Report No. SR01-11-01
Status of Vehicle Inspection
Programs For Light-Duty
Diesel Vehicles and
Heavy-Duty Gasoline and
Diesel Vehicles
prepared for:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Certification and Compliance Division
November 6, 2001
prepared by:
Sierra Research, Inc.
1801 J Street
Sacramento, California 95814
(916)444-6666
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Report No. SR01-11-01
Status of Vehicle Inspection Programs
For Light-Duty Diesel Vehicles and
Heavy-Duty Gasoline and Diesel Vehicles
prepared for:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Certification and Compliance Division
Under Contract No. 68-C7-0051
Work Assignment No. 3-10
November 6, 2001
prepared by:
Michael J St. Denis
H Anthony Ashby
Sierra Research, Inc.
1801 J Street
Sacramento, CA 95814
(916) 444-6666
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DISCLAIMER NO. 1
The mention of commercial products or vehicle emissions testing
contractors is for informational purposes only. Mention of these products
or vehicle emissions testing contractors should not be considered an
endorsement by Sierra Research or the United States Environmental
Protection Agency.
DISCLAIMER NO. 2
Although the information described in this report has been funded wholly
or in part by the United States Environmental Protection Agency under
Contract No. 68-C7-0051, it has not been subjected to the Agency's peer
and administrative review and is being released for informational purposes
only. It therefore may not necessarily reflect the views of the Agency and
no official endorsement should be inferred.
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Status of Vehicle Inspection Programs
For Light-Duty Diesel Vehicles and
Heavy-Duty Gasoline and Diesel Vehicles
Table of Contents
Section page
1 Introduction 1-1
2. Design Features of I/M Programs Testing LDDVs, HDDVs, and HDGVs .. .. 2-1
3 Program Description Summaries - Domestic I/M Programs 3-1
Alaska (Municipality of Anchorage) 3-2
Alaska (Fairbanks North Star Borough) 3-4
Arizona (Phoenix area) . . 3-6
Arizona (Tucson area) ... 3-9
California (Enhanced Program Areas) 3-12
California (Basic and Change-of-Ownership Program Areas) 3-15
Colorado (Enhanced Program Area of Denver and Boulder) .3-18
Colorado (Aspen, Colorado Springs, Fort Collins, and Greeley) .... .. 3-21
Connecticut 3-24
Idaho 3-26
Illinois 3-29
Indiana 3-31
Kentucky (Louisville area) 3-32
Kentucky (Northern Counties) 3-34
Maine 3-36
Maryland 3-37
Massachusetts 3-40
Nevada (Las Vegas and Reno areas) 3-42
New Hampshire 3-44
New Jersey 3-45
New Mexico 3-48
New York (New York Metropolitan Area) 3-51
North Carolina 3-53
Ohio 3-54
Oregon (Portland area) 3-56
Oregon (Medford area) . 3-58
Pennsylvania (Philadelphia area) 3-60
Pennsylvania (Pittsburgh area) 3-61
Rhode Island 3-62
Tennessee (City of Memphis) . 3-63
Texas (Dallas-Ft Worth, El Paso, and Houston-Galveston areas) 3-64
Utah (Davis County) 3-65
Utah (Salt Lake County) 3-67
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Table of Contents. Continued
Section Page
3. Program Description Summaries - U.S. I/M Programs (Continued)
Utah (Utah County) 3-69
Utah (Weber County) 3-71
Vermont 3-72
Virginia 3-73
Washington (Puget Sound area) 3-75
Washington (Spokane area) 3-77
Washington (Vancouver area) 3-79
Wisconsin 3-81
4 Program Description Summaries - International I/M Programs 4-1
Australia (New South Wales) .4-2
Canada (Ontario) 4-3
Canada (Vancouver, British Columbia) 4-4
China (Beijing and Guangzhou) 4-6
China (Hong Kong) 4-7
Germany 4-9
Singapore 4-11
Sweden 4-13
Britain, United Kingdom 4-15
-ii-
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1. INTRODUCTION
This report contains descriptive information on motor vehicle inspection and maintenance
(I/M) programs operating in the United States as well as abroad that are currently testing
Light-Duty Diesel Vehicles (LDDVs), Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicles (HDDVs), or Heavy-
Duty Gasoline Vehicles (HDGVs).* The report includes an overview discussion of such
testing; a table summarizing the features of the programs; and summary descriptions for
39 I/M programs in 27 different states, plus information on 9 international inspection
programs, as listed below.
United States I/M Programs
1. Alaska (2 programs)
10. Maryland
19 Oregon (2)
2. Arizona (2)
11. Massachusetts
20. Pennsylvania (2)
3. California (2)
12. Nevada
21. Rhode Island
4. Colorado (2)
13. New Hampshire
22. Tennessee
5 Connecticut
14. New Jersey
23. Texas
6. Idaho
15. New Mexico
24 Utah (4)
7. Illinois
16. New York
25. Virginia
8.Indiana
17. North Carolina
26. Washington (3)
9. Kentucky (2)
18. Ohio
27. Wisconsin
International Inspection Programs
1 Australia -New South 4. China - Beijing and 7. Singapore
Wales Guangzhou
2. Canada - Ontario 5 China - Hong Kong 8. Sweden
3 Canada - Vancouver 6 Germany 9 United Kingdom
Background
The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 (CAAA) require vehicle emission I/M programs
in areas where ambient levels of ozone and CO exceed the national standards. The I/M
programs that have been implemented in the United States in response to the CAAA
Motor homes are not included in this report
1-1
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requirements typically are focused on light-duty gasoline-powered passenger vehicles
(LDGVs). As areas strive to achieve additional air quality benefits, however, and state
and local legislators respond to public pressure to test larger vehicles and Diesel-powered
vehicles, many areas have implemented I/M testing of Diesel-powered and heavy-duty
vehicles (HDVs). In addition, some countries outside the U.S. have been active in
developing tests for vehicle inspection programs that will address emissions from Diesel
vehicles.
This report is based on a survey of I/M programs operating in the U.S. and internationally
to determine what testing is currently being done for Diesel-powered vehicles (of all
classes) and heavy-duty gasoline-powered vehicles. In addition, information on the
pollutants measured and test equipment used was collected. I/M program personnel in
areas where light-duty Diesels and heavy-duty vehicles are subject to emissions testing
were contacted to determine the testing program currently in place.
For the programs identified, information was requested on test procedures, standards,
equipment used, and related topics. The information collected (when available) includes
the following:
Vehicles covered (type, age, weight classes);
Inspection frequency;
Test procedures;
Types and cost of equipment used;
Pollutant measurements (HC, CO, NOx, C02, PM, opacity);
Failure rates;
Test fee,
Applicable standards; and
Program experience (including benefits, costs, and problems)
Information was gathered from telephone interviews, by faxing or e-maihng
questionnaires to I/M program staff, and by reviewing program websites The name of
each contact and/or the source of information is provided with the program data for each
program. Surveys were e-mailed to over 40 international contacts
For the purpose of this report, vehicles with gross vehicle weight ratings (GVWR) in
excess of 8,500 lbs are considered heavy-duty vehicles, following the definition in
40 CFR 86.082-2 (this definition also applies to international vehicles) For each
program, however, if different vehicle weights are used to define vehicle class, that
information is provided.
Status of Testing LDP Vs. HDD Vs. and HDGVs
Test Types - Due to a general lack of guidance on how LDDVs, HDDVs, and HDGVs
should be tested and due to allowed flexibility, I/M programs in the U S have developed
a wide range of emissions tests. There are six general categories of tests, and some of
those categories have many different ways in which they are conducted. For example, for
1-2
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transient tests, many different driving cycles are used, and some programs measure only
opacity for Diesels while others measure all pollutants. The test procedures include the
following:
1. Snap-Idle - In the U.S., this test is based on the SAE J1667 test procedure
(available free from httpV/www,arb.ca.gov/msprog/hdvip/saeil667 pdf: please
read the copyright information). SAE refers to the test as a "Snap-
Acceleration" procedure, but it is also commonly called the "snap-idle" test, the
"JI667 test," and the "free-acceleration test." The test consists of measuring
peak opacity after quickly depressing the throttle to the wide-open position for
a short period of time. The inertia of the rotating and reciprocating engine
components provides the load for the test. The test is usually done m sets of
three snaps; the average of the maxima measured on each snap is used for the
pass/fail decisions.
2. Loaded Cruise (LC) - The vehicle is tested at a fixed speed and load on a
chassis dynamometer.
3. ASM - The vehicle is tested at a fixed speed and load on a chassis
dynamometer using a load that simulates an acceleration. The ASM 5015 tests
a vehicle at a load simulating 50% of the maximum acceleration rate on the
Federal Test Procedure (50% of 3.3 mph s'1) and 15 mph. The ASM 2525 tests
a vehicle at a load simulating 25% of the maximum acceleration rate on the
Federal Test Procedure (25% of 3 3 mph s'1) and 25 mph.
4. Transient IMxxx - The vehicle is tested on a chassis dynamometer over a
transient test cycle such as the IM240, IM147, IM93, IM31, etc. The number
such as "31" refers to the length of the test cycle in seconds. Some states
modify this to identify their own adaptation of an I/M test cycle. They use
other identifiers besides "IM," such as "MA" (as in "MA31").
5. Two-Speed Idle (TSI) or Curb Idle - For the two-speed idle test, emissions are
tested at 2500 rpm and at curb idle. For the curb-idle test, emissions are
measured only at the vehicle's natural ("curb") idle speed.
6. Lug-down - The vehicle is tested on a chassis dynamometer at a fixed speed
while the dynamometer load is increased to the point where the vehicle is
operating at wide-open throttle.
There are five types of test networks where the tests described above are performed:
1. Decentralized
2. Centralized
3. Hybrid (Centralized and Decentralized)
4. Fleet - Self-Certification
5 Roadside-Pullover
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LDDVs and HDGVs are generally tested in centralized or decentralized (and hybrid)
network types. Many heavy-duty test programs, however, use a combination of fleet self-
certification, in which fleet operators can test their own vehicles but are required to keep
certification records for a potential audit, and roadside pullovers. The roadside pullovers
are used to check on the fleet self-certification programs and for enforcement.
LDDV Testing Programs - There are 20 LDDV testing programs in the U.S., and seven
have been identified outside the U.S Approximately half of all LDDVs receive a loaded
test (loaded cruise, lug-down, transient, or ASM). The majority of these tests are simple
steady-state loaded cruise tests and only opacity is measured. Other steady-state loaded
tests include the lug-down test used in Colorado and Hong Kong, and the ASM2525 test
conducted in Ohio. Use of the lug-down test in Asia started in Hong Kong and now other
countries, including Korea, Singapore, and China, are considering switching to the lug-
down test for testing LDDVs. For 1996 and newer LDDVs, Oregon performs an OBDII
test.
The snap-idle test generally is not used with LDDVs because of concern that all vehicles
may not be equipped with engine speed governors that will prevent damage to the
vehicle's engine while the throttle is held wide open. In programs that use the snap-idle
test for LDDVs, the operator is required to manually limit the engine speed to a fixed
setting to avoid this problem. This test is used for LDDVs in Idaho, the three test
programs in Washington, and half of the international programs surveyed.
There were a few programs testing LDDVs with the TSI or curb-idle tests for opacity.
Because the vehicle is not under load, the ability of this test to capture vehicles with
emissions problems is low; however, the test avoids the potential engine damage
problems associated with using the J1667 test In Medford, Oregon, the TSI test includes
both opacity and measurement of CO.
Transient loaded tests include the BAR31 test and IM147 driving cycles (The BAR31
test was developed originally by the California Bureau of Automotive Repair for
gasoline-powered vehicles.) LDDVs in Portland are tested on the BAR31 cycle not only
for opacity, but also for HC, CO, and NOx. Rhode Island is also using the BAR31 drive
cycle, but is measuring only opacity. Massachusetts is currently in the process of
implementing this test as well. In Victoria, B.C , opacity is measured over the IM147 test
cycle.
Transient testing is an alternative for testing LDDVs that eliminates the risk of engine
damage associated with the snap-idle test. An additional advantage to a transient test is
that simultaneous measurement of NOx and opacity can be made, since there is concern
about NOx emissions from these vehicles. The emissions sampling of Diesel vehicles in
Portland, Oregon is done through an IM240-style constant volume sampling (CVS)
system. The program manager reports that with the exception of the need to change the
filter in the CVS system slightly more regularly, this does not create any special
equipment problems (however, the number of LDDVs tested is very low) This type of
test seems a good alternative if the particulate emissions do not affect the CVS system
adversely.
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HDDV Testing Programs - As in testing of LDDVs, there is a wide range of test
procedures (variations of snap-idle, idle, and loaded tests) used with HDD Vs.
Approximately half of the HDDV testing programs, both domestically and those
surveyed internationally, use the snap-idle test. Although opacity would not be expected
to be high with an idle test, New Mexico measures opacity during the TSI test, and the
northern counties of Kentucky measure opacity on the curb-idle test.
The majority of loaded tests are simple, steady-state loaded cruise tests for opacity only.
Other steady-state loaded tests include the lug-down test used in Hong Kong and the
ASM2525 test conducted in Ohio. No transient loaded testing programs for HDDVs
were reported.
The New South Wales (NSW) Roads and Traffic Authority (RTA) in Australia used a
contractor to perform a recently concluded research test program using the DT80
procedure (acceleration to 80 km/hr at maximum vehicle load, 80 km/hr cruise, then
deceleration to idle, repeated three times). This test may be implemented in the next few
years, but is used currently only for research purposes. The test program included
evaluation of an R&P Instruments Tapered Element Oscillating Membrane (TEOM) mass
balance to measure particulate matter (PM) mass, a light scattering instrument to estimate
PM mass, and simultaneously measurement of NOx using a dilution tunnel and a CVS
system Based on initial reports," the light scattering instrument compared favorably with
the standard (filter) based methods and the TEOM did not compare as well. However,
the light scattering instrument was calibrated to a specific fuel and fuel changes will
affect the correlation of the light scattering instrument to a filter based method. The
TEOM is expected to be more accurate over all fuel types.
The California Air Resources Board (CARB) also recently conducted the first phase of a
pilot study to evaluate loaded mode testing of HDDVs for compliance with the state's
State Implementation Plan (SIP) Measure 17 (Ml7). Ml7 requires the state to study and
implement HDDV I/M, including NOx only; however, the state also was studying
measurement of PM due to concerns about the potential health impacts of PM. The first
phase of the pilot study included measurement of PM mass using an R&P Instruments
TEOM PM mass balance and a Sierra Instruments "BG-1" mini-dilution system, as well
as measurement of HC, CO, and NOx using a set of California Analytical Instruments
analyzers. Testing was done on a 1500 hp eddy current Clayton dynamometer with three
17" rolls for testing twin-axle vehicles. The West Virginia University 5-Peak Cycle
developed in 1994 was used as the test cycle. Results of this testing have not been
released *'
The second phase of the pilot study is currently being set up at a test facility in Stockton
operated by Air Resource Technologies. After purchasing the analyzers, dilution system,
and TEOM from the original study, CARB moved them to Stockton and integrated them
with the facility's 1000 hp SuperFlow 602 hydrokinetic dynamometer. The system is
* "Testing In-Use Diesel Vehicles - Implications for I/M Programs" - draft (2000), P Anyon, Parsons
Australia Pty Ltd , panvon@ozemail com au
" The M17 pilot study contact at CARB is Don Chemich, (916) 322-7620, dchemic@arb ca gov
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currently undergoing acceptance testing and CARB plans to have the facility operational
by October 1, 2001. The test facility will be used to conduct a 100-vehicle repair
effectiveness study. Vehicles will be tested over the DT80 or a steady-state drive cycle,
and engine maps for each vehicle will be developed and used to estimate engine gram per
brake horsepower-hour (g/bhp-hr) emission rates. Vehicles with engine emission rates
1.5 times their certification standard will be considered failing (for the purpose of the
study) and will be sent out for repair.
CARB said its potential future on road testing program could involve having pre-formed
pits for a dynamometer at many locations around the state (such as roadside weight
stations), and moving a hydrokenetic dynamometer and the analytical instruments to the
site (in addition, a water truck will be necessary to operate the dynamometer). The
analytical system manufacturers have indicated that both the size and cost of the system
may be reduced in the future, and may be more amenable to this type of use. CARB
estimated that at this time it believes approximately 12 of these systems would be used
statewide.
HDGV Testing Programs - Of the 39 domestic I/M programs in the U S., 37 indicated
that they test HDGVs. Twenty-three of these indicated they performed the TSI test on
HDGVs, with an additional six testing HDGVs with only the curb-idle test Four
programs in the U.S. perform transient tests on HDGVs- Indiana, which performs the
IM93; Maryland and Wisconsin, which perform the IM240; and Massachusetts, which
performs the MA31. In Maryland and Massachusetts, the transient test is performed only
on vehicles up to 10,000 pounds GVWR; above this weight, the curb-idle test is
performed For 1996 and newer HDGVs, both programs in Oregon perform an OBDII
test on OBDII-compliant vehicles (non-compliant vehicles receive the Idle test).
Three of the nine international programs that responded to the survey indicated they test
HDGVs (Germany, Singapore, and Sweden). Singapore and Sweden perform the curb-
idle test, and Germany performs the TSI test. Most international programs responded that
testing of HDGVs is limited, or HDGVs are not tested at all because they are such a small
fraction of their fleets.
Diesel Test Equipment and Procedures - Overall, the majority of Diesel I/M programs are
using the snap-idle test. This is because the test has a low cost (opacity meters average
from $3,000 to $6,000) and the opacity meters are simple to use. Many times, these
programs are conducted only on the side of the road, and vehicles appearing to be high
emitters are detained for compulsory testing In addition, the use of opacity meters is
convenient for fleets, since the meters can be carried to the trucks in a maintenance yard
and the vehicles can be tested in place, rather than having to be moved into a shop for
testing. There are significant issues, however, related to using the snap-idle test alone for
testing HDDVs.
The largest area of complaint to vehicle pollution control agencies from the public
concerns visible emissions from Diesel vehicles. The snap-idle test was originally
developed to reduce both PM emissions and visible particles for public nuisance reasons.
Unfortunately, opacity meters are more sensitive to measuring larger particles, while
there is growing concern that smaller particles are of greater health concern For this
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reason, opacity-based programs may control the visible larger particles, but may not be
effective in reducing the small particles, which are the greatest health concern.
In addition to the health concern from PM emitted by Diesel vehicles, Diesels are high
emitters of NOx. Control of opacity (particulate emissions) can be counterproductive to
the reduction of NOx emissions. For example, if a Diesel vehicle fails the snap-idle test
and a repair shop attempts to reduce the opacity by advancing the timing on older (non-
computer-controlled) engines, that could lead to higher NOx emissions.
To improve HDDVI/M programs so that both PM and NOx are equally well controlled,
the EM program must measure both pollutants. For this reason, researchers such as
CARB and the NSW Australia RTA as mentioned above are considering new I/M
techniques for HDDVs that can simultaneously measure both pollutants. The difficulty is
that systems capable of measunng both pollutants at the same time can be prohibitively
expensive. In addition, they require a heavy-duty dynamometer so that the vehicle can be
tested under load These test systems will be difficult to move and set-up and will require
re-calibration each time they are moved. The cost for the test system used in the CARB
study was estimated by California Analytical Instruments (who integrated the system) at
approximately $325,000. (The CVS and analytical system to measure HC, CO, C02, and
NOx was $100,000, the dilution system $100,000; the PM mass analyzer $50,000; and
the dynamometer for testing trucks on short [less than five minute] drive cycles, with dual
rear axles, up to 40,000 pounds test weight [half of the maximum GVWR], was
approximately $75,000.)
Two advantages of the snap-idle test are that (1) it is easy to use at the side of the road or
for self-certification of fleets, and (2) it is inexpensive. Test systems that measure both
PM mass and NOx are expensive and complex. Although all of the equipment vendors
who participated in the CARB study said they believed the cost of the test system could
be reduced substantially, the test system would be difficult for use in decentralized I/M
testing, simply due to the complexity. Even in a centralized I/M environment, operation
of the test system would require highly skilled technicians.
In summary, HDDV emissions testing in current programs, both in the U S and
internationally, are limited to measuring opacity with an opacity meter due to simplicity
of use and low cost. Most programs responded that there is interest in measunng PM
mass and, in some cases, NOx as well However, all programs noted that they view this
as too expensive and too complicated for I/M testing.
HDGV Test Equipment and Procedures - In the U.S., most HDGVs are tested using the
same I/M test systems (BAR90 or B AR97 type) that are used for light-duty gasoline
vehicle testing. Dynamometer testing, however, is usually restricted to HDGVs below a
specified weight rating, e.g , 10,000 lbs GVWR The use of the same equipment reduces
the cost of testing. In the U S , these vehicles are not a large proportion of the fleet
(0.65% of the total VMT according to MOBILE 6), and therefore usually do not
contnbute greatly to emissions and are not the focus of test programs. As previously
mentioned, these vehicles are even less common outside the U.S. and most international
areas do not test them either.
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Current Best Practice
Light-duty Diesel vehicles are insignificant contributors to PM and gaseous emissions.
However, if a program wants to test these vehicles, it can carefully apply the snap-idle
test with the measurement of opacity to find grossly broken vehicles
For heavy-duty Diesel vehicles, there are currently no test procedures or equipment
available to cost effectively test these vehicles for the primary pollutants of concernPM
and NOx. The best practice at this point for heavy-duty Diesel vehicles is to continue to
use the SAE J1667 snap-idle test procedure. In the future, if heavy-duty dynamometers
and analytical test systems to measure NOx and PM become more cost effective, then
changing these test procedures could be considered. Because of the relatively significant
PM and NOx emissions these vehicles produce, research needs to continue into
alternative testing equipment and procedures that can test heavy-duty Diesel vehicles for
NOx and PM
For heavy-duty gas vehicles, the current idle test is sufficient for HC and CO emissions
testing The small contribution of these vehicles to overall emissions does not justify
more advanced testing of these vehicles.
Organization of the Report
Following this introduction, Section 2 provides a table that lists the design features of the
current operating I/M programs (basic and enhanced) in each state (including the District
of Columbia) and nine international programs. Sections 3 and 4 contain tables
summarizing key design features of each I/M program in the U.S. (Section 3), and in the
international programs (Section 4)
As mentioned above, each I/M program summary contained in Sections 3 and 4 includes
a brief general description of the current program, vehicles subject to the program, test
procedures used, test equipment used, emission standards, inspection fees, and the name,
address, and telephone number of at least one person at the state or local government
level who can be contacted for additional information. The website address of the
program, if available, is also listed.
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2. DESIGN FEATURES OF U.S. I/M PROGRAMS
TESTING LDDVs, HDDVs, AND HDGVs
The following table summarizes several important design features of each current LDDV,
HDDV, and HDGV I/M program in the U.S. and a sampling of international programs.
Following the table is a key explaining the descriptive codes for each feature.
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Design Features of I/M Programs Testing LDDVs, HDDVs, and HDGVs in the United States
State - Program Area
Program
Type
Vehicle
Types
Tested
GVWR
Range
Model
Years
Test Procedure
Exhaust
Constituents
Measured
(Pass/Fail)
Use
Chassis
Dyno9
Fail
Rate
%
Inspection
Fee
Alaska - Anchorage
D
HDGV
<12,000 CW
1968+
TSI
HC, CO
$50 max
Alaska - Fairbanks
D
HDGV
<12,000 CW
1975+
TSI
HC, CO
12 5
S45 max
Arizona - Phoenix
C
LDDV
HDDV
HDGV
£8,500
>8,500
>8,500
5-1967
LC
J1667
LC, r
Opacity
Opacity
HC, CO
YES
YES
59
86
177
$12 50
Arizona - Tucson
C
LDDV
HDDV
HDGV
s8,500
>8,500
>8,500
5-1967
LC
LC
LC, I
Opacity
Opacity
HC, CO
YES
YES
YES
4 1
35
10 3
S9
California - Enhanced areas
R
D
HDDV
HDGV
>8,500
>8,500
All
4-1974
J1667
TSI
Opacity
HC, CO
None
$45 a\e
California - Basic and
Change of Ownership areas
R
D
HDDV
HDGV
>8,500
>8,500
All
4-1974
J1667
TSI
Opacity
HC, CO
None
$30 a\e
Colorado - Denver/Boulder
C, H
LDDV
HDDV
HDGV
*8,500
>8,500
>8,500
2-AI1
LD, J1667
LD.J1667
TSI
Opacity
Opacity
HC, CO
YES
YES
1 hour
1 hour
S15 max
Colorado - Aspen, Colorado
Spgs , Ft Collins, Greeley
D
LDDV
HDDV
HDGV
s8,500
>8,500
>8,500
All
LD, J1667
LD.JI667
TSI, I
Opacity
Opacity
HC, CO
YES
YES
1 hour
1 hour
$15 max
Connecticut
C
LDDV
HDDV
HDGV
s8,500
si 0,000
s 10,000
25-
LC
LC
I
Opacity
Opacity
HC, CO
YES
YES
$20
Idaho
~
LDDV
HDDV
HDGV
s8,500
>8,500
>8,500
1965+
J1667
J1667
TSI
Opacity
Opacity
HC. CO
$12 max
Illinois
D. R
C
HDDV
HDGV
>16,000
>8,500
Ail
4-1968
J1667
I
Opacity
HC, CO
None
None
Indiana
C
HDGV
s9,000
4-1976
IM93,1
HC, CO,
NOx
YES
None
Kentucky - Louisville
c
LDDV
HDDV
HDGV
s 8,500
i 18,000
si 8,000
1968+
LC, I
LC, I
LC, I
Opacity
Opacity
HC, CO
YES
YES
YES
$11
Kentucky - North Counties
c
LDDV
HDDV
HDGV
s 8,500
si 8,000
si 8,000
1968+
I
I
I
Opacity
Opacity
HC, CO
YES
YES
YES
$20
Maine
R
HDDV
>18,000
All
J1667
Opacity
None
Maryland
C, R
c
HDDV
HDGV
>8,500
s 26,000
2-1977
J1667
IM240,1
Opacity
HC, CO
YES
70
None
14
Massachusetts
D
HDDV
HDGV
>8,500
>8,500
2-1984
J1667
MA31,1
Opacity
HC, CO, NO,
YES
S29
Nevada - Las Vegas and Reno
areas
D
D, R
D
LDDV
HDDV
HDGV
s 8,500
>8,500
>8,500
2-1968
LC
J1667
TSI
Opacity
Opacity
HC, CO
YES
0 3/0 17
7/30
6 5/5 7
$20
None
S23 max
New Hampshire
R
HDDV
>10,000
1980+
J1667
Opacity
9
None
New Jersey
H
D, R
H
LDDV
HDDV
HDGV
s 8,500
>18,000
>18,000
All
Vis
J1667
I
Visible
smoke
Opacity
HC, CO
8
None/0 5 hr
45-75
None/0 5 hr
2-2
-------
Design Features of l/M Programs Testing LDDVs, HDDVs, and HDGVs in the United States
State - Program Area
Program
Type
Vehicle
Types
Tested
GVWR
Range
Model
Years
Test Procedure
Exhaust
Constituents
Measured
(Pass/Fail)
Use
Chassis
Dyno9
Fail
Rate
%
Inspection
Fee
New Mexico
D
LDDV
HDDV
HDGV
s 8,500
>26,000
>26,000
1975+
TSI
TSI
TSI
Opacity
Opacity
HC, CO
3
3
$20 max
New York - Metropolitan
Area Counties
D
HDDV
HDGV
>8,500
>8,500
2-25
J1667
1
Opacity
HC, CO
55
$35 max
North Carolina
D
HDGV
>8,500
1975+
1
HC, CO
5
S19 40
Ohio
C
LDDV
HDDV
HDGV
s 8,500
£10,000
>8,500
2-25
ASM2525
ASM2525
TSI
Opacity
Opacity
HC, CO
YES
YES
5
SI 9 50
Oregon - Portland
C
LDDV
HDGV
s8,500
>8,500
2-
1975+
BAR31,1,
OBDIJ
TSI, OBDll
HC, CO,
NO*,
Opacity
HC, CO
YES
1 5
12 5
$21
Oregon - Medford
C
LDDV
HDGV
s8,500
>8,500
2-20
TSI, OBDI1
TSI, OBDII
CO, Opacity
HC, CO
$10
Pennsylvania - Philadelphia
D
HDGV
s9,000
1975+
TSI
HC, CO
68
$43 ave
Pennsylvania - Pittsburgh
D
HDGV
s9,000
1975+
TSI
HC, CO
68
S27 ave
Rhode Island
D
LDDV
s8,500
2-25
BAR3I
Opacity
YES
$47
Tennessee - Memphis
C
HDGV
<26,000
All
I
HC, CO
$8
Texas - Dallas/Ft Worth, El
Paso, and Houston/Galveston
D
HDGV
>8,500
2-24
TSI
HC, CO
$13
Utah/Davis County
D
LDDV
HDDV
HDGV
s8,500
>8,500
>8,500
1968+
LC
LC.J1667
TSI
Opacity
Opacity
HC, CO
YES
YES
$24
$24
$20
Utah/Salt Lake County
D
LDDV
HDDV
HDGV
S8.500
>8,500
>8,500
1968+
LC
LC,J1667
TSI
Opacity
Opacity
HC, CO
YES
YES
S23
S23
$25
Utah /Utah County
D
LDDV
HDDV
HDGV
s 8,500
>8,500
>8,500
1968+
LC
LC,J1667
TSI
Opacity
Opacity
HC.CO
YES
YES
33
45
1! 2
S20 ave
Utah/Weber County
D
HDGV
>8,500
1968+
TSI
HC, CO
$20 max
Vermont
D, R
HDDV
>8,500
All
J1667
Opacity
None
Virginia
D
HDGV
si 0,000
2-24
TSI
HC, CO
11 2
$20 max
Washington - Puget Sound
C
LDDV
HDDV
HDGV
s8,500
>8,500
>8,500
5-25
J1667
J1667
TSI
Opacity
Opacity
HC, CO
4
4
II
$15
Washington - Spokane
C
LDDV
HDDV
HDGV
s 8,500
>8,500
>8,500
5-25
J1667
J1667
TSI
Opacity
Opacity
HC, CO
4
4
11
$15
Washington - Vancouver
C
LDDV
HDDV
HDGV
s 8,500
>8,500
>8,500
5-25
J1667
J1667
TSI
Opacity
Opacity
HC, CO
4
4
11
$15
Wisconsin
c
HDGV
* 10,000
1968+
IM240
HC, CO,
NOx
YES
None
2-3
-------
Design Features of Some International I/M Programs Testing LOOVs, HDDVs, and HDGVs
State - Program Area
Progra
m Type
Vehicle
Types
Tested
GVWR
Range
Model
Years
Test
Procedure
Exhaust
Constituents
Measured
(Pass/Fail)
Use
Chassis
Dyno9
Fail
Rate
%
Inspection
Fee (USD1
Australia, New South
Wales
D
None
Canada, Ontario
D, R
HDDV
>8,500
All
J1667
Opacity
None
Canada, Vancouver, BC
C
R
LDDV
HDDV
ill,000
>11,000
All
[Ml 47
JI667
Opacity
Opacity
Yes
73
48
15 60 / yr
None
China, Beijing and
Guangzhou City
D
LDDV
HDDV
1980+
J1667
J1667
Opacity, HC, CO,
NO,
Opacity, HC, CO,
NO,
15-
20
15-
20
150-200
150-200
China, Hong Kong
(HDDV program starts
early 2002)
D
LDDV
HDDV
si 1,000
>11,000
All
LD
LD
Opacity
Opacity
Yes
Yes
60
40
40
Germany
D
LDDV
HDGV
s7,700
1977+
1970+
J1667
TSI
Opacity
CO
18
35
Singapore
D
LDDV
HDDV
HDGV
All
J1667
J1667
1
Opacity
Opacity
CO
30/15
38/19
3B/19
Sweden
C
LDDV
HDDV
HDGV
All
J1667
J1667
I
Opacity
Opacity
HC, CO
25/15
25/15
25/15
United Kingdom
D
LDDV
HDDV
s 7,700
>7,700
1979+
J1667
J1667
Opacity
Opacity
1 5
1 3
52
55 or 61
Type
Vehicle
Types
Tested
C Centralized
D Decentralized
H Hybrid (Centralized and
motorist's choice)
R Roadside (HDDV only)
LDDV Light-Duty Diesel Vehicles
HDDV Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicles
HDGV Heavy-Duty Gasoline Vehicles
Key to Symbols ¦
Test
Procedure
IMxx
ASM
ASM2
LC
TSI
I
J1667
R
LD
Transient modes (e g , IM240, IM147, BAR31)
Acceleration Simulation Mode (ASM2525,5015)
Both ASM tests
Loaded cruise mode
Two-speed Idle (2500 rpm and curb idle)
Curb Idle
SAE J1667 Snap Idle test*
Roadside pullover inspection
Lugdown Test
GVWR s8,500 If no note, weight is GVWR
Range 7,000 CW Curb Weight
Model 1968+ 1968 and newer model years (some
Years newer models may also be
5-25 Vehicles 5 to 25 model years old
5-1975 First 5 model years exempted, vehicles
to 1975 tested
Use Chassis YES Dynos used in emissions test
Dyno9 blank Dynos not used
Fees xx/yy initial test cost/retest cost, some include safety
1 hour One hour of labor at posted shop rates
xx/yr If annual and biennial in same program, annual
Many programs were unable to supply a failure rate for thier
programs Some programs responded that this is not closely
tracked
2-4
-------
3. PROGRAM DESCRIPTION SUMMARIES
DOMESTIC I/M PROGRAMS
This section contains summaries of each of the U.S. I/M programs that are currently testing
LDDVs, HDDVs, or HDGVs.
3-1
-------
Program Summary
LDDV, HDDV, and HDGV Inspection
Program Location - ALASKA (Municipality of Anchorage)
Vehicles Tested - HDGV
Program Description - Biennial emissions tests and visual inspections at licensed private repair
facilities. Approximately 90 facilities are participating in the program. BAR97 analyzers Inspection
also required on transfer of title if vehicle is 1987 model year or older and more than 12 months have
elapsed since last test. Contractor-operated referee facility. Fleet operators can inspect their own
vehicles.
HDGV
Vehicles Included - HDGVs of 1968 and later model years (1968+) up to 12,000 pounds curb weight
Two most recent model years exempted. "Seasonal Waivers" are available for vehicles not driven
during winter months "Commuter'Vehicles subject to inspection
Test Procedures - HC and CO emissions measured on Two-Speed Idle (TSI) test (2500 rpm and curb
idie) No visual or functional inspection required for 1968-74 models. Visual/functional inspection of
1975 and later (1975+) models covers catalyst, EGR, PCV, air injection, evaporative emission control
components, thermostatic air intake system (TAC), and fuel metering. No evaporative control system
functional test, as program is focused only on CO
Exhaust Components Measured - HC, CO, C02, 02
Emissions Standards - Emissions standards are based on model year.
Emissions Standards for HDGVs
1968-73
1974-78
1979-93
1994+
Idle CO (%)
50
40
40
1 0
2500 rpm CO (%)
50
40
40
1 0
HC (ppm)
1000
1000
1000
220
Fail Rate - Not available
Test Equipment - All analyzers used in the program are 4-gas Emission Inspection Systems from
Worldwide Environmental Products, Inc As configured for the Alaska I/M programs, they measure
HC, CO, C02, and 02
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Approximately $18,000 per unit
Inspection Fees - Inspection fee is market-driven to a maximum of $50; Certificate of Inspection for
passing vehicles is $18
Problems - None reported
3-2
-------
Contact Persons - Program Manager: Keith Beeson, I/M Program Administrator, Vehicle Inspection
Program, Municipality of Anchorage, Department of Health and Human Services, 825 L Street, P.O
Box 196650, Anchorage, Alaska 99519-6650; (907)343-4796. Air Agency Contact- Cindy Heil,
Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation, 555 Cordova Street, Anchorage, Alaska 99501;
(907)269-7579. Also Mary Parker, same location, (907)269-7695.
Website - None given.
3-3
-------
Program Summary
LDDV, HDDV, and HDGV Inspection
Program Location - ALASKA (Fairbanks North Star Borough)
Vehicles Tested - HDGV
Program Description - Biennial emissions tests and visual inspections at licensed private repair
facilities Currently 28 facilities (including fleets) are participating m the program. BAR97-equivalent
analyzers. Inspection also required on transfer of title if vehicle is 1987 model year or older and more
than 12 months have elapsed since last test Borough-operated referee facility Fleet operators can
inspect their own vehicles.
HDGV
Vehicles fnduded - 1975+ HDGVs up to 12,000 pounds curb weight New vehicles are exempt for two
years after initial registration. "Seasonal Waivers" are available for vehicles not driven during winter
months.
Test Procedures - HC and CO emissions measured on TSI Visual/functional inspection of emission
control systems covers catalyst, EGR, PCV, air injection, evaporative emission control components,
thermostatic air intake system (TAC), and fuel metering No evaporative control system functional test
(as program is focused only on CO)
Exhaust Components Measured - HC. CO, C02, 02
Emissions Standards - Emissions standards are based on model year.
Emissions Standards for HDGVs
1968-73
1974-78
1979-93
1994+
Idle CO (%)
5 0
4.0
40
1 0
2500 rpm CO (%)
50
4.0
40
1.0
HC (ppm)
1000
1000
1000
220
Fail Rate - 12 5%.
Test Equipment - Analyzers are 4-gas Emission Inspection Systems from Worldwide Environmental
Products, Inc As configured for the Alaska I/M programs, they measure HC, CO, CO,, and 02
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Approximately $18,000 per unit
Inspection Fees - Inspection fee market-driven, no maximum, average cost 545 Certificate of
Inspection for passing vehicles is $20,
Problems - None reported
Contact Persons - Progrjm Manager- Glenn Miller, Fairbanks North Star Borough I/M Program, 3175
Peger Road, Fairbanks, Alaska 99701, (907)459-1005 Also David Anderson, same location,
(907)459-1007 Air Agency Contact. Cindy Heil, Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation,
3-4
-------
555 Cordova Street, Anchorage, Alaska 99501; (907)269-7579. Also Mary Parker, same location;
(907)269-7695
Website - None given
3-5
-------
Program Summary
LDDV, HDDV, and HDGV Inspection
Program Location - ARIZONA (Phoenix area)
Vehicles Tested - LDDV, HDDV, HDGV
Program Descnption - Emissions tests and visual inspections at centralized, contractor-operated
(Gordon-Darby) inspection centers. Inspection network consists of 11 centers housing 48 inspection
lanes. Inspection frequency depends on vehicle age; see below. Fleet operators (of at least 25 vehicles)
can inspect their own vehicles, but few do, as test and repair equipment requirements are strict
LDDV
Vehicles Included - 1967+ LDDVs tested annually for opacity The current and four most recent model
years are exempt from the program (e.g., during calendar year 2001, 1997 and newer models are
exempt). Inspection is also required for vehicles used regularly to commute from outside the program
area.
Test Procedures - Exhaust opacity measured during loaded-cruise operation Dyno loads for the loaded
cruise test range from 6 4 hp @ 30 mph for the LDDVs <; 4,000 lbs GVWR to 32 hp @ 50 mph for
LDDVs 4,001-8,500 lbs GVWR LDDVs incapable of dynamometer operation receive "technical
difficulty" certificate, exempting them from testing for current year
Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity
Emissions Standards - For all LDDVs, maximum allowable opacity is 20% for 10 seconds.
Fail Rate - 5 9% (opacity only)
Test Equipment - Opacity meters: Wager Model 650, Red Mountain Smoke Check 1667 Chassis
dynamometers custom built by I/M contractor
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Not available.
Inspection Fees - Inspection fee is $12 50, with one free retest within 60 days of initial test
Problems - None reported.
HDDV
Vehicles Included - 1967+ HDDVs tested annually for opacity Current and 4 most recent model years
are exempt (e.g., durmg calendar year 2001, 1997 model year and newer vehicles are exempt)
Test Procedures - SAE J1667 Snap-Acceleration Smoke Test Procedure
Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity
Emissions Standards - Maximum smoke opacity standards on the J1667 snap-acceleration test are 55%
for 1990 model year and older HDDVs, 40% for 1991+ HDDVs
FaiLRate - 8 6% (J 1667)
Test Equipment - Opacity meters. Wager Model 650, Red Mountain Smoke Check 1667
3-6
-------
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Not available
Inspection Fees - Inspection fee of $12.50 includes one free retest within 60 days of initial test.
Problems - Ford HDDVs with 6.9-liter and 7 3-liter engines, and GM HDDVs with 6 2-liter and 6 5-
hter engines, if equipped with Stanadyne non-electronic governors, exhibit surging when run up against
governor, making them incapable of testing per J1667. These HDDVs currently are being exempted
from testing for technical difficulty
IIDGV
Vehicles Included - 1967+ HDGVs are tested annually Current and 4 most recent model years are
exempt (e g., during calendar year 2001, 1997 model year and newer vehicles are exempt)
Test Procedures - All HDGVs tested for HC and CO emissions at curb idle and on loaded cruise test
Dyno loads range from 2.8 hp @ 22 mph for 4-cylinder HDGVs to 10 8 hp @ 35 mph for HDGVs with
8-cyhnder (or more) engines HDGVs with full-time 4-wheel drive or non-defeatable traction control,
or that otherwise are not capable of dynamometer testing, are tested at curb idle.
Visual/functional inspection on 1975+ HDGVs Visual inspection covers catalyst, air injection system,
PCV system, and presence of gas caps on all vehicles Gas caps tested on all 1971+ vehicles with
"sealed" systems.
Exhaust Components Measured - HC, CO, C02
Emissions Standards - HDGV emissions standards are based on vehicle model year
Emissions Standards for HDGVs
Curb Idle Loaded Cruise
Cylinders
HC ppm
CO%
HC ppm
CO%
1967-71
54
500
5 50
500
4 20
>4
450
5 00
450
3 75
1972-74
s4
400
5.50
400
4 20
>4
400
5 00
400
3.75
1975-78
All
350
4 00
350
3 00
1979-80
All
300
4 00
300
3.00
1981 +
All
300
4.00
300
3 00
Fail Rate - 17.7% (emissions only).
Test Equipment - Gas analyzers are provided by California Analytical, gas analysis benches and chassis
dynamometers custom-built by I/M contractor
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Not available
3-7
-------
Inspection Fees - Inspection fee is $12.50 for all vehicles discussed here One free retest within 60
days of initial test.
Problems - None reported.
Contact Persons - Program Manager: Dan Grubbe, Manager, Arizona Vehicle Emissions Inspection
Program, Arizona Department of Environmental Quality, 600 North 40th Street, Phoenix, Arizona
85008;(602)207-7017.
Website - httpV/www adea.state.as.us/environ/air/vei/
3-8
-------
Program Summary
LDDV, HDDV, and HDGV Inspection
Program Location - ARIZONA (Tucson area)
Vehicles Tested - LDDV, HDDV, HDGV
Program Description - Annual emissions tests and visual inspections at centralized, contractor-operated
(Gordon-Darby) inspection centers. Inspection network consists of 3 centers housing 11 inspection
lanes. Equipment is BAR97-equivalent but without dilution correction. Fleet operators (of at least 25
vehicles) can inspect their own vehicles
LDDV
Vehicles Included - 1967+ LDDVs Current and four most recent model years are exempt from the
program (e.g., during calendar year 2001, 1997 and newer models will be exempt)
Test Procedures - Exhaust opacity measured during loaded-cruise operation. Dyno loads for the loaded
cruise test range from 6.4 hp @ 30 mph for the LDDVs s 4,000 lbs GVWR to 31 hp @ 50 mph for
LDDVs 4,001-8,500 lbs GVWR. LDDVs incapable of dynamometer operation receive "technical
difficulty" certificate, exempting them from testing for current year
Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity
Emissions Standards - For all LDDVs, maximum allowable opacity is 30% for 10 seconds
Fail Rate - 4.1% (opacity only).
Test Equipment - Opacity meters- Wager Model 650, Red Mountain Smoke Check 1667. Chassis
dynamometers custom built by I/M contractor.
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Not available
Inspection Fees - Inspection fee is S9, with one free retest within 60 days of initial test
Problems - None reported.
HDDV
Vehicles Included - 1967+ HDDVs The current and 4 most recent model years are exempt from the
program (e g , during calendar year 2001, 1997 and newer models will be exempt)
Test Procedures - HDDVs with GVWR of 8,501-10,500 lbs are tested for opacity on loaded cruise
operation (31 hp @50 mph) HDDVs heavier than 10,500 lbs GVWR are tested during lug-down
operation on dynamometer.
Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity
Emissions Standards - For all HDDVs, maximum allowable opacity is 30% for 10 seconds
Fail Rate - 3 5% (opacity only)
3-9
-------
Test Equipment - Opacity meters Wager Model 650, Red Mountain Smoke Check 1667 Chassis
dynamometers custom built by I/M contractor
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Not available.
Inspection Fees - Inspection fee is $9, with one free retest within 60 days of initial test.
Problems - None reported
HDGV
Vehicles Included - 1967+ LDDVs. The current and four most recent model years are exempt from the
program (e.g., during calendar year 2001, 1997 and newer models will be exempt)
Test Procedures - HC and CO emissions measured; 1967 to 1980 vehicles (and all motorcycles, and
vehicles with full-time four-wheel drive or non-defeatable traction control) receive curb-idle test;
1981+ models get steady-state loaded-mode (cruise) test, which includes curb idle Dynamometer
loads and speeds on the steady-state test range from 2 8 hp @ 22 mph for 4-cylinder vehicles to 15.8 hp
@ 40 mph for all heavy-duty vehicles.
Visual/functional inspection limited to catalyst and air injection system Functional evap test limited to
gas-cap pressure test on 1971 and later vehicles
Exhaust Components Measured - HC, CO, C02
Emissions Standards - HDGV emissions standards are based on model year, number of cylinders, and
test type
Emissions Standards for HDGVs
Curb Idle Loaded Cruise
Cylinders
HC ppm
CO%
1967-71
s4
500
5 50
>4
450
5 00
1972-74
s4
400
5.50
>4
400
5 00
1975-78 All 350
1979-80 All 300
1981+ All 300
4 00
4 00
4 00 300 3 00
Fail Rate - 10.8%
Test Equipment - Gas analyzers are provided by California Analytical, constant volume sampling
system and dynamometers custom-built by I/M contractor.
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Not available
Inspection Fees - Inspection fee is $9, with one free retest within 60 days of initial test
3-10
-------
Problems - None reported.
Contact Persons - Program Manager: Dan Grubbe, Manager, Arizona Vehicle Emissions Inspection
Program, Arizona Department of Environmental Quality, 600 North 40th Street, Phoenix, Arizona
85008;(602)207-7017.
Website - http7Avww adea state az.us/environ/air/vei/
3-11
-------
Program Summary
LDDV, HDDV, and HDGV Inspection
Program Location - CALIFORNIA (Enhanced Program Areas)
Vehicles Tested - HDDV, HDGV
Program Description - For HDDVs, truck and bus fleet operators are required to perform their own
testing on their fleets annually The test is also performed for enforcement at random roadside
locations and at fleet facilities (fleets are required to self-certify) For HDGVs biennial emissions tests
and visual/functional inspections at licensed private test-and-repair or test-only facilities. Vehicles
undergoing change of ownership and out-of-state vehicles being registered m California for the first
time are also subject to inspection. Fleet operators can inspect their own vehicles.
HDDV
Vehicles Included - All HDDVs
Test Procedures - SAE J1667
Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity
Emissions Standards - Pre 1991 - 55%, 1991 and newer - 40%.
For pre-1991 vehicles that have smoke opacities greater than 55 percent but less than 70 percent and
have not received a citation in the past 12 months, a Nonce of Violation is issued Similar to a "fix it
ticket," the Notice of Violation has no penalty if repairs are made to the engine and a Demonstration of
Correction form is submitted to the ARB with 45 days
If repairs are not made and a Demonstration of Correction form is not submitted within the 45-day
period, a citation will be issued Only one Notice of Violation may be issued in a 12-month period
First Level Citation. For pre-1991 engines with 70 percent or greater smoke opacity and 1991 and
newer engines with greater than 40 percent opacity that have not received any citations in the past 12
months, a First Level Citation is issued
The penalty is $300 if engine repairs are made and a Demonstration of Correction form is submitted to
the ARB within 45 days The penalty is increased to $800 if repairs are not made and a Demonstration
of Correction form is not submitted to the ARB within 45 days
Second Level Citation- The penalty for any further violations within a 12-month period is $1800. In
addition, a Demonstration of Correction form must be submitted in order to clear the citation
In extreme cases, the California Highway Patrol may take a vehicle out of service for an outstanding
citation if the penalty has not been paid or if the vehicle has not been repaired
Fail Rate - Unknown.
Test Equipment - Opacity meters, various manufacturers (see the website
http //www arb ca gov/msprog/hdvip/smokemtr htm for a list of manufacturers CARB has identified)
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - $3,000 to 58,000
3-12
-------
Inspection Fees - None. However, for the fleet self-certification program, fleet operators have to either
purchase their own opacity meter or contract with a service to test their vehicles. Roadside
(enforcement) inspections are free
Problems - None reported
HDGV
Vehicles Included - 1974+ HDGVs, excluding the four most recent model years. Model-year
exemption does not apply for re-registration upon change of ownership or first registration in
California
Test Procedures - HC and CO emissions measured on TSI, plus gas cap pressure test, comprehensive
visual inspection of emission control system, including MIL, and functional check of EGR.
Exhaust Components Measured - HC, CO, C02
Emissions Standards - HDGV emissions standards categories are based on model year and GVWR
Emissions Standards for HDGVs
Curb Idle 2500 rpm
GVWR lbs
HC ppm
CO%
HC ppm
CO%
1966-69
>8,500
700
5.5
750
50
1970-73
>8,500
550
50
600
4.5
1974-78
>8,500
300
30
350
35
1979-83
>8,500
250
2.2
250
3.0
1984-86
>8,500
250
1 5
200
1.6
1987-90
8,501-14,000
220
1 5
200
1.6
1991+
8,501-14,000
150
1.2
150
1.5
1987-90
a 14,001
250
2.5
200
1 6
1991 +
a 14,001
150
1 5
150
1.5
Fail Rate - Not available
Test Equipment - Gas analyzer (includes gas cap tester) BAR-97 Emissions Inspection System (EIS)
provided by SPX, ESP, Snap-On, Worldwide
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Not available
Inspection Fees - Inspection fee not regulated; range is S35-S80, average about $45. Fee of S7 75 for
Certificate of Inspection pays for program administration and enforcement
Problems - None reported
3-13
-------
Contact Persons - HDDV - Marilyn Hazewood, Mobile Source Enforcement Branch, Heavy-Duty
Diesel Section, (916) 322-2659, mhazewoo@arb.ca gov. HDGV - Program Manager- Douglas Laue,
Chief, Bureau of Automotive Repair, 10240 Systems Parkway, Sacramento, California 95827;
(916)255-4355 Also Gary Hunter, Deputy Chief of Staff for Smog Check Operations; (916)255-4397
Air Agency Contact for both programs. Thomas Cackette, Deputy Executive Officer, California Air
Resources Board, 1001 "I" Street, P.O. Box 2815, Sacramento, CA 95812; (916)322-2892.
Website - HDGV testing - httpV/www smoecheck ca gov/smogweb/.
HDDV testing - http./Avww arb ca gov/msprog/hdvip/hdvm.htm
3-14
-------
Program Summary
LDDV, HDDV, and HDGV Inspection
Program Location - CALIFORNIA (Basic and Change-of-Ownership Program Areas)
Vehicles Tested - HDDV, HDGV
Program Description - For HDDVs, truck and bus fleet operators are required to perform their own
testing on their fleets annually. The test is also performed for enforcement at random roadside
locations and at fleet facilities (fleets are required to self-certify). For HDGVs, biennial emissions tests
and visual/functional inspections at licensed pnvate test-and-repair or test-only facilities. Vehicles
undergoing change of ownership and out-of-state vehicles being registered in California for the first
time are also subject to inspection. Fleet operators can inspect their own vehicles
HDDV
Vehicles Included - All HDDVs.
Test Procedures - SAE J1667
Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity
Emissions Standards - Pre 1991 - 55%, 1991 and newer - 40%
For pre-1991 vehicles that have smoke opacities greater than 55 percent but less than 70 percent and
have not received a citation in the past 12 months, a Notice of Violation is issued. Similar to a "fix it
ticket," the Notice of Violation has no penalty if repairs are made to the engine and a Demonstration of
Correction form is submitted to the ARB within 45 days.
If repairs are not made and a Demonstration of Correction form is not submitted within the 45-day
period, a citation will be issued Only one Notice of Violation may be issued in a 12-month period
First Level Citation For pre-1991 engines with 70 percent or greater smoke opacity and 1991 and
newer engines with greater than 40 percent opacity that have not received any citations in the past 12
months, a First Level Citation is issued
The penalty is S300 if engine repairs are made and a Demonstration of Correction form is submitted to
the ARB within 45 days The penalty is increased to $800 if repairs are not made and a Demonstration
of Correction form is not submitted to the ARB within 45 days.
Second Level Citation The penalty for any further violations within a 12-month period is $1,800 In
addition, a Demonstration of Correction form must be submitted in order to clear the citation
In extreme cases, the California Highway Patrol may take a vehicle out of service for an outstanding
citation if the penalty has not been paid or if the vehicle has not been repaired
Fail Rate - Unknown
Test Equipment - Opacity meters, various manufacturers (see the website
httpV/www arb ca gov/msprog/hdvip/smokemtr htm for a list of manufacturers CARB has identified).
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - $3,000 to 58,000.
3-15
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Inspection Fees - None. However, for the fleet self-certification program, fleet operators have to either
purchase their own opacity meter or contract with a service to test their vehicles. Roadside
(enforcement) inspections are free.
Problems - None reported.
HDGV
Vehicles Included - 1974+ HDGVs, excluding the four most recent model years. The last four model
year exemption does not apply for change-of-ownership or first registration in California.
Test Procedures - HC and CO emissions measured on TSI, plus gas cap pressure test; comprehensive
visual inspection of emission control system, including MIL; and functional check of EGR.
Exhaust Components Measured - HC, CO, C02
Emissions Standards - HDGV emissions standards categories are based on model year and GVWR.
Emissions Standards for HDGVs
Curb Idle 2500 rpm
GVWR lbs
HC ppm
CO%
HC ppm
CO%
1966-69
>8,500
700
55
750
5.0
1970-73
>8,500
550
50
600
45
1974-78
>8,500
300
3 0
350
3 5
1979-83
>8,500
250
2 2
250
30
1984-86
>8,500
250
1 5
200
1 6
1987-90
8,501-14,000
220
1 5
200
1.6
1991+
8,501-14,000
150
1.2
150
1 5
1987-90
214,001
250
25
200
1 6
2993 +
2 14,001
150
1 5
150
1 5
Fail Rate - Not available
Test Equipment - BAR-90ET test analyzer systems provided by ESP, Snap-On, SPX, ESP
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Not available
Inspection Fees - Inspection fee not regulated, range is about $15-$40, average about $30 Fee of
$7 75 for Certificate of Inspection pays for program administration and enforcement.
Problems - None reported.
Contact Persons - HDDV - Marilyn Hazewood, Mobile Source Enforcement Branch, Heavy-Duty
Diesel Section. (916) 322-2659. mhazewoo@arb ca gov HDGV - Program Manager Douglas Laue,
Chief, Bureau of Automotive Repair, 10240 Systems Parkway, Sacramento, California 95827,
(916)255-4355. Also Gary Hunter, Deputy Chief of Staff for Smog Check Operations; (916)255-4397.
3-16
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Air Agency Contact for both programs: Thomas Cackette, Deputy Executive Officer, California Air
Resources Board, 1001 "I" Street, P 0 Box 2815, Sacramento, CA 95812, (916)322-2892
Website - HDGV testing - httpV/www smogcheck ca.gov/smogweb/.
HDDV testing - http7/www arb ca gov/msprog/hdvip/hdvip htm.
3-17
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Program Summaiy
LDDV, HDDV, and HDGV Inspection
Program Location - COLORADO (Enhanced Program Area of Denver and Boulder)
Vehicles Tested - LDDV, HDDV, HDGV
Program Descnption - Emissions inspection of all cars and trucks. Biennially, 1982+ gasoline-powered
vehicles are inspected at centralized, contractor-operated (ESP) inspection centers, 1981 and older
vehicles may be inspected m the centralized program or at licensed private facilities, at the owner's
option. Centralized network consists of 77 inspection lanes in 15 centers. Inspection also required on
change of ownership, for vehicles new to the program area, and for commuter vehicles. Diesel-
powered vehicles are inspected annually at specially licensed private facilities, 28 in number. Fleet
operators (20 or more gasoline vehictes, 9 or more Diesels > 7,500 lbs empty weight) can inspect their
own vehicles annually
LDDV
Vehicles Included - All LDDVs; the two most recent model years are exempted (except for change of
ownership or new-to-area vehicles).
Test Procedures - Three-mode opacity tests on chassis dynamometers For LDDVs <7,500 lbs empty
weight, test modes are wide-open throttle (WOT) at 60, 50, and 40 mph (dyno loaded so as to require
WOT operation to maintain those speeds). For heavier LDDVs (to 8,500 lbs GVWR), test modes are
WOT operation at 90%, 80%, and 70% of maximum rated engine speed. Fleet inspections employ the
snap-acceleration test.
Test Equipment - Chassis dynamometers, opacity meters
Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity
Emissions Standards - Maximum opacity standards depend on vehicle weight and method of aspiration
(naturally aspirated or turbo charged).
LDDV Maximum Opacity
Empty Weight % Opacity
s7,500 Naturally Aspirated 40
Turbo charged 35
>7,500 Naturally Aspirated 35
Turbo charged 20
Fail Rate - Not available.
Test Equipment - Chassis dynamometers, opacity meters
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Not available
Inspection Fees - Maximum inspection fee is one hour of labor at the inspection shop's posted rate
3-18
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Problems - None reported
HDDV
Vehicles Included - All HDDVs except farm-plated vehicles. The two most recent model years are
exempted (except for change of ownership or new-to-area vehicles)
Test Procedures - Three-mode opacity tests on chassis dynamometers For HDDVs vehicles greater
than 8,500 pounds and >7,500 lbs empty weight, test modes are WOT operation at 90%, 80%, and 70%
of maximum rated engine speed. Fleet inspections employ the snap-acceleration test
Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity
Emissions Standards - Maximum opacity standards depend on vehicle weight and method of aspiration
(naturally aspirated or turbo charged).
HDDV Maximum Opacity
Empty Weight % Opacity
*7,500 Naturally Aspirated 40
Turbo charged 35
>7,500 Naturally Aspirated 35
T urbo charged 20
Fail Rate - Not available.
Test Equipment - Chassis dynamometers, opacity meters.
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Not available
Inspection Fees - Maximum inspection fee is one hour of labor at the inspection shop's posted rate
Problems - None reported
HDGV
Vehicles Included - All HDGVs The two most recent model years of Diesel vehicles are exempted
(except for change of ownership or new-to-area vehicles).
Test Procedures - HC and CO measured on TSI Visual inspection of 1975+ models covers air
injection system, catalyst, fuel inlet restnctor, check-engine light, oxygen sensor, and fuel cap Gas cap
pressure test
Exhaust Components Measured - HC, CO, CO,
Emissions Standards - Emissions standards are based on model year.
3-19
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TSI Emissions Standards for HDGVs
HC ppm CO %
pre-1968 1500 7 0
1968-69 1200 6.5
1970-78
1000 5 5
1979
800
4.0
1980
800
3 5
1981-85
600
30
1986+
300
20
Fail Rate - Not available
Test Equipment - BAR-90 test analyzer systems
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Not available.
Inspection Fees - Maximum inspection fee is $15.
Problems - None reported
Contact Persons - Program Manager' R. J. Hicks, Colorado Dept. of Revenue, Motor Vehicle Division,
Air Emissions Program, 1881 Pierce Street, Lakewood, Colorado 80261, (303)205-5935 Also John
Schoen, (303)205-5669 Air Agency Contact Michael O'Toole, Colorado Dept of Public Health and
Environment, Air Pollution Control Division, 4300 Cherry Creek Drive So , Denver, Colorado 80276-
1530,(303)692-3139
Website httpV/www cdphe state co us/ap/mobile asp
Other Websites -
Air Care Colorado httpV/aircarecolorado com/
Pitkin County. httpV/www aspeneov com/EH/countv/emissions html
3-20
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Program Summary
LDDV, HDDV, and HDGV Inspection
Program Location - COLORADO (Aspen, Colorado Springs, Fort Collins, and Greeley)
Vehicles Tested - LDDV, HDDV, HDGV
Program Description - Biennial emissions tests for 1982+ vehicles and annual emissions inspection for
1981 and older vehicles at licensed private repair facilities. Inspection is also required upon change of
ownership and for vehicles of new-to-area residents. Fleet operators (20 or more gasoline vehicles, 9
or more Diesel vehicles >7500 lbs. empty weight) can inspect their own vehicles, but this must be done
annually Diesel-powered vehicles are inspected annually at specially licensed private facilities
Approximately 243 facilities are participating in the program in the four areas, including fleet repair
facilities.
LDDV
Vehicles Included - All LDDVs, the two most recent model years are exempted (except for change of
ownership or new-to-area vehicles).
Test Procedures - Three-mode opacity tests on chassis dynamometers For LDDVs s7,500 lbs empty
weight, test modes are wide-open throttle (WOT) at 60, 50, and 40 mph (dyno loaded so as to require
WOT operation to maintain those speeds) For heavier LDDVs (to 8,500 lbs GVWR), test modes are
WOT operation at 90%, 80%, and 70% of maximum rated engine speed. Fleet inspections employ the
snap-acceleration test
Test Equipment - Chassis dynamometers, opacity meters.
Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity
Emissions Standards - Maximum opacity standards depend on vehicle weight and method of aspiration
(naturally aspirated or turbo charged).
LDDV Maximum Opacity
Empty Weight
s7,500 Naturally Aspirated
Turbo charged
>7,500 Naturally Aspirated
Turbo charged
Fail Rate - Not available
Test Equipment - Chassis dynamometers, opacity meters
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Not available
Inspection Fees - Maximum inspection fee is one hour of labor at the inspection shop's posted rate
HDDV
% Opacity
40
35
35
20
3-21
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Vehicles Included - All HDDVs except farm-plated vehicles. The two most recent model years are
exempted (except for change of ownership or new-to-area vehicles).
Test Procedures - Three-mode opacity tests on chassis dynamometers For HDDVs greater than 8,500
pounds and >7,500 lbs empty weight, test modes are WOT operation at 90%, 80%, and 70% of
maximum rated engine speed. Fleet inspections employ the snap-acceleTation test
Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity
Emissions Standards - Maximum opacity standards depend on vehicle weight and method of aspiration
{naturally aspirated or turbo charged).
HDDV Maximum Opacity
Empty Weight % Opacity
s7,500 Naturally Aspirated 40
Turbo charged 35
>7,500 Naturally Aspirated 35
Turbo charged 20
Fail Rate - Not available
Test Equipment - Chassis dynamometers, opacity meters.
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Not available
Inspection Fees - Maximum inspection fee is one hour of labor at the inspection shop's posted rate
Problems - None reported
HDGV
Vehicles Included - All HDGVs except farm-plated vehicles The two most recent model years are
exempted (except for change of ownership or new-to-area vehicles)
Test Procedures - HC and CO emissions measured on TSI (1981+ models) or at curb idle only (1980
and older models) Visual inspection of 1975+ models includes air injection system, catalyst, fuel inlet
restrictor, check-engine light, oxygen sensor, and fuel cap. Gas cap pressure test.
Exhaust Components Measured - HC, CO, C02
Emissions Standards - Emissions standards are based on model year
Emissions Standards for HDGVs
HC ppm CO %
pre-1968
1500
70
1968-69
1200
65
1970-78
1000
55
3-22
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1979
800
4.0
1980
800
3.5
1981-85
600
3.0
1986+
300
2.0
Fail Rate - Not available
Test Equipment - BAR-90 test analyzer systems
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Not available.
Inspection Fees - Maximum inspection fee is $15
Problems - None reported.
Contact Persons - Program Manager: R J. Hicks, Colorado Dept of Revenue, Motor Vehicle
Emissions Division, 1881 Pierce Street, Lakewood, Colorado 80261; (303)205-5935 Also John
Schoen, (303)205-5669 Air Agency Contact Michael O'Toole. Colorado Dept. of PubJic Health and
Environment, Ait Pollution Control Division, 4300 Cheny Creek Drive So.. Denver. Colorado 80246-
1530;(303)692-3139
Website hrtr* //wwv cdplie state ca us/at^'mobile asp
3-23
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Program Summary
LDDV, HDDV, and HDGV Inspection
Program Location - CONNECTICUT
Vehicles Tested - LDDV, HDDV, HDGV
Program Description - Emissions inspections (biennial for 1981+ vehicles, and annual for 1980 and
older vehicles) at centralized, contractor-operated (ESP) inspection centers (25 inspection facilities with
92 lanes) Separate roadside or weigh-station safety and exhaust opacity inspections on commercial
vehicles >26,000 lbs GVWR In all vehicle categories, only the 25 most recent model years are subject
to the program. For instance, in calendar year 2001, 1977 is the oldest model year inspected New
vehicles are exempt from inspection for 12 months from date of initial registration
LDDV
Vehicles Included - LDDVs of 25 most recent model years.
Test Procedures - Opacity measured under loaded cruise operation- 30 mph, ~7 5 hp
Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity
Emissions Standards - Maximum opacity for all LDDVs is 20%
Fail Rate - Not available
Test Equipment - Chassis dynamometers, opacity meters
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Not available
Inspection Fees - Inspection fee ($20 for biennial test, $10 for annual) includes windshield sticker and
one retest for vehicles that fail the initial test
Problems - None reported
HDDV
Vehicles Included - HDDVs s 10,000 lbs GVWR, 25 most recent model years.
Test Procedures - Opacity measured under loaded cruise operation. 30 mph, -7.5 hp. Roadside and
weigh-station safety inspections and opacity tests are conducted on commercial HDDVs >26,000 lbs
GVWR)
Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity
Emissions Standards - For HDDVs with GVWR ^ 10,000 lbs, maximum opacity is 20% For
commercial vehicles with GVWR >26,000 lbs, maximum opacity depends on vehicle model year-
1990 model year and older vehicles 55%, 1991+ vehicles: 40%.
Fail Rate - Not available
Test Equipment - Chassis dynamometers, opacity meters.
3-24
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Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Not available.
Inspection Fees - Inspection fee (S20 for biennial test, $10 for annual) includes windshield sticker and
one retest for vehicles that fail the initial test Safety inspection costs $15.
Problems - None reported.
HDGV
Vehicles Included - HDGVs with GVWR s 10,000 lbs (Separate roadside and weigh-station safety
inspections and opacity tests are conducted on commercial HDGVs >26,000 lbs GVWR)
Test Procedures - HC and CO measured at curb idle Visual inspection of catalyst and gas cap. Gas
cap pressure test
Exhaust Components Measured - HC, CO, C02
Emissions Standards - Emissions standards are based on vehicle model year.
Emissions Standards for HDGVs
HC ppm
CO%
1977
300
2 70
1978
275
2 40
1979
250
2 10
1980
225
2 00
1981-82
200
1 20
1983
175
1 00
1984-87
150
1 00
1988+
125
1 00
Fail Rate - Not available.
Test Equipment - BAR-90 test analyzer systems
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Not available.
Inspection Fees - Inspection fee ($20 for biennial test, $10 for annual) includes windshield sticker and
one retest for vehicles that fail the initial test.
Problems - None reported
Contact Persons - Program Manager Robert Waz, Director, Emissions Division, Dept. of Motor
Vehicles, Rowland Government Center, 55 West Mam St, Waterbury, Connecticut 067*02; (203)805-
6224 Air Agency Contact- William Menz, Program Manager; Bureau of Air Management, Air
Management, Planning, and Standards Division, Dept of Environmental Protection, 79 Elm Street,
Hartford, Connecticut 06106-5127; (860)424-3409
Website - http7/dmvct org/emipage htm
3-25
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Program Summary
LDDV, HDDV, and HDGV Inspection
Program Location - IDAHO (Boise area)
Vehicles Tested - LDDV, HDDV, HDGV
Program Description - Annual emissions inspection at private test-only facilities; 40 facilities are
participating in the program. Three privately owned mobile emissions test vans provide on-site
inspections of fleets. BAR90 analyzers.
LDDV
Vehicles Included - 1965 and newer LDDVs The most recent model year is exempted if driven fewer
than 5,000 miles
Test Procedures - Modified snap-acceleration test. Throttle pedal is depressed to floor and held for
three seconds, then released.
Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity
Emissions Standards - LDDV opacity standards categories are based on vehicle model year May
become more stringent in 2002
Opacity Standards for LDDVs
65-74 75-91 92+
Maximum Opacity, % 70 55 40
Fail Rate - Not available
Test Equipment - Opacity meters ProTech Opax 2000, Red Mountain
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - ProTech Opax 2000. S3,000, Red Mountain $5,700
Inspection Fees - Maximum allowable fee for emissions inspection is $12, $2 goes to the Air Quality
Board to cover administrative costs One free retest is included in the fee
Problems - Strict snap-acceleration procedure drove engine speed past tachometer redline, which
worried owners. Procedure modified to ensure that engine speed does not exceed redline Adapters for
opacity meters had to be fabricated (locally, then by manufacturers) to accommodate small-diameter
exhausts on smaller LDDVs.
HDDV
Vehicles Included - 1965+ HDDVs (except motor homes) The most recent model year is exempted if
driven fewer than 5,000 miles
Test Procedures - Snap acceleration test.
Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity
3-26
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Emissions Standards - Opacity standards are based on vehicle model year May become more stringent
in 2002.
Opacity Standards for HDDVs
65-74 75-91 92+
Maximum Opacity, % 70 55 40
Fail Rate - Not available
Test Equipment - Opacity meters: Opax 2000, Red Mountain
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Opax 2000- $3,000; Red Mountain. $5,700.
Inspection Fees - Maximum allowable fee for emissions inspection is $12, S2 goes to the Air Quality
Board to cover administrative costs One free retest is included in the fee.
Problems - On some HDDVs, strict snap-acceleration procedure drove engine speed past tachometer
redline, which worried owners. Procedure was modified to ensure that engine speed does not meet
redline Throttle depressed onto governor, held for 5 seconds; feathered, if necessary, to avoid redline
HDGV
Vehicles Included - 1965+ HDGVs (except motor homes) The most recent model year is exempted if
driven fewer than 5,000 miles.
Test Procedures - HC and CO measured on TSI. Visual inspection (1984+ vehicles only) is limited to
catalyst and air injection system.
Exhaust Components Measured - HC, CO, C02, 02
Emissions Standards - Standards categories are based on vehicle model year.
Emissions Standards for HDGVs
65-74
75-80
81 +
HC ppm
900
700
500
CO%
60
50
3.0
Fail Rate - Not available
Test Equipment - BAR90 gas analyzers
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Gas analyzers $8,000
Inspection Fees - Maximum allowable emission inspection fee of $12 includes one free retest.
Problems - None reported
Contact Persons - Dennis D Turner, Executive Director, Air Quality Board, 1755 Westgate Drive,
Suite 120, Boise, ID 83704, (208)377-9191 Also, Roger Jensen, Quality Assurance, same location.
3-27
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Website - httpV/www emissiontest org
3-28
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Program Summary
LDDV, HDDV, and HDGV Inspection
Program Location - ILLINOIS (Metropolitan Chicago and northern Illinois & East St. Louis areas)
Vehicles Tested - HDDV, HDGV
Program Description - For HDDVs, annual inspection at decentralized facilities or fleet self-
certification allowed (for fleets of over 25 vehicles) with the snap-idle test, and random roadside testing
conducted by DOT with the state police (coincident with random roadside safety inspections) For
HDGVs, biennial emissions inspection at centralized, contractor-operated (ESP) inspection centers (35
inspection facilities with 139 test lanes) Fleet operators can inspect their own vehicles.
HDDV
Vehicles Included - For the annual inspection program, all intrastate HDDVs >16,000, all interstate
busses, and Recreational vehicles over 16,000 in the 11-county program area All smoking vehicles on
road are subject to the roadside inspections.
Test Procedures - Snap acceleration test.
Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity
Emissions Standards - Opacity standards are based on vehicle model year May become more stringent
in 2002
Opacity Standards for HDDVs
65-74 75-91 92+
Maximum Opacity, % 70 55 40
Fail Rate - Not available.
Test Equipment - Opacity meters Two approved - Red Mountain and ProTech
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Not available
Inspection Fees - Initial test $30, retest S25 if retested at the same station as the initial test
Problems - A problem with the smoke meters is program start up, which required firmware upgrades
Weather is a significant issue for the roadside program
HDGV
Vehicles Included - 1968+ HDGV The four newest model years are exempt, i e , in calendar year
2001, 1997 models will be tested for the first time
Test Procedures - Curb-idle test only. Vehicles failing initial idle inspection are tested again after
preconditioning at high-idle operation During idle test, the sum of CO + C02 concentrations must
exceed 6%. Functional evap test limited to gas cap No visual inspection required as part of test, but
waiver inspection includes visual checks of catalyst, fuel inlet restrictor, and fuel filler cap, and a
functional gas-cap pressure test Catalyst must be replaced if fuel inlet shows signs of tampering
3-29
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Exhaust Components Measured - HC, CO, CO,
Emissions Standards - Standards are based on vehicle model year
Idle Emissions Standards, AH HDGVs
1968-71 1972-78 1979-84 1985+
HCppm 1550 900 700 300
CO% 9.5 9 0 7 0 3.0
Fail Rate - Not available.
Test Equipment - BAR97-equivalent test analyzer systems
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Not available
Inspection Fees - No direct cost to motorists for inspection. Three inspections per year per vehicle are
allowed
Problems - None reported
Contact Persons - For HDDV testing - Tony Klasmg, Illinois Department of Transportation, Manager
Commercial Vehicle Section, Diesel Vehicle Testing, Springfield Illinois, (217) 762-1606. For HDGV
testing - Program Manager- Elizabeth Tracy, Vehicle Inspection & Maintenance, Illinois EPA, 1021
North Grand Avenue East, P.O Box 19276, Springfield, Illinois 62794-9276; (217)782-0408 Also Jim
Matheny, Technical Services Manager (217)785-5153.
Website - HDGV http //www epa state ll us/air/vim
3-30
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Program Summary
LDDV, HDDV, and HDGV Inspection
Program Location - INDIANA (Chicago, IL suburbs and Louisville, KY suburbs)
Vehicles Tested - HDGV
Program Description - Biennial emissions inspection at centralized, contractor-operated (ESP)
inspection centers (9 inspection stations with 27 test lanes). Inspection also required on change of
ownership and first registration in program area.
HDGV
Vehicles Included - 1976+ HDGVs with GVWR s9,000 lbs. The four newest model years are exempt
Test Procedures - For 1981+ models, HC, CO, and NOx are measured on IM93 (first hill of IM240)
transient test cycle. (Pass/fail based on HC and CO only ) The test cycle is repeated once for failing
vehicles. For 1976-80 models and vehicles incapable of dynamometer testing, HC and CO are
measured on idle test. Gas cap pressure test and visual inspection for presence of catalyst conducted on
all vehicles.
Exhaust Components Measured - HC, CO, NOx, C02
Emissions Standards - IM93 emissions test standards for HDGVs are based on vehicle model year.
IM93 Emissions Standards for HDGVs
1981-82
1983-84
1985-86
1987-90
1991-97
1998+
HC g/mi
7.50
6.00
5.00
3 00
2 40
2.00
CO g/mi
100 0
100.0
75.0
60.0 '
40.0
30 0
Fail Rate - Not available.
Test Equipment - Chassis dynamometers, CVS systems, gas analysis systems
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Not available.
Inspection Fees - Inspections are free of charge.
Problems - None reported.
Contact Persons - Program Manager- Michael L. Worrell, Dept. of Environmental Management,
100N Senate Avenue, Room 1001,PO Box 6015, Indianapolis, Indiana 46206-6015; (317)232-8218
Also Phil Doyle, (317)232-8420.
Website - http //www state in us/idem/oam/programs/imsite new/
3-31
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Program Summary
LDDV, HDDV, and HDGV Inspection
Program Location - KENTUCKY (Louisville area)
Vehicles Tested - LDDV, HDDV, HDGV
Program Description - Annual emissions tests and visual inspections at centralized, contractor-operated
(Gordon-Darby) inspection centers. Five inspection centers provide 22 inspection lanes Fleet
operators are allowed to inspect their own vehicles upon meeting all hardware and software
requirements, with data submission to the contractor
LDDV
Vehicles Included - 1968+ LDDVs.
Test Procedures - LDDVs are tested for opacity, dyno-capable LDDVs on loaded cruise, non-dyno
capable at curb idle Load and speed for the loaded cruise test depend on number of engine cylinders;
approximate values for a vehicle with an 8-cylinder engine are 9 hp at 32-35 mph
Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity
Emissions Standards - Idle test opacity standard is 5%; loaded cruise standard is 20%
Fail Rate - Not available.
Test Equipment - Chassis dynamometers, opacity meters
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Not available
Inspection Fees - Inspection fee is $11, with one free retest
Problems - None reported
HDDV
Vehicles Included - 1968+ HDDVs * 18,000 lbs GVWR .
Test Procedures - HDDVs with GVWRs of 8,501-9,999 lbs that are dyno-capable tested for opacity on
loaded cruise. Heavier GVWRs and those not dyno-capable, are tested at curb idle. Loaded cruise
conditions depend on number of engine cylinders
Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity
Emissions Standards - Idle test opacity standard is 5%, loaded cruise standard is 20%
Fail Rate - Not available
Test Equipment - Chassis dynamometers, opacity meters
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Not available
Inspection Fees - Inspection fee is $ 11, with one free retest
3-32
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Problems - None reported.
HDGV
Vehicles Included - 1968+ HDGVs with GVWR s 18,000 lbs.
Test Procedures - HDGVs s 10,000 lbs GVWR tested for HC and CO during loaded-mode (cruise)
operation and at curb idle. Load and speed depend on number of engine cylinders Heavier HDGVs
are tested only at curb idle. 1984+ vehicles get visual inspection of catalyst, air injection, and
evaporative system, and fitlpipe pressure test and separate gas-cap pressure test.
Exhaust Components Measured - HC, CO, C02
Emissions Standards - HC and CO standards, based on model year and GVWR, are too numerous lo
list. The range is from 220 ppm HC and 1 2% CO for 1985+ models to 1300 ppm HC, 8.0% CO for
pre-1968 models.
Fail Rate - Not available
Test Equipment - Gas analysis systems
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Not available
Inspection Fees - Inspection fee is $11, with one free retest.
Problems - None reported
Contact Persons - Program Manager Diane Hazellief, Air Pollution Control District of Jefferson
County, Vehicle Emissions Testing Headquarters, 1821 Taylor Avenue, Louisville, Kentucky 40213,
(502)458-1018, ext 132. Air Agency Contact. David Gore, Kentucky Natural Resources and
Environmental Protection Cabinet, Division for Air Quality, Special Programs Branch, 803 Schenkel
Lane, Frankfort, Kentucky 40601; (502)573-3382.
Website - htto //www,aped org/vetVindex html
3-33
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Program Summary
LDDV, HDDV, and HDGV Inspection
Program Location - KENTUCKY (Northern Counties of Boone, Campbell, and Kenton)
Vehicles Tested - LDDV, HDDV, HDGV
Program Description - Biennial emissions tests and anti-tampenng inspections at contractor-operated
(ESP) inspection centers. Three inspection centers, one m each county, provide a total of 11 inspection
lanes
LDDV
Vehicles Included - 1968+ LDDVs.
Test Procedures - LDDVs are tested for opacity at curb idle.
Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity
Emissions Standards - Idle test opacity standard is 5%
Fail Rate - Not available
Test Equipment - Opacity meters.
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Not available.
Inspection Fees - Inspection fee is $20, with one free retest
Problems - None reported
HDDV
Vehicles Included - 1968+ HDDVs s 18,000 lbs GVWR .
Test Procedures - HDDVs are tested for opacity at curb idle
Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity
Emissions Standards - Idle test opacity standard is 5%
Fail Rate - Not available
Test Equipment - Opacity meters
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Not available.
Inspection Fees - Inspection fee is $20, with one free retest
Problems - None reported
HDGV
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Vehicles Included - 1968+ HDGVs with GVWR si8,000 lbs.
Test Procedures - HC and CO measured at curb idle. Anti tampering inspection is appropriate to the
model year, and 1981+ models get fillpipe pressure test and separate gas-cap pressure test
Exhaust Components Measured - HC, CO, C02
Emissions Standards - HC and CO standards, based on model year and GVWR, are too numerous to
list. The range is from 220 ppm HC and 1 2% CO for 1982+ models to 1500 ppm HC, 9.0% CO for
1968 models.
Fail Rate - Not available.
Test Equipment - Gas analysis systems.
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Not available
Inspection Fees - Inspection fee is $20, with one free retest.
Problems - None reported.
Contact Persons - Program Manager- Parker Moore, Branch Manager, Special Programs Branch,
Kentucky Natural Resources and Environmental Protection Cabinet, Division for Air Quality,
803 Schenkel Lane, Frankfort, Kentucky 40601, (502)573-3382 ext. 421. Air Agency Contact: David
Gore, Kentucky Natural Resources and Environmental Protection Cabinet, Division for Air Quality,
Special Programs Branch, 803 Schenkel Lane, Frankfort, Kentucky 40601, (502)573-3382
Website - www nr state kv us/nrepc/dep/daq/pubinfo/NKvemissions htm.
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Program Summary
LDDV, HDDV, and HDGV Inspection
Program Location - MAINE
Vehicles Tested - HDDV
Program Description - HDDVs are tested for exhaust opacity in a roadside pull-over program
conducted by the DEP in conjunction with the State Police roadside safety inspection program
HDDV
Vehicles Included - All HDDVs recruited at roadside over 18,000 GVWR.
Test Procedures - SAE J1667.
Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity
Emissions Standards - Opacity standards are based on vehicle model year
Opacity Standards for HDDVs
Pre-1974 1974-90 1991 +
Maximum Opacity, % 70 55 40
Fail Rate - Not available
Test Equipment - Opacity meters
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Not available
Inspection Fees - None
Problems - None reported.
Contact Persons - Air Agency Contact Ron Severance, Dept. of Environmental Protection, Bureau of
Air Quality Control, State House, Station 17, Augusta, Maine 04333; (207)287-2437. Also Scott
Wilson (207)287-8442.
Website - httpV/www state me us/dep/air/mobile/mamedepl htm.
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Program Summary
LDDV, HDDV, and HDGV Inspection
Program Location - MARYLAND (Baltimore area & D.C suburbs)
Vehicles Tested - HDDV, HDGV
Program Description - Biennial emissions tests at centralized, contractor-operated (ESP) inspection
centers. Inspection network includes 87 inspection lanes in 19 inspection centers. Each facility has one
4-wheeI drive dynamometer. Exemptions available if all registered owners are aged 70 years or older
and vehicle is driven 5,000 miles or less annually, and for vehicles with Disabled license plates that are
driven 5,000 miles or less annually. HDDVs are tested for exhaust opacity in a separate, roadside pull-
over program conducted by the State Police
HDDV
Vehicles Included - All HDDVs
Test Procedures - SAE J1667.
Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity
Emissions Standards - Opacity standards are based on vehicle model year
Opacity Standards for HDDVs
Pre-1974 1974-90 1991 +
Maximum Opacity, % 70 55 40
Fail Rate - Not available.
Test Equipment - Opacity meters.
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Not available
Inspection Fees - None
Problems - None reported
HDGV
Vehicles Included - 1977+ HDGVs s 26,000 lbs GVWR First inspection not required until two years
after vehicle's initial titling
Test Procedures - 1984+ HDGVs with GVWR 8,501-9,999 lbs get IM240 test for HC, CO, and NOx
Older and heavier HDGVs and those that cannot be dyno tested, are tested at idle for HC and CO
Vehicles that are not dyno tested also get anti-tampenng inspection.
Exhaust Components Measured - HC, CO, NOx, C02
Emissions Standards - Emissions standards for both categones of HDGVs are based on model year
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IM240 Emissions Standards forHDGVs
GVWR 8,501-9,999 lbs
HC g/mi
CO g/mi
NOx g/mi
1984-87
3 20
80.0
70
1988-90
3 20
80.0
50
1991-95
2.40
60 0
4.5
1996+
2.40
60.0
4.0
Idle Emissions Standards for HDGVs with GVWR 8,501-9,999 lbs
That Cannot be Tested on Dynamometer
HC ppm
CO%
1977
580
7.0
1978
550
67
1979
470
5 0
1980
350
5 0
1981
250
30
1982
220
25
1983
220
1.5
1984+
220
1 2
Idle Emissions Standards for HDGVs with GVWR ;> 10,000 lbs
HC ppm
CO%
1977-78
650
70
1979
650
65
1980-82
500
60
1983
500
3 5
1984-85
440
30
1986
280
2.5
1987+
220
1 2
Fail Rate - Overall HDGV fail rate 7 0%.
Test Equipment - Constant volume samplers and Gas analyzers: California Analytical Instruments
Chassis dynamometers: Real Time Model 20N
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Not available
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Inspection Fees - Initial inspection $14, first re-inspection free, additional re-inspections $14.
Problems - None reported
Contact Persons - Program Director: Joseph W. Colden, Vehicle Inspections Program Manager, Motor
Vehicle Administration, Dept. of Transportation, 6601 Ritchie Highway, N.E., Glen Burnie, Maryland
21062; (410)787-2927 Manager: Frances Loudenslager, Vehicle Emissions Inspection Program, same
location, (410)768-7286. Air Agency Contact Peggy Lord, Dept. of the Environment, Air and
Radiation Management Administration, 2500 Broening Highway, Baltimore, Maryland 21224;
(410)631-3270; also David Filbert, same location.
Website - http://www mva state md us
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Program Summary
LDDV, HDDV, and HDGV Inspection
Program Location - MASSACHUSETTS
Vehicles Tested - HDDV, HDGV
Program Description - Biennial emissions inspections at licensed private repair facilities managed by a
state contractor (Keating Technologies) Inspection also required on change of ownership and first-
time registration in program area (new cars excepted). Approximately 1,500 facilities are participating
in the program Fleet operators inspect their own vehicles.
HDDV
Vehicles Included - 1984+ HDD Vs. Two most recent model years are exempt
Test Procedures - SAE J1667.
Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity
Emissions Standards - Opacity standards depend on GVWR, vehicle type, and model year
Maximum Opacity Standards for HDDVs
1984+ 1984-90 1991+ 1984-93 1994+
8,501 - 10,000 lbs 40%
Trucks >10,000 lbs 55% 40%
Buses > 10,000 lbs 40% 30%
Fail Rate - Not available
Test Equipment - Opacity meters
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Not available
Inspection Fees - Fee is $29 for the biennial safety plus emissions test, one free retest
Future Program - Beginning approximately January 2002, Diesel vehicles with GVWR of 8,500 lbs or
less will be tested for opacity on MA31 drive cycle Diesel vehicles in GVWR range of 8,501 to
10,000 lbs will get motorist's choice of MA31 or snap-acceleration test procedure.
Problems - None reported
HDGV
Vehicles Included - 1984+ HDGVs Two most recent model years are exempt
Test Procedures - HDGVs with GVWR of 8,501-10,000 lbs are tested on the Massachusetts Short
Transient Test Trace (MA31) for HC, CO, and NOx HDGVs rated over 10,000 lbs GVWR, and
lighter HDGVs not compatible with dynamometer testing, get TSI for HC and CO Gas cap pressure
test on all HDGVs, visual inspection of catalyst, EGR, PCV, and fuel filler cap for vehicles getting TSI
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Exhaust Components Measured - HC, CO, NOx, C02
Emissions Standards - Emissions standards and idle standards depend on vehicle model year
MA31 Transient Test Standards (on an IM240 Basis)
HDGVs 8,501-10,000 lbs GVWR
1984-87
1988-90
1991-95
96+
HC g/mi
3.2
32
24
2.4
CO g/rm
80
80
60
60
NOx g/mi
7.0
50
4.5
4.0
Two-Speed Idle Emissions Standards
HDGVs
1984-86 1987+
HC ppm 220 100
CO % 0 8 0 6
Fail Rate - Not available
Test Equipment - Chassis dynamometers, BAR-97 gas analyzer systems, VMAS flow measurement
system.
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Not available.
Inspection Fees - Fee is $29 for the biennial safety plus emissions test or the safety-only test.
Problems - None reported.
Contact Persons - Program Manager. Frederick Civian, Massachusetts Dept of Environmental
Protection, Division of Enhanced Vehicle Inspection and Maintenance, 1 Winter St., 10th Floor,
Boston, Mass. 02108, (617)292-5821 Also Mark Wert, same location, (617)292-5598
RMV Contact' Steve Sebestyen, Massachusetts Registry of Motor Vehicles, 100 Nashua St, Boston,
Mass 02114; (617)351-9045
Website - httpV/vehicletest state ma.us/home html
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Program Summary
LDDV, HDDV, and HDGV Inspection
Program Location - NEVADA (Las Vegas and Reno areas)
Vehicles Tested - LDDV, HDDV, HDGV
Program Description - Annual emissions tests and visual inspections at private repair facilities BAR90
analyzers upgraded to accommodate networking. Fleet operators (>3 vehicles) can inspect their own
vehicles. Statewide, there are approximately 430 facilities participating in the program.
LDDV
Vehicles Included - All 1968+ LDDVs except the last two model years
Test Procedures - LDDVs tested for opacity at 40 mph on dynamometer. Dynamometer load applied
according to the number of cylinders 4 cyl., 7 hp; 6 cyl., 15 hp; and 8 cyl, 30 hp
Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity
Emissions Standards - Maximum opacity standards- Washoe County - 40% Clark County - 30%
Fail Rate - Washoe County - 0 30%; Clark County - 0 17%
Test Equipment - Mustang dynamometers used in both counties. Opacity meters differ
Washoe County uses Bosch, Clark County uses Wager
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Dynamometers: $15,000 plus installation Opacity meters For both
brands, estimated cost is S6,000 per unit
Inspection Fees - Maximum fee for LDDV opacity test in both Washoe County (Reno area) and
Clark County (Las Vegas area) is $20 Compliance certificates cost an additional $5 in both program
areas.
Problems - None reported
HDDV
Vehicles Included - All 1968+ HDDVs except the last two model years.
Test Procedures - HDDVs tested for exhaust opacity during random roadside pull-overs, in fleet yards,
and at weigh stations, using the SAE J1667 snap-acceleration test
Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity
Emissions Standards - Maximum opacity standard is 70% for all HDDVs
Fail Rate - Washoe County: 7 3% Clark County 29 5%
Test Equipment - Washoe County Bosch Opacity Meters. Clark County Wager Opacity Meters
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - For both brands, estimated cost is $6,000 per unit.
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Inspection Fees - No fee is assessed for HDDV opacity tests
Problems - None reported
HDGV
Vehicles Included - All 1968+ HDGVs except last two model years.
Test Procedures - HC and CO measured at 2500 rpm and idle. C02 also measured as a check for
exhaust dilution Visual inspection for pre-1981 vehicles includes only fuel cap. For 1981+ models,
visual inspection includes gas cap, fuel mlet restnctor, air injection system, catalyst, and EGR.
Illuminated MIL will fail vehicle No evap functional test
Exhaust Components Measured - HC, CO, C02, 02
Emissions Standards - Standards categories are based on vehicle model year
Emissions Standards for HDGVs
1968-69
1970-78
1979
1980
1981 +
HC ppm
1400
1400
1000
1000
1000
CO%
70
6.0
5.0
40
3.5
Fail Rate - For first half of 2001. Washoe County 6.5%, Clark County 5.7%.
Test Equipment - Gas analysis benches. Worldwide Environmental.
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Gas analysis bench $14,000 each.
Inspection Fees - Maximum inspection fee for HDGVs in Washoe County (Reno area) is S21 50, in
Clark County (Las Vegas area), $23.50. Compliance certificates cost an additional S5 in both program
areas
Problems - None reported
Contact Persons - Program Manager Lloyd Nelson, Dept. of Motor Vehicles and Public Safety, 555
Wright Way, Carson City, Nevada S9711-0700, (775)684-4682 Air Agency Contact: Adele Matone,
Division of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Air Quality, 123 W. Nye Lane, Carson City, Nevada
89710; (775)687-4670, ext 3076.
Website - http //www state nv us/dmv ps/emission.htm#General
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Program Summary
LDDV, HDDV, and HDGV Inspection
Program Location - NEW HAMPSHIRE
Vehicles Tested - HDDV
Program Description - HDDVs >10,000 lbs GVWR and Diesel buses s25 passengers are subject to
snap-acceleration opacity testing at tolls and scales, and in random roadside pullovers Vehicles failing
age-determined opacity standards are subject to administrative fine and must document corrective
repairs.
HDDV
Vehicles Included - All HDDVs >10,000 lbs GVWR, and all Diesel buses with capacity ^25
passengers.
Test Procedures - SAE J1667 snap acceleration.
Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity
Emissions Standards - Opacity standards are a function of vehicle model year.
Pre-1974 1974-90 1991 +
Opacity % 70 55 40
Fail Rate - Approximately 9%.
Test Equipment - Bosch RTT 100 opacity meters
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - $8,500 per unit
Inspection Fees - None.
Problems - Unspecified problems with opacity meters, and a small fraction of non-repeatable readings,
are attributed to truck drivers' feathering the throttle during the test
Contact Persons - Program Manager- Tom Hettinger, Office of Emissions and Special Projects, Dept
of Safety, James H Hayes Safety Building, 10 Hazen Drive, Concord, New Hampshire 03305,
(603)271- 0351 Air Agency Contact: Kent Finemore, Administrator, Department of Environmental
Services, Air Resources Division, 64 North Main Street, Caller Box 2033, Concord, New Hampshire
03302-2033, (603)271-1382 Also Mike Fitzgerald, Mobile Source Unit; (603)271-6390.
Website - http //www des state nh.us/ard/
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Program Summary
LDDV, HDDV, and HDGV Inspection
Program Location - NEW JERSEY
Vehicles Tested - HDDV, HDGV
Program Description - For HDDVs over 18,000 GVWR, annual inspection is required at one of more
than 300 decentralized Diesel Emissions Inspection Centers. Roadside enforcement is conducted by
ten joint teams from the DMV and state police using the snap-idle test For HDGVs, hybrid program,
biennial emissions and safety inspections at (1) contractor-operated (Parsons Advanced Technologies)
centralized inspection stations, and (2) decentralized licensed private inspection facilities (motorist
choice). New-to-area vehicles are subject to inspection. ASM-equivalent analyzers in centralized test
lanes; BAR97 analyzers at pnvate facilities. Reinspection at licensed emissions repair facilities
(ERFs) is allowed Fleet operators can self-inspect
LDDV
Vehicles Included - All model years s8,500 GVWR and privately registered Diesel vehicles up to
18,000
Test Procedures - LDDVs are tested for visual observation of smoke.
Exhaust Components Measured - Visual observation for smoke
Emissions Standards - Vehicle fails if smoke observed while vehicle drives through test lane
Fail Rate - Not available.
Test Equipment - None
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - None.
Inspection Fees - Inspections at contractor-operated lanes are free (covered in registration fee). At
private facilities, fee is half the posted hourly labor rate of $50-575. Reinspection fee is based on
individual failing items, and is calculated by multiplying the state-assigned time to inspect each
component by the shop's hourly labor rate
Problems - None reported.
HDDV
Vehicles Included - All >18,000 GVWR.
Test Procedures - SAEJ1667 and rolling snap-idle
Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity
Emissions Standards - For pre-1974 vehicles - 70%, for 1974 to 1991 vehicles - 55%, for 1991 and
newer vehicles - 40%. Upon first failure of the roadside emissions test, vehicle owners are fined $700,
with the fine reduced to $150 upon proof that the vehicle has been repaired. The second offense fine is
$1,300, reduced to $500 upon proof that the vehicle has been repaired.
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Fail Rate - For roadside inspections, 16% of vehicles recruited fail a visual screening test, half of these
(8% of those recruited) fail the snap-idle test
Test Equipment - Opacity meters.
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - $3,000 - $8,000
Inspection Fees - Annual inspection cost is 1 hour shop labor ($45 to $75). Roadside inspections are
free
Problems - None reported.
HDGV
Vehicles Included - All HDGVs. New vehicles are inspected by dealer prior to deliveiy and receive a
two-year sticker, effectively exempting new vehicles from inspection for their first 24 months of
ownership
Test Procedures - HC and CO emissions measured at curb idle
Exhaust Components Measured - HC, CO, C02, 02
Emissions Standards - Idle emissions standards are based on model year
HDGV Emissions Standards
Pre-1968 1968-70 1971-74 1975-78 1979+
HCppm 1400 1200 700 500 300
CO% 8 5 8 5 6 0 4 0 3 0
Fail Rate - Not available.
Test Equipment - BAR97 analyzers
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - $15,000 - $20,000
Inspection Fees - Inspections at contractor-operated lanes are free (covered in registration fee). At
private facilities, fee is half the posted hourly labor rate of $50-$75 Reinspection fee is based on
individual failing items, and is calculated by multiplying the state-assigned time to inspect each
component by the shop's hourly labor rate.
Problems - None reported.
Contact Persons - Program Manager: A1 An, Deputy Commissioner, Dept. of Transportation,
1035 Parkway Ave , P O. Box 600, Trenton, NJ 08625, (609)530-3536 Air Agency Contact David
West, Chief, Bureau of Transportation Control, Dept of Environmental Protection, 380 Scotch Road,
CN437, Trenton, New Jersey 08625, (609)530-4035. Also, for decentralized program issues Rob
Schell, same location, (609)530-4038, for centralized and Diesel emissions issues Tony Iavarone
(609)530-4064
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Website - httpV/www,cleanaimi.org/test/index.html. also
http //www state ni us/mvs/vehicleinspection.htm
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Program Summary
LDDV, HDDV, and HDGV Inspection
Program Location - NEW MEXICO (Albuquerque)
Vehicles Tested - LDDV, HDDV, HDGV
Program Description - Biennial decentralized emissions tests and visual inspections at private test and
repair facilities, and at city-operated referee stations Approximately 140 facilities are participating in
the program. Inspections also required on vehicle title transfers BAR90 analyzers Fleet operators
can self-inspect.
LDDV
Vehicles Included - All 1975+ LDDVs.
Test Procedures - LDDVs are tested upon change of ownership or title transfer for smoke opacity on
TSI at city-operated referee stations Opacity determination is made by EPA Method 9 (visible
determination by qualified observer)
Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity
Emissions Standards - Maximum opacity for LDDVs is 25%
Fail Rate - Vehicles 15 or more years old: >20% Newer vehicle fail rate declines to < 3% at 2 years
old
Test Equipment - None
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - None
Inspection Fees - Fee for emissions inspection is not regulated; average price in market is slightly under
$20 One free retest available at City retest facility.
Problems - Program manager stated that the state Motor Vehicles Division is selecting for testing
mostly new Diesels at the end of their first registration cycle (one or two years). The result of this is
that over 95% of the Diesels tested are less than 2 years old, so the fail rate is <3%
HDDV
Vehicles Included - All 1975+ HDDVs under 26,000 lbs GVWR
Test Procedures - HDDVs are tested at change of ownership or title transfer for smoke opacity on TSI
at city-operated referee stations. Opacity determination is made by EPA Method 9 (visible
determination by qualified observer)
Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity
Emissions Standards - Opacity standards are based on vehicle weight rating GVWR s 10,000 lbs 25%;
GVWR >10,000 lbs: 30%.
Fail Rate - Vehicles 15 or more years old' >20%. Newer vehicle fail rate declines to < 3% at 2 years
old
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Test Equipment - None
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - None
Inspection Fees - Fee for emissions inspection is not regulated, average price in market is slightly under
S20. One free retest available at City retest facility.
Problems - Apparently the state Motor Vehicles Division selects the vehicles to be tested, and the
Albuquerque city program manager stated that MVD is selecting mostly new Diesels at the end of their
first registration cycle (one or two years) The result of this is that over 95% of the Diesels tested are
less than 2 years old, so the fail rate is <3%
HDGV
Vehicles Included - All 1975+ HDGVs under 26,000 lbs GVWR.
Test Procedures - HC and CO measured on TSI
Exhaust Components Measured - HC, CO, C02, O,
Emissions Standards - Emissions standards based on vehicle weight, mode] year, and test mode.
Emissions Standards for HDGVs
Idle 2500 rpm
GVWR
Model
Year
HC ppm
CO%
HC ppm
CO%
8,501 - 10,000
1975-80
950
65
950
65
1981-83
800
5.4
450
3 5
1984+
630
40
400
3.0
10,001 - 25,999
1975-80
950
65
950
65
1981-86
800
5 5
500
35
1987+
440
20
400
3.0
Fail Rate - Not available
Test Equipment - BAR90 analyzers, various manufacturers.
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - $ 16,000 - S19,000 each
Inspection Fees - Fee for emissions inspection is not regulated, average price in market is slightly under
$20. One free retest available at City retest facility
Problems - None reported
Contact Persons - Program Manager: Glen L Dennis, Manager, Vehicle Pollution Management
Division, City of Albuquerque Environmental Health Dept, 1500 Broadway N E., Albuquerque, New
Mexico 87102; (505)764-1110. Also Mike Baca, same location Air Agency Contact- Angel Martinez,
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Air Pollution Control Division, City of Albuquerque Environmental Health Dept., One Civic Plaza
(P.O. Box 1293), Albuquerque, New Mexico 87103, (505)768-2600
Website - None given
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Program Summary
LDDV, HDDV, and HDGV Inspection
Program Location - NEW YORK (The nine-county New York Metropolitan Area (NYMA) comprised
of Nassau, Suffolk, Rockland, and Westchester counties, and the 5 boroughs of New York City)
Vehicles Tested - HDDV, HDGV
Program Description - Annual emissions and safety inspections at licensed private repair facilities
Vehicles undergoing change of ownership and new-to-state are subject to inspection About 3,800
facilities in the NYMA are participating in the program. Of those, about 240 fleet operators (25 or
more vehicles) are licensed to inspect their own vehicles (must meet the same requirements as other
inspection facilities, except being subject to covert audits).
HDDV
Vehicles Included - HDDVs 25 model years old and newer (e.g , in year 2001, the oldest model year
inspected is 1976), excluding emergency vehicles and farm vehicles. The two most recent model years
are exempt from emissions inspection.
Test Procedures - SAE J1667 performed at speciaJly licensed facilities called Official Diesel Emission
Inspection Stations (ODEIS)
Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity
Emissions Standards - Opacity standards are based on vehicle model year
Opacity Standards for HDDVs
1976-90 1991 +
Maximum Opacity, % 55 40
Fail Rate - Not available.
Test Equipment - Opacity meters approved by New York DEC include the following brands- Wager
Model 7500, CalTest 1000-WIN-TR, Red Mountain Engineering Smoke Check 1667, Bosch RTT 100,
ESP Diesel-sense 1667, and SPX Dieseltune Smokemeter DX-240
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Per-unit costs vary, range is $5,000 to SI0,000
Inspection Fees - Maximum fee (emission and safety inspection together) is $35 Vehicles remaining at
inspection facility for repairs following a failing test receive free retest, otherwise vehicles are charged
regular inspection fee for retests
Problems - Some HDDV owners expressed concern about possible damage when their engines go to a
high speed when tested on J1667 procedure Engine manufacturers, however, have assured NY DEC
that their engines can be tested safely and are operating within design parameters Some ODErS have
had problems with malfunctioning opacity meters that are not repaired within a reasonable time. NY
DEC personnel feel that some of these problems may result from stations' not having service contracts
with their opacity meter vendors
HDGV
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Vehicles Included - HDDVs 25 model years old and newer (e g , in year 2001, the oldest model year
inspected is 1976), excluding farm vehicles. The two most recent model years are exempt from
emissions inspection.
Test Procedures - HDGVs are tested at curb idle
Exhaust Components Measured - HC, CO, NOx, CO,
Emissions Standards - Emissions standards are based on vehicle model year
Idle Emissions Standards for HDGVs
1976-78 1979+
HC ppm 600 300
CO % 4.5 3 0
Fail Rate - 5.48%
Test Equipment - Gas analyzers provided by SPX, ESP, and Sun/Snap-on.
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Approximately $18,000.
Inspection Fees - Maximum fee (emission and safety inspection together) is $35 Vehicles remaining at
inspection facility for repairs following a failing test receive free retest, otherwise vehicles are charged
regular inspection fee for retests.
Problems - None reported
Contact Persons - Program Manager Mike Maher, Director, Technical Services Bureau, New York
State Department of Motor Vehicles, 6 Empire State Plaza, Room 418, Albany, New York 12228,
(518)474-0616, also Phil Risley, same location, (518)474-4279. Air Agency Contact JoeTuttle,
Bureau of Mobile Sources, Dept of Environmental Conservation, 50 Wolf Road, Albany, New York
12233-3259;(518)457-8894
Websites - http //www nvdmv state nv us/vehsafe htm, and
http //www dec state nv us/website/dar/beim/index html
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Program Summary
LDDV, HDDV, and HDGV Inspection
Program Location - NORTH CAROLINA (Nine-County Area Encompassing Charlotte, Raleigh-
Durham, and Greensboro - Winston-Salem areas)
Vehicles Tested - HDGV
Program Description - Annual emissions tests and visual inspections at licensed private repair facilities
Fleet operators can inspect their own vehicles About 1,400 facilities are m the program.
HDGV
Vehicles Included - HDGVs manufactured after 1974.
Test Procedures - HC and CO measured at idle, after 30 seconds of preconditioning at 2500 rpm.
Failing vehicles get second-chance test after conditioning at 2500 rpm for 180 seconds Visual
inspection includes (as applicable) catalyst, air injection system, fuel inlet restnctor and cap,
evaporative emissions control system, PCV, EGR, TAC, and oxygen sensor.
Exhaust Components Measured - HC, CO, C02
Emissions Standards - Standards are based on vehicle model year
HDGV Emissions Standards
1975-78 1979+
HC ppm 500 400
CO % 5 0 4 0
Fail Rate - Estimated at 5%, based on 1998 annual report
Test Equipment - Test analyzer systems provided by Allen, Bear, ESP, SPX, Sun/Snap-on
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - $12,000-515,000 per unit.
Inspection Fees - Statutory inspection fee is $19 40, includes S2 40 for sticker and one free retest
Problems - State regulations require all vehicles subject to the program to be inspected in enclosed,
level facilities and lifted for inspection of exhaust systems and tires. Owners of privately owned large
motor homes find it difficult to locate facilities large enough to accommodate their vehicles
Contact Persons - Program Manager- Major John Robinson, Jr, Division of Motor Vehicles, 1100
New Bern Ave., Raleigh, North Carolina 27604, (919)733-7872 Air Agency Contact Donnie
Redmond, Dept of Environment and Natural Resources, Division of Air Quality, 2728 Capital
Boulevard, 1641 Mail Service Center, Raleigh, North Carolina 27699-1641; (919)733-1481 Also Paul
Gordey, (919)715-7220, and Laura Cole (919)733-1482
Website - www.dmv dot state nc us/enforcement/emissionsinspections
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Program Summary
LDDV, HDDV, and HDGV Inspection
Program Location - OHIO (Cleveland-Akron, Dayton-Spnngfield, Cincinnati)
Vehicles Tested - LDDV, HDDV, HDGV
Program Descnption - Biennial emissions tests and tampering inspections at centralized, contractor-
operated facilities (ESP). Testing also required on change of ownership I/M repair facilities are
licensed by the state on a voluntary basis Statewide, the inspection contractor provides 177 inspection
lanes in 44 facilities
LDDV
Vehicles Included - LDDVs up to 25 years old. New vehicles are exempted from testing for the first 2
model years. Thus, in calendar year 2001, vehicles of model years 1977-99 must be tested (odd model
year vehicles tested in odd years, even model year vehicles in even years)
Test Procedures - Exhaust opacity measurements during ASM2525 test Vehicles that cannot be dyno-
tested get the snap-acceleration test
Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity
Emissions Standards - Maximum opacity is 20% for all LDDVs.
Fail Rate - Not available
Test Equipment - Dynamometers- Mustang 5100 IM240 2wd, Realtime 20N Opacity meters
Telonic/Berkeley Model 200, Wager Model 650
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Not available
Inspection Fees - Inspection fee is $ 19.50, paid upon passing test or from the third test on
Problems - Problems are minimal, and related to the low volume of LDDV testing For example,
vehicle inspector may not conduct snap-acceleration test properly because of lack of practice
HDDV
Vehicles Included - HDDVs up to 25 years old, with GVWR £ 10,000 New vehicles are exempted
from testing for the first 2 model years
Test Procedures - Exhaust opacity measurements during ASM2525 test Vehicles that cannot be dyno-
tested get the snap-acceleration test
Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity
Emissions Standards - Maximum opacity is 20% for all HDDVs
Fail Rate - Not available.
Test Equipment - Dynamometers. Mustang 5100IM240 2wd, Realtime 20N Opacity meters
Telonic/Berkeley Model 200, Wager Model 650.
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Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Not available
Inspection Fees - Inspection fee is $19 50, paid upon passing test or from the third test on.
Problems - Problems are minimal, and related to the low volume of HDDV testing For example,
vehicle inspector may not conduct snap-acceleration test properly because of lack of practice.
HDGV
Vehicles Included - HDGVs up to 25 years old New vehicles are exempted from testing for the first 2
model years
Test Procedures - HC and CO measured during TSI.
Exhaust Components Measured -HC, CO, C02
Emissions Standards - Emissions standards depend on vehicle model year
Two-Speed Idle Emissions Standards for HDGVs
HC
CO
ppm
%
1975-77
450
50
1978
350
40
1979
275
3.0
1980
230
2.0
1981 +
220
1 2
Fail Rate - Approximately 4% - 5%.
Test Equipment - Gas analyzers' Honba. Gas cap testers. ESP
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Not available.
Inspection Fees - Inspection fee is $19 50, paid upon passing test or from the third test on
Problems - None reported.
Contact Persons - Program Manager: Rick Carleski, Acting Manager, Mobile Sources Section, Ohio
EPA, P O Box 1049, Columbus, Ohio 43215-1049, (614)644-3059. Also David Youngerman,
Frederick Jones, same location
Website - http //www epa state oh us/dapc/mobile html
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Program Summary
LDDV, HDDV, and HDGV Inspection
Program Location - OREGON (Portland metropolitan area)
Vehicles Tested - LDDV, HDGV
Program Description - Biennial emissions tests and visual inspections at centralized, state-operated
inspection centers State operates 19 enhanced test lanes and 22 basic test lanes housed in 8 inspection
facilities. Fleet operators (public agencies with more than 50 vehicles, or private sector with more than
100 vehicles) can inspect their own vehicles.
LDDV
Vehicles Included - 1975+ LDDVs. New vehicles are exempt for the first 2 model years.
Test Procedures - 1975-80 model year LDDVs are tested for CO at curb idle, standard is 1 5%
1981-95 models get BAR31 transient loaded test for HC, CO, and NOx; standards are same as for
gasoline LDVs If, during either test, smoke is observed at levels >20% opacity, then exhaust opacity is
measured at curb idle and at "one-third throttle." Program personnel acknowledge lhat both smoke
observation and the one-third throttle setting are subjective 1996+ LDDVs get OBDII check only;
same pass/fail criteria as for gasoline vehicles.
Exhaust Components Measured - HC, CO, NOx, Opacity
Emissions Standards - 1975-80 LDDVs meet ] 5% CO standard at idle, and 20% opacity standard
when tested. BAR31 standards are presented in the table below All standards are stringent. Diesel
standards for light-duty vehicles are 1 5% CO (HC not measured) and 20% opacity at idle.
BAR31 Test Emissions Standards for LDDVs
1981-82
1983-89
1990-95
HC g/mi
20
2.0
1 2
CO g/mi
64
32
30
NOx g/mi
3 70
3 70
3 00
Fail Rate - Approximately 1 5%
Test Equipment - Idle test ESP gas analyzers. BAR31 test: Realtime dynamometers, Horiba IM240
gas analyzers. Opacity test: Sensors opacity meters
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - ESP analyzers: $15,000 per unit Dynamometers and IM240
analyzers were purchased at auction from defunct I/M programs (Michigan, Texas) Oregon paid
approximately 510,000 per unit, original costs reported to be S50,000-560,000 Opacity meter costs not
available.
Inspection Fees - Inspection fee is $21 upon passing No fee if vehicle fails
Problems - Idle test difficulty in finding engine speed signal BAR31 test" vehicles too low for safe
dynamometer operation, AWD, ABS brakes, traction-control vehicles
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HDGV
Vehicles Included - 1975+ HDGVs New vehicles are exempt for the first 2 model years
Test Procedures - HC and CO measured on TSI.
Exhaust Components Measured - HC, CO, C02
Emissions Standards - Six standards categories are based on model year, type of fuel delivery, and
presence or absence of catalytic converter.
Emissions Standards for HDGVs
Curb Idle 2500 rpm
HC ppm CO % HC ppm CO %
1975-78
Carburetor
500
40
-
3 0
1975-78
Fuel Injection
500
4.0
-
-
1979-84
Carburetor
350
3 0
-
3 0
1979-84
Fuel Injection
350
3 0
-
-
1985+
No Catalyst
350
3.0
-
30
1985+
Catalyst
220
1 0
220
1 0
Fail Rate - Approximately 12 5%
Test Equipment - Gas analyzers supplied by ESP
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Approximately $15,000 per unit.
Inspection Fees - Inspection fee is $21 upon passing No fee if vehicle fails
Problems - On many late-model HDGVs, it is difficult to get an engine speed signal
Contact Persons - Program Manager Ted Kotsakis, Manager, Vehicle Inspection Program, Air Quality
Division, Department of Environmental Quality, 1240 S E. 12th Avenue, Portland, Oregon 97214,
(503)731-3050 ext231. Also Jerry Coffer, (503)731-3050 ext 229
Website - http //www deq state or us/aa/vip/vio frame page htm
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Program Summary
LDDV, HDDV, and HDGV Inspection
Program Location - OREGON ("Rogue Valley I/M Program" covers Medford, Ashland,
Eagle Point, and surrounding areas)
Vehicles Tested - LDDV, HDGV
Program Description - Biennial emissions tests and visual inspections at centralized, state-operated
inspection center (One facility, three inspection lanes) Fleet operators can inspect their own
vehicles
LDDV
Vehicles Included - LDDVs 20 years old and newer New vehicles are exempt for the first 2 model
years
Test Procedures - 1981-95 vehicles tested for CO emissions on two-speed idle, standard is 1 5% If
smoke ls observed during TSI, then exhaust opacity is measured with an opacity meter. Standard is
20%. 1996+ models get OBDII check only; same pass/fail criteria as for gasoline vehicles
Exhaust Components Measured - CO, Opacity
Emissions Standards - For all model years, CO standard is 1.5%, opacity standard is 20%
Fail Rate - Not available.
Test Equipment - ESP gas analyzers, Sensors opacity meters
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - ESP analyzers1 $15,000 per unit Opacity meter cost not available.
Inspection Fees - Inspection fee is $10
Problems - None reported
HDGV
Vehicles Included - HDGVs 20 years old and newer New vehicles are exempt for the first 2 model
years.
Test Procedures - 1981-95 HDGVs tested for HC and CO emissions on two-speed idle 1996+ models
get OBDII check only.
Exhaust Components Measured - HC, CO, C02
Emissions Standards - Six standards categories are based on model year, type of fuel delivery, and
presence or absence of catalytic converter
Emissions Standards for HDGVs
Curb Idle 2500 rpm
HC ppm CO % HC ppm CO %
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1975-78
Carburetor
500
40
-
30
1975-78
Fuel Injection
500
40
-
~
1979-84
Carburetor
350
3.0
-
30
1979-84
Fuel Injection
350
30
--
--
1985+
No Catalyst
350
3.0
-
3.0
1985+
Catalyst
220
1.0
220
1.0
Fail Rate - Not available.
Test Equipment - ESP gas analyzers, Sensors opacity meters.
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - ESP analyzers: SI5,000 per unit Opacity meter cost not available
Inspection Fees - Inspection fee is S10.
Problems - None reported
Contact Persons - Program Manager- Ted Kotsakis, Manager, Vehicle Inspection Program, Air Quality
Division, Department of Environmental Quality, 1240 S E 12th Avenue, Portland, Oregon 97214,
(503)731-3050 ext 231 Also Jerry Coffer, (503)731-3050 ext 229. Medford contact Ted Wacker,
DEQ, Rogue Valley I/M Program, 3030 Biddle Road, Medford, Oregon 97504, (541)776-6140
Website - None given.
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Program Summary
LDDV, HDDV, and HDGV Inspection
Program Location - PENNSYLVANIA (Five counties in Philadelphia area)
Vehicles Tested - HDGV
Program Descnption - Annual emissions tests and safety inspections at licensed private repair facilities
Approximately 1,800 facilities are participating in the program. BAR97 analyzers Sticker
enforcement. Fleet operators can inspect their own vehicles
HDGV
Vehicles Included - 1975+ HDGVs s9,000 lbs GVWR Vehicles driven fewer than 5,000 miles in the
year prior to inspection are eligible for an exempt sticker
Test Procedures - HC and CO measured on TSI Gas-cap pressure test and visual inspection conducted
on all vehicles, visual inspection covers catalyst, fuel inlet restnctor, PCV, EGR, air injection system,
and evaporative emission control system.
Exhaust Components Measured - HC, CO, NOx, C02
Emissions Standards - All HDGVs must meet the same standards 650 ppm HC, 6.0% CO
Fail Rate - 6.8%.
Test Equipment - BAR-97 gas analyzer systems supplied by ESP, Sun, Snap-On, SPX.
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - $13,000 - 522,000
Inspection Fees - Emission inspection fee (includes one free retest within 30 days at station that
performed first inspection) is not regulated; average fee is $43
Problems - None reported
Contact Persons - Program Manager John Munafo, Manager, Vehicle Inspection Division, Bureau of
Motor Vehicles, Pennsylvania Dept. of Transportation, P.O Box 8697, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
17105, (717)787-3184. Also Peter Gertz, (717)783-7016, same location
Website - http //www dnvecleanpa state pa us/
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Program Summary
LDDV, HDDV, and HDGV Inspection
Program Location - PENNSYLVANIA (Four counties m Pittsburgh area)
Vehicles Tested - HDGV
Program Description - Annual emissions tests and safety inspections at licensed private repair facilities.
Approximately 1,100 facilities are participating in the program. Fleet operators can inspect their own
vehicles
HDGV
Vehicles Included - 1975+ HDGVs s9,000 lbs GVWR. Vehicles driven fewer than 5,000 miles in the
year prior to inspection are eligible for an exempt sticker
Test Procedures - HC and CO measured on TSI. Gas-cap pressure test and visual inspection conducted
on all vehicles, visual inspection covers catalyst, fuel inlet restnctor, PCV, EGR, air injection system,
and evaporative emission control system.
Exhaust Components Measured - HC, CO, C02
Emissions Standards - All HDGVs must meet the same standards. 650 ppm HC, 6 0% CO.
Fail Rate - 6.8%
Test Equipment - BAR-97 gas analyzer systems supplied by ESP, Sun, Snap-On, SPX.
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - $13,000 - $22,000
Inspection Fees - Emission inspection fee (includes one free retest within 30 days at station that
performed first inspection) is not regulated, average fee is $27.
Problems - None reported
Contact Persons - Program Manager: John Munafo, Manager, Vehicle Inspection Division, Bureau of
Motor Vehicles, Pennsylvania Dept. of Transportation, P O Box 8697, Hamsburg, Pennsylvania
17105, (717)787-3184 Also Peter Gertz, (717)783-7016, same location
Website - www dnvecleanpa state pa us
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Program Summary
LDDV, HDDV, and HDGV Inspection
Program Location - RHODE ISLAND
Vehicles Tested - LDDV
Program Description - Biennial emissions tests at private repair facilities Approximately 300 facilities
are participating in the program Fleet operators can inspect their own vehicles if they become
Authorized Inspection and Repair Stations (AIRS).
LDDV
Vehicles Included - LDDVs 25 model years old and newer. New vehicles are exempt for first 2
calendar years from purchase date or 24,000 miles.
Test Procedures - LDDVs tested for opacity on RI2000 procedure, a BAR31 transient cycle Vehicles
that cannot be dyno tested get TSI
Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity
Emissions Standards - Opacity standards are 20% on BAR31 test, 5% on TSI
Fail Rate - Not reported.
Test Equipment - Chassis dynamometers, opacity meters
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Not available
Inspection Fees - Inspection fee is set at $47, includes safety inspection and sticker, which shop buys
from State, and one free reinspection within 30 days at the station that did the original test
Problems - None reported
Contact Persons - Program Manager Robert J Connors, Vehicle Inspection Division, Department of
Transportation, 286 Main Street, Providence, Rhode Island 02860; (401)222-3017. Air Agency
Contact. Steve Majkut, Dept of Environmental Management, Division of Air Resources, 235
Promenade St., Providence, Rhode Island 02908, (401)222-2808 Also Tom Barry, same location; ext
7021
Website - http //www ninspection com/
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Program Summary
LDDV, HDDV, and HDGV Inspection
Program Location - TENNESSEE (City of Memphis)
Vehicles Tested - HDGV
Program Description - Annual emissions tests and safety inspections at centralized inspection centers
operated by the local government. Three inspection centers provide a total of 10 inspection lanes
Fleet operators (10 or more vehicles) can inspect their own vehicles
HDGV
Vehicles Included - HDGVs with GVWR <26,000 lbs
Test Procedures - HC and CO emissions measured at idle
Exhaust Components Measured - HC, CO, C02
Emissions Standards - Standards categories are based on model year and GVWR
Emissions Standards for Passenger Cars and Light Trucks
GVWR
pre-1972
1972-
1A
1975-
11
1980
1981 +
<9,000
HC ppm
900
700
600
400
220
CO%
89
82
7.5
47
1 2
9,000-25,999
HC ppm
1000
1000
1000
800
400
CO%
8.9
8.2
80
60
4.0
Fail Rate - Not available
Test Equipment - BAR-97 gas analysis systems.
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Not available.
Inspection Fees - Inspection fee is $8
Problems - None reported
Contact Person - Program Manager' Terence McBnde, Manager, Motor Vehicle Inspection Bureau,
590 Washington Street, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, (901)528-2905.
Website - None given
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Program Summary
LDDV, HDDV, and HDGV Inspection
Program Location - TEXAS (Dallas-Ft. Worth, El Paso, and Houston-Galveston areas)
Vehicles Tested - HDGV
Program Description - Annual emissions tests and visual inspections at licensed private test-and-repair
facilities Approximately 2,300 facilities participate in the program statewide. Fleet operators can
inspect their own vehicles.
HDGV
Vehicles Included - HDGVs 24 years old and newer. New vehicles are exempt for the first two years,
testing begins with the vehicle's second anniversary of initial registration
Test Procedures - HC and CO emissions measured on TSI. Second-chance test automatically
conducted for vehicles that fail initial test Gas-cap pressure test. Visual inspection covers air injection
system, PCV, evap control system, TAC system, EGR, and catalyst (on 1984+ models)
Exhaust Components Measured - HC, CO, C02
Emissions Standards - Emissions standards are based on model year.
HDGV Emissions Standards
1972-78 1979-81 1982-84
HCppm 900 700 500
CO% 9 0 7 0 5.0
Fail Rate - Not reported.
Test Equipment - Gas analyzer systems
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Not available
Inspection Fees - Emission inspection fee is regulated at $13
Problems - None reported.
Contact Persons - Program Manager' Jimmy Guckian, Program Administrator, Texas Department of
Public Safety, P O Box 4087, MSC 0543, Austin, Texas 78773-0001
jimmy guckian@txdps state tx its Also Judith Sherman, (512)424-2776. Air Agency Contact. Hazel
Barbour, Section Manager, Mobile Source Section, Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission,
PO Box 13087, Austin, Texas 78711-3087; (512)239-1440. Also Bob Wierzowiecki, (512)239-1769
Website - httpV/www tnrcc state tx us/air/ms/motonstchoice html
1985+
300
3 0
3-64
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Program Summary
LDDV, HDDV, and HDGV Inspection
Program Location - UTAH (Davis County)
Vehicles Tested - LDDV, HDDV, HDGV
Program Descnption - Annual emissions tests and visual inspections at private facilities and at Davis
County technical center Fleet operators may inspect their own vehicles Approximately 100 private
repair facilities, of which about 25 are test-only and 35 are county-certified test-and-repair, are
participating in the program. The county operates one centralized test-only facility.
LDDV
Vehicles Included - 1968+ LDDVs
Test Procedures - LDDVs are tested at county inspection center for opacity on steady-state loaded-
mode tests- 30% of rated engine power at 50 mph, and wide-open throttle (WOT) at 50 mph
Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity
Emissions Standards - Maximum opacity for turbo charged LDDVs is 30% For naturally aspirated
LDDVs the standard is 35%.
Fail Rate - Not available.
Test Equipment - Chassis dynamometer- Mustang MD250 Opacity meter: Bosch RTT 100
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Chassis dynamometer S27,000 Opacity meter $8,000
Inspection Fees - LDDV test fee is $24.
Problems - None reported.
HDDV
Vehicles Included - 1968+HDDVs
Test Procedures - HDDVs are tested for opacity HDDVs with GVWR 8,501-16,000 lbs get steady-
state loaded tests (50 mph, 30% of rated engine power, and 50 mph, WOT). Vehicles with GVWR
>16,000 lbs get snap-acceleration test per SAE J1667.
Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity
Emissions Standards - For HDDVs with GVWR 8,501-16,000 lbs, maximum opacity standards are
turbo charged' 30%; naturally aspirated' 35% HDDVs with GVWR > 16,000 lbs. 70%.
Fail Rate - Not available
Test Equipment - Chassis dynamometer Mustang MD250 Opacity meter: Bosch RTT 100
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Chassis dynamometer $27,000. Opacity meter $8,000
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Inspection Fees - HDDV test fee is $24, all inspections are conducted at the technical center
Problems - None reported
IIDGV
Vehicles Included - 1968+ HDGVs.
Test Procedures - HC and CO measured on TSI test.
Exhaust Components Measured - HC, CO, C02, 02
Emissions Standards - Standards categories are based on model year.
Emissions Standards for HDGVs
1968-69 1970-78 1979-80 1981+
HCppm 1500 1200 1000 800
CO % 7 0 5 0 4 0 3 5
Fail Rate - Not available
Test Equipment - Gas analyzer systems' ESP Model Utah2000
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Gas analyzers $12,500
Inspection Fees - Maximum fee for emissions inspection is $20
Problems - None reported
Contact Persons - Program Manager Delane McGarvey, Environmental Health Dept., Davis County
Courthouse, 28 E State St. (P O. Box 618) Farmington, Utah 84025, (801)451-3296 Also Mike
Egginton at County Technical Center (801)546-8860. Air Agency Contact Bill Colbert, State of Utah,
Department of Environmental Quality, Division of Air Quality, 150 North 1950 West Temple (P O
Box 144820), Salt Lake City, Utah 84114-4820, (801)536-4423
Website - None given.
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Program Summary
LDDV, HDDV, and HDGV Inspection
Program Location - UTAH (Salt Lake County)
Vehicles Tested - LDDV, HDDV, HDGV
Program Description - Annual emissions tests, visual inspections, and safety inspections at private
repair facilities. Approximately 340 facilities are participating in the program. Fleet operators inspect
their own vehicles.
LDDV
Vehicles Included - 1968+ LDDVs.
Test Procedures - LDDVs are tested for opacity on steady-state loaded-mode tests 30% of rated
engine power at 50 mph, and wide-open throttle (WOT) at 50 mph
Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity
Emissions Standards - Maximum opacity for turbo charged LDDVs is 30% For naturally aspirated
LDDVs the standard is 35%
Fail Rate - Nol available.
Test Equipment - Chassis dynamometer. Mustang MD250 Opacity meter Bosch RTT 100
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Chassis dynamometer- $27,000. Opacity meter- $8,000
Inspection Fees - LDDV test fee is $23.
Problems - None reported
HDDV
Vehicles Included - 1968+ HDDVs.
Test Procedures - HDDVs are tested for opacity HDDVs with GVWR 8,501-16,000 lbs get steady-
state loaded tests (50 mph, 30% of rated engine power, and 50 mph, WOT) Vehicles with GVWR >
16,000 get snap acceleration test per SAE J1667
Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity
Emissions Standards - For HDDVs with GVWR 8,501-16,000 lbs, maximum opacity standards are
turbo charged. 30%, naturally aspirated" 35%. HDDVs with GVWR > 16,000 lbs 70%.
Fail Rate - Not reported.
Test Equipment - Chassis dynamometer Mustang MD250 Opacity meter Bosch RTT 100
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Chassis dynamometer $27,000 Opacity meter. $8,000
Inspection Fees - HDDV test fee is $23
3-67
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Problems - None reported
HDGV
Vehicles Included - 1968+ HDGVs.
Test Procedures - HC and CO measured on TSI.
Exhaust Components Measured - HC, CO, C02, 02
Emissions Standards - Standards categories are based on model year
Emissions Standards for HDGVs
1968-69 1970-78 1979-80 1981+
HCppm 1500 1200 1000 800
CO% 7.0 5.0 4 0 3.5
Fail Rate - Not reported.
Test Equipment - Gas analyzer systems- ESP Model Utah2000.
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - $12,500
Inspection Fees - Maximum fee for emissions inspection is $25
Problems - None reported
Contact Persons - Program Manager- Jim Brande, Bureau of Air Pollution Control, Salt Lake
City/County Health Dept., 788 East Woodoak Lane, Room 150, Salt Lake City, Utah 84107-6379,
(801)313-6677 Also Richard Valentine, same location Air Agency Contact Bill Colbert, State of
Utah, Department of Environmental Quality, Division of Air Quality, 150 North 1950 West Temple
(P O Box 144820), Salt Lake City, Utah 84114-4820, (801)536-4423
Website - http //www slvhealth org/html/eh/html/im html
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Program Summary
LDDV, HDDV, and HDGV Inspection
Program Location - UTAH (Utah County)
Vehicles Tested - LDDV, HDDV, HDGV
Program Description - Annual emissions tests and visual inspections for tampering at private repair
facilities. Approximately 140 repair facilities and 8 fleets are participating in the program Fleet
operators can inspect their own vehicles
LDDV
Vehicles Included - 1968+ LDDVs.
Test Procedures - LDDVs are tested for opacity on steady-state loaded-mode tests 30% of rated
engine power at 50 mph, and wide-open throttle (WOT) at 50 mph.
Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity
Emissions Standards - Maximum opacity for turbo charged LDDVs is 30%. For naturally aspirated
LDDVs the standard is 35%.
Fail Rate - 3 3%
Test Equipment - Chassis dynamometer Mustang MD250, Opacity meter Bosch RTT 100
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Chassis dynamometer. $27,000 Opacity meter- $8,000
Inspection Fees - Emission inspection fee is market-based, typical prices are in the range of $15-25
Problems - None reported
HDDV
Vehicles Included - 1968+HDDVs.
Test Procedures - HDDVs are tested for opacity Vehicles with GVWR 8,501-16,000 lbs get steady-
state loaded test (50 mph, 30% of rated engine power, 50 mph, WOT). Vehicles with GVWR > 16,000
get snap acceleration test per SAE J1667
Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity
Emissions Standards - For HDDVs with GVWR 8,501-16,000 lbs, maximum opacity standards are
turbo charged. 30%, naturally aspirated: 35% HDDVs with GVWR > 16,000 70%
Fail Rate - 4 5%
Test Equipment - Chassis dynamometer- Mustang MD250 Opacity meter Bosch RTT 100
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Chassis dynamometer- $27,000 Opacity meter $8,000.
Inspection Fees - Emission inspection fee is market-based, typical prices are m the range of $15-25
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Problems - None reported.
HDGV
Vehicles Included - 1968+ HDGVs.
Test Procedures - HC and CO measured on TSI
Exhaust Components Measured - HC, CO, C02, 02
Emissions Standards - Standards categories based on model year.
Emissions Standards for HDGVs
1968-69
1970-78
1979-80
1981 +
HC ppm
1500
1200
1000
800
CO%
70
50
40
3.5
Fail Rate - 11.2%
Test Equipment - BAR-97 gas analyzer systems. ESP Model Utah2000
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Gas analyzer systems- $12,500
Inspection Fees - Emission inspection fee is market-based, typical prices are in the range of SI 5-25
Problems - None reported.
Contact Persons - Program Managers R Dana Cundiff, Utah County Health Dept, 3255 North Main
St., Spanish Fork, Utah 84660, (801)343-4601 Air Agency Contact Bill Colbert, State of Utah,
Department of Environmental Quality, Division of Air Quality, 150 North 1950 West Temple (P O
Box 144820), Salt Lake City, Utah 84114-4820, (801)536-4423.
Website - http //www co utah ut us/dept/health/Air htm#I/M
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Program Summary
LDDV, HDDV, and HDGV Inspection
Program Location - UTAH (Weber County)
Vehicles Tested - HDGVs
Program Description - Annual emissions tests, visual inspections, and safety inspections at private
repair facilities. Approximately 100 facilities participate m the program. Fleet operators inspect their
own vehicles.
HDGV
Vehicles Included - 1968+ HDGVs.
Test Procedures - HC and CO measured on TSI. Dual-fuel vehicles tested on both fuels. Visual
inspection is performed on all models, but pass/fail applies to 1991 and newer models only; covers
catalyst, air injection system, PCV, EGR, and evaporative emissions control system. OBDII checks not
required, are performed at motorists' option If repairs are indicated by OBD, motorists are referred to
new-vehicle dealerships (if vehicle is under warranty) or to the I/M station if it is able to do the repairs.
Exhaust Components Measured - HC, CO, C02, 02
Emissions Standards - Standards are based on model year.
Emissions Standards for HDGVs
1968-69 1970-78 1979-80 1981+
HCppm 1500 1200 1000 800
CO% 7 0 5 0 4 0 3.5
Fail Rate - No data available
Test Equipment - Test analyzer systems provided by ESP
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - S15,500 per unit
Inspection Fees - Maximum fee for emissions inspection is $20
Problems - None reported.
Contact Persons - Program Managers Barre Draper, Environmental Health Dept, 2570 Grant Avenue,
Ogden, Utah 84401, (801)399-8329 Air Agency Contact Bill Colbert, State of Utah, Department of
Environmental Quality, Division of Air Quality, 150 North 1950 West Temple (P O. Box 144820), Salt
Lake City, Utah 84114-4820; (801)536-4423
Website - httpV/www co.weber ut us/
3-71
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Program Summary
LDDV, HDDV, and HDGV Inspection
Program Location - VERMONT
Vehicles Tested - HDDV
Program Description - Testing is only conducted as random roadside inspections or random fleet
inspections by the Department of Environmental Conservation and the Department of Motor Vehicles
(in conjunction with random safety inspections)
HDDV
Vehicles Included - All HDDVs, randomly selected.
Test Procedures - Opacity is measured using SAE J1667 snap-acceleration procedure.
Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity
Emissions Standards - Opacity standards are based on model year.
Opacity Standards for HDDVs
Pre 1991 1992+
Opacity % 55 40
Fail Rate - Unknown.
Test Equipment - Opacity meters
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Unknown.
Inspection Fees - None
Problems - None reported
Contact Person - Program Manager Thomas Moye, Chief, Mobile Sources Section, Vermont Dept of
Environmental Conservation, Air Pollution Control Division, Building 3 South,
103 So. Main St, Waterbury, Vermont 05671; (802)241-3840.
Website - htto //www anr state vt us/dec/air/docs/hdutv pdf.
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Program Summary
LDDV, HDDV, and HDGV Inspection
Program Location - VIRGINIA (Northern counties of Arlington, Fairfax, Loudon, Prince William, and
Stafford, and cities of Alexandria, Fairfax, Falls Church, Manassas, and Manassas Park)
Vehicles Tested - HDGV
Program Description - Biennial emissions tests and visual inspections at licensed private repair
facilities Fleet operators can inspect their own vehicles Over 370 facilities are participating in the
emissions program.
HDGV
Vehicles Included - HDGVs s 10,000 lbs GVWR, 24 years old and newer New models are not
inspected until they are two years old
Test Procedures - HC and CO measured on TSI. Visual inspection covering catalyst, air injection
system, EGR, evaporative canister, and thermostatic air cleaner (TAC) is conducted on 1973+ models,
in addition to gas cap pressure test
Exhaust Components Measured - HC, CO, C02
Emissions Standards - Two-speed idle standards are a function of vehicle model year
Two-Speed Idle Emissions Standards for HDGVs
68-69
70-74
75-79
80
81 +
HC ppm
1000
600
400
220
220
CO%
80
65
40
20
1.2
Fail Rate - In 1999, HDGV Initial Test fail rate was 13.9%, in 2000, it was 11 2%
Test Equipment - Gas analysis benches are built to BAR97 specifications and supplied by ESP, SPX,
Sun/Snap-On, Worldwide Environmental, and Maxwell
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Cost of benches estimated to be in the range $15,000 to $20,000 per
unit.
Inspection Fees - Maximum fee is $20 for emission inspection, with one free reinspection included
within 14 days at the facility performing the original inspection
Problems - Determining correct GVWR is most prevalent problem Some vehicles with GVWR >
8,500 lbs are tested incorrectly as light-duty vehicles on ASM2 test, others with GVWR < 8,500 lbs get
two-speed idle. GVWR data in DMV records are problematic, since GVWR is entered by owners upon
registration. I/M inspectors are required to visually verify GVWR from vehicles' door plates (or other
valid source), but DEQ finds much variance in GVWR for identical make/model combinations. DEQ
management recommends that GVWR be accessible from vehicle lookup table
Contact Persons - Program Manager' J. Michael Thompson, Director, Northern Virginia Office,
Mobile Source Operations, Virginia Dept. of Environmental Quality, 13901 Crown Court, Woodbndge,
Virginia 22193; (703)583-3866 Planning and Standards: Rich Olin, Chief Engineer, Mobile Sources,
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Virginia Dept of Environmental Quality, P O. Box 10009, Richmond, Virginia 23240; (804)698-4425.
rdolin@deq.state va us
Website - http7/www deq.state.va.us/mobile/
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Program Summary
LDDV, HDDV, and HDGV Inspection
Program Location - WASHINGTON (Puget Sound area)
Vehicles Tested - LDDV, HDDV, HDGV
Program Description - Biennial emissions tests at centralized, contractor-operated (ESP) inspection
centers. There are 16 test stations with 68 inspection lanes (45 active, 23 spare). Fleet operators can
inspect their own vehicles All vehicles at least 5 years old and up to 25 years old are subject to
inspection. In odd-numbered years, odd-numbered model year vehicles between 6 and 25 years old,
plus the 5th oldest model year vehicles, are tested (e g , in 2001, odd model years from 1977 to 1995,
plus 1996 are tested). In even-numbered years, even-numbered model year vehicles between 6 and 25
years old, plus the 5th oldest model year vehicles, are tested (e.g., m 2002, even model years from 1978
to 1994, plus 1997 are tested). Vehicles undergoing change of ownership, and vehicles being
registered in program area the first time are also subject to inspection
LDDV
Vehicles Included - All LDDVs.
Test Procedures - Opacity is measured using SAE J1667 snap-acceleration procedure.
Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity
Emissions Standards - Opacity standards are based on model year
Opacity Standards for LDDVs
1968-73 1974-91 1992+
Opacity % 70 60 40
Fail Rate - Approximately 4%.
Test Equipment - Sun and Red Mountain opacity meters are used
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Not available
Inspection Fees - Inspection fee is S15
Problems - Some motorists are concerned about high engine speeds seen during test
HDDV
Vehicles Included - All HDDVs
Test Procedures - Opacity is measured using SAE JI667 snap-acceieration procedure
Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity
Emissions Standards - Opacity standards are based on model year.
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Opacity Standards for HDDVs
1968-73 1974-91 1992+
Opacity % 70 60 40
Fail Rate - Approximately 4%
Test Equipment - Sun and Red Mountain opacity meters are used.
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Not available.
Inspection Fees - Inspection fee is $15.
Problems - Vehicle owners/drivers express concern about apparently high engine speeds during test
HDGV
Vehicles Included - All HDGVs
Test Procedures - HC and CO measured on TSI.
Exhaust Components Measured - HC, CO, C02
Emissions Standards - Emissions standards are based on model year
Emissions Standards for HDGVs
1977-80 1981+
HC ppm 600 400
CO % 3.0 3 0
Fail Rate - Approximately 11 %
Test Equipment - Gas analyzers provided by I/M contractor, ESP
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Not available
Inspection Fees - Inspection fee is $15
Problems - None reported.
Contact Person - John C Raymond, Dept of Ecology, P O. Box 47600, Olympia, Washington 98504-
7600, (360)407-6856. E-mail address* irav461@ecv wa gov
Website - bttp //www ecv wa gov/programs/air/Automotive Pages htm
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Program Summary
LDDV, HDDV, and HDGV Inspection
Program Location - WASHINGTON (Spokane area)
Vehicles Tested - LDDV, HDDV, HDGV
Program Description - Biennial emissions tests at centralized, contractor-operated (ESP) inspection
centers. There are 2 test stations with 8 inspection lanes. Fleet operators can inspect their own
vehicles. AJ1 vehicles at least 5 years old and up to 25 years old are subject to inspection In odd-
numbered years, odd-numbered model year vehicles between 6 and 25 years old, plus the 5th oldest
model year vehicles, are tested (e.g., in 2001, odd model years from 1977 to 1995, plus 1996 are
tested) In even-numbered years, even-numbered model year vehicles between 6 and 25 years old, plus
the 5th oldest model year vehicles, are tested (e.g., in 2002, even model years from 1978 to 1994, plus
1997 are tested). Vehicles undergoing change of ownership, and vehicles being registered in program
area the first time are also subject to inspection.
LDDV
Vehicles Tested - All LDDVs.
Test Procedures - Opacity is measured using SAE J1667 snap-acceleration procedure.
Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity
Emissions Standards - Opacity standards are based on model year
Opacity Standards for LDDVs
1968-73 1974-91 1992+
Opacity % 70 60 40
Fail Rate - Approximately 4%.
Test Equipment - Sun and Red Mountain opacity meters are used.
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Not available.
Inspection Fees - Inspection fee is $15
Problems - Motorists sometimes express concern about high engine speeds dunng test
HDDV
Vehicles Included - All HDDVs.
Test Procedures - Opacity is measured using SAE J1667 snap-acceleration procedure.
Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity
Emissions Standards - Opacity standards are based on model year
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Opacity Standards for HDDVs
1968-73 1974-91 1992+
Opacity % 70 60 40
Fail Rate - Approximately 4%
Test Equipment - Sun and Red Mountain opacity meters are used.
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Not available
Inspection Fees - Inspection fee is SI5.
Problems - Motorist concern about high engine speeds on test
HDGV
Vehicles Included - All HDGVs
Test Procedures - HC and CO measured on TSI
Exhaust Components Measured - HC, CO, C02
Emissions Standards - HDGV standards are based on model year.
Emissions Standards for HDGVs
1977-80 1981+
HC ppm 600 400
CO% 3.0 3.0
Fail Rate - Approximately 11%
Test Equipment - Gas analyzers provided by ESP (I/M contractor).
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Not available
Inspection Fees - Inspection fee is $15.
Problems - None reported.
Contact Person - John C. Raymond, Dept of Ecology, P O. Box 47600, Oiympia, Washington 98504-
7600,(360)407-6856. E-mail address' jray461@ecy wa.gov. In Spokane: Grant Pfeifer, Dept of
Ecology, (509)456-3284
Website - http //www ecv wa gov/programs/air/Automotive Pages htm
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Program Summary
LDDV, HDDV, and HDGV Inspection
Program Location - WASHINGTON (Vancouver area)
Vehicles Tested - LDDV, HDDV, HDGV
Program Description - Biennial emissions tests at centralized, contractor-operated (ESP) inspection
centers (2 inspection centers, 10 lanes). Fleet operators can inspect their own vehicles. All vehicles at
least 5 years old and up to 25 years old are subject to inspection. In odd-numbered years, odd-
numbered model year vehicles between 6 and 25 years oid, plus the 5th oldest model year vehicles, are
tested (e g., in 2001, odd model years from 1977 to 1995, plus 1996 are tested) In even-numbered
years, even-numbered model year vehicles between 6 and 25 years old, plus the 5th oldest model year
vehicles, are tested (e.g., in 2002, even model years from 1978 to 1994, plus 1997 are tested) Vehicles
undergoing change of ownership, and vehicles being registered in program area the first time are also
subject to inspection.
LDDV
Vehicles Tested - All LDDVs.
Test Procedures - Opacity is measured using SAE J1667 snap-acceleration procedure
Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity
Emissions Standards - Opacity standards are based on model year.
Opacity Standards for LDDVs
1968-73 1974-91 1992+
Opacity % 70 60 40
Fail Rate - Approximately 4%
Test Equipment - Sun and Red Mountain opacity meters are used
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Not available
Inspection Fees - Inspection fee is $15
Problems - Some concern among motorists over apparently high engine speeds during test.
HDDV
Vehicles Included - All HDDVs
Test Procedures - Opacity is measured using SAE J1667 snap-acceleration procedure.
Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity
Emissions Standards - Opacity standards are based on model year
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Opacity Standards for HDDVs
1968-73 1974-91 1992+
Opacity % 70 60 40
Fail Rate - Approximately 4%.
Test Equipment - Sun and Red Mountain opacity meters are used.
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Not available.
Inspection Fees - Inspection fee is $15
Problems - Concern about high engine speeds during test
HDGV
Vehicles Included - All HDGVs
Test Procedures - HC and CO measured at idle
Exhaust Components Measured - HC, CO, C02
Emissions Standards - HDGV standards are based on mode] year
Emissions Standards for HDGVs
1977-80 1981+
HC ppm 600 400
CO % 3 0 3.0
Fail Rate - Not available
Test Equipment - Gas analyzers provided by ESP (I/M contractor)
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Not available
Inspection Fees - Inspection fee is S15
Problems - None reported.
Contact Person - John C Raymond, Dept. of Ecology, P O Box 47600, Olympia, Washington 98504-
7600,(360)407-6856. E-mail address1 jray461@ecy.wa gov. In Vancouver. Kevin Hancock, Dept of
Ecology, (360)690-7165
Website - http //www ecv wa.gov/programs/air/Automotive Pages htm
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Program Summary
LDDV, HDDV, and HDGV Inspection
Program Location - WISCONSIN (Seven counties in SE Wisconsin)
Vehicles Tested - HDGV
Program Description - Biennial emissions tests at centralized, contractor-operated (ESP) inspection
centers (12 inspection centers, 44 inspection lanes). Vehicles with odd-numbered model years are
tested in even calendar years. New vehicles are exempt from testing in the calendar year matching their
model year, e.g., a 2001 model year vehicle will not be tested m 2001 Inspection also required on
change of ownership for vehicles more than five years old
HDGV
Vehicles fncluded - J968+ HDGVs s 10,000 lbs GVWR
Test Procedures - HC, CO, NOx measured on IM240 test. Gas-cap pressure test No underhood
inspection, except as follows All-wheel drive, full-time four-wheel drive, and traction control-
equipped vehicles that for any reason cannot be dynamometer tested are subject to TSI plus 9-point
inspection covering catalytic converter, fuel filler restrictor, fuel cap, PCV system, air injection system,
evaporative control canister, EGR system, oxygen sensor, and TAC For the TSI, vehicle exhaust is
collected and analyzed as in the IM240 test but the concentrations are multiplied by the IM240 system
dilution factor for comparison with cutpoints. Fuel inlet tampering requires catalyst replacement.
OBDII Inspections - On 1996+ models, OBDII checks are conducted in place of emissions test
Indicated repairs are mandatory.
Exhaust Components Measured - HC, CO, NOx, C02,02
Emissions Standards - IM240 standards presented below are for HDGVs with GVWR between 8,501
and 10,000 lbs Fast-pass standards apply to 1991 and later vehicles.
IM240 Emissions Standards, grams/mile
HDGVs 8,501-10,000 lbs GVWR
68-69
70-73
74-78
79-84
85-86
87-90
91-95
96+
HC
20.0
100
100
75
50
20
20
na
CO
200.0
175 0
150 0
100 0
80 0
40 0
40 0
na
NOx
15.0
10.0
100
80
80
60
50
na
Fail Rate - Not available.
Test Equipment - SuperFlow electric dynamometers, Honba gas analyzers (model FCA-240 measures
HC and NOx, AIA-240 measures CO and C02), Honba CVS systems
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Not available.
Inspection Fees - No charge for inspection
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Problems - None reported
Contact Persons - Program Manager- Barbara Wehrle, Chief, Motor Vehicle Inspection Section,
Division of Motor Vehicles, 4802 Sheboygan Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53702, (608)266-0992.
Chuck Rhodes, Supervisor I/M Group, 1150 N. Alois St., Milwaukee, WI 53208, (414)266-1084. Air
Agency Contact. Mohammad Islam, Dept. of Natural Resources, Bureau of Air Management (AM-10),
PO Box 7921, 101 South Webster, Madison, Wisconsin 53707; (608)264-9219. Also Chris Bovee,
(608)266-5542.
Website - http //www dot.state wi us/dmv/im html
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4. PROGRAM DESCRIPTION SUMMARIES
INTERNATIONAL I/M PROGRAMS
This section contains summaries of inspections in foreign countries that are currently testing
LDDVs, HDDVs, or HDGVs.
Test fees and equipment costs are presented in U.S. dollars, and should be considered
approximate, as they are derived from exchange rates which vary over time
4-1
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Program Summary
LDDV, HDDV, and HDGV Inspection
Program Location - AUSTRALIA (New South Wales)
Vehicles Tested - None currently, DT80 proposed.
Program Description - The Australian state of New South Wales proposed testing light (under 4,500 kg
GVWR) petrol (1 e., gasoline-powered) vehicles based in the Sydney region This proposal is unlikely
to proceed largely because adoption of Euro standards and cleaner fuel standards is predicted to result
in emission reductions from metropolitan fleets of around 70% over the next 15 years, despite increases
in the number of vehicles and distance traveled The Roads and Traffic Authority (RTA) will continue
to operate two IM240 test stations for modified vehicles, voluntary testing, and research into the
performance of alternative fuels
Although particulates are predicted to fall about 35% in the coming years, interest is still increasing
about Diesel testing programs due to health concerns There has been some development of a Diesel
tn-service test in Australia, the DT80. This test and accompanying test standards are about to be
included into national legislation so that any state can adopt them into its legislation if the state plans to
implement a test program Also recently agreed to is the Diesel National Environment Protection
Measure, which requires the states to assess the need for a program to reduce the impact of Diesel
emissions and which includes guidelines for a number of program alternatives. Details can be found at
www nepc gov au and www nrtc.gov au.
NSW is about to commence a program to test all of the Sydney government Diesel bus fleet (1,700
vehicles) and any other fleets that wish to volunteer The test results will be compared with the results
of an assessment of their maintenance regimes to establish best practice in maintenance The funding
for this program is being provided by the Commonwealth government. (The person managing the
funding of the pilot test programs at Environment Australia is Emma Campbell
emma campbell@ea gov.au. Marc Thomson mthompson@nepc gov au at the National Environment
Protection Council managed the development of the Diesel test.). Decisions will then be made about
the need for a Diesel testing program It is estimated that some form of audited maintenance program
will be developed At this stage, no other states have started any form of petrol or Diesel test program,
but several are collecting information and talking to NSW about their program development
Contact Person - Bruce Dowdell, Manager, Vehicle Emissions management Program, Roads and
Traffic Authority, 36 Ennis Road Milsons Point NSW 2061, (61) 02 9935 7383
Bruce Dowdell@RTA NSW gov au
Website - www rta nsw gov au.
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Program Summary
LDDV, HDDV, and HDGV Inspection
Program Location - CANADA (Ontario)
Vehicles Tested - HDDV
Program Description - Annual HDDV testing is conducted at decentralized facilities, fleets can self-
certify using the snap-idle test Roadside snap-idle testing is performed for enforcement.
HDDV
Vehicles Included - All HDDVs are tested annually Vehicles identified at roadside as potentially
exceeding the standards are recruited for the roadside test.
Test Procedures - SAE J1667 (Snap-Idle).
Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity
Emissions Standards - 55% opacity for 1990 and older vehicles, 40% opacity for 1991 and newer
vehicles
Fail Rate - Unknown
Test Equipment - Opacity meter.
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Unknown
Inspection Fee - Unknown
Problems / Remarks - None reported
Contact Person - John Richie, Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Drive Clean Ontario Office, (416)
314-7853.
Website - None given.
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Program Summary
LDDV, HDDV, and HDGV Inspection
Program Location - CANADA (Greater Vancouver Regional District and Fraser Valley Regional
Districts)
Vehicles Tested - LDDV, HDDV
Program Description - Diesel vehicles having GVWRs of 5,000 kg or less are tested as part of the
AirCare program using IM147 opacity measurements performed by contractor-operated centralized
facilities. Diesel vehicles heavier than 5,000 kg GVWR are tested as part of the AirCare ON-ROAD
program using J1667 performed by crown corporation staff
LDDV
Vehicles Included - 5,000 kg (11,000 pounds) GVWR and less, all model years
Test Procedures - Loaded transient (IM147)
Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity
Emissions Standards - Maximum opacity for LDDVs is 30% opacity
Fail Rate - 7 3%
Test Equipment - Wager opacity meter, Real-Time dynamometer, exhaust evacuation system.
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - $75,000 per lane
Inspection Fees - S15 60 for 1991 and older (annual test), S31.20 for 1992 and newer (biennial)
HDDV
Vehicles Included - Vehicles identified at roadside as potentially exceeding the standards greater than
5,000 kg (11,000 pounds) GVWR.
Test Procedures - SAE J1667 (Snap-Idle)
Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity
Emissions Standards - 55% opacity for 1990 and older vehicles, 40% opacity for 1991 and newer
vehicles
Fail Rate - 48% (only those vehicles suspected of non-compliance are tested).
Test Equipment - Opacity meter
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - US$60,000 per complete patrol van (includes vehicle and all test
equipment, data communications equipment, and tools)
Inspection Fee - None
4-4
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Problems / Remarks - Inspectors must have reasonable and probable grounds to stop a vehicle for
testing. To that end, visual pre-screening (EPA Method 9) is used but many drivers will back off the
throttle when they see an AirCare ON-ROAD patrol van.
Contact Person - Dave Gourley, Pacific Vehicle Testing Technology, AirCare Administration, 102-
4705 Wayburn Drive, Bumaby, B C V5G 3L1, (604) 453-5170. Dave Gourlev@transhnk be ca
Website - httoV/www aircare ca/
4-5
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Program Summary
LDDV, HDDV, and HDGV Inspection
Program Location - CHINA (Beijing City and Guangzhou City)
Vehicles Tested - LDDV, HDDV
Program Description - Annual decentralized emissions test at institutes and government test centers
LDDV
Vehicles Included - 1980+, weight range not provided.
Test Procedures - Snap-Idle.
Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity, HC, CO, NOx
Emissions Standards - Unknown
Fail Rate - 15 -20%.
Test Equipment - Opacity meter, CVS, dilution tunnel.
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Unknown
Inspection Fees - $150 - $200.
Problems / Remarks - None reported
HDDV
Vehicles Included - 1980+, weight range not provided
Test Procedures - Snap-Idle
Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity, HC, CO, NOx
Emissions Standards - Unknown
Fail Rate -15-20 %.
Test Equipment - Opacity meter, CVS, dilution tunnel.
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Unknown.
Inspection Fees - $150 - $200.
Problems / Remarks - None reported
Contact Person -Boguang Wang, Guangzhou Research Institute of Environmental Protection, (86)
020-87502687, wangboguang@ihw com cn.
Website - None given.
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Program Summary
LDDV, HDDV, and HDGV Inspection
Program Location - CHINA (Hong Kong)
Vehicles Tested - LDDV, HDDV
Program Description - Annual decentralized emissions test at private test and repair facilities (three
operators run a total of 13 test centers licensed by the government).
LDDV
Vehicles Included - Vehicles under 5,000 kg (11,000 pounds) GVWR.
Test Procedures - Lug-down test with opacity measured at three engine power levels: maximum
power, 90%, and 80% of maximum power. Described m "Code of Practice for Designated Vehicle
Emission Testing Centres, Applicable to Testing Diesel Vehicles of Gross Vehicle Weight up to 5 .5
Tonnes - Volume 1," June 28, 2000.
Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity
Emissions Standards - The smoke level at rated engine speed, and 50% of rated engine power,
measured at the wheel shall not exceed 50 Hartndge Smoke Unit (HSU). Measured engine speed at
maximum power must be within 10% of rated speed or vehicle is rejected from testing due to suspicion
of detuning
Fail Rate - 60% Only vehicles observed as dirty on road are recruited
Test Equipment - Dieseltune (SPX) partial flow opacity meter, light-duty dynamometer
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - $60,000
Inspection Fees - Approximately S40 , set by the government.
Problems / Remarks - None reported
HDDV
Vehicles Included - Vehicles from 5,000 kg (11,000 pounds) to 38,000 kg (38,000 pounds) GVWR.
Test Procedures - Lug-down test with opacity measured at maximum power, 90%, and 80% of
maximum power Described in "Code of Practice for Designated Vehicle Emission Testing Centres,
Applicable to Testing Diesel Vehicles of Gross Vehicle Weight over 5 5 Tonnes - Volume 1,"
June 28, 2000.
Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity
Emissions Standards - The smoke level at rated engine speed, and 50% of rated engine power,
measured at the wheel shall not exceed 50 Hartndge Smoke Unit (HSU). Measured engine speed at
maximum power must be within 10% of rated speed or vehicle is rejected from testing due to suspicion
of detuning.
Fail Rate - No data yet, program is set to begin testing in 2002
4-7
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Test Equipment - Dieseltune (SPX) partial flow opacity meter, heavy-duty dynamometer.
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - $120,000
Inspection Fees - Approximately $40 , set by the government.
Problems / Remarks - None reported.
Contact Person - Y. S Yam, Hong Kong Environmental Protection Department, 45/F, Revenue Tower,
5 Gloucester Road, Wan Chat, Hong Kong, China, (852) 2594 6424, Y S Yamkha@epd gov hk.
Website - http //www info gov hk/epd/
Additional Information -EPD is currently studying the addition of NO measurement.
4-8
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Program Summary
LDDV, HDDV, and HDGV Inspection
Program Location - GERMANY
Vehicles Tested - LDDV, HDGV
Program Description - Decentralized emissions tests at government-approved private test and repair
facilities.
LDDV
Vehicles Included - All vehicles built since 1977 up to 3,500 kg max gross weight.
Test Procedures - Snap-idle test and visual check of emission control components
Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity
Emissions Standards - Naturally aspirated 2.5 m"1, turbo charged 3 5 m'1
Fail Rate - Approximately 18%
Test Equipment - Bosch opacity meter.
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Approximately $5,000.
Inspection Fees - Emissions test is part of full roadworthiness test, total cost is $35
Problems / Remarks - None reported.
HDGV
Vehicles Included - Vehicles greater than 3,500 kg (7,700 pounds) max gross weight built since 1970
Test Procedures - TSI.
Exhaust Components Measured - CO
Emissions Standards - Unknown
Fail Rate - Unknown
Test Equipment - Unknown.
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Unknown
Inspection Fees - Unknown
Problems / Remarks - None reported
4-9
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Contact Persons - Mr. Helge Schmidt, RWTUV Fahrzeug GmbH, Stuben StraBe 53, D-45138 Essen,
Germany, (49) 201-825-2533, he schmidt@.rwtuev-fz de
Website - None given.
4-10
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Program Summary
LDDV, HDDV, and HDGV Inspection
Program Location - SINGAPORE
Vehicles Tested - LDDV, HDDV, HDGV
Program Description - Annual decentralized emissions tests at private test and repair facilities. Three
operators run a total of nine centers, VICOM, with five centers, being the largest.
LDDV
Vehicles Included - Specific models (Nissan pickups, Cabster, Toyota Dyna 150, Hiace, Isuzu NHR
and NKR, Mitsubishi Canter L300, Mazda E2200.
Test Procedures - Free acceleration test (Snap-Idle)
Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity
Emissions Standards - Maximum opacity for LDDVs is 50 HSU ( Hartridge Smoke Units)
Fail Rate - 7.7%.
Test Equipment - Opacity meter
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - $4,500 to $6,000 for free standing opacity meter.
Inspection Fees - Approximately $30 for initial inspection, $15 for retest
Problems / Remarks - A trial project is underway testing LDDVs on a chassis dynamometer using the
lug-down test This is being used for vehicles caught by the Ministry of the Environment, but is only
for research purposes. For mandatoiy vehicle inspection, the free acceleration test applies.
HDDV
Vehicles Included - Nissan U41, Toyota Coaster, Dyna 200, Isuzu CXZ, Mitsubishi Fuso,
Mazda T3500, Leyland, Scania buses.
Test Procedures - Free acceleration test (Snap-Idle)
Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity
Emissions Standards - Maximum opacity for LDDVs is 50 HSU (Hartridge Smoke Units).
Fail Rate - 5 8%.
Test Equipment - Opacity meter.
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - $4,500 to $6,000 for free-standing opacity meter
Inspection Fees - Approximately $38 for initial inspection, $19 for retest.
4-11
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Problems / Remarks - A trial project is underway testing HDDVs on a chassis dynamometer using the
lug-down test This is being used for vehicles caught by the Ministry of the Environment but is only
for research purposes. For mandatory vehicle inspection, the free acceleration test applies.
HDGV
Vehicles Included - All gasoline-powered vehicles (light- and heavy-duty).
Test Procedures - CO measured on curb idle test.
Exhaust Components Measured - HC, CO, CO,, 02, although only CO is regulated
Emissions Standards - Emissions standards are a function of year of initial registration
Emissions Standards for HDGVs
Model Year
CO%
Registered on or after July 1, 1992
Registered October 1, 1986 to June 30, 1992
Registered before October 1, 1986
4 5
60
3 5
Fail Rate - 3 0%.
Test Equipment - Four-gas analyzers.
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - $4,500 to $6,000 for free-standing gas analyzer
Inspection Fees - Same as for Diesel vehicles approximately $38 for initial inspection and $19 for
retest of heavy-duty vehicles
Contact Persons - Edwin Low, Head of Automotive Mechanics Department, Institute of Technical
Education, Ang Mo Kio 4300 Ang Mo Kio Avenue 5, Singapore 569869, 552 9305, lowhc@ite edu se
Tan Quee Hong, Senior Engineer, Pollution Control Department, Ministry of the Environment,
Tan Ouee Hong@env gov se. Tei (65) 731 9782, Fax- (65) 731 9651
Website - http //www gov se/env/.
http.V/www onemotonng.com.se/vehMaintain/maintain insp asp
Additional Information - The Ministry of the Environment ("ENV") has taken over responsibility for
vehicle pollution control from the Land Transport Authority (formerly the Registry of Vehicles) ENV
has initiated the formation of the Motor Industry Certification Board, whose first task was to set
standards for workshops servicing Diesel vehicles. These workshops can request an "audit" and if they
meet the ENV requirements, will be certified as official service shops Presently, this is not mandatory
In the future, the program will be extended to garages servicing gasoline-dnven vehicles.
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Program Summary
LDDV, HDDV, and HDGV Inspection
Program Location - SWEDEN
Vehicles Tested - LDDV, HDDV, HDGV
Program Description - Annual emissions tests at centralized test stations (175 test stations, 600 test
lanes and a staff of over 2,000 people) operated under contract by Bilprovnmgen
LDDV
Vehicles Included - All LDDVs.
Test Procedures - Free acceleration test (Snap-Idle).
Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity
Emissions Standards - Unknown.
Fail Rate - 4.5%.
Test Equipment - Unknown.
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Unknown
Inspection Fees - $25 for initial inspection, $15 for a retest. Set by the government
Problems / Remarks - None reported
HDDV
Vehicles Included - All HDDVs.
Test Procedures - Free acceleration test (Snap-Idle)
Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity
Emissions Standards - Unknown.
Fail Rate - Unknown
Test Equipment - Unknown.
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Unknown
Inspection Fees - $25 for initial inspection, $15 for a retest Set by the government
Problems / Remarks - None reported
HDGV
Vehicles Included - Unknown
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Test Procedures - Idle test for HC and CO, functional visual inspection for EGR
Exhaust Components Measured - HC, CO
Emissions Standards - Unknown.
Fail Rate - Unknown.
Test Equipment - Unknown.
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Unknown.
Inspection Fees - $25 for initial inspection, $15 for a retest. Set by the government.
Problems / Remarks - None reported
Contact Persons - Larsolov Olsson, Principal Technical Officer, Transportation Section, Swedish EPA -
larsolov olsson@environ.se Testing contractor Bilprovmngen, Box 508, 162 15 Valhngby, Sweden,
(46)8 759 21 00.
Website -
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Program Summary
LDDV, HDDV, and HDGV Inspection
Program Location - BRITAIN, UNITED KINGDOM
Vehicles Tested - LDDV, HDDV, HDGV
Program Description - Decentralized emissions tests, for vehicles <;3,500 kg (7,700 pounds) max gross
weight, testing may be conducted at either private test-and-repair facilities or government-run facilities
For vehicles over 3,500 kg (7,700 pounds) max gross weight, testing is conducted at government-run
facilities
LDDV
Vehicles Included - LDDVs with design gross weights s3,500 kg (7,700 pounds).
Test Procedures - Snap-idle for all vehicles first used August 1, 1979, or later, visual check on vehicles
first used before this date.
Exhaust Components Measured * Opacity
Emissions Standards - Naturally aspirated 2.5 m'1, turbo charged 3.0 m"1
Fail Rate - Approximately 1.5%.
Test Equipment - Opacity meter.
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Approximately $2,200.
Inspection Fees - Emissions test is part of full roadworthiness test, total cost is $53.
Problems / Remarks - None reported.
HDDV
Vehicles Included - Over 3,500 kg (7,700 pounds) design gross weight.
Test Procedures - Snap-idle.
Exhaust Components Measured - Opacity
Emissions Standards - Naturally aspirated 2.5 m'1, turbo charged 3 0 m'1
Fail Rate - Approximately 1 3%.
Test Equipment - Opacity meter
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - Approximately $2,900
Inspection Fees - Emissions test is part of full roadworthiness test, test fee is $56 for 2-axle vehicles,
$62 for 4-axle vehicles
Problems /Remarks - Currently researching addition of NOx and PM to testing
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HDC.V
Vehicles Included - Large passenger-canying vehicles.
Test Procedures - Idle.
Exhaust Components Measured - HC, CO.
Emissions Standards - Unknown.
Fail Rate - Not known.
Test Equipment - Gas analyzer
Estimated Test Equipment Costs - $4,400 - $14,700
Inspection Fees - Emissions test is part of full roadworthiness test Test fees are $68 for vehicles with 9
to 16 seats, and $124 for vehicles with 17 or more seats
Problems /Remarks - There are very few vehicles of this class
Contact Person - Stephen Biddulph, Dept. of Environment & Transport in England,
Stephen Biddulph@dtlr gsi gov uk Telephone (44)0117-954-3200.
Additional Information - Testing is governed by the Vehicle Inspectorate (an executive agency of the
Department for Transport, Local Government and the Regions), Roadworthiness Scheme, c/o 15
Masefield Close, Bilton, Harrogate, North Yorkshire, HG1 3LU, 423 530809 General inquiries can be
made to the inspectorate at enauines@via gov uk
Website - http//www.via gov uk
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