ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF ENFORCEMENT
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSISTANCE
TO
CENTRO DE PESQUISAS E DESENVOLVIMENTO
(CEPED)
STATE OF BAHIA, BRAZIL
JULY 1979
NATIONAL ENFORCEMENT INVESTIGATIONS CENTER
DENVER. COLORADO
REGION V. CHICAGO
AND
OFFICE OF INTERNATIONAL ACTIVITIES
usg;
1
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Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Enforcement
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSISTANCE
TO
CENTRO DE PESQUISAS E DESENVOLVIMENTO (CEPED)
(CENTER FOR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
STATE OF BAHIA, BRAZIL
[April 2 - April 27, 1979]
Carroll G. Wills, Project Manager
Robert F. Schneider
James L. Hatheway
Mark J. Carter
Russell E. Diefenbach
July 1979
National Enforcement Investigations Center - Denver
EPA Region V - Chicago
and
Office of International Activities
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CONTENTS
I INTRODUCTION 1
II SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 4
SUMMARY 4
CONCLUSIONS • 6
III GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS 9
IV TECHNICAL METHODOLOGY, FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS : .... 11
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING .... 15
PROCESS INSPECTIONS 44
ANALYTICAL AND QUALITY CONTROL PROCEDURES 45
DISCHARGE MONITORING PROGRAM 61
OIL SPILL PREVENTION, CONTINGENCY PLANS AND EQUIPMENT ... 69
SAFETY INSPECTION OF CEPED LABORATORY FACILITIES 81
V EVALUATION OF CEPED ORGANIZATION AND PROCEDURES 85
RECOMMENDATIONS 89
APPENDICES
A. Contract
B. Statement of Account
C. Communication with CEPED
Tables
1 Results of Total Suspended Air Particulates 26
2 Major Instruments at CEPED ! 47
3 Summary of Results - Quality Control Samples 52
4 Sample Location Description 55
5 List of High Priority Pollutants 56
6 Analytical Results 57
7 ICAP Metal Analysis - Brazil Water Samples ... 59
8 ICAP Metal Analysis - Brazil Sediment Samples 60
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Figures
1 Calibration Demonstration and Automatic Sampler Preparation . . 12
2 Calibration/Operation Demonstration and Filter Change on
Hi-Volume Sampler 13
3 Biological Sampling Demonstration and Biological Sample
Collection 14
4 CEPED Sample Form 16
5 Hi-Vol Calibration 21
6 Calibration of Hi-Volume Sampler 22
7 Hi-Vol Calibration 23
8 Calibration of Hi-Volume Sampler .... .... 24
9 Cost Estimates - Digital Equipment Corporation 63
10 Cost Estimates 64
11 Flow Diagram . . 66
12 Discharge Monitoring Report 68
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I. INTRODUCTION
On May 12, 1977, Dr. Jose Adeodato De Souza Neto, Technical-
Scientific Director of CEPED - Centro de Pesquisas e Desenvolvimento
(Research and Development Center of the government of the State of
Bahia, Brazil) requested proposals for environmental technical assis-
tance from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. In response to
this request, EPA assigned a two-man team to visit the greater Salvador
area of Bahia and assess the details of the request. This visit took
place August 24 to 31, 19.77.
Subsequently, a Cooperative Project Agreement was prepared and
after extended negotiations during 1978, EPA dispatched a two-man
team to Salvador to complete negotiations and finalize the Agreement.
The final Agreement between CEPED and EPA was executed on December
19, 1978 and is attached as Appendix A.
The agreement required that EPA provide personnel and equipment
to assist CEPED in the development of its environmental protection
capabilities and self-reporting discharge monitoring program. This
was accomplished by a review of CEPED procedures and techniques fol-
lowed by workshops dealing with air and water monitoring procedures,
analytical quality control, bioassays and methodology developments.
The workshops included verbal presentations on environmental monitoring
techniques and procedures, equipment demonstrations and emphasized
actual hands-on operating experience by CEPED scientists and tech-
nicians in the laboratory and field. Analytical screening procedures
were reviewed and process inspections conducted at selected industrial
facilities. Environmental monitoring was conducted at selected sources
and samples returned to the United States for quality assurance checking
and comparative methods evaluations.
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An EPA oil pollution expert consulted with CEPED representatives
concerning the development of oil spill prevention, control and con-
tingency plans. As a followup, a CEPED representative was scheduled
to visit major oil spill control centers in the United States during
late July 1979.
The agreement required CEPED to reimburse EPA for the expenses
incurred as a result of the consultation services. A final statement
of account is contained in Appendix B.
On April 2, 1979, the EPA technical assistance team arrived in
Salvador to commence consulting services. Although modern pollution
equipment had been airfreighted to Salvador in February 1979, de-
layed customs clearance in Salvador somewhat hampered consultations
during early phases because the equipment was essential to the success
of the technical assistance. Customs clearance was finally obtained
on April 10, 1979. As a result of substantial team efforts by EPA/
CEPED subsequent to the equipment arrival, all contractual require-
ments were met. Technical assistance was completed and wrap-up meet-
ings were held with CEPED officials on April 27, 1979.
Early in the consultation effort, CEPED officials asked for an
independent evaluation of the CEPED organizational structure and their
operating procedures as related to environmental monitoring. Although
this request was beyond the scope of the contract, the technical assis-
tance team complied with the request and conducted the review. In
addition, laboratory personnel requested a safety inspection of the
CEPED facilities which was also accomplished.
CEPED officials expressed an interest in several follow-up activi-
ties. They mentioned interest in sending the Coordinator of Environ-
mental Programs to several EPA offices for training and also the desire
of additional future, specific long-term consultation contracts. In
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addition, CEPED officials felt that a follow-up meeting in about six
months would be beneficial in evaluating the application of the just
completed technical assistance.
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II. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
SUMMARY
An Environmental Protection Agency, National Enforcement Investiga-
tions Center (EPA-NEIC) scientific support team consisting of a process
engineer, monitoring engineer, chemist, and biologist conducted workshops
dealing with air and water monitoring procedures, analytical quality
control, bioassays, and methodology developments. Initially, CEPED
environmental monitoring and analytical procedures were reviewed fol-
lowed by a series of verbal presentations on EPA procedures and equip-
ment. Modern pollution equipment air freighted to Salvador was demon-
strated followed by actual hands-on operating experience by CEPED
scientists and technicians in the laboratory and field.
CEPED analytical procedures'were reviewed for the purpose of
determining if screening methodology was adequate for environmental
pollution assessment.
Actual process inspections were conducted jointly with CEPED
engineers at several major industrial facilities in the greater Salvador/
Camacari area. NEIC procedures were demonstrated during these evalua-
tions. Effluent and receiving water samples were collected and returned
to the United States for quality assurance checking and comparative
methods evaluation with samples split and retained by the CEPED labora-
tory for analysis. In addition, standard reference samples were pro-
vided to CEPED analysts to determine analytical quality control and
accuracy.
CEPED biological test procedures were reviewed, critiqued and in
some cases procedural changes were recommended. A series of lectures
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and demonstrations was presented in the laboratory and field to increase
the knowledge of CEPED biologists in the state-of-the-art aquatic
biology and biomonitoring. CEPED biologists were given an opportunity
to use numerous types of EPA equipment to collect and analyze benthos,
algae, water sediments and other environmental samples. This hands-on
equipment experience was provided in the laboratory and on-site at
several stream locations in Bahia. Under close EPA supervision, CEPED
personnel performed benthic studies and evaluated the toxicity of
industrial effluent by performing a full-scale fish bioassay.
CEPED's self-reporting discharge monitoring program and industrial
effluent reports were reviewed. Recommendations were made to stream-
line and standardize the existing monitoring program for more efficient
reporting and increased effectiveness in data utilization. Suggestions
were made for several minicomputer systems configurations for auto-
mated data handling and determining compliance.
An EPA oil pollution expert from the EPA Regional Office in Chicago
consulted with representatives of CEPED concerning the development of
an oil spill prevention control and contingency plan. Discussions
were held with the Brazilian Navy "Captain of the Port", Naval Command-
ant, Port Administrator, officials of Petrobras and other major indus-
trial facilities to assess spill potentials. An aerial over-flight
of the bay was made to provide a general orientation of potential
spill areas, and to obtain photographs. Recommendations and guidelines
were provided to assist in the development of a contingency plan and
cleanup responsibilities and funding. Training films were shown to
demonstrate clean-up equipment and techniques. As a followup, a
CEPED representative was scheduled to receive training and visit major
oil pollution control centers in the United States in late July 1979.
Although not required by the contract, and at the request of
CEPED, the EPA team conducted a review of the CEPED organizational
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structure and operating procedures as well as a safety inspection of
laboratory facilities.
CONCLUSIONS
1. The workshops and hands-on use of sophisticated pollution moni-
toring equipment in the laboratory and under actual field condi-
tions were very effective in achieving technology transfer and
providing CEPED scientists and engineers with the knowledge and
experience to further develop their environmental monitoring
program.
2. Monitoring and analytical procedures ranged from non-existent to
very sophisticated with most being adequate. Many analytical
procedures performed at CEPED with standard test kits are valuable
only as estimates of the true pollutant value and do not provide
precise information upon which decisions can be made.
3. Industrial process inspections conducted by CEPED engineers were
adequate. Their use of standardized checklists in performing
the inspections assured a complete data base on each facility
vi sited.
4. In some cases, the results of analyzing quality control reference
samples were not of good quality. The use of test kits in per-
forming analytical measurements contributed to the poor accuracy.
Water and sediment samples returned to the United States were
analyzed, however, comparative analyses and quality assurance
checking could not be achieved because CEPED did not provide the
EPA team with results of their split samples.
5. The lack of proper preservation and flow measurement for weighted
compositing of samples results in questionable reliability in
some data reported.
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6. Air monitoring capability at CEPED is presently limited, however,
the planned ambient air network, if implemented, should provide
an extensive and sophisticated air monitoring program.
7. The biology staff and equipment at CEPED are adequate to perform
sophisticated environmental studies of industrial pollution.
Biologists are well trained, and each has approximately three
years professional experience. The biology program at CEPED is
presently limited to studies assessing impacts of heavy metals
on marine life and effects of industrial wastes on phytoplankton.
With existing equipment and the knowledge or experience gained
through the NEIC workshop, the biology capability at CEPED can
be expanded immediately to include macroinvertebrate community
investigations, fish toxicity testing, and comprehensive studies
of stream life to evaluate the impact of industrial pollution.
8. Currently, a low degree of coordination exists between technical
groups at CEPED. Consequently, biological data are rarely used
by the Permits Branch to establish industrial effluent limitations
or by the Enforcement Branch to substantiate violations of State
water quality criteria.
9. CEPED analytical equipment is modern and sophisticated, however,
not all available equipment has been installed and made operable.
In some cases, this is due to a lack of specific expertise or
training. Obtaining personnel with specialized knowledge con-
cerning the operation of certain analytical equipment or the
training of existing personnel would greatly enhance laboratory
capabilities and provide full utilization of available equipment.
10. Increased coordination and communication between the laboratories,
and standardized, improved record-keeping procedures would result
in increased reliability of environmental monitoring data.
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11. CEPED's discharge monitoring program is adequate; however, it
could be more beneficial and valuable as a compliance tracking
mechanism if reporting formats were standardized. As the number
of permittees reporting data increase, the installation of a
mini-computer system would provide more efficient data handling
and more rapid determination of compliance.
12. The port of Salvador has a high potential for serious oil spills
with no current contingency plan or readily available equipment
to minimize environmental harm. Establishment of federal and
state laws and regulations, a comprehensive contingency plan,
and equipment for spill cleanup, as well as designated authority
and responsibility for cleanup is essential to avoid an imminent
large scale spill and environmental insult.
13. The safety inspection of laboratory facilities revealed some
unsafe laboratory practices and building functional deficiencies
which could result in serious personnel injuries or lost time
due to accidents.
14. Because of CEPED's general role as a Research and Development
organization and consultant to industry, the environmental enforce-
ment and permit program should be established as a separate adminis-
trative function to avoid imminent conflicts of interest. The
group could be set up as an executive agency reporting directly
to the State Council of Environmental Protection and thereby
exclusive of CEPED.
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III. GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS
1. Reimbursable technical assistance programs similar to the one
conducted in Salvador, Bahia during April 1979 should be pursued
with CEPED's sister organizations in Bahia and in other Brazilian
states.
2. A follow-up conference at CEPEO should be held in 6 to 9 months
to evaluate implementation of EPA recommendations and application
of the training provided during the project.
3. The environmental enforcement program now within CEPED should be
transferred to a separate administrative agency reporting to the
State Council to avoid apparent conflicts of interest with CEPED's
role as a research and development organization consulting for
industry. Stringent environmental laws should be passed by the
legislature to provide the environmental agency with the leverage
and authority to cleanup pollution.
4. Effluent standards based upon available technology for various
industrial categories should be established and incorporated
into the industrial permits to avoid the difficult task of indus-
trial load allocation when water quality standards are violated.
5. CEPED should establish an evaluation priority system by river
basin and use a team approach to thoroughly evaluate the water
quality of an entire basin and each contributing industry in
order that technologically achievable effluent limitations can
be established and incorporated into permits with treatment system
construction compliance schedules for timely improvement of de-
graded water quality.
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6. Laboratory practices and functional deficiencies in buildings
should be expeditiously reviewed from a safety standpoint to
avoid the high potential of personnel injury and lost-time accidents.
7. A higher degree of coordination and communication should be ini-
tiated between the various technical branches at CEPED in order
to fully utilize all data available to support compliance enforce-
ment initiatives,
8. The diverse laboratory operation's within CEPED should be consoli-
dated.
9. Analytical procedures using test kits should be carefully reviewed
and any problems corrected before testing is continued.
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IV. TECHNICAL METHODOLOGY, FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The environmental technical assistance provided to CEPED consisted
of the following basic approach:
Initially, CEPED laboratories and field procedures were reviewed
to determine •what CEPED did, and how. This review was then fol-
lowed by presentations by EPA scientists and engineers detailing
procedures and techniques used by the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency. Subsequent to the workshop presentations, modern pollution
monitoring equipment which was airfreighted to Salvador, was
demonstrated. These demonstrations were initially held in the
laboratories and later in the field. CEPED engineers and techni-
cians were then provided the opportunity to calibrate and operate
the equipment in the field under the supervision of the EPA consul-
tant team. Figures 1, 2, and 3 show a number of laboratory and
field demonstrations and actual hands-on experience by CEPED
personnel. Throughout the technical assistance program, verbal
recommendations were provided to CEPED personnel and are included
in the following writeups under appropriate headings.
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Figure 1
CALIBRATION DEMONSTRATION AND AUTOMATIC SAMPLER PREPARATION
Jim Hatheway demonstrates calibration and use
of automatic flow device
||ff|ifep*
CEPED personnel prepare automatic sampler for
field use under supervision of EPA engineer
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Figure
CALIBRATION/OPERATION AND FILTER
2
CHANGE ON HI-VOLUME SAMPLER
Mark Carter demonstrates calibration and operation
of Hi-Volume air sampler
Carroll Wills and CEPED personnel change filter on
Hi-Volume sampler under field conditions
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Figure 3
BIOLOGICAL SAMPLING DEMONSTRATION AND BIOLOGICAL SAMPLE COLLECTION
Bob Schneider demonstrates biological sampling techniques
CEPED personnel collect biological sample for
stream evaluation under supervision of EPA scientists
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ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING
WATER MONITORING
Sample Collection and Flow Measurement
CEPED water monitoring consists of a collection of grab samples
from the bays, rivers, and industries. Programa do meio Ambiente
CPROMAM) routinely collects samples along the beaches for fecal coli-
form (FC) and pH analyses. The sampler, wearing only shorts, wades
out waist-deep in the surf and collects samples in the vicinity of
raw sewage discharge. The containers are premarked with the Station
number. FC and pH samples are iced and returned to CEPED. Tempera-
ture is measured at the point of collection. Visual observations
showed that the FC containers, which have a cloth-type stopper, con-
tained approximately 5 ml of liquid before use. This was reported to
be condensation.
A prenumbered form [Figure 4], is completed with sampler, station
number, time, observations, type of analyses, etc. This form is re-
turned with the sample to CEPED. The pH is checked in PROMAM's field
laboratory and recorded on the form. The FC sample is delivered to
the microbiology laboratory where the analyst signs the form. The
form becomes part of the permanent record.
PROMAM personnel collect river samples for both the analytical
laboratory and their field laboratory for DO, pH, BOD, COD, metal,
etc., analyses. Field laboratory analyses are primarily performed
with test kits and daily results posted on a chart. This data is
reviewed to determine if significant water quality changes occur.
Only the analytical laboratory data is reported in official CEPED
publications.
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Figure 4.
PRCTEvaO AM81ENTAL-SETCR DE AMOSTRAGGNS
DAOOS DE COLETAS
AMALISES QUSMfCAS E FlSiCO-CUIMiCAS
CO LET A PARA >s 1 ;_J FHACA CTZL1 FORTt MSOI.A ' 1 VJSE.ME
GARR AFAO DE COLETA N« uAHSAFA(S) f-/ 0 9 0 s/ou OD NSs
OBSERVApOESl
-°c
DATA DE ENTRECfi f;0 L ABOFIArCrflO ... /_ HOttA
HECEBIOO POR : rrULiNAS ITH3 L ains cztdliouim
goletim ijiterno m*
l auoo pzczetx cu:
/
IPBIOHIDA OE
r;o ft •> .i >. cr:~ v «i /. i vi h
ASS. DO Cli.ETC* (FS)
VISTC
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Personnel wearing rubber gloves rinse ttie empty sample containers
one or two times with the river water before the sample is collected.
Samples are neither preserved nor iced after collection. The previously
discussed prenumbered forms [Figure 4] are also completed and returned
with the samples.
PROMAM personnel wear rubber gloves and boots during collection
of industrial grab samples. These grab samples are analyzed by both
the PROMAM field laboratory and the analytical laboratory. PROMAM
samples are collected in 1 liter plastic bottles identified by Station
number only. Analytical laboratory samples are collected in 6 liter
polyethylene bottles. A sample tag is filled out and attached to the
6 liter bottles. The prenumbered form is also completed [Figure 4],
PROMAM field results are used only to indicate a problem. Analytical
laboratory data are used for enforcement activities and official reports.
Industrial grab samples collected April 10 by PROMAM personnel
were analyzed for sulfate, iron, CN, copper, dissolved solids, ammonia,
COD, and chlorides. The samples were not iced after collection.
Samples are reportedly received in the analytical laboratory
between 1100 and 1400 hours and except for FC and pH, are not analyzed
until the next day. Except for being kept cool, these samples are
not preserved by laboratory personnel.
NEIC personnel provided detailed instruction and demonstrated
the use of three different automatic water samplers, (SERCO, ISCO,
Manning). PROMAM personnel set up and operated these samplers. As
CEPED reportedly has ordered 4 of the Manning samplers, PROMAM engin-
eers were provided additional instructions on the use of this sampler.
Laboratory and field demonstrations were also provided in the use of
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automatic pH recorders, various types of water samplers, DO and conduc
tivity devices and numerous other environmental monitoring pieces of
equipment.
At present, PROMAM personnel do not measure flow of either indus-
trial wastewater discharges or receiving streams. NEIC provided de-
tailed instructions on the use of both continuous recording-type flow
meters and stream gaging equipment. CEPED personnel became proficient
with these flow devices.
Recommendations
Based on information obtained during interviews and observations
of PROMAM procedures, it is recommended that:
1. Samplers wear protective clothing when collecting samples
from potentially polluted waters.
2. Samples should be iced immediately after collection and
either analyzed within 2 hours after collection or preserved
according to recommended procedures.
3. Flow be measured at major industrial facilities. 24-hour
flow weighted composite samples be collected from industrial
effluents to better characterize these wastewater discharges
4. CEPED must develop and use flow measurement techniques to
adequately evaluate industrial wastewater discharges and to
determine impact of these discharges on receiving stream
water quality under low-flow conditions.
Sample Container Preparation
FC sample containers are washed and then autoclaved, Other sampl
containers are washed with a 10% HN03 solution and rinsed with tap
water. As the tap water contains contaminants, the sample containers
should also be rinsed with distilled water.
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Recommendation
It is recommended that quality control checks be made on the
bottles to ensure that reused containers are not contaminating samples.
AIR MONITORING
Current air monitoring efforts by CEPED are quite limited. PROMAM
i-s responsible for performing air pollution measurements. Past measure-
ments consisted of visual observations of smoke from industrial facili-
ties. PROMAM has two General Metal Works 2000H Hi-Volume air samplers
designed for the collection of particulates. Neither of the instruments
were used before the EPA team arrived.
The former head of PROMAM designed an extensive and sophisticated
ambient air monitoring network to cover the industrial areas of Salvador
and Camacari. The network is to include monitors for measuring carbon
monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, total and
size fractioned particulates. Approximately $280,000 was budgeted
for the network and the selection of equipment to be purchased was
excel lent.
Setting up the planned air monitoring network will require skills
in both site selection and instrument operations. Because the PROMAM
staff did not have training in either of these areas, the training
program presented by the EPA covered both.
During the visit by the EPA team, one engineer was responsible
for air monitoring projects at PROMAM. Several other engineers, how-
ever, participated in the training provided on air monitoring procedures.
The training consisted of designing and operating a small monitor-
ing network to study the effect on the ambient air quality of particulates
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discharged by an industrial facility. Several air pollution problems
were reviewed with the PROMAM staff. The site selected was the town
of Candeis, which is about 25 km west of Camacari.
A> carbon black plant located near the center of Candeis discharges
carbon black almost continuously. The prevailing winds carry the
carbon black fumes into a residential area resulting in frequent
complaints by residents. Also, the local head doctor of a medical
clinic stated that the tuberculosis rate in Candeis was the highest
of any city in Bahia. He wondered if there was a relationship between
the presence of the carbon black plant and the tuberculosis rate.
The goals of the monitoring effort in Candeis were to demonstrate:
1. Equipment calibration
2. Air monitoring network design and site selection
3. Site preparation and equipment setup
The method of operating and calibrating the General Metal Works
2000H Hi-Volume air samplers was first demonstrated using EPA equipment
in the laboratory. Specific points covered include use of the voltage
step-down transformer, maintenance and repair of the motor, weighing
and placement of the filters, operation of the timer, pressure trans-
ducer, and flow recorder. Subsequently, the two CEPED Hi-Volume sam-
plers were set up and calibrated by CEPED employees. The data collected
during their calibration and the graphical plots are shown in Figures 5
through 8.
Site selection was based on wind direction from the carbon black
plant and the availability of unobstructed, secure roof space with
electric power. The first sampler was set up on a roof in the Brasilliera
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Figure 5. i
HI-VOL CALIBRATION
Motor Number ^ Transducer Number ^ /
Laboratory Temperature °C Pressure nunUg
Voltage to motor vac
Orifice Calibration Unit Number
DATE It/jl'S* OPERATOR
Verified by
Plate
No.
Manometer
Reading
Retaimreer 1 h>ssA>JCJ?{<
Reading
Low
Hi
Total
Cinches of *^0)
Transducer
Reading <£€'Ai£j/ .
-
/f* ir"
! A- *\
(b&
;z-2
S3
6ZL
\n&
\2°
[40
lk>~7SM - /A?-
*1
sis
Imp
-15
f/
lib
f4
>
5*
'$&
to
13^2^5*4-.
36
A-(
[At
5
-z t
7% ¦: ?$J\-* M
26
3 IS
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Figure 6.
CALIBRATION OF HIGH VOLUME SAMPLER
DATE rMA 'i \ STATION NO. l-l-[J /
22
SERIAL NO. ?
OPERATOR LOCATION
FLOWMETER SET AT 60 CUBIC FEET PER MINUTE (1.699 CUBIC METERS PER MINUTE)
AIRFLOW USING CLEAN FILTER AND MOTOR INPUT VOLTAGE SET AT 115 VOLTS 60 CYCLE,
0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.11.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0
TRUE AIRFLOW IN CUBIC METERS PER MINUTE
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Motor Number ^ Q \ £ | V
Laboratory Temperature
Voltage to motor__
Figure '?•
HI-VOL CALIBRATION
Transducer Number
23
C Pressure
tnmHg
vac
Orifice Calibration. Unit Number
DATE \lfH OPERATOR
Verified by
Plate
No.
\%
|o
Manometer
Read ing
Low
II 0
V4
IroL
So
Hi
\H
\U
f CO
Si
Total
(inches of H^O)
3 I & 7 ^ ^
4 is.H -
\JL^:35..«( - s'°
H V'cKS -
Rotome-ter f~
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Figure 8.
CALIBRATION OF HIGH VOLUME SAMPLER
24
DATE n- 4 - lcl STATION NO. VIwjol SERIAL NO.
OPERATOR LOCATION
FLOWMETER SET AT 60 CUBIC FEET PER MINUTE (1.699 CUBIC METERS PER MINUTE)
AIRFLOW USING CLEAN FILTER AND MOTOR INPUT VOLTAGE SET AT 115 VOLTS 60 CVCLE.
0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0
TRUE AIRFLOW IN CUBIC METERS PER MINUTF.
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area of Candeis, about 1 km downwind from the plant. The power company
wired the house for additional power and the sampler functioned without
problems. The second site selected was on the roof of the medical
clinic, located 5 km from the plant perpendicular to the prevailing
wind.
Sampling was conducted for three days at each site. The EPA
team demonstrated the operating procedures on the first day and the
CEPED employees operated the samplers the other two days.
The results of the study are shown in Table 1. The mean total
suspended particulate concentration at the house and clinic were 50
and 103 (jg/m3, respectively. The reversal in concentrations can be
explained by the presence of construction activities around the clinic
and a failure of wind to blow in the prevailing direction toward the
house sampler during the study. The particulate on the filters collec-
ted on the house was mostly carbon black. This material is very light
and, therefore, the ambient air standard was not exceeded. However,
the respirable nature of the carbon black and the possible presence
of toxic and carcinogenic polynuclear aromatic compounds could pose a
health hazard.
The CEPED staff now has the knowledge and experience to operate
the larger air monitoring network planned for the greater Salvador
area. Training on the use of Hi-Volume and gas samplers was provided
by the EPA. Knowledge of the operation and maintenance of the addi-
tional continuous monitoring instruments purchased can best be obtained
from the manufacturer.
Recommendations:
1. PROMAM staff should acquire additional training in the operation
and maintenance of the planned CEPED ambient air monitoring network
equipment.
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Table 1
RESULTS OF TOTAL SUSPENDED AIR PARTICULATES
SAMPLING IN CANDEIS
April 1979 House Clinic
18 47 |jg/m3 96 (jg/m3
19 46 |jg/m3 86 pg/m3
20 57 |jg/m3 124 yq/m3
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2. Air samples from the Candeis area sould be analyzed for polynuclear
aromatic compounds.
BIOMONITORING
CEPED Biology Program and Facilities
The technical program at CEPED consists of four branches: Enforce-
ment, Environmental Quality, Permits, and Planning and Management.
Environmental monitoring is performed by staff of the Enforcement and
Environmental Quality Branches. Among the staff is a team of biologists
whose principal function is environmental monitoring. The biologists
perform special research projects that provide other technical personnel
at CEPED with a data base for evaluating environmental pollution in
various types of waters (rivers, reservoirs, bays, ocean beaches,
etc.). Currently, a low degree of coordination exists between CEPED
branches. Consequently, biological data are rarely used by the Permits
Branch to establish industrial effluent limitations or by the Enforce-
ment Branch to substantiate violations of State water^quality criteria.
Work of the Biology Section is performed by a staff of eight:
four biologists and four technical aides. The biologists each have
Bachelor of Science (BS) degrees with specialities. One has a degree
in biology and chemistry with post graduate study in algal assays,
primary productivity, and phytoplankton taxonomy. Another has a degree
in biology and ecology plus graduate studies in limnology, marine
ecology and heavy metals toxicity. Another has a degree in biology
with additional special studies in marine phytoplankton bioassays,
biomagnification, and microbiology. The last has a degree in biolog-
ical science with special training in field sampling techniques.
Three of the technical aides have the equivalent of a high school
education and one has a seventh-grade level of schooling.
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28
With an average of only three years of professional experience,
the biologists at CEPED have a remarkably sophisticated program.
They have accomplished this with the following division of labor.
One senior biologist serves as a coordinator responsible for planning
priority projects. Another biologist is primarily involved in the
collection of biological samples associated with special projects of
river and bay pollution. The two remaining biologists and four aides
perform chemical and biological analyses at the CEPED laboratories.
Separate offices are provided for the coordinator, field biologist,
and two laboratory biologists. The biological laboratories are current-
ly being renovated. They consist of one large (11 x 13.3 m) and one
small (4 x 5.3 m) room. The large room is a general purpose laboratory.
It is used for sample and glassware preparation, analytical chemistry,
chlorophyll analyses and test-organism acclimation. The small room
has bench space for microscopy (basically algal enumeration and taxo-
nomy); and for performing mercury analyses as well as a walk-in incuba-
tor (7' x 8') used for algal growth studies.
Program emphasis is being given to biqmonitoring of receiving
water to assess the impact of industrial pollutants. In progress are
studies of the Jacuippe River, Capiurara River, Subae River and Aratu
Bay. These studies are designed to determine the relationship of
industrial wastewater discharges to nuisance algal blooms, fish kills
and heavy metal pollution in shellfish and sediments.
CEPED biologists have developed an advanced capability for phyto-
plankton analyses. It includes growth potential measurements with
five species of algae, chlorophyll and biomass measurements, and enu-
meration and identification of algae. Related capability for photosyn-
thesis rate measurements (02 method) and diatom species proportional
counts (periphyton) are being developed by the biologists.
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29
Capability for analyzing benthic macroinvertebrates is limited
to studying heavy metal biomagnification in mollusks and crustaceans
of estuarine habitats. Presently, the CEPED biologists have no program
involving studies with fish.
Biology Workshop
The biological workshop presented by NEIC was divided into three
pjiases. First, test procedures practiced by the CEPED biological
staff were reviewed. Each procedure was critiqued and in some cases
procedural changes were recommended. Second, a series of lectures
was presented in the laboratory by ME1C to CEPED biologists to increase
their knowledge of the state-of-the-art of aquatic biology and biomoni-
toring. Third, biological monitoring procedures and equipment were
demonstrated by NEIC staff and later CEPED biologists were given the
opportunity to use numerous types of EPA equipment in the field to
collect benthos, algae, water, sediments and other environmental samples.
Selected samples were then analyzed by CEPED scientists in their labora-
tories, and results were discussed in terms of pollution impacts.
Observation and interviews were the techniques used by NEIC staff
to determine the biological test procedures in practice at CEPED. To
facilitate an understanding of procedural changes recommended by NEIC,
the following format is used. Each type of test performed by CEPED
biologists is presented step-by-step. Where appropriate, the NEIC
recommended changes or modifications, presented after each step of
the CEPED test procedure.
Algal Bioassay
1. River water samples were collected in a one-liter "Thermos-type"
bottle which has been precleaned by washing in detergent and
rinsing with tap water.
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30
Recommendation:
All sample containers should be precleaned as follows:
1. Wash with non-phosphate detergent and rinse thoroughly with
tap water.
2. Rinse with 60% solution (by volume) of reagent HC1 (fill
container to about 1/10 capacity with HC1 solution and swirl
so that the entire inner surface of the sample container is
bathed in the HC1 solution).
3. Neutralize with a saturated solution of Na2N03.
4. Rinse five times with deioriized or distilled water.
2. The river water sample in the "Thermos-type" bottle is kept in
the dark while being transported to the laboratory. Water samples
are not placed on ice and often arrive at the laboratory eight
hours after collection.
Recommendation:
1. During transport to the laboratory, the samples should be
packed in ice.
3. At the laboratory the sample of river water is filtered through
a 0.45 |jm Millipore filter and the filtrate is refrigerated at
4°C.
Recommendation:
None.
4. The following day the river water sample is autoclaved at 1.1 kg/cm2
(15 psi) at 121°C for 15 minutes.
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31
Recommendation:
1. Autoclaving is dependent upon the volume of the river sample.
It is recommended that autoclaving be 10 minutes per liter
of sample or 30 minutes, whichever is longer.
After autoclaving and cooling, the pH of the sample should
be measured. If the pH has risen, the sample should be
equilibrated by bubbling with air or a mixture of 1% carbon
dioxide and air to restore the carbon dioxode lost during
autoclaving. This procedure will lower the pH to its original
level (bubble at least 2 minutes per liter of sample).
Remeasure the pH and repeat procedure of bubbling as needed.
5. Inoculum of algae is prepared as follows:
1. Stock algal culture is centrifuged at 2500 rpm for 10 minutes.
2. Supernatant is decanted and cells are resuspended in 1.5 NaHC03.
3. Centrifugation and decantation step are repeated and cells
are resuspended in 1.5 NaHC03.
4. Algae are enumerated using a compound microscope and hema-
cytometer. Cell concentration is recorded as initial cell
count.
5. After determining the initial cell count the following calcu-
lations are performed:
C
where:
A = desired concentration of inoculum in the test
flask (cells/ml).
B = volume of solution in the test flask (ml).
C = initial algal cell count (cells/ml in the washed stock
culture.
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32
Q = the volume of inoculum to be added to each flask before
bringing the solution up to volume (40 ml).
Note: The initial algal cell count in the washed stock
solution may have to be diluted so the inoculum
is at least 1 ml in size.
Example: The desired concentration of inoculum = 2,000 cells/ml
Volume of solution in flasks = 40 ml
Initial cell count = 500,000 cells/ml
A x B _ 2000 x 40 _ n ,c ,. , ... \
1. = = 0.16 (inoculum below 1 ml in size)
C 500,000
2. dilute stock serially: 1/10 of 500,000 = 50,000 cells/ml
0 A x B _ 2000 x 40 _ c , ,. , . n
3. = = 1.6 ml (inoculum is at least 1 ml
C 50,000 in size)
Therefore, add 1.6 ml of stock solution containing 50,000
cells/nil to 38.4 ml of river water. Result is 2000 ± cells/ml
in 40 ml of river water.
Recommendation:
1. Stock algal culture should be centrifuged at 1,000 rpm for
10 minutes. Resuspend cells in sterilized distilled water.
6. Test flasks (125 ml) are prepared by washing with detergent and
rinsing with distilled water and autoclaving. The autoclaved
flasks are stored with tops covered with aluminum foil.
Recommendation:
1. Refer to the precleaning procedure present in step 1 of
this section.
7. A 125 ml test flask containing 38.4 ml of river water is inoculated
with the prepared inoculum (step 5) so approximately 2,000 cells/ml
are present in each test flask.
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33
Recommendation:
1. Flask size is not critical, but, due to carbon dioxide limita-
tion, the sample to volume ratio is critical. The recommended
ratio is 20% for flasks which are shaken by hand daily.
Therefore, 25 m] sample in a 125 ml flask, and 50 ml sample
in a 250 ml flask.
8'. Duplicate samples are prepared and flasks are incubated at 22°C
(temperature fluctuates but usually is ±2°C). Incubation period
is 7 days. Flasks are placed on glass shelves under "daylight"
and "grolux" fluorescent lighting (specific lumen levels are
unknown). Daily illumination consists of 12 hours incubation in
the light and 12 hours in darkness.
Recommendations:
1. Incubation should be in a constant temperature room or equiva-
lent incubator capable of providing a temperature control
at 22 ± 2°C.
2. Illumination by fluorescent lighting should be 4304 lumens
(400 ± 10% ft-C). This should be measured with a photocell
(photometer) adjacent to the flask at the liquid level.
9. Daily, a subsample from each test flask is collected and algal
cells are enumerated by direct counting with a microscope and
hemacytometer.
Recommendations:
1. At the completion of the 7-day test, maximum standing crop should
be determined and expressed as dry weight. It can' be assumed that
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34
the maximum standing crop occurs whenever the increase in
biomass is less than 5% per day which usually occurs about
day 7.
2. After the maximum standing crop has been achieved, the dry
weight of algal biomass can be determined gravimetrically.
This is done as follows:
1. 10 to 20 ml (a suitable portion of the algal suspension
is centrifuged at 1,000 rpm for 10 minutes.
2. Decant and resuspend cells in distilled water. (Repeat
this washing step three times.)
3. Transfer the suspension of washed algal cells into a
tared crucible or aluminum cup.
4. Dry the crucible/cup containing the algal suspension
overnight in a hot air oven at 70 to 75°C.
5. Cool the crucible and weigh.
10. An algal growth curve is recorded and plotted graphically for
each culture.
Recommendation:
1. Record the dry weight of the algal biomass also (maximum
standing crop).
Chlorophyll Analyses
1. River water samples are collected in one liter "Thermos-type"
bottles which have been precleaned by washing in detergent and
rinsing with tap water.
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Recommendations:
1. All sample containers should be precleaned as follows:
1. Wash with non-phosphate detergent and rinse with tap
water thoroughly.
2. Rinse with 10% solution (by volume) of reagent hydro-
chloric acid (HC1).
3. Neutralize glassware with saturated sodium carbonate
solution (Na2C03).
4. Rinse glass thoroughly with distilled or deionized
water (five times).
The river water sample in the "Thermos-type" bottle is kept in
the dark while being transported to the laboratory. Water samples
are not placed on ice and often arrive at the laboratory eight
hours after collection.
Recommendation:
1. Samples should be packed in ice during transport from the
river to the laboratory.
In the laboratory the river sample is filtered as follows:
1. & 0.4-5 pra millipove or 1.2 pm filter is wetted "with the
river water sample, then 1 ml of 1% magnesium carbonate (by
volume) is filtered through the filter.
2. An aliquot (volume varies) of the river water is filtered
through the 0.45 or 1.2 |jm filter.
3. The filter with the algal residue is placed in an envelope
and refrigerated at 4°C in a desiccator.
4. The following day, the filter with the algal residue is
placed in a tissue grinder, covered with 10 ml of 90% aqueous
acetone (reagent grade) and macerated to extract chlorophyll.
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36
5. The acetone-extracted chlorophyll sample is transferred to
a test tube and wrapped in foil to be refrigerated at 4°C.
6. The optica] density (OD) is determined with a spectrophoto-
meter at OD750 (reference), 0D6G5 (chlorophyll a), 0D645
(chlorophyll b), and 0D63o (chlorophyll c).
7. Results are reported as mg/m3 or pg/1.
Recommendations:
1. If analyses is delayed, store the sample (filter with algal
residue) frozen in a desiccator in the dark to avoid photo-
chemical breakdown of the chlorophyll.
2. Use acetone sparingly avoiding unnecessary chlorophyll pigment
dilution.
Chlorophyll a should be determined at 0D633.
Phytoplankton Enumeration
1. A 500 ml sample of river water is collected in a one-liter, brcwn
bottle.
Recommendati on:
None
2. The river water in the brown bottle is not preserved with formalin
if the sample is to be analyzed on the day of collection (otherwise
the sample is preserved with 5% formalin). The unpreserved water
sample is not placed on ice and often arrives at the laboratory
eight hours after collection.
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Recommendation:
1. During transport to the laboratory, the unpreserved sample
should be packed in ice.
3. In the laboratory, the phytoplankton are identified (major
types) and enumerated using an inverted microscope and sedi-
mentation cell. For eutrophic waters, a 0.2 to 5 ml sedimen
tation cell is used; for oligotrophic water the sample is
centrifuged or placed in a 10 to 20 ml sedimentation cell.
Recommendation:
1. An alternate method is enumeration and identification using
a compound microscope, Whipple disc and Sedgwick-Rafter cell
The cell count is performed and calculation of cells/ml are
determined by the following:
Strip count method:
C x 1,000 mm3 _ cell is/ml (Sedgwick-Rafter)
L x D x W x S
where:
C = number of organisms counted (the tally)
L = length of the strip counted (typically 50 mm)
D = depth of the Sedgwick-Rafter cell (typically 1 mm)
W = width of the strip counted (determined by microscope
calibration with a Whipple disc and stage micrometer)
S = number of strips counted (typically 2 or 4)
Results are reported as number of cells/ml and graphically ex-
pressed in terms of principal types of phytoplankton in the sampl
Recommendation:
None
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38
Zooplankton Biomass
1. 10 to 20 liters of surface water from the river is obtained with
a bucket and poured through a 200 |j bolting silk.
Recommendati on:
1. In very productive waters, 6 liters is sufficient; elsewhere,
up to 20 liters may be necessary.
2. The bolting silk with residue is preserved in 200 ml of 5% formalin.
Recommendation:
None
3. In the laboratory the residue is washed from the 200 |j bolting
silk and poured into a glass beaker. The 200 ml of formalin
containing the washed residue is filtered through a tared 50 jj
bolting silk.
Recommendation:
None
4. 20 ml of 50% alcohol is filtered through the tared bolting silk
to remove excess water from the trapped residue. The bolting
silk is placed on a filter paper to dry.
Recommendati on:
None
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39
5. The bolting silk is reweighted and results are reported as wet
weight (jjg/1) for the volume of river water filtered originally.
Recommendation:
None
Analyses
Biologists and technicians at CEPED perform a number of analyti-
cal chemistry tests. They analyze water samples for nutrients (N02,
N03, and P04) dissolved oxygen (Winkler method), and pH. They also
perform analyses for dissolved and total iron and mercury in sediments
and water. Chemical procedures practiced by the CEPED biology staff
were reviewed by the NEIC staff chemist and results are presented in
the section of this report titled: Analytical and Quality Control
Procedures.
The second phase of the biological workshop involved lectures by
NEIC staff on environmental monitoring as it is practiced by scientists
and engineers of the Environmental Protection Agency in the United
States. Lectures presented to CEPED biologists ranged in topics from
broad principals and concepts of aquatic biology to specific details
of aquatic-life taxonomy. During the series of lectures hypothetical
situations of organic and toxic pollution in rivers and bays were
discussed. Zones of clean water, degradation, active decomposition
and recovery were illustrated with respect to chemical and biological
changes expected. The effects of organic and toxic pollution on bacte-
ria, ciliated protozoans, rotifers, crustaceans, aquatic plants, macroin-
vertebrates and fish were discussed.
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40
A pictorial presentation (35 mm color slides) was made to further
demonstrate the theoretical impact of pollution upon a stream environ-
ment and its aquatic life. The illustration was patterned after "Stream
Life and the Pollution Environment" by A.F. Bartsch and W.M. Ingram.
Pollution effects schematically detailed in the pictorial presentation
included biochemical oxygen demand, dissolved oxygen fluctuations,
decomposition of nitrogenous and carbonaceous matter, formation of
sludge deposits and nuisance organism growths, and finally, the total
impact of pollution on aquatic life. The schematic diagrams were
supplemented with photographs of living macroinvertebrates that typi-
cally inhabit clean and polluted reaches of streams. These photographs
of immature insects, crustaceans, mollusks, worms and other invertebrates
were used to demonstrate expected changes in the aquatic community
caused by various types of pollutants. Additionally, key characteris-
tics of each macroinvertebrate group were pointed out so that CEPED
biologists could begin to recognize pollution-indicator aquatic
organi sms.
A major portion of the workshop lectures concentrated on the use
of algal and fish bioassays in a biomonitoring program. The algal
assay procedure discussed was the bottle test method developed and
published by Corvallis Environmental Research Laboratory in common
use throughout the U.S. EPA. Details for planning algal assays were
presented which included the criteria for selection of test waters,
sample collecting methodology, proper transport of samples and storage
procedures prior to testing. The lectures also covered step-by-step
algal assay procedures practiced by the NEIC scientists. These included
culturing algae, sample preparation, test conditions and data analyses.
Because the entire procedure is detailed in the manual "The Selenastrum
capricornutum Printz Algal Assay Bottle Test" [EPA-600/9-78-018, July
1978] which was given to CEPED biologists at the workshop, no further
discussion of the algal assay methodology used by NEIC will be included
here.
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41
To illustrate the practical application, experimental design arid
procedures for interpreting results, a series of 16 technical pub-
lications was given to each CEPED biologist. These scientific papers
describe case studies performed by the EPA in the United States.
They illustrate a variety of approaches for using algal assays as
screening tests for assessing industrial water pollution impacts.
Many problems described in this literature involve excess nutrients
and heavy metal pollution; these problems are common to Bahia as wiell
as to the United States so technical transfer of the methods is practical.
The fish bioassay procedure discussed during the workshop lectures
was from the EPA manual "Methods for Measuring the Acute Toxicity of
Effluents to Aquatic Organisms" [EPA-599/4-78-012, July 1978]. Copies
of this manual and related literature were distributed to CEPED scien-
tists also. Discussions of the toxicity tests included descriptions
of NEIC facilities, equipment, record keeping and step-by-step procedure
used by the EPA. Details were provided to CEPED biologists on cleaning
equipment, obtaining and tranporting effluents/dilution water, acclimat-
ing test organisms and performing screening and full-scale testing.
Biometrics associated with the interpretation and expression of bioassay
results were also discussed in step-by-step detail.
The third phase of the workshop involved actual demonstration of
biological equipment and procedures by NEIC staff. These demonstrations
¦neve performed in the laboratory, and on-site at several stream locations
in Bahia. Equipment demonstrated and/or discussed included the chloro-
phyll spectrophotometry, Surber benthis sampler, modified Hess sampler,
D-frame invertebrate net, drift net, plankton two net, sediment coring
devices, Ekman grab, Ponar grab, Petersen grab, Hester-Dendy multi-plate
sampler, basket-type artificial substrate sampler, salinometer, DO-meter,
temperature-pH-conductivity probe. Van Dorn plankton sampler, Kemmerer
water sampler and in situ fish exposure devices.
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42
Copies of the EPA Methods Manual "Biological Field and Laboratory
Methods for Measuring the Quality of Surface Waters and Effluents"
[EPA-570/4-73-001, July 1973] were given to CEPED biologists for their
personal library. This manual and related documents showing diagrams
of various types of biological sampling equipment and data log book
or sheets should serve as an excellent guide for future biomonitoring
studies to be performed by CEPED staff.
Following the demonstrations and discussions by NEIC, staff bi-
ologists at CEPED used MEIC equipment to do environmental sampling.
This on-the-job training was done under close supervision by NEIC
staff. CEPED biologists performed benthic invertebrate studies in
lentic and lotic environments. They also practiced using numerous
types of equipment to measure limnological conditions in clean and
polluted waters.
The CEPED biologists evaluated the toxicity of industrial effluent
from the Camarci Petro-Chemical Complex by performing a screening and
a full-scale fish bioassay in their laboratory. The bioassays were
done under the direction of an NEIC staff scientist but performed
entirely by CEPED biologists and technicians. Results of the test
revealed that the industrial discharge from the facility was acutely
toxic to test fish; the bioassay and related chemical analyses indi-
cated the LC50* was about 14% and ammonia was a major toxic pollutant.
Following the fish bioassay testing, CEPED and NEIC scientists dis-
cussed the study results. Because ammonia was one of the pollutants,
the discussions centered on interpreting the harmful effects of union-
ized ammonia and its relationship to pH and temperature of water.
The NEIC staff scientist provided CEPED biologists with rationale
used in the United States for limiting ammonia concentrations in sur-
face waters.
* LC50 indicates the concentration, actual or interpolated, at which
50% of the test organisms died or would be expected to die.
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43
The last days of the biology workshop were devoted to review of
technical matters, tabulating data and discussion report preparation
procedures. Supplementary literature was given to CEPED biologists
on taxonomy, morphology, indicator organism communities and environ-
mental requirements of aquatic biota.
In addition to the professional exchange of information that oc-
curred during the biology workshop, communication was established so that
subsequent questions on procedures or equipment could be answered
through written correspondence. The first in these written exchanges
between EPA and GEPED scientists occurred on May 10, 1979 and continu-
ing correspondence is expected [Appendix C].
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44
PROCESS INSPECTIONS
PROMAM engineers conduct both routine and detailed industrial
inspections. Routine inspections, primarily followup inspections,
determine if an industry has completed construction of treatment facil-
ities, eliminated a discharge, corrected an existing problem, etc.
During a detailed inspection, the engineer collects information of
water supply, process operations, treatment operations, etc. This
information is recorded on a form which is similar to those used by
NEIC which were provided to CEPED. Grab samples of wastewater dis-
charges are usually collected during the inspections. PROMAM person-
nel report on findings. Normally the reports do not include sampling
results.
Joint NEIC-PROMAM inspections were conducted at DOW Chemical and
PASKIN. DOW produces NaOH, chlorine gas, chlorine solvents, propoline
oxide, propolene glycods and 2-4D. PASKIN produces H2S04 and MMA.
The joint inspection included a detailed discussion with plant person-
nel and observations of processes and treatment facilities. NEIC
forms were used during the inspection. Based on these two inspections,
the procedures currently used by PROMAM appear to be satisfactory.
Recommendation:
None
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45
ANALYTICAL AND QUALITY CONTROL PROCEDURES
Monitoring the quality of the surface waters in the greater Salvador
and Camacari areas generates the majority of samples requiring analyses.
Industrial waste samples are collected during permit compliance inspec-
tions. Sediments and fish are also routinely collected for the purpose
of determining the effect of the industrial and municipal discharges
on the environment.
ORGANIZATION OF LABORATORY WORK
PROMAM designs the monitoring studies, collects the samples and
specifies the required analysis. The samples collected at sites in-
cluded in the ambient monitoring network are analyzed by PROMAM. Other
samples collected during permit compliance inspection or evaluation
of sediment quality are sent to LABASIC for analysis.
LABASIC is the centralized laboratory that supports all of the
CEPED research and development programs and consists of about 35 staff
members. LABASIC is further split into LANAG (water chemistry), LAQIM
(minerial chemistry), LAINS (instrumentation laboratories), and LAMIC,
The biology section of PROMAM also performs chemical analyses.
The sample types analyzed include water, sediments and fish. The
Federal University of Bahia also performs metals analyses to support
some biology projects.
Most of the senior staff have B.S. degrees in chemistry or physics.
They are supported in the laboratories by many technicians who have high
school diplomas.
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46
The basic wet chemical analytical skills of the staff are very
good. The training provided in school and on-the-job concerning volumet-
ric, gravimetric and titrimetric techniques has been good.
The knowledge of and experience with analytical instrumentation
needs to be improved. The equipment recently installed and other
equipment ordered will be used more efficiently if the senior staff
receives more training.
"Water samples requiring wet chemical analyses are analyzed by
LANAG. Sediments requiring digestions are prepared by LAQIM and sent
to LANAG for analysis* This split of responsibility has caused confu-
sion during analysis and some incorrect data has been reported. LAINS
performs analyses requiring atomic absorption, polarography or organic
carbon analysis.
Recommendations:
1. On-the-job training with analytical instrumentation should
be provided to improve analytical skills.
2. Increased coordination and communication between the labora-
tories and improved record keeping practices will improve data
reliability.
EQUIPMENT TYPE AND CONDITIONS
The major analytical equipment at CEPED is listed in Table 2.
Most of it has been acquired within the past two years and is operable.
The other equipment is not functional primarily because of lack of
knowledge and specific training.
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Table 2
MAJOR INSTRUMENTS AT CEPED
Instrument Operable
Beckman UV-Vis Acta M IV Yes
Beckman 915 A TOC Yes
PAR 170 Electrochemistry Yes
Perkin-Elmer 124 D UV-Vis Yes
Perkin-Elmer 603 AA with HGA-2000 Yes
Perkin-Elmer 503 AA Yes
Varian EM390 NMR No
Beckman IR 4210 Yes
PE 240 CHN analyzer with AD-2Z Balance and
Tektronix 31 data system No
Hewlett-Packard 5840 GC with Data System No
Hewlett-Packard 108A A LC with Data System No
X-ray System No
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48
The quality of work in the atomic absorption laboratory could be
Improved by acquiring a Perkin Elmer HGA-500 furnace for the 503 or
603 AA's. The choice of other equipment and accessories is good.
Major new equipment purchases were placed while the EPA team was
providing consultation.
Recommendations:
1. Training should be provided on major analytical equipment not
now operable to improve overall laboratory capability.
2. A Perkin-Elmer HGA-500 furnace should be purchased for the
Perkin-Elmer 603AA.
WATER SAMPLE HANDLING, PRESERVATION AND STORAGE
Samples collected for analysis of cyanide, phenol and metals are
preserved separately according to EPA procedures. The samples for
cyanide and phenol are stored in a refrigerator until analysis.
A 5-liter sample is collected for all other water analyses.
These samples are stored at ambient temperatures for up to 10 days
before all analyses are completed because of lack of cold storage
space. Some samples could deteriorate under these conditions and
cause invalid results.
An aliquot for grease and oil analysis is withdrawn from the 5-
liter bottle for analysis. It is not possible to obtain a representa-
tive sample in this manner.
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49
Recommendations;
1. Smaller samples should be collected or a larger refrigerator
purchased and all samples stored at 4°C until analyses are
completed.
2. A separate glass bottle of sample should be collected for
each oil and grease analysis.
ANALYTICAL METHODS
Forty analytical methods used by the water chemistry laboratory,
LANAG, and instrument laboratory, LAINS, were reviewed. The methods'
used are taken primarily from the manual "Standard Methods for the
Examination of Water and Wastewater", 13th edition. With a few excep-
tions, these methods are the best possible choices available to LABASIC.
The Gutzeit method is used to measure arsenic without any digestion
prior to analysis. Therefore, only inorganic arsenic compounds are
measured. A hydrogen peroxide digestion before analysis by flameless
atomic absorption is preferred over the Gutzeit method.
The Soxlet method is used to measure grease and oil. Samples
are filtered, the filter dried at 105°C and then extracted for 4 hours.
The drying step at 105°C can cause the loss of oil which will produce
low results. The liquid-liquid extraction method was demonstrated on
waste from a dairy plant. A special procedure to break difficult
emulsions was shown. The liquid-liquid extraction procedures should
be adopted.
Suspended solids is determined by calculating the difference
between total and soluble residue. Since both of these numbers are
large, the calculated difference is subject to large errors-. The
suspended solids should be measured directly.
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50
Analytical work performed by PROMAM is done using Hach and Merck
Chemical Companies Test Kits. The Hach kit consists of prepackaged
chemical reagents. No sample pretreatment is performed and the absorb-
ance is measured with a colorimeter. The Merck reagents are used in
solution form and the concentration is measured with a color comparitor.
PROMAM uses the Hach kit to measure samples collected daily for
pH, iron, sulfate, and ammonia. The color, turbidity and chemical
interferences present in the samples causes the values determined
using the Hach kit to be valuable only as estimates of the true values.
PROMAM analyzed reference samples from the EPA using the Hach kit.
The results that are discussed in the next section show that the proce-
dures should be carefully reviewed before any more work is performed.
The use of the Merck test kits for screening of problems in the
field was demonstrated on a field trip to the Jacarecanga River. A
chemical plant was discharging high concentrations of organic wastes
and inorganic sulfate into the river. The bridge at sample point JA4
was sustaining structural damage and sulfide odor was very strong in
the area. A sulfide concentration of much greater than 0.3 mg/1 in
the river was determined using the Merck kit. Also black-colored
metal sulfides were present under the bridge.
With the help of the test kit to screen for the presence of large
quantities of sulfide, the cause of the problem was identified. The
discharge of large quantities of organic matter caused the river to
become anaerobic. Sulfate reducing bacteria produced sulfide which
was damaging the bridge. The chemical plant stopped discharging to
the river wile the EPA team was visiting. Sulfide production will
stop as soon as the river becomes aerobic again.
The biology section of PROMAM also performs chemical analyses.
Temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), conductivity, pH and transparency
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are commonly measured in the field. With the exception of D0t the
procedures were correct. The unmodified Winkler method is used to
measure DO. The presence of nitrite or ferrous iron will cause the
Winkler method to be inaccurate. The azide and permanganate modifi-
cations described in "Standard Methods" are recommended to eliminate
the interferences from nitrite and ferrous iron, respectively.
The digestion procedure used to prepare samples for mercury an-
alysis does not include persulfate, This means that only inorganic
mercury is measured. Persulfate should be added to the digestion so
that total mercury will be measured.
Recommendations:
1. The methods for arsenic, oil and grease and suspended solids
should be changed according to the directions in the preceding
section.
2. The results determined from the test kits are currently not re-
liable and should only be used for determining approximate concen-
trations.
3. The Biology section should use the modified Winkler method to
measure dissolved oxygen and add persulfate to the mercury
digestion procedure.
QUALITY CONTROL AND DOCUMENTATION PROCEDURES
EPA standard reference samples were provided to CEPED to deter-
mine their analytical accuracy.
The CEPED results on the reference samples are shown in Table 3.
The PROMAM field lab completed all the requested analyses, the LABASIC
lab completed about 20% of thft vequ&st^d ar,d the
water chemistry lab completed none.
-------
52
Table 3
SUMMARY OF RESULTS
QUALITY CONTROL SAMPLES
Parameter
CEPED Value
True Value
PROMMAM Field Lab
Copper-1
Copper-2
Copper-3
Iron-1
Iron-2
Irori-3
Ammonia-1
Ammonia-2
Cyanide-1
Cyanide-2
pH-1
pH-2
Sulfate-1
Sulfate-2
Chromi um-1
Mercury-1
Mercury-2
Mercury-3
Lead-1
Lead-2
Lead-3
<250
<250
<250
1200
25
<20
22
160
1.6
0.25
6.2
6.86
212.5
126.6
pg/i
M9/1
MQ/l
MS/1
mq/i
ng/l
mg/1
mg/1
mg/1
mg/1
units
units
mg/1
mg/1
LABASIC Instrument Lab
17 pg/i
0.7 pg/1
4 |jg/l
9.5 ng/1
16 Mg/i
330 |jg/1
385 pg/1
16
72
102
26
417
678
0.23
1.59
0.057
0.200
7.9
8.4
120
102
M9/1
pg/i
|jg/i
pg/i
Mg/i
mq/i
mg/1
mg/1
mg/1
mg/1
units
units
mg/1
mg/1
16 Mg/i
0.8 jjg/1
4.5 pg/i
9.4 pg/1
22 Mg/i
298 Mg/1
352 pg/i
-------
53
The results from the LABASIC instrument laboratory are excellent.
The calibration and documentation procedures used in this lab were
reviewed and found to be excellent.
The results from the PROMAM field lab were not of good quality.
A professional chemist should review the use of the Hach kits before
performing these measurements.
While the choice of methods of analysis in the water and mineral
chemistry laboratories were good, the calibration, quality control
and documentation procedures could be substantially improved. One
example of the problem is described below.
On March 12, 1979, three sediment samples were collected from
the Jaquipe River at stations 1M-1, Jp-13, and BH-1. The results re-
ported by the water chemistry laboratory on April 9, 1979, showed
that the arsenic concentration at sites 1M-1 and BH-1 were very high,
around 1,500 ppm. Since this area of the river was to be closed by a
dam, the EPA team was requested to verify the arsenic results.
The samples had been digested by the mineral lab, diluted and
sent to the water chemistry lab for analysis. The water lab analyzed
the samples and calculated the results using incorrect data supplied
by the mineral laboratory. The results when calculated properly were
about 8 ppm for sites 1M-1 and BH-1.
The errors were caused by poor communication between the labora-
tories and poor record-keeping procedures. Lab data forms should be
prepared that include date of analysis, analyst's name, and data column
headings with units. In addition, if possible, one analyst should
perform the entire analysis.
-------
54
Recommendati on:
1. The calibration documentation and quality control procedures
should be reviewed and improved.
RESULTS OF EPA ANALYSIS OF CEPED SAMPLES FOR ORGANIC ANALYSIS
Water and sediment samples were collected on April 27, 1979, at
selected sample sites [Table 4]. These samples were split with CEPED
for comparative analysis. No results of analyses have been provided
by CEPED. The EPA portions returned to Denver Colorado were analyzed
for organics and metals at the NEIC.
The organics samples were analyzed by combined capillary gas
chromatography/mass spectrometry (CG/MS). The samples were analyzed
initially for the priority pollutant base/neutrals (Table 5) using an
internal standard} and an automatic computer search of the priority
pollutant library compiled from standard mass spectra previously run
on the CG/MS. The samples were then searched by compound reference
library for identification of any additional compounds present. Three
priority pollutants were identified and confirmed, in the DOW water
sample (phenol, dichlorophenol and bis(2-chlorisopropyl) ether) rang-
ing in concentration from 260 to 440 pg/1 [Table 6]. Phenyl ether was
also confirmed in this sample at 27 pg/1. A few additional compounds
were identified in several of the other extracts, and while the mass
spectra are excellent matches with the reference library compounds,
we could not positively confirm their presence because standards were
not available.
The water and sediment samples analyzed for metals were digested
with nitric and perchloric acids before analysis with an Inductively
-------
55
Table 4
SAMPLE LOCATION DESCRIPTION
Station No. Description
BH-1 Jacuipe Dam (Not Closed)
JP-13 Jacuipe upstream of Petrochemical complex
SB-8 Subae River downstream from Cobrac MNF
IM-1 Imbassai Creek downstream of Petrochemical
complex - tributary to Jacuipe River
S-10 Subae River downstream of SB-8
C.E. Central effluent
DOW DOW Chemical effluent
WTF Bolandeira WTF - Treated Water
BJ-1B Joanes River - Dam - Raw Water for Bolandeira WTF
CN-2 Discharge from COPEC
-------
56
Table 5
LIST OF HIGH PRIORITY POLLUTANTS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
Aceriaphtherie
Acrolei n
Acryloriitrile
Aldrin/Dieldrin
Antimony and compounds*
Arsenic and compounds
Asbestos
Benzene
Benzidi ne
Beryllium and compounds
Cadmium and compounds
Carbon tetrachloride
Chlordane (technical mixture
and metabolites
Chlorinated benzenes (other
than dichlcrobenzenes)
Chlorinated ethanes (including
1,2-dichloroethane, 1,1,1-tri-
chloroethane, and hexachl ai>o-
ethane
Chloroalkyl ethers (chloromethyl,
chloroethyl, and mixed ethers)
Chlorinated naphthalene
Chlorinated phenols (other than
those listed elsewhere; includes
trichlorophenols and chlorinated
cresols)
Chloroform
2-chlorophenol
Chromium and compounds
Copper and compounds
Cyanides
DDT and metabolites
Dichlorobenzenes (1,2- 1,3-,
and 1,4-dichlorobenzenes
Dichlorobenzidine
Dichloroethylenes (1,1- and
1,2-dichloroethylene)
2,4-dichlorophenol
Dichloropropane and
dichloropropene
2,4-dimethyl phenol
Dinitrotoulene
Diphenylhydrazine
Endosulfan and metabolites
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
Endrine and metabolites
Ethyl benzene
F1uoranthene
Haloethers (other than those listed
elsewhere; includes chlorophenylphenyl
ethers, bromaphenylphenyl ether, bis-
(dischloroisopropyl) ether, bis-(chlo-
roethoxy) methane and polychlorinated
diphenyl ethers
Halomethanes (other than those listed
elsewhere; includes methylene chloride
methyl chloride, methylbromide, bromo-
form dichlorobromomethane, trichloro-
f1uoromethame, dichlorodif1uoromethane
Heptachlor and metabolites
Hexachlorobutadiene
Hexachlorocyclchexane (all isomers)
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene
Isophorone
Lead and compounds
Mercury and compounds
Naphthalene
Nickel and compounds
Nitrobenzene
Nitrophenols (including 2,4-dinitro-
phenol, dinitrocresol)
Nitrosamines
Pentachlorophenol
Phenol
Phthalate esters
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons
(including benzopyrenes, benzofluor-
anthene, chrysenes, dibenzanthracenes,
and indenopyrenes)
Selenium and compounds
Silver and compounds
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
(TCDD)
Tetrachlorcethylene
Thallium and compounds
Toluene
Toxaphene
Trichloroethylene
Vinyl chloride-
Zinc and compounds
The term "compounds" shall include organic and inorganic compounds.
-------
57
Table 6
ANALYTICAL RESULTS
Dow WTF BH-1 CN-2 IM~1 CE
Compound Dow Bolandeira Jacuipe Copec Imbassai Central
Water WTF Treated Dam Water CRK Down Effluent
Bis(2-Chloroisopropyl)
Ether 400
Phenol 280
Dichlorophenol 260
Phenyl Ether 27
Trans; 1,2-Dichlorocyclo-
hexanea
1^(3H)-Isobenzofuranone'3 —
2-Hydroxymethylbenzoic
acid —
Methyl Benzaldehyde3 —
Hexahydro-2-Axepin-2-onea —
2-Ethyl-l,3-Hexanedicla —
a These compounds were identified by mass spectra, but not confirmed with standards,
b The standard reference library spectra of these two compounds are identical.
Tent - Tentative
Not found
Concentration in pg/1
Tent — — —
— --- Tent Tent
Tent Tent —
Tent — —
Tent — —
— — Tent
-------
Coupled Argon Plasma Emission Spectrometer. The results are shown
Tables 7 and 8.
Recommendation:
None
-------
59
Table 7
ICAP METAL ANALYSIS, mg/1
BRAZIL WATER SAMPLES
Description
IM-1-01
BH-1-01
CN-2-01
WTF-01
DOW-01a
LOD
A1
1.6
0.15
3.5
0.11
0.12
0.05
As
NDb
ND
0.17
WD
ND
0.015
B
ND
WD
ND
ND
0.2
Ba
0.026
0.051
0.027
0,028
0.309
0 . 001
Be
ND
ND
ND
WD
ND
0.002
Ca
31.2
20.6
12.9
9.27
4700
0.08
Cd
ND
0.010
NO
ND
ND
0.002
Co
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
0.02
Cr
0.07
ND
0.10
WD
0.24
0.035
Cu
0.007
ND
0.010
ND
ND
0.004
Fe
1.6
2.4
3.0
ND
0.17
0.09
Pb
ND
0.035
ND
ND
0.043
0.015
Mg
11.2
8.2
2.1
2.0
0.41
0.009
Mn
0.140
0.672
0.115
0.010
0.005
0.001
Mo
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
0.007
Na
92
68
29
12
11800
0.4
V
0.095
0.010
0.028
ND
ND
0.002
Y
NO
NO
WD
ND
ND
0.001
Zn
0.099
0.273
0.261
0.084
0.018
0.017
a Sample was diluted and rerun (Ca, Na)
b NO < LOD (not detected < Limit of Detection)
-------
60
Table 8
ICAP METAL ANALYSIS
BRAZIL SEDIMENT SAMPLES
Description SB-8-01 JP-13-01 BJ-IB-01 BH-1-01 IM-1-01 S-10-01 LOD
ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm
Al
6200
240
4900
740
150
78100
3.1
B
19
ND
17
12
36
57
0.4
Ba
32a
2
35
2
0.2
3D
0.1
Be
NO
WO
NO
ND
NO
-
0.2
Ca
440
15
200
36
9
5340
0.8
Cd
3
0.2
0.4
0.2
NO
2.5
0.2
Co
NO
ND
ND
ND
ND
27
2.4
Cr
10
2
17
2
1
B5
O.S
Cu
6
0.3
e
0.5
NO
27
0.2
Fe
6200
940
19000
870
84
99500
0.9
Pb
16
ND
g
ND
ND
15
1.5
Mg
1700
26
180
36
7
12500
1.6
Mn
54
21
84
4
0.6
1510
0.1
Mo
ND
ND
2
0.8
ND
6
0.7
Wi
5
ND
ND
ND
ND
34
2.0
Na
2900
21
130
61
67
12300
2.1
V
16
2
56
4
ND
210
0.2
Y
2
ND
0.6
ND
ND
21
0.1
In
3
16
3
0.9
136
0.07
a ND < LOD
-------
61
DISCHARGE MONITORING PROGRAM
All permits which are issued by CEPED to "new" industries contain
monitoring requirements. "Old" industries generally do not monitor
their effluent and not all permitted industries are required to conduct
self-monitoring. Only about five out of two-hundred industries in
the greater Salvador area do auto-monitoring. Through this auto-moni-
toring system, industries are required to sample effluents, analyze
and report the results to CEPED each month. Parameters normally moni-
tored are flow, temperature, pH, BOD, settleable solids, and oil and
grease. Other parameters may be specified in the permit. No effluent
standards are available for industrial categories although CEPED uses
EPA effluent standards and development documents as guidelines.
Sampling frequency is normally 2 grabs per shift. During plant
startups, composite samples may be required at a frequency of once
per week for specified parameters during the first month of plant
operation. Monitoring requirements can be changed but only with the
approval of CEPED.
The industrial permits group has responsibility for issuing permits.
Once a permit is issued this group has no further involvement in an
industrial facility unless a change in operations requires a permit
modification. The completed permits then go to Law Enforcement for
compliance inspections and review of self-monitoring data. Inspectors
review auto-monitoring reports for compliance with permit standards
and limitations. Reports received from industries are not prepared
in any standardized format but are left to the discretion of the indivi-
dual permittee. All data review and handling is done manually. Computer
systems for handling either self-monitoring or CEPED generated data
are not aviTable at CEPED.
-------
62
Self-monitoring data is accepted as valid. Industrial sampling
and analytical procedures are not reviewed to determine if standardized
methods are being following to ensure accurate and dependable results.
EPA's National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)
permit program was described for CEPED personnel as well as the princi-
ple of effluent limitation standards and selected developments documents.
Copies of the Code of Federal Regulations containing promulgated efflu-
ent standards were left with CEPED as well as development documents
for most major industrial source categories anticipated in the State
of Bahia.
A number of mini-computer systems were discussed and vendor litera-
ture provided on several systems. In addition, quotations were provided
to CEPED on two systems configurations by "Digital Equipment Corporation
and Data General for systems which could meet the needs of CEPED in
automating their automonitoring and environmental data collection
systems [Figures 9 and 10]. Although the quotes are somewhat, out-dated,
they do provide a ballpark figure of an adequate system.
Figure 11 depicts a flow diagram designed for CEPED which identi-
fies the steps involved in automated processing of discharge monitoring
reports. This system could be programmed to identify facilities in
marginal compliance wherein compliance inspections could be initiated
for enforcement action.
Recommendations:
1. Permits should be written for all industrial facilities under
the jurisdiction of the CEPED and should contain effluent limit-
ations. Self-monitoring requirements should be included as well
as references to standardized sampling and analytical procedures
to ensure validity of results.
-------
63
Figure 9.
Digital Equipment Corporation
Branch Offices:
San Paulo
Rio de Janeiro
PDP-11/34 Minicomputer-Systems Configuration
System Code
SE-30LLB-LD
LAIl-PA(PD)
DZ11-A
VTIOO-AA(AB)
Description
Cost
Basic System-Central 34,900
Processor, 128K Bytes'
Memory, two-five megabytes
disks, console terminals, etc.
180 CPS Printer 3,770
Asynchronous Multiplexer 2,310
(to plug in terminals)
CRT 132 characters 1 ,900-
80 lines
Page Number
in PDP 11 Systems
and Options
Summary Catalogue
35
79
72
80
QJ916-AQ Basic-Plus-2 4,400 39
Programming Language
QR435-AQ Fortran IV 1,820 41
Programming Language
QP601-AQ Sort Utility 370 40
$49,470
D.E.C. has just announced a new micro-computer based system with capabilities
similar to this 11/34 system. I was unable to get any details but its price
may be significantly less than the 11/34 system..
-------
Figure 10.
p43ataGeneral
QUOTATION
QUOTATION NO-
167114
hHQ-J9Q-0309
PLEASE 8EFER TO THIS QUOTATION NO.
IN AU CORRESPONDENCE AND ORDCRS
NEAREST OCC SALES OFFICE
Environmental Protection Agency
Bldg 53, Denver Federal Center
Denver, CO 80225
ATTN: Mr. Dave Somers
Data General Corp.
8455 E. Prentice Ave.
Englewood, CO 80111
BRRMcrt OFFICE 3-N sfio PftilLo
IANK YOU FOR YOUR INQUIRY. WE ARE PLEASED TO QUOTE AS FOLLOWS:
-23-79
REFERENCE:
GS-OOC-01265
FREIGHT CHARGES
PREPAY AND ADO
TERMS: *
-------
Fi gure 10 (Cont.)
DataGeneral
, Rouir V. ScuthKn.. Mjwj,
lrkr^,n'
QUOTATION
CONTINUATION SHEET
OUOTATION NO.
167114
PLEASE REfEB IO THIS OUOTATION NO.
IN ALL CORRESPONDENCE ANO ORDERS.
PAGE 2 Of 2
¦rrt
0*71
¦ IFttEKC!
HEIGHT CHAtCfS
4/S
3-23-79
GS-00C-01265
UNIT TOTAL
PRICE PRICE
UWIT
LIST PRICE
DISC.
%
UNIT
NET PRICE
1144-A, One bay cabinet
HARDWARE.TOTAL
SOFTWARE - NO CHARGE
Real-time Disk Operating Syst
RDOS Fortran IV and Runtimes
RDOS Basic single-user or mul
NC
1,300.00
15
1,105.00
1,105.
22,678„(
(RDO
>er
3)
Model/Feolure Defined in Doto General Price List
130001l«0*
CUSTOMER COPY
See Page I for Signolure
-------
CEPED
FLOW DIAGRAM FOR COMPUTER PROCESSING DISCHARGE MONITORING REPORTS
CEPED initiates
corrective action
as required
CEPED executes
compliance inspections
as required
Fi giire 11 •
CTi
cr>
-------
67
2. Industrial sampling and analytical procedures should be evaluated
by CEPED technical personnel to ensure validity of self-monitoring
data.
3. Permits should require effluent monitoring to be flow-composited
on a weekly basis for critical parameters since daily grabs are
not representative. Requiring composites during the first month
of operation of a new facility is not indicative of operational
conditions but represents an atypical situation during equipment
shakedown and start-up conditions.
4. Organizational continuity is required between the Industrial
permits group and the inspection and evaluation people. Enforce-
ment feedback to permits is required to ensure that enforceable
permits are being written and monitoring requirements are adequate
to provide representative data. Field inspectors should have
substantial input into the permitting process.
5. Reporting forms need to be standardized and should include the
effluent limits and standards for rapid and efficient determina-
tion of compliance. A recommended standardized reporting form
is included as Figure 12. Standardization is essential if auto-
mated computer data handling systems are contemplated.
6. Once a substantial number of permittees are reporting self-monitor-
ing data, CEPED should consider a mini-computer system to process
industrial data as well as CEPED's internally generated compliance
data.
-------
CEkED
DISCHARGE MONITORING REPORT
Company Name: Type of Business:
Business Address: Permit Number:
Reporting Period: From: To:
Quantity
I
Mo. Exceed
Limit
Concentration
\
No. Exeed
Limit
Frequency
of
Analysis
Sample
Type
Parameter
Minimum
Average
Maximum
Units
Minimum
Average
Maximum
Units
'
Reported
1
|
¦
i
J
[I
Permit
Condition
. 1 .
t
1
t
Reported
Permit
Condi tion
Reported
i
|
f
Permit
Condition
P
i
|
i
i
i
!
Reported
i TH
Permit
Condition
1
!
j
i
J
j
Reported
. ;
i
Permit
Condition
!
|
Reported
i
I
i
i
in~
Permit
Condi tion
i _
-lame of Principal Executive Officer:
Title
:
Date
:
Signature of Principal
Executive:
Figure 12.
CT>
00
-------
OIL SPILL PREVENTION, CONTINGENCY PLANS AND EQUIPMENT
An oil pollution expert from EPA, Region V, advised CEPED on an
effective spill program for Salvador Bay, made recommendations for
contingency planning and advised the CEPED staff on state-of-the-art
spill cleanup.
The following chronology details the sites visited and government-
al and industrial officials interviewed to assess oil spill potential
and provide the basis for guidelines to be used by CEPED in establish-
ing a viable Oil Spill Contingency Plan.
APRIL 4, 1979
Brazilian Navy "Captain of the Port" (COTP) for Port of Salvador
was interviewed. Only penalties for spills in the Brazilian waters
and/or port are in accordance with the IMCO agreement. Brazil is a
member and signature nation to the agreement.
The EPA inspection determined that the Navy (Salvador COTP) has
no equipment for cleanup of oil spills and there is no penalty for
not cleaning up a spill. The Navy levies a fine based upon the IMCO
agreement, which is based upon ship's displacement tonnage. The matter
of cleanup and environmental damage is not addressed.
The Captain expressed the view that the Port of Salvador is a
relatively safe port for entry. Navigational hazards such as submerged
geophysical structures and other submerged objects are minimal. Cur-
rents and winds usually do not pose dangerous navigational conditions.
Wave height in Salvador Bay is small, usually less than 3 ft, and
turbulent weather is rare.
-------
70
All ports in Brazil are under federal jurisdiction. The COTP of
Salvador thought that spill control equipment was available in Rio,
Porto Alegre, or Sao Paulo. The COTP expressed the belief that the
spill containment equipment belonged to Petrobras, but that they would
make it available in case of a spill.
It is anticipated by the COTP that traffic in the Port of Salvador
will increase three-fold due to development of the industrial complex
at Aratu.
APRIL 6, 1979
Interviewed the terminal manager of the Petrobras Marine terminal
at Salvador (Aratu) Bay. A contingency plan for the Salvador terminal
is being prepared. It is being conceived by the Environmental Control
Division in Rio.
They will develop a general plan and specifics will then be devel-
oped on the terminal level. It is not expected that the plan will be
operable until 1981. At present the terminal has no containment or
cleanup equipment. Equipment purchases will be made when the plan is
operable.
The facility has two 4,500 bbl slop tanks and an associated API
oil/water separator. No other bilge treatment equipment is at the
facility. Separated oil goes to storage tanks and the water phase is
dumped into the bay. First, overflow water goes to concrete tanks
for settling time, skimming using a.weir, and then is discharged to
the bay. No bacteria is seeded into the process although the climate
of Salvador has ideal temperatures and probably native bacteria are
active and beneficial to the process.
-------
71
Locally produced crudes are parafiri base; however, incoming crudes
from Arab block countries are asphalt base. Both are handled by the
Salvador terminal and refinery.
The Petrobras Terminal was well maintained, had excellent dikes,
and housekeeping was good. It was not possible to determine the drain-
age of diked areas and whether surface drainage valves were normally
closed.
The multitude of above ground pipelines transversing the area
from terminal to refinery poses a spill threat from pipeline breakage.
A meeting with the Fisheries Ministry representative established
that commercial fishing is not a major industry in the area in regards
to canneries and etc.
However, approximately 5,000 families fish and sell on the local
food market. An additional 3,000 women catch and market crustaceans
and other shellfish on the tidal flats. A total of approximately
50,000 persons depend on fishing as a livelihood. The educational
status of these persons in such that they would be deprived of a liv-
ing if the source of seafood was removed by a large spill. Also,
fish is the cheapest source of nutrition for the poorer population.
APRIL 9, 1979
Visited the complex at Port Aratu which consisted of ammonia
complex ethylene glycol and construction of Copene facility.
APRIL 10, 1979
Visited Port Administrator for Port of Salvador in lower city.
Discussed spill potential for the Port of Salvador.
-------
72
The Administrator felt that Petrobras has the spill largest poten-
tial because of volume.
The only large oil spill in the Port of Salvador was approximately
two years ago and was due to collision of two ships. Oil went into
the bay, but no cleanup was undertaken. Cleanup equipment was.unknown
at the time.
The afternoon was devoted to instructing eight CEPED engineers
on boom design and deployment configuration.
APRIL 11, 1979
Visited the Commandant of Aratu Naval Base to determine if the
Navy had cleanup and containment equipment at this base since destroyers
and other vessels are repaired.at the base. Again, the equipment was
non-existent. Further, Navy personnel are not trained for oil spill
cleanup operations.
Proposal For The Brazilian Navy to Function As On-Scene-Coordinator (OSC)
OSC's for spill cleanup needs to be made to Minister of the Navy.
At present the Navy is not charged with such duties.
Made a formal presentation to CEPED engineers on: (a) Boom deploy-
ment; (b) Skimmers; (c) Absorbants; (d) Surface Collecting Agents
(Shell Herder); (e) Dispersants; and (f) Native materials for use as
oil absorbants.
APRIL 12, 1979
Visited "Rommell Oil Process Plant" to evaluate soil farming as
viable option for disposal. Found a waste oil lagoon which overflows
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73'
the dike, and flows down hillside and into stream. Visited a disposal
site built by the owner.
Disposal site was an excavated pit on hillside -- it was not a
sealed disposal site unaffected by drainage.
Recommended breaking emulsion and skimming. Referred CEPED repre-
sentative to Baroid in Salvador for emulsion breaking chemicals.
Soil farming would not be a viable technique because the slop
oil contained 57% (vol) H2S04. The bacteria necessary could not sur-
vive.
APRIL 16, 1979
Visited Brazilian Air Force Command in Salvador to obtain permis-
sion to make overflight of Salvador Bay for orientation of spill poten-
tial and to photograph the area.
Made overflight of Salvador Bay and a commercial photographer
took pictures of the area. During the overflight, oil was observed
entering the bay from the Petrobras refinery; Brazilian Navy Base;
and Dow Chemical.
Although none of the spills were massive, their accumulative effect
could be harmful.
APRIL 18, 1979
Activities devoted to Prevention Regulations and their applica-
bility to circumstances in Bahia and Brazil. Discussed best practi-
cal technology for offshore production platforms. Recommended that
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disposal wells be used after heater-treater and emulsion breaking
treatment. Stressed that injection should be in producing strata
down — dip of oil — water interface.
Showed films to CEPED staff on Lake Ripley cleanup and absorbant
systems. Discussed the films and answered questions from the staff.
APRIL 19, 1979
Traveled to Rio to visit Petrobras and FEEMA. So many sources
in Salvador expressed that Petrobras had the equipment and would handle
any and/or all spills that would occur; therefore it became imperative
that this be confirmed with Petrobras since the Company in Salvador
indicated negative conditions.
The Vice President of Petrobras was interviewed and it was soon
established that Petrobras did not have the equipment or capability that
others were claiming. No equipment in Salvador -- no equipment in
Sao Paulo.
Equipment in Rio was limited to Sweden manufactured SOS boom,
and Vortex Skimmers (not rigged-up). A commercial skimming barge was
available in Rio. No absorbants were stockpiled.
Petrobras expressed concern that Brazilian federal law did not
foster nor encourage the cleanup of spills. Petrobras would support
strong federal environmental laws.
APRIL 20, 1979
Met with FEEMA and discussed the spill in Guanabara Bay in 1975
from the "TARIK IBN ZIYAD".
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Although a Contingency Plan now exists for Rio, the matter of
spill equipment and stockpiling of cleanup expendables is still lackii
The spill proved to FEEMA that available booms in Brazil were of
poor design and quality. They still depend on Petrobras for booms
and skimmers in their existing Contingency Plan for the Bays of Rio
de Janeiro.
DISCUSSION
The industrial, complex located in the Bay areas of Salvador sub-
jects the entire area to a massive oil spill or worse as possible
hazardous materials spill from complexes such as Dow Chemical. Not
only are large quantities of crude oil and refined petroleum products
moved both in and out of the bay by tankers, but also many pipelines
traverse the inlets and also are subject to failures resulting in a
massive spill. Tankage located at elevations above the sea are also
a potential.
In short, the Port of Salvador is a place waiting for an oil
spill to occur. It is just a matter of when the spill occurs.
The potentials for spills occurring are as follows:
1. Terminal Tankage
2. Petro-Chemical Plant Storage Tanks
3. Multiple pipelines in the area and most above ground.
4. Refinery Operations
5. Vessel Collisions in port
6. Mechanical Failures and personnel error during transfer
operations.
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The port of Salvador is totally unprepared for an oil spill; the
necessary equipment is either non-existent or the closest possible
sources are Rio de Janeiro or Sao Paulo; no one has the authority to
undertake or direct a cleanup action; and the necessary regulations
or legislation appear to be non-existent.
The interview with the Navy Port captain for Salvador revealed
that he has no equipment or authority for spill cleanup action.
He was not sure if cleanup equipment was available in Rio or Sao
Paulo. He thought that Petrobras had cleaup equipment. The Port
Captain anticipates the traffic in Port will double or triple due to
the industrial complex development.
A tour of the Petrobras terminal in Salvador revealed a very
clean operation and most or all tanks were diked. However, dike capa-
city and safety measures for precipitation drainage against oil losses
will need an engineering study that should be conducted by CEPED.
Petrobras in Rio is in the process of preparing a Contingency
Plan for the Salvador facilities. Expected completion will be 1981.
This is little relief for the Bay of Salvador. Presently, Petrobras
has 3,000 ft of boom in Rio; however, the couplings are weak and in-
adequate. Presently the rigging of a venturi skimmer is being under-
taken by Petrobras. The entire Port of Rio is dependent upon the
equipment of Petrobras and one skimmer barge (commercial). This is
totally inadequate. The plan for Salvador must be self-sufficient
and not totally dependent upon one source (Petrobras).
Senhor Coelho, FEEMA, indicated that Rio had a Contingency Plan
but again no equipment -- they depend upon Petrobras and one commercial
skimming barge. The Contingency Plan for Rio designates FEEMA as OSC
(on-scene-coordinator) -- this appears to be a self-serving, bureaucrat-
ic recommendation on the surface.
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Since FEEMA has neither equipment, vessels, or punative authority
to deal with spills, their role as primary OSC lacks both functional
or proprietary reasoning. Senhor Coelho indicated that booms used
during the Rio spill were almost totally inadequate.
Senhor Coelho (FEEMA) and Senhor Magalhaes (Petrobras) both indi-
cated that the penalty system of Brazil for dealing with oil spills
is totally inadequate because it does not encourage cleanup of oil
spills. Further the penalty monies are used by the Navy for purposes
other than cleanup of oil spills.
The viable options to be considered are those previously discussed
that require a change of law to provide for the Navy to function as
OSC and perform the spill cleanup.
Coupled with the Navy response capability, the industries that
are served by the Port of Salvador should also bear a portion of spill
cleanup capability and responsibility. The industrial complex at
Aratu, for example, should form a spill cooperative. The co-op should
purchase equipment and each Company supply trained men to form a func-
tional unit. The co-op unit would function to cleanup the spills
from member industries. Any spills of a magnitude too great for the
co-op unit would be supplemented by the Navy team. Unknown or non-co-op
member spills would be handled by the Navy. Catastrophic spills would
be handled jointly by the co-op and Navy, with the Navy in charge as
OSC. Should the changes necessary to have the Navy function to cleanup
spills be insurrmountable, then the Port of Salvodor must rely solely
upon a Spill Cooperative. The co-op then should be expanded to include
the Port Administration. The Port Administration could levy a "Port
Spill Fee" based upon tonnage fuel capacity, oil products transferred,
or some other equitable means born by port traffic. These monies
should be used to build a recovery barge powered with two Sea Mules
and equipped with tankage for recovered oil, decanting of free water,
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boom storage, a lockheed skimmer and/or oi1 phi lie belt skimmer, two
free-floating skimmers, and flood lights. Cost of storing consummables
such as absorbants and chemicals should also be handled by the fund.
In the Contingency Plan for handling of oil spills the representa-
tion should be comprised of a representative from each of the industry
members; Navy Captain of the Port; Port Administrator; representative
of Ministry of Fisheries, City of Salvador; State of Bahia (Governor's
Office); and CEPED should furnish the chairman and OSC under the co-op
structure. This Contingency Plan should be viable for all spills
that are major in proportion or from non-member sources.
Recommendations:
1. CEPED should make a comprehensive inventory of petroleum and
hazardous materials that are in storage and/or in transport made
in the Bay of Salvador.
2. CEPED should use this information to accomplish the following:
A. Convince the industries in the Port of Salvador of the need
of preparing for a spill and the purchase of equipment.
B. Influence the establishment of state and federal law requir-
ing the reporting of all spills. Set a high penalty for
failure to report a spill. Mandatory cleanup of a spill by
the spiller with reduced penalties for responsible action.
C. Establish the necessary regulations and funding for the
cleanup of spills by the government when the spiller is
either unknown or irresponsible.
D. CEPED should be funded to develop a Contingency Plan for
the Bay of Salvador. CEPED should be designated as the
authority to expend and supervise the spending of govern-
ment cleanup funds, and to gather evidence and fine the
spillers.
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E. The fines collected by the Navy for oil spills should be
deposited in a special account and used by the Navy for the
cleanup of oil spills.
3. CEPED should prepare a contingency plan for the Bay of Salvador
and also a state-wide plan for spills within Bahia.
4. CEPED should be the authority for environmental concerns on a
spill. The Navy should be OSC in Salvador Bay. Advisors will
be from Fisheries, Port Administration and etc.
5. CEPED should make a detailed study of equipment for spill cleanup
and select the best engineered equipment; CEPED should also deter-
mine the amounts of equipment that are necessary and see that
the necessary consumable materials are stockpiled.
6. CEPED should supervise the maintaining of the equipment in work-
able condition by Navy personnel. CEPED should conduct full-
scale periodic drills using all of the equipment and keep all
response personnel in a readiness, alert condition.
7. The U.S.A. Department of State should be requested (by Govern-
ment of Brazil) to send a U.S. Coast Guard Strike Force Team to
train Brazilian Navy and CEPED Engineers in spill cleanup proce-
dures.
8. CEPED and Industry Personnel shall also obtain training from
either Texas A & M University or University of Corpus Christi on
cleanup techniques.
CEPED should craft a Contingency Plan based on the format of
plans provided by EPA in April. The authority of the plan should be
based either upon laws developed or upon co-op provisions of incor-
poration. The Contingency Plan should contain the following minimum
elements.
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1. Authority — either law or Cooperative agreement.
2. Method of Activation.
3. Scope of work and objectives.
4. Designated members and responsibilities.
a. CEPED
b. Brazilian Navy - COTP
c. Administrator Port of Salvador
d. Ministry of Fisheries
e. City of Salvador
f. State of Bahia
g. Industrial Members
h. Other as necessary
Spill equipment inventory in Salvador.
Telephone numbers of members of plan.
Telephone numbers to obtain equipment.
Listing of other available equipment and supplies.
Discussion of approved methods of cleanup.
Restriction on use of chemicals, etc.
The recommended equipment that should be located in Salvador Bay
area will vary according to the results of the CEPED study and the
actual organization established.. The preliminary recommendations are
as follows:
1. 3,000 ft of Slickbar Boom with maximum skirt, 2 floating
adjustable weir -- vortex skimmers, necessary hoses and
couplings, stock of absorbants such as 3 M and native bulk
materials. This equipment should be stocked at Aratu and
purchased by member industries.
2. 3,000 ft of Sea-Curtain or equivalent type of boom to be
stored in Salvador at COTP. Two floating vortex skimmers
and two Manta-Ray type skimmers. Stockpile of native ab-
sorbants, e.g, 3 M absorbant, straw shredder and broadcast-
ing machine; necessary boats; rakes; shovels and other absor-
bant harvesting equipment.
3. Recovery and Slop Oil Barge as previously described to be
maintained by either Port Administrator or COTP according
to actual organization.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
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SAFETY INSPECTION OF THE CEPED LABORATORY FACILITIES
At the request of the laboratory staff, the EPA team conducted a
safety inspection of the CEPED facilities. The safety problems identi-
fied were equally-divided between poor laboratory practices by the
staff and functional deficiencies of the buildings. Since most of
the laboratories are in the process of being remodeled, the opportunity
exists to correct the deficiencies with the buildings.
The safety hazards are listed by laboratory area. The first
time each problem is listed the reason for the hazard is discussed.
INSTRUMENT LABORATORY
1. A vacuum pump has no belt guard. Hands or feet can easily be
caught in belt causing their loss or damage.
2. Many gas cylinders are not strapped down. Cylinders can easily
be knocked over which could cause the valve to break and propel
the cylinder like a rocket.
3. No eyewash or.showers are located in the area. Handling of corro-
sive chemicals could cause severe burns if not quickly washed off.
4. There are no fume or exhaust hoods in the area where corrosive
and toxic fumes are commonly generated. Exposure to the fumes
can impair the health of the employees and damage the equipment.
5. Food and drinking water are stored in the same refrigerator used
to store toxic chemicals. This practice could poison some of
the lab staff.
6. Most of the staff do not wear-safety glasses. A chemical spill
could cause permanent eye damage.
7. Many chemicals are improperly stored. Many oxidants and reductants
are stored side-by-side on the benches and shelves. Examples
are the storage of nitric and sulfuric acids with toluene or
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perchloric acid with formaldehyde. Also, large quantities of
flammable organic solvents are stored on the bench. A serious
fire could result.
8. Even though safety pipet bulbs were available, most of the chemists
and technicians pipetted by mouth. Poisoning could easily result.
9. Some electrical boxes are mounted below the lab benches. Spilled
water or organic solvents could easily cause a fire or shock
hazard.
10. Several labs have only one exit and some existing doors are locked.
In addition, all doors should open out into the hall. In case
of a fire or explosion, the staff can be trapped in the labs.
X-RAY LABORATORY
1. One vacuum pump had a guard and the other did not.
2. Food was stored on the shelf with chemicals.
3. Oxidants and reductants are stored together.
4. Several gas cylinders were not strapped down.
5. One ground wire in back of the x-ray was not connected. No plugs
are grounded and wires were pulled through sharp metal plates
which could cut the insulation of the wire. Also, there was no
plug on the fan, two bare wires were plugged into the outlet.
All of these situations could cause a fire or shock hazard.
PHOTO LABORATORY
1. Many strong acids and oxidants are stored with solvents, paint,
and carboard boxes. A fire could easily result.
BIOLOGY LABORATORY
1. Several extension cords and electrical outlet boxes are sitting
on laboratory benches below large carboys of water.
2. There is no fume hood in the laboratory and yet chemicals that
are dangerous are routinely used in the room.
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3. Hydrogen peroxide^ a strong oxidant, is stored with organic solvents.
4. Many small bottles of organic compounds are leaking and should
be discarded.
5. Two large gas cylinders are not strapped down.
WET CHEMISTRY LABORATORY
1. The ceiling light near the hood in the small room does not have
a cover. The fluorescent tubes fall out periodically, scattering
glass over the area.
2. The hood in the small room is very corroded and the bottom doors
are stuck shut. This indicates that the hood does not draw enough
air to exhaust the fumes.
.3. The Kjeldahl distillation apparatus does not have a shield. The
flasks lean into the aisle and could spill on the laboratory
workers.
4. One chemical oxygen demand hot plate is sitting in a pool of
water. A shock hazard exists.
5. Most of the staff do not wear safety glasses.
6. A fan does not have a plug, but instead bare wires are connected
to the electrical outlet.
7. Oxidants, reductants and solvents are not stored separately.
MINERAL LABORATORY
1. Perchloric acid is routinely used in a wood hood. The hood and
upper duct work are very corroded. Many serious explosions have
resulted from using perchloric acid in hoods not specially designed
for its use. The hood should be thoroughly washed with water
and removed while keeping the hood wet. A stainless steel washdown
hood should be purchased if perchloric acid will be routinely
used in the future.
2. Reactive chemicals are stored together in both small rooms next
to the mineral laboratory.
3. Two very old gas cylinders are not strapped down.
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4. Food and water are stored in the large walk-in refrigerator along
with chemicals and microbiology media.
Recommendation:
1. Safety deficiencies should be expeditiously corrected to
avoid potential injury to laboratory staff.
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V. EVALUATION OF CEPED ORGANIZATION AND PROCEDURES
CEPED - Centro de Pesquisas e Desenvolvimento - the Center for
Research and Development, is an entity of the State of Bahia's adminis-
tration under the Secretary of Planning, Science and Technology.
CEPED was created by Decree No. 21913 on July 8, 1970 under the author-
ity of Law No. 2751 by December 19, 1969.
By statute and regulations, CEPED is a Research and Development
Center and provides consult!rag services to the government and industry.
This involves the development of technology for transfer to private
entrepreneurs. About 85% of the CEPEO budget comes from contracts
with corporations and government entities for consultant services.
In 1973, CEPED acquired additional responsibility as the central
Executive Agency of Environmental Pollution Central Policy. CEPED
has the following major responsibilities in environmental pollution:
1. Control of pollution, comprising an inventory of the charac-
teristics of soil, waters and air, and the noise levels in
the urban and industrial areas, having in view the establish-
ment of an environmental standards.
2. Prevention of pollution, demanding that the projects of
installation or enlargement of plants, or implementation of
services, follow the established standards.
3. Correction of existing pollution, by means of measures aimed
at the adapatation of installations or activies to the estab-
lished standards.
4. Studies for determination of maximum permissible limits of
pol1ution.
5. To promote the collection of data on facts of the environmen-
tal conditions.
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6. To organize regional plans for prevention of environmental
pollution in the State, to be sent for the State Council of
Environmental Protection's approval.
7. To study, bring up-to-date and send to the Council for approv-
al, rules necessary for the control of environmental pollution.
8. To promote, with all available means, the divulgation of
rules intended to reduce pollution.
9. To supply the Council periodically, with all information
concerning the evolution of environmental pollution in the
various regions, in all its phases and aspects.
10. To sign contracts and agreements with public agencies, federal,
state and municipal, private entites both national and foreign
for the good development of its work.
11. To study the residues for possible economical utilization
and to promote their use by interested parties.
12. To render technical assistance and to promote studies before
the industries, service establishments and public and private
agencies, aimed at the reduction of environmental pollution.
13. To issue technical reports whenever requested.
14. To exercise any other attributions, necessary for the ful-
fillment of its purposes.
Regulations dated October 4, 1973 and approved by the State Coun-
cil of Environmental Protection on July 24, 1974 require CEPED to:
1. Promote the inventory of environmental conditions.
2. Propose for approval of the Council the norms for sampling
and analysis for an inventory of soil, waters and air charac-
teristics, and the level of noise existing in the urban,
rural and industrial areas aiming at the maintenance of
their quality in levels compatible with environmental stan-
dards.
3. Carry out routine analysis for control of environmental
pol1ution.
4. Keep records of the polluting sources, both actual and poten-
tial .
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5. Study and propose the classification of the receiving waters,
as well as placing the bodies of waters in the respective
classification.
6. Study the admissible characteristics and the conditions for
discharge of effluents and residues in the waters and in
the soil.
7. Propose and submit to Council disciplinary technical norms
to be observed in urban and regional plans considered to be
of interest for the preservation of natural resources.
8. Promote the divulgation of technical norms aimed at reducing
environmental pollution.
9. Study the residues possible to be economically utilized,
and to promote their use before interested parties, employing
for this purpose its technical, administrative and judicial
infra-structure.
10. Render technical advisory assistance and promote, before
the industries, service establishments, public and private
agencies, studies aimed at reducing the environmental pollu-
tion.
11. Demand the adoption of corrective measures for adjustment
of installations capable of pollution of the environment to
the rules established in the present Regulations.
12. To propose basic norms for the concerned parties to comply
with the measures to correct pollution.
13. To issue technical reports when the necessity is proved.
14. To sign contracts or agreements with public federal, state
municipal, private entities, national and foreign, for the
good development of its work.
15. To supply periodically the Council with information con-
cerning the development of the environmental pollution prob-
lems in the various regions, in all phases and aspects of
such problems.
16. To exercise any other attributions necessary to the fulfill-
ment of its purposes.
Because CEPED acts as a consulting firm to industry and as the
primary agency for environmental protection, conflicting roles exist.
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This was evident not only from a policy review standpoint but during
field activities when industrial pollution problems were discussed
and the industry would want advice on corrective measures.
Organizationally, CEPED has four major subdivisions reporting to
a Board of three Directors. The subdivisions are PROMAM, Mineral
Technology, PROTAM, and the Laboratories. The environmental program
is within PROMAM and consists of functions in the following areas:
Law Enforcement, Permits, Monitoring and Environmental Evaluation,
and Planning.
PROMAM consists of technical and legal expertise to assure indus-
trial facility compliance with statutory and regulatory requirements.
The State laws and regulations generally do not establish mandatory
requirements which obligate industries to comply, although monetary
penalties for water pollution can be assessed.
PROMAM technical personnel are divided into 4 groups: project
analysis, control and inspection of wastewater sources, control and
inspection of air pollution sources, and environmental studies. Ac-
cording to CEPED personnel, the groups tend to work independently
with little interchange of information. It is imperative that infor-
mation be exchanged routinely between supervisors and workers to ensure
better utilization of manpower.
Industrial inspections and water quality evaluations of 4 major
river basins are being accomplished with 7 technical people. These
inspectors are divided up by river basins and due to the number of
pollution sources involved, are not able to adequately cover their
areas. As a result, river basin water quality has not improved signi-
ficantly. Data continues to be collected on a routine basis with no
significant changes in water quality.
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RECOMMENDATIONS
1. Environmental enforcement, including permit issuance should be
segregated from CEPED and set up as a separate administrative
agency reporting to the State Council,
2. A priority system should be established whereby the majority of
the resources are devoted to identifying and correcting pollution
problems on a basin-by-basin concept. A team approach should be
used with each group consisting of: law expertise, Biologists,
Engineers, Chemists, etc., with team members having expertise in
one or more industrial classification. The remaining resources
should be used to investigate complaints and as a followup on
enforcement activities.
A team would be assigned a priority basin to evaluate water qual-
ity, compliance with water quality standards, pollution contribu-
ting industries and determine wasteload allocations. Based upon
this information, discharge permits would be established identi-
fying interim effluent limitations and final effluent limits
with a construction compliance schedule to achieve water quality
standards. To the extent feasible, permit discharge limits should
be established based upon available technology rather than simply
compliance with water quality standards because of the difficulty
of allocating wasteloads. Therefore, effluent standards similar
to EPA1s effluent guidelines should be established for incorpora-
tion into permits. The priority basin listing must be reviewed
periodically by management to ensure that governmental goals and
agency policies are being met.
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APPENDIX A
COOPERATIVE PROJECT AGREEMENT
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COOPERATIVE PROJECT AGREEMENT
.BETWEEN THE
CENTRO DE PESQUISAS E DESENVOLVIMENTO (CEPED)
STATE OF BAHIA, BRAZIL
AND THE
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OF
THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Service contract between CEPED-Centro de Pesquisas e
Desenvolvimento (Research and Development Center) and the
Environmental Protection Agency. CEPED-Centro de pesquisas
deDesenvolvimento, with headquarters at Camagari, fan-0 of
BR-536, Bahia, registered in the C.G.C. (Cadastro Geral
dc Comercio-General Business Register) under number 13.532.221/
0001-5 2, hereinafter designated simply as CEPED, and the
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of International
Activities, with headquarters at 401 M. Street, S.W.,
Washington, D.C. 20460, hereinafter designated simply as
EPA, agree and conversant the rendering of consulting services
regarding the establishment of research in the environmental
studies laboratory and the training of technicians in
monitoring procedures, in the manner and under the conditions
herein established.
1. Subject to the terms and conditions hereinafter
set forth, the FPA will make available to CEFFD for the
purpose of assisting CEPED in the development of its
environmental protection capabilities, personnel and equip-
ment required to perform the following services:
A. Conduct a workshop dealing with air and
water monitoring procedures, analytical
quality control, bioassays and methodology
developments. The workshop will be
developed and conducted by a scientific
support team consisting of a process
engineer specializing in industrial
manufacturing and waste technology, a
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monitoring engineer, a chemist and a
biologist in cooperation with CEPED and
other interested parties such as personnel
from the Federal University of Bahia.
Emphasis will be given to the implemen-
tation of screening procedures such as
turbidity, suspended solids correlations and
short-term BOD. The workshop will consist
of actual process inspections and effluent
monitoring of major sources of water
pollution in the area and placing of
ambient air monitors on an experimental
basis. Samples resulting from this effort
will be returned to the United. States for
quality assurance checking, comparative
methods evaluation for the University and
a chemica-L analysis of selected materials
in the effluents. The workshop will also
demonstrate bioassay and algal assay pro-
cedures to be used as screening methods
in determining the presence ana effect of
toxic materials. A tentative suggested
agenda for the workshop is contained in
Appendix I.
B. To develop an adequate data base, EPA will
assist CEPED in the design and implemen-
tation of a self-reporting discharge
monitoring program for the major polluting
industries. This program, similar to that
now used in the national pollutant dis-
charge-elimination system of the USEPA will
ensure an adequate data base with a minimal
stress on CEPED resources. A specialist
in handling and utilization of self-monitoring
data will consult with CEPED personnel and
industrial sources on design and implementation
of such a program- This consultation shall
also consist of recommendations for small,
inexpensive computer-calculators capable of
storing data and reporting results in terms
of exceeding confidence limits. This would
permit CEPED to establish priorities for its
independent inspectors. This consultation
would most - efficiently be schedxiled at the
same time as the workshop to permit communi-
cation with industrial sources on proper self-
sampling of their wastes.
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C. An oil pollution expert shall consult
with representatives of CEPED concerning
the development of spill prevention control
and contingency plans, treatment technology
and effluent limitations for off-shore
drilling rigs, recommendations for acquiring
equipment available for containment of oil
after a spill, and handling and treatment
-of ballast and bilge water.
D. As a follow up, EPA will arrange for a
visit by a CEPED representative to an
oil pollution control center such as the
U.S. Navy treatment facilities at San Diego
and Long Beach, California. Discussions
would include necessary regulations for
implementing an oil pollution control
program.
SPECIAL CLAUSE: The purpose of the services are described
in the Environmental Protection Agency proposal dated
September 20, 1977, which is an integral part of this contract.
2. As funds for payment to EPA will be provided pursuant
to the CEPED/IDB/FINEP (FINEP is Financiadora de Sstudos e
Projetos S.A.-Corporation for Financing Studies and Projects}
Agreement, this contract shall enter into force after its
terms have been approved by the IDB (Inter-American Develop-
ment Bank), and after the first payment has been received by
EPA.
3. Ninety daysistheestimated duration of the services
to be performed under the first clause of this Agreement.
4. CEPED undertakes to pay EPA, for the services covered
by this contract the sum of U.S. $50,860.00 as follows:
A. CEPED will provide in advance US. $30,516.00
(60 percent cf full amount of funds necessary
to cover the cost described herein), US
$10,172.00 (20 percent) after EPA consulting
is finished and US $10,172.00 (20 percent)
upon presentation of final report. The EPA
may draw on these funds to defray the costs
incurred in providing such services.
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B. The EPA shall provide to CEPED a statement
at the end of the project period during
which the trust account is operative of
funds in the account at the beginning o£
such period, disbursement from the account
during such period, and the balance in the
account at the end of such period.
C. In no event shall EPA be obligated to pro-
vide services under this Agreement for which
funds are not available in the trust account.
D. If, upon termination of this Agreement,
there are funds remaining in the trust account
after all costs have been defrayed and all
liabilities satisfied, such funds shall be
refunded to CEPED.
(1) Payments referred to under this clause
shall be made by the IDB in United States
dollars, directly to the EPA in the
United States.
(2) CEPED shall provide adequate staff to
support EPA1s personnel. The numbers
and disciplines of such support staff
shall be determined by jnutual consent
between EPA's designated team leader and
CEPEDTs designated officer.
(3) CEPED shall provide EPA's personnel who
are assigned, to perform services under
this Agreement: office space, furniture,
clerical staff, communications, local
transport and the necessary equipment
available in Brazil for the efficient
performance of their services.
(4) CEPED shall support EPA's personnel
who are assigned to perform services
Tinder this Agreement by providing all
necessary permits and authorizations for
carrying out the services. This includes
obtaining the necessary entry authorizations
onto industrial facilities tc allow on-site
training on methods of process and control
evaluations.
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- 5 -
(5} CEPED will pay to EPA. its domestic
ana foreign costs for all travel,
personnel compensation, per diem,
transportation of equipment, pre-
paration of workshop materials and
other direct and indirect costs under
this Agreement. Payment shall be com-
puted in accordance with prevailing
United States standardized regulations
and shall be certified by EPA. A
budget with estimated costs is set
forth in Appendix II.
(6) CEPED shall be responsible for the
payment of any taxes which may be
collected ly OaverriTr.ent of Brazil as
a result of this contract.
5- EPA undertakes - to deliver to CEPED, within 90 days
after the work has been completed, a final report in four
copies of which three shall be for the IDB and FINEP, covering
all the work carried out, its results, and pertinent recommen-
dations .
SPECIAL CLAUSE; In addition tc the aforesaid report, EPA
undertakes to furnish other documents and reports which the
IDB and FINEP may require concerning cooperation, consulting
work, and research carried out under this contract by writing
wi.thin 30 days after the presentation of the final report.
6. Subcontracting by the EPA to third parties without
prior approval by CEPED and IDB/FINEP is expressly forbidden.
7. '"Any dispute between CEPED and the EPA resulting from
the execution of this contract shall be settled by agreement
between the parties: If it is not possible to reach such
agreement, the dispute shall be resolved by an arbitration
commission consisting of three members, a representative of
CEPED, a representative of the EPA, and a representative of
IDB/FINEP, who shall have, the tie-breaking vote.
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&. . This Agreement shall come into effect upon signature
by both parties and shall remain in effect for one year and
may be extended, subject to revision or extension, as mutually
agreed, for such period and on such terms as are mutually
agreeable to the parties.
EPA authority for this Agreement is 22 U.S.C. 2357.
All attachments to th:s. Agreement become an integral
part of this Agreement.
In witness whereof, the parties hereto have executed
this Agreement on the 19th day of December , 1978.
United States of America Government o,f Bahia, Brazil
Environmental Protection Agency CEPED
by r by:
0 CLaJl}
Charles GenfrV / \ D/. Jose Adeodato de Sou7.a Neto
InternationlaljyJctivities Specialist /Technical and Scientific Director
DlZiM
Dr7~~Carroll Wills
Chief Enforcement Specialist _
Project Manager
Peter D. Whitney
U.S. Consul,- Salvador, Brazil
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A-7
APPENDIX I
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING WORKSHOP
SUGGESTED TOPICS
A. Planning for monitoring surveys - Air and Water
1. Examination of emission, effluent and water
quality requirements.
2. Examination of previous data base.
3. Reconnaissance of area to be surveyed -
geographical and hydrological characteristics
appraisal.
4. Development of study plans and equipment needs.
5. Facility inspection and. industrial process
verification.
B. Chain of Custody (integrity of sample and records) -
Air and Water
C. Survey procedures - Development and use of checklists -
Air and Water
D. Flow measurement and tracer techniques - Water
E. Automatic Samplers - operation and maintenance ~
Air and Water
G. Use and operation of other field and laboratory equipment.
H. Analytical and quality control procedures.
I. Bio-Assay and algal assay procedures and quality
control.
J. Response schedules; reporting formats
K. Alternate testing methodology - screening tests.
L. Process inspections and field monitoring of major selected
sources.
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A-8
APPENDIX II
COST ESTIMATES
A. Monitoring and Process Inspection Workshop
1. Personnel costs - four persons
Personnel compensation 4 x $2,900 = $11,600
Transportation = 4 x $1,400 each = 5,600
Per Diem = 30 days @ $49.00/day x 4 = 5,880
2. Indirect costs = 30% of personnel
costs = 6,920
3. Transportation, of equipment = 1,50 0
4. Preparation of workshop material ,
and process inspection reports = 1, 000
Sub-Total $32 ,500
B. Development of Self Monitoring Procedures
1. Personnel costs - one person
Personnel compensation = $ 2,900
Transportation = 1,400
Per Diem = 30 days @ $49.00/day = 1,470
2. Indirect costs = 30% of personnel
costs = 1,730
3. Preparation of evaluation and
recommendations on data equipment = 500
Sub-Total $ 8,000
C. Oil Pollution Specialist to Salvador and CEPED
1. Personnel costs - one person
Personnel compensation = $ 2,900
Transportation = 1,300
Per Diem = 30 day @ $49.00/day = 1,470
2. Indirect costs - 30% of personnel
costs = 1,700
3. Preparation of Spill Contingency
Guidelines and plan of operation
for oil spill emergencies = 1,000
Sub-Total $ 8,370
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A-9
D. CEPED Specialist to U.S.
1/
1. Personnel costs - one person
Transportation
Per Diem = 14 days @ $35.00/day
Sub-Total
$ 1,500
490
$ 1,990
TOTAL A+B+C+D
$50,860
1/ CEPED shall withhold $1,990 from the total
cost of the project ($50,860) to pay travel
cost of CEPED specialist visit to U.S. Total
amount to be deposited by CEPED pursuant to
item 4(A) of Agreement is $48,87 0.
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APPENDIX B
STATEMENT OF ACCOUNT
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B-l
STATEMENT OF ACCOUNT
COOPERATIVE PROJECT AGREEMENT
BETWEEN THE
CENTRO DE PESQUISAS E DESENVOLVIMENTO (CEPED)
STATE OF BAHIA, BRAZIL
AND THE
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OF
THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Pursuant to Clause 4(B) of the Cooperative Project Agreement
executed by CEPED, Government of Bahia, Brazil, and the United States
Environmental Protection Agency on December 19, 1978, the following
statement of account is presented:
1. Trust Account $50,860.00
2. Less cost of CEPED Specialist
to U.S. 1,990.00
3. Trust amount pursuant to
Clause 4(A) 48,870.00
4. Disbursements from account:
I. Air Transportation 6,478.00
II. Per Diem & Travel 12,798.17
III. Air Freight & Excess
Baggage for Shipment 3,350.03
of Equipment
(Does not include air
freighting of equipment
from Salvador to Denver
($1025.00) which was paid
by CEPED)
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B-2
IV. Personnel Costs on-site
in Salvador for Technical lc rnc 7Q
. . , lD,obb./y
Assistance
V. Personnel & Supply
costs for Preparation
of.Works hop Material,
reports, etc. Pre and
post on-site Tech. Assis-
tance 10,457.79
TOTAL
5. Balance in Account
$49,740.78
- 0 -
CERTIFIED BY:
Date ^ c\
Thomas P. Gallagher, Director
National Enforcement Investigations Center
United States Environmental Protection Agency
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APPENDIX C
COMMUNICATION WITH CEPED
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C-l
Hay !C» 1079
ffaria de Fatir^ia da Silva Ferreiro
CEPEO (Proinatn/Lea)
SEDE: KM 0 da CA 535-CX Postal 09
42.300 - CAHACARI
Bahia, Brazil, South fearica
Dear Fatima:
Let.ir:e begin by thanking you and your associates at CEFED for helping
ins nake our recant workshop so successful. It was a joy to work with
the caliber of professional biologists that you hava at ClPED.
In reviewing c;y notes, I found your list of requests for information
on: (1} taxonoity of Artefiiia, (2) specifications for a submarine
photometer, (3) specifications for your Kahlslco Deck Plankton Collector
(Cat- Mo. G12WA553}, (4) methodology for phytoplankton productivity
(0~ and C,,) and (5) a pictorial guide to algae in water supplies.
I nave gathered this information together and ^111 discuss each issue
below.
Taxonoi^ of Arteeiia
The taxonosiic status of Arteaia has long been controversial, especially
1n Europe where Artetaia snows much greater variability than it does in
the USA. The present consensus is that there is a single cosmopolitan
species» Artesila salina Leach, which has munerous intsrgrading physiological
and trsorpho logical varieties. Taxonomy is as follows:
Kingdom: Animal
Phyluia: Arthropods
Class: Crustacea
Subclass: Granchiopoda
Division: Eubranchlpoda
Order: Anostraca
Family: Artsrciidae
Genus: Artegrj a
Species: salina
Submarine Photc^etsr
Ws discussed the usa of a submarine photcrteter for your future studies
with plankton and prls-iary productivity. The siodel we use to determine
the depth of the euphotic zona (>1* surface light} is Kahlsico Mo. 258WA310.
Enclosed with this letter, is a xerox copy of the specifications for
this photometer.
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C-2
2
Thers is an alternate method that you can use until CEPED purchases a
photometer. It is not as accurate as the photometer but it will provide
you with a good estimate of the euphotic zone. The method was described
by Jacob Verduin in 1956 (Primary Production in Lakes: Limnology and
Oceanography, v. 1, no. 2, p. -35-91). An estimate of the lower limit
of the euphoric zone can be obtained by multiplying the Secchi disc
depth by five.
Deck Plankton Collector
The plankton collector that you showed to me during our workshop sessions
appears to be incoifiplets. 1 do not recall seeing the plankton bucket,
or the subssrsible pump. To facilitate your understanding of how the
plankton collector functions, I have attached a brief description of the
device.
I have some reservations about using this type of collector. There are
certain types of marine organisms (ciliates and flagellates) that will
avoid the suction of the pump-, hence, these organism will seldom be
collected in this manner. The Clarke-Eumpus plankton sampler you have
at CEPED is better suited for trapping the motile plankton types.
Productivity - Oxygen Method
As we discussed during the workshop, there are two well-established
methods for measuring phytoplankton productivity in situ. These are
the oxygen method and Carbon 14 method. Both methods involve the clear
(light) and darkened (dark) bottles that are filled vrfth water samples
and suspended at various depth intervals for in situ Incubation periods
of several hours.
I will discuss the oxygen method first because you expressed more interest
in it than in the C,« method. The chief advantage of the Gxygen method
is that It provides estiwates of cjross and net productivity and respiration
using inexpensive laboratory equipment and coirmon reagents.
Concept
The concentration of dissolved oxygen is determined at the beginning and
at the end of the in situ incubation period. Productivity is calculated
on the assumption that ona atom of carbon is assimilated for each molecule
of oxygen released.
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C-3
3
Apparatus
a. Nun'.barad, 300-mjI » clear pyrex cr borosilicon BOD bottles with
ground-glass stopper and flared motjth, for sample incubation*
The bottles should be acid-cleaned ar.d thoroughly rinsed v,jith the
water being tested prior to use. Detergents containing phosphorus
should not be used.
Suitable opaque bottles n:ay not be coirrrerciaTly available. Clear
BOD bottles can be raade opaque by painting with black paint and
wrapping with black cellulose tape. As a further precaution, the
entire bottle should be v/rapped in alumimiEf foil or placed in a
light-tight container during incubation.
b. A supporting line or rack that does not shade the suspended
bottles* (See Figure 1 in the publication I enclosed about the
study in Lake Koocanusa, Montana:]
c. A, rtor®&tal 1 ic opaque Lucite or Uscolits Van Dom sarapler -or
equivalent, of 3-to 5-liter capacity. (Similar to the one I
demonstrated during our field trips.)
d. Laboratory eeuiprpent and reagents for dissolved oxygen
determinations. (l/inkier rsthod)
Procedure
a. Determine the depth of the euphotic zona (the region that
received or rccre of surface iUuraination) with a submarine
photo-neter, cr the Secchi disc method (mentioned earlier in this
letter).- Depth intervals for bottle placement are thea.selected.
The pftotosynthasis-depth curve v/ill be closely approximated by
placing samples at intervals of one-tenth the depth of the
euphotic zone. (Example: If the euphotic zone is 25 teeters deep,
place the light-dark bottles at depth intervals of 2.5 rrsters each
or surface* 2.5 m, 5.0 m, 7.5 10 m, 12.5 ni etc.) Productivity
in relatively shallov; water (>3Grs) May be adequately estimated using
fewer depth intervals. (Lxasnple: If the euphotic zone is 1 Om,
iiiciibate bottles at surface, 2r?,t 4n, 5i:i, &;i, and 10m.)
b. Introduce samples taken frora each preselected depth into
duplicate clear, darkened and initial-analysis bottles. Insert
the delivery tuba of the seinpler to the bottom of the sample bottle
and fill the bottle so that three volumes of water are allowed to
overflow. Slowly remove the tube and close the bottle. Water
used to fill a "set" (one light, one dark, and one initial bottle)
should corre from the same grab sun-pi a.
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C-4
4
c. Samples taken for the chemical determination of initial dissolved
oxygen should be treated issued lately (fixed) with rcanganGus sulfate,
alkalirie iodide, and sulfuric acid. Analyses (Winkler titration) may
ba delayed several hours but tha "fixed" samples must be placed cn
ice and protected fron« direct sunlight.
d. Suspend the duplicate paired clear and darkened bottles at tha
depth frcai which the samples were taken and incubate. Usual incubation
is from dawn until noon or noon until dusk, or for the entire
pbotoperiod of a single day,
e. At the end of the exposure period, fix the samples icinediately
as described above arid determine the dissolved oxygen. Average the
results obtained from duplicates. Tha Increase in oxygen concentration
in the light bottle during incubation is a measure of net production
which, because of the concurrent use of oxygen in respiration,
is sofsewhat less than the total {c-r gross) production. The loss of
oxygen in the dark bottles is used as an estisnate of respiration.
Thus:
Met photosynthesis»L1ght bottler-initial^
Respi rati on»Initial^-dark bottle^
Gross photosynthesisaLight bottler-dark bottle^
Productivity is defined as the rate of production and is generally
reported in grams of carbon fixed per square meter per day.
Calculations
a. The gross or net production is calculated for each incubation
depth and plotted.
3 TO
Kg carbon fixed/a =mg oxygen released/liter x *~/32 x 1 »000
b. The productivity of a vertical column of water one mater square
is determined by plotting the value for each exposure depth and
graphically integrating the area under the productivity curve.
c. The data are adjusted to represent production for the entire
photoperiod. Sines photosynthetic rates vary widely during the
daily cycle, conversion of data obtained from exposure periods other
than those described nsay be difficult or completely impossible.
Productivity - Carbon 14 Method
This method is much more expensive to perform and it requires major types
of analytical equipment.
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:C-5
5
Concept
1 r
A solution of radioactive carbonate ( 4CCU=) is added to light and dark
bottles which have been filled with water samples (as described above in
the oxygen rcathod). Following 1n situ incubation, the plankton is collected
on a membrane filter, and assayed with a scintillation counter for radio-
activity. The quantity of carbon fixed is considered to be proportional to the
fraction of radioactive carbon assimilated.
As you can see, this procedure differs from the oxygen method I described
previously in that C,^ affords a direct rasasurement of carbon uptake.
Although the Cmethod is nsore sensitive than the oxygen r^etrtod, it
does have so/vte shortcomings. The C-.* flatbed measures only net photosynthesis
and it fails to account for the orgastic Eiatarials that leach from the
phytoplankton cells during the in si tit incubation period.
Because you asked for an example of the use of the Carbon 14 method, I have
enclosed a cony of a report prepared at the Denver laboratory. This
report concerns a study of aquatic primary productivity (photosynthesis)
done in Lake tCoocanusa in the state of Piontana. 1 am sending the entire
report but I call your attention to pages 6 thru. 23 which describes our
rretbod step by step. I also suggest you study Figure 1 on page 9;
it shows a method far suspending the BOD bottles in the water column
during the in; situ incubation pariod.
Algae in Water Supplias
The last item you requested was an algal key with plates showing typical
types of aloae that are associated with pollution problems. The best
single, reference I haye in my library is "Algae in Water Supplias" by
C. ffervin Palmer (1953). It is an illustrated manual on the identification,
significance and control of algae in water supplies of the United States.
Many of these algae are cosmopolitan species and I'm sure you find them
in the streass of Bahia just as we do in Colorado.
If you or the other biologists have questions about the materials I'm
sending with this letter or other issues we discussed during our workshop,
please write to nse.
In closing, I would like to express once again my gratitude to all the
biology staff at CEPED for making my first visit to South America so
rewarding.
Best personal regards,
Robert F. Schneider
End osures
cc: C. Hills
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