coal as determined
by the degree coal is altered from its original woody state. Rank is
determined by the heating value of the coal (expressed in BTU per pound of
naturally moist coal) or for the higher ranks of bituminous cpal and
anthracite, by percent inorganic carbon. Rank is defined in Table 1-2.
• Moisture - expression of the percent of moisture in the coal in the
as-mined condition.
• Ash - incombustible as-mined coal remaining as a solid after the coal is
burned.
• Sulfur - total of all forms of sulfur present in the coal.
• Number of Seams - subjective approximation of significant seams of coal
that are known in the parish.
• Total Thickness - the sum total thickness of all of the significant coal
seams.
• Depth - general description of the depths at which significant coal seams
occur.
Because the information for this table comes from different sources, the
following should be considered. Where coal data are based only on a sampling
program, the data are for the sample from the thickest seam in the parish. If
there is only a mention of the presence of coal and its rank!, only this
information is tabulated. When only a range of composition is given for a
parish, the data in the table represent the midpoint of the range.
1-3
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Table 1-2. Rank of coal.*
TYPES OF COAL %FIXED CARBON HEAT VALUE BTU/LB
Ant
1
Meta-Anthracite
Over 98%
**
Ant
2
Anthracite
92 - 97%
**
Ant
3
Semi-Anthracite
86 - 91%
A*
Bit
1
Low Volatile Bituminous
78 - 85%
**
Bit
2
Medium Volatile Bituminous
69 - 77%
**
Bit
A
High Volatile Bituminous A
<69%
Over 14,000
Bit
B
High Volatile Bituminous B
<69%
13,000 - 14,000
Bit
C
High Volatile Bituminous C
<69%
11,000 - 13,000
Sub
A
Subbituminous A*
<69%
11,000 - 13,000
Sub
B
Subbituminous B
<69%
9,500 - 11,000
Sub
C
Subbituminous C
<69%
8,300 - 9,500
Lig A
Lignite A
<69%
6,300 - 8,300
Lig
B
Lignite B
<69%
below 6,300
1 Lignite A and B are the only coals occurring in Louisiana.
* The distinction between Subbituminous A and Bituminous C is based on the
weathering and aggolmerating characteristics of the coal.
** Coal with more than 69% fixed carbon is ranked by fixed carbon content
instead of heat value.
Source: American Society for Testing and Materials 1978. Specification
v for class of coal by rank. D. 388, Philadelphia, PA.
1-4
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MOREHOUSE
ST / EAST>#
CARROLL C-p
mmm
mi-'-'--, '•
RICHLAND (MADISON
mm&mm
smm
iHl
LEGEND
QUATERNARY
UPPER TERTIARY
JACKSON GROUP
CLAIBORNE GROUP
WILCOX GROUP
CRETACEOUS UPLIFT
(SALT DOME)
Figure 1-1. Geology of 23 Parishes in Louisiana (Bennison 1975).
1-5
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at depths not economically feasible for mining. Near-surface lignite is shown
on the Coal Resources Map (Exhibit 1) by a dot pattern. The lignite seam is
known to be more than 3 feet (0.9 meter) thick in areas indicated by dense
dots. Areas where the seam is less than 3 feet (0.9 meter) in thickness are
delineated by a light dot pattern. Future exploration in these areas may
locate more recoverable deposits. Lignite more than 200 feet (60 meters)
below the surface is termed deep basin lignite, and is shown on Exhibit 1 by
open circles. There are more deep basin deposits to the south of the Study
Area, although the location is poorly established.
1.2.2 Extent and Nature of Deposits
Typical lignite deposits of the Gulf Coast Lignite Province are generally
less than 5 miles wide when the strata are reasonably level, and somewhat
elongated. Individual deposits of commercial interest contain from 50 to 500
million tons in seams from 3 to 8 feet (0.9 to 2.4 meters) thick. Thicker
seams are exceptional (Roland 1976).
Available chemical analyses published for Louisiana lignites are presented
in Table 1-1. The better known lignites of northwest Louisiana appear to be
medium grade lignite A with heating values around 7,000 BTU/lb (3,800
kilocalories per kilogram) with high moisture (30%) and ash (15%) content.
Sulfur content is generally below 2%. Mining companies have completed
additional analyses, but these data are generally not released for
publication. Additionally, the State Geological Survey has recent data on
deposit size, lignite quality, and trace element content. However, during the
preparation of this document these data were not available.
1.2.3 Geologic Formations
Lignite in the Gulf Coast Province occurs primarily in the Wilcox Group,
formations, and to a lesser extent in the overlying beds of the Claiborne and
Jackson groups; all are of Eocene age (less than 70 million years). The most
extensive known deposits are in the lower Wilcox (Dolet Hills and Naborton
1-6
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Formations). These formations outcrop in a semicircular pattern on the
western border of the State and represent a continuation of deposits of the
Sabine Uplift in Texas (Roland 1976).
Deposits of the Jackson and Claiborne groups outcrop in the north-central
sections of the Study Area (Figure 1-1). Presently these have not been shown
to contain major seams (Meagher and Aycock 1942).
Deposits of the northeastern part of the Study Area are imperfectly known
because most of this area is covered by later Quaternary age deposits
associated with Mississippi River sediments.
Deep Basin deposits are likely to be found in the Wilcox Group, owing to
the comparatively greater lateral extent. Coats, Groat, and Hart (1980)
describe deep basin deposits from the Wilcox Group in Nachitoches and Grant
parishes. These deposits may extend south of the Study Area.
1.2.4 Reserves
Roland (1981) estimated the lignite resources of Louisiana at
approximately 1 billion tons. Because the data base regarding lignite in
Louisiana is incomplete, estimates such as the above are preliminary.
1-7
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E«3S3
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2.0 EXISTING AND PLANNED COAL DEVELOPMENT
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2.0 EXISTING AND PLANNED COAL DEVELOPMENT
2.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents an overview of current and projected coal develop-
ment it Louisiana. The discussion examines the three most probable forms of
lignite and bituminous coal development (coal mines, coal-fired electric
generating facilities, and coal gasification and liquefaction facilities) in
the Study Area. A brief description of each technology, including pertinent
environmental considerations are presented. All known existing and planned
coal developments are documented.
The primary constraints on the information presented in this chapter are:
• the necessity of timely response by industry to requests for
information;
• the desire of industry to maintain confidentiality about existing
and planned operations;
• the desire of state regulatory agencies to respect industry
confidentiality; and (
• the varying stages of development of planned facilities.
2.2 TECHNOLOGY OF COAL DEVELOPMENT
There are three predominant categories of coal development: coal mines,
including surface and subsurface mines, coal-fired electric generating
facilities, and coal gasification and liquefaction facilities. Only mines and
electric generating facilities are found in Louisiana. This section presents
a generalized outline of each development, including associated environmental
considerations. Typical environmental effects and mitigation measures are
also included. The level of information presented is appropriate for drawing
broad, preliminary conclusions about potential areas of environmental concern.
2-1
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2.2.1 Coal Mines
In Louisiana, lignite is surface mined; there are no active or planned
subsurface mines in the State. Lignite is mined utilizing area mining
(conventional or mountain top removal), contour mining (box cut or block cut),
or open pit mining.
The following activities are generally uniform and common to all surface
mining operations, differing only in procedural sequence among mining systems.
« clearing
• surface water diversion
• drilling and blasting
o overburden stripping & storage
• dewatering
• coal loading and transportation
• coal processing
• topsoil and overburden replacement
• revegetation
• reclamation and maintenance
Typical consumed resources, waste streams, environmental effects, and
mitigative measures for each surface mining activity are incuded in Table 2—1.
Revegetation, reclamation and maintenance are not included as separate
operations because they are considered mitigation measures.
2.2.2 Coal-fired Electric Generating Facilities
For the purposes of this document, electric generating facilities are
categorized as either lignite burning or bituminous coal burning. There are
not extreme differences between the environmental consequences of building or
operating either type of plant. Lignite typically has a lower heating value
per pound than bituminous coal. Therefore, to generate an equivalent amount
of electricity, a lignite-fired plant would consume more of the lignite
resource than a bituminous coal—fired plant. Air emissions on a kilowatt-hour
generated basis also differ. The qualities and proportions of constituents of
2-2
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Table 2-1. Environmental considerations associated with surface mining.
Operation
Resources Consumed
Waste Streams
Effects
Mitigation
Clearing
Surface water diversion
Equipment, fuel, labor,
timber, habitat
Equipment, fuel, labor,
habitat
Fugitive dust, trees,
brush, equipment ex-
haust , runoff
Stream sediment, equip-
ment exhaust, fugitive
du6t
Decr^sed habitat, in- Reclamation, incremen-
creased TSS in receiv- tal clearing
ing stream, temporarily
decreased air quality
Habitat alteration, in- Reclamation, stream
•creased TSS in stream, slope sti.-lization
temporarily decreased
air quality
Drilling & blasting
Equipment, fuel, labor,
land use
Noise, fugitive dust
Increased TSP, increas-
ed noise
Locate away from popu-
lated areas
Stripping and storage
Equipment, fuel, labor,
water (minimal)
Runoff, fugitive dust,
equipment exhaust, run-
off treatment sludge
Erosion, increased TSS
and altered pH in
receiving streams, in-
creased TSP
Runon diversion, runoff
collection, runoff
treatment, spraying
water
Dewatering
Equipment, fuel, labor
Drainage, treatment
sludge
Increased TSS and
altered in receiv-
ing stream
Drainage treatment
(sedimentation, neu-
tralization), sludge
dewatering and disposal
Coal loading &
transportation
Equipment, fuel, labor
Vehicle emission, noise,
fugitive dust
Increased TSP and
vehicle emissions
Dust suppression,
emission control, haul
distance minimization
Coal processing
Equipment, fuel, labor
Solid waste, wastewater,
storage pile runoff,
noise, fugitive dust,
air emissions
Increased TSS & alter-
ed pH in receiving
stream, decreased air
quality
Runoff interception &
treatment, air pollution
control equipment
Topsoil & overburden
replacement
Equipment, fuel, labor
Fugitive dust, equip-
ment emissions
Altered infiltration,
altered runoff, in-
creased TSS & altered
pH in receiving stream
Segregate horizons,
revegetation, water
spraying
TSS - Total Suspended Solids
TSP - Total Suspended Particulate
-------
waste streams may also vary. In general, waste streams and waste stream
components are similar for both fuels. These Include:
Liquid Wastes
sanitary waste
boiler blowdown
organic metal cleaning waste
inorganic metal cleaning waste
demlneralizer waste
cooling tower blowdown
condensate polisher waste
fuel storage pile runoff
lime/limestone storage pile runoff
process area runoff
ash quench water
laboratory wastes
waste oils, hydraulic fluids
preoperational boiler cleaning waste
Air Emissions
fugitive dust
total suspended particulate
SOy;
N0X
HC
CO
metals
Solid Waste
treatment sludges
flue gas desulfurization sludge
fly ash
bottom ash
economizer ash
Liquid waste treatment systems at electric generating facilities depend on
the waste characteristics which are effected by raw intake water quality, fuel
characteristics, water quality of the receiving water body, and process
configuration at the facility. Typical air emission control equipment
includes wet lime or limestone flue gas desulfurization scrubbers, or hot or
cold side electrostatic precipitators for particulate removal. Solid wastes
are typically landfilled when appropriate, or disposed of by contract waste
disposers.
2-4
-------
Condenser water cooling systems are environmentally significant. Typical
systems are impoundments (lakes or ponds) and cooling towers (wet or dry).
Once-through cooling systems withdraw cool water from a lake or stream, use it
once and return it directly to the water body.
Materials consumed in significant quantities during construction and
operation of an electric generating facility are as follows:
• construction materials
• labor
• energy
• water
• land area
• coal
• lime or limestone
• chemical substances
• equipment.
2.2.3 Coal Gasification and Liquefaction Facilities
There are numerous coal gasification technologies currently under
development. The processes can be categorized as (1) in-situ, where the coal
is gasified underground without first being rained, and (2) above ground where
the coal is mined, processed and then gasified. There are no in-situ facili-
ties existing or planned in Louisiana.
Some of the more common above ground gasification processes are the Lurgi
Process, the Koppers-Totzek Process, the Winkler Process, and the. Texaco
Gasifier Process. All produce low/intermediate-Btu gas or high-Btu gas. The
product gas contains varying concentrations of methane, hydrogen, and carbon
monoxide. Gasifier reactors produce low-Btu gas from coal and steam. In a
hydrodgasifier, coal, steam, and hydrogen react to produce intermediate-Btu
gas. A devolitization reactor is very similar to a hydrogasifier. Heat must
2-5
-------
be added to all three systems. A typical gasification operation would include
the following process units:
• gasification
• shift conversion
• gas cooling
e gas purification
• methanation
• gas compression and drying
• byproduct recovery (organic, liquids, ammonia, sulfur)
Table 2-2 includes the typical waste streams and treatment methods
associated with non-in-situ gasification. Waste streams associated with coal
processing prior to gasification are similar to those discussed in Section
2.2.1.
2.3 EXISTING AND PLANNED COAL DEVELOPMENT
Facilities in operation, under construction, or issued New Source
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permits are catego-
rized as existing facilities. Facilities in the planning stage and expected
in operation by 1990 are categorized as planned facilities. All known facil-
ities are shown in Exhibit 2.
2.3.1 Coal Mines
There are five lignite mines planned in Louisiana. Only the Phillips
Oxbow mine is in advanced planning stages. A list of coal mines planned in
Louisiana is presented in Table 2-3.
2.3.2 Coal-fired Electric Generating Facilities
The coal-fired electric generating facilities in Louisiana listed in this
document include facilities supplying electricity for large areas. Coal-fired
furnaces supplying energy other than electricity are excluded. Excluded
facilities are generally small, and insignificant compared to electric utility
facilities. All lignite-fired facilities in the Study Area are mine-mouth
facilities.
2-6
-------
Table 2-2. Typical major waste streams, resources consumed, and mitigation methods associated with
surface gasification operations.
Operation
Coal processing
Gasification
Shift conversion
Gas cooling
Gas purification
Mcthanation
Gas compression
and drying
By-product recovery
Resources Consumed
Equipment, fuel,
labor, water
Equipment, fuel,
labor, water,
reaction gases
Equipment, fuel,
labor, catalysts,
water
Equipment, water
Purifying media,
equipment, fuel,
labor
Equipment, fuel,
labor, catalyst,
water, reaction
gases
Equipment, fuel,
labor
Catalyst, equip-
ment, labor, fuel
Waste Streams
Mitigation
Fugitive dust, rocks, Cylones, spraying water, bag filters,
debris, storage pile runoff neutralization and sedimentation
runoff
Wastewater (NH-j,
phenols, cyanide),
tar, char,, ash,
stack gases
Acid gas, waste-
water, spent
catalysts
Blowdown, waste
heat
Various wastewater treatment processes,
reuse, utilization of tar and char by
combustion or gasification, dewater and
landfill ash, lime or limestone stack
gas scrubbing
Sulfur recovery, various wastewater
treatment processes, catalyst recovery
Blowdown neutralization and sedimentation,
waste heat recovery
Spent media, sludge Treatment, disposal
Wastewater
Wastewater
Spent catalyst,
waste heat, tail
gases
Reuse as boiler feed water
Treatment and disposal or reuse
Oxidation and disposal of catalyst,
waste heat recovery, air emission
treatment
-------
Table 2-2. Typical major waste screams, resources consumed, and mitigation methods associated with
surface gasification operations (concluded).
Operation
Resources Consumed
Waste Streams
Mitigation
Auxiliary operations
Oxygen generation Equipment, fuel,
labor
Stack gas (nitrogen)
Waste treatment
Treatment chemi-
cals, equipment,
labor, fuel
Sludge, effluent
Sludge treatment and disposal, effluent
discharge or reuse
Transportation
^ulpment, labor,
fuel
Fugitive dust,
vehicle emissions
Roadway maintenance, emission control
Runo f f
Soil
Wastewater (sus-
pended sediments,
organlcs, oil)
Neutralization, sedimentation, oxidation,
oil separation
Other
Water
Sanitary waste
Biological oxidation, other treatment
methods
Source: USEPA. 1978. Environmental review of synthetic fuels. Research Triangle Park NC, 3 (4): 15 p.
-------
Table 2-3.
Planned coal mines in 23 parishes in Louisiana.
Parish
Name
DeSoto Castor Bayou
Lignite Surface
Mine
Mining
Method
Surface,
Open Pit
Area
[ha (ac)]
6,075
(15,000)
DeSoto Dolet Hills Surface,
Lignite Surface Area
Mine
4,000-10,000
(10,000-25,000)
t-o
I
vO
DeSoto Sunrise Lignite
Surface Mine
Surface
174
(429)
DeSoto,
Red River,
Natchitoches
Oxbow Lignite
Surface Mine
Surface,
Open Pit
6,000
(16,000)
Red River &
Bienville
Chicot Lignite
Surface Mine
Surface
8,000-12,000
(20,000-30,000)
Cleco - Central Louisiana
NA - Information Not Available
SWEPCO - Southwest Electric Power Co.
Production Rate Dates of Coal
[kkg/yr (t/yr)) Operation Type Discharge To
Reclamation
Owner
3.6-4.5 million
(4-5 million)
1985-2015
or
1985-2025
Lignite Castor Bayou
NA
DOW
Chemical
Co., USA
4.5 million
(5 million)
1984-2014
or
1984-2024
Lignite
Bayou Pierre
and
Bayou San
Patricia
NA
CLECO
and
SWEPCO
180,000
(200,000) 1982-NA Lignite Heart Bayou A-horizon Tower
segregated, Resources
no impound-
ments, land
reclaimed to
forest or
pastureland
3.6 million
(4 million)
1982-2022
Lignite Bayou Pierre
Reclaimed to
pastureland,
cropland,
forestland;
mixed over-
burden, large
impoundment
Phillips
Coal Co.
900,000
(1 million)
1986-1026
Lignite Bayou Chicot
NA
Phillips
Coal Co.
-------
2.3.2.1 Existing Coal-fired Electric Generating Facilities
All existing coal-fired electric generating facilities in Louisiana burn
western bituminous coal. However, one unit at the Big Cajun Facility that is
planned to go into operation in 1985, will burn Louisiana lignite.
A list of existing coal-fired electric generating facilities in the Study
Area and pertinent information about each facility is presented in Table 2-4.
Section 2.2.2 includes a discussion of the environmental considerations typ-
ically associated with coal-fired facilities.
2.3.2.2 Planned Coal-fired Electric Generating Facilites
Table 2-5 contains a list of planned coal-fired electric generating
facilities with background information about each.
2.3.3 Coal Gasificiation Facilities
As discussed in Section 2.2.3, coal gasification is a developing tech-
nology. There are no facilities in commercial operation in Louisiana. Table
2-6 includes information about Louisiana gasification projects.
2.3.3.1 Existing Coal Gasificiation
The gasification facility operated by Dow Chemical is a prototype opera-
tion. Its commercial operation will depend upon the results of ongoing
testing currently underway.
2.3.3.2 Planned Coal Gasification Facilities
A feasibility study is being carried out by Houston Natural Gas to deter-
mine whether to construct a facility in Ascesion Parish. The process under
consideration will produce intermediate-BTU gas which will be converted into
liquid methanol.
2-10
-------
Table 2-4. Existing coal-fired electric generating facilitie
Generation
No. of Rate Per
Parish Name Units Unit (MW) Coal Type
Calcasieu Nelson 2 540 Bituminous
Grant-
Rapides
Rodemacher
West
Feliciana
Big Cajun
530
Bituminous
540 4 Bituminous
1 Lignite
ESP - Electrostatic Precipitator
FGD - Flue Gas Desulfurization
GSU - Gulf States Utilities
CLECO - Central Louisiana Electric Company, Inc.
CEPC - Cajun Electric Power Cooperative, Inc.
NA - Not Available
in 23 parishes in Louisiana.
Date On-Line
1982/1985
1982
1980/1981/
1983/1985
Cooling Air Pollution
Method Cont. Method Owner
Mechanical ESP GSU
Tower (FGD NA)
Pond ESP CLECO
Mechanical ESP CEPC
Tower/Once
Through
-------
Table 2-5. Planned coal-fired electric generating facilities
Parish
Name
No. of
Units
Generation
Rate Per
Unit (MW)
Coal Type
DeSoto
Dolet Hills
719
Lignite
DeSoto,
Red River,
or Natchi-
toches
NA
NA
NA
Lignite
Red River
or
Bienville
NA
NA
NA
Lignite
St. James
Wilton
800
Bituminous
NA
NA
800
Bituminous
NA - Not Available
SWEPCO - Southwestern Electric Power Co.
CEPC - Cajun ELectric Power Cooperative
ESP - Electrostatic Precitpitator
FGD - Flue Gas Desulfirization
LP&L - Louisiana Power and Light
NOPS - New Orleans Public Service Co.
1 - Located Within 50 Miles of New Orleans
23 parishes in Louisiana.
Cooling
Date On-Line Method
1986 NA
NA
NA
1988-1991
1989-1993
Air Pollution
Cont. Method Owner
NA SWEPCO
NA NA CEPC
NA NA CEPC
Once ESP, FGD, NA LP&L
Through
Mechanical ESP, Wet NOPS
Towers Limestone
Scrubbers
-------
Table 2-6. Existing and planned coal gasification facilities in 23 parishes in Louisiana.
Parish
Parish
Iberville
Process
Texaco
Gasifier
Process
Coal Type
Various
Coal Consum ion
Per Year [kkg (t)]
NA
Air Pollution
Cont. Method
NA
Dates of
Operation
1979-NA
Owner
DOW Chemical
Ascension Texaco Illinois #6 1988 NA 1988-NA Houston Natural
Gasifier (2190) Gas
Process
NA - Not Available
-------
w\
*
&
I
EflESTi
-------
3.0 EARTH RESOURCES
-------
3.0 EARTH RESOURCES
3.1 INTRODUCTION
Earth resources are a combination of the physical elements of the surface
and subsurface of the earth from which most life forms derive their basic
needs. The importance of these resources in a particular location varies
depending on the nature in which various elements interact in the environment.
This chapter presents information (Exhibit 3 and Table 3-1) intended to
aid in proper environmental planning of coal development, and effects from
development on earth resources. Concerns from coal/lignite development
include erosion, restoration, and reclamation (or enhancement) of the present
contour of the land and the present soil conditions, as well as effects on
other mineral resources.
3.2 PHYSIOGRAPHY
The Gulf Coastal Plain is the only major physiographic province in the
Study Area. Thick sedimentary layers characterize the subsurface. Layers of
alternating sandstone, limestone, and shale dip gently toward the Gulf of
Mexico. In some sections sandstone outcrops that have resisted erosion stand
as cuestas above the surrounding low areas. This processs has produced areas
of irregular plains especially in the central parishes of the Study Area. The
region consist primarily of rolling hills with 100 to 300 feet (30 to 90
meters) local relief. East and north of the Irregular plains the surface is
more level (Figure 3-1). Flat plains occur in the southeastern sections of
the Study Area adjacent to the Mississippi River Valley. Local relief of less
than 100 feet (30 meters) occurs throughout the area. The smooth plains in
the western section of the Study Area are slightly more variable in local
relief (100 to 300 feet 130 to 90 meters]).
Lands of the irregular plains have a greater potential for erosion. Here
the topography is steeper than in other sections of the Study Area.
3-1
-------
Table 3-1. Earth Resources of 23 Louisiana parishes.
Soils
Parish
Bienville
Bossier
Caddo
Caldwell
Claiborne
De Soto
East Carroll
Franklin
Grant
Jackson
La Salle
Lincoln
Madison
Morehouse
Natchitoches
Slope
Nearly Level
to Gentle
Nearly Level
to Rolling
Level to
Moderate
Level to Strong
Level to Strong
Texture
Fine Sandy Loam to Silt
Loam (bottomlands)
Surface, Silty Loam to
Clay Subsoil
Fine Sandy Loam to Clay
Surface, Sandy Clay Loam
to Clay Subsurface
Uplands-Very Fine Sandy Acid Upland,
Loam Surface, Clayey Sub- Alkaline Bottom-
soil Bottomland-Silt Loam land
to Clay Surface and Sub-
surface
Other
Acidic, Well
Drained except
Bottomlands
Poorly to Well
Drained
Silty Loam to Clay Surface
and Subsurface
Sandy Loam Surface, Sandy
Clay Subsoil
Gentle to Strong Very Fine Sandy Loam Sur-
face, Clayey Subsoil
Level to Nearly
Level
Level to Nearly
Level
Nearly Level to
Steep
Nearly Level to
Steep
Level to Strong
Gentle to Strong
Level to Gently
Undulating
Level to Gently
Undulating
Level to Steep
Clayey Surface and Subsoil
Silty Loam Surface and
Subsoil
Fine Sandy Loam Surface,
Sandy Clay Loam Subsoil
Very Fine to Fine Sandy
Loam Surface, Sandy Clay
Loam to Clay Subsoil
Fine Sandy Loam to Clay
Surface, Sandy Clay Loam
to Clay Subsoil
Fine Sandy Loam Surface,
Sandy Clay to Clay Sub-
soils
Clayey Surface and Sub-
soil
Silty Loam to Clay Surface
and Subsoil
Fine Sandy Loam to Clay
Surface, Silty Loam to
Clay Subsoil
Acidic
Acidic, Mostly
Well Drained
Acidic, Somewhat
Poorly to Well
Drained
Slightly Acid to
Mildly Alkaline
Acidic v
Acidic, Well
Drained
Acidic, Well
Drained
Acidic
Acidic, Well
Drained, Iron-
stone Gravel
Interspersed
Poorly Drained
Mostly Poorly
Drained Bottom-
land Soil
Acidic and
Alkaline
Minerals
Clay, NG,
Salt
NGL, Pet, NG
NGL, Clay,
Pet, NG
NGL, NG
Pet, NG
Pet, NG
S&G, Pet
Salt, Pet
S&G, Pet
Pet
S&G, Pet, NG
NGL, Clay,
NG
S&G, Salt,
Pet
S&G, Pet, NG
NGL, Clay,
S&G, Salt
3-2
-------
Table 3-1. Earth Resources of 23 Louisiana parishes (concluded).
Parish
Slope
Texture
Other
Minerals
Ouachita Level to Steep
Red River Level to Moder-
ately Sloping
Richland
Sabine
Union
Webster
Level to Gentle
Level to Steep
Gentle to Steep
Nearly Level
to Steep
West Carroll Level to Gentle
Winn Nearly Level
to Steep
Fine Sandy Loam to Clay
Surface, Silty Loam
to Clay Subsoil
Fine Sandy Loam to Clay
Surface, Silty Loam to
Clay Subsoil
Silty Loam Surface, Silty
Loam to Silty Clay Loam
Subsoil
Fine Sandy Loam to Silty
Loam Surface, Silty
Clay Loam to Clay Subsoil
Fine Sandy Loam Surface,
Sandy Clay Loam to
Clay Subsoil
Fine Sandy Loam to Silty
Loam Surface, Loamy to
Sandy Clay Subsoil
Silty Loam Surface, Silty
Silty Clay Loam Subsoil
Fine Sandy Loam to Silty
Loam, Sandy Clay Loam
to Clay Subsoils
Slightly to Strongly
Acidic, Largely
Bottomland Soils
Poorly to Well
Drained
Acidic, Poorly to
Well Drained
Acidic, Poorly to
Well Drained
S&G, NGL, NG
S&G, Pet, NG
NGL, Pet
S&G, Pet, NG
Acidic, Well Drained S&G, Pet, NG
Well Drained
Poorly to Moderately
Well Drained
Acidic, Poorly to
Well Drained
NGL, S&G, Pet,
NG, Salt
Pet
Stone, Gypsum,
S&G, Pet,
NG, Salt
Abbreviations in Table:
NG - Natural Gas
NGL - Natural Gas Liquids
Pet - Petroleum
S&G - Sand and Gravel
Source: Jones and Hough 1976, Lytle and Sturgis 1962, SCS 1970, SCS 1971,
SCS 1972, SCS 1974, SCS 1976, SCS 1977, SCS 1980.
3-3
-------
mmdiouse
WE.5T f EAbT
I CARROLL
RICI HAND /MftlWlN
n
LEGEND
m
in
Flat plains
Smooth plains
J Irregular plains
Figure 3-1. Physiographic divisions of the Gulf Coastal Plain Province in
23 Parishes in Louisiana (USGS 1969).
3-A
-------
3.3 SOILS
The productive quality of soil and the suitability or limitations for
certain uses is largely determined by properties of slope, texture, depth, and
levels of pH. Soil information is presented for each parish in Table 3-1.
Soils are grouped by regions displaying similar physical and chemical soil
characteristics. The above properties are used to define four general soil
regions in the Study Area: Coastal Plain, Mississippi Terraces, Forested
Lowland, and Recent Alluvium (Exhibit 3). These major groups are further
divided into soil associations (Exhibit 3 and Table 3-2). Soils of the Study
Area are generally deep, unless indicated otherwise.
3.3.1 Coastal Plain
Soils of the Coastal Plain occupy dissected rolling hills in the western
and north-central section of the Study Area. These soils developed from
unconsolidated sands, sandy clays, and clays of the Tertiary and Quaternary
geologic periods. The resultant soil profile typically consists of sandy loam
topsoil overlying a clayey subsoil.
Coastal soils generally are well suited to forest and rangeland use, but
are very susceptible to erosion, a major concern to coal development.
Cultivation is limited in some areas by existing severely eroded steep slopes
(Lytle and Sturgis 1962).
3.3.2 Mississippi Terraces
The soils of this region are situated on stream terraces of the
Mississippi River. The major constituent is alluvium laid down during the
Pleistocene age. These terraces occupy level to gently sloping benches in
eastern sections of the Study Area at elevation ranging from 15 to 40 feet
(4.5 to 12 meters) above local stream floodplains. The silty loam topsoil and
silty clay loam subsoil is underlain largely by hardened loamy layers known as
fragipans.
3-5
-------
Table 3-2. Description of major soil associations depicted in Exhibit 3.
Regions Slope
Coastal Plain
1-Ruston-Bowie- 0-12Z
Orangeburg-Beauregard
2-Shubuta-Kirvin- 12-30%
Nacogdotches-Luverne
3-Susquehanna-Boswell- 8-12%
Sawyer
Texture (Topsoil/
Subsoil)
Sandy Loam/Sandy Clay
Loam
Fine Sandy Loam/Sandy
Clay
Fine Sandy Loam/Sandy
Clay to Clay
Present Use or
Suitability
Forest, Rangeland
Rangeland, Forest
Forest, Rangeland
Mississippi Terraces
6-Lintonia-Richland-
Olivier-Calhoun
0- 8%
Silty Loam/Silty Clay
Loam
Agricultural (cropland),
Rangeland, Forest
Forested Lowland
7-Caddo-Beauregard-
Hammond-Wrightsville
0- 5% Very Fine Sandy Loam/
Sandy Clay Loam to
Silty Clay
Forest, Rangeland
Recent Alluvium
10-Commerce-Mhoon- 0- 5%
Robinsonville-Crevasse
11-Sharkey-Tunica-Swamp 0- 5%
Clays
12-Yahola-Norwood-Miller- 0- 22
Perry
13-Gallion-Pulaski-Perry- 0- 55!
Portland
15-Bibb-Ochlockonee-
Cbastain-Waver ly
0- 1%
Very Fine Sandy to Silty
Clay Loam/Silty Loam to
Silty Clay
Clay/Sand, Silt, or Clay
Very Fine Sandy Loam to
Clay/Clayey
Sandy Loam to Clay/Sandy
Clay Loam to Clay
Sandy Loam to Silty Loam/
Sandy Loam to Silty Loam
Agricultural (cotton, com,
sugarcane, soybeans, oats),
Rangeland
Forest, Agricultural (sugar-
cane, cotton, rice, corn)
Agricultural (cotton, corn,
sugarcane, soy beans, oats,
alfalfa), Forest, Rangeland
Forest, Agricultural (cotton,
corn, oats, alfalfa)
Forest, Rangeland, Agricul-
tural (corn, alfalfa)
Source: Lytle, S.A. and M.B. Sturgis. 1962. General soil areas and associated soil
series groups of Louisiana. Louisiana State University, 1 sheet.
3-6
-------
A variety of uses are suited to soils of the Mississippi Terraces
including agricultural, rangeland, and forest. Erosion is a minor problem due
to the level nature of the region. Generally these soils are low in organic
matter and plant nutrients (Lytle and Sturgis 1962), making reclamation
somewhat less problematic.
3.3.3 Forested Lowland
Sandy, silty, and clayey materials derived from sediments of Miocene and
Pleistocene age comprise the forested lowland soils. They are characterized
by a very fine sandy topsoil, overlying a subsoil with loamy to clayey
texture. The presence of siltpans and claypans in the subsoil inhibits
drainage. The primary land use of this level to undulating region is forest
and rangeland (Lytle and Sturgis 1962).
Concerns to coal development are similar to those in the Mississippi
Terraces Region. The region generally has low erosion potential and favorable
reclamation potential.
3.3.4 Recent Alluvium
Recently deposited stream sediments are the major soil of this region.
General relief features are the nearly level to gently sloping natural levee
ridges along stream channels, the level backslopes of the levees, and the
level to depressed basins and swamps. The levee ridges, 2 to 20 feet (0.6 to
6 meters) higher than the swamps, are usually silty, or sandy, while the levee
backslopes are usually stratified layers of medium and fine textured
sediments. The depressions and swamps are predominantly clay. The original
native vegetation was mixed forest, but the region has since accommodated
diverse uses including agricultural, rangeland, and forest (Lytle and Sturgis
1962). The region is high in organic matter and plant mineral nutrients,
making it the most fertile region of the Study Area. This may require
specialized reclamation procedures if developed for coal.
3-7
-------
3.4 NONMETALS AND METALS
Nonmetal resources found and commercially produced in the Study Area are
clay, gypsum, salt, sand and gravel, and stone (Table 3-1). The most noted of
these is salt. Louisiana ranks first in the U.S. for salt production (Jones
and Hough 1976). Although most of the production occurs south of the Study
Area, there are many salt domes in the Study Area with potential for
development. Sand and gr.avel deposits are widely dispersed through the Study
Area, being associated primarily with major drainages such as the Sabine
River, Red River, Quachita River, and Mississippi River. Clay is produced in
four parishes and gypsum and stone are produced in Winn Parish near the
Winnfield Salt Dome.
Clay, gypsum, sand and gravel, and stone are surface mined and may be
encountered by coal development. Salt domes vary widely in their elevation
and potentially may be located near mineable coal deposits.
Iron-ore is the only metal of potential development in the Study Area.
Coal mining potentially could infringe on iron deposits since most are located
at or near the surface.
3.5 MINERAL FUELS
In 1976, Louisiana ranked second in the U.S. in domestic mineral produc-
tion. Crude petroleum, natural gas, and natural gas liquids comprised 96% of
the total value (Jones and Hough 1976). The Study Area has numerous areas of
petroleum development (Exhibit 3 and Table 3-1). Additionally, carbon black,
an important by-product of petroleum refining, is also produced.
The abundance of wells may pose problems for coal' development, as mining
operations are not normally allowed to mine within 100 feet (30 meters) of an
existing well. Petroleum deposits are normally located well below potential
developable coal deposits and generally should not be affected by coal mining.
3-8
-------
PAGE NOT
AVAILABLE
DIGITALLY
-------
4.0 SOCIOECONOMICS
-------
4.0 SOCIOECONOMICS
Coal resource development involving large capital projects will affect the
socioeconomic characteristics of both the locality and the region being
developed. The area population is directly and indirectly affected by coal
development, through changes in the existing environment and by the influx of
new workers and their families. This assessment of the existing economic
base, and employment and income levels will focus on the key elements of the
economy that will be affected by coal development.
4.1 ECONOMICS
4.1.1 Introduction
The following narrative describes the economic profile of the 23 parishes
in the Study Area utilizing employment (labor), and income. The area economies
will be stimulated by coal development leading to an expansion of existing
economic activities. In addition, new economic ventures will be undertaken
thereby diversifying the economic base and contributing to overall growth of
the area economies. Existing economic conditions in the Study Area are
summarized in Figure 4-1.
4.1.2 Employment
The discussion of employment is provided to describe the size, composi-
tion, and availability of the current labor force. Data relating civilian
labor force, total employment, unemployment, and employment by sector are used
to further describe employment.
4.1.2.1 Civilian Labor Force
i
\
The civilian labor force is a measure of the number of people 16 years of
age and older available for work, excluding the military and institutional^
population. Labor force data including the annual average of all people who
4-1
-------
CLAIBORNE
€)
c
WEST
LINCOLN
RROLL
(chland Madison
JACKSON
BIENVILLE
RIVER D
E SOT'
LA SALLE
NATCH ITOCHE
SABINE
GRANT
LEGE
Economic Condition
Labor Supply
A Excessive labor short
0 Serious labor short
C Moderate labor short
Economically depressed area
Moderate economy
0 Moderate labor surplus o Economically healthy area
E Serious labor suprlus
F Excessive labor surplus
Figure 4-1. Economic indicators for 23 parishes in Louisiana.
4-2
-------
were employed, unemployed, or involved in labor management disputes in 1980,
are presented in Table 4-1. Participation in the labor force increases with
the demand for labor and new or additional development will increase the
demand for certain types of labor.
The labor force size varies directly with the population of the county and the
demand for labor. There is considerable variation among parishes. The data
in some instances are aggregated for two parishes because the area is viewed
as a single cohesive labor market.
4.1.2.2 Total Employment
Data for the number of persons actually employed, including full- and
part-time employment and persons who are temporarily laid off, are presented
in Table 4-1.
An increase in total employment from 1976 to 1980 occurred in most
parishes in the Study Area, with the exception of Union Parish, which declined
20% in the same period. Annual increases in employment averaged approximately
57, per year, with 60% of the parishes increasing at a rate below the average
overall increase (6% per year) for the State.
4.1.2.3 Unemployment
Unemployment data are shown in Table 4-1 and Figure 4-1. These data
represent the number of people in the labor force who are not working, but who
are available for work and are actively seeking employment. Unemployment data
do not include workers who are underemployed or discouraged workers who have
dropped out of the labor force.
Unemployment rates in the Study Area are relatively high, indicating an
overall depressed economy. This trend is consistent with the slow economic
trend in the State. However, more than 60% of the parishes in the Study Area
4-3
-------
Table 4-1. Labor force statistics for 23 parishes In Louisiana (1976 and 1980).
Civilian
Labor Force
Total Employment
Total Unemployment
Unemployment Rate
Rank
1980
1 - Highest
Labor £
1980
1976
1980
Z Change
1976
1980
1976
1980
Unemployment
Classif
State
1,745,900
1,385,000
1,634,600
18.02
101,000
111,300
7.29
6.4
—
-
Parish
Bienville
6,850
5,150
6,325
22.81
475
525
8.3
7.6
10
D
Bossier/Caddo/
Webster^
157,150
129,550
146,475
13.06
9,950
10,675
7.1
6.8
13
D
Caldwell
4,250
3,475
3,950
13.66
300
300
7.8
7.1
12
D
Claiborne
i6,675
5,300
6,100
15.09
350
375
6.2
5.8
16
C
De Soto
12,225
6,975
11,450
64.15
550
775
7.2
6.3
14
D
East Carroll
5,150
3,850
4,650
20.77
300
500
7.5
9.9
3
E
Franklin
8,900
7,275
8,075
10.99 '
625
825
8.0
9.4
4
E
Grant^
70,425
58,650
64.450
9.88
5,700
5,975
8.9
8.5
8
D
Jackson
5,800
4,875
5,300
8.71
275
500
5.2
8.4
9
D
La Salle
5,725
4,650
^ 5,400
16.12
275
325
5.8
5.6
17
C
Lincoln
18,375
14,325
17,525
22.33
625
850
4.2
4.6
19
C
Madison
5,800
4,700
4,975
5.85
425
825
8.4
14.0
1
F
Morehouse
11,650
9,375
10,625
13.33
800
1,025
7.8
8.8
6
D
Natchitoches
14,550
10,650
13,700
28.63
1,000
850
8.6
5.9
15
C
Ouachita^
53,575
44,650
48,925
9.57
3,700
4,650
7.6
8.7
7
D
Red River
3,850
3,175
3,650
14.96
175
200
5.5
5.3
18
C
Richland
7,500
6,600
6,825
3.40
575
675
7.9
9.0
5
E
Sabine
7,000
5,650
6,525
15.48
450
475
7.4
6.8
13
D
Union
6,625
7,625
6,125
-19.67
400
500
5.1
7.5
11
D
West Carroll
4,675
3,475
4,175
20.14
550
500
13.8
10.7
2
E
Winn
5,750
4,000
5,425
35.62
275
325
6.7
5.9
15
C
-------
Table 4-1. Labor force statistics for 23 parishes in Louisiana (1976 and 1980) (concluded).
^Shreveport SMSA = Bossier, Caddo and Webster parishes
2
Alexandria Labor Market Area = Avoyelles, Grant and Rapides parishes
3
Monroe SMSA = Ouachita parish
Labor Supply Classifications. (D.O.L.) - to measure adequacy of labor supply
Category Description Unemployment Rate
A Excessive labor shortage Less than 1.5%
B Serious labor shortage 1.5 - 2.9%
C Moderate labor shortage 3.0 - 5.9%
D Moderate labor surplus 6.0 - 8.9%
E Serious labor surplus 9.0 - 11.9%
F Excessive labor surplus 12.0 or more
Sources: Louisiana Department of Labor. 1980a. Louisiana manpower information for affirmative
action programs, May 1977. Louisiana Department o£ Labor, Baton Rouge LA, 83 p.
Louisiana Department of Labor. 1980b. Louisiana State labor market information, Dec.
1980. Louisiana Department of Labor, Baton Rouge LA, 4 p,
US Department of Labor. 1980. Area trends in employment and unemployment. US Department
of Labor, Employment and Training Administration, Washington DC, 62 p.
-------
have a higher unemployment rate than the average unemployment rate in the
State for 1980. A decline in unemployment occurred in 60% of the parishes
between 1976 and 1980.
The US Department of Labor had developed a labor supply classification
based upon the unemployment rate to measure the adequacy of the existing labor
force. Moderate labor shortages occur in 26% of the parishes, and some form
of labor surplus varying from moderate to excessive occurs in 75% of the
parishes.
A ranking of unemployment by parish is presented in Table 4-1. The lowest
unemployment rate is indicated by a 1 (one). Several parishes tied for
placement, and were given the same ranking. The labor supply classification
developed by the US Department of Labor as a measure of the adequacy of the
current labor supply in each parish is entered in the last column in Table
4-1.
The overall low unemployment and relatively low incomes found in the Study
Area indicate a need for additional local jobs and income. Most coal
development will stimulate the economies of these areas. In addition, this
unemployment trend indicates the existence of a reservoir of workers available
for seasonal and low-wage service jobs.
4.1.2.4 Employment by Sector
Information on employment by major industrial sector is given in Table
4-2. Manufacturing is a well developed economic activity comprising 23% of
total employment in the 23 parishes of the Study Area. Manufacturing accounts
for only 14% of total employment statewide. The service category comprises
30% of total employment in the Study Area compared to 27% statewide.
Significant numbers of people are employed in the service category in 65% of
the parishes. Trade activities including both wholesale and retail trade
comprised 20% of total employment consistent with the trend statewide.
4-6
-------
Table 4-2. Employment by industry for 23 parishes in Louisiana (1976 and 1979).
EMPLOYMENT BY COUNTY
State of
Louisiana
Bienville
Bossier
Caddo
Caldwel
Total Covered Employment
1,
,473,511
3,491
18,197
106,313
1,928
Agriculture
1976
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
1979
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
% County Labor Force 1979
Mining
1976
62,678
53
505
3,368
4
1979
77,547
70
761
3,914
6
% County Labor Force 1979
5.26
2.00
418
3.68
0.31
Transportation, Communications
and Public Utilities
1976
102,939
138
889
7,879
55
1979
130,336
162
1,124
9,015
104
% County Labor Force 1979
8.84
4.64
6.17
8.47
5.39
Trade
1976
306,528
361
3,671
26,183
302
1979
356,770
402
4,567
25,915
279
X Count- Labor Force 1979
24.21
11.51
25.09
24.37
14.47
Construction
1976
116,678
155
1,290
6,032
143
1979
144,123
226
1,912
7,603
204
X County Labor Force 1979
9.78
6.47
10.50
7.15
10.58
Manufacturing
1976
1979
7. County Labor Force 1979
Finance, Insurance and
Real Estate
1976
1979
% County Labor Force 1979
Service and Other
1976
1979
'/. County Labor Force 1979
Government Service
1976
1979
195,586
211,913
14.38
61,235
72,234
4.90
245,321
402,982
27.34
42,189
77,606
821
1,593
45.63
90
113
3.23
224
797
22.83
57
107
1,578 18,777
1,482 22,319
8.14
738
920
5.05
2,407
5,643
20.99
4,448
5,345
5.02
20,538
29,091
31.01 27.36
1,257 900
1,649 2,793
140
176
9.12
58
77
3.99
446
822
42.63
185
245
% County Labor I'orce 1979 5.26
3.0 ft
9.06
2.62
12.70
4-7
-------
Table 4-2. Employment by Industry for 23 parishes in Louisiana (1976 and 1979) (continued).
EMPLOYMENT BY COUNTY
Total Covered Employment
Claiborne
De Soto
East Carroll
Franklin Grant
Agriculture
1976
1979
Z County Labor Force 1979
Mining
1976
1979
3,843
N/A
N/A
371
44 2
Z County Labor Force 1979 11.50
Transportation, Communications
and Public Utilities
1976 256
1979 322
Z County Labor Force 1979 8.37
Trade
1976 579
1979 636
Z County Labor Force 1979 16.54
Construction
1976 110
1979 226
% County Labor Force 1979 5.88
Manufacturing
1976 814
1979 ' 1.039
X County Labor Force 1979 27.03
Finance, Insurance and
Real Estate
1976
1979
X County Labor Force 1979
Service and Other
1976
1979
Z County Labor Force 1979
Government Service
1976
1979
Z County Labor Force 1979
110
137
3.56
229
882
22.95
46
157
4.08
4,462
N/A
N/A
172
272
6.09
155
213
4.77
827
876
19.63
176
349
7.82
1,083
1,122
25.14
134
205
4.59
347
1,196
26.80
58
141
3.16
2,483
N/A
N/A
2
14
0.56
123
200
8.05
599
567
22.83
130
209
8.41
291
265
10.67
118
107
4.30
273
738
29.72
23
140
5.63
4,315
N/A
N/A
11
15
0.34
235
329
7.62
1,209
1,164
26.97
224
373
8.64
430
520
12.05
138
170
3.93
591
1,459
33.81
61
157
3.63
2,318
N/A
N/A
117
101
4.35
96
136
5.86
214
208
8.97
412
197
8.49
482
760
32.78
29
43
1.85
77
678
29.24
57
172
7.42
4-8
-------
Table 4-2. Employment by industry for 23 parishes in Louisiana (1976 and 1979) (continued).
EMPLOYMENT BY COUNTY Jackson LaSalle Lincoln Madison Morehouse
Total Covered Employment 3,962 4,629 12,953 7,692 7,692
Agriculture
1976 NA NA NA NA NA
1979 NA NA NA NA NA
% County Labor Force 1979
Mining
1976 5 617 102 15 14
1979 25 668 122 14 21
% County Labor Force 1979 .63 14.43 0.94 0.50 0.27
Transportation, Communications
and Public Utilities
1976 112 178 376 157 250
1979 147 185 635 172 293
% County Labor Force 1979 3.71 3.99 4.90 6.19 3.80
J
Trade
1976 637 643 2,343 764 1,163
1979 621 675 2,845 810 1,191
% County Labor Force 1979 15.67 14.58 21.96 29.17 15.48
Construction
1976 160 92 1,214 110 358
1979 161 249 2,045 161 550
% County Labor Force 1979 4.06 5.37 15.78 5.79 7.15
Manufacturing
1976 1,462 1,606 1,707 223 2,447
1979 1,539 1,484 1,948 292 2,403
% County Labor Force 1979 38.84 32.05 15.03 10.51 31.24
Finance, Insurance and Real
Estate
1976 157 211 603 98 202
1979
186 282 806 112 232
% County Labor Force 1979 4.69 6.09 6.22 4.03 3.01
Service and Other
1976 371 147 2,689 433 799
1979 1,092 902 4,183 914 2,339
X County Labor Force 1979 27.56 19.48 32.29 32.92 30.40
Government Service
1976 28 41 54 80 80
1979 142 141 249 175 269
% County Labor Force 1979 3.53 3.04 1.92 ' 6.30 3.49
I
4-9
-------
Table 4-2. Employment by industry for 23 parishes
in Louisiana
(1976 and 1979)(continued).
EMPLOYMENT BY COUNTY Natchitoches Quachlta Red River Richland Sabine
Total Covered Employment 9,532 48,020 2,267 4,916 4,368
Agriculture
1976 NA NA NA NA NA
1979 NA NA NA NA NA
X County Labor Force 1979
MinlnR
1976 66 361 7 157 159
1979 95 585 15 142 149
% County Labor Force 1979 .99 1.21 0.66 2.88 3.41
Transportation, Communications
and Public Utilities
1976 415 2,274 23 158 159
1979 582 2,911 51 246 242
X County Labor Force 1979 6.10 6.06 2.24 5.00 5.54
Trade
1976 1,725 11,330 405 1,339 761
1979 2,841 13,104 . 436 1,278 799
% County Labor Force 1979 29.80 27.28 19.23 25.99 18.29
Construction
1976 422 4,986 129 300 126
1979 785 4,549 192 465 189
Z County Labor Force 1979 8.23 9.47 8.46 9.45 4.32
Manufacturing
1976 1,707 7,158 633 604 1,113
1979 1,685 8,555 752 569 1,369
% County Labor Force 1979 17.67 17.81 33.17 11.57 31.34
Finance, Insurance and
Real Estate
1976 433 2,150 62 153 100
1979 362 3,254 80 213 118
% County Labor Force 1979 3.79 6.77 3.52 4.33 2.70
Service and Other
1976 1,574 8,147 270 569 610
1979 3,400 12,904 673 1,612 1,336
% County Labor Force 1979 35.66 26.87 29.68 32.79 30.58
Government Service
1976 168 650 30 65 97
1979 437 1,667 60 137 161
X County Labor Force 1979 4.58 3.47 2.64 2.78 3.68
4-10
-------
Table 4-2. Employment by Industry for 23 parishes in Louisiana (1976-1979)(continued).
EMPLOYMENT BY COUNTY Union Webster West Carroll Winn
Total Covered Employment 3,274
Agriculture
1976 NA
1979 NA
% County Labor Force 1979
Mining
1976 28
1979 27
X County Labor Force 1979 0.82
Transportation, Communications
and Public Utilities
1976 211
1979 299
% County Labor Force 1979 9.13
Trade
1976 432
1979 486
X County Labor Force 1979 14.84
Construction
1976 181
1979 300
% County Labor Force 1979 9.16
Manufacturing
1976 1,283
1979 878
X County Labor Force 1979 26.81
Finance, Insurance and
Real Estate
1976 87
1979 89
X County Labor Force 1979 2.65
Service and Other
1976 572
1979 1,070
% County Labor Force 1979 32.68
Government Service
1976 53
1979 112
% County Labor Force 1979 3.42
11,436 2,254 4,378
NA NA NA
NA NA NA
335 92 102
388 41 159
3.39 1.81 3.63
352 91 105
537 175 200
4.69 7.76 4.56
2,052 445 727
2,373 460 630
20.75 20.40 14.39
807 173 122
1,401 243 227
12.25 10.78 5.18
1,629 275 1,067
3,478 298 1,902
30.41 13.22 43.44
272 80 88
304 85 89
2.65 3.77 2.03
1,445 206 ' 430
2,531 647 973
22.13 28.70 22.22
125 32 106
361 114 166
3.15 5.05 3.79
4-11
-------
Table 4-2. Employment by industry for 23 parishes In Louisiana (1976-1979)(concluded).
Totals for covered employment may exceed sum of sub-totals for industries.
Sources: 1) Louisiana Department of Labor. 1977. Employment and wages, 1976.
Louisiana Department of Labor, Research and Statistics division, Baton
Rouge, LA, variously paged.
2) Louisiana Department of Labor. 1980c. Employment and wages, 1979.
Louisiana Department of Labor, Research and Statistics division, Baton
Rouge, LA, variously paged.
4-12
-------
Government services Including Federal, State and local government
employees is not a significantly large employer, as it comprises only 5% of
total employment statewide and 4% in the Study Area. This is in sharp
contrast to other States where government service is a major employment
category. Mining is currently not a significant economic activity in the
\
Study Area (2%), but comprises approximately 5% of total employment. Thirteen
percent of the parishes in the Study Area have a mining employment in excess
of 5%. The construction industry and the finance, insurance, and real estate
sectors account for 6% and 4%, respectively of the total employment in the
Study Area. Both activities represent somewhat larger employment totals in the
State. Agricultural employment cannot be ascertained as it is not covered by
unemployment compensation, the source of the other sectoral employment data.
4.1.3 Income
Income data are provided to assess the current standard of living. In
general the Study Area is characterized by moderate incomes, resulting from
low wages and a depressed economy. Individual buying power is also relatively
low, consistent with the low standard of living. The following indicators are
used to discuss income — per capita income; effective buying income; and
average annual wages.
4.1.3.1 Per Capita Income (PCI)
Per capita income is measured by dividing the total personal income by the
population to obtain a relative measure of the standard of living. Generally,
the higher the PCI the more developed the economy. PCI data are ranked in
Table 4-3 by parish from lowest to highest.
The Study Area is characterized by low per capita incomes, no parish has a
PCI above the U.S. average. The Study Area is typical of a depressed economy
despite the presence of diversified economic activity. Per capita incomes
range from a low of !?3,830 to a high of $7,379. Only one parish in the Study
Area had a PCI above the Louisiana State average PCI. Based on combined data
4-13
-------
Table 4-3. Income statistics for 23 parishes in Louisiana.
Per Capita
Per Capita
1977
Per Capita
Income
Income Z
Median
Averagi
Income
Ranking
of US Avg.
Household
Annua!
1978 $
1 = Lowest
1978
EBI1 1979
Wages'
State of Louisiana
All Parishes
6,738
N/A
86
16,119
N/A
Metro Parishes
. 7,386
N/A
94
17,964
N/A
Non-Metro Parishes
5,626
N/A
72
N/A
N/A
Parish
Bienville
4,573
7
58
9,470
7,733
Bossier
6,300
21
82
16,640
9,280
Caddo
7,379
23
94
16,297
10,078
Caldwell
4,163
5
53
8,667
7,260
Claiborne
5,353
17
68
9,933
9,506
De Soto
5,133
12
65
9,713
7,581
East Carroll
4,136
4
53
6,990
7,504
Franklin
3,830
1
49
7,225
7,202
Grant
4,290
6
55
10,826
8,131
Jackson
5,457
18
70
14,629
11,303
La Salle
4,979
11
64
11,850
9,034
Lincoln
5,836
19
74
14,228
9,945
Madison
3,870
2
49
5,775
7,995
Morehouse
5,263
13
67
10,978
10,547
Natchitoches
4,714
9
60
9,434
7,852
Ouachita
6,313
22
81
15,628
10,436
Red River
5,325
15
68
6,809
6,359
Richland
5,329
16
68
9,935
7,569
Sabine
4,656
8
59
9,184
8,183
Union
5,286
14
67
13,739
6,692
Webster
6,028
20
77
13,868
9,864
West Carroll
4,096
3
52
9,586
6,672
Winn
4,728
10
60
10,157
9,587
lEBI = Effective buying income is personal income less Federal, State, and local taxes
(equivalent to disposable income).
^Average annual wage is calculated by dividing total annual payroll by the number of
employees.
i
4-14
-------
Table 4-3. Income statistics for 23 parishes in Louisiana (concluded).
Sources: Sales and Marketing Management. 1980. Survey of buying power, July 28,
1980. Variously paged.
US Department of Commerce. 1980a. County business patterns 1977, United
States. Bureau of the Census, Washington DC, variously paged.
US Department of Commerce. 1980b. Survey of current business, Volume 60,
No. 4. April 1980. Bureau of Economic Analysis, Washington DC, variously
paged.
\
4-15
-------
on unemployment and PCI, the economy of the Study Area is depressed with a low
standard of living.
4.1.3.2 Effective Buying Income (EBI)
/
Effective buying income is the amount of personal income remaining after
all Federal, State, and local taxes are paid. The median (or midpoint) EBI
for households in each parish in the Study Area is presented in Table 4-3.
Parishes with a low PCI have a low median EBI. The range indicates a wide
variation among parishes from $5,77 5 to $16,640 per household. Ninety-one
percent of the parishes in the Study Area had a median household EBI lower
than the median EBI for the State in 1979.
4.1.3.3 Average Annual Wages
Average annual wage data for 1977 are given in Table 4-3. These are
computed by dividing the total annual payroll by the average number of
employees for that year. In general, where per capita income and median
income are low, annual average wages are moderate. However, there is less
variation among annual average wages in each parish, than any other income
measure. The average annual wage for the 23 parishes in 1977 was $7,500, with
a range of from $6,359 to $11,303.
4.2 SOCIAL
s
Social information describes people and the characteristics related to
their environment. Coal and related developments require large work, forces
and often result in major changes in regional social (demographic)
characteristics.
A large influx of people into underdeveloped or low populated areas can
stress the capacity of local infrastructures, including: housing supply,
public services, education services, and transportation. In addition, the
introduction of people with ethnic, religious, and philosophic characteristics
4-16
-------
that are different than those of the original residents of the communities,
can create social stresses. This section provides a discussion of the
existing demographic, housing, education, and transportation conditions for
each parish in the Study Area.
4.2.1 Demography
Demography is the statistical study of the human population. Demographic
conditions examined in this section include population trends, projections,
characteristics, and settlement patterns.
4.2.1.1 Population Trends and Projections
The population in the Study Area increased slightly between 1970 and 1980
(less than 20%) in a majority of the' parishes (Table 4-4). The largest
increase (35.6%) occurred in Sabine Parish, while decreases in population took
place in East Carroll, Madison, and West Carroll parishes.
Births, deaths, and migration are primary factors that determine
population change. Populations of parishes that experienced a natural
increase and in-migration should continue to increase (Table 4-4). A
population trend for parishes with either a natural decrease and in-migration
or a natural increase and out-migration cannot be predicted. A natural
decrease and out-migration was not reported.
Population projections for 1990 (Table 4-4) were developed using the
cohort-survival method. However, the 1990 projections were based on informa-
tion that may not reflect changes that have occurred in the last 5 years.
4.2.1.2 Population Characteristics
Data for age composition, education, and supplemental income recipients,
when combined, are used to describe existing demographic conditions (Figure
4-2).
4-17
-------
Table 4-4. Population
counts and
projections for
23 parishes
in Louisiana.
1970 v
Population
1980
Population
1970-1980
Change
%
Change
Natural
Increase or
Decrease
Migration
1990
Population
1980-1990
Change
X
Changt
State
3,644,637
4,203,972
559,335
15.3
372,443
186,892
4,563,441
359,469
8.6
Parish
Bienville
16,024
16,387
363
2.3
446
-103
17,719
1,332
8.1
Bossier*
65,877
80,721
14,844
22.5
8,985
5,859
83,460
2,739
3.4
Caddo*
230,184
252,294
22,110
9.6
21,220
890
269,000
16,706
6.6
Caldwell
9,354
10,761
1,407
15.0
357
1,050
10,530
-231
-2.1
Claiborne
17,024
17,095
71
0.4
173
-102
18,387
1,292
7.6
De Soto
22,764
25,664
2,900
12.7
1,197
1,703
25,374
-290
-1.1
East Carroll
12,884
11,772
-1,112
-8.6
1,320
-2,432
9,929
-1,843
-15.7
Franklin
23,946
24,141
195
0.8
1,741
-1,546
28,328
4,187
17.3
Grant*
13,671
16,703
3,032
22.2
758
2,274
15,501
-1,202
-7.2
Jackson
15,963
17,321
1,358
8.5
813
545
17,239
-82
-0.5
La Salle
13,295
17,004
3,709
27.9
784
2,925
17,367
363
2.1
Lincoln
33,800
39,763
5,963
17.6
2,466
3,497
40,763
1,000
2.5
Madison
15,065
14,733
-332
-2.2
1,678
-2,010
12,420
-2,313
-15.7
Morehouse
32,463
34,803
2,340
7.2
3,092
-752
29,478
-5,325
-15.3
Natchitoches
35,219
39,863
4,644
13.2
2,348
2,296
40,923
1,060
2.7
Ouachita*
115,387
139,241
23,854
20.7
14,743
9,111
148,115
8,874
6.4
Red River
9,226
10,433
1,207
13.1
507
700
10,613
180
1.7
Richland
21,774
22,187
413
1.9
2,022
1,609
22,211
24
0.1
Sabine
18,638
25,280
6,642
35.6
1,039
5,603
21,300
-3,980
-15.7
Union
18,447
21,167
2,720
14.7
937
1,783
19,781
-1,386
-6.5
Webster
39,939
43,631
3,692
9.2
2,442
1,250
43,938
307
0.7
West Carroll
13,028
12,922
-106
-0.8
1,018
-1,124
11,264
-1,658
y
12.8
Winn
16,369
17,253
884
5.4
680
204
18,362
1,109
6.4
*1980 Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area (SMSA) County.
Note: Three projections were provided for 1980 and 1990. The assumption that came the closest for predicting the 1980 population was used
for the 1990 projection.
Sources: Deportment of Health and Human Resources - Louisiana 1981; Segal, H. S., et al, 1976; US Department of Commerce 1978a; US Department
of Commerce 1981a; US Department of Commerce 1981b; US Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. 1970-1978. Volume 1 - Natality
US Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. 1970-1978. Volume II - Mortality, part B.
-------
/
(JADDO
CCA \ CDA &s> •; /CCA
^•Ov Jd»+V
Nl__ ^~"V LWEST (EAST '
CLAIBORNE
tCA
•~v
OCA
CARROLL C
cc a
RICHLAND (MADISON ^
ODA
CCA
OOv
CCA
BIENVILLE
CCA
•~v
JACKSON
CCA
•~v
:D Rl\
CD
CDA
*Ov
CCA
WINN
CCA
•~v
CCA
NATCHITOCHE
LA SALLE
SABINE
[GRANTjcCA
CCA s *Ov
CCA
; CCA
VOOt
N D
Educational Conditions
Demography
Low
Medium
High
Medium
Housing Conditions Migration
H Low ^ Low
D Medium Medium
~ High O High
Housing Availability Transportation
A Low ~ Low
A Medium V Medium
A High V High
Figure 4-2. Existing social conditions in 23 parishes in Louisiana.
4-19
-------
Age composition provides an indication of the potential labor supply with
respect to age. The population of a majority of the parishes had a median age
under 32, and no parish had a population with a median age over 40. As a
result, age in relation to the labor supply should not restrict coal develop-
ment and related activities.
The median years of school completed is one indication of the level of
educational achievement (Table 4-5). Depending on the types of skills
required, education could restrict coal development. Bossier, Caddo, and
Lincoln parishes are the only parishes in the Study Area where over half the
population 25 years and older has graduated from high school.
Supplemental income recipients are people receiving aid either from the
public assistance to families with dependent children program or the old age
survivors, disability, and health insurance (OASDHI) program. Coal
development and related activities in sparsely populated areas cause the cost
of living to rise significantly. Consequently, parishes with a high percent
(30%) of people receiving supplemental income will be affected most-by coal
development and related activities (Table 4-5).
4.2.1.3 Settlement Patterns
Population density (number of people per square mile) and the percent of
the population urban, rural non-farm, and farm, are indicators of settlement
and development. Parishes exceeding a 50% urban population and parishes with
a population density higher than the State population density of 93.6 people
per square mile are shown in Table 4-6 and Figure 4-3. The population of
Bossier, Caddo and Ouachita parishes reflect both of these qualities, and are
considered more developed.
4.2.2 Housing Characteristics
A shortage of housing, especially in rural areas, is a major problem
associated with coal development. Housing availability, renter/owner
4-20
-------
Table 4-5. Population characteristics in 23 parishes in Louisiana.
Educational Achievement
Male - 25 Years
and Over
Female - 25
and Over
Years
Supplemental Income
Recipients
Age Composition
Median
% High
Median
Z High
1976
Recipients
X of
%
0-17
Z
18-49
Z
504-
Median
Age
Years
Completed
School
Graduates
Years
Completed
School
Graduated
1975
Populati
State
32.0
45.1
22.9
27.8
10.7
42.5
10.8
41.9
774,768
20.4
Parish
Bienville
28.2
37.0
34.8
33.5
8.9
25.8
9.9
29.3
4,298
26.1
Bossier
34.0
49.1
16.9
26.1
12.2
57.7
12.1
53.4
8,946
12.8
Caddo
30.9
43.0
26.1
29.8
12.0
50.7
11.9
49.1
48,508
20.3
Caldwell
29.5
37.2
33.3
33.1
8.7
28.8
10.4
36.1
2,461
24.2
Claiborne
27.2
35.2
37.6
36.7
8.6
24.7
9.8
27.1
4,930
30.3
De Soto
31.1
35.7
33.2
32.1
8.4
30.5
9.3
33.0
6,233
27.2
East Carroll
37.3
35.4
27.3
26.7
7.9
23.9
8.3
27.7
4,282
35.8
Franklin
33.1
36.8
30.1
30.4
8.4
28.3
9.3
32.4
5,856
24.9
Crant
30.2
37.4
32.4
32.5
9.0
31.1
10.1
36.9
3,279
22.9
Jackson
27 .6
39.2
33.2
33.1
9.7
33.0
10.2
32.6
4,473
27.8
La Salle
29.3
39.2
31.5
32.8
9.6
33.2
10.7
38.9
3,401
23.3
Lincoln
24.1
53.6
22.3
24.0
12.0
50.2
12.0
50.8
6,447
18.1
Madison
36.3
34.4
29.3
28.0
8.2
26.0
8.8
26.4
5,023
34.7
Morehouse
34.1
38.2
27.7
29.3
9.0
31.5
9.8
31.4
9,212
28.5
Natchitoches
29.4
43.0
27.6
27.0
9.2
35.8
9.5
35.4
8,644
24.0
Ouachita
32.0
45.2
22.8
27.4
11.7
47.9
11.7
47.7
26,692
21.3
Red River
31.8
35.6
32.6
31.4
8.7
26.7
9.5
26.8
2,297
24.5
Richland
34.2
35.9
29.9
29.2
8.6
-29.4
9.2
30.4
5,840
26.9
Sabine
29.9
37.5
32.6
32.0
8.4
33.3
10.3
39.4
5,050
25.8
Union
29.0
38.4
32.6
32.9
9.0
28.1
10.1
32.4
4,520
23.2
Webster
29.1
41.2
29.7
31.8
10.4
38.8
10.7
38.2
10,007
25.0
West Carroll
32.0
37.3
30.7
31.2
8.6
25.0
9.8
29.8
3,048
23.6
Winn
29.2
38.3
32.5
32.6
9.0
27.9
10.1
31.1
3,915
24.2
Sources: Sales and Marketing Management 1980; US Department of Commerce 1973; US Department of Commerce 1978a.
-------
Table 4-6. Information on settlement patterns in 23 parishes in Louisiana.
State
Parish
Bienville
Bossier
Caddo
Caldwell
Claiborne
De Soto
East Carroll
Franklin
Grant
Jackson
La Salle
Lincoln
Madison
Morehouse
Nachitoches
Quachita
Red River
Richland
Sabine
Union
Webster
West Carroll
Winn
Population
Density
(People/
Sq. Mile)
93.6
19.7
95.1
280.6
19.5
22.4
28.7
27.0
37.3
24.9
29.8
26.4
84.8
22.3
43.3
30.9
218.2
25.7
38.5
29.0
23.9
70.9
36.3
18.2
Urban
Population
X
66.1
18.6
66.0
85.4
0
46.6
28.3
48.0
22.3
0
31.9
0
64.4
63.3
45.3
45.4
78.7
0
31.5
16.7
18.5
51.2
0
43.6
Rural
Non Farm
Population
%
30.8
75.7
31.7
14.1
88.7
49.4
67.1
34.6
53.6
89.6
65.0
97.8
33.1
23.5
50.6
49.3
20.3
92.0
55.4
79.2
74.7
46.2
66.2
53.6
Farm
Population
X
3.1
5.7
2.3
0.5
11.3
4.0
4.6
17.4
24.1
10.4
3.1
2.2
2.5
13.2
4.1
5.3
1.0
8.0
13.1
4.1
6.8
2.6
33.8
2.8
Note: Population density was determined by dividing the 1980 final census
population by the number of square miles in the State or parish.
Sources: US Department of Commerce. 1978a. County and city data book, 1977.
Bureau of Census, Washington DC, 956 p.
US Department of Commerce. 1981b. 1980 census of population and housing,
advance reports - Louisiana - final population and housing unit counts.
Bureau of Census, Washington DC, 19 p.
4-22
-------
-------
occupancy, cost and quality are described, in this section to relate existing
housing conditions in the Study Area.
4.2.2.1 Availability of Housing
The availabililty of housing (Figure 4-3) was determined by considering
housing and population changes between 1970 and 1980, unoccupied housing and
population changes between 1970 and 1980, unoccupied housing units in 1970,
and the 1980 population. A high availability of housing is not present in any
of the parishes in the Study Area. Areas with shortages of available housing
could cause problems for coal developers.
4.2.2.2 Renter/Owner Occupancy
The short time period (2-5 years) associated with construction activities
during coal development (i.e., power generating facility) necessitates that
rent housing be available. A rate of over 40% renter housing was available in
only East Carroll and Madison parishes in 1970 (Table 4-7).
4.2.2.3 Housing Cost and Quality
People associated with coal developments require adequate, affordable
housing. High costs for housing and/or poor quality of housing are
problematic to coal developments.
The median cost of housing for a parish, compared to the median cost of
housing for the State, is used to indicate housing costs. The median housing
costs for virtually all parishes was below the State (Table 4-7).
Housing units lacking some or all plumbing facilities and units with 1.01
or more persons per room were used to measure the quality of housing. Eight
parishes had a higher percent of housing with 1.01 or more persons per room
than the State average (Table 4-7). Further, with exception of Caddo Parish,
4-24
l
-------
Table 4-7. Housing characteristics in 23 parishes in Louisiana.
Housing Quality
Percentage (1970)
1970
Housing
1980
Housing
1970
Unoccupied
1970 Occupied
Percentage
Lacking Some
or All
Plumbing
With 1.01
or More
Persons
1970 County Median
Housing Cost
Compared to State
Units
Units
ChanRe
% Change
Units (Z)
Owner
Renter
Facilities
Per Room
Owner X
Renter
State
1,150,950
1,547,594
396,644
34.5
8.2
63.1
36.9
10.1
14.2
-
-
Parish
Bienville
5,635
6,955
1,320
23.4
12.0
73.3
26.7
29.7
13.2
<48.1
< 44.4
Bossier
19,993
28,884
8,891
44.5
7.4
62.9
37.1
11.9
11.9
< 4.4
> 3.7
Caddo
78,719
97,584
18,865
24.0
8.0
65.2
34.8
8.0
11.3
< 8.1
< 8.6
Caldwell
3,283
4,624
1,341
40.8
12.8
78.2
21.8
23.7
13.9
< 54.2
< 30.9
Claiborne
5,906
7,043
1,137
19.3
8.8
67.2
32.8
27.8
12.9
< 46.9
<46.9
De Soto
7,882
9,910
2,028
25.7
10.1
71.3
28.7
36.9 t-
14.9
< 52.0
<40.7
East Carroll
3,867
4,108
241
6.2
10.5
57.4
42.6
28,8
22.0
<40.0
< 48.1
Franklin
7,525
8,884
1,359
18.1
9.2
64.7
35.3
26.5
16.4
< 43.6
< 38.3
Grant
5,139
6,781
1,642
32.0
13.5
77.5
22.5
21.2
11.2
< 52.9
< 37.0
Jackson
5,555
6,886
1,331
24.0
7.2
73.2
26.8
18.0
10.0
< 36.8
< 37.0
La Salle
4,781
6,611
1,830
38.3
10.4
80.1
19.9
14.1
11.4
< 52.7
< 19.8
Lincoln
9,763
13,354
3,591
36.8
6.3
65.3
. 34.7
15.3
8.5
< 5.0
< 12.3
Madison
4,850
5,513
663
13.7
10.7
57.2
42.8
34.9
19.2
< 50.4
< 48.1
Morehouse
10,442
12,826
2,384
22.8
9.1
70.3
29.7
22.8
15.7
< 38.4
< 30.9
Natchitoches
11,251
14,895
3,644
32.4
10.8
63.9
36.1
29.2
14.3
< 37.4
< 25.9
Quachita
36,872
51,477
14,605
39.6
6.4
66.1
33.9
10.3
11.9
< 7.8
<16.0
Red River
3,172
4,045
873
27.5
10.7
66.9
33.1
36.0
16.1
< 51.1
<44.4
Richland
7,244
7,892
648
8.9
13.9
64.8
35.2
26.9
17.8
< 40.6
< 38.3
Sabine
6,631
12,105
5,474
82.6
13. 1
74.2
25.8
27.4
13.0
< 53.4
<40.7
Union
6,511
8,625
2,114
32.5
12.9
79.7
20.3
19.6
13.5
< 42.8
< 35.8
Webster
14,140
17,820
3,680
26.0
9.1
72.9
27.1
14.3
10.5
< 30.2
< 27.2
West Carroll
4,245
5,073
828
19.5
6.2
72.2
27.8
18.2
13.0
< 42.3
< 33.3
Winn
5,929
7,081
1,152
19.4
10.5
71.8
28.2
22.0
10.8
< 52.6
<33,3
Note: < Less than the State median
f
>Greater than the State median
Source: US Department of Commerce 1978a. County and city data book, 1977. Bureau of Census, Washington DC, 956 p.
US Department of Commerce. 1981b. 1980 census of population and housing, advance reports - Louisiana -
final population and housing unit counts. Bureau of Census, Washington DC, 19 -p.
-------
all the parishes had a higher percent of units lacking some or all plumbing
facilities than the State average.
A.2.3 Education
High numbers of school age children are often associated with the
population influx that occurs with a coal development. Education is discussed
using public school enrollment and number of higher education facilities to
indicate the level and amount of educational services available.
4.2.3.1 Public Education
Larger school systems can absorb increases in school enrollment more
efficiently than smaller systems. An enrollment of more than 10,000 students
exists in only three parishes (Table 4-8). Therefore, large developments may
strain the existing education systems in the remaining 20 parishes.
4.2.3.2 Higher Education
Another indication of educational quality is the availability of higher
education facilities. Parishes with universities or colleges include Caddo,
Lincoln, Natchitoches, and Quachita. Consequently, higher education
opportunities at the local level are limited.
4.2.4 Transportation
Coal developments rely heavily on existing transportation facilities to
mitigate costs incurred to move coal and materials used to extract coal.
Existing highway, railroad, and commercial waterway systems described are the
main modes for transport of goods and services associated with coal
development.
4-26
-------
Table 4-8. Public school enrollment and number of colleges and
universities in 23 parishes in Louisiana.
1975 Number of
Public School Colleges and
Enrollment Universities*
State 822,134 29
Parish
Bienville 3,959 0
Bossier 18,321 0
Caddo 49,868 4
Caldwell 2,372 0
Claiborne 3,646 0
De Soto 5,807 0
East Carroll 2,732 0
Franklin 6,295 0
Grant 3,639 0
Jackson 3,473 0
La Salle 3,446 0
Lincoln 6,086 2
Madison 3,279 0
Morehouse 7,556 0
Natchitoches 8,662 1
Ouachita' 28,375 1
Red River 1,969 0
Richland 5,523 0
Sabine 4,917 0
Union 4,489 0
Webster 9,343 0
West Carroll 3,242 0
Winn 1,377 0
* Does not include medical schools.
Sources: State of Louisiana Educational Information Center. No date. List
of colleges and universities from educational information center.
Baton Rouge LA, 2 p.
US Department of Commerce. 1978a. County and city data book, 1977.
Bureau of Census, Washington DC, 956 p.
4-27
-------
4.2.4.1 Highways
Existing interstate and State highways are essential to new coal
developments for transport of labor and materials. If ample highways are
available, the production of coal is less costly. Most of the parishes in the
Study Area had a highway density greater than the State highway density. In
addition, interstate highways run through eight parishes (Table 4-9).
4.2.4.2 Railroads
Railroads, like highways, are important in moving coal as well as other
materials. Nearly half the parishes have a railroad density greater than the
State railroad density (Table 4-9).
4.2.4.3 Commercial Waterways
Parishes with commercial waterways have an alternate means for moving coal
and other related materials. Commercial waterways occur in six parishes in
the Study Area (Table 4-9).
\
4-28
-------
Table 4-9. Transportation information for 23 parishes in Louisiana.
State
Parish
Bienville
Bossier
Caddo
Caldwell
Claiborne
De Soto
East Carroll
Franklin
Grant
Jackson
La Salle
Lincoln
Madison
Morehouse
Natchitoches
Quachita
Red River
Richland
Sabine
Union
Webster
We9t Carroll
Winn
Land
Area
(Sq. Miles)
44,930
832
849
899
551
763
894
436
648
670
582
643
469
661
804
1,292
638
406
576
873
885
615
356
950
Interstate
Highway
MileaRe
663
17
28
23
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
27
35
0
0
29
0
27
0
0
16
0
0
State
Highway
MileaRe
15,727
325
256
370
204
286
287
141
279
256
214
228
271
138
246
423
260
179
240
269
257
219
185
331
Railroad
MileaRe
3,719
73
97
161
27
32
54
34
26
105
43
36
49
59
76
66
112
56
49
43
45
70
0
63
Miles/Square Miles
Interstate
0.00
0.02
0.03
0.03
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.06
0.05
0
0
0.05
0
0.05
0
0
0.03
0
0
State
0.35
0.39
0.30
0.41
0.37
0.37
0.32
0.32
0.43
0.38
0.37
0.35
0.58
0.21
0.31
0.33
0.41
0.44
0.42
0.31
0.29
0.36
0.52
0.35
Railroad
0.08
0.09
0.11
0.18
0.05
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.04
0.16
0.07
0.06
0.10
0.09
0.09
0.05
0.18
0.14
0.09
0.05
0.05
0.11
0
0.07
Access to
Commercial
Waterways
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
No
No
No
Source: American^.Waterways Operators, Inc. 1973; Boren, E
Development 1980; Planning and Research Associates
1.978a; US Department of the Interior 1^60.
. 1981; Louisiana Department of Transportation and
, Inc. 1979; Shelton, W. 1981; US Department of Commerce
-------
5.0 WATER RESOURCES
-------
5.0 WATER RESOURCES
5.1 INTRODUCTION
Adequate and reliable information concerning surface and groundwater
quantity and quality is necessary as a basis for sound economic development.
An inadequate water supply may limit the potential development of lignite/coal
resources. Industries using lignite as a fuel or a source for other products
will use and consume water. In addition to being adequate in quantity, water
must meet the requirements for quality. Water quantity and quality considera-
tion cannot be considered unilaterally; they are closely related. The water
supply may become the used water to be returned as wastewater.
This chapter focuses on the existing quantity and quality of surface and
groundwater in the 23 parishes in Louisiana where lignite/coal development is
probable.
5.2 SURFACE WATER
Louisiana is divided into 12 major drainage basins: the Atchafalaya
River, Baratasia 'Bay, Calcasieu River, Lake Pontchartrain,
Mermentau-Vermilion-Teche, Mississippi (upper and lower), Ouachita River,
Pearl River, Red River, Sabine River, and Terrebone Basin (Figure 5-1). The
Study Area includes the Ouachita River Basin, Red River Basin, and Sabine
River Basin (Exhibit 5a).
This section addresses existing quantity and quality conditions.
Continuously-recorded stream gauging stations, flow duration and low-flow
magnitude and frequency are also addressed.
Stream flow is important in design, construction, and operation of water
related developments. Flow duration and low-flow magnitude and frequency are
significant in addressing water supply characteristics of streams. Flow
5-1
-------
Red River
•7T2-&V'
Sabine %
River V-";
\ L
Ouachita
c AOO
OU4CH
TOCHtl
/>|UClAIU
IC*MC0
^IVtMSTON
&
'c
A
\
$
Figure 5-1. Major drainage basins in 23 parishes in Louisiana.
5-2
-------
duration and low-flow volume information is used to make preliminary estimates
of water supply. Low-flow is also used in estimating availability of water
for dilution and transport of waste and industrial cooling.
Water quality is accurately defined through the assessment of various
biological, chemical, and physical parameters. Major dischargers are shown in
Exhibit 5a. Statistical data for selected water quality parameters are
presented, as well as a water quality inventory.
/
To conform with other water management agencies (Federal and State) which
define and collect surface water information, data on surface water quantity
and quality are presented by drainage basin. Each basin is further divided
into smaller planning areas or "segments". Only segments located in the Study
Area are discussed (Exhibit 5a).
5.2.1 Ouachita River Basin *
The headwaters of the Ouachita River Basin are found in the Ouachita
Mountains of central Arkansas near the Oklahoma border. The Ouachita River
flows southeasterly into Louisiana. The Ouachita River, Black River, and the
Tensas River are the principal tributaries comprising the Ouachita River
Basin. The basin is further divided into 16 segments by the Louisiana
Department of Natural Resources for the purposes of studying stream quality
(Exhibit 5a). Out of the 16 segments, 15 are located in the Study Area;
Segment 29 is not included in the Study Area. Average annual rainfall in the
basin ranges from 1270 mm (50 inches) in the northern section to 1524 (60
inches) in the southern section of the basin.
5.2.1.1 Quantity
The Ouachita River Basin has a drainage area of 28,063 km2 (10,835
mi2) at the Arkansas/Louisiana State line. The total 'drainage area is
44,858 km2 (18,864 mi2) for the area above where the Tensas River joins
5-3
-------
the Ouachita River to form the Black River. The Black River at the confluence
with the Red River has a total drainage area of 63,478 km^ (24,509 mi^).
The location and the I.D. numbers of gauging stations located in the Study
Area are presented in Exhibit 5a. The stream flow and stage gauges in the
Ouachita River Basin are operated by USGS, the Louisiana Stream Control
Commission and the United States Army Corps of Engineers. The drainage areas,
discharges, and periods of record are presented in Table 5-1. The percent of
time daily discharges were equaled or exceeded for a given period of record is
presented in Table 5-2. If a specified amount of water is needed for a given
percent of time, the sites where stream flow is adequate to meet these
requirements can be determined directly from Table 5-2. Annual low-flow
frequency data for stations located in the Ouachita River Basin are presented
in Table 5-3. The low-flow values in Table 5-3 indicate the average low-flow
for 7 consecutive days that statistically will occur once during the
recurrence interval. For example, during any given 10-year period, the
average flow for 7 consecutive days at the gauging station on Bayou
Bartholomew near Jones will not exceed 1.35 m^/sec (Table 5-3). Low-flow
data are used to determine the dependable amount of water available for
development. The application of data in Table 5-3 is illustrated by the
following example. Assume a coal lignite-fired power plant has an average
water demand of 0.5 m^/sec and could tolerate an insufficient supply of
water for 7 consecutive days once every 5 years. Examination of Table 5-3
indicates that the stations on the Bayou Bartholomew (364200) and Boeuf River
(368000) are the only two stations with adequate streamflow to meet this water
demand (i.e., 7-day, 5-year low-flow greater than 0.5 m^/sec).
5.2.1.2 Quality
There are 62 municipal dischargers and 27 industrial dischargers in the
Ouachita River Basin (Exhibit 5a). No significant industrial dischargers
occur in Segment4 03, 05, 07, 11, and 21 (Table 5-4).
5-4
-------
Table 5-1. Drainage areas and discharges of continuous-record gauging station in the Ouachita River Basin, Louisiana.
Station
Number
364103
364200
364203
364300
364320
364500
366200
366300
364840
366472
367640
Station Name
Ouachita River at
Alabama Landing near
Halle
Bayou Bartholomew
near Jones
Bayou Bartholomew
northwest of Jones
Chemin-a-Haut
Bayou near Beckman
Chemin-a-Haut
Bayou east of Beckman
Bayou Bartholomew
near Beckman
Little Corney
Bayou near Lillie
Bayou D'Arbonne
Lake at Farmerville
Lake Clairborne
near Aycock
Chauvin Bayou
near Monroe
Ouachita River
at Columbia
Segment
01
03
03
03
Parish
03
03
00
09
09
11
13
Union
Morehouse
Morehouse
Morehouse
Morehouse
Morehouse
Union
Union
Claiborne
Ouachi ta
Caldwell
Period of Record
(Water Years)
1973-1979
1957-1979
1973-1979
1955-1979
1975-1979
1928-1931
1938-1959
1959-1979
1955-1979
1964-1979
1928-1931
1938-1979
1977-1979
1975-1979
Drainage
2
Area (km )
28,700
3,074
3,080
702
NA
4,261
539
3,807
4,261
Maximum
Discharge
(m^/s)
NA
NA
0.01
NA
1.08
NA
40,700
1,08
NA
NA
Average
Discharge
0"3/s)
NA
36.16
NA
8.33
NA
50.83
5.44
50,83
NA
NA
Minimum
Discharge
(m^/s)
NA
189
NA
835
NA
416
680
416
NA
NA
-------
\
Table 5-1. Drainage areas and discharges of continuous-record gauging station in the Ouachita River Basin, Louisiana (continued).
Ln
I
ON
Station
Number Station Name Segment
367700 Boeuf River near 15
Ark-La State Line
368000 Boeuf Riv^r 15
near C.irard
368040 Boeuf River southwest 15
of Rayville
369000 Bayou LaFourche 17
near Crew Lake
369205 Turkey Creek at State 15
Highway 15 at Winnsboro
369050 Bayou LaFourche 17
near Alto
369455 Brushy Bayou 19
at Tallulah
369457 Lower Round 19
Bayou Tributary
near Tallulah
369468 Panola Bayou 19
at Tallulah
369500 Tensas River at Tendal 19
369515 Tensas River southeast 19
of Tendal
369700 - Bayou Macon 21
near Kilboune
¦Parish
Morehouse/West
Carroll
Richland
Richland
Ouachita/Richland
Franklin
Ouachita/Richland
Madison
Madison
Madison
Madi son
Madison
East Carroll/
West Carroll
Period of Record
(Water Years)
1957-1979
1938-1979
1974-1975
1938-1979
1975-1979
1973-1979
1974-1979
1974-1979
1977-1979
1935-1979
1975-1979
1957-1979
Drainage
2
Area (km )
2,033
3,175
NA
935
74.2
NA
NA
NA
NA
800
NA
1,305
Maximum
Discharge
(m^/s)
0
0. 26
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
0.079
NA
Average
Discharge
(m3/s)
26.96
10.59
NA
46.95
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
9.35
NA
14.39
Minimum
Discharge
467
86.9
NA
75.9
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
131
NA
134
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Table 5-1. Drainage areas and discharges of continuous-record gauging station in the Ouachita River Basin, Louisiana (concluded).
Ln
I
Station
Number
370000
371500
372000
372190
372200
373000
Station Name
Bayou Macon
near Delhi
Dugdemona River
near Jonesboro
Dugdemona River
near Winnfield
Little River
at Rochelie
Little River
near Rochelle
Big Creek at Pollock
Segment
21
23
23
23
27
27
Parish
Bienville/
Jackson
Winn
Grant/LaSalle
Grant/LaSalle
Grant
Period of Record
(Water Years)
Madison/Richland 1935-1979
1938-1957
1939-1979
1973-1979
1957-1979
1942-1979
Drainage
2
Area (km )
2,030
919
1,694
4,900
4,918
132
Maximum
Discharge
(m3/s)
0.11
NA
0.40
0.10
Average
Discharge
(m3/s)
27.90
428.00
714.00
NA
57.86
1.117
Minimum
Discharge
(m3/s)
268
867
767
NA
1,550
666
Source: USGS. 1979. Water Resources Data for Louisisana. Volume 1. Central and Northern Louisiana. Baton Rouge LA, 426 p.
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Ui
I
00
Table 5-2. Duration of daily flow (ra^/sec.) from gauging stations on streams in the Ouachita River Basin, Louisiana.
Percent of Time
Station
Number Station Name Segment
3642000 Bayou Bartholomew 03
near Jones
3643000 Chemin-a-haut 03
Bayou near Beckman
366200 Little Corney Bayou 09
near Lillie
367700 Boeuf River near 15
AR-LA state line
369700 Bayou Macon near 21
Kilbourne
368000 Boeuf River near 15
Girard
369000 Bayou Lafourche 17
near Crew Lake
370000 Bayou Macon near 15
Delhi
367630 Ouachita River at 25
Colombia Lock & Dam
373000 Big Creek at .19
Pollock
372000 Dugdemona River 23
near Winnfield
372200 Little River near 27
Rochelle
371500 Dugdemona River 23
near Jonesboro
County
Drainage
2.
Morehouse
Morehouse
Union
Morehouse-West
Carroll
East Carroll-West
Carroll
Richland
Ouachita-Richland
Parish Line
Madison-Richland
Parish Line
Caldwell
Grant
Winn
Bienville-Jackson
Parish Line .
Area (km )
3,074
702
539
2,033
1,305
3,175
935
2,030
40,482
132
1,694
99 50 25 10
Period
of
Record
Grant-LaSalle Parish 4,918
Line
919
1.40 14.56 54.77 102.88 N/A 1958-1980
0.00 0.83 5.59 22.42 113.20 1956-1978
0.01 1-33 5.14 14.50 52.23 1956-1980
0.47 5.34 20.03 69.03 N/A 1958-1968
0.58 5.32 18.43 36.45 N/A 1958-1972
0.00 3.37 11,40 34.36 67.20 1939-1980
0.30 14.94 45.85 143.66 476.00 1941-1980
1.72 12.31 36.51 74.63 149.80 1936-1980
30.80 252.00 748.53 130454 N/A 1976-1980
0.21 0.82 1.41- 2.67 17.22 1943-1980
0.01 4.01 22.23 55.07 210.93 1940-1977
0.49 12.89 63.03 162.17 527.33 1958-1980
0.02 2.02 10.32 30.72 135.80 1939-1980
NA - Not
Source:
available.
US Geological Service. 1981. WAter data STOrage and REtrleval (WATSTORE). Dallas TX.
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Table 5-3. Seven day low flow for various recurrence intervals in streams in the Ouachita River basin, Louisiana.
Ln
I
vo
Station
Number Station Name Segment
364200 Bayou Bartholomew 03
near Jones
364300 Chemin-a-haut Bayou
near Beekman 03
366200 Little Corney Bayou 09
near Lillie
369700 Bayou Macon near 21
Kilbourne
368000 Boeuf River near 15
Girard
369000 Bayou Lafourche near 17
Crew Lake
373000 Big Creek at Pollock 19
372000 Dugdemona River near 23
Winnfield
372200 Little River near 27
Rochelle
371500 Dugdemona River near 23
Jonesboro
County
Morehouse
Morehouse
Union
East-Carroll
West-Carroll
Richland
Ouachita-Richland
Parish Line
Grant
Winn
Grant-LaSalle
Parish Line
Bienville-Jackson
Parish Line
Drainage
2
Area (km )
3,074
702
539
1,305
3,175
935
132
1,694
4,918
919
Annual Low Flow in m /sec. for 7 Consecutive
Days for Indicated Recurrence Interval in Years
10
20
12.57
0.32
0.85
4.00
6.42
10.54
0.75
0.89
5.87
0.62
2.87
0.02
0.11
1.21
1.05
0.57
0.36
0.23
0.92
0.13
1.74
0.004
0.03
0.44
0.53
0.16
0.26
0.04
0.03
0.05
1.35 1.10
0.001 0.0009
0.01 0.006
0.22
0.36
0.08
0.21
0.01
0.47
0.03
0.11
0.27
0.05
0.18
0.003
0.40
0.02
Period
of
Record
1959-1978
1957-1978
1957-1978
1959-1968
1940-1978
1940-1980
1943-1980
1941-1977
1959-1978
1940-1957
Source: US Geological Survey. 1981. WAter data STOrage and REtrieval (WATSTORE). Dallas TX.
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Table 5-4. Industrial discharges in the Ouachita River
Parish
Industry
Ouachita
Ouachita
Ouachita
Louisiana Power
& Light
(Sterlington)
IMC
United Gas Pipeline
Ouachita
IMC
Ouachita
Ouachita
Ouachita
Claiborne
Claiborne
Claiborne
Union
Lincoln
Richland
Morehouse
Ouachita
Ouachita
Concordia
City of Monroe
Olinkraft
Tennessee Gas Pipeline
Nelson Electric
Ludlow Corporation
Claiborne Gasoline
Company
Bryan Sausage
Ruston Utility
Louisiana Power
& Light (Rayvllle
Generation Station)
International Paper
Cities Service Company
Columbian Chemical Division)
Mississippi River
Transmission Corporation
Chevron Oil Company
in, Louisiana.
Segment _ Receiving Stream
01 (WQL) Ouachita River
01 (WQL) ^ Ouachita River
01 (WQL) Black Creek to
Ouachita River
01 (WQL) Lonewa Bayou to
Ouachita River
01 (WQL) Ouachita River
01 (WQL) Ouachita River
09 (EL) Topawek Bayou
09 (EL) Bayou D'Arbonne
09 (EL) Caney Creek
09 (EL) Five Mile Creek
09 (EL) Bayou Choudrant
09 (EL) Choudrant Creek
15 (EL) Little Creek
17 (EL) Staulkinghead Creek
and Wham Brake
17 (EL) Wham Brake
17 (EL) Little Bayou Boeuf
19 (EL)
Buckner Bayou to
Tensas River
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Table 5-4. Industrial discharges in the Ouachita River Basin, Louisiana (concluded).
Parish
Lincoln
Lincoln
Lincoln
Jackson
Jackson
Winn
Winn
La Salle
La Salle
Grant
Industry Segment
Lauren Glass, Inc. 23 (EL)
Dura Flake South, Inc. 23 (EL)
Fibreboard Corporation 23 (EL)
Continental Can Company 23 (EL)
(paper mill)
Jonesboro Power Plant 23 (EL)
Crown Zellerbach 23 (EL)
(Tremont Lumber)
Cherabond Corporation 23 (EL)
Louisiana-Pacific Corporation 25 (EL)
Jena Wire & Cable Company 27 (EL)
Farmland Industry 27 (EL)
Segments: 03 (EL). 05 (WQL), 07 (EL), 11 (EL), 21 (EL).
No significant industrial discharges in these segments.
Receiving Stream
Madden Creek
Madden Creek
Redwine Creek
Little Dugdemona River
Little Dugdemona River
Black Bayou
Brushy Creek
Chickasaw Creek
Hemphill Creek
Little River
Source: Hydroscience, Inc. 1980. Water quality management plan. Ouachita River Basin Plan.
Arlington TX, variously paged.
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Water quality summaries are presented^in Tables 5-5 and 5-6. Water
quality standards and recommended water quality limits are presented in Table
5-7. Total dissolved solids (TDS) and pH are parameters violated in virtually
all segments. Dissolved oxygen (DO) is low (less than 5.0 mg/1) in Segment
01, due probably to major point source discharges during summer low-flow
conditions and the background load contributions. Pooling effects from
damming of streams in this segment contribute to decreased DO levels during
low-flow periods. Bayou Bartholomew, located in Segment 03, has a borderline
DO problem. The problem is not generated by Louisiana point sources. The
water in Segment 05 (Bayou de L'Outre) has high TDS (>500 mg/1), chlorides
(>250 mg/1), and low DO (less than 5.0 mg/1) due to activities upstream of the
Louisiana State line. Low DO may also be due to the backwater conditions when
the Ouachita River is at flood stage. The reason for pH violations in Segment
09 (Bayou D'Arbome) is not known. Point source dischargers are probably
causing DO levels to decline. Aesthetic and odor problems in Segment 11
(Bayou De'Siard) appear related to the physical drainage pattern coupled with
urban runoff generated pollutants. Nonpoint sources such as urban runoff are
primarily responsible for high coliform counts and low (less than 5.0 mg/1) DO
values in Segments 13 (Ouachita River), and 15 (Bouef River). Segment 19
(Tenas River) (Station No. 369500) has low DO levels due to point sources.
This segment is predominantly agricultural, and herbicide use is high.
Another segment affected by agricultural drainage is Bayou Macon. Low (less
than 50 mg/1) DO and high sulfate (>62 mg/1) levels in Segment 23 (Dugdemona
River) are caused by point source discharges. Water in Segment 25 (Castor
Creek) has the potential for high DO during periods of low stream flow
(Station No. 367640).
Water quality violations were noted for chlorides, sulfate, DO, and pH. by
the Louisiana Department of Natural Resources during the water quality
inventory [Section 305 (b)J study for the year 1980. Two of the 13 Segments
in the Ouachita River Basin are classified as water quality limited (Table 5-6
and Exhibit 5a).
5-12
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Table 5-5. Water quality statistical summary for stations located in Ouachita River Basin,
Louisiana. Sta No. 367640 sta. No. 369150 Sta. No.
Location: Ouachita River Location: Boeuf Riyer
FtriKtiri
369370
Location: Lake
Providence
County: Caldwell County: Franklin County: e. Carroll
Segment: 25
Segrcent: X7
Segocnt: 19
Mean
Hill.
Max.
Mean
Mln.
Max.
Kean
Via.
Sax.
T.Ca:cr ter.-.parature (fieg.C)
19.16
4.00
33.50
19.93
4.00
34.00
19.33
4.50
31.50
(J7U)
18. 54
5.00
75.00
111.86
4.00
500.00
13.25
2.00
60.00
Dissolved oxygen (>!g/L).
7.60
2.70
12.40
8.16
3.70
13.20
8.64
0.00
13.20
BOD 5 Day (Mfi/L)
2.35
0.20
5.50
3.82
0.00
9.40
3.23
0.10
6.30
?k (sa)
6.61
5.20
8.30
7.20
6.10
8.20
7.93
6.80
9.00
Tc;a1 Alkalinity CaCOj (Mg/L)
20.33
5.00
46.00
88.47
18.00
222.00
89.13
71.00
114.00
Total RcsiJuo (Mg/L)
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Vol. "iltcrable ?.csidua (:
-------
Table 5-5. Water quality statistical summary for
River Basin, Louisiana (concluded).
stations located in Ouachita
Sta. Ho:
369500
Sta. Ko.
373000
Location: Tensas
River
Location: Big Creek
County:
Madison
County;
Grant
Segteent: 19
Segment:
27
Mean
Hin.
Max.
Mean
Kin.
Kox.
Water temperature (Deg.C)
18.12
2.00
33.00
17.62
4.00
29.00
Turbidity (JTU)
100.83
4.00
420.00
10.05
3.00
60.00
Dissolved oxygen (Mg/L).
7.37
3.20
11.80
8.80
5.70
12.80
BOO 5 Day (Mg/L)
3.23
0.00
7.40
1.88
0.00
9.00
?K (S'J)
7.39
5.80
9.10
6.48
5.00
8.00
Tc:.^l Alkalinity CaCO^ (Mg/L)
154.62
20.00
344.00
11.00
1.00
26.00
Totsl Residue (Mg/L)
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Vol. Filterable ?.esidua (Mg/L)
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Total !lcnfilterable Residue (Mg/L) NA
NA
NA
13.70
5.00
25.00
Total Phosphorus P (Mg/L)
0.32
0.07
0.94
0.24
0.00
19.00
Dissolved Phosphorus ? (Kg/L)
0.10
0.01
0.31
0.06
0.01
0.14
Total :lardr.css CaCO^ (Mg/L)
139.08
20.00
293.00
8.39
5.00
21.00
Dissolved Calcium Ca (£4g/L)
36.08
5.80
76.00
2.23
1.00
7.90
Tot-l Cr.lciur. Ca (Mg/L)
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Dissolved Magnesium Mg (Mg/L)
11.81
1.40
27.00
0.68
0.00
1.80
local Magnesiuci J:«* (Mg/L)
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Chloride CI (Mg/L)
12.21
0.60
58.00
4.27
2.00
8.20
Total Iron Fe (u«»/L)
5348.33
610.00 23000.00
534.59
0.37
1300.00
Dissolved Iron Fe (ug/L)
41.15
0.00
280.00
225.00
70.00
350.00
Dissolved Lead Pb (ug/L)
NA
NA
NA
3.86
0.00
10.00
Total Lead Pb (ug/L)
11.92
0.00
100.00
10.93
0.00
100.00
Manganese Mn (vg/L)
243.33
100.00
520.00
5.33
3.00
10.00
Dissolved Manganese Mn (ug/L)
132.71
0.00
380.00
50.67
37.00
67.00
Dissolved Nickel Ni (ug/L)
5.00
0.00
18.00
NA
NA
NA
Total Nickel Ni (ug/L)
12.67
3.00
40.00
NA
NA
NA
Dissolved Silver Ag (ug/L)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Total Sliver Ag (ug/L)
0.06
0.00
1.00
1.29
0.00
10.00
Dissolved Zinc Zn (ug/L)
12.62
0.00
50.00
3.14
0.00
10.00
Total Zinc Zn (ug/L)
41.13
6.00
110.00
23.00
0.00
80.00
Dissolved Selenium Sc (ug/L)
0.17
0.00
1.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Total Selenium Se (ug/L)
0.29
0.00
1.00
0.38
0.00
5.00
Total Asxonia (Mg/L)
NA
NA
NA
0.06
0.00
0.12
Dissolved Annonia (M^/L)
NA
NA
NA
0.08
0.04
0.13
Total Coliforro /100 ml
30999.90 30999.90
3 x 10*
667.94
20.00
9 x \0U
Source: USGS. 1981. WATer Data STOrage and REtrieval (WATSTORE). Dallas, Texas
5-14
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Table 5-6. Water quality inventory for segments located in the Ouachita River Basin, Louisiana.
I
Segment
Description
01
03
05
07
09
11
13
15
17
19
21
Stream
Segment
Ma instream
Ouachita River
Bayou
Bartholomew
Location
Classification
(EL/WQL)
Arkansas State Line WQL
to Columbia Lock
Arkansas State Line EL
to Ouachita River
Including tributaries
Bayou Arkansas WQL
De L'Outre to Ouachita River
including tributaries
Western tributaries EL
Bayou Bayou D'Arbonne from EL
D'Arbonne headwaters to Ouachita
River including Cypress
Creek, Corney Bayou, Lake
D'Arbonne and other
tributaries
Origin to mouth and EL
related watershed
Columbia Lock to EL
Jonesville
Arkansas State Line EL
to Ouachita River
including Big Creek,
Bayou Bonne Idee,
Turkey Creek and others
Bayou La Fourche Origin to Ouachita EL
River
Bayou De Siard
Ouachita River
Bouef River
Tensas River
Bayou Macon
Arkansas state line EL
to Jonesville including
all tributaries and
several oxbow lakes
Water
Uses
1, 2, 3 & 4
1, 2, 3 & 4
1, 2 & 3
1, 2, 3 & 4
Arkansas state line
to Tensas River
including tributaries
E:
1, 2, 3, & 4
1, 2,3, & 4
2, 3 & 4
3 & 4
1, 2 & 3
1, 2, 3 & 4
Known
Water Quality
Problems
DO and pesticides
DO and pesticides
DO, TDS and chlorides
No data available
DO, pH, endrin and
toxaphene
Aesthetic and odor
DO
DO & TDS
DO & TDS
DO & chlorides
TDS
-------
Table 5-6. Water quality inventory for segments located in the Ouachita River Basin,
Louisiana (concluded).
Segment
Description
23
24
25
27
Stream
Segment
Dugdemona River
Cheniere Brake
Castor Creek
Little River
Classif ication
(EL/WQL)
EL
Location
Headwaters to Little
River including
all tributaries
Cheniere Brake None
Headwaters to Little EL
River including
Chatham Lake and
all tributaries
Headwaters to EL
Quachita River
including Fish Creek,
Trout Creek, Big Creek,
Old River, Catahoula
Lake and all other
tributaries
Water
Uses
3 & 4
1, 2 & 3
1, 2 & 3
Known
Water Quality
Problems
Sulfate
High quality water
Sulfate and DO
None
Source: Hydroscience, Inc. 19801 Water quality management plan. Ouachita River Basin Plan.
Arlington, TX. Variously paged.
-------
Table 5-7. "Water quality criteria and recommended water quality limits.
National Academy of Science and
EPA Quality National Academy of Engineering,
Water Quality
Parameter
Louisiana
Criteria
Criteria for
Domestic Water*
1974, Recommended
Public Water Supply
Limits
Livestock
Arsenic
a
50 ug/L
100 ug/L
200 ug/L
Cadmium
a
10 ug/L
10 ug/L
50 ug/L
Chloride
b
250 mg/L^
250 mg/L
Chromium
a,c
50 ug/L
50 ug/Lc
1,000 ug/L
Copper
a
1,000 ug/L
100 ug/L
500 ug/L
Dissolved solids
b
250 mg/Le
Dissolved oxygen
b
5.0 mg/L
Iron
a
300 ug/L
300 ug/L
Lead
a
50 ug/L
50 ug/L
100 ug/L
Manganese
a
50 ug/L
50 ug/L
Mercury
a
2.0 ug/L
2 ug/L
1,000 ug/L
PH
b
5.0-9.0
5.0-9.0
Phosphorus
b
100 ug/L
—
Sulfate
b
250 mg/L
250 mg/L
Zinc
a
5,000 mg/L
500 mg/L
*Also Public Health Service Limit.
aCriteria are based on 96-hour Median Tolerance Limit. See "Louisiana Water Quality
Criteria", 1977.
''Criteria are set for individual streams. See "Louisiana Water Quality Criteria", 1977.
C |
Hexavalent (Cr ).
^Applicable only to Public Health Service Limit.
eNot applicable to Public Health Service Limit.
Source: Louisiana Stream Control Commission. 1977. State of Louisiana. Water
quality criteria, 49 p.
5-17
-------
5.2.2 Red River Basin
The Red River Basin in Louisiana is bounded to the north by the
Louisiana-Arkansas State line. The basin is bordered on the south by the
Sabine, Calcasieu, Mernentau-Vermillion-Teche and Atachafalaya Basins; on the
west by the State of Texas and the Sabine River Basin, and on the east by the
Mississippi River Basin. The major tributaries of the Red River Basin include
the Red River, Twelve Mile Bayou, Cross Lake, Red Chutes and Bodcau Bayou,
Bayou Dorcheat, Saline Bayou, Bayou Nantaches, Rigolete Bayou, Sibley Lake,
Cane River, Big Larto Bayou, and Bayou Concodnie (Exhibit 5a). All 15
segments in the Red River Basin are located in the Study Area. The average
annual rainfall in the basin ranges from 1219 mm (48 inches) at Shreveport in
the northern part of the basin to 1524 mm (60 inches) at Alexandria in the
southern portion of the basin.
5.2.2.1 Quantity
The Red River has a drainage area of 20,098 km^ (7760 mi^) in
Louisiana. Ninety-three percent of the basin is contributed to by 10 major
tributaries. Of these, Cypress Creek, Twelve Mile Bayou, Loggy Bayou, Bayou
Pierre, Saline Bayou, and Cane River Basin account for 86 % of the combined
drainage basin area. The drainage areas and discharges, flow duration and
low-flow frequency data are presented in Tables 5-8, 5—9, and 5-10
respectively.
5.2.2.2 Quality
There are 93 municipal dischargers and 31 industrial dischargers in the
Red River Basin (Table 5-11). All of the Red River Basin is currently
classified as effluent limited.
Segment 01 (Red River) has the most serious violations of water quality
standards in the Red River Basin (Table 12, Station No. 344400). Violations
5-18
-------
Table 5-8. Drainage areas and discharges of continuous-record gauging station in the Red River Basin, Louisiana.
Station
Nur.ber
344400
348000
348500
349795
349815
344450
349500
348700
349000
349250
350000
352000
353000
Station Name Segment
Red "iver near 01
Hosston
Twelvenile Bayou 05
near Dixie
P.ed River at ' 05
Shreveport
Cypress Bayou 09
above Benton
Cypress Bayou Lake 09
near Benton
Paw Paw Bayou near 07
Greenwood
Bodcau Bayou near 09
Sarepta
Bayou Dorcheac near 11
Springhill
Bayou Dorcheat near 11
Minden
Lake Bistineau 11
near Ringgold
Loggy Bayou near 15
Ninock
Saline Bayou near 16
near Lucky
Saline Bayou near 16
Clarence
Pufi&h
Bossier/Caddo
Caddo
Caddo
Bossier
Bossier
Caddo
Bossier/Webster
Webster
Webster
Bossier
Bienville/Bossier
Bienville
Natchitoches/Winn
Period of Record
(Water Years)
1957 - 1979
1942 - 1979
1928 - 1978
1974 - 1979
1975 - 1979
1955 - 1979
1938 - 1979
1957 - 1979
1928 - 1931
1936 - 1979
1963 -1979
1948 - 1979
1940 - 1979
1949 - 1979
Drainage
2
Area (km )
147,736.0
8,135.0
156,988.0
230.3
422.0
208.0
1,410.0
157.0
2,841.0
3,737.0
6,807.0
399.0
3,590.0
Maximum
Discharge
(m^/s)
22.700
0.002
19.500
0.000
HA
0.000
0.440
0.000
0.000
NA
0.000
0.070
0.020
Average
Discharge
0"3/s)
507.00
73.49
688.50
2.48
NA
1.82
16.31
15.83
31.46
NA
64.85
4.70
33.47
Mininun
Discharge
(m3/s)
6,060
1,090
8,580
112
".•¦A
467
527
1,030
1,270
::a
923
382
402
-------
Table 5-8. Drainage areas and discharges of continuous-record gauging station in the Red River Basin, Louisiana (concluded).
Maximum Average Minimum
_ . , , _ . Drainage Discharge Discharge Discharge
Station Period of Record B2 3 j 3
Number Station Name Segment Parish (Water Years) Area (km ) (m /s) (m /s) (in fa)
353520 Nantachie Lake 17 Grant 1969 - 1979 208.0 0.000 2 056 26R
near Aloha
354000 Little Sandy Creek 23 Natchitoches 1949 - 1979 55.4 0 010 0 840 166
at Kisatchie
Ln
I
t-o
O
Source: USGS. 1979. Water Resources Data for Louisiana.
Volume 1. Central and Northern Louisiana.
Baton Rouge LA, 426 p.
-------
Table 5-9. Duration of daily flow (m3/sec.) from gauging stations on streams in the Red River Dasin, Louisiana.
Ui
W
Station
Number Station Name
348700 Boyou Dorcheat
near Springhill
348000 Twelve-mile Bayou
near Dixie
349000 Bayou Dorcheat
near Minden
350000 Loggy Bayou
near Ninock
352000 Saline Bayou near
Lucky
353520 Nantachie Lake
near Aloha
354000 Little Sandy Creek
at Kisatchie
Segment
11
05
11
15
16
19
23
County
Webster
Caddo
Webster
Bienville-Bossier
Line
Bienville
Grant
Natchitoches
Drainage
2
Area (km )
157
8,135
2,841
6,807
399
208
55.4
Percent of Time
99 50 25 10
Period
of
Record
0.04 3.53 16.94 41.59 152.82 1958-1980
0.06 28.00 104.16 209.93 465.50 1943-1980
0.00 7.06 37.31 87.60 292.00 1929-1978
0.07 26.19 91.32 180.13 454.00 1949-1960
0.14 1.73 4.50 11.69 42.00 1941-1980
8.26 0.38 1.94 5.71 26,39 1971-1978
0.02 0.22 0.57 1.45 10.92 1950-1979
Source:
US Geological Service. 1981. WAter
data STOrage and REtrieval (WATSTORE). Dallas TX.
-------
Table 5-10.
Seven day low flow for various recurrence Intervals in streams in the Red River Basin, Louisiana.
ui
I
M
M
Station
Number Station Name
348700 Bayou Dorcheat near
Springhill
348000 Twelvemile Bayou
near Dixie
349000 Bayou Dorcheat
near Minden
350000 Loggy Bayou near
Ninock
352000 Saline Bayou near
Lucky
353000 Saline Bayou near
Clarence
354000 Little Sandy Creek
at Klsatchie
Segment
11
05
11
15
16
16
23
County
Webster
Caddo
Webster
Blenvllle-Bossier
Line
Bienville
Natchitoches-Winn
Parish Line
Natchitoches
Drainage
2
Area (km )
157
8,135
2,841
6,807
399
3,590
55.4
Annual Low Flow in m /sec. for 7 Consecutive
Days for Indicated Recurrence Interval in Years
10
1.11
6.24
0.07
0.03
0.02
20
12.21 0.36 0.10 0.05
0.02
0.03
5.14 0.09 0.02 0.008 0.004
0.79 0.26 0.13 0.07
1.44 0.30 0.17 0.13 0.10
27.73 0.23 0.07 0.04 0.03
0.14 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01
Period
of
Record
1959-1978
1944-1980
1930-1978
1950-1960
1942-1980
1951-1973
1951-1979
Source: US Geological Survey. 1981. WAter data STOrage and REtrieval (WATSTORE). Dallas TX.
-------
Table 5-11.. Industrial dischargers in the Red River Basin, Louisiana
Parish
Bossier
Natchitoches
Red River
Red River
Rapides
Rapides
Caddo
Caddo
Caddo
Caddo
Caddo
Caddo
Caddo
Caddo
Bossier
Webster
Bossier
Webster
Webster
Webster
Webster
Caddo
Industry Segment
P & H Tube Co. 01
Western Kraft 01
Paper Group
Coushatta Mill 01
International Paper Co. 01
Alexandria, City of 03
(Power Plant)
Pineville Kraft Corp. 03
Bird & Son, Inc. 05
Bayou State Oil Corp. 05
Southwestern Electric 05
Power Company (Lieberman
Plant)
Kansas City 05
Southern Railways Co.
Riegel By-Products 05
Co., Inc.
Southwestern Electric 05
Power Co. (Arsenal Hill)
Athens-Caddo Brick 05
Co.
Kelly's Truck Terminal 07
Allied Chemical Corp. (Texas 11
Petroleum)
Louisiana Army Ammunition 11
Plant
Arkansas-Louisiana Gas 11
Co.
Cotton Valley Solvents Co. 11
Cotton Valley Operators 11
Committee
Woodward-Walker-Williamette 11
Santian S.C.. etc. n
Atlas Processing Co. 13
Receiving Stream
Red River
Red River
Coushatta Bayou
Red River
Red River
Unnamed Creek to Red
River
Twelve Mile Bayou
Black Bayou
Twelve Mile Bayou
Drainage canal to
Twelve Mile Bayou
Blind Bayou to
Twelve Mile Bayou
Twelve Mile Bayou
Caddo Lake
Railroad ditch to
unnamed trib. to
Cross Bayou
Fox Skin Bayou.
Boone Creek to Caney
Creek
Drainage ditch
to Lake Bistineau
Drainage ditch to Dans
Slough to Dorcheat Bayou
Drainage ditch to
Dorcheat Bayou
Drainage ditch to
Dorcheat Bayou
Middle Fork Bayou
Drainage canal to
Brushy Bayou
V
5-23
-------
Table 5-11 .
Industrial dischargers in the Red
River Basin,
Louisiana (concluded).
Parish
Industry
Segment
Receiving Stream
Caddo
General Electric Co.
13
Unnamed tributary
to Gilmer Bayou
Caddo
Beaird-Poulan Co.
13
Gilmer Bayou to
Boggy Bayou
Caddo
Western Electric Co., Inc.
13
Boggy Bayou
Caddo
Gould, Inc.
13
Unnamed tributary
Gilmer Bayou
Caddo
Airco Welding Products
. 13
Drainage ditch to
Brush Bayou
Bienville
Con Agra, Inc.
16
Saline Bayou
Natchitoches
Tennessee Gas Pipeline
21
Rio Hondo
Natchitoches
Natchitoches, City of
23
Old River
Natchitoches
Country Pride
23
Old River
Source: URS Company. 1980. Water Quality Management Plan for Red River Basin
Plan. Metairie, Louisiana. Variously paged.
5-24
-------
include high coliforms (maximum of 5000/100 mg/1) and low (less than 5.0 mg/1)
DO values in the vicinity of Shreveport. Examination of water quality data
statistical summaries (Table 5-12) and the water quality standards (Table 5-7)
reflect chloride, sulfate, and solids (both TDS and TSS) are problems in
Segment 03, the sources being agricultural runoff and poor water quality
entering from Segment 01. Twelve Mile Bayou in Segment 05 is an area of
concern due to the low values of DO and high coliforms, TDS, chloride,
sulfate, and to some extent, temperature (Table 12, Station No. 348000).
Numerous industries and municipalities discharge (Exhibit 5a) either directly
or indirectly into waters of Twelve Mile Bayou and are probably responsible
for the poor quality water. A depletion of DO levels in Bayou Bodcau (Segment
09) is due to point source dischargers (Table 12, Station No. 344411).
Municipal point source dischargers are the sources of problems in Segment 11
and Segment 13. Little information is available on the water quality in
Segment 15, (Station No. 352800), as there is no regular water quality
monitoring station.
Sporatic DO depletion appears to be the only water quality problem in
Segment 16 (Saline Bayou). Industrial dischargers such as Con Agra, Inc., may
be the source. There are no monitoring stations in Segments 17, 19, and 23,
therefore no water quality data exist. No problems are evident in Segment 23.
There are no municipal or industrial source dischargers in Segment 25.
Examination of the water quality data for Segment 27 indicates fecal coliforrti
criteria, DO standards, and pH violations are problems. The sources of these
problems include inadequate disinfection of the municipal wastewater, water-
fowl, and septic tanks. The water quality inventory for Segments located in
the Study Area is summarized in Table 5-13.
5.2.3 Sabine River Basin
The Sabine River is located in eastern Texas and western Louisiana. It
includes portions of all western Louisiana parishes and is bounded on the
5-25
-------
(
Table 5-12. Water quality statistical summary for stations located In Red River Basin,
Louisiana.
Sta. No: 344400 Sta. Ho. 344410 Sta. No. 352800
Location: Red River Location: Red River Locptton:Grand Bayou
rarsnctsrs County: Bossier/Caddo County: Caddo County: Red River
Segment: 01 Segment: 09 Segment: 15
Mean
Kin.
Max.
Maan
Min.
Hax.
Mean
lUn.
Max.
Kate? temperature (Deg.C)
18.68
2.50
32.00
19.33
2.50
32.00
19.12
5.00
28.00
Turbidity (JTU)
30.00
10.00
65.00
56.18
5.00
260.00
12.00
3.00
70.00
Dissolved oxygen (>!g/L)
8.63
5.80
12.60
8.97
6.30
13.00
6.13
2.50
12.20
200 5 Day (>'g/L)
3.17
0.40
8.00
2.97
0.00
8.30
2.59
0.00
6.70
?H (S'J)
7.47
6.40
8.40
7.62
6.70
8.20
6.37
5.70
7.10
Total Alkalinity CaC03 (Kg/L)
97.11
38.00
220.00
104.60
44.00
203.00
28.40
5.00
63.00
Total Rcsi-ue (Mg/L)
23.06
12.00
34.00
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
- NA
Vol. Filterable Residua (Mg/L)
MA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Total licnfiltcvable Residue Oig/Lj-27 .17
10.00
460.00
136.87
9.00
800.00
15.00
6.00
24.00
Total Phosphorus P (Hg/L)
0.17
0.40
0.82
0.14
0.02
0.43
0.10
0.50
0.21
Dissolved Phosphorus ? (Mg/L)
0.57
0.00
0.42
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Tctcl KarJr.css CaCO^ C>tg/L>
173.53
46.00
395.00
174.00
55.00
370.00
29.24
15.00
54.00
Dissolved C^lciu=i Ca (Mg/L)
50.43
17.00
136.00
48.77
17.00
110.00
6.97
3.50
11.00
Tots! Cr.lcius. Ca (Mg/L)
NA
NA
NA
51.00
27.00
100.00
NA
NA
NA
Dissolved Magnesiuia Mg (Mg/L)
12.15
0.60
59.00
12.62
2.90
32.00
2.87
1.20
6.40
Total Xagnesiuni Mg (Mg/L)
NA
NA
NA
16.37
7.80
30.00
NA
NA
NA
Chloride CI (Mg/L)
111.78
5.30
388.00
108.73
8.50
370.00
19.18
5.00
62.00
Total Iron Te (ug/L)
6524.99
2000.00
17000.00
400.00
528.57
210.00
920.00
Dissolved Iron Fe (ug/L)
68.16
0.00
770.00
50.00
0.00
250.00
NA
NA
NA
Dissolved Lead Pb (ug/L)
2.72
0.00
18.00
1.60
0.00
20.00
3.17
0.00
6.00
Total Lead Pb (tg/L)
8.73
0.00
22.00
7.82
0.00
100.00
NA
NA
NA
Manganese Mn (ug/L)
100.00
90.00
110.00
197.50
10.00
690.00
NA
NA
NA
Dissolved Manganese Mn (ug/L)
106.67
0.00
320.00
23.33
0.00
160.00
130.00
Dissolved Nickel Ni (ug/L)
9.50
8.00
10.00
1.95
0.00
14.00
NA
NA
NA
Total Nickel Ni (ug/L)
NA
NA
NA
7.97
0.00
50.00
NA
NA
NA
Dissolved Silver Ag (ug/L)
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Total Silver Ag (ug/L)
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Dissolved Zinc Zn (ug/L)
16.57
0.00
230.00
12.77
0.00
90.00
16.67
10.00
30.00
Total Zinc Zn (ug/L)
79.99
20.00
260.00
28.50
0.00
140.00
NA
NA
NA
Dissolved Selenium So (ug/L)
3.33
0.00
6.00
0.05
0.00
1.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Total Selenium Se (ug/L)
4.00
0.00
8.00
0.12
0.00
1.00
NA
NA
NA
Total Anr-onia NH^ (Mg/L)
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA .
NA
NA
NA
Dissolved Ammonia KH^ (Mg/L)
0.00
0.00
0.00
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Total Collfom /100 ml
7568.29
140.00
lxlO5 1
9085.98
10.00
2xl05
NA
NA
NA
5-26
-------
Table 5-X2 . Water quality statistical summary for stations located in Red River Basin,
Louisiana (concluded).
Sta. Sfo: 34800
Location; 12—mile Bayou
County: Caddo
Segment: Q5
Mean
Kin.
Max.
'otcr tcrrparaeure (Iteg.C)
19.33
3.00
34.00
TurhiJity (JTU)
22.36
6.00
80.00
Dissolved oxygen (Mg/L)
8.96
0.11
13.40
202 5 Pay (Xg/L)
2.87
0.00
5.60
?H (SU)
6.87
5.80
8.60
Tci.^1 Alkalinity CaCO^ (Mg/L)
70.67
8.00
305.00
Totil Rej»iJue (Mg/L)
NA
NA
NA
Vol. Filterable Residua (Mg/L)
NA
NA
NA
Total "cr.filte/able Residue (Mg/L) NA
NA
NA
Total Phosphorus P (Mg/L)
0.08
0.00
0.27
Dissolve* Phosphorus ? (Mg/L)
0.03
0.00
0.22
Tetcl Viardncss CaCO^ (Mg/L)
205.26
16.00
888.00
Dissolves Calcica Ca (Kg/L)
41.26
4.10
170.00
Tnzzl Cnlciua Ca (Mg/L)
NA
NA
NA
Dissolved Magnesium Kg (Xg/L)
24.80
1.50
123.00
Total Xagnesiun M3 (Mg/L)
NA
NA
NA
Chloride CI (Mg/I.)
334.22
13.00
4270.00
Total Iron Fe (u»/L)
1503.88
0.39
4900.00
Dissolved Iron Fe (ug/L)
131.54
10.00
340.10
Dissolved Lead Pb (ug/L)
1.08
0.00
4.00
Total Lead Pb (i^/L)
25.25
0.00
160.00
Manganese JZn (ug/L)
450.83
70.00
1800.00
Dissolved Manganese Hn (ug/L)
311.62
7.00
1700.00
Dissolved Nickel Ni (ug/L)
0.80
0.00
3.00
Total Nickel Ni (ug/L)
5.20
1.00
11.00
Dissolved Silver Ag (ug/L)
0.00
0.00
0.00
Total Silver Ag (ug/L)
0.62
0.00
1.00
Dissolved Zinc Zn (ug/L)
10.50
3.00
20.00
Total Zinc Zn (ug/L)
20.00
10.00
40.00
Dissolved Selenium Se (ug/L)
0.00
0.00
0.00
Total Selenium Se (ug/L)
0.08
0.00
1.00
Total Ar.T.onia (Mg/L)
NA
NA
NA
Dissolved Air_*r.onia NH^ (Mg/L)
NA
NA
NA
Total Coliform /100 al
5.00
5.00
5.00
Source: USGS. 1931. WATer Data STOrage and REtrieval (WATSTORE). Dallas, Texas.
5-27
-------
01
03
05
07
09
11
13
15
16
17
19
21
23
25
27
Water quality inventory £or segments located In the Red River Basin, Louisiana.
Stream
Segment
Red River
Red River
Twelve Mile
Bayou
Cross Bayou
Bodcau Bayou
Loggy Bayou
Bay Pierre
Black Lake
Saline Bayou
Bayou Nantaches
Rigolette Bayou
Sibley Lake
and tributaries
Cane River
Saline Bayou
Bayou Cocodrie
Location
Red River from Arkansas State line to US Highway
165 at Alexandria, Louisiana
Red River from US Highway 165 at Alexandria, to
head of Atchafalaya River
Twelve Mile Bayou from origin to Red River
Cross lake and tributaries
Red chute and Bodcau Bayou from Arkansas State
Line to Loggy Bayou and tributaries
Bayou Dorcheat and Loggy Bay Including Lake
Blstineau and tributories
Bayou Pierre from headwaters to Red River
including Boggy Bayou and Wallace Lake
Black Lake Bayou and tributaries from headwaters to
to Saline Bayou including Black and Clear Lakes
Saline Bayou from headwaters to Red River including
tributaries
Bayou Nantaches from headwaters to Red River
including tributaries
Rigolette Bayou from headwaters to Red River including
Lake Iatt and tributaries
Sibley Lake and tributaries
Cane River from Sibley Lake to Red River including
Kltstache Bayou and all tributaries.
Big Larto Bayou and tributaries including Larto Lake,
Saline Bayou, Saline Lake and Big Creek
Bayou Cocdyie from origin to Red River at Acme Control
Outlet Including Cocodrie Lake, Dismal Swamp and all
related watersheds.
Classification
EL/WQL
EL
EL
EL
EL
EL
EL
EL
EL
EL
EL
EL
EL
EL
EL
EL
Water
Uses
2,3&4
2,3&4
2,36, A
2,3&4
2&3
2&3
2&3
1.2&3
1,2&3
1.2&3
2&3
1,2,3&4
1,2,36.4
3&4
1,2&3
-------
Table 5-13. Water quality inventory for segments located in the Red River Basin, Louisiana (concluded).
I 1 = Contact recreation
2 = Non-contact recreation
_p
3 = Propagation of fish and wildlife
6 = Domestic raw water supply
Source: URS Company. 1980. Red River Basin, Water Quality Management Plan. Metairie, Louisiana. Variously paged.
-------
north and northeast by the Red River Basin. The east and southeastern
portions of the basin is bounded by the Calcasieu River Basin. The southern
boundary is formed by the Gulf of Mexico, and the western boundary is the
Texas State line. The Study Area includes Segments 01, 03, 07 and 09 of the
Sabine River Basin. Precipitation in the basin is usually high and well
distributed with a normal annual precipitation of about 1168 mm (46 inches) in
northern sections and about 1422 mm (56 inches) in the southern section.
5.2.3.1 Quantity
Toledo Bend Reservoir is the most significant surface water feature in the
Sabine River Basin. The Sabine River is the largest river in the basin and
includes eight major tributaries.
The USGS water gauging stations located in the Study Area are shown on
Exhibit 5a, as are drainage areas. The drainage areas and dischargers (Table
5-14), flow duration data (Table 5-15), and low-flow frequency data (Table
5-16), are presented.
5.2.3.2 Water Quality
There are 49 municipal dischargers and three industrial dischargers
(Exhibit 5a) in the Study Area. There are no industrial dischargers in
Segments 03 and 09. A list of industrial dischargers in the Study Area is
presented in Table 5-17.
Segment 01 in the Sabine River Basin is designated as a water quality
limited Segment (Table 5-18), due to violations of the DO criteria. This
Segment is of great concern to the Louisiana Department of Wildlife and the
Fisheries Division of the Water Pollution Control Department. A majority of
the violations of water quality involve low DO levels and high fecal coliform
levels (Table 5-19). The cause of these violations include low-flows and
discharges by agricultural non-point sources. Bacterial pollution is the only
5-30
-------
Table 5-14. Drainage areas and discharges of continuous-record gauging station in the Sabine River Basin, Louisiana.
Station
Number
25606
25500
22500
22765
230000
i*n
I
Station Name Segnent
Bayou Toro near 07
Toledo Bend near
Toro
Bayou Toro near 07
Toro
Sabine River at 10
Logansport
Bayou Castor near 10
Funstun
Bayou Castor near 10
Logansport
Vernon
Sabine
De Soto/Shelby
De Soto
De Soto
Period of Record
(Water Years)
1966 - 1974
1976 - 1979
1955 - 1979
1968 - 1979
1971 - 1979
1955 - 1979
Drainage
2
Area (km )
531.0
383.0
12,541.0
237.0
249.9
Maximum
Discharge
(m^/s)
0.003
0.453
0.000
0.000
Average
Discharge
(m3/s)
3.993
90.850
1.991
1,962
Minimum
Discharge
(m^/s)
884
2,610
133
277
Source: USGS. 1979. Water Resources Data for Louisiana. Volume 1. Central and Northern Louisiana. Baton Rouge LA, 426 p.
-------
Table 5-15. Duration of daily flow (m^/sec.) from gauging stations on streams in the Sabine River Basin, Louisiana.
Station
Number Station Name
022765 Bayou Castor near
Funston
025500 Bayou Toro near
Toro
Ui
I
u>
ho
n j- Period
ra Percent of Time of
Segment County Area (km ) 99 50 25 10 1 Record
03 DeSoto 237.0 ^ 0.00 0.27 1.03 4.02 26.60 1972-1978
07 Sabine 383.0 0.03 0.89 2.56 7.43 50.40 1956-1980
Source: US Geological Survey. 1981. WATer Data STOrage and REtrieval (WATSTORE). Dallas TX.
-------
Table 5-16. Seven day low flow for various recurrence intervals in streams in the Sabine River Basin, Louisiana.
Station
Mumber
025500
Station Mame Segment
Bayou Toro near Toro 07
County
Sabine
Drainage
2
Area (km )
3830
Annual Low Flow in m /sec. for 7 Consecutive
Days for Indicated Recurrence Interval in Years
1 2 5 10 20
0.40
0.13
0.05
0.02
0.01
Period
of
Record
1957-1978
Ln
U>
OJ
Source: US Geological Survey. 9181. WATer Data STOrage and REtrieval (WATST0RE). Dallas TX.
-------
Table 5-17. Industrial Dischargers in Sabine River Basin, Louisiana.
Receiving
Parish
Industry
Segment
Stream
Desoto
Georgia Pacific Corp.
01
Unnamed tributary to Castor Bayou
Sabine
Vancouver Plywood Co., Inc.
07
Midkiff Cr.
Sabine
Vancouver Plywood Co., Inc.
07
Midkiff Cr.
u. Source: URS Company. 1980. Water Quality Management plan for Sabine River Basin,
w Metairie, Louisiana.
-------
Table 5- 18. Water quality inventory for segments located in the Sabine River Basin , Louisiana.
Segment
Description
01
03
07
09
Stream
Segment
Sabine River
Sabine River
Sabine River
Sabine River
Location
Bayou Castor from head-
waters to mouth
Toledo Bend Reservoir
Bayou Toro from head-
waters to Sabine River
below Toledo Ber.d Dam
Anacoco Creek from head-
waters to confluence with
Cypress Creek
Classification
EL/WQL
WQL
EL
EL
EL
Water
Uses
1,2,3,&4
1,2,3&4
1,2,&3
1,2,&3
Known Water
Quality Problems
DO and fecal coliforms
Coliforms (Fecal and tot
Not enough data
Not enough data
Source: URS Company. 1980. Water Quality Management plan for Sabine River Basin. Metairie, Louisiana.
-------
Table 5-19. Water quality statistical summary for stations located in Sabine River Basin,
Louisiana. Sta. Ms: 022500
Location; Sabine River
Farauter* Couity: DeSoto
Segment: 01
Mean
Mill.
Max.
Kator ter.-.ysrature (Tteg.C)
18.27
4.00
34.00
7arfciJi=y (JTU)
20.47
5.00
50.00
Dissolved oxygen (Jlg/L).
8.68
6.10
14.80
HOD 5 Day O'.gAO
3.09
0.60
6.90
?K CSV)
6.95
6.40
7.40
Total Alkalinity CaCO(Mg/L)
33.90
14.00
62.00
Tctr.l HcblJuu (Mg/L)
NA
NA
NA
Vcl. FM^crable Hcsidus (Xg/L)
NA
NA
NA
Total "er.filtcrablc Residue ftsfL)
NA
NA
NA
Phsssfcorus P (Mg/L)
0.23
0.04
2.30
ris^olvci Phosphorus ? (Mg/L)
NA
NA
HA
Tctr.l jlrrincss CaCO^ (Mg/L)
57.42
29.00
81.00
Dissolve.^ C-lciua Ca (2
-------
parameter of concern in Segment 03. Lakeside lodges are the major pollution
sources along Toledo Bend Reservoir. These lodges are used primarly for
recreational purposes, although some are permanent residences. Few have
wastewater treatment facilities. There are no water quality monitoring
stations, therefore, no water quality data exist for Segments 07 and 09.
5.3 GROUNDWATER
The Louisiana Study Area is in the Gulf Coastal Plain physiographic
province. As defined by the Water Resources Council, the Study Area is
located in the Lower Mississippi River Region.
The amount of water available to wells depends on saturated thickness,
areal extent, and specific yield. The amount of groundwater in storage
depends on the amount of recharge from precipitation. Average annual
precipitation ranges from 1,118 to 1,168 mm (44 to 46 inches) in the northern
section to 1,422 to 1,524 mm (56 to 60 inches) in the southern section of the
Study Area. Data for annual runoff across the Study Area are presented in
Exhibit 5b.
Information about the geologic structure and hydraulic properties of
aquifers (subsurface zones capable of producing water) as well as data on
quanity and quality of groundwater are discussed in this section. These
aspects are essential in an evaluation of the effects of proposed development
on groundwater.
5.3.1 Quantity
The source of groundwater in the Study Area is aquifers that range in age
from Paleocene to Recent (Table 5-20). Deposits of the Midway Group, Cook
Mountain Formation (formation of the Claiborne Group), Jackson Group and
Vicksburg Group are predominantly clay and are not considered sources of water
in the Study Area (Figure 5-2). The general availability of groundwater in
\
5-37
-------
Table 5-20. Generalized Post-Cretaceous stratigraphic column for Louisiana.
Ui
I
w
00
Cenozoic
Era
Tertiary
Quaternary
System
Paleocene
Eocene
Oligocene
Miocene
Pleistocene
and Recent
Series
Midway
Wilcox
Claiborne
Jackson
Vicksburg
Group
Cane
River
Sparta
sand
Cook
Mountain
Cockfleld
-
Formation
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0) 3
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00
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•
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ft
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a
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^ p« ^
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Uater
be as
Inter-
Is
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Source: Rollo, R.J. 1960. Groundwater In Louisiana. Water Resources Bulletin No. 1. Baton Rouge LA, 84 p.
-------
¦> . y r* ^
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RECENT
PLEISTOCENE -
MIOCENE
OLIGOCENE
EOCENE
PALOCENE
GULF
ALLUVIUM
TERRACES
GRAND GULF
VICKSBURG
JACKSON
CLAIBORNE
^WILCOX
MIDWAY
gffl
> t >
SALT DOME
OUTCROP
m
Figure 5-2. Generalized geological map of Louisiana (Rollo J.R. 1960),
5-39
-------
the Study Area is presented in Exhibit 5b as is the location of the
observation wells monitored by the USGS. The altitude of the base of fresh
groundwater in portions of the Study Area is presented in Figure 5-3. Records
from USGS monitored wells in selected counties are presented in Table 5-21.
• Tertiary System
- Wilcox Group. The Wilcox Group is composed of a heterogenous sequence
of beds of lignite, sand, silty sand, sandy and silty clay, and clay (Table
5-20). This group is approximately 107 meters (350 feet) thick in Union
Parish, near the northern border of the State, and approximately 640 meters
(2,100 feet) thick to the south in central Winn Parish. Wells in sands of the
Wilcox Group generally yield quantities of water ranging from a few cubic
meters per minute to approximately 2 m^/min (500 gpm). These comparatively
low yields are due to the find-grained texture and lenticular nature of the
water bearing sands.
- Claiborne Group. In ascending order, the Cane River, Sparta, Cook
Mountain, and Cockfield Formations make up the Callborne Group (Table 5-20).
Formations are strata of similar composition. Cane River and Cook Mountain
Formations are only minor sources of fresh groundwater. Sparta and Cockfield
Formations are the more important sources of fresh groundwater in the Study
Area.
The Sparta Sand Formation underlies much of north-central Louisiana. It
also underlies a narrow belt in Sabine and Natchitoches parishes. The Sparta
Sand Formation ranges from about 152 to 274 meters (500 to 900 feet) in
thickness in the Study Area. Wells generally are 31 to 274 meters (100 to 900
feet) deep and yield volumes of water from 1 to 5 m^/min (200 to 1,200 gpm).
The largest known yield of water is approximately 8 m^/min (2,000 gpm).
The Cockfield Formation is 30 meters (100 feet) or more in thickness with
thicker sandbeds occurring in the lower half of the formation. Fresh
groundwater in the Cockfield Formation occurs in two areas 1) a narrow belt
5-40
-------
tn
I
->
feet
400 2
200:
tea level -
ZOO :
400
600;
800 :
1000 •
1200-
1400 :
1600 :
1000
2000
2200 :
2400 -
2600 :
2800 -
3000-
3200 :
3400-
3600'
Caddo Bossier
Webster
Clair borne
Union
Morehouse
West East
Carroll Carroll
A'
m
Ort-:0.r.
¦*y${h
msSi
Ife^
10 B 20 25 30 mites
Moiimm depth to whid* fresh pourdwater occurs, intermediate
sands moy contain tort woter
Recent
Pleistocene
Oligocene
Eocene
Eocene-Poteocene \ Wcc«
Paleocene
Undifferentiated
Vfctebrg
Jactoon
Cocfclien
fem
Cook Moirtcm
£ T» .O*
X'.SjAt
M&i&i
Tmy
~ vK "
Quaternary
Tertiary
' Cretaceous
feel
400 :
200 j
sea level -
2O0 -
400 :
600 :
800 \
1000 -
1200 -
1400 -
1600 :
BOO -
2000 |
2200 •
2400 ¦
2600 "
2800 •
3000 ¦
3200 j
3400 j
3600 ¦
Desoto
Red River Natchitoches
Winn
Caldwell
FrtvAIrn
Tensas
,
Hi*.^
mm.
¦ o.oQy; o o
¦-.> Te O'-rf-fc
s^m
>&?:'?8SWV
::• -,r<
/P*V x '^. «- ?-v-
.V:^;vv.'n>ao;Tj cWi
Study Area
Figure 5-3
CROSS SECTION DIAGRAMS SHOWING SUBSURFACE
OF THE LOUISIANA STUDY AREA
GEOLOGY
-------
Table 5-21. Records of wells in selected Louisiana parishes.
i
Well Characteristics
Exhibit
Designation
1
2
4
112
144
166
86A
66B
9
58
136
137
138
148
149
Ui
I
-P-
Well Number
323241093031901
323240093032001
323251092551901
321709092523901
323505092535001
322436092500501
320154092164602
320154092164601
J
325751093082701
324707093025001
323943092573601
325706092591001
323908093093101
325437092503301
330002092445901
Owner .
Town of
Gibsland
Town of
Gibsland
LA Gas
Service Co.
Continental
Can Co.
US Geol.
Survey
US Geol.
Survey
US Geol.
Survey
US Geol.
Survey
Town of
Haynesville
Town of
Horner
US Geol.
Survey
US Geol.
Survey
US Geol.
Survey
US Geol.
Survey
US Geol.
Survey
Parish
Bienville
Bienville
Bienville
Bienville
Bienville
Bienville
Caldwell
Caldwell
Claiborne
Claiborne
Claiborne
Claiborne
Caliborne
Calibome
Caliborne
Type of
Well
Drilled
Drilled
Drilled
Drilled
Drilled
Drilled
Drilled
Drilled
Drilled
Drilled
Drilled
Drilled
Drilled
Drilled
Drilled
Depth Diameter
(m) (m)
149.32 0.15
149.35 0.20
178.31 0.15
106.07 0.10
192.02 0.05
143.87 0.05
87.78 0.05
166.12 0.05
204.22 0.30
146.91 ' 0.30
254.51 0.05
194.77 0.05
201.47 0.05
190.50 0.05
224.33 0.05
Water-Bearing
Unit
Sparta Sand of
Eocene age
Sparta Sand of
Eocene age
Sparta Sand of
Eocene age
Sparta Sand of
Eocene age
Sparta Sand of
Eocene age
Sparta Sand of
Eocene age
Cockfleld FM.
of Eocene age
Sparta Sand of
Eocene age
Sparta Sand of
Eocene age
Sparta Sand of
Eocene age
Sparta Sand of
Eocene age
Sparta Sand of
Eocene age
Sparta Sand of
Eocene age
Sparta Sand of
Eocene age
Sparta Sand of
Eocene age
Period of
Record
1956-1979
1975-1979
1949-1979
1971-1979
1970-1979
1975-1979
1974-1979
1974-1979
1956-1979
1957-1979
1974-1979
1974-1979
1974-1979
1978-1979
1978-1979
Water Level Extremes
For Period of Record*
High (m) Low (m)
17.47
13.92
45.58
20.55
60.43
47.31
0.30
23.56
64.75
29.15
90.77
64.45
62.88
52.74
80.56
30.53
28.64
69.72
34.41
65.20
49.68
15.79
26.14
82.18
43.03
93.10
66.78
65.09
54.88
82.04
-------
Table 5-21. Records of wells in selected Louisiana parishes (continued).
Well Characteristics
L/i
I
U)
Exhibit
Designation
177
443
444
445
446
448
449
450
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
Hell Number
320731093561901
315345093355801
315545093372601
315521093343801
315629093352601
315459093302001
315318093274201
315509093320901
320059093363701
320045093374601
320029093383701
320000093383101
315929093380301
315902093371201
315836093363801
Owner
Howard
Dennison
US Geol.
Survey
US Geol.
Survey
US Geol.
Survey
US Geol.
Survey
US Geol.
Survey
US Geol.
Survey
US Geol.
Survey
US Geol.
Survey
US Geol.
Survey
US Geol.
Survey
US Geol.
Survey
US Geol.
Survey
US Geol.
Survey
US Geol.
Survey
Parish
De Soto
De Soto
De Soto
De Soto
De Soto
De Soto
De Soto
De Soto
De Soto
De Soto
De Soto
De Soto
De Soto
De Soto
De Soto
Type of
Well
Drilled
Drilled
Drilled
Drilled
Drilled
Drilled
Drilled
Drilled
Bored
Bored
Bored
Bored
Bored
Bored
Bored
Depth Diameter
(m) (m)
106.68 0.10
92.66 0.05
73.46 0.05
42.67 0.05
67.06
70.10
73.15
79.86
18.29
18.90
24.08
26.52
14.02
24.38
26.52
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
0.03
Water-Bearing Period of
Unit Record
Wilcox group of 1955-1979
Paleocene-Eocene age
Wilcox group of 1977-1979
Paleocene-Eocene age
Wilcox group of 1977-1979
Paleocene-Eocene age
Wilcox group of 1977-1979
Paleocene-Eocene age
Wilcox group of 1977-1979
Paleocene-Eocene age
Wilcox group of 1977-1979
Paleocene-Eocene age
Wilcox group of 1977-1979
Paleocene-Eocene age
Wilcox group of 1978-1979
Paleocene-Eocene age
Wilcox group of 1979
Paleocene-Eocene age
Wilcox group of 1979
Paleocene-Eocene age
Wilcox group of 1979
Paleocene-Eocene age
Wilcox group of 1979
Paleocene-Eocene age
Wilcox group of 1979
Paleocene-Eocene age
Wilcox group of 1979
Paleocene-Eocene age
Wilcox group of 1979
Paleocene-Eocene age
Water Level Extremes
For Period of Record*
High (m) Low (m)
11.01 18.29
18.91 19.16
17.87 18.30
28.81 24.17
27.77 28.02
37.86 38.51
27.02 27.93
38.81 39.30
12.55 12.71
9.70 10.74
9.54 11.66
5.55 6.50
2.92 3.22
12.88 13.04
13.02 13.21
-------
Table 5-21. Records of wells In selected Louisiana parishes (continued).
Exhibit
Designation Well Number Owner Parish
468
315501093282901
US Geol.
Survey
De Soto
55
324040091110801
Elton
Fortenberry
East
Carroll
89
325100091132401
US Geol.
Survey
East
Carroll
90
325100091132402
US Geol.
Survey
East
Carroll
127B
312703092224801
US Geol.
Survey
Grant
262
313119092254001
US Geol.
Survey
Grant
305
314200092465101
US Geol.
Survey
Grant
314
313156092324101
US Geol.
Survey
Grant
49
321709092452401
Continental
Can Co.
Jackson
101B
321249092190402
Chatham Girl
Scout Camp
Jackson
127
321128092440801
Continental
Can Co.
Jackson
147
322357092341701
US Geol.
Survey
Jackson
148
321338092345801
US Geol.
Survey
Jackson
149
322433092413101
US Geol.
Survey
Jackson
156
321730092373701
US Geol.
Survey
Jackson
Well Characteristics
Type of Depth Diameter
Well (m) (m)
Bored 35.66 0.03
Drilled 34.75 0.30
Drilled 102.11 0.05
Drilled 26.82 0.05
Bored 29.57 0.03
Bored 19.81 0.04
Bored 12.19 0.03
Bored 30.18 0.03
Drilled 173.74 0.30
Drilled 131.67 0.10
Drilled 111.86 0.10
Drilled 214.27 0.05
Drilled 176.17 0.05
Drilled 145.69 0.05
Drilled 191.72 0.05
Water-Bearing
Unit
Period of
Record
Water Level Extremes
For Period of Record*
High (m) Low (m)
Wilcox group of 1979 2.08 2.61
Paleocene-Eocene age
Alluvial Aquifer of 1955, 0.08 9.03
Pleistocene age 1961-1979
Cockfield Fm. 1955-1979 4.12 7.07
of Eocene age
Alluvial Aquifer 1955-1979 A.06 7.00
of Pleistocene age
Terrace Aquifer 1956-1979 20.39 22.08
of Pleistocene age
Terrace Aquifer 1970-1979 10.84 13.76
of Pleistocene age
Terrace Aquifer 1971-1979 3.25 6.05
of Pleistocene age
Terrace Aquifer 1971-1979 14.52 18.17
of Pleistocene age
Sparta Sand of 1960-1979 34.80 59.09
Eocene age
Sparta Sand of 1966-1979 46.24 53.26
Eocene age
Sparta Sand of 1966, 46.34 49.58
Eocene age 1971-1979
Sparta Sand of 1974-1979 63.72 66.14
Eocene age
Sparta Sand of 1975-1979 62.97 49.30
Eocene age
Sparta Sand of 1975-1979 47.15 49.30
Eocene age
Sparta Sand of 1979 76.73 77.39
Eocene age
-------
Table 5-21. Records of wells in selected Louisiana parishes (continued).
I
l_n
Exhibit
Designation
157
215
217
218
25
26
68
113
123
153
5
15
67
283
334
Well Characteristics
Well Number
314153092075201
313610092052601
313610092052602
313610092052603
323132092385901
324141092390501
323458092275101
323013092482001
323105092374802
324018092482201
324626091543901
324704091543801
323806091530401
325925091513001
324622091511301
Owner
US Geol.
Survey
US Geol.
Survey
US Geol.
Survey
US Geol.
Survey
LA Tech
University
Town of
Dubach
US Geol.
Survey
US Geol.
Survey
US Geol.
Survey
US Geol.
Survey
Internatl.
Paper Co.
Internatl.
Paper Co.
D. W. Pipes
Parish
La Salle
La Salle
La Salle
La Salle
Lincoln
Lincoln
Lincoln
Lincoln
Lincoln
Lincoln
Morehouse
Morehouse
Morehouse
Georgia Morehouse
Pacific Corp.
US Geol.
Survey
Morehouse
Type of
Well
Bored
Bored
Bored
Bored
Drilled
Drilled
Drilled
Drilled
Drilled
Drilled
Drilled
Drilled
Drilled
Drilled
Bored
Depth Diameter
(m) (m)
26.82 0.04
26.82 0.03
18.29 0.03
22.55 0.03
207.26 0.30
209.09 0.25
234.70 0.05
228.60 0.10
38.70 0.05
163.07 0.05
262.13 0.25
32.00 0.66
24.69 0.08
41.15 0.11
30.48 0.03
Water-Bearing
Unit
Terrace Aquifer
of Pleistocene age
Terrace Aquifer
of Pleistocene age
Terrace Aquifer
of Pleistocene age
Terrace Aquifer
of Pleistocene age
Sparta Sand of
Eocene age
Sparta Sand of
Eocene age
Sparta Sand of
Eocene age
Sparta Sand of
Eocene age
Cook Mountain FM.
of Eocene age
Sparta Sand of
Eocene age
Sparta Sand of
Eocene age
Terrace Aquifer
of Pleistocene age
Alluvial Aquifer
of Pleistocene age
Terrace Aquifer of
Pleistocene age
Terrace Aquifer of
Pleistocene age
Period of
Record
1969-1979
1972-1979
1973-1979
1973-1979
1961,
1966-1979
1950, 1962
1967-1979
1968-1971
1973-1979
1969-1979
1970-1979
1978-1979
1955-1979
1945-1979
1953-1979
1960-1963
1966-1979
1967-1979
Water Level Extremes
For Period of Record*
High (m) Low (m)
16.25
13.90
11.35
13.92
76.28
29.02
56.40
81.23
38.70
64.92
43.85
22.81
0.48
21.76
21.17
18.07
17.63
15.04
17.29
99.67
46.41
64.76
89.06
39.49
65.53
66.87
30.34
5.21
22.76
21.95
-------
Table 5-21.. Records of wells In selected Louisiana parishes (continued).
Well Characteristics
1/1
I
.O-
Exhibit
Designation
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
284
77
86
96
151
Well Number
324622091511301
324753091471202
325810091384001
325526091530501
325810091384002
324352091531001
324352091531002
324352091531002
325707091574701
324352091531003
313918093023101
322901092091501
322649092063101
323044092035701
323136091592801
Owner
US Geol.
Survey
US Geol.
Survey
US Geol.
Survey
US Geol.
Survey
US Geol.
Survey
US Geol.
Survey
US Geol.
Survey
US Geol.
Survey
US Geol.
Survey
US Geol.
Survey
US Geol.
Survey
US Geol.
Survey
Fred
Peters
City of
Monroe
US Corps of
Engineers
Parish
Morehouse
Morehouse
Morehouse
Morehouse
Morehouse
Morehouse
Morehouse
Morehouse
Morehouse
Morehouse
Natchitoches
Ouachita
Ouachita
Ouachita
Ouachita
Type of
Well
Drilled
Drilled
Drilled
Drilled
Drilled
Drilled
Drilled
Drilled
Drilled
Drilled
Bored
Drilled
Drilled
Drilled
Drilled
Depth Diameter
(m) (m)
188.98 0.05
. 53.64 0.05
78.64 0.05
239.57 0.05
50.90 0.05
253.90 0.05
94.79 0.05
66.14 0.05
225.55 0.05
95.10 0.05
21.95 0.03
258.38 0.41
122.22 0.30
110.95 0.30
20.73 0.08
Water-Bearing
Unit
Period of
Record
Sparta Sand of 1968-1979
Eocene age
Cockfield FM. of 1968-1979
Eocene age
Cockfield FM. of 1968-1970
Eocene age 1972-1979
Sparta Sand of 1968-1979
Eocene age
Cockfield FM. of 1968-1970
Eocene age 1972-1979
Sparta Sand of 1968-1979
Eocene age
Cockfield FM. of 1968-1979
Eocene age
Cockfield FM. of 1968-1979
Eocene age
Sparta Sand of 1968-1979
Eocene age
Cook Mountain FM. 1968-1979
of Eocene age
Red River Alluvial 1956-1979
Aquifer of Pleistocene age
Sparta Sand of 1946-1979
Eocene age
Sparta Sand of 1946-1979
Eocene age
Sparta Sand of 1946
Eocene age 1948-1979
Alluvial Aquifer 1953-1979
of Pleistocene age
Hater Level Extremes
Tor Period of Record*
High (m) - Low (m)
27.93 31.03
0.15 3.49
4.56 10.68
30.71 34.07
4.72 9.37
55.26 58.73
2.94 5.31
20.56 21.67
29.10 32.67
20.48 21.74
0.11 4.18
51.46 84.35
13.05 31.48
19.82 45.35
1.15 7.20
-------
Table 5-21. Records of wells in selected Louisiana parishes (continued).
Well Characteristics
Exhibit
Designation
241
243
401A
402
403
oi
i 404
405
406
443
444
445
488
141
88
89
Well Number
321653092015601
321713092034401
322422092020701
321714092041401
321714092041402
323030091554801
322531092053901
322531092053902
323100092165802
323100092165803
323100092165803
322537092243101
320019093225601
322956091441001
323029091430001
Owner
US Geol.
Survey
US Geol.
Survey
US Geol.
Survey
US Geol
Survey
US Geol.
Survey
US Geol.
Survey
US Geol.
Survey
US Geol.
Survey
US Geol.
Survey
US Geol.
Survey
US Geol.
Survey
US Geol.
Survey
US Geol.
Survey
US Geol.
Survey
US Geol.
Survey
Parish
Ouachita
Ouachita
Ouachita
Ouachita
Ouachita
Ouachita
Ouachita
Ouachita
Ouachita
Ouachita
Ouachita
Ouachita
Red River
Richland
Richland
Type of
Well
Bored
Bored
Drilled
Drilled
Drilled
Drilled
Drilled
Drilled
Drilled
Drilled
Drilled
Drilled
Bored
Drilled
Drilled
Depth Diameter
(m) Cm)
21.34 0.38
18.90 0.38
121.01 0.05
228.60 0.05
140.21 0.05
208.79 0.05
236.22 0.05
207.57 0.05
262.13 0.05
204.21 0.05
138.38 0.05
242132 0.05
12.80 0.03
20.42 0.05
20.11 0.03
Water-Bearing
Unit
Period of
Record
Water Level Extremes
For Period of Record*
High (m) Low (m)
Alluvial Aquifer 1963-1970 3.90 8.23
of Pleistocene age 1072-1979
Sparta Sand of 1963-1970 2.60 7.19
Eocene age 1972-1979
Sparta Sand of 1965-1979 21.37 30.35
Eocene age
Sparta Sand of 1965-1979 11.28 14.55
Eocene age
Sparta Sand of 1965-1979 12.41 16.35
Eocene age
Sparta Sand of 1965-1979 18.98 24.01
Eocene age
Sparta Sand of 1965-1971 28.01 34.97
Eocene age 1974-1979
Sparta Sand of 1965-1971 35.07 42.81
Eocene age 1974-1979
Sparta Sand of 1965-1979 51.33 58.30
Eocene age
Sparta Sand of 1969-1979 52.17 58.41
Eocene age
Sparta Sand of 1969-1979 58.51 67.16
Eocene age
Sparta Sand of 1979 91.56 91.99
Eocene age
Alluvial Aquifer 1954-1979 0.36 6.33
of Pleistocene age
Cockfield FM. of 1969-1973 9.20 10.45
Eocene age 1975-1979
Cockfield FM. of 1969-1973 9.73 10.65
Eocene age 1975-1979
-------
Table 5-21. Records of wells in selected Louisiana parishes (continued).
Well Characteristics
Ln
I
00
Exhibit
Designation
91
92
93A
94
95A
96
97
112
114
124
103
163
287
386
387
Well Number
322706091453401
322706091453402
322804091375002
323304091374301
323304091374301
323003091301301
322750091350501
322623091294901
322636091295702
322605091301101
313510093282101
314708093385201
312243093240501
311828093270301
311929093312301
Owner
US Geol.
Survey
US Geol.
Survey
US Geol.
Survey
US Geol.
Survey
US Geol.
Survey
US Geol.
Survey
US Geol.
Survey
Emmett
Reynolds
US Geol.
Survey
US Geol.
Survey
Louis
Alford
Sabine
Parish School
A. J.
Hodges
US Geol.
Survey
US Geol.
Survey
Parish
Richland
Richland
Richland
Richland
Richland
Richland
Richland
Richland
Richland
Richland
Sabine
Sabine
Sablne
Sabine
Sabine
Type of
Well
Drilled
Drilled
Drilled
Drilled
Drilled
Drilled
Drilled
Drilled
Drilled
Bored
Drilled
Drilled
Drilled
Drilled
Drilled
Depth Diameter
(m) (m)
25.60 0.03
51.82 0.25
60.96 0.15
63.40 0.15
39.93 0.15
122.53 0.05
72.85 0,05
20.42 0.05
20.12 0.03
25.60 0.03
51.82 0.25
60.96 0.15
63.39 0.15
39.92 0.03
122.52 0.03
Water-Bearing
Unit
Period of
Record
Cockfield FM. of 1969-1979
Eocene age
Alluvial Aquifer 1969-1979
of Pleistocene age
Cockfield FM. of 1970-1973
Eocene age 1975-1979
Cockfield FM. of 1970-1973
Eocene age 1975-1979
Cockfield FM. of 1970-1973
Eocene age 1975-1979
Cockfield FM. of 1970-1973
Eocene age 1975-1979 .
Cockfield FM. of 1970-1973
Eocene age 1975-1979
Alluvial Aquifer 1978-1979
of Pleistocene age
Alluvial Aquifer 1972-1979
of Pleistocene age
Alluvial Aquifer 1974-1979
of Pleistocene age
Wilcox group of 1954-1979
Paleocene-Eocene age
Wilcox group of 1955-1979
Paleocene-Eocene age
Catahoula FM. of 1958
Miocene age 1966-1979
Catahoula FM. of 1965-1979
Miocene age
Cockfield FM. of 1965-1979
Eocene age.
Water Level Extremes
For Period of Record*
High (m) Low (m)
9.37 10.33
1.02 5.16
25.39 27.37
19.51 21.40
3.90 5.36
17.98 20.68
4.26 5.33
9.20 10.45
9.73 10.65
9.37 10.33
1.02 5.16
25.39 7.37
19.51 21.40
3.90 5.36
12.07 20.68
-------
Table 5-21. Records of veils in selected Louisiana parishes (continued).
Exhibit
Designation
388
389
390
392
394
Ln 395
I
^ 462
465
26
78
79
80
81
82
83
Well Characteristics
Well Number
311929093312302
312314092252901
312604093315801
312206093311001
313748093451001
314620093460801
312748093393801
312725093325301
324417092090001
325028092113301
324955092084001
324917092242001
324917092242002
325550092301601
325550092391602
Owner
US Geol.
Survey
US Geol.
Survey
US Geol.
Survey
US Geol.
Survey
US Geol.
Survey
US Geol.
Survey
US Geol.
Survey
US Geol.
Survey
Olinkraft
Inc.
US Geol.
Survey
US Geol.
Survey
US Geol.
Survey
US Geol.
Survey
,US Geol.
Survey
US Geol.
Survey
Parish
Sabine
Sabine
Sabine
Sabine
Sabine
Sabine
Sabine
Sabine
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
Type of
Well
Drilled
Drilled
Drilled
Drilled
Drilled
Drilled
Drilled
Drilled
Drilled
Drilled
Drilled
Drilled
Drilled
Drilled
Drilled
Depth Diameter
(m) (m)
80.77 0.03
116.74 0.03
110.34 0.03
165.81 0.03
84.73 0.03
89.31 0.03
54.25 0.03
24.38 0.03
228,60 0.20
221.59 0.03
228.30 0.03
216.41 0.03
150.88 0.03
199.95 0.03
99.36 0.03
Water Level Extremes
Water-Bearing Period of For Period of Record*
Unit Record High (m) Low (m)
Cockfield FM. of
Eocene age
1964-1979
12.28
19.87
Sparta Sand of
Eocene age
1965-1979
21.51
23.62
Sparta Sand of
Eocene age
1965-1979
35.18
35.82
Cockfield FM. of
Eocene age
1965-1979
7.25
7.96
Wilcox group of
Paleocene-Eocene
1965-1979
age
32.53
36.23
Wilcox group of
Paleocene-Eocene
1965-1979
age
0.31
1.37
Wilcox group of
Paleocene-Eocene
1978-1979
age
31.33
31.60
Wilcox group of
Paleocene-Eocene
1956-1979
age
12.18
14.12
Sparta Sand of
Eocene age
1969-1971
1974-1979
43.01
53.98
Sparta Sand of
Eocene age
1969-1971
1974-1979
54.51
59.10
Sparta Sand of
Eocene age
1968-1971
1974-1979
40.94
44.19
Sparta Sand of
Eocene age
1968-1979
55.98
64.90
Sparta Sand of
Eocene age
1968-1979
55.56
64.97
Sparta Sand of
Eocene age
1968-1979
35.71
45.06
Sparta Sand of
Eocene age
1968-1979
33.92
43.53
-------
Table 5-21. Records of wells In selected Louisiana parishes (continued).
Ui
I
U!
o
Exhibit
Designation
84
85
86
87
134
27
96
285
286
326
338
398
399
Well Characteristics
Type of Depth Diameter
Well Number
325647092241501
325938092203901
325929092114001
325929092114002
323655092211701
32575209327186
324612093230701
323553093141101
323553093141102
325200093151701
330040093190001
324528093153501
325518093221901
Owner
US Geol.
Survey
US Geol.
Survey
US Geol.
Survey
US Geol.
Survey
US Geol.
Survey
Internat' 1
Paper Co.
Cotton
Valley Oil
US Geol.
Survey
US Geol.
Survey
US Geol.
Survey
US Geol.
Survey
US Geol.
Survey
US Geol.
Survey
Parish
Union
Union
Union
Union
Union
Webster
Webster
Co.
Webster
Webster
Webster
Webster
Webster
Webster
Well (m)
(m)
Drilled 212.14 0.03
Drilled 124.05 0.03
Drilled 199.64 0.03
Drilled 86.26 0.03
Drilled 178.31 0.03
Drilled 94.79 0.46
Drilled 27.13 0.15
Drilled 185.32 0.10
Drilled 170.08 0.10
Drilled 143.26 0.03
Drilled 129.54 0.03
Drilled 170.69 0.03
Drilled 90.83 0.03
Water-Bearing
Unit
Sparta
Eocene
Sparta
Eocene
Sparta
Eocene
Sparta
Eocene
Sparta
Eocene
Sparta
Eocene
Sparta
Eocene
Sparta
Eocene
Sparta
Eocene
Sparta
Eocene
Sparta
Eocene
Sparta
Eocene
Sparta
Eocene
Sand of
Age
Sand of
Age
Sand of
Age
Sand of
Age
Sand of
Age
Sand of
Age
Sand of
Age
Sand of
Age
Sand of
Age
Sand of
Age
Sand of
Age
Sand of
Age
Sand of
Age
Period of
Record
1968-1971;
1974-1979
1968-1971;
1974-1979
1968-1971;
1974-1979
1968-1971;
1974-1979
1979
1937-1947;
1979
1948-1967;
1969-1979
1969-1979
1970-1979
1974-1979
1975-1979
1978-1979
1979
Water Level Extremes
For Period of Record*
High (m) Low (m)
59.77
54.58
21.24
7.43
82.02
15.85
5.79
46.23
42.10
32.61
27.55
30.51
13.57
67.03
58.77
26.57
11.77
83.23
51.57
11.03
57.30
128.96
34.17
29.18
30.79
13.99
-------
Table 5-21, Records of wells in selected Louisiana parishes (concluded) .
Exhibit
Designation
36
16
144B
<_n 156
I
Ln
172
Well Number
324508091252301
315524092381301
315525092375601
315450092310102
320619092341601
320541092291601
Owner
US Geol.
Survey
City of
Winnfield
City of
Winnfield
LA Office
of Public
Works /
US Geol.
Survey
US Geol.
Survey
Parish
West Carroll
Winn
Winn
Winn
Well Characteristics
Type of Depth Diameter
Well (m) (m)
Winn
Winn
Drilled 116.74 0.10
Drilled 36.58 0.20
Drilled 177.70 0.20
Drilled 167.64 0.03
Drilled 252.68 0.03
Drilled 199.64 0.03
Water-Bearing
Unit
Cockfield FM. of
Eocene Age
Cockfield FM. of
Eocene Age
Sparta Sand of
Eocene Age
Sparta Sand of
Eocene Age
Sparta Sand of
Eocene Age
Sparta Sand of
Eocene Age
Period of
Record
1955-1979
1949;
1957-1979
1952;
1969-1979
1971-1979
1974-1979
1979
Water Level Extremes
For Period of Record*
High (m) Low (m)
8.57
4.55
14.63
11.30
59.80
24.90
9.87
9.24
25.92
17.78
61.04
25.12
*Below land-surface Datum (LSD)
Source: USGS. 1979. Water Resources Data for Louisiana. Volume 1. Central and Northern Louisiana. Baton Rouge LA, 426 p.
-------
in Sabine, Natchitoches, and Vernon parishes, and 2) a broad region in
northern Louisiana. The deepest well in the Cockfield Formation is 396 meters
(1,300 feet) and yields water volumes up to 0.4 m^/min (100 gpm). The
maximum known yield of a well in the Cockfield Formation in Area B (Figure
5-3) is about 2.7 m^/mm (700 gpm).
Miocene Series. These deposits consist of interwoven linticular beds
of fine-to-medium-grained sand, silt, and clay (Table 5-20). Fresh water
occurs in sediments of Miocene age in the lower portion of the Study Area.
Wells in sands of the Miocene yield volumes of water as high as 8 mVrain
(2,000 gpm).
a Quaternary System
In the Study Area, Quaternary deposits are composed of sediments of
Pleistocene and Recent age. About two-thirds of the groundwater in the State
comes from Quaternary deposits. These deposits are composed of gravel, sand,
silt, and clay (Table 5-20), and range in thickness from less than 15 meters
(50 feet) in northern Louisiana to more than 1,067 meters (3,500 feet) near
the Gulf Coast. Quaternary deposits are divided into terrace and alluvium
deposits. Alluvium deposits are composed of sand and gravel near the base and
progress to finer grained materials toward the top. The basal sand and gravel
is a prolific source of water, with wells in the deposits yielding volumes of
water as high as 15 m^/min (4,000 gpm). Terrace deposits generally are
composed of a sedimentary sequence ranging in grain size from coarse at the
base to fine at the top. The yield in these deposits, generally is small
because of their relatively thin saturated thickness.
5.3.2 Quality
Since groundwater is primarly derived from precipitation, mineralization
results when water passes through rocks and soil to the zone of saturation.
The quality of water is directly related to the solubility of the minerals in
5-52
-------
the surrounding rock and length of time the water is in contact with the
minerals. In the Study Area, the major constituents dissolved by groundwater
during infiltration are calcium and bicarbonate. Iron is also present in
excessive amounts in some sections of the Study Area. Records from USGS
observation wells with chemical analyses of groundwater from selected
Louisiana parishes are presented in Table 5-22.
• Tertiary System
- Wilcox Group. The quality of waters in Wilcox Group deposits varies.
Soft to moderately hard acidic water of low mineral content is obtained from
outcrops in Bossier and Caddo parishes. Groundwater obtained from Red River
Parish is high in calcium and bicarbonate (1,270 to 230 ppm), and contains an
excessive (>0.3 ppm) amount of iron. Mineralized water, with high
concentrations of sodium, bicarbonate, and dissolved solids, as well as
quality water, is obtained from outcrop areas in DeSoto, Natchitoches, and
Sabine parishes.
Locally there may be areas where the water-bearing (formation or alluvium
that produces water) sands are contaminated by 1) movement of underlying salt
water in the vicinity of faults, 2) leakage from improperly plugged oil wells,
3) downward movement of wastes in areas of surface disposal, and 4) movement
of salt water through gaps in confining beds of clay (Rollo 1960).
'- Claiborne Group. Chemical analyses of water from the Cane River
Formation are not available due to minimal development. The quality of water
from Sparta Sands in the Study Area is low (10 ppm) in chloride, but
relatively high (>0.3 ppm) in iron. In the outcrop area in Claiborne Parish,
the water from the Sparta Sand Formation has a low mineral content, while
being relatively acidic. More mineralized water with higher concentrations of
sodium and bicarbonate is obtained from wells in Jackson Parish. Water from
wells in Morehouse Parish is low (less than 0.3 ppm) in iron content and has a
high mineral content.
5-53
-------
Tibic 5-21.
Cheoical smI/mi oi Mter in ««lected Louisiana pjrlahun.
Exhibit 5b
Dcalgpatlon
D«t« of
Collection
Specific
Depth Conductance
(utttt) Micro ahoe
pi
Ln
I
Ui
399
324846093373701
Bottler
79-07-11
110.03
149
20.0
6.7
97
320713092153601
Caldwell
76-10-17
98.76
393
20.0
7.3
98
321034092161601
Caldwell
78-11-13
146.30
1360
23.0
8.7
99
321033092161301
Caldwell
79-11-13
65.53
118
RA
NA
148
325437092303301
Claiborne
78-10-09
190.50
278
HA
RA
149
330002092445901
Claiborne
78-10-18
224.33
377
HA
HA
281
315852093561101
De
Soto
79-08-02
30.18
121
HA
5.8
443
315343093355801
De
Soto
79-06-02
92.66
202
RA
RA
444 .
315543093372601
De
Soto
79-06-21
73.46
571
HA
RA
443
315521093343601
De
Soto
79-06-19
42.67
437
RA
RA
446
315629O93352601
De
Soto
79-06-21
67.06
158
RA
RA
448
315459093302001
De
Soto
79-06-22
70.10
474
. **
HA
450
315509093320901
De
Soto
79-06-19
79.86
623
RA
HA
433
320009093391101
De
Soto
79-05-17
106.68
861
RA
RA
434
315152093284301
De
Soto
79-05-03
111.25
708
RA
HA
433
313232093280101
De
Soto
79-05-03
87.17
780
RA
RA
471
315124093294501
De
Soto
79-05-24
69.19
833
RA
HA
493
315709093573401
De
9oto
79-05-24
87.47
4740
RA
RA
49
321008091431701
franklin
78-11-30
24.36
1120
RA
HA
30
321006091431501
Franklin
78-11-30
24.38
1560
RA
RA
347
321014091431701
franklin
76-11-30
24.99
933
RA
RA
368
321011091431701
franklin
79-04-11
24.08
fU
HA
RA
136
3217)0092373701
Jeckaoo
79-01-18
191.72
468
RA
RA
133
324018092462201
Lincoln
76-10-17
163.07
411
RA
RA
torinm — CiODj
B£srtrt-
iFuaviTia
Sim
Chlorite
(i7l)
litrete
(m/1)
Iron
(¦»/!)
360
HenganeM
(br/1)
Total
(ft/1)
Ctrkute
<¦*/»
9.2
0.60
30
7
0
0
73.00
114
3.0
36.0
1.00
6400
250
100
25
0
84.00
274
J2.0
32.0
1.10
100
20
4
0
24
790.00
804
0.0
6.0
0.20
2400
70
19
0 .
0
48.00
114
4.0
U.O
0.31
20
0
3
0
0
150.00
166
2.0
*3.0
0.72
60
20
30
0
0
180.00
332
0.0
8.9
0.32
6000
90
15
0
0
42.00
106
2.6
0.10
12
16
21. 0
HA
0
0
51.00
103
16.0
44.0
0.10
HA
460
140
49
0
RA
341
110.0
0.10
HA
160
U.O
HA
0
0
230.00
246
12.0
140
23
3.6
RA
HA
0
0
RA
0
10.0
20
25
16.0
0.40
40
0
0
220.00
0
36.0
24.0
0.90
60
5
4
0
16
310.00
16
3.2
24.0
0.26
30
0
0
0
17
470.00
17
1.4
36
96
13.0
0.06
10
0
0
320.00
423
47.0
10
43.0
0.00
40
4
0
0
390.00
443
11.0
71.0
0.03
40000
260
340
94
0
300.00
528
73.0
120
20
20
1100.0
0.30
0
0
9)0.00
2730
40.0
310
HA
130.0
MA
HA
HA
RA
HA
HA
¦A
370
340.0
KA
HA
HA
HA
RA
HA
RA
RA
210
170.0
HA
RA
HA
HA
RA
HA
RA
RA
230
ito.o
HA
HA
HA
HA
IA
RA
RA
RA
20
220. (ft
12.0
0.27
20
0
0
4
270
23.0
110
73
6.0
0.19
20
0
0
170.00
264
33.0
-------
Table >-22. Chealcal analyaae of wttr In aalacted Louisiana parlahou (concluded).
Hardness — CaCOj
Exhibit 5b
Dealftnatlon
Veil Ruober
Pariah
Data of
Collection
Dapth
(aetere)
Spaelflc
Conductance
Micro mhos
TTE5tur*
..pH
"s&ir
¦W"
Dissolved
Xsw
Chloride
(It/1)
Hltrata
.
Iroo
(a*/l)
Manganese
(»R/1)
Total
(as/1)
Hon
Carbonate
(«*/l>
53
322607091150901
Kadlaon
79-08-22
30.48
HA
KA
NA
NA
RA
NA
HA
1400.0
NA
NA
RA
1100
RA
63
322308091122601
Madison
79-08-21
44.81
HA
KA
NA
NA
NA
RA
NA
25.0
NA
RA
NA
340
HA
64
322614091122001
Kadlaon
79-08-21
35.66
KA
RA
NA
NA
NA
RA
HA
2900.0
NA
RA
KA
670
HA
ttB
322437092243101
Ouachita
79-01-30
242.32
556
NA
RA
9
220.00
314
19.0
42.0
0.19
20
10
0 •
0
110
322654091294101
Blchland
79-06-11
20.42
KA
NA
NA
NA
KA
RA
KA
150.0
NA
RA
RA
440
HA .
111
322634091303901
tlchland
78-12-01
20.42
1410
RA
NA
NA
RA
RA
RA
190.0
NA
HA
RA
400
HA
112
322623091294901
Blchland
79-12-01
20.42
2860
NA
NA
NA
RA
RA
HA
660.0
NA
HA
KA
600
HA
114
322636091295702
Blchland
78-12-01
20.12
4070
NA
KA
RA
HA
HA
HA
1100.0
HA
HA
HA
520
HA
462
312748093393801
Sablna
79-06-22
34.25
976
RA
NA
HA
420.00
564
tU
71.0
0.30
KA
20
RA
0
463
312725093325301
Sablna
79-06-22
24.38
105
RA
NA
0
34.00
HA
6.4
NA
0.40
NA
4
23
0
134
923655-0221)701
Union
79-02-21
178.31
470
NA
NA
4
250.00
274
0.0
5-0
0.33
70
0
0
0
398
324528093153501
Webeter
78-10-05
170.69
218
NA
NA
0
100.00
151
13.0
25.0
0.29
10
0
2
0
399
325518093221901
Vabater
78-10-19
90.83
423
HA
NA
0
220.00
244
0.0
79.0
0.15
790
270
270
0
98
325L5009123410L
Wait Carroll
79-04-17
94.49
922
21.0
6.8
0
460.00
519
0.0
170.0
0.69
50
10
1
0
172
320541092291601
Vltm
78-12-12
199.64
1140
RA
MA
16
340.00
626
5.8
4.0
0.15
930
180
14
0
173
315436092424)01
Ulnn
78-11-13
37.49
129
19.5
6.4
0
59.00
90
2.6
1.2
0.50
70
0
0
0
175B
314444092500701
VI mi
79-09-21
149.96
421
NA
8.5
12
240.00
. 246
0.0
¦A - Rot Available
Sourest OSCS. 1979. Meter rttourcM date for Louisiana. Voluae 1. Central and oorlhern Loulalcna.
Bacon touga, Louisiana.
426p.
-------
Fresh groundwater in the Cockfield Formation is found in two areas that
are separated by the Red River Valley. The quality of water obtained from the
Cockfield Formation ranges from soft (less than 250 mg/1) to moderately hard
(greater than 250 mg/1), and the chloride content is low (less than 250 mg/1).
Water obtained from this formation occasionally has a yellowish color due to
dissolved organic matter.
- Miocene Series. Water obtained from these strata is normally suitable
for most purposes without treatment. Generally the water is a soft, sodium
bicarbonate type and contains low (less than 0.3 ppm) concentrations of iron.
This formation is not extensive in the Study Area. Associated aquifers slope
toward the Gulf of Mexico where saltwater intrusion increases the dissolved
solids content and results in a deterioration in water quality.
t
• Quaternary System
The water quality in Quaternary alluvium deposits is generally hard and
has a high (>0.3 ppm) total iron content (228 ppm to 480 ppm). Iron is also
in excess of the recommended limit of 0.3 ppm (U.S. Public Health Services
1972). The potential for high yield wells and low water temperatures makes
these deposits an excellent source of water for irrigation and industrial
usage.
The water from terrace deposits of northern Louisiana is soft and has a
very low (less than 500 mg/1) dissolved solids content. A high concentration
(greater than 0.3 ppm) of total iron is also present in water from terrace
deposits. The high total iron concentrations in the water require that the
water be treated to make it suitable for domestic use.
5-56
-------
PAGE NOT
\s
b
AVAILABLE
DIGITALLY
-------
6.0 LAND USE AND BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES
-------
6.0 LAND USE AND BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES
l
6.1 LAND USE \
6.1.1 Introduction
In the United States agricultural land alone is converted to other uses at
a rate of 3 million acres (5 million ha) each year (US Department of Agricul-
ture 1981). Similar acreages of forest land, as well as other natural
vegetation, are likewise being developed. Although some land use values can
be mitigated by reclamation or through the development of parks, lakes, and
associated recreational facilties, much of the land use will be converted
indefinitely.
Major concerns associated with land use result from conversion, loss of
prime or unique farmlands, changes in land values, and degradation of
recreational and natural areas. Major land modifying developments, such as
coal/lignite development, must incorporate in the initial planning stages
adequate mitigation measures to insure the values of existing land uses will
be maintained.
6.1.2 Land Use/Land Cover Types
Eight major land use/land cover types (urban, agriculture, rangeland,
mixed forest, coniferous forest, wetland, barren land, and water) are
delineated for the 23 parishes in the Study Area (Table 6-1 and Exhibit 6a).
Mixed forest is the USGS Level II category for deciduous forest land and mixed
forest land. Coniferous forest is similar to the USGS classification of
evergreen forest land. The other six land use/land cover types are from the
USGS Level I categories. The data for Table 6-1 and Exhibit 6a are from the
same source.
-------
Table 6-1. Number of
acres
and percent
of total acres
of land
use/land cover i
classifications
in 23 parishes
in Louisiana.
Urban
X
Agricul-
tural
Land
%
Mixed
Forest
I
Coniferous
Forest
I
Wetland
%
Barren
Land
%
Land
*
Water.
Z
Total
State 1,
334,047
3.7
8,754,668
24.0
5,236,153
14.4 5
,909,475
16.2
6,780,644
18.6
159,809
0.4 28,174,796
77.3
8,264,373
22.7
36,439,169
Parish
Bienville
6,669
1.3
49,400
9.3
166,725
31.5
289,731
54.7
10,374
2.0
0
0
522,899
98.9
6,422
1.2
529,321
Bossier
25,935
4.8
135,109
25.1
240,578
44.7
98,800
18.3
26,923
5.0
2,964
0.5
530,309
98.4
8,398
1.6
538,707
Caddo
63,973
11.4
179,322
32.0
241,072
43.1
42,484
7.6
14,326
2.6
0
0
541,177
96.7
18,525
3.3
559,702
Caldwell
988
0.3
62,491
18.3
56,563
16.5
179,569
52.4
41,249
12.1
0
0
340,860
99.6
1,482
0.4
342,342
Claiborne
7,163
1.4
65,455
13.1
193,648
38.6
221,806
44.3
6,916
1.4
0
0
494,988
98.8
6,175
1.2
501,163
De Soto
12,350
2.1
149,682
26.1
190,190
33.1
209,950
36.6
10,868
1.9
0
0
573,040
99.8
1,235
0.2
574,275
East Carroll
1,976
0.7
208,962
74.9
31,369
11.3
0
0
19,760
7.1
2,717
1.0
264,784
95.0
14,079
5.0
278,863
Franklin
3,458
0.9
315,913
82.0
1,729
0.5
0
0
62,985
16.3
0
0
384,085
99.7
1,235
0.3
385,320
Grant
6,669
1.6
55,328
13.2
28,405
6.8
297,141
70.7
28,405
6.8
988
0.2
416,936
99.3
2,964
0.7
419,900
Jackson
11,856
3.2
18,031
4.8
113,126
30.1
230,698
61.4
494
0.1
0
0
374,205
99.6
1,482
0.4
375,687
La Salle
35,321
8.4
15,314
3.7
17,290
4.1
258,115
61.8
79,781
19.1
0
0
405,821
97.1
12,103
2.9
417,924
Lincoln
9,880
3.2
34,333
11.2
142,519
46.5
118,807
38.8
988
0.3
0
0
306,527
100.0
0
0
306,527
Madison
2,223
0.5
223,041
55.5
988
0.2
0
0
160,797
40.0
247
0.1
387,296
96.3
14,820
3.7
402,116
Morehouse
12,350
2.4
281,827
54.7
149,929
29.1
36,309
7.0
26,182
5.1
0
0
506,597
98.3
8,645
1.7
515,242
Natchitoches
6,422
0.8
221,312
26.8
113,126
13.7
439,907
53.3
26,429
3.2
5,434
0.7
812,630
98.5
12,597
1.5
825,227
Ouachita
37,050
9.1
92,131
22.6
171,171
42.1
81,263
20.0
21,489
5.3
0
0
403,104
99.1
3,458
0.9
406,562
Red River
2,470
1.0
112,138
44.6
50,388
20.1
72,865
29.0
6,916
2.7
3,952
1.6
248,729
99.0
2,470
1.0
251,199
Richland
4,199
1.3
267,748
80.1
23,218
6.9
0
0
37,297
11.1
1,235
0.4
333,697
99.8
741
0.2
334,438
Sabine
9,880
1.5
73,112
11.4
28,899
4.5
440,648
68.6
7,657
1.2
2,223
0.3
562,419
87.5
80,275
12.5
642,694
Union
16,055
2.8
51,376
9.0
283,309
49.9 •
. 174,629
30.7
30,381
5.4
2,223
0.4
557,973
98.2
10,374
1.8
568,347
Webster
23,218
5.9
63,973
16.3
147,953
37.7
135,603
34.5
16,055
4.1
247
0.1
387,049
98.6
5,681
1.4
392,730
West Carroll
1,235
0.5
220,818
95.5
2,717
1.2
0
0
6,442
2.8
0
0
231,212
100.0
0
0
231,212
Winn
11,609
1.9
24,947
4.1
88,426
14.6
464,360
76.9
13,091
2.2
247
0.1
602,680
99.8
1,235
0.2
603,915
Note: Louisiana does not have any rangeland.
Source: Louisiana State Planning Office. 1975. Land use and data analysis (LUDA) program, US geological survey. Baton Rouge LA, variously paged.
-------
Agriculture is the predominate land use in northeastern parishes. The
majority of the land in the south and central parishes is in coniferous
forest. Mixed forest along with agricultural land and coniferous forest cover
the land in the north-central and northeast parishes. Forty percent of the
land in Madison Parish is wetland. Using the USGS Level I definition of
rangeland, there is no rangeland in Louisiana. Pasture land and cropland are
Level II categories included under agricultural land. There are 2,903,485
I
acres in agricultural land.
In parishes where coal/lignite development is proposed (Bienville 86.2%, De
Soto 69.7%, Natchitoches 67.0%, and Red River 49.1%), the predominate land use
is forest. Large acreages of forest and agricultural land will be converted
to other land uses (probably rangeland) if present reclamation trends
continue. Alterations in plant and wildlife species diversity as well as
aesthetic qualities may result due to the changes in land use.
6.1.3 Recreation Lands
Recreation areas are established not only for recreational purposes, but
also for scenic, historic, and conservation purposes. All nine of the State
Parks and Commemorative Areas are underlain by coal (Exhibit 6b and Table
6-2).
Coal development generally is restricted in and near the boundaries of
State Parks and other recreational lands due to the associated recreational
and aesthetic value. The influx of people associated with coal development
will result in a greater need and utilization of recreational areas.
6.1.4 Select Natural Areas
Natural areas are valued for aesthetic, scientific, wild, and essentially
undisturbed natural qualities. National Forests, National Wildlife Refuges
s'
and Wild and Scenic Rivers are Federal natural areas. Virtually all are
excluded from changes in land use. Four percent of the total land area in the
6-3
-------
Table 6-2. National and State parks in 23 Louisiana parishes.
National Parks Parish No. Acres
None
State Parks
Chemin-A-Haut State Park
Earl Kemp Long State Commemorative Area
Fort Jesup State Commemorative Area
Lake Bistineau State Park
Lake Claiborne State Park
Lake D'Arbonne State Park
Mansfield State Commemorative Area
Poverty Point State Commemorative Area
Rebel State Commemorative Area
Morehouse 522
Winn 1
Sabine 21
Webster 750
Claiborne 97
Union 90
DeSoto 44
West Carroll 400
Natchitoches 11
Sources: Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development No date; Louisiana
State Parks and Recreation Commission No date; Ramer, Ida 1981.
6-4
-------
Study Area is contained in National Forest and National Wildlife Refuges
(Exhibit 6b). There are no Wild and Scenic Rivers.
6.1.5 Selected Federal and Indian Land Ownership Types
Two major Federal land ownership types, Forest Service and Corps of
Engineers, occur in the Study Area (Table 6-3 and Exhibit 6b). Surface mining
is excluded from land where the National Forest Service owns both surface and
mineral rights (By phone, Harry Switzer, US Forest Service, 10 February 1981).
In instances where the National Forest Service does not have control of both
surface and mineral rights, surface mining is decided through litigation.
Therefore, coal development will be limited in Claiborne, Grant, Natchitoches,
Webster, and Winn parishes. Coal development can occur on Corps of Engineers
land provided all environmental regulations are satisfied (By phone, Harold
Green, Corps of Engineers, 24 April 1981).
6.1.6 Farmland
Farmland, as defined by the Bureau of Census (1969), is described in this
section. Farmland is a part of the agricultural land listed in Section 6.1.2,
but the two terms are not synonymous.
Farmland in Louisiana increased by 1.9% between 1969 and 1978 (Table 6-4).
In contrast, the acres in farmland in the Study Area decreased by 132,499
acres (53,622 ha) during the same time period, a 3.8% decrease. With the
exception of Red River Parish, every parish that has a proposed coal
development project has decreased in farmland between 1969 and 1978. As coal
is developed the decreasing trend in farmland may accelerate.
Prime farmland has the best combination of physical and chemical charac-
teristics for producing food, feed, forage, fiber, and oil seed crops, of
lands available for these uses. Prime farmland occurs in all parishes with
proposed coal development. Consequently, acreages of prime farmland may be
lost as coal/lignite deposits are exploited.
>
6-5
-------
Table 6-3. Number of acres and percent of total land area of select Federal and Indian land ownership In 23 parishes in Louisiana.
BLM
2
FS
X
W&P
z
NPS
1
State 4,
,984
0.0
597,637
2.1
0
0
138
0.
Parish
Bienville
2
0.0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Bossier
307
0.1
0
0
0
0
0
0
Caddo
64
0.0
0
0 y
0
0
0
0
Caldwell
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Claiborne
0
0
19,920
4.1
0
0
0
0
De Soto
21
0.0
0
0
0
0
0
0
East Carroll
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Franklin
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Grant
0
0
139,941
32.6
0
0
0
0
Jackson
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
La Salle
158
0.0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Lincoln
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Madison
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Morehouse
48
0.0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Natchitoches
46
0.0
128,318
15.5
0
0
0
0
Ouachita
19
0.0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Red River
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Richland
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Sabine
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Union
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Webster
0
0
12,071
3.1
0
0
0
0
West Carroll
6
0.0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Winn
0
0
110,363
18.2
0
0
0
0
LEGEND
BLM - Bureau of Land Management
FS - Forest Service
W & P - Water and Power Resources Service
NPS - National Park Service
COE - Corps of Engineers
F & W - Fish and Wildlife Service
Total Land
%
COE
1
F&W
z
Indian
2
Total
%
Area
0
93,546
0.3
10,463
0.0
374
0.0
706,768
2.5
28,755,200
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0.0
532,480
0
25,039
4.6
0
0
0
0
25,346
4.7
543,360
0
264
0.0
0
0
0
0
328
0.1
575,360
0
287
0.1
0
0
0
0
287
0.1
352,640
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
19,920
4.1
488,320
0
67
0.0
0
0
0
0
88
0.0
572,160
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
279,040
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
414,720
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
139,941
32.6
428,800
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
372,480
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
158
0.0
411,520.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
300,160
0
195
0.0
0
0
0
0
195
0.0
423,040
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
48
0.0
514,560
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
128,364
15.5
826,880
0
8,085
2.0
0
0
0
0
8,104
2.0
408,320
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
259,840
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
368,640
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1 0
0
558,720
0
9,552
1.7
0
0
0
0
9,552
1.7
566,400
0
7,459
1.9
0
0
0
0
19,530
5.0
393,600
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
0.0
227,840
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
110,363
18.2
608,000
Army
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Sources: Dalgre, G. 1981; US Department of the Interior 1971; US Department of the Interior 1979;
US Department of the
Interior 1980b.
-------
Table 6-4. Acreages and values per acre of farmland in 23 parishes in Louisiana.
Acres in Farmland Value of Farmland and Buildings Prime Farmland
1969
1978a
Change
X Change
1969b
1978b
Change
% Change
Acres
X Count
State
9,788,662
9,973,746
185,084
1.9
321
1,002
681
212
11,171,830
33.3
Parish
Bienville
95,396
70,509
-24,887
-26.1
168
627
459
273
40,462
7.6
Bossier
181,350
132,693
-48,657
-26.8
276
912
636
230
272,732
48.4
Caddo
277,386
239,129
-38,257
-13.8
277
841
564
204
205,398
34.3
Caldwell
61,375
71,721
10,346
16.9
292
788
496
170
115,332
33.2
Claiborne
113,677
100,853
-12,824
-11.3
171
564
393
230
0
0
De Soto
246,552
197,121
-49.431
-20.0
174
634
460
264
49,110
8.5
East Carroll
211,010
235,319
24,309
11.5
363
1,079
716
197
225,660
78.9
Franklin
326,782
314,747
-12,035
- 3.7
299
881
582
195
388,188
94.3
Grant
62,796
56,186
- 6,610
-10.5
240
803
563
235
126,328
29.8
Jackson
29,063
30,813
1,750
6.0
217
819
602
277
12,973
3.5
La Salle
21,695
23,595
1,900
8.8
331
901
570
172
74,129
17.4
Lincoln
77,333
66,372
-10,961
-14.2
251
774
523
208
2,347
0.8
Madison
242,575
267,228
24,653
10.2
318
1,045
727
229
372,312
87.8
Morehouse
268,449
285,979
17,530
6.5
298
1,029
731
245
457,560
88.4
Natchitoches
267,807
258,641
- 9,166
- 3.4
234
843
609
260
249,320
29.8
Ouachita
90,754
114,400
23,646
26.1
684
1,200
516
75
193,538
47.5
Red River
131,513
139,306
7,793
5.9
211
\
275
777
566
268
127,193
48.6
Richland
263,814
272,905
9,091
3.4
942
667
243
337,595
93.0
Sabine
82,557
65,320
-17,237
-20.9
201
750
549
273
0
0
Union
89,885
85,425
- 4,460
- 5.0
183
717
534
292
64,924
11.1
Webster
103,758
88,875
-14,883
-14.3
183
732
549
300
105,572
26.7
West Carroll
196,855
183,779
-13,076
- 6.6
295
960
665
225
229,181
98.4
Winn
25,511
34,478
8,967
35.1
201
724
523
260
119,224
19.2
aUsing 1969 definition of farmland
^Average per acre
Sources: Daigre, G. 1981; Louisiana State Planning Office in cooperation with the Soil Conservation Service 1978;
US Department of Commerce 1977; US Department of Commerce 1978; US Department of Commerce 1980.
-------
6.2 BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES
6.2.1 Introduction
Biological resources are the product of interactions between species of
vegetation and wildlife. These resources are linked to climate, physiography,
and man's activities. The major vegetation and wildlife occurring in the
Study Area are discussed in this chapter. The discussion is organized by
biological province (Bailey 1978), thus allowing a concise, systematic, and
geographic evaluation of the resources. A similar organization is being
utilized in various other key Federal studies (e.g., USFWS habitat
evaluations).
This discussion was narrowed to include only characteristic vegetation and
selected wildlife species (game, furbearers, and State* or Federally
endangered or threatened species) of each biological province.
The majority of the select species of wildlife considered in this chapter
utilize forest, wetlands, and streams or lakes for the majority of their
primary activities (i.e., feeding, resting, reproducing, etc.). Most of the
streams and lakes in the Study Area are contained in forests and the water
quality and quantity of these bodies is controlled partly by surrounding soils
and vegetation. Vegetation is dependent on water for nutrient transport, and
wildlife also depend on the maintenance of a delicate balance between water
and vegetation.
6.2.2 Biological Provinces (Ecoregions)
Biological Provinces are regions that contain similar vegetation and
wildlife through a specific geographic area. Sections of two biological
provinces, the Southeastern Mixed Forest Province and the Outer Coastal Plain
*The Louisiana State list of endangered or threatened species is identical
to the Federal list.
6-8
-------
Forest Province, occur in the Study Area. The latter province is further
divided into the Southern Floodplain Forest and the Beech-Sweetgum-Magnolia-
Pine-Oak Forest (Figure 6-1). Although these biological regions differ, many
species of vegetation and wildlife are common to both.
6.2.2.1 Southeastern Mixed Forest Province
The Southeastern Mixed Forest Province covers the northwest corner of the
State and approximately 71% or 11,590 mi^ (30,020 km^) of the Study Area
(Figure 6-1). The province is largely forested, has a high number of cover
types, and contains an abundance of select wildlife species (Figure 6-2).
Land Cover - The major land cover types in this province are forest,
(both coniferous and mixed hardwood), agriculture, urban, wetland, and water
(Exhibit 6a). Seventy-three percent of the province is forest. Mixed forest
were cleared in some areas and replaced by commercial pine forest, thus
reducing the value of these forest for wildlife due to a reduction in
vegetation species diversity. Relatively extensive bottomland forests (many
of which flood seasonally) occur along the Sabine River, Red River, and
Ouachita River. Bottomland forests are classified as mixed forest, and the
wetland classification is applied only to non-forested wetland areas such as
wet meadows, marshes, and bogs (Table 6-4). Mixed forest compromises
approximately 30% of this province and dominant overstory tree species include
southern yellow pines (mainly loblolly and shortleaf), oaks, and hickories.
Other common tree species are sweetgum, red maple, blackgum, and winged elm.
Common understory vegetation are viburnums, deciduous holly, American
beautyberry, yaupon, and various woody vines. Coniferous forests
(approximately 43% of the province) are composed of large stands of loblolly,
shortleaf, longleaf, and slash pine. Major agricultural cash crops include
cotton, soybean, rice, sorghum, and wheat. Wetlands primarily consist of
cypress, tupelo, willows, and cattails.
No endangered or threatened plant species occur in the Southeastern Mixed
Forest Province (USFWS 1980).
6-9
-------
UNION
LINCOLN
JACKSON
BIENVILL
wm
mIS!
DE SOTOXRED RIVE
LA SALliE
NATCHtTOCHE
SABINE
GRANT
LEGEND
Beech-Sweetgum-Magnolia-
Pine-Oak Forest Section
Southern Floodplain
Forest Section
Southeastern Mixed
Forest Province
Figure 6-1. Biological provinces (ecoregions) of 23 parishes in Louisiana
(Bailey 1978).
6-10
-------
LEGEND
% Natural Vegetation % Select Species
O >83
A >85
® 83-53
Ai 85-70
O <53
A <70
Land Cover Types
Federally Listed Species
¦ 5
E 4
~ 3
• 5
C* 4
O 3
Figure 6-2. Biological resources of 23 parishes in Louisiana.
6-11
-------
Wildlife - The distribution of wildlife in the Southeastern Mixed Forest
Province varies with respect to age and stocking of timber stands, presence of
water, bottomland forest, and percent of cover in deciduous trees (Bailey
1978).
Sunfish are the predominant game fish of the province, occurring in
virtually all size and types of water bodies. The white bass and stripped
bass are abundant in numerous larger reservoirs and their tributary streams.
Catfish are common in all streams and rivers throughout the State and to a
lesser extent, are common in all reservoirs (Table 6-5).
All upland game birds are found throughout the province. All game birds
except the Turkey and Bobwhite migrate and are common only during fall and
winter months. A segment of the population of a few species, such as the Wood
Duck and Mourning Dove, are permanent residents, while another segment
migrates. Numerous species of waterfowl as well as the Turkey are among the
more important game birds.
The whitetail deer is the most important game mammal. Other common game
include the fox squirrel and gray squirrel; the raccoon is the most important
furbearer.
Most of the Federally listed endangered species that occur in the province
(Table 6-6) are associated with forest and/or wetlands. Several Federally
listed species are restricted in range to a few counties in the Study Area
(Figure 6-3). Other species, such as the Bald Eagle, American alligator, and
Arctic Peregrine Falcon occur throughout the Study Area.
Coal development occurring in forests, wetlands, or in or near permanent
water in this and other provinces will be required to consider mitigation for
displacing or altering habitat of endangered species as required by the
Endangered Species Act of 1973 and its amendments. Mitigation for the
alteration of habitat for non-endangered species may also be necessary as
required by the Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act.
6-12
-------
Table 6-5 . Occurrence of selected wildlife species in 23 parishes in Louisiana (continued).
Beech-Sweetgum-
Magnolia-Pine-Oak
Forest Section
Southern Floodplain
Forest Section
Southeastern Mixed Forest Province
Habitat
CT1
I
o
iH
rH
0)
0>
0
0
0)
V4
- M
p
W (0
•o
rH
rH
o
rH
o
o
CO
o
¦H
0»
CD
O
4->
o
rH
*H
•rt
0)
0)
rH
4J
6
3
CO
M
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x.
rH
>
•H
O
3
o
U)
o
£
0(2
c
C *-»
x 0)
0)
to
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1/5
4J
c
«H
0)
4J
c
tO
•u
T3
•H
C/l
u
u
U
•H
O CO
c
(0 00
0)
rH
•H 01
CO
(0
13
u
u
10
o
CO
T3
rH
CO
o
c
±J
cd
T3
X*
«H £1
c
3 C
u
l-l V
CO
CO
u
1
o
¦H
0)
•H
0
CO
€0
rH
0)
(0
•H
(0
o
0)
(0
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o
0)
00 (0
.J
u
tn
X
PS
3
PQ
CQ
O
U
u
Q
*-)
hJ
Z
o
OS
to
3
CQ OS
U-
3
< 3
BIRDS
Canada Goose
White-fronted Goose
Blue Goose
Mallard
Black Duck
Gadwall
Pintail
Green-winged Teal
Blue-winged Teal
American Wigeon
Northern Shoveler
Wood Duck
Redhead
Ring-necked Duck
Canvasback
Lesser Scaup
Greater Scaup
Common Merganser
Bobwhite
Turkey
King Rail
Virginia Rail
Purple Gallinule
Common Gallinule
American Coot
American Woodcock
Common Snipe
Mourning Dove
Migrant/Winter Resident
- - - - Migrant - - - -
- - - - Migrant - - - -
Migrant/Winter Resident
Migrant/Winter Resident
Migrant/Winter Resident
Migrant/Winter Resident
Migrant/Winter Resident
- - - - Migrant - - - -
Migrant/Winter Resident
Migrant/Winter Resident
- Migrant/Resident - -
Migrant/Winter Resident
Migrant/Winter Resident
Migrant/Winter Resident
Migrant/Winter Resident
Migrant/Winter Resident
Migrant/Winter Resident
- - - Resident - - - -
- - - Resident - - - -
- - - Resident - - - -
Migrant/Winter Resident
- - Summer Resident - -
- - - Resident - - - -
Migrant/Winter Resident
- Migrant/Resident - -
Migrant/Winter Resident
- Migrant/Resident - -
X X
X X
XXX
Source: Bull and Farrand, Jr. 1977.
-------
Table 6-5 . Occurrence of selected wildlife species in 23 parishes In Louisiana.
ai
I
AMPHIBIAN
Bullfrog
FISH
Blue Catfish
Channel Catfish
Flathead Catfish
White Bass
Yellow Bass
Striped Bass
Creen Sunfish
Warmouth
Blueglll
Redear Sunfish
Spotted Bass
Largemouth Bass
White Crappie
Black Crappie
Beech-Sweetgum-
Ma gno 1 ia-P ine-Oak
Forest Section
Southern Floodplain
Forest Section
Southeastern Mixed Forest Province
41
i-H
> *H
C (0
0) tn
¦h o
« PQ
0)
E
o
XI
to
ai
X.
ODII
c e u u > u
01OUOH
-------
Table 6-5 . Occurrence of selected wildlife species in 23 parishes in Louisiana (concluded).
on
I
Beech-Sweetgum-
Magnolia-Pine-Oak
Forest Section
Southern Floodplain
Forest Section
MAMMALS
1 2
Opossum '
Black Bear^
Raccoon^>2
Minkl
River Otter1
0)
rH
rH
4-*
CO
c
(A
«
CO
u
jJ
Bobcat1
i—i
r—•
«H
o
O
u
Q)
u
u
e
CD
•o
u
CO
•H
e
3
e
CO
CJ
o
O
(0
o
CO
J=
i-H
4->
c
Q)
JZ
4-1
(1)
•a
U
u
(/>
cd
u
J9
o
•H
a)
u
s
s
0£
3
Southeastern Mixed Forest Province
CO
0)
x-
0) 111 O M
rH c OKU
iHVl i-HVjOCC«->U> ^
Vl QJ 0)O4JOrH*H -ho3^50woj=j=cc:cc4J
C U1 TJ T) *H V5 A! CJ O U -HOOJC
0J to T3 r-t CT3 U C U O 'O ^ C
•Hoa}(QrH(Uco'Hco3a)(dca)*H
Statewide Distribution
X
Statewide Distribution
Statewide Distribution
Statewide Distribution
Eastern Spotted Skunk1 -------------- Statewide Distribution
Striped Skunk1 ------------
Red Fox1 ------------
Gray Fox1 ____________
Coyote1 ____________
Statewide Distribution
Statewide Distribution
Statewide Distribution
Statewide Distribution
Statewide Distribution
Eastern Gray Squirrel^ -------------- Statewide Distribution
Fox Squirrel^ ____________
Beaverl ____________
Muskrat^ ____________
Nutria1 ____________
2
Eastern Cottontail
Swamp Rabbit^ ____________
Whitetall Deer^ ____________
Statewide Distribution
Statewide Distribution
Statewide Distribution
Statewide Distribution
Statewide Distribution
Statewide Distribution
Statewide Distribution
2Furbearer
Game Species
Source: Burt and Grossenheider 1976; Hall and Kelson 1959.
Habitat
a)
u
3
<11
oo "O
¦d C 0) .
U <0 -o t-i
¦-( u G 3
,c w ra u u
CO 00 0) rH *H HI
3 c H
cfl O QJ 00 tu
cq oc u. 3
-------
Table 6-6 . Occurrence of Federally listed species In 23 parishes In Louisiana.1
Beech-Sweetgum-
Magnolia-Pine-Oak Southern Floodplain
H <0 « 5 O tH 0) KO<
-------
If)
TMOKEHOUSh'
CLAIBORNE-
UNION
[BOSSIER
JTVC.O I I
/-] C/VRROLL C'
RICHLAND /maDISONir
'LINCOLN
JACKSON
BIENVILL
CALDWELI
DESOT(
£D RIVE;
WINN
LA SALLI
SABINE
Red-cockaded
Woodpecker
Florida Panther
Figure 6-3. Distribution of two endangered species in 23 parishes in
Louisiana.
6-17
-------
6.2.2.2 Outer Coastal Plain Forest Province
The Outer Coastal Plain Forest Province covers all but the northwest
portion of the Study Area. This province is divided into two sections: the
Beech-Sweetgum-Magnolia-Pine-Oak Forest, and the Southern Flood Plain Forest
(Figure 6-1). These two sections occupy 8% (1,310 mi^) and 21% (3,355
mi^) of the Study Area, respectively. In general, both sections contain
high numbers of select wildlife species and low to moderate numbers of
Federally listed species (Figure 6-2 and Table 6-6).
Land Cover - The major land cover types are agriculture, coniferous forest
(pine), wetlands, mixed forest, urban, and water (Table 6-1). The southern
parishes of this province contain vast acreages of pure pine forest, while the
northern areas were cleared for agricultural purposes (Exhibit 6b). Much of
the remaining mixed forest floods annually.
Primary agricultural crops are wheat, soybean, cotton, rice, sugarcane,
and sorghum. Rice and soybean crops are an important food source for
migrating waterfowl during fall and winter months. Common trees include pines
(loblolly and shortleaf) and bottomland oaks, with magnolias and gums most
common in southern parishes. The bottomland forests are well developed and
highly productive. Understory species include palmettos, shrubs, and some
ferns. Most numerous wetland species are cypress and various wetland shrubs.
No endangered or threatened plant species occur in the Outer Coastal Plain
Forest Province (USFWS 1980).
Wildlife - This province provides habitat for a wide variety of animals,
due primarily to a high percent (14%) of wetland habitat. Warm water fish
(sunfish and catfish) are the predominant game fish. Northern species are
rarely introduced.
6-18
-------
Most game and furbearing species are distributed throughout the province.
Waterfowl are the most important game birds, while the whitetail deer is
economically the most important game mammal. A mixture of forest, wetland,
and agriculture land cover, coupled with the area's proximity to the
Mississippi River, provides the optimum setting responsible for attracting
millions of waterfowl annually (Bellrose 1976). The black bear is found
occasionally in the remote less disturbed areas of the northern portion of
this province (Franklin Parish and Madison Parish).
Many of the Federally listed endangered species that occur in this region
(Table 6-6) are associated with forest and wetland types. Ranges of Federally
listed species that are not distributed throughout the State are presented in
Figure 6-3.
Coal development occurring in forests, wetlands, or in or near permanent
water will be required to consider mitigation as previously noted. Because
large acreages of wetlands occur in this province, the likelihood of
development in sensitive wetland communities is high.
6-19
-------
r
PAGE NOT
' V
AVAILABLE
DIGITALLY
-------
7.0 AIR RESOURCES AND NOISE
-------
I
7.0 AIR RESOURCES AND NOISE
7.1 INTRODUCTION
Air and noise pollution can be major environmental concerns associated
with coal development. Regulations promulgated to protect and improve air
quality may limit coal development, and noise associated with coal development
may affect the people in the surrounding environs.
7.2 AIR RESOURCES
7.2.1 Climate
Climatological factors affect the emission and dispersion of air pollu-
tants associated with coal development. The climatic conditions (precipita-
tion, mixing heights, and wind) that have the greatest effect on air emissions
from coal development are presented in this section.
7.2.1.1 Precipitation
Fugitive dust emissions, the major air pollutant associated with coal min-
ing and transport, are inversely proportional to precipitation. As moisture
increases, the fine particles in the coal or overburden, which could otherwise
become airborne, adhere to larger particles due to the increased surface ten-
sion created by the water.
The precipitation in the Study Area (Table 7-1) is near evenly distributed
through the year, with peak precipitation falling in the months of January and
May. From 90 to 120 days each year, the Study Area receives 0.01 inches (0.03
cm) or more precipitation; the majority falling as rain (Baldwin 1973).
7-1
-------
Table 7-1. Climatological data* from NOAA station in Louisiana.
Climatological Mean Annual Mean Annual Wind
Station Precipitation (inches) Speed (mph)
Caddo Parish, 44.72 8.7
Shreveport
"4)ata based on records for 1941 through 1970.
Source: NOAA/National Climatic Center. 1978. Local climatological data,
annual summary with comparative data. USDOC, Asheville NC,
variously paged.
7-2
-------
Precipitation in certain areas of the US has become acidic as a result of
the mixing of effluents from the combustion of fossil fuels (such as coal)
with moisture. The primary pollutants associated with acid precipitation are
sulfur and nitrogen dioxide, which convert to acids through a series of
complex chemical reactions in the atmosphere. Acid precipitation, commonly
known as acid rain, can result in severe ecological effects on the
environment. Such factors as soils, climatic patterns, and types of
vegetation result in certain areas being more sensitive to acid precipitation.
The majority of the Study Area is highly sensitive to acid precipitation
(Figure 7-1) (USEPA 1979d).
7.2.1.2 Precipitation-Evaporation Index
The precipitation-evaporation (P-E) index, developed by C. Warren
Thornthwaite, has an important relationship to fugitive emissions from coal
storage piles as well as other cleared or exposed surfaces (USEPA 1979b). The
greatest effect is on coal storage piles, since they are usually exposed for a
longer period of time. This index considers humidity, precipitation, and
temperature in developing a numerical value describing the moisture into
(precipitation) and out of (evaporation) an area. Lower fugitive emissions
are associated with higher P-E index values. This results because higher P-E
index values are indicative of higher precipitation and lower evaporation
(i.e., greater moisture).
P-E index values for the Study Area range from 99 to 116 (Figure 7-2).
These values are less than the national average of 91 (USEPA 1978b).
Therefore, emissions from coal storage piles in the Study Area sould be lower
than the national average, as related to this factor.
7.2.1.3 Morning and Afternoon Mixing Heights
The mixing height is the height above the surface through which relatively
vigorous vertical mixing occurs. The dispersion of emissions is directly
proportional to the mixing height because this layer produces the volume
7-3
-------
I
? Arkansas
New Mexico
Texas
L..r
Louisiana
High sensitivity
Moderate sensitivity
Low sensitivity
Figure 7-1. Areas sensitive to acid preclpltitlon based on soils, climatic patterns, and
vegetation (USEPA 1979).
-------
)
0
Figure 7-2. Precipitation - evaporation indexes for 23 parishes
in Louisiana.
-------
through which the pollutant can disperse. The morning mixing heights for the
Study Area are about average for the 5-state region, whereas the afternoon
mixing heights are less than for western sections of the region (Figure 7-3).
7.2.1.4 Wind Speed
Fugitive dust emissions and the dispersion of air pollutant emissions are
directly related to the wind speed. Fugitive dust emissions increase with
wind speed due to the increase in wind energy which is capable of lifting
larger particles and making them airborne. Conversely, downwind concentra-
tions of pollutants decrease with increased wind speed due to the greater
distances traveled per unit of time (larger dispersion volume). The wind
speeds for Louisiana (Table 7-1, Figure 7-3) are fairly consistent through the
morning and afternoon mixing layer.
7.2.1.5 Wind Direction
The direction of the prevailing wind aids in determining the primary area
of effects from the emission of air pollutants. Receptors downwind from the
source, in the predominant wind direction, receive a greater time of pollutant
exposure. When analyzed for the year, there is a slight predominance of winds
from the south and southeast for the Study Area in Louisiana (Figure 7-4).
7.2.2 Ambient Air Quality
With the exception of Caddo, Bossier, and Grant parishes which are
nonattainment for ozone, the ambient air quality in the Study Area is within
the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) (Table 7-2). This
discussion is limited to the baseline information on the major pollutants
associated with coal and coal-related development [particulates, sulfur
dioxide (SO2), and nitrogen dioxide (Nt^)*]* The nonattainment area for
iThe USEPA National Aerometric Data Bank - SAROAD System (ambient data) mon-
itors for NO2, while the USEPA NEDS (point and area sources) monitors for
N0X.
7-6
-------
[—~h
1 >
I /¦
—I
Mean annual wind speed
through the morning
mixing layer (m./sec.)
Mean annual morning ^
mixing height (m x 10 )
I ARKANSAS
AR
..r
Mean annual wind speed
through the afternoon
mixing layer (m./sec.)
Mean annual afternoon^
mixing height (m x 10 )
Figure 7-3. Mean annual mixing heights and wind
speeds for the Region 6 Study Area (Holzworth 1972).
-------
im« cur
Otlalm
cut
tut I* «k!
fta.
Ill*
Legend
Wind rones show percentage
of time wind blew from the
16 compass points or was cf1m.
* Indicates le9S than 0.5Z calm.
Hourly Percentage
25,„ J5
. ^ calm
Note: Based on hourly observations 1951-60
Figure 7-4. Prevailing mean surface wind directions
In the Region 6 Study Area (Baldwin 1973)
-------
Table 7-2.
Regulatory standards affecting air quality.
National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)
Pollutant
Nitrogen
dioxide
Particulate
matter
Sulfur
dioxide
Carbon
monoxide
Type of
Standard
Primary &
Secondary
Primary
Secondary
Primary
Secondary
Primary &
Secondary
Averaging
Time
1 yr
24 hr
24 hr
24 hr
24 hr
24 hr
1 yr
3 hr
1 hr
8 hr
Frequency
Parameter
Arithmetic mean
Annual maximum
Annual geometric
mean
Annual maximum
Annual geometric
mean
Annual maximum
Arithmetic mean
Annual maximum
Annual maximum
Annual maximum
Concentration
ug/nr* ppm
100
260
75
150
60
365
80
0.05
0.14
0.03
1,300 0.5
40,000
10,000
35
9
Ozone
Primary 6
Secondary
1 hr
235
Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) Increments:
maximum allowable Increase by class
0.12
Pollutant
Particulate Matter:
Annual geometric mean
24-hour maximum
Sulfur Dioxide:
Annual arithmetic me...
24-hour maximum
3-hour maximum
Class 1
(ug/m3)
5
10
2
5*
25*
Class II
(ug/m3)
19
37
20
91
512
Class III
(up/m3)
37
75
40
182
700
* A variance may be allowed to exceed each of these increments on 18 days
per year, subject to limiting 24-hour Increments of 36 ug/m3 for low
terrain and 62 ug/m3 for high terrain Bnd 3-hour increments of 130
ug/m3 for low terrain and 221 ug/m3 foT high terrain. To obtain such
a variance both state and Federal approval Is required.
7-9
-------
ozone is shown because coal-related development (e.g., power plants) could be
limited in this area.
7.2.2.1 Air Quality Control Region (AQCR)
The 1967 Air Quality Act designated that the nation be divided into air
quality control regions (AQCR). Organization by AQCRs (Exhibit 7) reduce the
State to a more manageable size; AQCRs are shown on Exhibit 7 to allow for
cross-referencing with other USEPA documents.
7.2.2.2 Nonattainment Areas
Under the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977, the States are required to
identify, for each AQCR, the attainment status of each criteria pollutant.
Caddo, Bossier, and Grant parishes are designated as nonattainment (NA) areas
for ozone (Exhibit 7). Louisiana has permitting authority for NA areas and
Regulation 6.3.8 has included requirements for sources located within the NA
area which emit volatile organic compounds (VOC). With coal-related develop-
ments^ the primary VOC would be hydrocarbons, which are precursors of ozone.
7.2.2.3 Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) Areas
PSD regulations apply to areas where the existing air quality is cleaner
than the NAAQS. Congress has determined that additional pollutant growth in
these areas will be limited to a certain increment. In addition, three
classes of areas were identified with different increments assigned to each
class. Class I areas are pristine areas where any effects from air pollutants
may be adverse. Class II areas are regions of nominal air quality
sensitivity. Class III areas have minimal air quality sensitivity, and the air
quality increment for these areas is most lenient. At present, only two
pollutants (particulate matter and sulfur dioxide) have been assigned PSD
increments. Table 7-2 shows the increments allowed for each of the PSD
classes. The Class I area in Louisiana is located near the mouth of the
7-10
-------
Mississippi River and is more than 200 miles from the Study Area. Coal
development in the Study Area is not expected to have an impact on this Class
I area. The remaining areas of the State have been designated as Class II or
unclassified. As yet, there are no Class III areas designated in the United
States.
The requirements for obtaining a PSD permit are applicable to most major
stationary sources or modifications and are included in 40 CFR Part 51:24,
52:21. The requirements associated with effects on a Class I area also are
included in these regulations.
7.2.2.4 Ambient Monitoring Data for Total Suspended Particulates (TSP)
Although the NAAQS for particulate matter has not been exceeded in
Louisiana, sources that are a potential major emitter of particulate matter
(i.e., coal developments) are required to conduct an air quality analysis to
determine if the NAAQS and the PSD increments will be violated.
Ambient monitoring data (24-hour second high and annual geometric mean)
from the USEPA National Aeroraetric Data Bank-SAROAD System for those parishes
in the Study Area that monitor for TSP are presented in Table 7-3. The
ambient TSP levels in the Study Area were rated high, medium, or low for the
most recent year available (Figure 7-5). The arbitrary ratings were based on
the upper third (high), middle third (medium), and lower third (low) of the
NAAQS for the 24-hour annual geometric mean. Of the three, TSP is the only
criteria pollutants which occurs at levels in the top third (high rating) of
the NAAQS. The ranking is applicable only to the location of the monitoring
station. When there was more than one station per parish, the highest level
was rated.
7.2.2.5 Ambient Monitoring Data for Sulfur Dioxide (SO?)
Although the NAAQS for SO2 has not been exceeded in Louisiana, an air
quality analysis is required for sources that are potential major emitters of
7-11
-------
Table 7-3. Ambient monitoriijg data (ug/m"*) for parishes in the Study Area in Louisiana that monitor for TSP, SC^. and NC^.
TSP Level SO2 Level NO2 Level
Parish
City
Most Recent
Year With
Highest Level
24-Hour
2nd High
Most Recent
Year With
Highest Level
Geometric
Mean
Most Recent
Year With
Highest Level
24 Hour
2nd High
Most Recent
Year With
Highest Level
Arithmetic
Mean
Most Recent
Year With
Highest Level
Arithmei
Mean
Caddo
Shreveport
1980
13 7b
1979
71
1978
3
197 6a
3
1979
38
1979
167
same
same
. 1977
10
-
-
same
same
Caddo
Shreveport
1980
78b
1978a
42
_
_
_
_
_
1979
89
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Caddo
Shreveport
1980
61b
19 78a
35
-
-
-
_
-
-
1976
66
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Caddo
Shreveport
1980
97b
1979
44
-
-
_
-
_
-
same
same
1978
46
-
-
-
-
-
Caddo
Shreveport
1980
109b
1979®
49
-
_
_
_
_
.
1979
133
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Caddo
Shreveport
1980
80b
-
c
-
-
-
-
-
-
same
same
—
c
—
"
"
Claiborne
Homer
1980
84 b
-
c
-
-
-
-
-
-
same
same
—
c
—
—
—
—
—
East
Lake
1980
84b
1979
38
-
-
-
_
_
-
Carroll
Providence
1977
145
1976
74
-
-
-
-
-
-
Ouachita
Monroe
1980
112b
1979
54
1978
7
1977
3
1979
33
1977
144
1978
61
same
same
same
same
same
same
Sabine
Many
1980
62b
-
c
-
-
-
-
-
-
same
same
—
c
—
—
Webster
Minden
1977
55
-
c
-
_
_
_
_
same
same
c
- •
-
-
Winn
Winnfield
1980
115b
1978
63
_
_
1978
130
same
same
-
-
-
_
•
_
f
-------
Table 7-3. Ambient monitoring data (ug/m^) for parishes in the Study Area in Louisiana that monitor for TSP, SO^. and NC^ (concluded).
Notes:
- ° No data available
a = Only year for which data is available or only year for which data meets EPA's summary criteria
b = 1980 4th quarter data is not included
c » No data available that meets EPA's summary criteria
Source: USEPA. 1981. National aerometric data bank/quick look report. Computer printout, January 1981, 123 p.
-------
(JADDOl
morehouse" / "/ 7.0
{*£
ST { EASTV
CARROLL
CLAIBORNE
LINCOLN
AOE /RICHLAND(MADIS0NCj
~OEj
JACKSON
BIENVILLE
ESOT
LA SALL
NATCHITOCHE
SABINE
LEGEND
TSP (ug/m3)
geometric mean
SO2 (ug/nw)
arithmetic mean
53-27 <27
NO2 (ug/m3)
arithmetic mean
>66
D ~
66-33 < 33
Figure 7-5. Ranking of ambient monitoring data for parishes in the Study Area
which monitor for TSP, SO2, and NO2•
7-14
-------
SC>2 (i.e., coal-related developments) to determine if the NAAQS and PSD
increments will be violated.
Ambient monitoring data from the USEPA National Aerometric Data Bank-
SAROAD System for parishes in the Study Area that monitor for SO2 are pre-
sented in Table 7-3. The 24-hour second high value and the arithmetic mean
were presented to aid in the planning of coal developments. The arith-
metic mean was rated high, medium, or low for the most recent year available
(Figure 7-5). The ratings were arbitrarily based on the upper third (high),
middle third (medium), and lower third (low) of the NAAQS for the arithmetic
mean. No rating from any parish which monitors for SO2 was above low. The
ranking is applicable only to the location of the monitoring station. When
there was more than one station per parish, the highest level was rated.
7.2.2.6 Ambient Monitoring Data for Nitrogen Dioxide (NO?)
Although no areas in the Study Area, exceed the NAAQS for NO2
(nonattainment areas), an air quality analysis is required for sources (i.e.,
coal-related developments) that are potential major emitters of NO2 to
determine if NAAQS will be violated.
Ambient monitoring data (arithmetic mean) from the USEPA National
Aerometric Data Bank-SAROAD System are presented in Table 7-3 for those
parishes in' the Study Area that monitor for NC^. The ambient NO2 levels
were rated high, medium, or low for the most recent year available (Figure
7-5). The ratings were arbitrarily based on the upper third (high), middle
third (medium), and lower third (low) of the NAAQS for the arithmetic mean. A
medium rating was reported for the two parishes in the Study Area which
monitor for NO2. The ranking is applicable only to the location of the
monitoring station. When there was more than one station per parish, the
highest level was used.
7-15
-------
t
J
7.2.3 Major Emission
The quantity and location of the major point source emissions* in the
Study Area are helpful in planning the location of a coal development. The
potential for a violation of either the NAAQS or the PSD increments (for SO2
and particulates) increases where there is a cluster of major point source
emitters or where there are higher levels of point and area source emissions.
7.2.3.1 Point Source Emissions
Major point sources are clustered around the larger cities in the Study
Area such as Shreveport, Natchitoches, and Ruston (Exhibit 7 and Table 7-4).
Point source emissions of particulates greater than 3,000 tons/year occur in
Caddo, Morehouse, and Webster parishes, with Webster Parish in excess of
40,000 tons/year. Emissions of SO2 greater than 2,500 tons/year were
reported from Caddo, Morehouse, Ouachita, and Union parishes. N0X emission
greater than 8,000 tons/year (Table 7-4) were reported from Caddo, Jackson,
Natchitoches, Ouachita, and Webster parishes.
7.2.3.2 Area Source Emissions
Area source emissions are defined as sources reported collectively because
they are too small or too difficult to be surveyed individually. These
sources can affect the ambient air quality of the parish (USEPA 1976).
The total 1978 area sources for each parish for particulates, S02> and
N0X are presented in Table 7-5. The total 1978 point and area sources for
each parish are presented in Table 7-6. The total point and area source
emissions for particulates ranged from 1,597 tons/year in La Salle Parish to
xThe USEPA National Aerometric Data Bank-SAROAD System (ambient data) moni-
tors for NO2, while the USEPA NEDS (point and area sources) monitors for
N0X.
7-16
-------
Table 7-4. Total 1978 emissions (tons/year) from point source for 23 parishes
in Louisiana.
Total Point
Source Emissions
Number of
100 Tons
Plants
Per Year
Parish
Particulates
S02
NO*
Particulates
S02
NO*
Bienville
305
26
1,144
2
0
3
Rossier
162
57
580
0
0
3
Caddo
3,719
2,985
8,073
5
4
9
Caldwell
7
1
789
0
0
1
Claiborne
42
8
781
0
0
2
De Soto
252
78
392
2
0
1
East Carroll
13
9
1,554
0
0
2
Franklin
4
2
407
0
0
1
Grant
61
4
1,369
0
0
1
Jackson
2,147
550
26,746
1
1
2
La Salle
369
60
476
2
0
1
Lincoln
556
42
2,620
3
0
5
Madison
49
8
55
0
0
0
Morehouse
3,017
3,587
3,696
2
2
4
Natchitoches
1,585
1,650
10,704
3
2
6
Ouachita
1,741
5,437
21,058
1
4
10
Red River
90
41
276
0
0
1
Richland
13
6
5,192
0
0
2
Sabine
1,672
143
746
2
0
2
Union
759
6,177
7,083
3
1
1
Webster
41,228
1,585
9,123
1
1
5
West Carroll
0
' 0
0
0
0
0
Winn
1,316
463
1,644
3
1
3
Source: USEPA.
January
1981. National emissions
1981, variously paged.
data systems.
Computer printout,
7-17
-------
Table 7-5. Total 1978
parishes in Louisiana
county emissions
(tons/year) from area
sources
Parish
Particulates
S02
N£x
Bienville
2,415
101
1,810
Bossier
7,585
677
12,385
Caddo
29,173
2,857
68,314
Caldwell
1,541
60
952
Claiborne
3,076
131
3,515
De Soto
5,007
138
2,061
East Carroll
2,820
139
1,270
Franklin
5,544
165
3,554
Grant
1,547
74
1,087
Jackson
1,528
200
7,767
La Salle
1,228
113
5,436
Lincoln
3,740
338
4,071
Madison
4,140
157
1,427
Morehouse
4,887
234
2,950
Natchitoches
6,105
252
2,479
Ouachita
11,521
1,486
35,808
Red River
2,060
105
1,589
Richland
4,343
151
1,896
Sabine
2,523
186
2,237
Union
2,809
129
1,756
Webster
4,605
330
7,291
West Carroll
2,759
105
1,508
Winn
1,485
108
1,997
Source: USEPA. 1981. National emissions data system. Computer printout,
January 1981, variously paged.
7-18
-------
Table 7-6. Total 1978 parish emissions (tons/year) from point and area sources
for 23 parishes in Louisiana.
Parish
Particulates
S02
NOx
Bienville
2,720
127
2,954
Bossier
7,747
734
12,965
Caddo
32,892
5,842
76,387
Caldwell
31,012
2,052
95,225
Claiborne
3,118
139
4,296
De Soto
5,259
216
2,453
East Carroll
2,833
148
2,824
Franklin
5,548
167
3,961
Grant
1,608
. 78
2,456
Jackson
3,675
750
34,513
La Salle
1,597
173
5,912
Lincoln
4,296
380
6,691
Madison
4,189
165
1,482
Morehouse
7,904
3,821
6,646
Natchitoches
7,690
1,902
13,183
Ouachita
13,262
6,923
56,866
Red River
2,150
146
1,865
Richland
4,356
157
7,088
Sabine
4,195
329
2,983
Union
3,568
6,306
8,839
Webster
45,833
1,915
16,414
West Carroll
2,759
105
1,508
Winn
2,801
571
3,641
Source: USEPA. 1981. National emissions data system. Computer printout,
January 1981, variously paged.
\
7-19
-------
45,833 tons/year in Webster Parish. Point and area source particulate
emissions greater than 30,000 tons/year were reported for Caddo, Caldwell, and
Webster parishes. The SO2 area and point source emissions range from 78
tons/year for Grant Parish to 6,923 tons/year for Ouachita Parish. Point and
area source SO2 emissions greater than 5,000 tons/year were reported in
Caddo, Ouachita, and Union parishes. The total point and area sources for
N0X range from 1,482 tons/year in Madison Parish to 95,225 tons/year in
Caldwell Parish. Point and area source N0X emissions greater than 30,000
tons/year were reported in Caddo, Caldwell, Jackson, and Ouachita parishes.
7.3 NOISE
7.3.1 Existing Environment
Specific information concerning the existing noise environment cannot be
presented because levels differ dramatically from one area to another. Since
noise attenuates rapidly with distance, it is best defined on a site specific
J
basis (i.e., a noise survey would need to be performed at each location of
interest to determine the actual noise environment). "Typical" noise values
for urban and rural environments have been established (Figure 7-6). However,
even within the noise categories presented, the noise level can vary,
dramatically depending on location.
I
7.3.2 Noise Levels from Typical Mining Operations
The major noise producing equipment associated with mining operations are
draglines, front loaders, tractors, haul trucks, scrapers, backhoes, water
trucks, and mine vent fans (Table 7-7). Since noise levels attenuate rapidly
with distance (b dBA per doubling of distance), the effects of noise sensitive
receptors will be confined to those areas immediately outside of the mine
area. Noise sensitive receptors include private residences, schools,
hospitals, and parks. Commercial and industrial activities are not generally
considered sensitive to noise (USEPA 1978a).
7-20
-------
Figure 7-6. Typical urban and rural L^n noise levels (NRC 1977).
QUALITATIVE
DESCRIPTIONS
City Noise
(Downtown Major
Metropolis)
DAY-NIGHT
SOUND LEVEL
DECIBELS
_90_ OUTDOOR LOCATIONS
I|I Los Angeles — 3rd Floor Apartment Next to
Freeway
w Los Angeles — % Mile from Touch Down at
Major Airport
Very Noisy
Noisy Urban
Urban
Suburban
-80-
A
Los Angeles — Downtown With Some Con-
struction Activity
Harlem — 2nd Floor Apartment
-70-
Boston — Row Housing on Major Avenue
3A
i\
Small Town and
Watts — 8 Miles from Touch Down
at Major Airport
Newport - 3.5 Miles from Takeoff at
Small Airport
Los Angeles — Old Residential Area
Fillmore — Small Town Cul-de-Sac
_50_V
uiet Suburban _i_T\San Diego — Wooded Residential
California — Tomato Field on Farm
-40-
'"The L is the 24-hour equivalent noise level with a 10 dBA penalty
applied to the hours between 10:00 p.m. and 7:00 a.m.
7-21
-------
Table 7-7. Noise levels (dBA) produced by coal mining equipment at
100 feet (30 meters).
Equipment Sound Level
Dragline1 74
100 ton truck (loaded) at 12 MPH1 70
Tractor1 72
Water truck (10-12 MPH)1 65
Scraper1 67
2
Front loader 73
2
Backhoe 71
3
Mine vent fan 77
Sources: ^Adapted
2
Adapted
3
Adapted
from USGS 1976.
from USEPA 1971.
from Watkins and
Associates 1979.
7-22
-------
7.3.3 Noise Criteria and Standards
There are no Federal, State, or local regulations at this time defining
the noise level effects associated with industrial or mining operations. The
US Environmental Protection Agency has published values below which there is
no reason to suspect that the general public will be at risk from any effects
of noise (USEPA 1978). These values are not considered guidelines or
regulations and were derived without concern for technical or economic
feasibility; the values contain a margin of safety to ensure protection. These
values are presented in Table 7-8.
t
7-23
-------
Table 7-8. Yearly L
-------
r
PAGE NOT
V
b
AVAILABLE
DIGITALLY
-------
8.0 CULTURAL RESOURCES
-------
8.0 CULTURAL RESOURCES
8.1 INTRODUCTION
Cultural resources are archaeological data "embodied in material remains
(artifacts, structures, refuse, etc.) utilized purposefully or accidentally by
human beings, and in the spatial relationships among such remains" (36 CFR
1210.1 [4b]). Cultural resources may be historic, prehistoric, or scientific
data.
This chapter is based on a literature review and briefly discusses the
major prehistoric and historic cultural traditions (Table 8-1) as well as
different types and distributions of sites. Theoretically, specific cultural
traditions are identified by similar trends in technology and settlement
patterns including site types and distributions. Although all major cultural
traditions are present throughout the State, there are regional
variations. Two cultural regions have been identified in northern Louisiana
(Figure 8-1); each region is differentiated by specific sequences and by
specific artifact types and settlement-subsistence patterns.
All discussions of site distributions are speculative, given the existing
information base. In the Study Area, over-3,000 sites are on file with the
Division of Archaeology and Historic Preservation, Archaeological Site Survey,
and Historic Building Survey (Figure 8-2, Table 8-2). This number does not
represent the total number of sites present, since no parish has been
inventoried completely. Most sites were identified during archaeological
investigations associated with land modification projects (e.g., reservoir
projects), with the investigations being confined to the boundaries of the
specific project.
Two axioms can generally be accepted regarding the past cultures of
Louisiana (1) prehistoric occupations were oriented to major drainages and
their tributaries, and (2) historic occupations were not oriented to the
environment.
8-1
-------
Table 8-1. Major cultural traditions and regional sequences in northern Louisiana.
Years
BP*
Regional Sequences
Northwest Northeast
Historic
Historic
TT
Historic
i
i
i
0j Mississippian
•H 1
ei
cOI
V
1
1
1
1
Caddo |
Mississippian
J-i 1
Lv
Baytown
Marksville
Tchefuncte
Archaic
Transitional
Late
Middle
Early
Late
Middle
Early
Paleo-Indian
P A L E 0 -
INDIAN
^"BP = "Before Present", i.e., before 1950
-------
NORTHEAST
NORTHWEST
C KlCLAlBORNE
5SSIER S to
If)
MOREHOUSE
iion
(jADDO'
/ \ 1TVC.OI I msiy
7 /~\ CARROLL G"
kCHITA^—/ 1—T r~t
/RICHLAND (MADISONV
LINCOLN
JACI
BIENVILLE
IWELI
E SOT<
!ED RIVEI
WINN
LA SALLI
NATCHITOCHE:
SABINE
t
Figure 8-1. Culture regions of northern Louisiana.
8-3
-------
CLAIBORNE
UNION
MOREHOUSE
v
ST I EAST^
RROLLC^
RICHLAND (MADISON ^
A X
JACKSON
BIENVILLE
AWQ
ESOT
s-
NATCHITDCHE
/LA SALLE
A
SABINE
J GRANT,
. Archaeological Sites
/\ Division of Archaeology and Historic Preservation
\y Historic Building Survey
(3 National Register of Historic Places
O Sites eligible to the National Register
of Historic Places
~ National Historic Landmarks
I
Figure 8-2. Numbers of and types of recorded sites in 23 parishes in
Louisiana.
8-4
-------
Table 8-2.
Recorded archaeological sites in 23 parishes in Louisiana.
Division of
Division of
National
Archaeology and
Archaeology and
Register
Historic Preserva-
Historic Preserva-
of National
tion, Archaeological
tion, Historic
Historic Historic
Parish
Site Survey8
Building Survey
Places Landmarks
Bienville
62
15
9
Bossier
45
142
1
Caddo
105
26
8 [1]
Caldwell
37
2
Claiborne
25
26
De Soto
95
34
5
East Carroll
73
12
4 (2 districts)
Franklin
85
Grant
52
Jackson
LaSalle
85
500 (estimate)
— [1]
Lincoln
6
718
2
Madison
174
Morehouse
54
5
1
Natchitoches
133
93
10 (1 district) 1
Ouachita
141
31
6 fl]
Red River
204
129
[3]
Richland
8
1
Sabine
13
21
3 (1 district) 1
Union
20
3
1
Webster
37
47
1
West Carroll
39
1 1
Winn
14
2
Total
1507
1777
54 (including 3
4 districts) 6
eligible sites
/
a. current to December 1980
b. current to May 1981
[0] Sites eligible to the National Register of Historic Places
Sources: Federal Register. 1979. Vol. 44, No. 26, Part 2; Federal Register. 1980.
Vol. 45, No. 54, Part 2; Federal Register. 1981. Vol. 46, No. 22, Part 2.
Kemm, J.P. 1981. Letter, J.P. Kemm, Architectural Historian, Louisiana
Department of Culture, Recreation and Tourism, Department of Archaeology
and Historic Preservation, to K.M. Banks, WAPORA, Inc., 11 May 1981, 2 p.
Louisiana Department of Culture, Recreation and Tourism, Department of
Archaeology and Historic Preservation. 1981. Phone, K.M. Banks, WAPORA,
Inc., 14 January 1981.
8-5
-------
The following discussion may appear to emphasize prehistoric resources,
however, this emphasis is not intended to underplay historic resources. In
general, historic sites are more visible, more easily documented, and more
varied than prehistoric sites. Given the brevity and level of detail of this
chapter, the list of all sites currently on or eligible to the National
Register of Historic Places (Tables 8-3 and 8-4) provides an idea of the
variety of historic resources in Louisiana. Although constantly changing, the
National Register has traditionally emphasized historic sites. By referring to
Tables 8-3 and 8-4, a more precise description of the types of historic
resources can be obtained than in a brief discussion. The reader is urged to
consult Tables 8-3 and 8-4 when reading the sections on historic resources.
8.2 TEMPORAL UNITS
The major cultural traditions listed below are non-regional, temporal
constructs extending beyond Louisiana. The specific manifestations of these
traditions (Table 8-1) vary throughout the State and can be thought of as
individual archeological cultures.
8.2.1 Paleo-Indian (12,000-7,000 BP1)
Importance: Represents the earliest widely accepted evidence for human
occupation in North America.
Settlement-subsistence: Exploitation of large, Late Pleistocene animals
by highly mobile human groups.
Diagnostic artifacts: Distinctive, lanceolate-shaped projectile points.
Site types:
Kill sites - locations where large numbers of game animals were
killed.
Camp sites - occupational locations.
1-BP - "Before Present," i.e., before 1950.
8-6
-------
Table 8-3. Sites on the National Register of Historic Places in 23
parishes in Louisiana.
Bienville Parish
Gibsland, Sylvan Retreat, 6101 N. 3rd St., (12-6-79)
Gibsland vicinity, Colbert House (Antebellum Greek Revival Buildings of Mount
Lebanon Thematic Resources), LA 517 (2-1-80)
Gibsland vicinity, Dog Trot (Antebellum Greek Revival Buildings of Mount
Lebanon Thematic Resources). LA 517 (2-1-80)
Gibsland vicinity, Down House (Antebellum Greek Revival Buildings of Mount
Lebanon Thematic Resources), LA 154 (2-1-80)
Gibsland vicinity, Jones House (Antebellum Greek Revival Buildings of Mount
Lebanon Thematic Resources), LA 154 (2-1-80)
Gibsland vicinity, Mount Lebanon Baptist Church (Antebellum Greek Revival
Buildings of Mount Lebanon Thematic Resources), LA 154 (2-1-80)
Gibsland vicinity, Stage Coach Inn (Antebellum Greek Revival Buildings of
Mount Lebanon Thematic Resources), LA 517 (2-1-80)
Gibsland vicinity, Thurmond House (Antebellum Greek Revival Buildings of Mount
Lebanon Thematic Resources), LA 154 (2-1-80)
Gibsland vicinity, Wayside Inn (Antebellum Greek Revival Buildings of Mount Lebanon
Thematic Resources), LA 154 (2-1-80)
Bossier Parish
Benton vicinity, Hughes House, 13 mi. NE of Benton on LA 160, (5-24-76)
Caddo Parish
Shreveport, Lewis House, 675 Jordan St., (7-27-79)
Shreveport, Lindsay, Col. Robert H., House (Symphony House), 2803 Woodlawn Ave.,
(7-16-73)
Shreveport. Oakland Cemetary, Bounded by Milam, Christian, Sprague, and
Baker Sts., (7-13-77)
Shreveport, Shreveport Water Works Company, Pump Station, Off LA 3036 (5-9-80)
Shreveport, Strand Theatre, 630 Crockett, (5-26-77)
Shreveport, Tally's Bank, 525 Spring St., (7-14-76)
Shreveport, Texas Avenue Buildings Texas Avenue Buildings, LA, 824-864 Texas
Avenue, (5-25-79)
Shreveport. US Post Office And Courthouse, Marshall and Texas Sts., (9-12-74)
8-7
-------
Table 8-3. Sites on Che National Register of Historic Places in 23
parishes in Louisiana (continued).''
Desoto Parish
International Boundary Marker, Reference - See Panola County, TX.
Gloster vicinity, Myrtle Hill Plantation House, SE of Gloster off LA 5,
(12-4-74)
Mansfield. Mundy-McFarland House, 200 Welsh St., (12-6-79)
Mansfield vicinity. Mansfield Battle Park, 4 mi. SE of Mansfield on LA 175,
(4-13-73)
Stonewall vicinity. Land's End Plantation, 7 mi. SE of Stonewall on Red Bluff
Rd., (4-26-72)
East Carroll Parish
Lake Providence, Lake Providence Multiple Resource Area. This area includes:
Lake Providence, Lake Providence Historic District, Lake Levee, and
Scarborough Sts. (previously listed in the National Register 12-6-79);
Lake Providence Residential Historic District, Lake and Davis Sts.;
Arlington Plantation, 214 Arlington; Fischer House, 15 Lake St.; (pre-
viously listed in the National Register 1-11-80) Nelson House, 407 Davis
Sts., Old Courthouse Square, 1st and Hoad Sts., (10-3-80)
Lincoln Parish
Dubach vicinity, Autrey House, 1 mi. W of Duback on LA 152, (10-20-80)
Ruston, Federal Building, Vienna and Mississippi Sts., (10-9-74)
Morehouse Parish
Oak Ridge vicinity. Cedars Plantation, 3-mi. W of Oak Ridge on SR 5503, (5-19-76)
Natchitoches Parish
Bermuda vicinity. Maison De Marie Therese, 1 mi. NW of Bermuda, (12-6-79)
Cloutierville. Cloutier, Alexis, House, Main St., (12-31-74)
Derry vicinity. Magnolia Plantation, N of Derry on LA 119, (3-21-79)
Melrose. Melrose Plantation (Yucca), LA 119 off LA 493, (6-13-72)
NHL.
Natchez vicinity, Badin-Roque House, S of Natchez, (6-6-80)
Natchez vicinity. Oaklawn Plantation, E of Natchez on LA 494, (3-28-79)
8-8
-------
Table 8-3. Sites on the National Register of Historic Places in 23
parishes in Louisiana (concluded).
Natchez vicinity.' Prud'Homme, Jean Pierre Bnmanuel, Plantation, SE of Natchez
on LA 19, (8-29-79)
Natchitoches. Natchitoches Historic District, (6-5-74)
Natchitoches, Normal Hill Historic District, Northwestern State University
campus, (1-15-80)
Natchitoches vicinity. Cherokee Plantation, SE of Natchitoches on Cane River
Rd., (8-14-73)
Natchitoches vicinity. Narcisse Prud'Homme Plantation, SE of Natchitoches on
Cane River Rd., (7-13-76)
Robeline vicinity. Los Adaes Historic Site, NE of Robeline off LA 6, (6-7-78)
Ouachita Parish
Bosco. Boscobel Cottage Cordell Lane, (5-7-79)
Monroe, Block, J. S., Building. 101 N. Grand St., (9-30-80)
Monroe. Garrett, Isaiah, Law Office, 520 S. Grand St., (7-12-76)
Monroe, Hall, Gov. Luther, House, 1515 Jackson St., (5-7-79)
Monroe. Mulberry Grove (Layton Castle), 1133 S. Grand St., (7-7-78)
Monroe vicinity, Logtown Plantation. S of Monroe, (10-16-80)
Sabine Parish
Fisher, Fisher Historic District, Roughly bounded by 4 L Dr., 3rd Ave., S. 2nd
and North Sts., (7-27-79)
Many vicinity. Fort Jesup, 7 mi. NE of Many on LA 6, Fort Jesup State Monument,
(10-15-66) NHL
Many vicinity. Stoker House, NE of Many, (6-23-76)
Union Parish
Farmerville vicinity, Edgewood. 1 mi. W of Farmerville on Bernice Hwy., (10-8-80)
Webster parish
Minden. Germantown, off US 79, (3-12-79)
West Carroll Parish
Delhi vicinity. Poverty Point, 12 mi. N of Delhi on Bayou Macon, (10-15-66) NHL.
Winn Parish
St. Maurice, St. Maurice Plantation, Off LA 477, (4-3-79)
Winnfield, Winnfield Hotel, 302 E. Main St. (6-11-80)
NHL = National Historic Landmark
I
8-9
-------
Table 8-4. Sites eligible to the National Register of Historic Places.
Caddo Parish
Shreveport, Harold, Sidney, Mansion, 840 Jordan St.
LaSalle Parish t
White Sulfer Springs Vicinity. Whatley Site (16LA37), SW of White Sulphur
Springs.
Ouachita Parish
Logtown vicinity. Filhiol Mound Complex 1 mi. (1.6 km) S. of jet. of SR165
and SR841
Red River Parish
Coushatta, Old Bank of Coushatta, Carroll and Abney Sts.
Coushatta, Wilson, Fred House, Carroll St.
Hanna. Hanna Site (16RR4)
8-10
-------
Comments. Neither of the above site types has been identified in the
Study Area. Most information comes from finds of Paleo-Indian projectile
points on eroded upland surfaces, on Pleistocene surfaces, or mixed with
artifact assemblages dating to later periods. In general, the absence of
sites, particularly along major stream valleys, may be a result of their being
buried under more recent alluvium. Since Paleo-Indian projectile points occur
in the area, both sites may be present.
8.2.2 Archaic (7,000-2000 BP)
Importance: Represents increasing regionalism and the appearance of new
settlement-subsistence patterns and technological elements.
Set tlement-subsis tence: Seasonal movement between sites to exploit
locally available plants and animals.
Diagnostic artifacts: Includes projectile points called "dart points" and
food grinding implements.
Site types:
Base camps - Major site types where a variety of activities took
place; identified by a wide variety and high density of artifact
types and by deep and extensive cultural deposits that contain such
features as hearths, burials, and storage pits.
Campsites/specialized activity sites - Localities where specific
activities took place and lacking the variety and density of
artifacts and features characterizing base camps.
Specialized activity sites include:
• Temporary campsites - brief occupation sites with a low artifact
density.
• Quarry sites - where raw materials for stone tools were procur-
red.
8-11
-------
• Hunting-butchering sites — where animals were killed and
butchered.
• Plant processing sites - where plant foods were secured.
Comments. Base camps are generally located on well-drained terraces
overlooking major drainages or on natural levees in the floodplain.
Specialized activity sites are more randomly distributed and usually are
associated with the desired resource.
8.2.3 Ceramic (2000 - 300 BP)
Importance: Represents the zenith and culmination of prehistoric
occupation throughout much of Louisiana and is marked by the appearance of
domesticates and increased sedentism in several areas.
Settlement-subsistence: Semi-sedentary occupations based on agricul-
ture;
Diagnostic artifacts: Ceramics; small projectile points called "arrow
points" and occasional ceremonial objects.
Site types:
East Texas
Mound centers - consists of one or more artificially built
mound(s), occasionally accompanied by refuse areas (middens) and
house sites.
Villages - One or more thick midden accumulation(s); occasionally
accompanied by evidence of structures and small artiflcal house or
burial mounds.
Hamlets - One or two small middens; occasionally one or two house
sites.
Campsites/specialized activity sites - similar to Archaic.
8-12
-------
Comments. Mound centers and villages generally are located on
well-drained terraces of the major drainages and primary tributaries. Hamlets
occur further up tributary streams, while other types of sites have
distributions comparable to Archaic sites. As depicted in Figure 8-1 and
Table 8-1, the Ceramic tradition sequence in the eastern half of Louisiana
differs from that in the western half. The former is affiliated with cultures
further north and south along the Mississippi River Valley, while the latter
is affiliated with adjacent areas of Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Texas.
8.2.4 Historic (300 BP - Present)
Importance: Represents the period of Anglo-American occupation.
Settlement-subsistence: Primarily sedentism based on an agro-economy.
Diagnostic artifacts: European or American items such as metal and glass;
all non-aboriginal items.
Site types: Extremely varied; a partial list includes farmsteads, trading
posts, churches, cemeteries, mines and mining camps, railroads, roadways,
missions, lumber camps, communities, river landings, battlefields and
military posts, plantations, gins, sharecropper and tenant farms, jails,
courthouses.
Comments. Artifacts and site types associated with the Historic Tradition
are probably the most archeologically visible cultural resources. A number of
different historic periods are represented, including early Spanish and French
exploration, colonization periods, and the Anglo-American period. Blacks have
contributed significantly to our culture as have Creoles'. Sites associated
with the French and Spanish period include aboriginal contact sites, trading
posts, land grants, missions, presidios, settlements, and trade routes. The
succeeding Anglo-American period resulted in gradual settlement, growth, and
development of Louisiana. The period also involved farming, the plantation
system, and industry in various parts of the State. During the first part of
this' period to the Civil War, the plantation system was a major part of the
economy. During this period most of the modern communities, towns, and cities
8-13
-------
were founded. This historic period includes early communities, plantations,
farms, sharecropper tenant farms, oil and gas fields and wells, railroads and
roadways, steamboat landings, churches, courthouses, postoffices, military
posts and outposts, and log cabins. The historic resources of Louisiana are
extremely varied and the reader is urged to consult Tables 8-3 and 8-4 for
historic sites presently included in and eligible to the National Register of
Historic Places. Data in these tables will relate the variety and nature of
historic resources in Louisiana.
8.3 REGIONS
The remaining discussion focuses on the archaeology of the two culture
regions identified in Figure 8-1 and Table 8-1. They are separated by
distinct manifestations of the major traditions and can be considered separate
culture areas. The geographic features mentioned below are identified in
Figure 8-3.
8.3.1 Northeast
The focal points of prehistoric occupation in northeast Louisiana are
along the major tributaries, particularly the Mississippi River, Ouachita
River, Boeuf River, Bayou Bartholemew and Bayou Macon. Sites are also found
along old relic channels resulting from channel changes the last 10,000 years.
Other focal points of prehistoric occupation are the terraces that flank
drainages, such as the Prairie Terrace and Deweyville Terrace complexes. The
regional sequence in Louisiana is outlined in Table 8-1.
8.3.1.1 Palo-Indian
No Paleo-Indian sites have been identified in northeast Louisiana. The
only evidence for occupation is the occasional presence of diagnositic
projectile points on Pleistocene or older land surfaces or from artifact
collections from Archaic or Ceramic tradition occupations. Paleo-Indian
points are not as common in the northeast as in the northwest, although this
8-14
-------
V
lower frequency may be more apparent than real as sites may be buried under
more recent alluvium.
Transitional Paleo-Indian - Early Archaic projectile points occur in the
region. Such projectile points are found on Macon Ridge and along Petticoat
Bayou in Ouachita Parish, but remains are sparce. A transitional Paleo-Indian
- Early Archaic site was found in La Salle Parish, buried under several feet
of alluvial deposits. This evidence substantiates the possibility of finding
such sites under more recent alluvium.
8.3.1.2 Archaic
Evidence of Middle and Late Archaic occupation is fairly common in
northeast Louisiana. Evidence of Early Archaic occupation is rare and
primarily consists of diagnostic projectile points found on exposed
pleistocene or older surfaces. Early Archaic sites are probably buried under
more recent alluvium.
Along the Mississippi River and major tributaries most likely localities
for Archaic sites are Pleistocene terraces and upland areas bordering the
river valley. Other focal points of occupation include meander scars along
the major rivers, and alluvial valleys of tributary streams. Since the modern
alluvial valleys are generally no older than 5,000 years, Early and Middle
Archaic sites should be found on outcrops of sediments that are more than
5,000 years old.
8.3.1.3 Ceramic ^
Sites of the Ceramic tradition are common in northeast Louisiana. The
oldest is the Late Archaic-Early Ceramic Poverty Point culture named after the
site of Poverty Point located on Macon Ridge in Carroll Parish. This site
consists of massive earth ramparts arranged in a series of concentric arcs.
The Poverty Point Culture is the earliest known construction of artifical
mounds in the continental U.S.
8-15
-------
Poverty Point sites generally are found in three settings in Northeast
Louisiana: on terraces overlooking major relict or active river courses; on
levees of major river channels, generally relict; and at river-lake junctions.
Sites are generally found in ecotones and occupations tend to cluster around
larger sites that were presumably regional centers of distribution. Poverty
Point sites have been found in all parishes in northeast Louisiana.
The Poverty Point culture was followed by the Woodland period, the
earliest occupation of the Ceramic tradition. Woodland sites are located on
active and abandoned streams, in tributary valleys, and occasionally on
uplands bordering alluvial valleys. Mound centers and villages are found on
sandy, well-drained terraces adjacent to streams.
The Mississippi period succeeded the Woodland and is characterized by
larger, more concentrated sites. Mound centers contain a series of mounds
arranged around a central plaza. Hamlets and villages are clustered around
mound centers. Like comparable Woodland sites, mound centers and the larger
villages of the Mississippi period are located on sandy, well-drained terraces
along major river channels or meanders. Hamlets occur along major rivers as
well as the minor tributaries. The smaller campsites and specialized activity
sites are randomly distributed, occasionally being found in upland areas away
from streams.
8.3.1.4 Historic
A variety of historic sites are known in northeastern Louisiana. These
sites include historic Indian sites, such as Pargoud Landing (16 OU 1) in
Ouachita Parish, early French and Spanish Colonial sites, and early American
sites. Historic sites include plantations, steamboat landings and river
communities, railroads and roadways, farming communities, lumbering camps and
sawmills, and Confederate Army and Union Army posts. Sites that are included
in or eligible for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places are
listed in Table 8-3.
8-16
-------
8.3.2 Northwest
The focal points of prehistoric occupation in the Northwest are also along
major drainages, particularly along the Red River and its tributaries.
8.3.2.1 Paleo-Indian
Evidence for Paleo-Indian occupations comes primarily from the discovery
of diagnostic projectile points scattered on eroded upland surfaces or mixed
in with later assemblages. Bones of extinct Pleistocene animals found in the
Red River Valley indicate the possibility of buried Paleo-Indian sites in this
area.
Transitional Paleo-Indian - Early Archaic sites are also present. An
example being the John Pierce Site situated on a terrace that projects into
the valley of Cypress Bayou south of Shreveport in Caddo Parish. Similiar
sites reported along tributaries of the Red River contain artifacts of the
Archaic and Ceramic tradition.
8.3.2.2 Archaic
\
Archaic sites are fairly common along the Red River. Larger base camps
and specialized activity sites occur on terraces along major drainages.
Smaller campsites occur along major drainages and smaller tributaries, as well
as in upland areas. Archaic sites or sites containing diagnostic Archaic
artifacts are reported from 22 parishes in northwest Louisiana. The one
exception is Jackson Parish, where the lack of a reported site may reflect the
lack of work in the area rather than the absence of Archaic sites.
8.3.2.3 Ceramic
The Ceramic tradition is probably the best known tradition in northwest
Louisiana due primarily to the large number of mound centers found in the
area. The latter half of the Ceramic tradition is associated with the
8-17
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historic Caddo Indians, an aboriginal population encountered by the early
French and Spanish explorers. Caddo Indians also occurred in southwest
Arkansas, southeast Oklahoma, and northeast Texas.
The Ceramic tradition can be subdivided into two temporal units, the
oldest being the Woodland and the most recent being the Mississippian.
Woodland sites are generally small, and mound centers consist of either
conical shaped or flat-topped mounds that often contain burials. Major
occupational loci were along the Red River and Sabine River and their major
tributary streams. Non-mound village sites are situated on prominent
terraces. Mound centers are located on alluvial plains and are as large as 20
acres. Woodland sites are not as well known as Mississippian-Caddoan sites.
Mississippian-Caddoan sites are numerous in northwest Louisiana and, like
Woodland sites, occur along the Sabine River and Red River and tributary
streams. Several different temporal units are defined by specific artifact
assemblages and site-types (Table 8-1). The Ouachita River appears to be the
eastern boundary of the Caddoan occupation.
i
Most mound centers and villages are located in the alluvial valley, while
hamlets and temporary campsites/specialized activity sites are situated in the
uplands or on valley escarpments. Small village sites occurred along streams
or lakes away from major river valleys. In the alluvial valleys mound centers
are usually found on large well-drained terraces, or along natural rises in
the floodplain or natural levees. Mound centers often contain large
cemeteries with deep burial pits.
8.3.2.4 Historic
Several historic aboriginal contact sites occur in northwest Louisiana.
These sites are found along the Sabine River and Red River. Other historic
sites include early French and Spanish trading posts, early American land
grants, plantations, steamboat landings, and inland and river communities.
Many of the early American sites occur along the Red River, since this was a
8-18
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major route of travel. Sites from the Civil War exist since both the
Confederate and Union armies and navies were active along the Red River.
There are also railroad routes, early roadways, and lumbering camps. All
sites in Louisiana that are included in or eligible for inclusion to the
National Register of Historic Places are listed in Table 8-3.
8-19
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9.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY
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CHAPTER 1.0
COAL RESOURCES
Akers, D.J., B.G. McMillan, and J.W. Leonard. 1978. Coal minerals bibli-
ography, final report, June 1977-July 1978. Coal Research Bureau, West
Virginia University, Morgantown WV, 230 p.
Beckers, Thomas F., and Robert E.C. Weaver. 1978. Coal use in Louisiana
- a second reconstruction. Prepared for Louisiana Department of Natural
Resources, Baton Rouge LA, 145 p.
Bennison, Alan P. 1975. Geological highway map of the southeastern region.
Published by the American Association of Petroleum Engineers, 1 sheet.
Campbell, Michael D. (Editor). 1977. Geology of alternate energy resources
in the south-central US. Houston Geological Society, Houston TX, 364 p.
Coats, E.J., C.G. Groat, and G.F. Hart. 1980. Subsurface Wilcox lignite in
west-central Louisiana. Transactions of the 30th Meeting Gulf Coast
Association of Geological Societies, Lafayette LA, variously paged.
Louisiana Department of Natural Resources and Louisiana Geological Survey.
1979. Publications of the Louisiana Geological Survey. Baton Rouge
LA, 25 p.
Meagher, D. Pope, and L.C. Aycock. 1942. Louisiana lignite pamphlet No. 3.
Louisiana Geological Survey, Baton Rouge LA, variously paged.
Roland, Harry L., George M. Jenkins, and David E. Pope. 1976. Mineral
resources of Louisiana, lignite - evaluation of near surface deposits
in northwest Louisiana. Department of Conservation and Louisiana
Geological Survey, Baton Rouge LA, 39 p. plus 1 map.
Roland, Harry L. 1981. Analyses of lignite from two Louisiana Parishes.
Unpublished preliminary data, Louisiana Geological Survey, Baton Rouge
LA, variously paged.
US Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines. 1971. Strippable reserves
of bituminous coal and lignite in the United States. Information
Circular 8531, 148 p.
9-1
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I
CHAPTER 2.0
EXISTING AND PLANNED COAL DEVELOPMENT
Meagher and Aycock. 1942. Louisiana lignite geological pamphlet No. 3.
Department of Conservation, Louisiana Geological Survey, Baton Rouge
LA, 56 p.
Moffat, Joseph F., William C. Rense, and Corbett F. Gaulden, Jr. 1978.
Transportation of coal and lignite in Louisiana. Louisiana Department
of Natural Resources, Baton Rouge LA, 95 p.
NUS Corporation. 1981. Commercial coal power plants. Edition 3. Rockville
MD, 56 p.
Shanks, Kenneth V. 1979. Inventory of power plants in the United States.
US Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Washington
DC, variously paged.
USEPA. 1978. Environmental review of synthetic fuels. Research Triangle
Park, NC. Volume 1, No. 2. 15 p.
USEPA. Office of Environmental Engineering and Technology. 1980. Environmental
review of synthetic fuels. Research Triangle Park NC. Vol. 1, No. 2. 15 p.
WAPORA, Inc. 1979a. Environmental impact assessment guidelines for new source
fossil-fueled steam electric generating stations. Chevy Chase MD, 144 p.
WAPORA, Inc. 1979b. Environmental impact assessment guidelines for new
source surface coal mines. Chevy Chase MD, 155 p.
WAPORA, Inc. 1979c. Environmental impact assessment guidelines for new source
coal gasification facilities. Chevy Chase MD, 98 p.
9-2
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CHAPTER 3.0
EARTH RESOURCES
International Oil Scouts Assocation. 1978a. International oil and gas develop-
ment. Volume 47, part II, production, review of 1976, US, Canada, and
foreign. International Oil Scouts Association, Austin TX, variously paged.
International Oil Scouts Association. 1978b. International oil and gas
development. Volume 48, part I, exploration, review of 1977. International
Oil Scouts Association, Austin TX, variously paged.
Jones, Owen W., and Leo W. Hough. 1976. The mineral industry of Louisiana.
Bureau of Mines, US Department of the Interior and the Louisiana Geological
Survey, Baton Rouge LA, 17 p.
Loomis, Frederic B. 1937. Physiography of the United States. Doubleday, Doran
and Company, Inc., Garden City NY, 350 p.
Lytle, S.A., and M.B. Sturgis. 1962. General soil areas and associated soil
series groups of Louisiana. Louisiana State University, 1 sheet.
Rollow, J.R. 1960. Groundwater in Louisiana.' Water Resources Bulletin No. 1.
Department of Conservation, Louisiana Geological Survey and Louisiana
Department of Public Works, Baton Rouge LA, 84 p.
Soil Conservation Service. 1970. General soil maps for Caldwell, Caliborne,
East Carroll, La Salle, Sabine and Winn Parishes. US Department of Agri-
culture, Washington DC, 1 sheet for each parish.
Soil Conservation Service. 1971. General soil maps for Bienville, Bossier,
Caddo, De Soto, Jackson, Lincoln, Natchitoches, Ouachita, Richland, Union,
and Webster Parishes. US Department of Agriculture, Washington DC, 1 sheet
for each parish.
Soil Conservation Service. 1972. General soil maps for Franklin, Grant and
Morehouse Parishes. US Department of Agriculture, Washington DC, 1 sheet
for each parish.
Soil Conservation Service. 1974. Soil survey of Ouachita Parish, Louisiana.
US Department of Agriculture, Washington DC, 80 p.
Soil Conservation Service. 1976. General soil maps for Madison, Red River
and West Carroll Parishes. US Department of Agriculture, Washington DC,
1 sheet for each parish.
Soil Conservation Service. 1977. Soil survey of West Carroll Parish, Louisiana.
US Department of Agriculture, Washington DC, 75 p.
Soil Conservation Service. 1980. Soil survey of Red River Parish, Louisiana.
US Department of Agriculture, Washington DC, 67 p.
9-3
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US Geological Survey. 1969. Classes of land-surface form. National atlas.
Sheet Number 62. US Department of the Interior, Washington DC, 1 sheet.
US Geological Survey. 1970. The national atlas of the United States of
America. US Department of the Interior, Washington DC, 417 p.
9-4
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I
CHAPTER 4.0
SOCIOECONOMICS
American Waterways Operators, Inc. 1973. Commercially navigable waterways of
the United States. Washington DC, 1 sheet.
Boren, Edwin. 1981. Phone, Edwin Boren, US Army Corps of Engineers, 1 May 1981.
Department of Health and Human Resources. (In press). 1979 vital statistics of
Louisiana. Office of Health Services and Environmental Quality, Public
Health Statistics. New Orleans LA, variously paged.
Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development. 1980. Mileage maintained
as of 30 June 1980. Office of Highways, Maintenance and Construction Section,
2 p.
Louisiana Department of Labor. 1977. Employment and wages, 1976. Louisiana
Department of Labor. ^Research and Statistics Division. Baton Rouge LA,
variously paged.
Louisiana Department of Labor. 1980a. Louisiana manpower information for
affirmative action programs, May 1977. Louisiana Department of Labor,
Baton Rouge LA, 83 p.
Louisiana Department of Labor. 1980b. Louisiana state labor market information,
December 1980. Louisiana Department of Labor, Baton Rouge LA, 4 p.
Louisiana Department of Labor. 1980c. Employment and wages. 1979. Louisiana
Department of Labor. Research and statistics division, Baton Rouge LA,
variously paged.
Planning and Research Associates, Inc. 1979. Louisiana State rail plan.
Financial assistance provided by the US Department of Transportation and
Federal Railroad Administration. Baton Rouge LA, variously paged.
Sales and Marketing Management. 1980. Survey of buying power. Part 1. New
York NY, variously paged.
US Department of Commerce. 1973. 1970 census of population, characteristics
of the population - Louisiana. Volume 1, part 20. Bureau of the Census,
Washington DC, variously paged.
US Department of Commerce. 1978a. County and city data book, 1977. Bureau of
Census, Washington DC, 956 p.
US Department of Commerce. 1978b. Compendium of government finances, Volume 4,
• No. 5. In 1977 Census of Governments. Bureau of Census, Washington DC, ^
variously paged.
US Department of Commerce. 1980a. Survey of current business, Volume 60, No. 4.
April 1980. Bureau of Economic Analysis, Washington DC, variously paged.
US Department of Commerce. 1980b. County business patterns, 1977. Bureau of
Census, Washington DC, variously paged.
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i
US Department of Commerce. 1981a. 1980 census of population and housing,
preliminary reports - Louisiana - preliminary population and housing
unit counts. Bureau of Census, Washington DC, 11 p.
US Department of Commerce. 1981b. 1980 census of population and housing,
advance reports - Louisiana - final population and housing unit counts.
Bureau of Census, Washington DC, 19 p.
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United States. Volume I - natality. Office of Health Research, Statistics
and Technology; National Center for Health Statistics, Hyattsville MD,
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United States. Volume I - natality. Office of Health Research, Statistics >
and Technology; National Center for Health Statistics, Hyattsville MD,
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United States. Volume I - natality. Office of Health Research, Statistics
and Technology; National Center for Health Statistics, Hyattsville MD,
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and Technology; National Center for Health Statistics, Hyattsville MD,
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and Technology; National Center for Health Statistics, Hyattsville MD,
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and Technology; National Center for Health Statistics, Hyattsville MD,
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US Department of Health, Education and Welfare. 1970. Vital statistics of the
United States. Volume II - mortality part B. Office of Health Research,
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ville MD, variously paged
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Statistics and Technology; National Center for Health Statistics, Hyatts-
ville MD, variously paged.
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Statistics and Technology; National Center for Health Statistics, Hyatts-
ville MD, variously paged.
>
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United States. Volume II - mortality part B. Office of Health Research,
Statistics and Technology; National Center for Health Statistics, Hyatts-
ville MD, variously paged.
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United States. Volume II - mortality part B. Office of Health Research,
Statistics and Technology; National Center for Health Statistics, Hyatts-
ville MD, variously paged.
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United States. Volume II - mortality part B. Office of Health Research,
Statistics and Technology; National Center for Health Statistics, Hyatts-
ville MD, variously paged.
US Department of Health, Education and Welfare. 1976. Vital statistics of the
United States. Volume II - mortality part B. Office of Health Research,
Statistics and Technology; National Center for Health Statistics; Hyatts-
ville MD, variously paged.
US Department of Health, Education and Welfare. 1977. Vital statistics of the
United States. Volume II - mortality part B. Office of Health Research,
Statistics and Technology; National Center for Health Statistics; Hyatts-
ville MD, variously paged.
US Department of Health, Education and Welfare. 1978. Vital statistics of the
United States. Volume II - mortality part B. Office of Health Research,
Statistics and Technology; National Center for Health Statistics, Hyatts-
ville MD, variously paged.
US Department of the Interior. 1968. State of Louisiana. Geological Survey,
Denver CO, 1 sheet.
US Department of Labor. 1980. Area trends in employment and unemployment,
January - June 1980. Employment and Training Administration, Washington
DC, 62 p.
\
9-7
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CHAPTER 5.0
SURFACE WATER
American Petroleum Institute. 1980. Guide to water quality standards of the
US. Washington DC, variously paged.
Linsley, R.K. , and J.B. Franzini. 1972. Water resources engineering. McGraw-
Hill Series in Water Resources and Environmental Engineering. McGraw-
Hill, New York NY, 690 p.
Louisiana Stream Control Commission. 1977. State of Louisiana, water quality
criteria. 49 p.
USEPA. 1978. National water quality inventory, 1977. Report to Congress.
EPA-440/4-78-001. Washington DC, pp B-138.
US Geological Service. 1979. Water resources data for Louisiana. Volume 1.
Central and northern Louisiana. Baton Rouge LA, 426 p.
US Geological Service. 1981. WATer data STOrage and REtrieval. Dallas TX,
variously paged.
URS Company. 1980a. Ouachita River Basin - water quality management plan.
Phase II, Appendix G, Volume I and II. Metairie LA, variously paged.
URS Company. 1980b. Red River Basin - water quality management plan. Phase
II, Appendix I, Volume I and II. Metairie LA, variously paged.
URS Company. 1980c. Sabine River Basin - water quality management plan,
Phase II, Appendix J. Metairie LA, variously paged.
GROUNDWATER
Morgan, C.O. 1961. Groundwanter conditions in the Baton Rouge area. Baton
Rouge LA, 78 p.
Rollo, J.R. 1960. Groundwater in Louisiana. Water Resources Bulletin No. 1.
Baton Rouge LA, 84 p.
Terry, J.E., R.L. Hosman, and C.T. Bryant. 1979. Summary appraisals of the
Nation's groundwater resources - Lower Mississippi Region. Washington
DC, pp. N-41.
9-8
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CHAPTER 6.0
LAND USE
Daigre, Glen. 1981. Phone, Glen Daigre, State Planning Office, 5 May 1981.
Green, Harold. 1981. Phone, Harold Green, US Army Corps of Engineers,
Environmental Planning, 24 April 1981.
Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development. No date. Louisiana
1979-80, official highway map. Office of Highways, Baton Rouge LA, 1
sheet.
Louisiana State Parks and Recreation Commission. No date. Welcome to
Louisiana's State parks. Baton Rouge LA, 1 sheet.
Louisiana State Planning Office in cooperation with the Soil Conservation
Service. 1978. Computer printout of acreages contained in soil associa-
tion maps of Louisiana. Baton Rouge LA, variously paged.
Louisiana State Planning Office. 1975. Land use and data analysis (LUDA)
program, US Geological Survey. Baton Rouge LA, variously paged.
McAlvin, Carl. 1981. Phone, Carl McAlvin, US Fish and Wildlife Service,
6 May 1981.
Ramer, Ida. 1981. Phone, Ida Ramer, Department of Culture Recreation and
Tourism, 5 May 1981.
Switzer, Harry. 1981. Phone, Harry Switzer, US Department of Agriculture,
US Forest Service, 10 February 1981.
Department of Commerce. 1977. 1974 census of agriculture - Louisiana
State and county data. Volume 1, Part 18. Bureau of the Census,
Washington DC, variously paged.
Department of Commerce. 1980. 1978 census of agriculture, preliminary
reports for various parishes in Louisiana. Louisiana Bureau of Census,
Washington DC, variously paged.
Department of the Interior. 1968. State of Louisiana. Geological Survey,
Denver CO, 1 sheet.
Department of the Interior. 1971. Indian land areas - general Bureau of
Indian Affairs, Washington DC, 1 sheet.
Department of the Interior. 1979. Annual report of Indian lands. Bureau
of Indian Affairs, Office of Trust Responsibilities, Washington DC, 65 p.
Department of the Interior. 1980a. National registry of natural landmarks.
Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service, Washington DC, (1 December
1980), 455 FR 232:79698-79722.
US
US
US
US
US
US
9-9
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US Department of the Interior. 1980b. Payments in lieu of taxes, fiscal
year 1980. Bureau of Land Management, Division of Finance, Washington
DC, variously paged.
US Department of the Interior. No date. A vistor guide to ... the national
wildlife refuges. US Fish and Wildife Service, Washington DC, 1 sheet.
BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES
Bellrose, F.C. 1976. Ducks, geese and swans of North America. Wildlife
Management Institute and Illinois Natural History Survey. Stackpole
Books, Harrisburg PA, 543 p.
Bull, J., and J. Farrand, Jr. 1977. The Audubon Society field guide to
North American birds. Alfred A. Knopf, New York NY, variously paged.
Burt, W.H., and R.P. Grossenheider. 1976. A field guide to the mammals.
Third Edition. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston MA, 289 p.
Conant, R. 1975. A field guide to reptiles and amphibians of eastern and
central North America. Second Edition. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston
MA, 429 p.
Hall, E.R., and K.R. Kelson. 1959. The mammals of North America. 2 Volumes.
Ronald Press, New York NY, 1083 p.
Lee, D.S. et al. 1980. Atlas of North American freshwater fishes. North
Carolina State Museum of Natural History, Raleigh NC, 854 p.
Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries. 1980. Louisiana hunting,
fishing, trapping and motorboat regulations 1980-1981. Louisiana
Department of Wildlife and Fisheries, New Orleans LA, 23 p.
US Fish and Wildlife Service. 1979. Endangered and threatened species of
the southeastern US. USFWS Region 4, Atlanta GA, variously paged.
US Fish and Wildlife Service. 1980. Selected vertebrate endangered species
of the seacoast of the US. USFWS, Slidell LA, variously paged.
9-10
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CHAPTER 7.0
AIR RESOURCES AND NOISE
Baldwin, John L. 1973. Climates of the United States. US Department of
Commerce, Washington DC, 113 p.
Budiansky, Stephen. 1981. Visibility clarified. Environmental Science and
Technology 15(2):135-137.
Glass, Norman R. 1979. Environmental effects of increased coal utilization:
ecological effects of gaseous emissions from coal combustion. Environ-
mental Health Perspectives 33:249-272.
Holzworth, George C. 1972. Mixing heights wind speeds, and potential for
urban air pollution throughout the contiguous United States. US
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park NC, 118 p.
Louisiana Department of Natural Resources. 1979a. Ambient air quality data
annual report 1979. Office of Environmental Affairs, Baton Rouge LA,
42 p.
Louisiana Department of Natural Resources. 1979b. Louisiana State imple-
mentation plan revisions. Baton Rouge LA, 105 p.
National Park Service. 1981. Identification of integral vista's associated
with Federal Class I areas; guideline availability and preliminary list.
FR 46(10):3646-3657.
National Research Council, National Academy of Sciences. 1977. Noise abate-
ment policy alternatives for transportation. Washington DC, variously
paged.
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summary with comparative data. US Department of Commerce, Asheville NC,
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Rusek, S.J. 1978. Source assessment: open mining of coal, state of the art.
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and operations, building equipment, and home appliances. Washington DC,
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US Environmental Protection Agency. 1976. Aeros manual series volume III:
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US Environmental Protection Agency. 1977a. Approval and promulgation of
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9-11
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US Environmental Protection Agency. 1977b. Potential siting problems for
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175. Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory, Research Triangle
Park NC, 272 p.
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EPA-600/8-79-028. Office of Research and Development, Washington DC, 23 p.
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Office of Research and Development, Washington DC, 26 p.
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emissions of radionuclides into air in the US. EPA 520/7-79-006. Office
of Radiation Programs, Washington DC, variously paged.
US Environmental Protection Agency. 1980c. Requirements for preparation,
adoption, and submittal of SIPs; approval and promulgation of State
Implementation Plans. 40 CFR Parts 51 and 52; FR 45(94):31307-31312.
US Environmental Protection Agency. 1980d. Requirements for preparation,
adoption, and submittal of implementation plans; approval and promulga-
tion of implementation plans. 40 CFR Parts 51, 52, and 124; FR 45(154):
52676-5269,2.
US Environmental Protection Agency. 1980e. Visibility protection for Federal
Class I areas. 40 CFR Part 51; FR 45(233):80084-80095.
US Environmental Protection Agency. 1981a. National aerometric data bank/
quick-look report. Computer printout, January 1981, 123 p.
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Computer printout, January 1981, variously-^paged.
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US Geological Survey. 1976. Final environmental statement, proposed 20-year
plan of mining, and reclamation, Westmoreland Resources Tract III, Crow
Indian ceded area, Montana. Variously paged.
WAPORA, Inc. 1979a. Environmental impact assessment guidelines for new
source coal gasification facilities. Prepared for US Environmental
Protection Agency. Chevy Chase MD, 98 p.
WAPORA, Inc. 1979b. Environmental impact assessment guidelines for new
source fossil-fueled steam electric generating stations. Prepared for
US Environmental Protection Agency. Chevy Chase MD, 144 p.
WAPORA, Inc. 1979c. Environmental impact assessment guidelines for new
source surface coal mines. Prepared for US Environmental Protection
Agency. Chevy Chase MD, 155 p.
9-13
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CHAPTER 8.0
CULTURAL RESOURCES
Broyles, Bettye J., and Clarence H. Webb (Editors). 1970. The Poverty Point
Cultures. Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin No. 12,
variously paged.
Division of Archaeology and Historic Preservation. 1981. Annotated biblio-
graphy of cultural resources survey reports on file at the Division of
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of Culture, Recreation and Tourism, variously paged.
Ford, James A., and George I. Quimby. 1945. The Tchefuncte Culture, an
early occupation of the Lower Mississippi Valley. Memoirs of the
Society for American Archeology, No. 2, Salt Lake City UT, variously
paged.
Ford, James A., and Clarence H. Webb. 1956. Poverty Point. A Late Archaic
Site in Louisiana. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of
Natural History, Volume 46, Part 1. New York, variously paged.
Ford, James A., and Gordon R. Willey. 1940. Crooks Site. A Marksville
Period burial mound in LaSalle Parish, Louisiana. Anthropological Study
No. 3. Louisiana Geological Survey, Baton Rouge LA, variously paged.
Fulton, Robert L., and Clarence H. Webb. 1953. The Bellevue Mound: a Pre-
Caddoan site, Bossier Parish, Louisiana. Bulletin of the Texas Archeo-
logical Society, Volume 24, Austin TX, pp 18-42.
Gagliano, Sherwood,H., and Hiram F. Gregory, Jr. 1966. A preliminary survey
of Paleo-Indian points from Louisiana. Louisiana Studies 4(l):62-77.
Gibson, Jon L. 1969. Archaeological survey at Caddo Lake, Louisiana and
Texas. Contributions in Anthropology No. 6, Southern Methodist Univer-
sity, Dallas TX, variously paged.
Gibson, Jon L. 1974. Poverty Point; the first North American chiefdom.
Archaeology 27(2):96-105.
Griffin, James B. 1952. Prehistoric cultures of the Central Mississippi
Valley. In James B. Griffin (Editor). Archeology of Eastern United
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Haag, William G. 1961. The Archaic of the Lower Mississippi. American
Antiquity 26(3) :317-323.
Haag, William G. 1971. Louisiana in North American Prehistory. Melanges
No. 1, variously paged.
Haag, William G. 1978. A prehistory of the Lower Mississippi River Valley.
Geoscience and Man 19:1-8.
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Jennings, Jesse D. 1952. Prehistory of the Lower Mississippi Valley. In
James B. Griffin (Editor). Archeology of Eastern United States. The
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Jensen, Harold P., Jr. 1968. Coral Snake Mound (X16SA48). Bulletin of
the Texas Archeological Society 39:9-44.
McClurkan, Burney B., William T. Field, and J. Ned Woodall. 1966. Excava-
tions in Toledo Bend Reservoir, 1964-1965. Papers of the Texas
Archeological Salvage Project, No. 8, variously paged.
New World Research, Inc. 1981. A cultural resources survey of pre-selected
portions of the Upper Ouachita National Wildlife Refuge, Union and
Morehouse Parishes, Louisiana. Draft Report prepared for US Fish and
Wildlife Service. Contract Administered by Interagency Archeological
Services, Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service, variously paged.
Neuman, Robert W. 1970. Part I - Louisiana. In H.A. Davis (Editor).
Archeological and historical resources of the Red River Basin. Arkansas
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Neuman, Robert W. 1974. Historic locations of certain Caddoan tribes.
D.A. Horr (Compiler and Editor). 1974. Caddoan Indians I. Garland
Publishing Inc., New York NY, pp. 9-147.
Orr, Kenneth G. 1952. Survey of Caddoan Area Archeology. In James B.
Griffin (Editor). Archeology of Eastern United States. The University
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