United States Environmental Protection Agency Research and Development Office of Exploratory Research Washington DC 204460 sfcEPA Abstracts of Phase I and Phase II Awards Small Business Innovation Research Program 1988 ------- U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY SMALL BUSINESS INNOVATION RESEARCH (SBIR) PROGRAM For Fiscal Year 1988 PHASE I AWAEDEES PROGRAM SOLICITATION D800008M1 PHASE II AWARDEES PROGRAM SOLICITATION D800009M1 Prepared by Office of Research and Development Office of Exploratory Research U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Washington, DC 20460 ------- DTSCTATMER This brochure has been reviewed and approved for publication in accordance with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency policy. Any mention of trade names or commercial products in the brochure does not in any manner constitute endorsement or recoomendation for its use. ------- CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 ABSTRACT OF PHASE I AWARDS 2 Topic A Drinking Water Treatment 3 1. MEMBRANE FERVAFORATION FOR REMOVAL OF ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS FROM DRINKING WATER SUPPLIES Bend Research, Inc. Bend, OR 97701 3 2. HEAVY METAL REMOVAL AT THE PPB LEVEL FROM CULINARY WATER USING A NOVEL MACBOCYCLE-SILICA GEL DEVICE IBC Advanced Technologies, Inc. Orem, UT 84058 4 3. IONIC SURFACES TO BIOLOGICAL CONTROL Ionic Atlanta-Alford and Rogers Atlanta, GA 30309 4 Topic B Municipal and Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Pollation Control 5 4. REMOVAL OF ORGANIC SOLVENT CONTAMINANTS FROM INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT STREAMS BY PERVAFORATION Membrane Technology and Research, Inc. Menlo Park, CA 94025 5 5. MUNICIPAL WASTE WATER RECLAMATION WITH ULTRAFILTRATION Separation Processes, Inc. Soloma Beach, CA 92075 6 6. PROCESS MODIFICATION TO MINIMIZE TOXIC CHEMICAL GENERATION IN VERMICULITE PROCESSING Enoree Minerals Corporation Laurens, SC 29360 6 Topic D Solid and Hazardous Waste Disposal and Pollution Control . 7 7. CHLORINATED PLASTICS SEPARATION FROM MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE National Recovery Technologies, Inc. Nashville, TN 37212 7 8. INDUSTRIAL PAINT SLUDGE WASTE DISPOSAL Procedyne Corporation New Brunswick, NJ 08903 8 i ------- 9. ELECTROLYTIC TREATMENT OF WASTE PICKLING LIQUOR TO RECOVER A HARMLESS SOLID AND ALL THE PICKLING ACID FOR RECYCLE F learning and Wickett Issaquah, WA 98027 9 10. A STAGED FLUID BED CONTRACTOR FOR THE ECONOMIC THERMAL DESTRUCTION OF TOXIC CHEMICALS ON SOILS Energy and Environmental Engineering, Inc. East Cambridge, MA 02141 9 11. A HIGH EFFICIENCY TRIVALENT CHROMIUM BATH FOR HARD CHROME PLATING Electrochemical Innovations Portland, OR 97217 10 12. TECHNOLOGY FOR DETOXIFYING SOLID AND LIQUID ORGANIC WASTES Synlize, Inc. Brookline, MA 02146 10 13. CATALYTIC STABILIZED THERMAL COMBUSTION OF HAZARDOUS ORGANICS Precision Combustion, Inc. New Haven, CT 06511 11 14. CHLORINE CAPTURING DURING PYROLYSIS OF REFUSE-DERIVED FUEL Entropic Technologies Corporation Lansing, MI 48933 12 15. CONTAINMENT OF TOXIC WASTE BY IN SITU CONSTRUCTION OF BARRIER WALL Fluidyne Corporation Auburn, WA 98002 12 16. STABILIZATION OF ORGANIC POLLUTANTS Environmental Pro tec i ton Polymers, Inc. Hawthorne, CA 90250 13 Topic G Prorgftfl InRtnimmrhatlon for Improved Pollution Cnnt.ml . . 14 17. RAPID ENZYME IMMUNOASSAY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICAL HAZARDS Bio-Metric Systems, Inc. Eden Prairie, MN 55344 14 ii ------- 18. FEASIBILITY OF AN INTEGRATED, CONTINUOUS PROCESS USING AUTOMATIC INSTRUMENTATION AND STATISTICAL ANALYSES TO SEDUCE COSTS AND TO INCREASE THE EFFICIENCY OF PEAK DETECTION AND POLLUTION CONTROL IN UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANKS Production Monitoring and Control Co. San Antonio, TX 78217 15 19. LOW COST FIBER-OPTIC PROBE FOR ON-LINE EMISSION CONTROL OF PARTICULATE LADEN FLOWS Insitec San Ramon, CA 94583 16 20. NOVEL SENSORS FOR METAL-ION DETECTION AND QUANTIFICATION Bend Research, Inc. Bend, OR 97701-8599 17 Topic H Air Pollution Contra! 18 21. Pt/Bh/Y-STABILIZED-ZIRCONIA CATALYST FOR THE TREATMENT OF AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST GAS PCP Consulting & Research, Inc. Lawrenceville, NJ 08648 18 22. COMPREHENSIVE AIR POLLUTION CONTROL USING THE ELECTRON BEAM PROCESS Energy Sciences, Inc. Woburn, MA 01801 18 23. RECOVERY OF ORGANIC SOLVENT VAPORS BY MEMBRANES Membrane Technology and Research, Inc. Menlo Park, CA 94025 19 24. ADDITIVES FOR NQx EMISSIONS CONTROL FROM FIXED SOURCES (PE-llOBs-88) FSI Technology Company Andover, MA 01810-7100 20 25. MATERIALS FOR SELECTIVE ADSORPTION OF CARBON MONOXIDE Technology Development Associates Golden, CO 80401 . 20 ABSTRACT OF PHASE II AWARDS 22 Topic B Municipal and Industrial Wastgwatfyr Treatment and Pollution Control 23 1. A PROCESS TO PRODUCE PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARDS WITHOUT GENERATING LIQUID OR SOLID WASTE HI Electronics, Inc. Burnsville, MI 55337 23 iii ------- 2. REMOVAL OF ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS FROM INDUSTRIAL WASTE- WATER BY PERVAFORATION Bend Research, Inc. Bend, OR 97701-8599 24 Topic D Solid and Hazardous Waste Disposal and Pollution Control . 24 3. PROCESSING OF SPENT PETROLEUM RES ID DESULFURIZATION CATALYST FOR VALUE RECOVERY AMD HAZARDOUS WASTE ELIMINATION Chemical & Metal Industries, Inc. Denver, CO 80216 24 4. A HYBRID FLUIDIZED BED INCINERATION FOR HAZARDOUS WASTES CONTAINING METALS Energy and Environmental Research Corporation Irvine, CA 92718 25 5. LIQUID WASTE MINIMIZATION AND DESTRUCTION USING THE AL-CHEM DETOXIFIER Al-Chem Fuels, Inc. Dimaitt, TX 79027 26 Topic E Mitigation of Rnvlmnmfmtj.1 Pollution Problems 27 6. ALTERNATIVE MARINE COATINGS, AN ENVIRONMENTAL OPTION Kross, Inc. Hillsborough, NJ 08876 27 7. ELUCIDATION OF PHOTOCATALYTIC PURIFICATION PROCESSES FOR THE REMOVAL OF TCE AND METAL IONS FROM WATERS AT SUPERFUND SITES Photo-Catalytics, Inc. Boulder, CO 80303 28 Topic F Air Pollution Onntml 29 8. 0N-B0AHD DIMETHYL ETHER GENERATION TO REDUCE METHANOL FUELED VEHICLE HUSSION DURING COLD OPERATION Technology Development Associates, Inc. Golden, CO 80401 29 9. REDUCTION OF DIESEL PARTICULATE BY ELECTROSTATIC AGGLOMERATION, INTERNAL COLLECTION AND REBURNING Hamilton Maurer International, Inc. Houston, TX 77242-2320 29 10. REDUCTION OF ELECTRONICS INDUSTRY TOXIC AIR EMISSIONS THROUGH THE USE OF A NOVEL VENT GAS SCRUBBER Advanced Technology Materials, Inc. New Milford, CT 06776 30 iv ------- 11. REDUCED ENTRAINMENT PRECIPITATOR, PHASE II ETS, Inc. Roanoke, VA 24018 31 12. A STUDY OF THE REGENERABILITY OF A UNIQUE NEW SORBENT THAT REMOVES S02-N0x FROM FLUE GASES Sanitech, Inc. Twinsburg, OH 44087 32 ALFHEBETICAL LIST OF AWARDEES 34 v ------- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Small Business Innovation Research Program This brochure contains abstracts of the 25 Phase I awards and 12 Phase II awards made in 1988 by the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) Program. The SBIR Program funds high-risk research in EPA program areas that could lead to significant opportunities and public benefits if the research is successful. The EPA SBIR Program encourages proposals in advanced application areas in the field of environmental engineering and environmental monitoring instrumentation, where it is directly connected to pollution control processes. Objectives of the three-phased program, in addition to supporting high-quality research, include stimulating technological innovation, increasing the commercial applications of EPA supported research, and improving the return on investment from Federally funded research for its economic and social benefits to the nation. The SBIR Program is highly competitive. In 1988, the SBIR Program received 205 Phase I proposals which resulted in twenty-five awards. Phase I provides up to $50,000 for six months to determine, as much as possible within these limitations, whether the research idea appears technically feasible, whether the small firm can do high-quality research. If the project achieves these goals sufficiently, and excels competitively, this then justifies larger government support. The Phase I final report also serves as a base for follow-on funding commitment discussions, as well as assisting in ascertaining success. Phase II is the principal research effort for those projects that appear most premising after the first phase and averages $150,000 for a period of one to two years. In 1987, EPA received 240 Phase I proposals which resulted in twenty-four awards. Phase I provided up to $50,000 for six months. Fran among this group of Phase I awards, EPA received twenty-four Phase II proposals and, as earlier indicated, made twelve Phase II awards. Phase III is the product (or process) development phase, and involves follow-on non-Federal funding, such as from venture capital or large industrial firms, to pursue potential commercial applications of the government-funded research. No SBIR funds are provided in Phase III. Walter H. Preston, Program Manager Donald F. Carey, Science Advisor U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Exploratory Research (RD-675) 401 M Street, SW Washington, DC 20460 (202) 382-7445 ------- ABSTRACT OF PHASE I AWARDS SBIR 1988 ------- Topic A PrlnTting Water Trga+Jinsnt 1. MEMBRANE PERVAPORATION FOR REMOVAL OF ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS FROM DRINKING! WATER SUPPLIES Bend Research, Inc. 64550 Research Road Bend, OR 97701 503/382-4100 John M. Radovich, Principal Investigator EPA Region 10 Amount: $49,944.00 Contamination of the nation s drinking water supplies by hazardous, synthetic volatile organic chemicals (VOCs) is becoming a widespread problem. This problem is of great concern with respect to contaminated groundwater. Groundwater is the source of drinking water for about half the nation. The EPA estimates that up to 20% of the drinking water that comes from groundwater contains VOCs. Methods for removing VOCs from groundwater that are cost-effective for many sizes of water treatment plants must be developed. This study will evaluate the technical and economic feasibility of using a membrane-based process—pervaporation—to extract these VOCs from drinking water supplies. This technology promises to be an innovative alternative to the expensive processes now used that are based on packed-tower air stripping and granular activated- carbon adsorption. In membrane pervaporation," the dissolved VOCs are selectively transported across a semipermeable membrane by permeation, followed by evaporation. The investigators will screen membranes for their VOC- removal efficiency and then construct a bench-scale test loop to determine the VX-removal efficiency of the membrane pervaporation process. Membrane pervaporation has the potential to be more energy- efficient and to be significantly less costly than packed-tower air- stripping or granular activated-carbon adsorption processes. The investigators will use Phase I data to assess the economics of the membrane-based pervaporation process for comparison with those of packed- tower air-stripping and granular activated-carbon adsorption. They will perform these analyses for relatively small-scale water treatment systems, as the smaller-scale systems are the ones most likely to be contaminated by VOCs, If the process appears technically and economically feasible, the investigators will propose a Phase II continuation with a pilot-scale demonstration unit and the ultimate goal of Phase III commercialization. Successful completion of this Phase I program would demonstrate the technical and economic feasibility of membrane pervaporation processes for removing VOCs from drinking water supplies. It would also clearly demonstrate the membrane-based system's major advantages over the commercially available packed-tower air-stripping and granular activated- carbon adsorption systems. This membrane process has many potential commercial water treatment applications. Specific commercial applications related to the Phase I research include removal of VOCs from contaminated drinking water supplies, aquiferB, industrial waste streams, 3 ------- reclaimed water, municipal wastewater, and the sites of hazardous chemical spills. 2. HEAVY METAL REMOVAL AT THE FPB LEVEL FROM CULINARY WATER USING A NOVEL MACROCYCLE-SILICA GEL DEVICE IBC Advanced Technologies, c/o Tronac, Inc. 1167 N. Industrial Park Road Orem, UT 84057 801/224-8264 Bryon Tarbet, Principal Investigator EPA Region 8 Amount: $50,000.00 It is desirable to have a method for efficient, cost effective, and simultaneous removal of Fb(II), Ag (I), Cd(II) and Hg(II) from potable water to levels well below their EPA limits. Such a method could be used by both municipal water and waste treatment plants. The interaction of the macrocycle tetraa2a-18-crown with the metals of interest is of sufficient strength and selectivity to remove the metals from a potable water matrix.. The innovation of the proposed research lies in the ability to attach the macrocycle in a permanent bond to silica gel while maintaining its complex ing abilities. Such a material can then be incorporated in a colunmular system to accomplish the desired removal. The feasibility of the bound macrocycle synthesis and removal procedure will be shown in Phase I. In Phase II, the removal system will be automated and tested on a pilot plant scale allowing for actual use in the reduction of Ag (I), Cd(II), Hg(II) and Fb(II) in potable water and waste streams to at least ppt levels. Potential Benefits: 1. System capable of removal of efficient and cost effective ppb levels of Fb, Hg, Cd, and Ag from potable water and waste streams to levels well below EPA limits; and 2. Predictive methodology for deciding when other macrocycle bonded silica gel columns can be used for toxic waste removal. 3. IONIC SURFACES TO BIOLOGICAL CONTROL Ionic Atlanta-Alford and Rogers 1347 Spring Street Atlanta, GA 30309 404/876-5166 Walter L. Bloom, Principal Investigator EPA Region 4 Amount: $50,000.00 Bacteria induce many of the problems associated with public water supply. The most serious and obvious are the medical problems associated with water borne pathogens. In addition, taste, odor, color and turbidity problems are sometimes caused by bacteria. Fouling and corrosion are also caused by bacteria. Fouled water system components promote development of protected or shielded consortia of bacteria which decreases the effectiveness of chlorine (or other bactericides), 4 ------- periodically create excessive chlorine demand (whan sloughing off), decrease the effectiveness and cost efficiency of the water system, and greatly increases the rate of corrosion. Measures to control or eliminate the build-up of biofilm will reduce chlorine requirements thereby reducing the injection of known carcinogens to the drinking water. Biofilm reduction or elimination will also enhance the effect of other means of disinfection. Ionic Surface layers integrated with the substrate offer the possibility to "grow" surfaces with characteristics tailored to specific combinations previously impossible. Key structural and operational surfaces in pumps, well screens, valves, meters, and other plant components can be fabricated to meet structural and corrosion resistance requirements and to create surfaces to retard biofilm formation. Most of the previous work in this area has been medical research to promote bio- compatibility (acceptance of artificial joints). The theory of this project is to promote bio-incompatibi1ity, meaning that the interface between substrate and bacteria or fungi is incompatible with all proliferation or survival. Four to six elements selected from the periodic table will be deposited on the surface of selected substrates then integrated with substrate surface by ion implantation. These materials will be subjected to severe biofouling conditions, Biofouling buildup and chemical microbial corrosion will measure bio- incompatibility. The specific advantages of this process is to create permanent surfaces integral with substrates and designed for specific properties to be unacceptable for bacterial growth and corrosion. Topic B Municipal and Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Pollution Control 4. REMOVAL OF ORGANIC SOLVENT CONTAMINANTS- FROM INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT STREAMS BY PERVAPORATION Membrane Technology and Research, Inc. 1360 Willow Road Menlo Park, CA 94025 415/328-2228 J. Kaschemekat, Principal Investigator EPA Region 9 Amount: $50,000 Organic solvent-containing effluent streams represent a serious water pollution problem. The investigators will apply a new membrane process called pervaporation to treat these streams. Pervaporation is capable of selectively removing organic solvents, even in low concen- trations, from -water. They have been developing this process for the past three years, first in laboratory-scale spiral-wound modules and more recently in small pilot units. The investigators have produced streams in which the organic solvents are concentrated more than 300-fold above their feed stream concentration. For example, more the 99% of the 1,1,2- trichloroethane can be removed from a feed stream containing 3,000 ppro solvent, producing a product stream containing more than 10 wt% 1,1,2- trichloroethane. In this Phase I program, they will extend their work to polluted effluent streams obtained from a number of industries, and will 5 ------- evaluate pervaporation as a treatmont method and assess the economic viability of the process. The investigators will also examine a number of practical issues, such as membrane fouling and membrane and module stability. These issues will be addressed using model and real industrial solutions. Based on these results, one or two of the most promising pervaporation applications will be selected for further studies in a Phase II program. The overall objective of the Phase II program would be to field test a small prototype pervaporation unit with the capability of treating 100 to 1,000 gal/day of feed water. This process could find a wide application as an economical method of removing low concentrations of organic solvents. 5. MUNICIPAL WASTE WATER RECLAMATION WITH ULTRAFILTRATION Separation Processes, Inc. 651 Fresca Street Soloma Beach, CA 92075 619/755-9515 Richard G Sudak, Principal Investigator EPA Region 9 Amount: $46,630.00 The program will develop an improved process for treatment and/or reclamation of municipal wastewater. This will be done by development of a spiral wound ultrafiltration element to reclaim secondary effluent or to improve the quality of secondary effluent from inadequate, small treatment plants. The spiral wound element is unique in that it will incorporate a membrane that appears to have a much lower fouling rate than other membranes such as cellulose acetate or polysulfone. In addition, the element will utilize a brine spacer that eliminates entrapment of solids which is the disadvantage of conventional brine spacers. The membrane and elements will be characterized in the laboratory and then tested in the field on secondary effluent for a two month period. Successful completion of this program will demonstrate the feasibility of a cost effective alternative in municipal wastewater treatment and reclamation. The improved process can be used alone or as pretreatment for reverse osmosis in the recovery of municipal and industrial wastes or to enhance the reliability and performance of existing wastewater treatment plants. In addition, it could be used in conjunction with mobile water treatment plants being developed by the U. S. Army. 6. PROCESS MODIFICATION TO MINIMIZE TOXIC CHEMICAL GENERATION IN VERMICULITE PROCESSING Enoree Minerals Corporation P.O. Box 289 Laurens, SC 29360 803/984-7648 or 803/969-9555 Walter D. Vess, Jr., Principal Investigator EPA Region 4 Amount: $45,649.00 6 ------- In 1985, 947 billion gallons of water were contaminated with 1 4 billion pounds of chemical reagents in froth flotation separation of industrial minerals in the United States. It is estimated that these approximate quantities were also used in 1986 and 1987. Of this total, approximately 42.2 million gallons of water were contaminated with 8.6 million pounds of chemical reagents in vermiculite froth flotation separation. This work will investigate magnetic separation techniques for processing vermiculite in an effort to reduce and/or eliminate the chemical reagents that are now required for froth flotation. The objective of this research is to make a critical examination of the state-of-the-art magnetic separation techniques in combination with innovative processing techniques, and develop a new concept for processing vermiculite that minimises the generation of toxic wastes. This work could have a significant impact on reducing environmental problems. It could also have a significant impact on the future of vermiculite processing by creating a more cost effective position for the United States in the world vermiculite market. The technology developed in this work can serve as a new technology in other mineral industries. Commercialization is projected in terms of the development of a cost effective separation technology for vermiculite and the reduction of toxic wastes. Suocess would mean major advances in reducing environmental problems, and the development of a new separation technology that could have application in other mineral industries. Topic D Solid and Hazardous Waste Disposal and Pollution Control 7. CHLORINATED PLASTICS SEPARATION FROM MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE National Recovery Technologies, Inc. 105 28th Avenue South Nashville, TN 37212 615/329-9088 Edward J. Sommers, Jr., Principal Investigator EPA Region 4 Amount: $49,897.00 Municipal solid waste (MSW) provides a waste fuel source having potential recoverable energy of over 1.5 quads per year. Expanded use of this fuel source through energy recovery incineration of MSW is threatened by the presence of chlorine in MSW. Chlorine is a primary factor in the formation of toxic chlorinated organics such as dioxins and furans. Chlorine is also a major contributor to acid gas emissions from municipal waste incinerators. Studies indicate that chlorinated plastics such as PVC contribute up to one-half of the total chlorine content in MSW while containing less than 1% of the recoverable energy content of MSW. Separation of PVC's from MSW prior to incineration would provide cleaner, less corrosive, less toxic, and environmentally more acceptable incinerator emissions. 7 ------- There are presently no automated methods for the removal of FVC plastics from municipal waste streams. Recent data from the National Recovery Technologies (NET) Preburn materials recovery system indicates that the NRT process removes up to one quarter of PVC's from MSW. One objective of the proposed research is to determine feasibility for utilising the NRT system as a FVC separator and determination of possible modifications to the system which can improve its FVC separation capabilities. Another objective is to determine feasibility for utilizing x-rays and/or ultraviolet fluorescence techniques for development of a separator specific to removal of FVC's from MSW and other industrial waste streams. It is anticipated that the Phase I research will establish feasi- bility for Phase II development and Phase II application of a process for systematically separating chlorinated plastics from MSW and other industrial waste streams. The U.S. provides a potential market for over 1,000 municipal waste-to-energy facilities recovering approximately 1.5 quads of energy annually. Benefits from the research would be reduced pollution from municipal incinerators, improved incinerator maintenance, and recovery of FVC plastics for recycling. 8. INDUSTRIAL PAINT SLUDGE WASTE DISPOSAL Procedyne Corporation 221 Somerset Street New Brunswick, NJ 08903 201/249-8347 Jeet Bhatia, Principal Investigator EPA Region 2 Amount: $49,771.00 Waste paint sludge is generated in large quantities by automobile, appliance, and other manufacturers and a vast majority of it is being disposed of in hazardous land fills. Past efforts to dispose of this sludge in incinerators have met with limited success. This hazardous waste stream generation is estimated at 480 million pounds per year. The proposed Phase I program is to demonstrate technical feasibility of an innovative two stage singe reactor fluid bed process for the effective disposal of this waste stream. The invented process consists of a modest temperature pyrolysis of the paint organics followed by combustion of the organic vapors evolved in the freeboard of the fluid bed. The higher temperature freeboard process provides the energy requirements of the fluid bed pyrolysis process by radiation to the surface of the fluid bed. This process development, if successful, will provide a low cost, energy efficient on site, reliable process for the disposal of industrial paint sludge waste. 8 ------- Feasibility of the process will be determined by a Phase I program involving heat transfer experiments, process calculations, pilot scale tests, and analysis and characterisation of residues. If successful, this project will solve a major waste disposal problem for the automotive, appliance, and other manufacturing industries, resulting in savings of $100,000 to $500,000 per year per plant and total nationwide waste reduction of up to 480 million lbs/year of hazardous waste from high production painting. Successful Phase I and Phase II programs will result in installation of cost effective auto- mated, compact, fluid bed systems to convert paint sludge waste to energy. There is an expected market of $10,000,000 per year for these units. 9. ELECTROLYTIC TREATMENT OF WASTE PICKLING LIQUOR TO RECOVER A HARMLESS SOLID AND ALL THE PICKLING ACID FOR RECYCLE Flemming and Wickett P.O. Box 1300 Issaquah, WA 98027 206/392-9791 David M. Schroeder, Principal Investigator EPA Region 10 Amount: $49,185.00 Waste Pickling Liquor is produced when acid is used to remove scale from steel products. Typically it contains 10% acid and 5% iron in the form of the ferrous salt of the acid used. It is produced in large quantities. Its disposal is difficult and will become more so when the planned total ban on deposition of liquids in land disposal sites becomes effective. An electrolytic process will be studied which will remove the iron from the pickling liquor as a harmless solid, hydrated ferric oxide, and permit the recycling of essentially all the acid charged to the pickling process. If sucoeseful, the electrolytic process will be used as the only means of recovery when the production of pickling liquor is relatively small. For larger operations it might be preceded by an evaporation or freezing process which separates the unused acid from the iron salt. The proposed process will then convert the hazardous and corrosive irpn salt to a harmless solid, hydrated ferric hydroxide, and recover the acid which had been used to form the salt. 10. A STAGED FLUID BED CONTACTOR FOR THE ECONOMIC THERMAL DESTRUCTION OF TOXIC CHEMICALS ON SOILS Energy and Environmental Engineering, Inc. P.O. Box 215 East Cambridge, MA 02141 617/666-5500 James H. Porter, Principal Investigator EPA Region 1 Amount: $50,000 9 ------- Tha cost for removing toxic chemicals from the soil with present technology is enormous. In some cases, populations must be relocated and many acre-feet of soil must be excavated and treated or stored in "safe" storage facilities. Improved technology is needed to reduce clean-up costs. Ultimate removal of toxic chemicals should involve their chemical alteration to non-toxic species. High temperature oxidation (thermal destruction) is a known method for accomplishing this objective. However, in the case of toxics adsorbed on soil in low concentrations, large amounts of soil must be heated to high oxidation temperatures (1500 - 2000F in order to insure the destruction of the toxic chemicals. This requires large amounts of auxiliary fuel to increase the enthalpy of the soil mass, unless energy efficient thermal destruction processes are developed. This proposal presents the concept of a staged fluid bed contactor which is designed to minimize fuel requirements through effective heat recovery while simultaneously providing the high temperatures and residence times needed to insure toxic burnout. It is anticipated that the successful completion of this research will lead to the commercialisation of a Process Unit for the thermal decontamination of soils at a cost in. the range of $1 per ton. The unit can be designed as a. self-contained system and transported to sitea containing soils contaminated with toxic chemicals The system offers a large cost savings over current technologies available for soil deocntaminat ion. 11. A HIGH EFFICIENCY TRIVALENT CHROMIUM BATH FOR HARD CHROME PLATING Electrochemical Innovations 313 North Hoiman Portland, OR 97217 503/464-4222 John Dash, Principal Investigator EPA Region 10 Amount: $39,468.00 A high efficiency plating bath with chromium present in the trivalent state only has been developed in the laboratory for hard chrome plating. This process will be tested on an industrial scale to determine its acceptability for plating and its effectiveness in eliminating hexavalent chromium from solid chromium plating wastes. It is anticipated that this research will lead to a viable trivalent chromium bath for hard chrome plating. Because of the improved properties of the deposits and the environmental advantages, this process has the potential to replace all existing hard chrome plating processes. 12. TECHNOLOGY FOR DETOXIFYING SOLID AND LIQUID ORGANIC WASTES Synliae, Inc. 1795 Beacon Street Brookline, MA 02146 617/566-7865 10 ------- K. M. Vijayakumar, Principal Investigator EPA Region 1 Amount: $60,000.00 In Phase I, research will be conducted to develop an approach for a new cost-effective technology to mineralize a wide variety of toxic organic compounds which occur in large amounts in solid and liquid industrial wastes. This approach employs photopromoted solid-catalyzed oxidative degradation to convert the toxic compounds to environmentally compatible products, namely, 002 from chemically bound carbon and halide ion from chemically bound halogen. Degradation will be accomplished by dissolving or dispersing the wastes in water, adding a chemical reagent and a catalyst, both of which are environmentally compatible, and irradiating the catalyst with light which it absorbs. The classes of pollutants to be investigated include polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, phenols, other aromatic compounds and halogenated hydrocarbons. Phase I research will determine optimum conditions for degradation of examples of the four classes of pollutants by studying the dispersion of pollutants in aqueous reaction media by, e.g., detergent-promoted emulsification, the nature and method of deployment of the catalyst, nature and concentration of the oxidant, characteristics of incident light, and time and temperature of reaction. Choices of conditions will be guided by current concepts of photopromoted catalysis by semiconductors and ongoing research on. such catalytic processes at Synlize, Inc. and elsewhere. The anticipated results of work in Phases I and II are batch and flow processes and associated equipment for mineralization of the indicated classes of priority organic pollutants from liquid and solid industrial wastes both In situ at industrial sources of the pollutants and at central facilities for processing the wastes. 13. CATALYTIC STABILIZED THERMAL COMBUSTION OF HAZARDOUS OFGANICS Precision Combustion, Inc. 25 Science Park New Haven, CT 06511 203/786-5215 William C. Pfefferle, Principal Investigator EPA Region 1 Amount: $50,000 An attractive potential alternative to current hazardous organics incinerators is the catalytically stabilized thermal (CST) combustor. Explored in the late 1970s (with EPA funding) as a combustion system to eliminate gas turbine NQx emissions, the CST combustor uses catalytic surface reactions to stabilize gas phase combustion, combining high gas phase reaction rates with the lean burn capability of catalysts. EPA- funded test results using conventional fuels have demonstrated - that the plug flow CST combustor, compared to conventional (backmixed) combustors, is capable of operating at higher efficiency, with greater stability, at leaner fuel/air mixtures and with unsurpassed CO,NQx, soot and unburned hydrocarbon emissions. Recent work at Yale University has shown that the 11 ------- CST corabustor can achieve high destruction levels o£ a mathly chloride with very low residence time and high flame stability. The implications for incineration include lower capital costs, lower operating costs, increased safety of operation, plus a lower minimum economic sise. Compared to current backmixed gas phase incinerators, the investigators preliminary results indicate that the plug flow CST combustor will exhibit lower residence time, higher flame stability, higher destruction effectiveness, lower operating costs, and much lower capital costs. Gaseous and liquid wastes can be burned directly and PCI believes solid waste burning CST systems will be feasible. Commercial applications include current thermal destruction challenges plus new markets arising from advantageous economics, including the increased destruction of contaminated gases and increased on-site destruction. 14. CHLORINE CAPTURING DURING FYROLYSIS OF REFUSE-DERIVED FUEL Entropic Technologies Corporation 120 North Washington Square, Suite 1000 Lansing, MI 48933 517/482-7049 Noel F. Merma, Principal Investigator EPA Region 5 Amount: $49,800.00 The chlorine content of carbonaceous char derived from the pyrolytic conversion of refuse-derived fuel (RDF) is higher than that of conven- tional coal. The proposed research will determine if this chlorine can be "captured" during the pyrolytic conversion by the addition of CA(0H)2 or NaQH, and the extent to which it can be "captured". The research will identify the relationship between the amount of chlorine removal and: 1) the alkali/RDF ratio, 2) quantity added and method of distributing the alkali, and 3) the composition of the RDF. The results of Phase I will demonstrate the feasibility of removing chlorine during pyrolyaie of RDF in the laboratory. The results of Phase II will demonstrate the feasibility of chlorine removal using a twin- screw prototype extruder of the type proposed for commercial application. From this will come sufficient data to engineer the removal of chlorine in the commercial scale pyrolysis unit. The successful completion of this research will facilitate the deployment of an environmentally superior waste disposal system costing less than half as nuch as mass incineration alternatives. 15. CONTAINMENT OF TOXIC WASTE BY IN SITU CONSTRUCTION OF BARRIER WALL Fluidyne Corporation 28 37th Street, NE Auburn, WA 98002 206/939-9098 Gene G. Yie, Principal Investigator EPA Region 10 Amount $49,500.00 The containment of toxic materials already buried in the ground and the construction of new disposal sites are difficult tasks. In both 12 ------- cases, there is tha need for vertical and horizontal barrier walls in the ground that are known to be difficult and expensive to construct with currently-available technologies. Fluidyne proposes to construct such barrier walls with a novel one-step process that involves the use of high-pressure water jets and simultaneous injection of cement powder and other additives to generate slurry Jets. The slurry jet or Jets are manipulated in the ground by moving the nozzle in a prescribed manner so as to create cavities of desired geometries. The slurry jet will be thoroughly mixed with the soil materials and left to solidify after a prescribed time period. By virtue of the demonstrated material-cutting capabilities of slurry jets generated with Fluidyne"s proprietary nozzles, the creation of cavities in the ground can be assured and the deposition of cement grout can be controlled with precision that was heretofore impossible. The proposed program is expected to yield results that show the unique capabilities of Fluidyne's abrasive waterJet technology. The results are expected to demonstrate that the technology has the potential to create in-situ formation of barrier walls in the ground for containing buried wastes. When successfully developed, the process will have many commercial applications in soil stabilization, underground water control, foundation construction and maintenance! shoring, and excavation. 16. STABILIZATION OF ORGANIC POLLUTANTS Environmental Protection Polymers, Inc. 13414 Prairie Avenue Hawthorne, CA 90250 213/970-9100 Samuel Unger, Principal Investigator EPA Region 9 Amount: $49,083.00 This proposal addresses a vital need in toxic wastes management, which is the stabilization of sludges holding organic pollutants. Such sludges require stabilization for compliance to regulatory guidelines for final disposal In a secure landfill. For this purpose, present technology is not suitable because hydraulic fixatives cocmonly employed for toxic wastes stabilization are incompatible with organic pollutants. It is preferable to eliminate sludges holding organic pollutants by incineration and other means rather than stabilize them for final disposal. But elimination entails processes that are not employable in every case. Logistical conditions may make them expensive to carry out. Admixed with water, organic pollutants are not cost-effective candidates for combustion. And halogenated and metaled organic compounds are technically difficult to combust and may yield toxic residues. In this investigation, the following approach to stabilization of sludges containing organic pollutants will occur. First, the sludge will be solidified and formed into particles. Next, the resulting particles will be embedded in thermosetting polybutadiene resin yielding agglomerates, and finally the agglomerates will be encapsulated in high- 13 ------- density polyethylene. The process yields modules of wastes, each 48- gallons in volume, consisting of a core of agglomerated contaminants in high concentration, encapsulated by 1/4 inch polyethylene resin. Modules fabricate readily and cost-effectively. The benefits are that contaminants are rendered safely manageable by conventional bulk product management techniques, compacted for cost-effective transport and final disposal, stabilised to withstand delocalization stresses in a landfill and readily retrievable if that option became necessary or desirable. A laboratory demonstration will be carried out in Phase I to show feasibility of the technical approach to manage organic pollutants. With successful demonstration on a bench-scale, a pilot plant study will be proposed in Phase II to obtain data for producing full-size modules holding organic pollutants. In this respect, a prototype apparatus fabricated under Department of Energy (DOE) sponsorship for managing low- level radioactive wastes is employable, and it would be made available by DOE for pilot plant studies of organic pollutants management. The investigators' process is significant in view of forthcoming Federal and state regulations recommending organic waste stabilization and solidification for final disposal in the earth. Organic waste sludges that cannot be destroyed must be stabilized effectively prior to their disposal. With completion of Phase I and Riase II, the process will stabilize sludges and other intractable toxic wastes. One of its important features is management of many waste types without need for process adjustments." The process will secure residues from operations such as incineration, toxic waste concentration, and contaminant isolation as well as management of sludges holding organic pollutants. Topic G Prop_gflfl Tn«t-rinT»>nt-»tlon for Improved Pollution Control 17. RAPID ENZYME IMMUNOASSAY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICAL HAZARDS Bio-Metric Systems, Inc. 9924 West 74th Street Eden Prairie, MN 55344 612/829-2700 Peter H. Duquette, Principal Investigator EPA Region 5 Amount: $50,000.00 Monitoring environmental samples for various pesticides and other hazardous chemicals has become necessary in order to protect the populace from the carcinogenic and toxic effects of these materials. There is considerable concern regarding the possibility of the materials becoming incorporated in foods and in water supplies destined for human consumption. Since the costs of doing environmental analyses are very high and many contaminated sites,exist, it become imperative to develop new technology for this need. A variety of methods are available for determining possible toxic chemical contamination in food, water, and biological fluids. However, most of the assays (such as gas chromatography (GC) or high pressure 14 ------- liquid chromatography (HPLC)) require trained personnel, expensive equipment, a laboratory setting, and are quite slow in determining if contamination is present. The investigators propose to develop an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) which will be useful as a screen for the detection of low concentrations of environmental contaminants in food and water supplies. The assay is simple, fast (less than ten minutes), non-instrumented, and thus easily portable for field use. The proposed enzyme immunoassay should have a performance comparable to other assay methods (e.g., GC, HPLC) for environmental contaminants, but be fast, portable, and simple to use. The assay format is adaptable for the ultrasensitive detection of biological Agent materials, toxins, drugs, and other biologically active materials in the environment or physiological fluids. 18. FEASIBILITY OF AN INTEGRATED, CONTINUOUS PROCESS USING AUTOMATIC INSTRUMENTATION AND STATISTICAL ANALYSES TO REDUCE COSTS AND TO INCREASE THE EFFICIENCY OF PEAK DETECTION AND POLLUTION CONTROL IN UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANKS Production Monitoring and Control Co. 8620 North New Braunf els, Suite 308 San Antonio, TX 78217 512/821-3794 William W. Dunn, Principal Investigator EPA Region 6 Amount: $49,462.00 Over the last several years, the EPA has devoted major efforts to identify and document the magnitude of the risks of environmental pollution due to leaking underground storage tanks (UST). In April 1987, the EPA published the proposed regulations for the owners and operators of UST, which are expected to be finalized in early 1988. These regulations include requirements for tank tightness tests, daily inventory control procedures and strict financial responsibilities. The financial implications to service station owners are significant. The advanced concept to be evaluated for its feasibility in this Phase I effort is an innovative, cost effective combination of an improved inventory control system, improved instrumentation for automatic tank gaging and a comprehensive statistical model. The model accounts for all applicable error sources in each transaction into or out of the underground tank in real-time, cm a continuous basis. With the improved system and instrumentation, the data from a non-leaking tank and piping system will always fall within a relatively narrow statistical band. However, a leak will appear as a bias, over time, to the lower side of the error band, with the magnitude of the bias directly related to the size of the leak. The project objectives are designed to demonstrate the feasibility and the accuracy of the system to provide tank and piping leak detection to EPA and NFPA standards, on a continuous basis, while providing the 15 ------- advantages of automatic gauging and continuous inventory control. Specific technical objectives consider each element of the system. If the feasibility of the concept is demonstrated, then the system will offer station owners an integrated sensor package with microprocessor control that meets the EPA proposed regulations for both inventory control, tank tightness testing, and piping leak detection on a continuous basis. It removes human gauging errors, accurately accounts for tank truck deliveries, provides security against theft and allows centralized monitoring, by phone lines or radio, of individual service stations. The cost implications are so low that the older service station owners could amortize the cost in approximately one year and provide cost savings thereafter. 19. LCW COST FIBER-OPTIC PROBE FOR ON-LINE EMISSION CONTROL OF PARTICULATE LADEN FLOWS Insitec 2110 Omega Road, Suite D San Ramon, CA 94583 Donald J. Holve, Principal Investigator EPA Region 9 Amount'. $49,910.00 Low cost, remote sensing of particle-laden process streams requires continuing instrumentation development to meet the needs of fossil energy and other industrial applications. Particulate emissions control which is consistent with process optimization is highly dependent on the entering particle size distribution and concentration. On-line analysis and feedback control development will permit integrated automatic control of these industrial processes. The specific motivation for this work is based on the need for simple, low cost instruments for "set-point" control of industrial processes. Such instruments could provide an integrated type of measurement that represents an overall process and emissions summary. A large number of these low-cost, fiber-optic-based probes can be multiplexed into a single signal processor and computer system which periodically interrogates all probes. The integrated measurement can then be used in a feedback control system to 1) maintain steady process conditions around an empirically determined optimum condition or 2) to detect undesirable process and emissions conditions. For dense flows, the instrument can be configured to handle ensemble scattering in either forward or backscatter configurations. Ensemble (many scatterersj techniques have the advantage of fast time response and can be used in steady state or transient processes. The end result of Phase I and II is the development of a commercial instrument for low-cost, remote sensing of particle-laden streams. An on-line, in situ particle measurement device will have applications in the analysis of a wide range of gas and liquid streams: monitoring absolute levels of solids transport in process and cleanup systems, and 16 ------- monitoring high temperature and pressure combustion systems. Studies of particulate erosion in gas turbines also require a fast, in situ measurement technique. Other areas of potential application include remote sensing of particulates in radioactive environments and on-line monitoring and control of particle size distributions for powder metallurgy. 20. NOVEL SENSORS FOR METAL-ION DETECTION AND QUANTIFICATION Bend Research, Inc. 64550 Research Road Bend, OR 97701-8599 503/382-4100 David J. Edlund, Principal Investigator EPA Region 10 Amount: $42,229.00 Metals and metal complexes play an important role in many industrial processes. Due to the widespread and large-scale use of metals, monitoring their presence in waste streams and controlling their levels of discharge into the environment are difficult and costly tasks—tasks that are all the more important given the toxicity of many commonly used metals. Currently available sensor technology for on-site metal -ion detection is limited to ion-selective electrodes (ISE)—fragile, slow, high-maintenance devices that are susceptible to interference and fouling. The alternative is expensive and time-consuming off-site laboratory analysis. The techniques at hand are clearly not adequate for addressing the problem. As a new means of meeting this challenge, this research will attempt to develop thin-film sensors that can be chemically "tuned" selectively for each of the following toxic-metal ions: Cr3+, CrB+, Cd2+ and Ba2+. Since there are no commercially available sensors for Cr3+, Cr®+, and Ba2+, and since the current technology for remote detection of Cd2+ is inadequate, the sensors to be developed in this program should find wide application in pollution monitoring and control. Preliminary indications are that analyte-sens it ive thin-film sensors can be made to be very sensitive and selective for Cr3+, Cr®+, Cd2+ and Ba2+. These sensors, once developed, will find application in feedback- control loops for the prevention of excessive discharge of toxic metal ions into the environment and in monitoring the metal-ion concentration in industrial processes to aid in recycling and resource-recovery efforts. These sensors can also provide early warning of groundwater contamination. Success in Phase I would lead to a Phase II program under which the investigators would propose to 1) produce early-entry products for the most promising applications) identified in Phase I, and 2) pursue more- extensive R&D efforts for additional metal-ion species, with the aim of attaining working prototypes. Two potential Phase III partners have already expressed interest in full-scale commercialization potential. 17 ------- Topic H Air Pn] ltrHrm Hon-hml 21. Pt/Rh/Y-STABILIZED-ZIRCONIA CATALYST FOR THE TREATMENT OF AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST GAS PCP Consulting & Research, Inc. P.O. Box 5943 Lawrenceville, NJ 08648 809/882-0869 Partha Sarathi Ganguli, Principal Investigator EPA Region 2 Amount: $49,990.00 The cost of platinum and rhodium in the three-way catalyst accounts for a major fraction of the cost associated with the treatment of automotive exhaust. Therefore, striving to achieve a higher level of pollutant removal by increasing the platinum and rhodium contents in the three-way catalyst is not economically attractive. In this research, an alternative method for achieving a higher level of pollutant removal is proposed, in which by using yttria-stabiliaed-zirconia (YSZ) as the support material, instead of alumina used at the present time, the activity of the three-way catalyst can be nearly doubled. In Phase I of the proposed study, the magnitude of the beneficial effects of YSZ as a support material will be studied. Phase II of the study will be devoted to the development of a converter in the form of a washcoated layer of YSZ on a conrdierite monolith, with the platinum and rhodium crystallites deposited in the YSZ layer. It is anticipated that this work will lead to the development of an improved three-way catalyst for the treatment of automobile exhaust. The catalyst will achieve a substantially higher level of pollutant removal for the same concentration of active metals. Further-more, the oxygen- ion conducting support, which is responsible for the enhanced performance of the new catalyst, will be used only sparingly, Consequently, the new catalyst will cost essentially the same as the currently-used three-way catalysts. Hence, the new catalyst is expected to be readily marketable. 22. COMPREHENSIVE AIR POLLUTION CONTROL USING THE ELECTRON BEAM PROCESS Energy Sciences, Inc. 8 Gill Street Woburn, MA 01801 617/935-8020 Kenneth E. Williams, Principal Investigator EPA Region 1 Amount: $49,642.00 In this research, an electron beam process will be investigated which has the potential to destroy toxic molecules such as dioxins, furans, and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons produced, for example, by the incineration of municipal solid waste. Some isomers of these compounds are highly toxic; therefore, the work will be accomplished using non-toxic model compounds exhibiting chemical functional groups similar to the compounds they simulate. 18 ------- Since 3G0kV, 300mA electron beam accelerators manufactured by Energy Sciences already have been used in a 20,000Nm3/hr pilot facility to remove both SO2 and NO*, the objective of this research is to determine if radicals produced by energetic electron interaction with a background gas (02, H2O) will either: 1) disrupt the weakest bonds of the model compound; or 2) abstract atoms from the model compounds to form stable, smaller, non-toxic molecules, or 3) form non toxic compounds through electron beam induced reactions with chemical additives. The formation of non-toxic molecules by this process would indicate toxic compounds could be removed from combustion flue gases (without subsequently depositing than in the solid effluent removed by electro- static precipitators fabric filters). Therefore, positive results of this proposed research would provide the impetus to optimise the electron beam process resulting in a significant environmental control technology capable of removing not only toxic organic compounds but also SO2, NOx, HC1 and HF as well. This method could be used as a pollution control system for new or retrofit incinerator facilities requiring the removal of S02, NOx, HC1, HF, dioxins, furaxis, PAH and other products of incomplete combustion. 23. RECOVERY OF ORGANIC SOLVENT VAPORS BY MEMBRANES Membrane Technology and Research, Inc. 1360 Willow Road Menlo Park, CA 94025 415/328-2228 J. G. Wij marts, Principal Investigator EPA Region 9 Amount: $50,000.00 Organic vapor-laden industrial airstreams are a growing pollution problem and a waste of resources. The methods now available for treating these airstreams are inadequate, especially where chlorofluorocarbon solvents are involved. The use of membranes to recover organic vapors from contaminated air has been studied at Membrane Technology and Research, Inc. since 1982, and they have completed laboratory tests of a one-module bench-scale system. The goal of the proposed program is to tackle the systems design and engineering problems related to scaling up to a commercial system. The project will also provide field data on system reliability, efficiency and economics, that will show the advantages of membrane-based systems compared to competitive technologies such as carbon absorption, incineration, and condensation. In the Phase I program, the investigators will use an existing module test unit to study solvent vapor streams modeled on those found at collaborating host plants. Based on these studies, the most premising field site will be selected and a pilot system designed. In the Phase II program, this pilot system would be constructed and evaluated in the laboratory and in the field. 19 ------- The most promising initial commercial applications of a membrane vapor recovery system are chlorofluorocarbon recovery from degreasing plants and foam blowing plants, and recovery from concentrated streams generated from the chlorofluorocarbon manufacturing process. In the long term, however, membrane-based systems could find application in many other industries where solvent recovery is desirable. 24. ADDITIVES FOR NQx EMISSIONS CONTROL FROM FIXED SOURCES (PE-U0B*-88) PSI Technology Company Research Park, P.O. Box 3100 Andover, MA 01810-7100 617/455-9030 David 0. Ham, Principal Investigator EPA Region 1 Amount: $49,984.00 Several exhaust gas NOx abatement processes exist based on heterogeneous reaction of a reduced nitrogen containing additive such as NHs. These existing processes are not adequate to meet proposed NO* emissions regulations for most retrofit power plant stacks and incinerators. The investigators propose to test combinations of additives and catalysts that have the potential to lead to a new process of the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) type that can fill this need. In commercially available SCR processes almost half of the revenue required is for the cost of catalyst replacement. By using a more reactive additive, a simpler and, therefore, longer lived, less expensive catalyst may be used to provide a preferred process. The investigators proposed Phase I project consists of fixed bed additive/catalyst screening tests and subsequent entrained flow tests of promising candidate combinations. the data acquired from these tests will establish the feasibility of our approach and provide necessary data for the design of a bench scale prototype in a Phase II program. Success of this proposed research program would lead to development of a more economical, more compact NOx emissions control process for application to post combustion, exhaust gas streams. The proposed project would emphasize development of such a process for application in ducts of coal-fired power plants and incinerator exhaust gases. 25. MATERIALS FOR SELECTIVE ADSORPTION OF CARBON MONOXIDE Technology Development Associates 1667 Cole Boulevard #400 Golden, CO 80401 303/238-3016 Kevin Wilson, Principal Investigator EPA Region 8 Amount: $50,000.00 Carbon monoxide is a colorless, odorless, poisonous gas produced by the incomplete combustion of hydrocarbon fuels. It is a significant outdoor and indoor air pollutant. Automobiles are the major source of outdoor carbon monoxide, and it is emitted at the highest rate during the first few minutes when the catalytic converter is not active. Major 20 ------- sources o£ indoor pollution are appliances and cigarettes. Concentrations in enclosed spaces such as enengy efficient homes and buildings and aircraft cabins can be high because of the reduced air circulation rate. The purpose of this study is to develop materials which selectively adsorb carbon monoxide at low temperatures, and release it at high temperatures. Such materials could reduce emissions during cold operation of automobiles by trapping carbon monoxide in the exhaust and holding it until the catalyst has reached operating temperature. In closed environments, the adsorbent would concentrate the carbon monoxide so that it can be more efficiently removed or oxidized. Several different carbon monoxide adsorbing materials will be fabricated and tested for adsorption capacity, selectivity, and stability, and an applications analysis will be conducted to determine the most promising applications for these materials. 21 ------- ABSTRACT OF PHASE II AWARDS SBIR 1988 22 ------- Topic fi Municipal and Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Pollution Control 1. A PROCESS TO PRODUCE PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARDS WITHOUT GENERATING LIQUID OR SOLID WASTE BH Electronics, Inc. 12219 Wood Lake Drive Burnsville, MI 55337 612/894-9590 Donovan E. McGee, Principal Investigator EPA Region 5 Amount: $150,000.00 Over 25 billion gallons of waste water are produced each year as by- products of circuit board production. Wastes including copper, lead, nickel, chromium, dissolved organics, acids and caustics as well as chlorinated solvents must be treated and disposed of or recycled. Compliance with anti-pollution regulations has become extremely costly and increasingly complex. A technique for eliminating the waste problem at its source will be the subject of this research. This new method of printed circuit manufacture eliminates wet-processing and consequently the generation of hazardous waste. Though the process is totally different from any currently used, it does not require the invention of any new technology. It incorporates a series of processes, all of which are currently used in other applications. They simply have never been put together in this fashion or for this purpose. Circuit boards manufactured by this process will be of the same materials and will function the same as those manufactured by the current processes. Therefore, they will not require any changes in assembly or use. The process, once proven and put into commercial use, is so efficient and clean that it can eliminate 50% of the waste generation by the printed circuit industry within five years. Phase II Optimize process, design, assemble and demonstrate a prototype printed circuit board processor to produce single-sided printed circuit boards in a single pass through the machine. Phase III Develop plans for a printed circuit board printer to produce double sided and maltilayer printed circuit boards that incorporates a replacement for plated-through hole technology. 23 ------- COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS Provide equipment to original equipment manufacturers and printed circuit producers for prototype circuits and small and large production. 2. REMOVAL OF ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS FROM INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER BY PERVAFORATION Bend Research, Inc. 64550 Research Road Bend. OR 97701-8599 503/382-4100 Roderick J. Ray, Principal Investigator EPA Region 10 Amount: $149,954.00 The removal of organic contaminants from wastewaters is a key aspect of this country's pollution-control effort. However, conventional treat- ment systems are complicated and expensive. In their Phase I program, the investigators developed a novel pervaporation membrane and demonstrated the feasibility of using it to separate a feed stream contaminated with organics into a purified-water stream and a concentrate containing virtually all of the organics. They also designed a new type of hybrid process that incorporates this pervaporation membrane. A preliminary economic analysis of this system indicates that the total treatment cost will be at least five times less than that associated with conventional solvent extraction. In the proposed Phase II program, they will optimise this pervaporation membrane, incorporate it into low-cost membrane modules, and demonstrate the technology on actual wastewater streams in the field. Based on the success of the demonstration, the investigators expect to raise the capital necessary to commercialize the technology. The pervaporation membrane developed here and the hybrid system design conceived during this program will allow organic contaminants to be removed from wastewaters more efficiently and economically. This new technology will produce a clean-water stream and a stream concentrated in the organic contaminants. This concentrated stream can be disposable or, perhaps reusable. Furthermore, once this process is developed, it could be adapted for a broad range of uses, such as 1) the removal of organic contaminants from many other wastewaters and groundwaters, 2) the clean-up of toxic wastes, and 3) the recovery of products from various bioprocesses. Topic D Solid and Hazardous Waste nipmoRal and Pollution Cnrtrol 3. PROCESSING OF SPENT PETROLEUM RESID DESULFURIZATION CATALYST FOR VALUE RECOVERY AND HAZARDOUS WASTE ELIMINATION Chemical & Metal Industries, Inc. 4701 Dahlia Street Denver, CO 80216 303/320-6151 24 ------- Itsvid Hyatt, Principal Investigator EPA Region 8 Amount: $150,000.00 The amount of spent hydrotreating catalyst requiring disposal is expected to double by 1994 to about 56 million pounds with the portion due to the hydro-desulfurination of petroleum residual oils (RDS Catalyst) tripling to 30 million lb/yr. The treatment and disposal of these materials is of immediate concern within the petroleum industry and environmental community due to the amount anticipated, its pyrophoric nature and the presence of leachable heavy metals, hydrocarbons and sulfides. Present law mandates that all hazardous wastes, with certain specified and limited exceptions, be banned from land disposal by November 18, 1989. The Phase I effort has verified the technical feasibility of a process to recover all of the metals (Al, V, Mo, Co, Ni) from spent RDS catalyst in a manner which eliminates any hazardous waste considerations. Products of the process include aluminum sulfate solution, ammonium metavanadate, ammonium di- or hepta- molybdate and cobalt and nickel sulfates. The waste from the process is nonhazardous and amounts to less than ten percent of the original spent catalyst feed. It consists primarily of coke and silica contained in the spent catalyst. Both the U.S. government and industry recognise waste reduction and resource recovery as the most desirable method of hazardous waste management. A preliminary economic analysis based on the Phase I effort indicated a return on investment of about 28X for a plant treating 10,000 tons per year of spent RDS catalyst. The fixed capital investment for the plant is estimated at 13-15 million dollars. A successful Phase II effort will result in an optimized process, proven on a pilot plant scale, and will provide all the necessary data for confident, commercialization. This commercial process will convert spent petroleum hydrotreating catalysts into marketable forms of alumium, molybdenum, and strategic elements in an energy-conserving manner, while solving the hazardous waste disposal problem presently associated with spent petroleum residual oil desulfurization. Phase II will develop the engineering and economic data needed to construct a commercial facility and will demonstrate the process necessary to obtain the outside support required for commercialization. It will also generate product samples needed to evaluate their real value and marketability. 4. A HYBRID FLUIDIZED BED INCINERATION FOR HAZARDOUS WASTES CONTAINING METALS Energy and Environmental Research Corporation 18 Mason Irvine, CA 92718 714/859-8851 William Randall Seeker, Principal Investigator EPA Region 9 Amount: $149,931.00 25 ------- Incineration is an attractive and increasingly used approach for destroying hazardous wastes. However, hazardous waste very often contain metals and conventional hazardous waste incinerators and air pollution control devices cannot prevent the atmospheric emission of metals-containiiig submicron particulate formed daring incineration. The proposed solution is a new incineration concept, called "The Hybrid Fluidized Bed Incinerator," (HFBI) which combines a conventional incinerator with a fluidized bed. The fluidized bed contains a sorbent for capturing metals while at the same time, effectively destroying any toxic organic compounds which may have bypassed the conventional incinerator. The objectives of the proposed research aire to use a bench- scale HFBI to verify that organic hazardous wastes can be destroyed at very high efficiency in the HFBI, determine the extent of metals capture for a range of sorbents and volatile toxic metals, and demonstrate that the metals can be encapsulated in glassy, non-leachable, compounds formed within the fluidized bed. To accomplish this, controlled amounts of a flux will be added to the fluidized bed to promote formation of a "tacky" glassy-phase. The spent, metals-loaded sorbent will be tested to ensure that the metals are non-leachable. Successful completion of this project would result in an improved incineration process for disposing of hazardous wastes containing metals. The HFBI should have a much greater tolerance to non-optimal operating conditions than conventional incinerators, and have much lower emission of toxic metals. As such, the HFBI can increase the application of incinerators for destroying hazardous waste. Because of the propensity of the fluidized bed to capture metals, another important area of application for the fluidized bed portion of the HFBI will be to replace after burners in conventional incineration systems, which otherwise would emit submicron sized fumes of volatile toxic metals. Based on the amount of hazardous waste generated annually in the U.S., a conservative estimate of the potential commercial application of the HFBI was made. Assuming that a typical HFBI would process 1,000 tons/yr of hazardous waste, a market of 1,800 to 3,000 HFBI units is envisioned. 5. LIQUID WASTE MINIMIZATION AND DESTRUCTION USING THE AL-CHEM DETOXIFIER Al-Chem Fuels, Inc. P.O. Box 60 Dimmitt, TX 79027 806/647-5222 Richard W. Tock, Principal Investigator EPA Region 6 Amount' $150,000.00 The Al-Chem Detoxifier represents new technology for liquid waste minimization and/or destruction. The process, patented by Al-Chem Fuels, Inc., utilizes a submerged electrical transfer arc to destroy hazardous organic compounds The hazardous material may be a homogeneous liquid, or a multicomponent solution in either a liquid organic or aqueous phase. 26 ------- Small-scale and pilot-sized experiments have shown that hazardous organic compounds are converted to innocuous gaseous products and thermal blacks by a process of fast thermal pyrolysis arising from the elevated temperatures of the electrical arc. The gas produced appears to be free of acid gases except for carbon dioxide, while the thermal blacks appear to be inert condensed hydrocarbons. This phase of the research project will focus on developing a full- scale unit for field testing. Also, on a more fundamental scale, a chemical technique to reduce the mass of thermal black formed will be sought. Moreover, multiphase low frequency electrical potentials will be tested. Product gases and solids formed are to be more thoroughly tested for toxic constituents. This phase of the project will attempt to demonstrate the overall efficiency of the Al-Chem Detoxifier for small-scale liquid hazardous waste destruction and minimization. Small-scale is defined as 8 liter/hr to 80 liter/hr (50 to 500 gal/day). The hazardous liquid wastes may consist of mixed organic solvents, chlorinated hydrocarbons, emulsions or agrichemicals, electroplating wastewater, etc. Efficiency of operation will be based on removal efficiency and overall economics. Topic E Mitigation of Environmental Pollution Problems 6. ALTERNATIVE MARINE COATINGS, AN ENVIRONMENTAL OPTION Kross, Inc. 146 Flanders Drive Hillsborough, NJ 08876 201/359-1367 Thomas M. Kenyhercs, Principal Investigator EPA Region 2 Amount: $150,000.00 Current marine antifouling coatings rely either on the activity of copper (I) oxide or tributyltin complexes, either polymer bound or freely associated in a rosin/vinyl matrix, to inhibit or limit sessile fouling. A major limitation to these coatings is the relatively high concentrations of volatile organic compounds necessary to solubilised the rosin/vinyl matrix; usually 40-60% by volume. Federal legislation is directed toward prohibiting or restricting the amount of antifoulant entering the biosphere and foodchain, the exposure of workers to organic solvents and the creation of photochemical smog from the photodegradation of the volatile organic compounds. The investigators propose to develop an environmentally acceptable, long-lived antifouling system based upon: 1) the evaluation of a new generation of selective organic biocidal agents and 2) the application of high solids coatings for either drydock or emergency underwater repair situations. The use of novel biocidal agents coupled to organic 27 ------- solvents, provides decided advantages over existing coating's for all marine craft. The investigators will evaluate the selected formulations under dynamic conditions in Biscayne Bay, Florida, Galveston Bay, Texas, and Clear Lake/Houston, Texas. The goal of this research is to demonstrate the commercial feasibility of using selected biocidal agents, possibly coupled to existing inorganic compounds, in a high solids formulation to produce an environmentally acceptable, long-lived antifouling " marine coating. The protective coating system would be of considerable benefit to the military, maritime and leisure craft sectors' of the economy and would have significant commercial potential. 7. ELUCIDATION OF FHOTOCATALYTIC PURIFICATION PROCESSES FOR THE REMOVAL OF TCE AND METAL IONS FROM WATERS AT SUPERFUND SITES Photo-Catalytics, Inc. 755 South 42nd Street Boulder, CO 80303 303/499-4406 Gerald Cooper, Principal Investigator EPA Region 8 Amount: $150,000.00 Trichlorethylene (TCE) is the most frequently found contaminant at National Priority List (NPL) Sites. In the Phase I investigation, the rapid destruction of 100PPM TCE in waters derived from sampling wells of a Superfund Site was demonstrated utilizing the equivalent UV radiation present at one Sun intensity. In one of the waters, TCE destruction was anomalously slow and photocatalyst deactivation was premature. This was attributed to the photoelectroplating of chromium or heavy metals onto the photocatalyst powder. This effect can be used to advantage for the removal of toxic metal ions and organics from water. The proposed Phase II study will comprehensively investigate the photocatalytic decomposition of various concentrations of TCE in the presence of the metal ions Pb+2( Cd+Z, Cu+2, Hgf2, Cr+8, Cr+3, Fe+2, and Fe+3. These metals are found in the first 37 roost frequent substances, out of 472 identified, at NPL Sites. Various process strategies will be investigated for effecting the simultaneous or sequential removal of organic compounds and metal ions from contaminated waters at NPL Sites vis photocatalysis. The investigators expect to demonstrate and elucidate photocata- lytic processes for the simultaneous and/or sequential removal of co-contaminants such as halocarbons and heavy metals from waters at Superfund Sites. This technology has the potential to destroy in situ, almost all aqueous organics and to remove heavy metals. Some of the commercial applications are in mitigating water pollution, purifying municipal and residential water supplies, and metals removal from mining activities. Federal government applications exist in the purification of waste-waters contaminated by nerve-agents, propeHants, explosives, and radioactive metals. 28 ------- Topic F Air Pol lut,"ton Control 8 ON-BOARD DIMETHYL ETHER GENERATION TO REDUCE METHANOL FUELED VEHICLE EMISSION DURING COLD OPERATION Technology Development Associates, Inc. 1667 Cole Boulevard, Suite 400 Golden, CO 80401 303/238-3016 Michael E. Karpuk, Principal Investigator EPA Region 8 Amount: $150,000.00 Methanol has been widely considered as a replacement for gasoline and diesel fuel when petroleum supplies become scarce or to improve air quality. The potential use of methanol, however, faces a significant cold start and cold operation problem. Methanol vehicles have difficulty starting at ambient temperatures below 10°C because of methanol's low vapor pressure and high heat of vaporization, Even when the vehicles start, they have poor driveability and high'CO and unturned hydrocarbon emissions. With Phase I funding, the investigators have begun the development of on-board dimethyl ether (DME) generation to solve the cold start problem. The highly volatile DME can be formed by catalytic dehydration of methanol. The reaction is exothermic but some heat input is required to bring the catalyst to operating temperature and to vaporize the methanol. The DME would be metered to the engine at the time of the cold start and during cold operation. During Phase I, a very active and selective methanol catalyst has been synthesized and tested. Data from the tests were used to design a small electrically heated DME generating reactor. IXiring Phase II, The investigators will fabricate this rector and test it on board a methanol-fueled vehicle. The commercial application of the DME generating reactor is to use it on methanol-fueled vehicles to assist cold start and cold operation. Although only a limited number of methanol-fueled vehicles have been built, the potential market is very large. It is believed that methanol will be a significant future fuel since emissions from methanol-fueled vehicles are generally less than gasoline vehicles and since methanol can be made at low cost from abundant feedstocks such as coal, natural gas and biomaBs. 9. REDUCTION OF DIESEL PARTICULATE BY ELECTROSTATIC AGGLOMERATION, INTERNAL COLLECTION AND REBURNING Hamilton Maurer International, Inc. P.O. Box 42320 Houston, TX 77242-2320 713/468-6805 David Taimsen, Principal Investigator EPA Region 6 Amount: $150,000.00 The proposed Federal standards for diesel exhaust particle emissions in 1991 and 1994 will require a 60% and 83%' reduction from the current 29 ------- (1988) standards. It has been shown that approximately 75% of diesel particles are charged during combustion and could be collected on the surfaces of an electrostatic agglomerator with minimal power consumption. During Phase I of the EPA SBIR program, HMI, Inc. successfully demonstrated the electrostatic agglomeration of submicron particles contained in diesel exhaust using the particle's natural charge. The mass mean diameter of the suhmicron particles was increased from about 0.2 um to about 2.0 um. The focus of this Phase II Proposal is to demonstrate the performance of an inertial separator to remove the agglomerated particles from the exhaust stream and to destroy the agglomerate by burning either within the engine or externally. The advantages of this approach for diesel particle control are that the natural occurring particle charge enables the submicron particles to be removed, agglomerated, and subsequently returned separate from the agglomeration/separation system with a low pressure drop in the exhaust gas stream and at minimal parasitic power consumption. An innovative particle collection system has been developed for diesel exhaust emissions which utilizes the natural charge on the submicron particles. The submicron particles are electrostatically removed from the diesel exhaust stream. The particles collect and agglomerate on the surfaces of the electrostatic device. Subsequently, the agglomerated particles are re intrained in the exhaust flow and removed using robust inertial collection devices. Ultimately, the agglomerate is destroyed by reburning. The electrostatic agglomerator system (ESA) will have universal application for all trucks and buses operating in the United States. The ESA particle collection system will allow the 1991 and 1994 diesel emission regulations to be met using a rugged and economical particle collection system. 10. REDUCTION OF ELECTRONICS INDUSTRY TOXIC AIR EMISSIONS THROUGH THE USE OF A NOVEL VENT GAS SCRUBBER Advanced Technology Materials, Inc. 520-B Danbury Road New Milford, CT 06776 203/355-2681 Glenn Tom, Principal Investigator EPA Region 1 Amount: $150,000.00 The rapid growth of the American microelectronics industry has spawned new environmental problems associated with the processes used to prepare semiconductor chips, the key components of sophisticated electronic devices. Historically, most of these problems have been ignored because relatively low volumes of chemicals are associated with semiconductor fabrication. However, the exceptionally high toxicity of these materials can cause major problems for small quantity hazardous waste generators. Silane, phosphine and/or arsine are used in the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) steps in semiconductor fabrications. 30 ------- While large users have built ejqpensive facilities for handling small amounts of these materials, small generators have vented to the atmosphere or used similarly unacceptable techniques. Advanced Technology Materials, Inc. (ATM), proposes to build a family of novel vent gas scrubbers that will be cost-effective in reducing toxic air emissions from small quantity CVD processes. The methodology to be employed will resemble that used by ATM to design purification devices for these same gases, except that a bifunctional device with scavenging capability is envisioned that is fully automated to handle any system surges. The Phase I program demonstrated full feasibility and yielded a prototype device with high capacity and capture-effectiveness. The Phase II program will expand the scope of the device and include on-site testing and industry qualification. It is anticipated that cost-effective, automated vent gas scrubbers can be manufactured. These scrubbers will have broad application in the electronics industry and in research and development institutions where small amounts of hazardous materials are routinely employed in the chemical vapor deposition processes. Because these scrubbers will have a high degree of flexibility in gas handling capability, they should find use in plants where the gases are produced and in non-electronics industries where CVD technology is used with increasing frequency. 11. REDUCED ENTRAINMENT PRECIPITATOR, PHASE II ETS, Inc. 3140 Chaparral Drive, Suite C-103 Roanoke, VA 24018 703/774-8999 Dale A. Furlong, Principal Investigator EPA Region 3 Amount: $149,628.00 The Reduced Entrainment Precipitator (REP) will have improved collection efficiency for dusts having either high or low electrical resistivities. This objective is accomplished by providing a porous collection surface. A small portion (typically less than 20%) of the dirty gas stream is drawn through the collected dust cake and the porous collecting plate by a separate fan. This small flow through the dust provides an aerodynamic force to reduce re-entrainment of the dust. Typical fabric filter dust cake pressure drops, the dust retaining force, can be orders of magnitude larger than the re-entraining force, the dynamic head of the flowing stream. The provision of a significant aerodynamic force to counteract re- entrainment has at least two potential benefits: (1) Higher precipitator through-put velocities may be used thus reducing the size of the precipitator. 31 ------- (2) In a conventional precipitator dust retention forces are provided by corona current through the dust cake. Elimination of the need for corona current for dust retention in turn eliminates the dependence of the process on dust resistivity, either high or low. The REP is a combination of electrostatic precipitator and fabric filter technologies that provide a proprietary particulate collection device having a significant improvement in particle collection capability at greatly reduced capitol and operating costs. The potential market for this is the entire new precipitator market and should average 200 million dollars per year over the next 5 years. 12. A STUDY OF THE REGENERABILITY OF A UNIQUE NEW SORBENT THAT REMOVES 302-NOx FROM FLUE GASES Sanitech, Inc. 1935 East Aurora Road Twinsburg, OH 44087 216/425-2354 Sidney G. Nelson, Principal Investigator EPA Region 5 Amount: $98,943.00 A new process called the Nelson Filter System is currently under development. The Nelson Filter System is an advanced dry scrubbing system that removes simultaneously both SO2 and NO* from flue gases. It is very effective, having demonstrated repeatedly in laboratory and field tests 99% SOz, 99% NOx, and over 30% NO removal. It is environmentally attractive in that no sludge or troublesome wastes are produced. It is simple and low-cost. The key to the Filter System development is a new hyper-reactive sorbent, a material that is regenerable simply by heating. The sorbent, supplied to the flue gas duct, captures sulfur and nitrogen oxides at temperatures of 200° C or less. When the sorbent becomes saturated, it is regenerated. A suitable regeneration process for the new sorbent was developed in Phase I of the project, for which a patentwae recently granted. The goals of the proposed Phase II research are to optimize this new regeneration process, to scale up and to demonstrate the process on a more meaningful scale, to gain a better understanding of the complex chemistries that are occurring during sorption and regeneration, and to examine regeneration costs by performing a system analysis. We expect that by successfully meeting these goals, we will be in a position for a much larger demonstration in Phase III. The results of the proposed work will provide the data and infor- mation needed for the design of a large demonstration facility. After the completion of Phase II, ' the investigators expect to know 1) the optimum atmosphere in which to carry out regeneration; 2) how well the new sorbent will also remove fine particulates, in addition to SO2 and NOs; 3) how the presence of captured fine particulates may affect 32 ------- regenerabi11ty; 4) what precise chemical reaction are occurring during the preparation and use of the eorbent; and 5) how processing changes can affect regeneration costs and how the costs of the Nelson Filter System compare with those of other control technologies. The Nelson Filter System, if suitably developed and demonstrated, could have a major impact on high-sulfur coal usage and on the acid rain problem. It is estimated that the costs of the new system could easily be only a small fraction of the costs of conventional lime or limestone scrubbers, and, or course, it would produce no sludge. 33 ------- Alphabetical List of Awardees Page Number/s Advanced Technology Materials, Inc. 520-B Danbury Road New Milford, CT 06776 203/355-2681 Al-Chem Fuels. Inc. P.O. Box 60 Dimmitt, TX 79027 806/647-5222 BH Electronics, Inc. 12219 Wood Lake Drive Burnsville, MI 55337 612/894-9590 Bio-Metric Systems, Inc. 9924 West 74th Street Eden Prairie, MN 55344 612/829-2700 Bend Research, Inc. 64550 Research Road Bend, OR 97701 503/382-4100 3, 17, Chemical & Metal Industries, Inc. 4701 Dahlia Street Denver, CO 80216 303/320-6151 ETS, Inc. 3140 Chaparral Drive, Suite C-103 Roanoke, VA 24018 703/774-8999 Electrochemical Innovations 313 North Holman Portland, OR 97217 503/464-4222 Energy and Environmental Engineering, Inc. P.O. Box 215 East Cambridge, MA 02141 617/666-5500 30 26 23 14 24 24 31 9 10 34 ------- Energy and Environmental Research Corporation 18 Mason Irvine, CA 92718 714/859-8851 25 Energy Sciences, Inc. 8 Gill Street Woburn, MA 01801 617/935-8020 18 Enoree Minerals Corporation P.O. Box 289 Laurens, SC 29360 803/984-7648 or 803/969-9555 6 Entropic Technologies Corporation 120 North Washington Square, Suite 1000 Lansing, MI 48933 517/482-7049 12 Environmental Protection Rolyaers, Inc. 13414 Prairie Avenue Havrthorne, CA 90250 213/970-9100 13 F learning and Wickett P.O. Box 1300 Issaquah, HA 98027 206/392-9791 9 Fluidyne Corporation 28 37th Street, ME Auburn, WA 98002 206/939-9098 12 Hamilton Maurer International, Inc. P.O. Box 42320 Houston, TX 77242-2320 713/468-6805 29 EBC Advanced Technologies, c/o Tronac, Inc. 1167 N. Industrial Park Rd. Orem, 0T 84057 801/224-8264 4 Insitec 2110 Omega Road, Suite D San Ramon, CA 94583 16 35 ------- Ionic Atlanta-Alford and Rogers 1347 Spring Street Atlanta, GA 30309 404/876-5166 4 Kross, Inc. 146 Flanders Drive Hillsborough, NJ 08876 201/359-1367 27 Membrane Technology and Research, Inc. 1360 Willow Road Menlo Park, CA 94025 415/328-2228 5, 19 National Recovery Technologies, Inc. 105 28th Avenue South Nashville, TN 37212 615/329-9088 7 PCP Consulting & Research, Inc. P.O. Box 5943 Lawrenceville, NJ 08648 609/882-0869 18 PSI Technology Company Research Park, P.O. Box 3100 Andover, MA 01810-7100 617/455-9030 20 Photo-Catalyt ics, Inc. 755 South 42nd Street Boulder, CO 80303 303/499-4406 28 Precision Combustion, Inc. 25 Science Park New Haven, CT 06511 203/786-5215 11 Procedyne Corporation 221 Somerset Street New Brunswick, NJ 08903 201/249-8347 8 Production Monitoring and Control Co. 8620 North New Braunfels, H308 San Antonio, TX 78217 512/821-3794 15 36 ------- Sanitech, Inc. 1935 East Aurora Road Twinsburg, OH 44087 216/425-2354 32 Separation Processes, Inc. 651 Fresca Street Soloma Beach, CA 92075 619/755-9515 6 Synlize, Inc. 1795 Beacon Street Brookline, MA 02146 617/566-7865 10 Technology Development Associates 1667 Cole Boulevard #400 Golden, 00 80401 303/238-3016 20, 29 37 ------- |