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U. S. DEPARTMENT OF }'[¦' LTH, v ¦ : 1 T> * " J FA*' f .
-------
VIRGIN ISLANDS AIR POLLUTANT
EMISSION INVENTORY
Prepared by
Alan J. Hoffman
Division of Air Quality and Emission Data
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
Public Health Service
Environmental Health Service
National Air Pollution .Control Administration
Durham, North Carolina
Ziay 1570
-------
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Sincere gratitude is extended by the National Air Pollution
Control Administration to the many individuals and companies who
contributed to this air pollution emission inventory.
Special thanks are extended to Donald Francois of the Virgin
Islands Health Department, who contributed invaluable assistance in
the gathering of data for this report.
I
-------
PREFACE
This report, which presents the emission inventory for the Virgin
Islands Area, is another in a series of surveys outlining the sources
and emissions of air pollutants for major metropolitan areas in the
country. These surveys provide estimates of the present level*. o£»-
air pollutant emissions and status of their control. They are conducted
by the National Inventory of Air Pollutant Emissions and Control Branch
of the National Air Pollution Control Administration. The pollutants,
which include sulfur oxides, particulates, carbon monoxide, hydro-
carbons and nitrogen oxides, are delineated with respect to source
type, season of the year and geographical distribution within the area.
The general procedure for the surveys is based upon the rapid survey
technique for estimating air pollutant emissions.1 These reports are
intended to serve as aids in the proposing of boundaries of Air Quality
Control Regions, as directed by the Air Quality Act of 1967.
-------
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Introduction 1
Summary of Results 3
Study Area 6
Grid Coordinate System 11
Emissions by Category 13
Transportation. 13
Fuel Combustion in Stationary Sources 15
Solid Waste 18
Industrial Processes 18
Emissions by Jurisdiction 23
Bnissions by Grid 27
Emission Densities 36
References 37
Appendix 38
-------
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
1 Summary of Air Pollutant Emissions in -the Virgin Islands
Study Area 1
2 Population and Area Characteristics for the Study Area...... 10
3 Vehicle Miles of Travel and Fuel Consumption in the
Study Area 14
4 Air Pollutant Emissions from Aircraft for the
Study Area 16
5 Aircraft Flights for the Study Area... 16
6 Fuels used in Stationary Sources in the Study Area.......... 17
7 Emissions from Stationary Fuel Combustion....... 19
8 Solid Waste Disposal Practices for the Study Area 21
9 Summary of Air Pollutant Emissions on St. John Island 24
10 Summary of Air Pollutant Emissions on St. Croix Island...... 25
11 Summary of Air Pollutant Emissions on St. Thomas Island 26
12 Summary of Air Pollutant Emissions from Point Sources 28
13 Summary of Air Pollutant Emissions from All Sources 29
-------
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
1 Map of the Virgin Islands in Relation to the United
States . 7
2 Detailed Map of the Virgin Islands Study Area 8
3 Population Density of the Virgin Islands Study Area 9
4 Grid Coordinate System for the Virgin Islands Study Area 11
5 Point Source Locations 22
6 Sulfur Oxides Emission Density Map 31
7 Particulate Emission Density Map 32
8 Carbon Monoxide Emission Density Map 33
9 Hydrocarbon Emission Density Map 34
10 Nitrogen Oxides Emission Density Map 35
-------
INTRODUCTION
This report summarizes the Virgin Islands area air pollutant
emission inventory conducted in January 1970. The data and emission
estimates presented are for 1968 and indicate the conditions during
that year.
The Study Area is based on population distribution and air
pollutant sources. It comprises the three major islands in the
grouping, namely St. Thomas, St. Croix, and St. John. This area
covers approximately 137 square miles and had a 1968 population of
60,400.
A grid coordinate system was used to show the geographical distri-
bution of emissions within islands. The Study Area was subdivided
into 31 grid zones of 25 square kilometers.
All sources of emissions were classified into five categories--
transportation, stationary fuel combustion, solid-waste disposal,
industrial processes and evaporative losses. Each of these source
categories was divided into two subgroups--point sources and area
sources. Facilities emitting large quantities of air pollutants
were considered point sources. The many remaining contributors such
as motor vehicles, residential fuel users, small commercial and
industrial facilities and on-site refuse burning equipment, were
considered collectively as area sources. For this report individual
sources having emissions greater than zero tons per average annual
day for any pollutant were classified as point sources.
Emissions were estimated by using various indicators such as
fuel consumption, refuse burning rates, vehicle-miles, production
data, and control efficiencies and emission factors relating these
2
indicators to emission rates. These factors represent average
emission rates for a particular source category. Since individual
sources have inherent differences that cannot always be taken into
consideration, discrepancies between the actual and estimated emissions
-------
are more likely in individual sources than in the total emissions for
a source category.
As in all emission surveys, the data presented are estimates
and should not be interpreted as absolute values. The estimates are,
in some cases, partial totals due to the lack of emission factors
and production or consumption data. Despite these limitations, the
estimates are of sufficient accuracy and validity in defining the
extent and distribution of air pollutant emissions within the Study
Area.
2
-------
SUMMARY OF RESULTS
The estimated annusl emissions of the five surveyed pollutants
in the Virgin Islands are presented in Table 1. The following ia a
brief summary of pollutant emissions and sources.
Sulfur Oxides
The predominant sources of the 19,800 tons of sulfur
oxides emitted annually are the combustion of fuels
(89 percent) and industrial process losses (10 percent).
Particulate Matter The annual emissions of 4,330 tons are distributed
between the various source types. The largest source
is industrial processes with stationary fuel com-
bustion being the second largest.
Carbon Monoxide
Motor vehides contribute only 10 percent of 283,600
tons of carbon monoxide emitted within the Study Area
in 1968. This is due to a large Industrial process
source which accounts for almost 89 percent of the
total.
Hydrocarbons
The two largest sources of the yearly 11,450 tons of
hydrocarbons are industrial processes and motor vehicles,
They contribute 53 and 29 percent respectively.
Oxides of Nitrogen Stationary fuel combustion and transportation are the
important sources of the 8,450 tons of oxides of
nitrogen. The four large fuel -burning sources alone
account for 64 percent of the total emitted.
3
-------
TABLE 1 SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS IN THE VIRGIN
ISLANDS STUDY AREA, 1968 (Tons/Year)
Source Category
Sulfur
Oxides
Partic-
ulates
Carbon
Monoxide
Hydro-
carbons
Nitrogen
Oxides
Transportation
60
300
29,310
3,330
1,370
Motor Vehicles
v ¦
7'
Gasoline
50
70
18,760
1,340
750
Diesel
N
N
N
N
N
Aircraft
N
220
10,540
1,970
590
Vessels
10
10
10
20
30
Stationary Fuel
Combustion
17,600
1,300
110
150
5,360
Fuel Oil
17,600
1,280
110
150
5,120
Natural Gas
N
20
N
N
240
Solid Waste Disposal
40
610
3,240
1,140
420
Industrial Processes
2,100
2,120
251,000
6,000
1,300
Evaporative Losses
m
—
830
—
TOTAL
19,800
4,330
283,660
11,450
8,-50
N » Negligible
4
-------
table ia summary of air pollutant emissions in the virgin
ISLANDS STUDY AREA, 1968 (103 Kg/Year)
Source Category
Sulfur
Oxides
Partic-
ulates
Carbon
Monoxide
Hydro-
carbons
Nitrog*
Oxides
Transportation
50
270
26,590
3,020
1,250
Motor Vehicles
Gasoline
40
60
17,020
1,210
680
Diesel
N
N
N
N
N
Aircraft
N
220
9,560
1,790
540
Vessels
10
10
10
20
30
Stationary Fuel
Combustion
15,970
1,180
100
140
4,860
Fuel Oil
15,970
1,160
100
140
4,640
Natural Gas
N
20
N
N
220
Solid Waste Disposal
40
550
2,940
1,030
380
Industrial Processes
1,910
1,920
227,700
5,440
1,180
Evaporative Losses
—
—
—
750
—
TOTAL
17,970
3,920
257,330
10,380
7,670
N ¦ Negligible
5
-------
STUDY AREA
The Study Area for the report consists of the three major islands--
St. Thomas, St. John and St. Croix . Figure 1 present's the Study Area
in relation to North America.
The approximate 1968 population for the Study Area was 60,400
which covers an area of 137 square miles. Table 2, which gives popula-
tion by county ana Figure 3, which shows the population density, indicate
that most of the population is in the urbanized portions of St. Thomas
and St. Croix. The population in this area has increased at a quicker
pace than the nation as a whole. Between 1960 and 1968, the nation's
population increased over 11 percent while the Virgin Islands increased
88 percent.
The climate is tropical with warm winters. The summer temperature
is only a few degrees higher than the winter on the average. There
are no heating degree days. The average low temperature throughout
the year is around 70 degrees. The average high temperature in the summer
is around 88 degrees.
6
-------
A...
WASHINGTON pf
UNITED
STATES
e BERMUDA
GULF
OF
MEXICO
MEXICO C,
PACIFIC OCEAN
®rv
BAHAMA ISLANDS
MIAMI ^fv Scv\
DOMINICAN"
REPUBLICS
ATLANTIC OCEAN
VIRGIN ISLANDS
* CUBA
CARIBBEAN
SEA
i HAITI
JAMAICA
' /
,U^oklA
PUERTO
RICO » d
CUI.EBRA, P. R.
ST. THOMAS
Q ^ ~ ^^TORTOLA
ST. JOHN
VIEQUES. P. R.
CARIBBEAN SEA
Figure 1. Virgin Islands in relation to the United States.
7
-------
ATLANTIC OCEAN
oo
CARIBBEAN SEA
0 12 3 4
miles
Figure 2. Virgin islands study area.
-------
Figure 3. Population density for the Virgin Islands.
-------
TABLE 2 POPULATION AND AREA CHARACTERISTICS 0? THE VIRGIN
ISLANDS STUDY AREA, 1968
Pspulaticr. Densi:
Jurisdiction 1968 Population Area, Mi People/mi^, 1968
St. Croix 27,700 87 318
St. John 1,600 18 89
St. Thomas 31,100 32 971
TOTAL 60,400 137 440
10
-------
GRID COORDINATE SYSTEM
A grid coordinate system was used in the Virgin Islands Area to
indicate the geographical distribution of emissions. A map showing
the grid coordinate system is presented in Fitrure 4.
The grid system used was based upon the metric system. Each
north-south and east-west grid line , as illustrated in F*gure 4,
is identified by a coordinate number expressed in meters. Each
point source and grid, using its geographical center, is identified
by a horizontal and vertical coordinate to the nearest 100 meters.
Grid zones of different sizes are usually used in the grid
coordinate system to allow a satisfactory definition of the geographical
gradation of emissions and to limit the number of grid zones. The ma-
jority of the emissions is usually concentrated in the populated and
industrialized portions of a Study Area. Smaller grids are placed over
these areas to allow the grid coordinate system to reflect the changes
of emissions over abort distances. Grid zones smaller than the 25
kilometer grid zones used in this report are not usually warranted
because of the inherent inaccuracies in the data. Larger grid zones
are usually used in the rural portions, because a smaller percentage
of the total emissions usually occurs in lightly populated areas.
Because the Virgin Islands have a relatively small area compared to
2
other studies of this type, only one size grid was used (25 Km 1.
-------
Figure 4. Virgin Islands grid coordinate system.
-------
EMISSIONS BY CATEGORY
TRANSPORTATION
Transportation is the source category concerned with mobile
source of air pollutants. The sources in this category include: road
vehicles (both gasoline and diesel powered, aircraft, vessels, and
railroads. With the exception of aircraft, all the sources are
presented as area sources. Since most of the aircraft emissions are
attributable to the immediate vicinity of the airports, aircraft are
presented as point sources.
Road Vehicles
METHODOLOGY: Vehicle miles of travel were obtained from gasoline
consumption. Total vehicle miles of travel for 1968 were obtained
3
by using an average factor of fuel consumed per vehicle mile.
The vehicle miles of travel which included only gasoline Vehicle
was apportionned onto the grid system by locating major arterials and
secondary roads.
Approximately 1.5 to 2.0 percent of gasoline is lost through
evaporation from gasoline tanks and the carburetor. (This is
exclusive of hydrocarbon losses from exhaust.) It was assumed that
no diesel fuel was lost by evaporation. Since 1963 most new automobiles
were equipped with positive cranfccase ventilation (PCV) valves that
reduce hydrocarbon emissions from the crankcase by about 90 percent.
Due to a lag time in the automobile replacement rate, it was assumed
that 80 percent of the automobiles were equipped with PCV valves.
RESULTS: More than 177 million miles were traveled by motor vehicles
In 1968. In the process, 14.2 million gallons-of gasoline was consumed
for highway purposes. Table 3 indicates that about 97 percent of all
motor vehicle travel occurs in St. Thomas and St. Croix.
13
-------
TABLE 3 VEHICLE HI IE3 OF TRAVEL ACT GASCL::;E CONSUMPTION
FOR THE STUDY AREA, 1968
3 6
Jurisdiction Vehicle Miles (10 /Day) Gasoline (10 /Year)
St. Croix 236.3 6.90
St. John 237.3 6.93
St. Thomas 12.0 0.35
TOTAL 485.6 14.18
14
-------
The retiring emissions from motor vehicles are shown in Table 1.
Motor vehicles are by far the most significant transportation source,
accounting for 65 percent of the carbon monoxide and 41 percent of
the hydrocarbons.
Aircraft
METHODOLOGY: The total number of flights by type was obtained
from the Federal Aviation Administration. A flight is defined as
the combination of a take-off and landing. Estimates were made as
to the kind and number of engines in each type category. Table 5
presents the results of these estimates at Harry S. Truman Field
and Alexander Hamilton Airport.
Emissions were obtained by applying the appropriate emission
factors to the total number of flights in each engine and type
category.
RESULTS: Table 4 presents the resulting air pollutant emissions
from the two airports in the Study Area, As can be seen, the piston
engines are the largest source of emissions among aircraft, accounting
for 97 percent of the carbon monoxide and 96 percent of the hydrocarbons.
Vessels
METHODOLOGY: The number of vessels entering St. Thomas was
obtained from the Virgin Islands Port Authority-Marine Division.
This total included both cruise and cargo ships. An average
consumption of fuel while in port was used to determine the quantity
of fuel consumed by this source category.
RESULTS: Air pollutant emissions from vessels are shown in Table 1.
It is apparent from this table that the percent contribution from this
source category to total transportation emissions is negligible.
FUEL COMBUSTION IN STATIONARY SOURCES
Only fuel oil and to some extent natural gas are consumed within
12
the Study Area. In 1968, fuel oil accounted for 21.3 x 10 BTU of
15
-------
TABLE 4 SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FROM AIRCRAFT FOR
THE STUDY AREA, 1968 (Tons/Year)
Sulfur Partic- Carbon Hydro- Nitrogen
Source Category Oxides ulates Monoxide carbons Oxides
Jet Engine N 170 120 30 100
Piston Engine N 50 10,420 1,940 490
Total N 220 10,540 1,970 590
TABLE 5 SUMMARY OF AIRCRAFT FLIGHTS BY AIRPORT, 1968
Number of Engines
Airport 2 Engine 3 Engine
H. S. Truman 55,300 6,000
A. Hamilton 25,700 5,000
Total 81,000 11,000
16
-------
TABLE 6
FUELS USED IN STATIONARY SOURCES FOR THE STUDY
AREA, 1968
Jurisdiction
Residual Fuel Oil
1C6 Gal.
Distillate Fuel Oil Natural Gas
106 Cat.
10" Ft.
St. Croix
Industry
Power Plant
88.2
6
19.3
3
2,200
0.5
St. John
St. Thomas
Industry
Power Plant
0
14
0
1
0
0
TOTAL
108.2
23.3
2,200
SULFUR CONTENTS OF FUEL
Distillate Fuel Oil
Residual Fuel Oil
0.2 - 1.0%
2.0%
17
-------
energy or 91 percent of the total. As shown in Table 6, 2.2 billion
cubic feet of natural gas and 132 million gallons of fuel oils were
burned vithi- vhc Study Atcz.
Industry is the largest consumer of both fuels. Since there are
no heating requirements, and all power is supplied by the two power
plants, no fuel is consumed by all residential and commercial sources
and most industrial plants.
METHODOLOGY: All fuel consumption was obtained from the Virgin
Island Health Department.
RESULTS: The resulting emissions are shown in Table 7. The
combustion of oil accounts for the majority of emissions from fuel
combustion in stationary sources.
SOLID WASTE
METHODOLOGY: The total solid waste generated within the Study
Area was found by applying the national average per capita generation
4
rates of refuse per day to the total Study Area resident population.
This generation rate includes both collected and uncollected waste.
On the average 5.5 lb/day of waste is collected by municipalities for
disposal. This figure includes household, commercial and industrial
refuse. Since there is a large number of non-residents, especially
tourists, on the islands during the year, it was assumed they contributed
about 1.5 lb/day per resident. The disposal method for the three islands
is open burning dumps. The emissions from these dumps were calculated
individually and located .within the Study Area.
RESULTS: Table 8, which is a solid waste balance for the Study
Area, shows the results of the above methodology. Table 1 presents
the emissions from solid waste disposal practices.
INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
The major industry in the Study Area is tourism. However, there
are two large industries on St. Croix-- an oil refinery and ar. alumina
plant. In addition, there are several small asphalt and concrete
18
-------
TABLE 7 EMISSIONS FROM STATIONARY FUEL COMBUSTION IN THE
ofuLx x'ul£A, 1568 (Eons/i'uar)
Source Category
Sulfur
Oxides
Partic-
ulates
Carbon
Monoxide
Hydro-
carbons
Nitrogen
Oxides
Industry
3,460
120
N
40
1,250
Power Plants
14,140
1,180
110
110
4,110
TOTAL
17,600
1,300
110
150
5,360
19
-------
batching plants on St. Croix and St, Thonas. There are no industrial
establishments on St. John.
METHODOLOGY; Data for the two large industrial plants vere collected
in cooperation vith tiia local air pollution agency. The a'.-crdna plan-
is a source of particulates only. However, the two rotary kilns are
both equipped with electrostatic precipitators. The bauxite ore is
wet during handling and processing. Thus emissions from this plant
are small. Data on the oil refinery has not been supplied by the company
at this time. However, using published data on refinery capacity
emission estimates were made based on this information and other data
supplied by the Virgin Islands Department of Health.
RESULTS: Total emissions from industrial processes are shown in
Table 1. As can be seen, this category is the major source of carbon
monoxide and an important source '
-------
TABLE 8 SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL PRACTICES FOR THE VIRGIN ISLANDS
STUDY AREA, 1968 (Tons/Year)
Jurisdiction Total Generated Open Burning Dumps
St. Croix 35,400 35,400
St. John 1,830 1,830
St, Thomas 39,100 39,100
TOTAL 66,330 66,330
21
-------
OHO000
di
045000
0100000
005000 010 000
015000 020000
025000 030000
335000
04QOOO
N3
NOTE: DISTANCE BETWEEN ST. THOMAS
ISLAND AND ST. CROIX ISLAND IS cr„
40 MILES. , CARlBBtAN SEA
0 12 3
OOIOGOO
OOOS®"0
0015000
14
^ ^
15
^T\
mt les
6 -r
\\ PRC
1
ST. CF
¦>FR|i«TFn °
B
01X
» 1
Booths
TIANSTED
1 y
%
3
* B.
5
03() 000 0
5
POINT SOURCE
• POWER PLANT
¦ AIRPORT
O fNDUSTRI AL-
O DUMP
b-
040000
005000
qiqOOO OI5000 02O®00 025®00
Figure 5. Location of point sources in the Virgin Islands.
-------
EMISSIONS BY JURISDICTION
ihe previous section of this report presents emissions primarily
by source category. The emissions by island and source are summarized
here in Tables 9 through 11.
23
-------
TABLE 9 SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS IN ST. JOHN ISLAND
1968 (Tons/Year)
Source Category
Sulfur
Oxides
Partic-
ulates
Carbon
Monoxide
Hydro-
carbons
Nitrosen
Oxides
Transportation
N
N
440
30
<1 **•
Road Vehicles
N
N
440
30
20
Other
N
N
N
N
N
Stationary Fuel
Combustion
0
0
0
0
0
Industry
0
0
0
0
0
Power Plants
0
0
0
0
0
Solid Waste
N
10
80
30
10
Industrial Processes
0
0
0
0
0
Evaporative Losses
_»
--
—
20
—
TOTAL
N
10
520
80
30
N ¦ Negligible
24
-------
TABLE 10
SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS IN ST. CROIX ISLAND
1968 (Tons/Year)
Source Category
Sulfur
Oxides
Partic-
ulates
Carbon
Monoxide
Hydro-
carbons
Nitrogen
Oxides
Transportation
30
130
10,970
1,190
580
Road Vehicles
30
30
7,710
570
370
Other
N
100
3,260
620
210
Stationary Fuel
Combustion
15,300
1,220
110
120
4,570
Industry
14,100
1,170
110
110
4,100
Power Plants
1,200
50
N
10
470
Solid Waste Disposal
20
280
1,500
530
190
Industrial Processes
2,100
1,190
251,000
6,000
1,300
Evaporative Losses
—
--
--
420
—
TOTAL
17,450
2,820
263,580
8,260
6,640
25
-------
TABLE 11 SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS IN ST. THOMAS
ISLAND, 1968 (Tons/Year)
Sulfur
Partic-
Carbon
Hydro-
Nitrogen
Source Category
Oxides
ulates
Monoxide
carbons
Oxides
Transportation
30
170
17,900
2,110
770
Road Vehicles
30
AO
10,610
740
370
Other
N
130
7,290
1,370
400
Stationary Fuel
Combustion
2,300
80
N
30
790
Industry
0
0
0
0
0
Power Plants
2,300
80
N
30
790
Solid Waste Disposal
20
320
1,660
580
220
Industrial Processes
0
930
0
0
0
TOTAL
2,350
1,500
19,560
3,110
1,780
26
-------
EMISSIONS BY GRID
For the purpose of defining the geographical variation of air
pollutant emissions in the Study Area, the resulting emissions were
apportioned on the grid coordinate system. • The emissions were divided
into two source groups—point and area sources. Nineteen point sources
are identified individually with respect to location and emissions.
Each of these point sources emit more than 0 tons per day of any pollutant.
Figure 5 shows the location of the point sources in the area.
Collectively the 19 point sources account for 99.9 percent of the sulfur
oxides, 97 percent of particulates, 93 percent of carbon monoxide, 77
percent of hydrocarbons and 90 percent of nitrogen oxides. The percent
contribution to nitrogen oxide emissions is low because motor vehicles,
which are area sources account for 10 percent of the total nitrogen
oxide emissions. Similarly, the contribution to total hydrocarbon
emissions is low since two groups of area sources, motor vehicles and
evaporative losses are major contributors. Table 12 presents the
emissions of point sources. It has been assumed that seasonal variations
in point sources are negligible.
Area sources are sources of emissions that are insignificant by
themselves, but as a group emit a significant amount. Examples are
motor vehicles, residential houses, light commercial and industrial
establishments and backyard burning. The emissions from area sources
have been added to that for point sources to obtain total emissions By
grid as given in Table 13.
The emissions are presented for an annual average day, an average
winter day (December, January, February), and an average summer day
(June, July, August). The annual average daily emission rates were
obtained by dividing yearly totals by 365. Seasonal averages in most
areas are calculated by the use of space heating variations in fuel con-
sumption and variations in motor vehicle traffic activity. This method
is described in detail in the appendix. Other sources are assumed to be
constant throughout the year.
27
-------
HC
60
145
130
142
130
16
90
?01
21'J
2*«
75
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/O
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2.19 2.19
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0.39
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0.00
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3-. 52 3 . 52
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huhjb 13
Sirr'ARY OF AIW POLLUTANT E"'ISSIn 'SFROM ALL SOURCES,
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1S69
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0100
ATLANTIC OCEAN
Sr. THOMAS
" CHARLOTTE
045OOO
005°°° OlO000
OJ5OOO 020000
0?s000 030000
035000
NOTE: DISTANCE BETWEEN ST. THOMAS
ISLAND AND ST. CROIX ISLAND IS r£-.
40 MILES. | CARIBBEAN SEA
0015000r
;)000
SULFUR >XIDE EMISSIONS.
tc i ;/mi ^-doy
0 1 7 3
, 6 ~
OOIO00®
0005°°°
0 - 0.25
0 25 - 0.50
Ixjgj 0 50 - 1.00
j] 1.00 - 3.00
040°
005000 OlO000 015000 O2O000 025000
Figure 6. Sultuc owde toe \fc\a
-------
0100000
045°°°
PARTICULATE EMISSIONS,
005000 010000
O15OOO 020000
025°°° 030000
O35000
UJ
fs>
NOTE: DISTANCE BETWEEN ST. THOMAS
ISLAND AND ST. CROIX ISLAND IS
40 MILES. | CAHIBBEAN SEA
0015000
0 1 2 3 4 5
0010000
O005OOO
040®"® ton s/m i 2-doy
[~~j 0.01 - 0.05
0.05 - 0.10
0.10 - 0.20
II 0.20 - 0.40
040000
OO5OOO 010000 015000 020"0® 025000
Figure 7. Particulate emission density for the Virgin Islands.
-------
045000
OlOO000
u>
u>
NOTE: DISTANCE BETWEEN ST. THOMAS
ISLAND AND ST. CROIX ISLAND IS ~AD.DDC ... cr.
40 MILES. j CARIBBEAN SEA
0015000r
035000
0 12 3
040 oc;'
CARflON ONOXIDE EMISSIONS,
'ons/mi^-doy
0 - 0.05
0010000
0005000
.OS - 0.50
= R
E~] 0.50 - 1.00
.5
igi-.j 1.00 - 5.00
>5.00
rr-
)4()000
005000 0I00°0 015000 020000 025000
Fiyure 8. Carbon monoxide emission density for the Virgin Island
-------
045000
01CO000
O35OOO
W
NOTE: DISTANCE BETWEEN ST. THOMAS
ISLAND AND ST. CROIX ISLAND IS ~AD.DDCA., CCA
40 MILES. | CARIBBEAN SEA
0015"00
O4O°0O
HYDROCARBON EMISSIONS,
tons/mi^-
-------
Figure 10. Nitrogen oxide emission density for the Virgin Islands.
-------
EMISSION DENSITIES
In order to provide a visual representation of the emissions of
pollutants by grid, emission density maps -have been provided. Figures
6 through 10 show variation in emission densities for the respective
grids throughout the Study Area. As expected the emissions generally
follow the pattern and degree of urbanization. Emission densities
are higher in grids with high populations and correspondingly high
vehicular and industrial activity.
Sr-zixonirisntal Protection Agaricy
Litmv/, V
1 Drive
CMc&co, Illinois 60606
36
-------
REFERENCES
Ozolins, G. and Smith, R., Rapid Survey Technique for Estimating
Community Air Pollution, USDHEW, PHS, October, 1966.
Duprey, R. L. , Compilation of Air PoIIuuant 'unission i'actors,
USDHEW, PHS, 1968.
Highway Statistics/ISoi, United StateB Department of Transportation,
Bureau of Public Reads, 1966.
1968 National Survey of Community Solid Waste Practices, on
Interim Report, United States Department of Health, Education,
and Welfare, Public Health Service.
Duprey, op. cit.
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