HYDROCARBON EMISSIONS FROM HOUSEHOLDS IN
NEW YORK AND NEW JERSEY
Presented at the 1977
Environmental Protection Agency-
Emissions Inventory/Factor Workshop
Raleigh, North Carolina - September 13-15, 1977
By
Edward Z. Finfer, P. E.
Senior Plan Advisor
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region Ii
Impact Assessment Section, Air Branch
26 Federal Plaza
New York, New York 10007
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Abstract:
An attempt was made to quantify the various gaseous hydro-
carbon emissions from household sources in the States of New York
and New Jersey. The summaries show that household hydrocarbon
emissions may be as high as those from industrial sources. These
hydrocarbon emissions may also have toxic effects, affecting per-
sons in the household as well as those outdoors.
Many sources have been covered. These are: aerosol propelL
lants (fluorocarbons), fluorocarbon refrigerants, organic com-
pounds and trade name solvents, household (trade)' paints and thin-
ners, household and restaurant cooking, domestic fuel combustion,
and cigarette smoking.
The hydrocarbon emissions from household products are, for
the most part, directly related to the amounts of products used.
Product use data for New York and New Jersey was derived from
retail sales data.
Emissions are on a tons per year (TPY) basis and are outlined
as follows: Fluorocarbon aerosol emissions are about 20,000, TPY
for New York, and about 8, 000 TPY for New Jersey. . Trade name
solvents emissions are about 32, 000 TPY for New York and about
13,000 TPY for New Jersey. Total estimated emissions are
120,000 TPY for New York and 50, 000 TPY for New Jersey.
Other organic compounds emitted in relative large quantities
are propane, iso-butane, methylene chloride, ethanol, acetone,
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I, 1, 1 - trichloroethane, isopropyl alcohol and paradichlorobenzene.
Introduction:
The purpose of this study by the U.S. Environmenta 1 Protection
Agency (EPA) is to estimate the amounts of gaseous hydrocarbons
released from household sources in New York and New Jersey,
These area sources might be compared with industrial and mobile
sources as to tonnages and toxicity. This study was done in con-
junction with another hydrocarbon emissions study!
I define household sources as items used or consumed in the
household. Hydrocarbon emissions from fuel combustion and res-
taurant sources have also been included, however.
Hydrocarbon emissions are from evaporative, propellant gas,
a-nd thermal decomposition sources. These emissions might have
toxic effects as w^Ll a.s possibly being reactive with atmospheric
ozone. Thermal decomposition sources are those involving heating
or combustion, while evaporative sources are those where there is
vaporization of a hydrocarbon, i. e. , paint thinner. Propellant
gases are from aerosol items.
Relatively high axe emissions from aerosol items. These in-
clude shave creams, hair sprays, insecticides, etc. Emissions
from the many "regular" packaged products; lotions, medicinala
adhesives, floor polishes, etc. , are in this same category. Evap-
oratives from household (trade) paints and thinners, and fluoro-
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carbons from refrigerator units as well as hydrocarbons from fuel
combustion and household cooking are also emitted in large tonnages.
What follows are the derived factors for estimating the hydro-
carbon emissions. Data for household product hydrocarbons was
obtained for the U. S. A. en toto, for 1976, or for a recent year. The
amounts of household hydrocarbons used in New York and New
Jersey were estimated from the State's percent retail sales in vari-
ous sales categories?" the State's percent population, and other data.
Emissions data was derived from the product use data and is on a
tons per year (TPY) basis.
Percentages of National Emissions from Evaporative and Propel-
lant Sources
For aerosol propellants, trade name hydrocarbon solvents, and
specific organic compounds, except for the organics in trade paints
and thinners, the following percentages of national emissions are
ascribed to New York and New Jersey:
New York - 7. 6%
New Jersey - 3. 0%
The above percentages are baaed on the States' 1972 percent of
nationwide sales^ for drug stores, proprietary stores, and hard-
ware stores. It was assumed that a significant percent of these
items are sold at these sales outlets, Except for fluorocarbons
which are difficult to incinerate, emissions for New York State
were reduced by 2% due to incineration of discarded containers.
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Hydrocarbons remaining in unincinerated containers are assumed,
in time, to be released to the ambient. Annual emissions, vary-
somewhat due to changes in item consumption and later date release
of unused material.
For fluorocarbon emissions from refrigerator, units, the follow-
ing percentages of nationwide emissions are derived:
New York - 9. 8%
New Jersey - 4. 6%
The percentages are based on the States' 1972 percent of nation--
wide sales^ for household appliance stores.
The above percentages should not change significantly from 1972
to 1976.
For trade paints and thinners, the following percentages of
national emissions were calculated:
New York - 6. 4%
New Jersey - 2. 6%
These percentages are based on population and the percent of
3
national trade paint sales for New York, New Jersey and Pennsyl-
vania (13.2%), New York State emissions were reduced by 2% due to
incineration of discards.
Emissions Derivation, Thermal Decomposition Sources
Emissions from restaurant and household cooking are based on
emissions per unit source and the number of restaurants and house-
4
holds in New York and New Jersey.
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Emissions data were obtained from the South. Coast Air Qual-
ity Management District [Cal. ), and the Kansas City (Mo.) Air Pol-
lution Control Office. Emissions from cigarette smoking are in this
category and are in relatively small tonnages. They may be signifi-
cant with regard to indoor inhalation of toxic substances.
Hydrocarbon emissions from domestic fuels combustion are in-
cluded because of the large amounts of fuels used and poor combus-
tion efficiencies. Definitive hydrocarbon compounds, both saturat-
ed and unsaturated, are not specified but are believed to be mainly
in the C^-C^ range. Emissions data are based on the EPA reports;
"Field Emissions from Combustion Equipment for Space Heating"?
and "Particulate Emissions from Apartment House Boilers and In-
cinerators"^ The amounts of fuels used are based on the Mineral
Industries Surveys, U.S. Department of Interior, 1975 and the per-
cent of these fuels used for domestic sources is based on a survey
made by the City of New York. Anthracite coal combustion is based
on U. S. and New York State consumption data. All kerosine used
for fuel in New York and New Jersey is assumed to be for domestic
use.
National Production, Consumption and Emissions
Emissions for New York a.nd New Jersey in Table I are in tons
per year (TPY), along with latest year the data was available.
The sources are calssified as follows:
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J - Aerosol Propellants; Hydrocarbon, Fluorocarbon and Methy-
lene Chloride, and Fluo rocarbon Befrigerants.
2 - Organic Compounds.
3 - Trade Name Hydrocarbon Solvents*
4 - Trade Paint and Thinner Volatiles.
5 - Cooking, Restaurant and Household, and Cigarette Smoking.
6 - Fuel Combustion.
(1) Aerosols:
{a) Hydrocarbon. Pxopellants:
Applicable hydrocarbon production of propellants for 1976
was 40 x 10^ gal. Three hydrocarbons are used, and in the fol-
lowing percentages;
Propane 30%
Isobutane 63%
n-Butane 7%
Usage and emissions are increasing at about 19% per year.
(b) Fluorocarbons:
Nationwide fluorocarbon® production in 1976 was 910 x 10^
lbs./yr. Fifty-eight percent (58%) was for aerosol use and
forty-two percent (42%) was for refrigerant use.
Q
Aerosol7 production is as follows:
Fluorocarbon 11 - 244 x 10^ lbs./yr,, Emissions are 10C% of
production.
i.e., Mineral Spirits.
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Fluorocarbon 12 - 265 x 10^ lbs./yr. , Emissions are 100% of
production.
Fluorocarbon 114 - 21 x 10^ lbs./yr. , Emissions are 100% of
production.
g
Refrigerant production is as follows:
Fluorocarbon 11 - 15 x 10^ lbs. /yr. , Emissions are 45% of pro-
duction.
Fluorocarbon 12 - 226 x 10^ lbs. /yr. , Emissions are 51% of
production.
Fluorocarbon 22 - 137 x 10^ lbs. /yr. , Emissions are 51% of
production.
Fluorocarbon 114 - 2 x 10^ lbs. /yr. , Emissions are 51% of pro-
duction.
Refrigerant fluorocarbon emissions are based on 1976 produc-
tion and 1972 production and emissions*®
The trend in fluorocarbon aerosol emissions is an estimated de-
crease o£ 1. 8% per year, and the trend in fluorocarbon refrigerant
emissions is an estimated increase of 11. 3% per year.
(c) Methylene Chloride:
The use of methylene chloride as an aerosol propellant was
estimated to be 62 x 10^ lbs. /yr. (1976). Data from the Dow
Chemical Co. was averaged with Faith, Keyes and Clark^
data.
(2) Organic Compounds
Noted below are the organic compounds used in large quantities
in pharmaceuticals, toiletries, insecticides, floor cleaners, etc.
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National production data for these compounds, and. the percentage
used for household items are based on Faith, Keyes and Clarks ,
Industrial Chemicals!* Emissions are listed in Table L Except for
the two percent incineration "loss" for New York State, emissions
are assumed to be equal to the amounts used.
(a) Naphthalene:
Production in 1973 was 250 x 10^ lbs. /yr. Emissions are
based on the 2% of production used for mothproofing.
(b) Paradichlorobenzene:
Production in 1973 was 75 x 10^ lbs. /yr. Emissions are
based on. the 50% of production used as a space odorant and
the 40% of production used for moth control.
(c) Isopropanol
Production in 1974 was 1.9 x 10 ^ lbs. /yr. Emissions are
based on the 5% of production used in drugs, cosmetics,
toiletries, etc.
(d) Acetone:
Q
Production in 1973 was 2 x 10 lbs. /yr. Emissions are
based on the 6% used in pharmaceuticals. Acetone is used
in household products including trade paints.
1. 1» 1 - Trichlorethane
Production in 1974 was 590 x 10^ lbs. /yr. Emissions are
based on the 15% used as an aerosol propellant, adhesive
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solvent, dry cleaner, etc.
(f) Ethanol:
g
Production in 1974 was 1. 74 x 10 lbs, /yr. Emissions are
based on the 20% of production used in cosmetics and toilet-
ries.
(3) Trade Name Hydrocarbon Solvents:
Many trade name hydrocarbon solvents are used in household
cleaner type items; i.e. floor polishes, furniture polishes and rug
and upholstry cleaners. These solvents are known as naphthas,
Stoddard Solvent, petroleum distillates, etc. They are mixtures of
alkanes, olefins, naphthenes and aromatics. Trade paints and thin-
ners also contain these solvents.
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The Shell Chemical Co: has developed overall numbers of 1975
consumption of these solvents; 40 x 10^ gal. / yr. Consumption is
increasing at about 4% per year.
The total amount of trade name solvents used would include
trade name solvents used in trade paints and thinners. These are
discussed below.
(4) Trade Paint and Thinner Volatiles:
National Paint and Coatings Association (NPCA) data for hydro-
carbon solvents used nationwide in 1975 in household and traffic
paints^ was 609 x 10^ lbs. /yr. Percent solvent composition was
^Traffic paint is about 6% of the total.
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also supplied by the NPCA, and emissions of most of these solvents
are listed in Table I.
Referring to Table I, please note that acetone, isopropyl alco-
hol and ethyl alcohol used in trade paints are added to the amounts
listed under "Organic Compounds.'1. Trade name solvents are also
summed.
(a) Thinner Volatiies:
From data supplied by the NPCA it was estimated that 370 x
10^ lbs. of solvent thinners were used in the U. S. A. in 1975.
Most of the thinners are a mineral spirits type solvents, and
emissions are based on.80% of the above being mineral spirits.
(5) Cooking, Restaurant and Household; and Cigarette Smoking:
It was estimated that 0.0033 lbs. of hydrocarbons are emitted
per hour of cooking. About 40% of these emissions are aldehydes.
Cooking means bailing, frying, baking, etc. The 0.0033 lbs. /hr.
emission factor is a geometric mean pi two values.
It is assumed that cooking is done in households for one com-
posite hour per day, 300 days/year, and restajurants operate an
average of five hours/day, 300 days/year.
The number of restaurants in New York and New Jersey in 1973
was obtained from data in the Statistical Abstract of the U. S. A.
(1975):
Restaurants, New York - 24,400
Restaurants, New Jersey - 8,570
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The number of households in 1973 was also denoted in the Statis-
tical Abstract of the U. S. A. (1975):
New York - 6, 198, 000
New Jersey - 2, 375, 000
The numbers of restaurants and households are assumed to be
nearly the same for 1976 and emissions are calculated on that basis.
Gaseous hydrocarbon emissions from cigarette smoking are
listed in Table I. Particulate hydrocarbons are also released dur-
ing smoking. These have not been tabulated since these are solids
and they would tend to settle or adhere to indoor surfaces. Such
particulates are "tar", nicotine, cresols, phenol, pyridine and hy-
droquinone^ The gaseous hydrocarbons released in significant
amounts are acetaldehyde, acetone, and hydrogen cyanide. The
acetone from cigarettes is totaled with, the acetone under "Organic
Compounds".
(6) Fuel Combustion:
Gaseous hydrocarbon emissions from domestic fuels combus-
tion are also listed in Table I. Listings are made for each of the
major fuels used; natural gas, distillate and residual oils, anthra-
cite coal and kerosene.
For fuel oil and kerosene the hydrocarbon emission factor was
set at 5 lbs. /1, 000 gal. , which is close to the boiler "as is" factor
of 5.7 lbs. /I, 000 gal. given in aforementioned EPA report,
R2-73-0 84a? In addition, from calculations based on the aforemen-
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tioned report on particulate emissions from apartment house burn-
ers^ a higher emission factor is indicatedthat the 1 lb. /I, 000 gal.
factor denoted in the EPA report, AP-42^
For natural gas and anthracite coal the emission factors were
from EPA report AP-42.
Conclusions:
The 120, 000 ton per year (TPY) hydrocarbon emission for New
York and the 50, 000 TPY hydrocarbon emission for New Jersey
appear to be a significant fraction of total hydrocarbon emissions.
For example, hydrocarbon emissions from industrial sources in
New York City and Nassau, Suffolk, Westchester and Rockland
Counties, for 1975 were calculated to be 89, 000 TPY^
The emissions data in this report may be of use in a toxic sub-
stances study.
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TABLE I
EMISSIONS HOUSEHOLD SOURCES
TONS PEE YEAR (TPY) ^
Aerosol Propellants and Fluoro- New New
carbon Refrigerants Jersey York Year
Hydrocarbon Propellants
Propane
880
2, 190
1976
n-Butane
210
520
1976
is o-Butane
1,890
4, 690
1976
Total
2,980
7, 400
Fluorocarbons
Fluorocarbon 11
Aerosol 3,660 9i 270 1976
Refrigerant 160 330 1976
Total 3,820 9,600
Fluorocarbon 12
Aerosol 3,980 10,100 1976
Refrigerant 2, 650 5, 650 1976
Total 6, 630 15, 750
Fluorocarbon 22
Refrigerant (Total) 1. 610 3, 420 1976
1-One, two and three significant figures.
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TABLE I (continued).
New
Fluorocarbons (continued)
Fluorocarbon 114
New
Jersey York
Year
Aerosol
320
800
1976
Refrigerant
12
20
1976
Total
332
820
Total Fluorocarbons
12, 400
29,600
Methylene Chloride (Aerosol)
930
2, 310
1975
Organic Compounds
Napthalene
75
190
1973
Paradichlo robenzene
1, 010
2, 510
1973
Isopropyl Alcohol
1. 480
3, 660
1974
Acetone
1, 880
4, 670
1973
1,1, 1-Trichloroethane^
1, 330
3, 300
1974
Ethanol
5, 280
13, 100
1974
3
Trade Name Hydrocarbon Solvents
4, 500
1.1, 200
1976
Components, Trade Paint Volatiles
A
Aliphatic hydrocarbons
4, 760
11, 800
1975
Xylene
590
1, 430
1975
Toluene
285
690
1975
Acetone^
80
190
1975
Methyl-Ethyl-Ketone
160
3 80
1975
Ethyl Acetate
190
460
1975
2-Also used as an aerosol propellant.
3-Excluding trade paint aliphatic hydrocarbon and trade paint thin-
ners.
4-Es sentially trade name solvents.
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TABLE I (continued)
Components, Trade Paint Volatiles New
New
(continued)
Jersey
York
Year
Butyl Acetate
140
345
1975
Ethylene Glycol
430
1, 030
1975
Propylene Glycol
285
690
1975
n-Butyl Alcohol
55
130
1975
Ethyl Alcohol^
55
130
197 5
Isopropyl Alcohol^
50
115
1975
Methyl Iso-Butyl Ketone
15
40
1975
Propyl Acetate
65
150
1975
Total Trade Paint Volatiles^
7, 910
19, 100
Trade Paint Thinners (Min. Spirits)
3, 850
9,290
1975
Total Trade Name Solvents
13, 100
32, 300
Restaurant Cooking
Aldehydes
Total
7 24 1976est
19 60 1976est
Household Cooking
Aldehydes
Total
710 1, 800 I976est
1,200 3,100 1976est
5-These amounts are added to "Organic Compounds",
6-Includes unlisted organics,
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TABLE I (Continued)
New
New
Cigarette Smoking
Ac et aldehyde
Acetone-*
Hydrogen Cyanide
Total ^
Jersey York Year
6
3
5
23
15
7
12
56
1972
1972
1972
Fuel Combustion
Natural Gas
540
1, 360
1975
Distillate Oils (Nos,. 1, 2 and 4)
3, 770
7, 980
1975
Residual Oils (Nos. 5 and 6)
840
3, 970
1975
Anthracite Coal
250
370
1975
Kerosine
125
525
1975
Total
Grand Total
5, 530
50>219
19, 200
123,304
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Bibliography
1. Heckman, L», A Comprehensive Stationary Source Hydrocarbons
Emission Inventory for the States of New York and New Jersey,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region II, 1977.
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Social and Economic Statistics Administration, Bureau of Cen-
sus; U.S. A. HC72-A-52, 7/75; New York, RC72-A-33, 12/74,
and New Jersey RC72-A-31, 12/74.
3. EPA Report 600/4-76-013, Methodology for Inventorying Hydro-
carbons, Table 14, p. 52.
4. Statistical Abstract of the U. S. A. , 1975, U. S. Department of
Commerce.
5. Barrett, R. E. , et al . , Field Investigation, of Emis sions of Com-
bustion Equipment for Space Heating, Battelle Columbus Labora-
tories, EPA Report R2-73-084a.
6. Soffian, G., Westlin, R, Particulate Emissions form Apartment
House Boilers and Incinerators, 1974, EPA 902/74-256.
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munication, ,and article, Brock, G. , "Hydrocarbons Gain in
Market Share," Aerosol Age, 7/76, p. 22.
8. "Fluorocarbon Consumption by Application, " Aerosol Age,
10/76, p. 27.
9. EPA Report .560/2-75-003, 9/75, Environmental Hazard Asses-
17
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ment of One and Two Carbon Fluorocarbons, Table XII, p. 20.
Ditto., Table XV, p. 26, and Table XVIII, p. 42.
Lowenheim, F. A. , Moran, M. K. , Fourth Edition of Faith,
Keyes, and Clark's Industrial Chemicals, Wiley, 1975.
Shell Chemical Co. , Houston, Texas.
The Health Consequences of Smoking, A Reference Edition,
Selected Chapters from 1971 through 1975 Reports; Department
of Health, Education and Welfare, PHS, Center for Disease
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Sec. 1. 3-1, April, 1976.
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Plan, New York State Department of Environmental Conserva-
tion, Revised May, 1972.
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