HYDROCARBON EMISSIONS FROM HOUSEHOLDS IN NEW YORK AND NEW JERSEY Presented at the 1977 Environmental Protection Agency- Emissions Inventory/Factor Workshop Raleigh, North Carolina - September 13-15, 1977 By Edward Z. Finfer, P. E. Senior Plan Advisor U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region Ii Impact Assessment Section, Air Branch 26 Federal Plaza New York, New York 10007 ------- Abstract: An attempt was made to quantify the various gaseous hydro- carbon emissions from household sources in the States of New York and New Jersey. The summaries show that household hydrocarbon emissions may be as high as those from industrial sources. These hydrocarbon emissions may also have toxic effects, affecting per- sons in the household as well as those outdoors. Many sources have been covered. These are: aerosol propelL lants (fluorocarbons), fluorocarbon refrigerants, organic com- pounds and trade name solvents, household (trade)' paints and thin- ners, household and restaurant cooking, domestic fuel combustion, and cigarette smoking. The hydrocarbon emissions from household products are, for the most part, directly related to the amounts of products used. Product use data for New York and New Jersey was derived from retail sales data. Emissions are on a tons per year (TPY) basis and are outlined as follows: Fluorocarbon aerosol emissions are about 20,000, TPY for New York, and about 8, 000 TPY for New Jersey. . Trade name solvents emissions are about 32, 000 TPY for New York and about 13,000 TPY for New Jersey. Total estimated emissions are 120,000 TPY for New York and 50, 000 TPY for New Jersey. Other organic compounds emitted in relative large quantities are propane, iso-butane, methylene chloride, ethanol, acetone, 1 ------- I, 1, 1 - trichloroethane, isopropyl alcohol and paradichlorobenzene. Introduction: The purpose of this study by the U.S. Environmenta 1 Protection Agency (EPA) is to estimate the amounts of gaseous hydrocarbons released from household sources in New York and New Jersey, These area sources might be compared with industrial and mobile sources as to tonnages and toxicity. This study was done in con- junction with another hydrocarbon emissions study! I define household sources as items used or consumed in the household. Hydrocarbon emissions from fuel combustion and res- taurant sources have also been included, however. Hydrocarbon emissions are from evaporative, propellant gas, a-nd thermal decomposition sources. These emissions might have toxic effects as w^Ll a.s possibly being reactive with atmospheric ozone. Thermal decomposition sources are those involving heating or combustion, while evaporative sources are those where there is vaporization of a hydrocarbon, i. e. , paint thinner. Propellant gases are from aerosol items. Relatively high axe emissions from aerosol items. These in- clude shave creams, hair sprays, insecticides, etc. Emissions from the many "regular" packaged products; lotions, medicinala adhesives, floor polishes, etc. , are in this same category. Evap- oratives from household (trade) paints and thinners, and fluoro- 2 ------- carbons from refrigerator units as well as hydrocarbons from fuel combustion and household cooking are also emitted in large tonnages. What follows are the derived factors for estimating the hydro- carbon emissions. Data for household product hydrocarbons was obtained for the U. S. A. en toto, for 1976, or for a recent year. The amounts of household hydrocarbons used in New York and New Jersey were estimated from the State's percent retail sales in vari- ous sales categories?" the State's percent population, and other data. Emissions data was derived from the product use data and is on a tons per year (TPY) basis. Percentages of National Emissions from Evaporative and Propel- lant Sources For aerosol propellants, trade name hydrocarbon solvents, and specific organic compounds, except for the organics in trade paints and thinners, the following percentages of national emissions are ascribed to New York and New Jersey: New York - 7. 6% New Jersey - 3. 0% The above percentages are baaed on the States' 1972 percent of nationwide sales^ for drug stores, proprietary stores, and hard- ware stores. It was assumed that a significant percent of these items are sold at these sales outlets, Except for fluorocarbons which are difficult to incinerate, emissions for New York State were reduced by 2% due to incineration of discarded containers. 3 ------- Hydrocarbons remaining in unincinerated containers are assumed, in time, to be released to the ambient. Annual emissions, vary- somewhat due to changes in item consumption and later date release of unused material. For fluorocarbon emissions from refrigerator, units, the follow- ing percentages of nationwide emissions are derived: New York - 9. 8% New Jersey - 4. 6% The percentages are based on the States' 1972 percent of nation-- wide sales^ for household appliance stores. The above percentages should not change significantly from 1972 to 1976. For trade paints and thinners, the following percentages of national emissions were calculated: New York - 6. 4% New Jersey - 2. 6% These percentages are based on population and the percent of 3 national trade paint sales for New York, New Jersey and Pennsyl- vania (13.2%), New York State emissions were reduced by 2% due to incineration of discards. Emissions Derivation, Thermal Decomposition Sources Emissions from restaurant and household cooking are based on emissions per unit source and the number of restaurants and house- 4 holds in New York and New Jersey. 4 ------- Emissions data were obtained from the South. Coast Air Qual- ity Management District [Cal. ), and the Kansas City (Mo.) Air Pol- lution Control Office. Emissions from cigarette smoking are in this category and are in relatively small tonnages. They may be signifi- cant with regard to indoor inhalation of toxic substances. Hydrocarbon emissions from domestic fuels combustion are in- cluded because of the large amounts of fuels used and poor combus- tion efficiencies. Definitive hydrocarbon compounds, both saturat- ed and unsaturated, are not specified but are believed to be mainly in the C^-C^ range. Emissions data are based on the EPA reports; "Field Emissions from Combustion Equipment for Space Heating"? and "Particulate Emissions from Apartment House Boilers and In- cinerators"^ The amounts of fuels used are based on the Mineral Industries Surveys, U.S. Department of Interior, 1975 and the per- cent of these fuels used for domestic sources is based on a survey made by the City of New York. Anthracite coal combustion is based on U. S. and New York State consumption data. All kerosine used for fuel in New York and New Jersey is assumed to be for domestic use. National Production, Consumption and Emissions Emissions for New York a.nd New Jersey in Table I are in tons per year (TPY), along with latest year the data was available. The sources are calssified as follows: 5 ------- J - Aerosol Propellants; Hydrocarbon, Fluorocarbon and Methy- lene Chloride, and Fluo rocarbon Befrigerants. 2 - Organic Compounds. 3 - Trade Name Hydrocarbon Solvents* 4 - Trade Paint and Thinner Volatiles. 5 - Cooking, Restaurant and Household, and Cigarette Smoking. 6 - Fuel Combustion. (1) Aerosols: {a) Hydrocarbon. Pxopellants: Applicable hydrocarbon production of propellants for 1976 was 40 x 10^ gal. Three hydrocarbons are used, and in the fol- lowing percentages; Propane 30% Isobutane 63% n-Butane 7% Usage and emissions are increasing at about 19% per year. (b) Fluorocarbons: Nationwide fluorocarbon® production in 1976 was 910 x 10^ lbs./yr. Fifty-eight percent (58%) was for aerosol use and forty-two percent (42%) was for refrigerant use. Q Aerosol7 production is as follows: Fluorocarbon 11 - 244 x 10^ lbs./yr,, Emissions are 10C% of production. i.e., Mineral Spirits. ------- Fluorocarbon 12 - 265 x 10^ lbs./yr. , Emissions are 100% of production. Fluorocarbon 114 - 21 x 10^ lbs./yr. , Emissions are 100% of production. g Refrigerant production is as follows: Fluorocarbon 11 - 15 x 10^ lbs. /yr. , Emissions are 45% of pro- duction. Fluorocarbon 12 - 226 x 10^ lbs. /yr. , Emissions are 51% of production. Fluorocarbon 22 - 137 x 10^ lbs. /yr. , Emissions are 51% of production. Fluorocarbon 114 - 2 x 10^ lbs. /yr. , Emissions are 51% of pro- duction. Refrigerant fluorocarbon emissions are based on 1976 produc- tion and 1972 production and emissions*® The trend in fluorocarbon aerosol emissions is an estimated de- crease o£ 1. 8% per year, and the trend in fluorocarbon refrigerant emissions is an estimated increase of 11. 3% per year. (c) Methylene Chloride: The use of methylene chloride as an aerosol propellant was estimated to be 62 x 10^ lbs. /yr. (1976). Data from the Dow Chemical Co. was averaged with Faith, Keyes and Clark^ data. (2) Organic Compounds Noted below are the organic compounds used in large quantities in pharmaceuticals, toiletries, insecticides, floor cleaners, etc. 7 ------- National production data for these compounds, and. the percentage used for household items are based on Faith, Keyes and Clarks , Industrial Chemicals!* Emissions are listed in Table L Except for the two percent incineration "loss" for New York State, emissions are assumed to be equal to the amounts used. (a) Naphthalene: Production in 1973 was 250 x 10^ lbs. /yr. Emissions are based on the 2% of production used for mothproofing. (b) Paradichlorobenzene: Production in 1973 was 75 x 10^ lbs. /yr. Emissions are based on. the 50% of production used as a space odorant and the 40% of production used for moth control. (c) Isopropanol Production in 1974 was 1.9 x 10 ^ lbs. /yr. Emissions are based on the 5% of production used in drugs, cosmetics, toiletries, etc. (d) Acetone: Q Production in 1973 was 2 x 10 lbs. /yr. Emissions are based on the 6% used in pharmaceuticals. Acetone is used in household products including trade paints. 1. 1» 1 - Trichlorethane Production in 1974 was 590 x 10^ lbs. /yr. Emissions are based on the 15% used as an aerosol propellant, adhesive ------- solvent, dry cleaner, etc. (f) Ethanol: g Production in 1974 was 1. 74 x 10 lbs, /yr. Emissions are based on the 20% of production used in cosmetics and toilet- ries. (3) Trade Name Hydrocarbon Solvents: Many trade name hydrocarbon solvents are used in household cleaner type items; i.e. floor polishes, furniture polishes and rug and upholstry cleaners. These solvents are known as naphthas, Stoddard Solvent, petroleum distillates, etc. They are mixtures of alkanes, olefins, naphthenes and aromatics. Trade paints and thin- ners also contain these solvents. 12 The Shell Chemical Co: has developed overall numbers of 1975 consumption of these solvents; 40 x 10^ gal. / yr. Consumption is increasing at about 4% per year. The total amount of trade name solvents used would include trade name solvents used in trade paints and thinners. These are discussed below. (4) Trade Paint and Thinner Volatiles: National Paint and Coatings Association (NPCA) data for hydro- carbon solvents used nationwide in 1975 in household and traffic paints^ was 609 x 10^ lbs. /yr. Percent solvent composition was ^Traffic paint is about 6% of the total. 9 ------- also supplied by the NPCA, and emissions of most of these solvents are listed in Table I. Referring to Table I, please note that acetone, isopropyl alco- hol and ethyl alcohol used in trade paints are added to the amounts listed under "Organic Compounds.'1. Trade name solvents are also summed. (a) Thinner Volatiies: From data supplied by the NPCA it was estimated that 370 x 10^ lbs. of solvent thinners were used in the U. S. A. in 1975. Most of the thinners are a mineral spirits type solvents, and emissions are based on.80% of the above being mineral spirits. (5) Cooking, Restaurant and Household; and Cigarette Smoking: It was estimated that 0.0033 lbs. of hydrocarbons are emitted per hour of cooking. About 40% of these emissions are aldehydes. Cooking means bailing, frying, baking, etc. The 0.0033 lbs. /hr. emission factor is a geometric mean pi two values. It is assumed that cooking is done in households for one com- posite hour per day, 300 days/year, and restajurants operate an average of five hours/day, 300 days/year. The number of restaurants in New York and New Jersey in 1973 was obtained from data in the Statistical Abstract of the U. S. A. (1975): Restaurants, New York - 24,400 Restaurants, New Jersey - 8,570 10 ------- The number of households in 1973 was also denoted in the Statis- tical Abstract of the U. S. A. (1975): New York - 6, 198, 000 New Jersey - 2, 375, 000 The numbers of restaurants and households are assumed to be nearly the same for 1976 and emissions are calculated on that basis. Gaseous hydrocarbon emissions from cigarette smoking are listed in Table I. Particulate hydrocarbons are also released dur- ing smoking. These have not been tabulated since these are solids and they would tend to settle or adhere to indoor surfaces. Such particulates are "tar", nicotine, cresols, phenol, pyridine and hy- droquinone^ The gaseous hydrocarbons released in significant amounts are acetaldehyde, acetone, and hydrogen cyanide. The acetone from cigarettes is totaled with, the acetone under "Organic Compounds". (6) Fuel Combustion: Gaseous hydrocarbon emissions from domestic fuels combus- tion are also listed in Table I. Listings are made for each of the major fuels used; natural gas, distillate and residual oils, anthra- cite coal and kerosene. For fuel oil and kerosene the hydrocarbon emission factor was set at 5 lbs. /1, 000 gal. , which is close to the boiler "as is" factor of 5.7 lbs. /I, 000 gal. given in aforementioned EPA report, R2-73-0 84a? In addition, from calculations based on the aforemen- 11 ------- tioned report on particulate emissions from apartment house burn- ers^ a higher emission factor is indicatedthat the 1 lb. /I, 000 gal. factor denoted in the EPA report, AP-42^ For natural gas and anthracite coal the emission factors were from EPA report AP-42. Conclusions: The 120, 000 ton per year (TPY) hydrocarbon emission for New York and the 50, 000 TPY hydrocarbon emission for New Jersey appear to be a significant fraction of total hydrocarbon emissions. For example, hydrocarbon emissions from industrial sources in New York City and Nassau, Suffolk, Westchester and Rockland Counties, for 1975 were calculated to be 89, 000 TPY^ The emissions data in this report may be of use in a toxic sub- stances study. 12 ------- TABLE I EMISSIONS HOUSEHOLD SOURCES TONS PEE YEAR (TPY) ^ Aerosol Propellants and Fluoro- New New carbon Refrigerants Jersey York Year Hydrocarbon Propellants Propane 880 2, 190 1976 n-Butane 210 520 1976 is o-Butane 1,890 4, 690 1976 Total 2,980 7, 400 Fluorocarbons Fluorocarbon 11 Aerosol 3,660 9i 270 1976 Refrigerant 160 330 1976 Total 3,820 9,600 Fluorocarbon 12 Aerosol 3,980 10,100 1976 Refrigerant 2, 650 5, 650 1976 Total 6, 630 15, 750 Fluorocarbon 22 Refrigerant (Total) 1. 610 3, 420 1976 1-One, two and three significant figures. 13 ------- TABLE I (continued). New Fluorocarbons (continued) Fluorocarbon 114 New Jersey York Year Aerosol 320 800 1976 Refrigerant 12 20 1976 Total 332 820 Total Fluorocarbons 12, 400 29,600 Methylene Chloride (Aerosol) 930 2, 310 1975 Organic Compounds Napthalene 75 190 1973 Paradichlo robenzene 1, 010 2, 510 1973 Isopropyl Alcohol 1. 480 3, 660 1974 Acetone 1, 880 4, 670 1973 1,1, 1-Trichloroethane^ 1, 330 3, 300 1974 Ethanol 5, 280 13, 100 1974 3 Trade Name Hydrocarbon Solvents 4, 500 1.1, 200 1976 Components, Trade Paint Volatiles A Aliphatic hydrocarbons 4, 760 11, 800 1975 Xylene 590 1, 430 1975 Toluene 285 690 1975 Acetone^ 80 190 1975 Methyl-Ethyl-Ketone 160 3 80 1975 Ethyl Acetate 190 460 1975 2-Also used as an aerosol propellant. 3-Excluding trade paint aliphatic hydrocarbon and trade paint thin- ners. 4-Es sentially trade name solvents. 14 ------- TABLE I (continued) Components, Trade Paint Volatiles New New (continued) Jersey York Year Butyl Acetate 140 345 1975 Ethylene Glycol 430 1, 030 1975 Propylene Glycol 285 690 1975 n-Butyl Alcohol 55 130 1975 Ethyl Alcohol^ 55 130 197 5 Isopropyl Alcohol^ 50 115 1975 Methyl Iso-Butyl Ketone 15 40 1975 Propyl Acetate 65 150 1975 Total Trade Paint Volatiles^ 7, 910 19, 100 Trade Paint Thinners (Min. Spirits) 3, 850 9,290 1975 Total Trade Name Solvents 13, 100 32, 300 Restaurant Cooking Aldehydes Total 7 24 1976est 19 60 1976est Household Cooking Aldehydes Total 710 1, 800 I976est 1,200 3,100 1976est 5-These amounts are added to "Organic Compounds", 6-Includes unlisted organics, 15 ------- TABLE I (Continued) New New Cigarette Smoking Ac et aldehyde Acetone-* Hydrogen Cyanide Total ^ Jersey York Year 6 3 5 23 15 7 12 56 1972 1972 1972 Fuel Combustion Natural Gas 540 1, 360 1975 Distillate Oils (Nos,. 1, 2 and 4) 3, 770 7, 980 1975 Residual Oils (Nos. 5 and 6) 840 3, 970 1975 Anthracite Coal 250 370 1975 Kerosine 125 525 1975 Total Grand Total 5, 530 50>219 19, 200 123,304 16 ------- Bibliography 1. Heckman, L», A Comprehensive Stationary Source Hydrocarbons Emission Inventory for the States of New York and New Jersey, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region II, 1977. 2. 1972 Census of Retail Trade, U.S. Department of Commerce, Social and Economic Statistics Administration, Bureau of Cen- sus; U.S. A. HC72-A-52, 7/75; New York, RC72-A-33, 12/74, and New Jersey RC72-A-31, 12/74. 3. EPA Report 600/4-76-013, Methodology for Inventorying Hydro- carbons, Table 14, p. 52. 4. Statistical Abstract of the U. S. A. , 1975, U. S. Department of Commerce. 5. Barrett, R. E. , et al . , Field Investigation, of Emis sions of Com- bustion Equipment for Space Heating, Battelle Columbus Labora- tories, EPA Report R2-73-084a. 6. Soffian, G., Westlin, R, Particulate Emissions form Apartment House Boilers and Incinerators, 1974, EPA 902/74-256. 7. Brock, G. , Aeropres Corp. , Shreveport, La. , Personal com- munication, ,and article, Brock, G. , "Hydrocarbons Gain in Market Share," Aerosol Age, 7/76, p. 22. 8. "Fluorocarbon Consumption by Application, " Aerosol Age, 10/76, p. 27. 9. EPA Report .560/2-75-003, 9/75, Environmental Hazard Asses- 17 ------- ment of One and Two Carbon Fluorocarbons, Table XII, p. 20. Ditto., Table XV, p. 26, and Table XVIII, p. 42. Lowenheim, F. A. , Moran, M. K. , Fourth Edition of Faith, Keyes, and Clark's Industrial Chemicals, Wiley, 1975. Shell Chemical Co. , Houston, Texas. The Health Consequences of Smoking, A Reference Edition, Selected Chapters from 1971 through 1975 Reports; Department of Health, Education and Welfare, PHS, Center for Disease Control, Altanta, Ga. , 30333. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, EPA, AP-42, Sec. 1. 3-1, April, 1976. New York City Metropolitan Area Air Quality Implementation Plan, New York State Department of Environmental Conserva- tion, Revised May, 1972. 18 ------- |