Final Report : Toxics Reduction For The U.S. Eastern Great Lakes Basin


FINAL REPORT
TOXICS REDUCTION
FOR THE
U.S. EASTERN GREAT LAKES BASIN
Work Assignment: C02130
(Ref. No. 1-635-390)
Prepared for:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Contract: 68-W9-0003
TRC
TRC Environmental Corporation

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FINAL REPORT
TOXICS REDUCTION
FOR THE U.S. EASTERN GREAT LAKES BASIN
Prepared for
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Emergency and Remedial Response Division
26 Federal Plaza
New York, New York 10278
Work Assignment No.:
C02130
EPA Region:
II
EPA Site/Facility I.D. No.:
N/A
Contract No.:
68-W9-0003 (TES-6)
TRC Document No.:
L93-839
TRC Project No.:
1-635-390-0-2PZZ-0
TRC Project Manager:
Susan Stoloff
TRC Project Engineer:
Alison Miller
TRC Telephone No.:
(508) 970-5600
Subcontractor:
N/A
Subcontract No.:
N/A
Subcontractor Project Manager:
N/A
Telephone No.:
N/A
EPA Work Assignment Manager:
Elizabeth Lonoff
Telephone No.:
(212) 264-1332
Date Prepared:
September 30,1993
TRC ENVIRONMENTAL CORPORATION
291 Broadway, Suite 1206
New York, New York 10007
(212) 349-4616
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section	Page
1.0 INTRODUCTION			1
1.1	Background 		1
1.2	Organization of Final Report 			4
2.0 EASTERN GREAT LAKES BASIN OVERVIEW 		6
2.1	Geographic Description			6
2.2	Land Use/Contaminant History		7
3.0 CHEMICAL PROFILES 	.		8
4.0 IDENTIFICATION OF SOURCES AND QUANTIFICATION OF LOADINGS . .	8
4.1	Industrial and Municipal Discharges 		9
4.1.1	Methodology		9
4.1.2	Sources and Loadings				13
4.1.3	Data Gaps and Limitations 				16
4.1.4	Summary 		18
4.2	Spills		19
4.2.1	Methodology	.		19
4.2.2	Sources and Loadings		19
4.2.3	Data Gaps and Limitations 		22
4.2.4	Summary 		23
4.3	Hazardous Waste Sites		24
4.3.1	Methodology.				24
4.3.2	Sources and Loadings 						26
4.3.3	Data Gaps and Limitations 		33
4.3.4	Summary 						34
4.4	Sediments					35
4.4.1	Methodology		35
4.4.2	Sources and Loadings		36
4.4.3	Data Gaps and Limitations 		43
4.4.4	Summary 		44
4.5	Surface Water Runoff			45
4.5.1	Direct Surface Water Runoff			45
4.5.2	Combined Sewer Overflows 				53
4.6	Atmospheric Deposition				61
4.6.1	Methodology							61
4.6.2	Sources and Loadings		 —		63
4.6.3	Data Gaps and Limitations 			67
4.6.4	Summary 		69
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONTINUED)
Section	Page
5.0 INTERVENTION PROPOSALS	 70
5.1	Methodology 	 70
5.2	Chemical Tables	 71
5.3	Intervention Proposals	109
5.3.1	Spills	 109
5.3.2	Hazardous Waste Sites .	110
5.3.3	Sediments 			114
5.3.4	Surface Runoff 				117
5.3.4.1	Direct Surface Runoff		 • • • 117
5.3.4.2	Combined Sewer Overflows	118
5.3.5	Atmospheric Deposition	119
5.4	Analysis of Contamination by County	120
6.0 SUMMARY	122
7.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY		124
Appendices	Page
A	Chemical Profiles 			A-l-
B	Industrial and Municipal Discharges 	*		B-l
C	Spills		C-l
D	Hazardous Waste Sites of Potential Concern 				D-l
E	Sample of Region I Stabilization Collaboration Initiative (SCI) Organization Chart	E-l
F	Cumulative Status Report				F-l
G	Lake Ontario Basin and Major Sub-Basins		G-l
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONTINUED)
TABLES
Number	Page
4.1.1	Distribution of Identified Loadings from Industrial, Municipal and Spill Sources ..	14
4.3.1	Available Estimated Loadings from Hazardous Waste Sites 		27
4.3.2	Total Available Estimated Loadings from Hazardous Waste Sites by Chemical ...	31
4.3.3	Additional Sites of Potential Concern by County 			31
4.4.1	Sediment Contamination in New York Tributaries		37
4.5.1	Projected Buffalo River Basin Watershed Annual Toxic Loadings		 48
4.5.2	Total Annual Yields of Lead at Sites Located in the Irondequoit Creek Basin .... 50
4.5.3	Combined Sewer Overflow (CSO) Discharges	 55
4.6.1	Annual PCB and Lead Inputs to Eastern Great Lakes and the Fractions
Attributed to Atmospheric Pathways 				 66
4.6.2	Estimated Atmospheric Deposition of Various Contaminants 		 68
5.4.1 Total Annual Loading for each Chemical by County	121
FIGURES
Number	Page
1.1.1	Regional Map - Great Lakes Region 	 2
1.1.2	Study Area Map 				 3
4.2.1 Spill Location Map - by Facility	 20
4.5.1	Combined Sewer Overflow Locations for Buffalo, New York	 57
4.5.2	Combined Sewer Overflow Locations for Tonawanda and North Tonawanda,
New York 			58
4.5.3	Combined Sewer Overflow Locations for Niagara Falls, New York		59
4.5.4	Combined Sewer Overflow Locations for Rochester, New York		60
4.6.1 Atmospheric Loading of PCBs, Benzo(a)Pyrene, and Lead to the Eastern Great
Lakes					 65
5.3.1	The Superfund Process	Ill
5.3.2	RCRA Corrective Action Process 				112
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has requested TRC Environmental
Coiporation (TRC - formerly Alliance Technologies Corporation), under EPA Contract
No. 68-W9-0003 (TES-6), Work Assignment No. 002130, to provide technical support
to the Niagara Frontier Programs Section in compiling information on sources of toxic
loadings to the U.S. portion of the Eastern Great Lakes Basin and avenues for
reducing the identified inputs. As shown on Figures 1.1.1 and 1.1.2, the Eastern Great
Lakes Basin is comprised of the eastern portion of Lake Erie, the Buffalo and Niagara
Rivers and their tributaries, Lake Ontario, and part of the St. Lawrence River.
EPA, the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC), the
Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Energy (MOE), and Environment Canada
(EC) are working together to reduce the level of toxics in the Great Lakes Basin.
These agencies, known as the Four Parties, have been focusing on activities to reduce
the toxic chemical loadings to these waterbodies from known sources in the Basin. To
identify additional opportunities for toxics reduction and elimination, they have agreed
to develop a chemical-specific database consisting of information about the loadings,
pathways, and opportunities for reduction. This report represents an EPA effort
towards this goal.
Eighteen persistent toxic chemicals have been targeted for reductions under either the
Lake Ontario or the Niagara River Toxic Management Plan (NRTMP): arsenic,
benzo(a)anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene,
chlordane, chrysene, DDT and metabolites (DDE, DDD), dieldrin, dioxin (2,3,7,8-
TCDD), hexachlorobenzene, lead, mercury, mirex, octachlorostyrene, PCBs,
tetrachloroethylene, and toxaphene.
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Study Area - Eastern Great Lakes Basin, New York
(see Figure 1.1-2 tor details)
REGIONAL MAP
GREAT LAKES REGION
TRC
Figure 1.1.1.

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Water Bodies
|T1	Eighteen Mile Creek
[2]	Oswego River
|3l	Buffalo River
pT|	Niagara River
|T|	Black River
[6]	Genesse River
|7|	Onondaga Lake
New York
Stale
Counties
3 - Allegany
53
Madison
9 - Cattaraugus
55
Monroe
11 - Cayuga
63
Niagara
13 - Chautauqua
65
Oneida
15- Chemung
67
Onondaga
19- Clinton
69
Ontario
23 - Cortland
73
Orleans
29 -Erie
75
Oswego
31 • Essex
89
St Lawrence
33 - Franklin
97
Schuyler
37- Genesee
99
Seneca
41 • Hamilton
101
Steuben
43 - Herkimer
109-
Tompkins
45 - Jefferson
117-
Wayne
49 - Lewis
121 -
Wyoming
51 - Livingston
123-
Yates
Not to Scale
Appro* Boundary of Basin
STUDY AREA MAP
EASTERN GREAT LAKES BASIN -
NORTHWEST PORTION OF NEW YORK STATE
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Figure 1.12
1671/Iff

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For this project TRC reviewed, compiled, and analyzed information obtained for each
of the above 18 target chemicals of concern. TRC assessed and summarized the
chemical, physical, and biological nature of the 18 chemicals and their historical uses
and controls. TRC identified sources of contamination and quantified loadings for
those media for which estimates exist. Based on this information regarding the
contaminants and their likely sources, TRC identified some intervention proposals
(including waste minimization, pollution prevention and remediation technologies) for
the chemicals and pathways evaluated.
TRC submitted to the EPA Work Assignment Manager (WAM), Elizabeth Lonoff,
weekly status reports during the approximately two months of data compilation and
analysis under this Work Assignment. The contents of these reports were discussed
during weekly telephone calls between TRC and the EPA WAM. A cumulative status
report is included in Appendix F of this report.
This Final Report summarizes the work performed by TRC under this Work
Assignment. The contents of the report were previously outlined and discussed in the
Interim Status and Draft Final Reports submitted to EPA on July 29, 1993 and
September 3, 1993, respectively.
1.2 Organization of Final Report
Section 1.0 of this Final Report presents a general preface to the report. Section 2.0
provides a brief introduction to the U.S. Eastern Great Lakes Basin, the subject area of
this project. The introduction includes a description of the area geography, historical
and current land use, and a brief overview of the extent of environmental quality
degradation.
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Section 3.0 briefly describes the development of chemical profiles for each of the 18
target chemicals. These profiles, included in Appendix A, describe the chemical,
biological, and physical nature and historical uses and controls of each chemical.
Section 4.0 provides a discussion and quantification of the data obtained regarding
sources and their respective loadings. Sources discussed include municipal and
industrial discharges, spills, hazardous waste sites, sediments, surface water runoff and
atmospheric deposition. Data gaps and limitations of the information obtained are also
discussed.
Section 5.0 discusses general intervention proposals including waste minimization,
pollution prevention, and remediation technologies for each chemical and for various
sources identified.
The chemical profiles discussed in Section 3.0 are included in Appendix A.
Appendices B, C and D present contaminant loadings information pertaining to
industrial and municipal discharges, spills, and hazardous waste sites, respectively. A
sample of an organization chart utilized in EPA Region I's Stabilization Collaboration
Initiative (SCI) is presented in Appendix E. A cumulative status report which
summarizes work performed under this Work Assignment is included in Appendix F.
Appendix G contains a map of Lake Ontario Basin and major sub-basins from the
Lake Ontario Toxics Management Plan, provided by EPA.
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2.0 U.S. EASTERN GREAT LAKES BASIN OVERVIEW
Information contained in Subsections 2.1 and 2.2 was obtained from a draft document
produced by EPA's Great Lakes National Program Office and entitled "Great Lakes
Basin Risk Characterization Study."
2.1 Geographic Description
The geographic area addressed under this Work Assignment is being called the U.S.
Eastern Great Lakes Basin for the purposes of this report. This area is comprised of
the Buffalo River and the U.S. side of the eastern portion of Lake Erie, the Niagara
River, Lake Ontario, and a portion of the Saint Lawrence River. The U.S. side of the
Eastern Great Lakes Basin is located entirely in New York State and includes the
metropolitan areas of Buffalo, Rochester, and Syracuse. The Basin includes 32
counties, 561 miles of shoreline, and a population of 4.38 million people (based on
U.S. Bureau of the Census county population estimates for 1988). The Basin contains
14.5 percent of the population of the entire Great Lakes Basin which includes all of
the Great Lakes and has a population density of 180.74 people per square mile.
Six major drainage basins are located within the Eastern Great Lakes Basin and
include the following:
•	The Lake Erie-Niagara River drainage basin, which drains 2,300 square
miles of eastern New York and includes the metropolitan areas of
Buffalo and Niagara Falls.
•	The Lake Ontario drainage basin, which drains approximately 2,450
square miles and includes the Syracuse and portions of the Rochester
metropolitan areas.
•	The Genesee River Basin, which drains into Lake Ontario and contains
portions of the Rochester metropolitan area.
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•	The Seneca-Oneida-Oswego drainage basin, which drains 5,120 square
miles in central New York and includes 200 square miles of inland
lakes.
•	The Black River Basin, which drains 1,900 square miles and is heavily
forested and sparsely populated.
•	The St. Lawrence River Basin, which drains 5,540 square miles of
forested land and is sparsely populated.
A diagram of the Lake Ontario Basin and major sub-basins in the study area is
provided in Appendix G.
2.2 Land Use/Contaminant History
The U.S. Eastern Great Lakes Basin is largely rural; the primary land uses are forestry
and agriculture. Land use and contaminant history for each of the six major drainage
basins are briefly summarized below:
The Lake Erie-Niagara River drainage basin contains the largest
concentration of heavy industry in the state. However, over 50 percent
of this basin consists of agricultural land.
The Lake Ontario drainage basin also contains metropolitan areas. Over
3,560 square miles of Lake Ontario are moderately impaired by
contaminated sediments.
The Genesee River Basin contains primarily rural and agricultural land.
Sixty-five stream miles and 670 acres of inland lakes are stressed,
threatened, or environmentally impaired.
Land in the Seneca-Oneida-Oswego drainage basin is primarily used for
agriculture, followed by woodlands.
The Black River Basin is heavily forested and sparsely populated. Acid
rain is regarded as the predominant cause of impairment with over
5,000 acres of lakes severely impacted.
The St Lawrence River Basin is also heavily forested and sparsely
populated; acid rain is regarded as severely impairing 160 inland lakes.
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3.0 CHEMICAL PROFILES
Chemical-specific profiles for each of the 18 target chemicals are presented in
Appendix A of this report. The profiles present each chemical's chemical, physical,
and biological properties and historical uses and controls. The chemical properties
researched and discussed in each profile include volatilization rate, bioaccumulation
rate, and partitioning coefficients. The profiles summarize toxicity to human and
ecological receptors and the fate and transport of the chemical through the
environment. The historical use(s) and production of each target chemical, the types
of industries that produce or utilize the chemical, and regulatory and engineering
controls governing the discharge of the chemical are also presented.
The EPA's Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS), and the Hazardous Substance
Data Bank were among the major sources used to develop these profiles. References
are included at the end of each chemical profile.
4.0 IDENTIFICATION OF SOURCES AND QUANTIFICATION OF LOADINGS
TRC identified both point and non-point sources that discharge the 18 chemicals of
concern. Point source discharges are those discharges that can be specifically linked
to a point of release. Water point sources include National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES) discharges, stormwater sewers, or combined sewer
overflows. Air point sources include releases from stacks, vents, ducts, or other
confined air streams; storage tank emissions are also considered point sources.
Examples of non-point sources include fugitive leaks from equipment or evaporative
losses from surface impoundments. Non-point sources are generally sources with no
definitive point of discharge (e.g., hazardous waste sites).
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The sources identified during this project include industrial and municipal discharges,
spills, hazardous waste sites, sediments, surface water runoff and atmospheric
deposition. Each of these source categories is discussed separately in the following
subsections.
4.1 Industrial and Municipal Discharges
4.1.1 Methodology
TRC obtained information on industrial and municipal discharges to water and air
from the following databases:
•	The Toxic Release Inventory (TRI);
•	The Permit Compliance System (PCS); and
AIRCHffiF.
The TRI database retrieval provided a listing of facilities which released arsenic,
chlordane, hexachlorobenzene, lead, mercury, PCBs, tetrachloroethylene, and
toxaphene in excess of threshold reporting levels to water or air during calendar year
1991. This is the most recent year for which data are available. The list identified a
total of 27 facilities within the 32 Eastern Great Lakes Basin Counties.
The air emissions identified in TRI are for point and non-point (fugitive) emissions.
Although atmospheric deposition of air emissions from facilities within the Eastern
Great Lakes Basin may occur outside the basin, it was considered necessary to include
all known emissions, even though their precise point of deposition is unknown.
Similarly, air emission sources outside the Eastern Great Lakes Basin are undoubtedly
responsible for atmospheric deposition within the basin. Air pollution is therefore
considered under two separate subsections of Section 4.0 (4.1, Industrial and
Municipal Discharges and 4.6, Atmospheric Deposition). Identified sources of
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emissions are discussed in this section as their sources may be controlled, reduced or
even eliminated through the use of alternative chemicals or treatment technologies.
Atmospheric deposition from indeterminate sources is discussed in Section 4.6 in
general terms, with limited information about typical sources and some loadings data.
The PCS database includes all industrial and municipal facilities permitted under the
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES), including electric utilities
and metal finishing, pulp and paper processing, chemical production, and iron and
steel production facilities1. Municipal point source discharges include discharges from
public-owned treatment works (POTWs) and privately-owned wastewater treatment
facilities that manage domestic waste. TRC reviewed and evaluated the data for
NPDES discharges for the U.S. Eastern Great Lakes Basin for New York State fiscal
years (April 1 to March 31) 1991/92 and 1992/93.
The PCS data were received by TRC from EPA in the form of average daily loadings
for each chemical for the portion of each calendar year comprising the New York
State fiscal year (i.e., nine months in 1992 and three months in 1993 for the 1992/93
fiscal year). TRC assumed that facilities discharged for the full number of months in
each partial calendar year within the fiscal year. TRC then calculated a weighted
average of the daily loadings to obtain a mean daily loading for a fiscal year.
Multiplying this mean daily loading by 365 days gave an estimated total loading for
the fiscal year.
TRC obtained a listing of municipal solid waste (MSW) incinerators from AIRCHIEF
from a contact at the EPA library. Wastewater treatment plants thought to be using
sewage sludge incinerators and conventional municipal waste incinerators were
included in this listing. TRC also obtained a listing of hazardous waste incinerators in
the U.S. Eastern Great Lakes Basin and a separate list of sewage sludge incinerators in
'Great Lakes Basin Risk Characterization Study (GLBRCS). Great Lakes National Program Office. Page 01-1.
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New York State. Information obtained from these lists is summarized in Tables B-4-1
and B-4-2 in Appendix B. None of these listings, however, included any information
on loadings or discharges.
TRC also reviewed and obtained information on industrial and municipal discharges
from several other documents:
• "Lake Ontario Toxics Management Plan: 1991 Update," prepared by
Lake Ontario Secretariat, September 11, 1991.
• "Buffalo River Remedial Action Plan", NYSDEC, November 1989.
• "Draft Niagara River Remedial Action Plan", Vols I and II NYSDEC.
March 1993.
• "Oswego River Remedial Action Plan 1992 Update", NYSDEC Division
of Water, June 1992.
• "Rochester Embayment Remedial Action Plan," Stage I, edited by
Monroe County Department of Planning and Development, June 1993.
• "Information Summary, Area of Concern, Buffalo River, NY." U.S.
Army Waterways Experiment Station, Army Corps of Engineers,
Miscellaneous Paper, EL-91-9, March 1991, Fin^l Report.
• "1989-1990 Toxic Substance Discharges from Point Sources to the
Niagara River," NYSDEC, August 1991.
• "Great Lakes Basin Risk Characterization Study" (GLBRCS), Great
Lakes National Program Office, undated.
The Remedial Action Plans (RAPs) and other documents provided information on
industrial facilities that discharge the 18 chemicals of concern and also identified total
contaminant discharge figures which may or may not include any of the 18 target
chemicals. The information varied from specific loadings to maximum allowable
loadings and sometimes included discharge concentrations.
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The Lake Ontario Toxic Management Plan (LOTMP) also provided information on
sources of loadings. The LOTMP identifies the location of facilities that discharge
into the basin, but does not provide information about loadings or chemicals
discharged. Facilities identified on the LOTMP maps for which TRC has obtained
loadings information are included in Appendix B of this Final Report in Tables B-l or
B-2. Facilities for which no reported loadings of any of the 18 toxic chemicals were
identified have not been included in this Final Report.
TRC obtained literature and contacted personnel familiar with the 33/50 Program.
This program is based on a voluntary commitment by a corporation to reduce the
"generation of 17 high-priority industrial toxic wastes by 50 percent by 1995, with an
interim goal of a 33 percent reduction by 1992".2 Of the 17 chemicals in the 33/50
Program, only lead, mercury and tetrachloroethylene are among the 18 chemicals of
concern for this project. The 33/50 Program is clearly of benefit to environmental
control in the region and is a useful means of encouraging industries to become more
environmentally responsible. The program "aims to demonstrate that voluntary
reduction programs can augment the Agency's traditional regulatory approach by
achieving targeted reductions more quickly than would regulations alone."2
TRC has identified a NYSDEC database of air emissions within New York State;
however, TRC did not receive this information in time for inclusion in this report.
All industrial facilities identified and their respective loadings are tabulated in
Appendix B, Table B-l. Table B-2 presents the municipal discharges. Table B-3
presents a list of Standard Industry Classification (SIC) codes for the industrial and
municipal discharges. The locations of the identified incinerators within the Eastern
Great Lakes Basin are presented in Tables B-4-1 and B-4-2.
JEPA's 33/50 Program, Second Progress Repon. Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics. Feb. 1992. Page 1.
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4.1.2 Sources and Loadings
In order to evaluate the annual loadings of the 18 chemicals of concern, TRC
identified the years for which the most recent and comprehensive data were available.
For water effluent discharges the most recent data obtained are for New York State
fiscal year 1992/93, obtained from PCS. For air emissions, the most recent data
obtained are for calendar year 1991, obtained from TRI. TRC summed all loadings to
water and air for these periods from the facilities identified in Appendix B, Tables B-l
and B-2. Water effluent discharge data were also included for New York State fiscal
year 1991/92. In general, water discharges were either fairly similar for the two
periods or showed a marked decrease from the 1991/92 amount to the 1992/93
amount. The greatest decrease was in the municipal point source discharge of
mercury, which decreased from an estimated 1231.5 kg in 1991/92 to 53.6 kg in
1992/93 (PCS). It should be noted that there are significant limitations associated with
the available PCS data; these limitations are discussed in Section 4.1.3.
A summary of the total loadings for each of the 18 chemicals of concern is presented
in Table 4.1.1. This table also includes spills data from industrial sources, discussed
in Section 4.2 of this report. Total loadings (excluding spills) were calculated as the
sum of all industrial and municipal water loadings from the 1992/93 New York State
fiscal year plus the air loadings from calendar year 1991. Tetrachloroethylene (PCE)
was identified as having the largest loading of 120,531.5 kilograms (kg) annually to
the U.S. Eastern Great Lakes Basin, with lead (11,119.9 kg) and arsenic (1,340.5 kg)
also currently having large loadings. As would be expected with the chemicals banned
from current use, the pesticides and PCBs appear to have minimal loadings from
industrial and municipal discharges.
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TABLE 4.1.1 DISTRIBUTION OF LOADINGS FROM INDUSTRIAL,
MUNICIPAL AND IDENTIFIED SPILL SOURCES

Industrial Discharges (kg)
Municipal
Discharges (kg)
Spills (kg
or liters)
(average
per
year)**
Total
(excluding spills)
kg
Target
Chemicals
Water
(point sources)
(1992/93 and
1991/92 New
York State fiscal
years)
Air point and
non-point sources
(1991 calendar
year)
Water
(point sources)
(1992/93 New
York State
fiscal year)

(1992/93 fiscal
year and 1991
calendar year)
Arsenic
816.5 (438.1)*

524 (696)
23.7 liters
1,340.5
Benzo(a)anlh.
0.07

(6.7)

0.07
Benzo(a)pyr.
31 (30)



31
Benzo(b)fluor.
10(16)



10
Benzo(k)fluor.
0.07



0.07
Chlordane





Chrysene
0.07

(6.7)

0.07
DDT and
metabolites





Dieldrin
0.04



0.04
Dioxin





Hexachloro-
benzene


(24.9)


Lead
2,500 (2,808.3)
2.430.7
6,189 (5,9993)

11,119.9
Mercury
34.6 (30.7)

53.6 (12315)
1.86 kg
88.2
Mire*
0.4

(0.5)

0.4
Octochloro-
ftyrene





PCBs (total)
(7.8)

(4.6)
3,839.1
liters

PCE
270 (213.1)
119,367J
894(1181.6)
136.4 kg
120,53lJ
Toxaphene





* Numbers in parentheses are loadings for 1991/92 New Yoric Stale fiscal year.
** Spills are reported as volumes spilled; these data do not necessarily represent loadings to the environment
(see Section 4.2.3).
Sources: PCS, TRI, and ERNS databases.
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Ninety-nine percent of the PCE discharges from industrial and municipal sources
identified in the PCS and TRI databases are in the form of air emissions. Twenty-two
percent of the lead discharges identified in these databases are in the form of air
emissions. It should be clarified that these percentages do not necessarily represent
loadings from air sources to the U.S. Eastern Great Lakes Basin. Factors governing
the dispersion of air contaminants will determine the actual deposition of these
contaminants in the U.S. Eastern Great Lakes Basin. Point sources of air emissions
located outside of the basin and non-point sources such as vehicular traffic may also
contribute to total loadings to the basin.
TRC utilized the databases discussed above to obtain information on loadings from
individual facilities. However, other documents reviewed provided general loading
information. In particular, the Great Lakes Basin Risk Characterization Study reports
information from the International Joint Commission (IJC) Municipal Pretreatment
Task Force. The information is applicable to all the Great Lakes, and is useful in
developing an overview for the Eastern Great Lakes in particular.
As of 1985, the predominant toxic substances being discharged to the Great
Lakes from municipal point sources included zinc, lead, chromium, copper,
nickel and cyanide. In addition the IJC reports that greater than 50 tons
(metric)/year of several organic compounds were discharged in 1985, including
phenol, ethylbenzene, tetrachloroethane, and tetrachloroethylene. Furthermore,
although the UC estimates that less than one ton of PCBs is discharged from
municipal point sources per year, this substance poses a substantially greater
risk than other compounds. Therefore, PCB discharges may often pose a
greater risk than larger volume discharges of other toxic substances.3
According to the Great Lakes Basin Risk Characterization Study, the 1990 annual flow
to Lake Ontario from municipal point sources was 59,248 million gallons.4
'GLBRCS. Page IH-24
'GLBRCS. Page 10-26
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4.1.3 Data Gaps and Limitations
TRC has presented the loadings information from the most recent data obtained; that
is, 1992/93 and 1991/92 fiscal years for water effluent loadings (PCS) and 1991
calendar year for air emissions (TR1).
At the time of the Draft Final Report submittal, TRC had conducted a preliminary
review of all the data provided by the PCS computer program printout. One facility,
the Ginna Nuclear Power Plant in Wayne County, appeared to be responsible for a
significant percentage of the total water discharge loadings of arsenic, lead, and
mercury to the entire U.S. Eastern Great Lakes Basin. The data were presented in the
Draft Final Report with the caveat that "further information is required to determine
the precise source of the contaminants." Since the Draft Final Report was submitted,
TRC has investigated this facility's apparent discharges in further detail. TRC
obtained a copy of the facility's NPDES permit for the period 7/1/92 to 7/1/97 and
also contacted several EPA and NYSDEC representatives familiar with the facility and
with the PCS computer program. It became apparent that the loadings for the Ginna
Nuclear Power Plant were incorrect and overestimated.
The PCS computer program is best suited to determined loadings for facilities with
continuous discharges and measurable concentrations in the effluent.5 In the case of
the Ginna Nuclear Power Plant, two factors probably contributed to the overestimated
loading. The first is that the discharges from the outfalls at the plant tend to be
sporadic, not continuous. It is therefore not representative for this facility to assume
that the average daily discharges which appear in the database can be multiplied by
365 days to determine an annual discharge. However, the PCS computer program
automatically follows this assumption when calculating discharges, since for most
facilities with continuous discharges, this method is accurate.
'Personal communication, Alison Miller, TRC and Chuck Haugh, NYSDEC, dated September 13, 1993.
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Secondly, the Ginna Nuclear Power Plant is not required to monitor for lead and
mercury under its permit conditions, and is required to monitor only for arsenic at one
discharge point. However, the facility has established action levels for arsenic, lead,
and mercury,6 and regularly analyzes for these chemicals. Should detected levels
exceed the action levels, the facility is required to notify NYSDEC and the permit
conditions may be amended. TRC hypothesized that the facility may have reported
the results of these analyses as "less than the detection limit." NYSDEC permit
regulators considered this a likely possibility, noting that the data presented in the PCS
raw data printout are accompanied by "less than" indicators.7 The PCS computer
program printout may not recognize the "less than" indicators, and may therefore
assume the detection limits to be the concentrations measured, resulting in
overestimated discharges.
This scenario shows how invalid flow rate and concentration assumptions could result
in distorted loadings, a potential limitation of the PCS computer program. It should be
noted that the NPDES permit program is designed to protect the environment and not
necessarily to enable the determination of loadings from permitted facilities. However,
for most facilities with continuous flow rates and measurable concentrations in the
effluent, the loadings data can be assumed to be reliable. The estimates should be
reasonably accurate for most of the facilities detailed in this report.8
As a result of the data limitations described above, TRC could not reliably determine
loadings for the Ginna Nuclear Power Plant from the available PCS data. No loadings
for the facility are presented in Table B-l, although the facility has still been included
with a footnote explanation. A cursory review by representatives at NYSDEC who are
familiar with the limitations of the PCS database identified five other facilities with
*Ginna Nuclear Power Plant NPDES permit for period 7/1/92 - 7/1/97.
'PCS raw data printout for Ginna Nuclear Power Plant dated 9/2/93.
Persona] communication, Alison Miller, TRC and Roger Vann, EPA dated September 13, 1993
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loadings above expected amounts; NYSDEC is currently examining the information on
these facilities in greater detail. However, the majority of the loadings information
obtained from the PCS computer program printout are assumed to be reliable. The
precise loadings are less important for the purposes of this report than the
identification of the sources and apparent trends within discharges.
Although the water effluent loadings (PCS) are current, the air emissions data (TRI)
are two years old; some facilities may have since introduced waste minimization and
pollution prevention techniques to reduce their emissions. Other facilities identified in
the 1991 data may no longer be operating. In the current climate of environmental
controls, it is likely that air emissions have decreased since 1991.
A considerable data gap exists for air emissions. TRI, the only source of information
on air emissions obtained, is limited to facilities classified in SIC codes 20 through 39,
which manufacture, process, or otherwise use certain toxic chemicals in quantities
greater than threshold reporting amounts. Other facilities which do not manufacture,
process, or otherwise use chemicals in quantities greater than the threshold reporting
amounts may still generate significant emissions and may collectively be responsible
for a significant loading to the U.S. Eastern Great Lakes Basin. TRC requested
additional air emissions information from NYSDEC; however, these data were not
available for inclusion in this report.
TRC has obtained no loadings information from incinerators, although several
incinerators have been identified by location (Appendix B, Tables B-4-1 and B-4-2).
4.1.4 Summary
Based on the information obtained by TRC, the chemicals currently being discharged
in the highest quantities in industrial and municipal discharges identified in PCS
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and/or TRI are arsenic (1,340.5 kg/yi); lead (11,119.9 kg/yr); mercury (88.2 kg/yr) and
tetrachloroethylene (PCE) (120,531 kg/yr). Of these, only lead and PCE are reported
to be discharged to both air and water. Air emissions account for 99 percent of all
PCE discharges, while only 22 percent of all lead discharges from industrial and
municipal facilities are air emissions..
4.2 Spills
4.2.1	Methodology
TRC reviewed a printout of all reported spill occurrences in New York State since
1986 for the 18 target chemicals from the following database:
ERNS
4.2.2	Sources and Loadings
Table C-l lists all spill events reported in the ERNS database for the 18 target
chemicals in the 32 Eastern Great Lakes Counties in New York State since 1986. The
location of these spill events are plotted on Figure 4.2.1.
Most of the spills reported in the ERNS database appear to be located in five major
cities in four counties: Buffalo, Erie County; Niagara Falls, Niagara County;
Rochester, Monroe County; Syracuse, Onondaga County; and Solvay, Onondaga
County.
Thirteen spills of PCBs occurred in Erie County, 12 of which were in Buffalo and one
of which was in Sloan. Eight of the 12 spills in Buffalo were from one facility, the
Niagara Mohawk Power Coiporation.
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Water Bodies
[11	Eighteen Mile Creek
Hp	Oswego River
[3)	Buffalo River
[Tl	Niagara River
[sl	Black River
|6l	GenesseRiver
[71	Onondaga Lake
New Yoik
Slats
Toronto
43
Magara-on-
thelake
rnag&ra raRS.
Buffalo.
Lake Em
Lake Ontario
Rochester
Syracuse
75
73
37
¦lUJSj 121
O
55 ,
51
29
t 13


9
65
53
23



-kj \ 109^/



V 97fW

3\ V
. 101
15 1
CANADA
USA
O
33
19
31
41
Counties
3 - Allegany
9-Cattaraugus
11 - Cayuga
13 - Chautauqua
15- Chemung
19-Clinton
23- Cortland
29-Erie
31 - Essex
33-FranMn
37- Genesee
41 - Hamilton
43- Herkimer
45-Jefferson
49-Lewis
51 - Livingston
53 - Madison
55- Monroe
63 - Niagara
65-Oneida
67-Onondaga
69-Ontario
73-Orleans
75-Oswego
89 - St Lawrence
97-Schuyler
99-Seneca
101 - Steuben
109-Tompkins
117-Wayne
121 - Wyoming
123 - Yates
Not to Scale
Approx. Boundary of Basin
• Ctty of interest
q FadMty fiat apWodoneor
of iw 18 chemicals of concern
SPILL LOCATION MAP . BY FACILITY
EASTERN GREAT LAKES BASIN -
NORTHWEST PORTION OF NEW YORK STATE
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Seventeen spills occurred in Niagara County. Twelve of the 17 spills occurred in
Niagara Falls, eight of which were PCBs and four of which were mercury-
contaminated wastewater. Three of the 17 occurred in Niagara, two of which were
PCBs and one of which was mercury-contaminated wastewater. The remaining two
spills, both of PCBs occurred in Model City. Of the 17 total spills, four were by
Carbon Graphite Co., three were by Chemical Waste Management, three were by Olin
Coip., two were by Airco Carbon, and the remaining five were by various different
companies.
Ten spills occurred in Monroe County. Three of the spills occurred in Webster and
were by one facility, Xerox Corporation. Two of those spills were of PCBs and one
spill was of arsenic. Seven spills occurred in Rochester, two of which consisted of
tetrachloroethylene and five of which consisted of PCBs. Four of these seven were by
Eastman Kodak, two were by Rochester Gas and Electric and one was by General
Motors.
Thirty-two spills occurred in Onondaga County. Twenty-one of the spills occun-ed in
Syracuse, all of which were PCBs, and 18 of which were by Niagara Mohawk Power.
Nine spills occurred in Solvay, all of which were of mercury by LCP chemicals. The
remaining two spills occurred in Liveipool and were of PCBs by Niagara Mohawk
Power.
There appear to be three major trends in relation to the occurrence of spills reported in
the ERNS database. The first trend is for companies such as Niagara Mohawk Power
Corporation and Xerox Corporation that had spills of PCBs consistently over the years
(1986-1993) indicating there is a recurring problem; the second is companies such as
Vibratech and Olean Corporation, that had only one spill (of PCBs and mercury-
contaminated wastewater respectively), indicating an isolated incident; and the third
trend is companies such as LCP Chemicals, which had several spills of mercury within
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a single year and no spills reported in following years, indicating a problem that has
probably been resolved.
The average annual spill totals (in liters per year) over the past eight years for arsenic,
mercury, PCBs, and tetrachloroethylene for each of the four counties with major spill
*
events are presented in the table below:
Annual Average Spill Totals (liters per year)*

Erie
Monroe
Niagara
Onondaga
Arsenic

23.66


Mercury



15.61
PCBs
581.94
8.42
2,398.40
675.74
TetrachloroethyJene

136.66


~Spills are ieporied as volumes spilled; these data do noi necessarily represent loadings to ibe environment (see
Section 4.2.3).
PCBs were the most frequently spilled of the 18 target chemicals between 1986 and
1993.
4.2.3 Data Gaps and Limitations
It is important to recognize that the ERNS database information does not indicate what
media were impacted by the spiUs, nor the degree of environmental degradation which
may have occurred. Spills that were contained and immediately cleaned up may have
posed no threat to the environment. Therefore, the spill totals presented in this report
do not necessarily represent loadings to the U.S. Eastern Great Lakes Basin.
Data gaps and limitations of the ERNS database are also associated with the quantity
code of the spill. One spill of PCB-contaminated transformer oil with a quantity code
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of "drums" was not used in calculating average spill totals since no information was
available on the quantity spilled. Those spills with a quantity code of "other" were
also not included since no unit was specified. Five spills of mercury-contaminated
wastewater and sludge were excluded from the totals since the concentration of
mercury within the wastewater or sludge was unknown. Likewise, four spills of
PCBs, PCB-contaminated oil and PCB-contaminated soil were discounted since the
concentration of PCBs was also unknown. One spill with a quantity code of "L" was
not included since the quantity code "L" was undefined and did not apparently stand
for liters. For those spills with no quantity specified, a unit was assumed based on the
unit associated with similar spills. Several spills of a number of the 18 target
chemicals appeared in the ERNS retrieval, but were not included in the totals or Table
C-l because the quantity of the spill was listed as 0.00. The quantity "0.00" appears
on the database when the quantity of the spill was not specified at the time the spill
was reported.
4,2.4 Summary
The spills identified are predominantly of mercury and PCBs, with one arsenic spill
and two tetrachloroethylene spills. Eight mercury spills were from one source, LCP
chemicals in Onondaga County; they occurred during a period of three consecutive
months. Twenty-nine PCB spills were also from one corporation, although in two
separate locations: Niagara Mohawk Power Corporation in Onondaga and Erie
Counties.
The annual average quantity spilled of arsenic was 23.66 L/yr, of mercury 1.86 kg/yr,
of PCBs 3,839.08 L/yr and of tetrachloroethylene 136.38 kg/yr.
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4.3 Hazardous Waste Sites
4.3.1 Methodology
TRC collected and tabulated information on hazardous waste sites in the Eastern Great
Lakes Basin. As a first step in identifying sites of concern in the Basin, TRC
reviewed the EPA/NYSDEC Progress Reports on the Reduction of Toxics Loadings to
the Niagara River from hazardous waste sites in the U.S. (March 1993 and July 1993);
the Remedial Action Plans (RAPs) for the Niagara, Buffalo, and Oswego Rivers and
Rochester Embayment; and the Lake Ontario Toxics Management Plan. The March
and July Progress Reports summarize work accomplished towards achieving the goals
of Niagara River Toxics Management Plan. The RAPs were prepared by NYSDEC
and various citizens' committees at the recommendation of the International Joint
Commission Water Quality Board. The purpose of the RAPs is to restore and
maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of each area of concern, to
restore important uses of water bodies, and to move toward the elimination of
pollutant sources'. These documents identified and discussed sites which aie
currently suspected to be impacting the U.S. Eastern Great Lakes Basin through
ground water discharge, surface water runoff, sediment contamination, or other media.
TRC also reviewed the following studies to obtain data on toxics loadings from
hazardous waste sites in the region.
•	"Estimated Toxic Loading from Selected Hazardous Waste Sites to the Niagara
River, Niagara Falls, New York," Alliance Technologies Corporation (now
TRC);
•	"Estimated Ground Water-Transported Load of Chemicals from Waste Disposal
Sites to the Niagara River," EPA-Robert S. Ken Environmental Research
Laboratory (RSKERL), March 21, 1991;
'Buffalo River Remedial Acudd Plan, NYSDEC, November 1989, p. 3-1.
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•	"Draft Model Data Requirements and Mass Loading Estimates for the Buffalo
River Mass Balance Study," SUNY Buffalo Department of Civil Engineering
Great Lakes Program, April 1993; and
•	"Potential Contaminant Loadings to the Niagara River from U.S. Hazardous
Waste Sites," Gradient/Geotrans, February 1988.
To calculate loadings from inactive hazardous waste sites, modeling is generally
required to determine the ultimate effect of ground water transport, surface water
runoff, and other means of contaminant transport from each site to a water body in the
basin. Such modeling typically integrates data concerning the extent and nature of
contamination and local geologic and hydrologic conditions. As specified by EPA,
TRC did not perform any modelling under this Work Assignment. However, loading
modelling for several sites of concern performed under a previous Work Assignment
and presented in the Alliance Technologies Corporation (now TRC) document has
been included in this report.
The following references provided lists of potential and confirmed hazardous waste
sites in the 32 New York State counties located entirely or at least partially within the
Eastern Great Lakes Basin. While these documents did not contain any information
on the nature of contamination or loading data, they identified numerous additional
sources potentially impacting the basin through ground water migration, surface runoff,
or atmospheric deposition.
•	Region II CERCLIS List, EPA Headquarters, August 1993;
•	"National Priorities List Sites: New York," EPA/540/4-90/032, September
1990; and
"ROD Annual Report: FY1989," EPA/540/8-90/006, April 1990.
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4.3.2 Sources and Loadings
Based on the EPA/NYSDEC Progress Reports for the Niagara River, the RAPs for the
Niagara, Buffalo, and Oswego Rivers and Rochester Embayraent, and the Lake
Ontario Toxics Management Plan, TRC identified over 150 hazardous waste sites in
New York State which are known or suspected to be impacting the Eastern Great
Lakes system as described in the documents reviewed. These sites are listed in Table
D-l, Hazardous Waste Sites of Potential Concern (provided in Appendix D).
Very limited quantitative information is available regarding toxics loadings from
hazardous waste sites. Quantitative loadings estimates were available for only 25 of
the 150 sites; these 25 sites are all located in Erie or Niagara Counties. These sites
and their loadings are summarized in Table 4.3.1 below.
Total loadings for the basin from the 25 sites listed in Table 4.3.1 were calculated for
each of the 18 target chemicals for which data existed. These totals are summarized
in Table 4.3.2. It is important to note that the data sets for some sites from which
loadings have been determined did not always include analyses for all 18 target
chemicals for this study. These loadings arc only estimates based on the limited data
available. Loadings from additional chemicals on the target list of 18 may be
occurring.
Using the Region II CERCLIS list and other sources, TRC identified hundreds of
additional confirmed and possible hazardous waste sites in the 32 Great Lakes
counties. No information was obtained regarding the nature and extent of
contamination or their respective impacts on the Great Lakes system; therefore, no
distinction could be made as to which potential sites are of particular concern. These
sites are grouped in Table 4.3.3 by county and National Priorities List (NPL) status (as
listed on the Region II CERCLIS database retrieval).
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TABLE 4.3.1. AVAILABLE ESTIMATED LOADINGS FROM 25
HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES
Site Name
Distance to Surface
Water
Remediation Status
Estimated
Loadings (kg/yr)
ERIE COUNTY
West Seneca
Transfer Station
200 ft. from Buffalo
River.
Phase I Investigation
completed; Phase 11
planned.
NPL Status: N
Lead: 2.135
Mobil Oil Corp.
Adjacent to Buffalo
River.
Phase I and II
Investigations
completed.
NPL Status: N
Arsenic: 0.329
Lead: 0.493
Buffalo Color Corp.
Adjacent to Buffalo
River.
Field Investigation
completed. RFI
underway.
NPL Status: N/A
(RCRA)
B(a)a: 36.628
B(a)p: 3.121
B(b)f: 11.662
B(k)f: 1.314
Chrysene: 4.928
Arsenic: 2.464
Lead: 5.420
Mercury: 0.164
Allied Chemical,
Ind. Chemical Div.
(currently PVS)
50 ft. from Buffalo
River.
Phase II
Investigation
underway.
NPL Status: N
Lead: 0.214
Madison Wire
Works Co. Inc.
Adjacent to stream;
3800 ft from
Buffalo River.
Phase I and II
Investigations
completed. RI/FS
underway in 1988.
Interim removal
measure completed.
NPL Status: N
Lead: 0.312
Niagara County
Refuse Disposal
1000 ft. north of
Niagara River.
RI/FS completed.
ROD: 9/93
NPL Status: F
Arsenic: 0.329
Lead: 1.643
Mercury: 0.023
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TABLE 4.3.1. (CONTINUED)
Site Name
Distance to Surface
Water
Remediation Status
Estimated
Loadings (kg/yr)
Bell Aerospace
Textron
2.5 miles north of
Niagara River.
Interim remedial
measures completed.
RFI and CMS
completed.
NPL Status: N/A
(RCRA)
18 COCs: 0.0
Bethlehem Steel
Corporation
Adjacent to Buffalo
Harbor.
RFI Work Plan
completed.
NPL Status: N/A
(RCRA)
Arsenic: 4.271
Lead: 14.618
Buffalo Harbor
Containment
Adjacent to Lake
Erie.
Not listed on NY
State Registry-no
remediation
schedule.
Arsenic: 0.986
Mercury: 4.673
INS Equipment
(a.k.a. River Road)
Adjacent to Niagara
River.
RI underway.
NPL Status: N
Total EPA Priority
Pollutants:"'
443.475
NIAGARA COUNTY
Hooker/Occidental/
Olin: 102nd Street
Adjacent to Niagara
River.
Remedial Design
underway.
NPL Status: F
ROD: 9/26/90
0.0**
Hooker/Occidental:
Hyde Park
0.5 miles from
Niagara River via
Bloody Run Creek.
Interim remedial
measures completed.
Remedial Action
underway.
NPL Status: F
ROD: 11/26/85
0.0**
Hooker/Occidental:
S-Area
600 ft. from Niagara
River.
RD/RA underway.
NPL Status: F
ROD: 9/21/90
Mercury: 0.164
Mirex: 1.624
PCE: 130.907
Lead: 6.406**
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TABLE 4.3.1. (CONTINUED)
Site Name
Distance to Surface
Water
Remediation Status
Estimated
Loadings (kg/yr)
Occidental: Buffalo
Ave.
Adjacent to Niagara
River,
Interim remedial
measures completed.
RFI completed.
NPL Status: N/A
(RCRA)
Mercury: 0.164
PCBs: 0.164
PCE; 1.971
Lead: 2.300
Arsenic: 5.585
Mirex: 0.821
Olin Corporation:
Buffalo Ave.
Adjacent to Gill
Creek; 0.25 miles
from Niagara River.
RFI underway.
NPL Status: N/A
(RCRA)
Total EPA Priority
Pollutants:
1166.175 [
DuPont: Buffalo
Ave.
Adjacent to Niagara
River.
ROD and RD/RA
completed,
NPL Status: N
PCE: 356.587 1
PCBs: 6.57
DuPont: Necco
Paik
3.5 miles from
Niagara Rivei.
Interim remedial
measures completed.
RI due 9/93.
NPL Status: N
PCE: 133.207
HCB: 0.329
CECOS Intl.
1.5 miles from
Niagara River.
RFI underway.
CMS due 9/93.
NPL Status: N/A
(RCRA)
18 COCs: 0.0
SKW Alioys/U.S.
Vanadium
Comoratkm
1.5 miles from
Niagara River.
Phase I Investigation
completed.
Phase II
Investigation due
8/93.
NPL Status: N
Total EPA Priority
Pollutants:
1412.55
Solvent Chemical
Corp.
0.25 miles north of
Niagara River.
RI completed.
NPL Status: N
PCE: 0.821
Arsenic: 0.164
Lead: 3.450
Stauffer Chemical
Plant/PASNY
0.25 miles east of
Niagara River.
RI/FS and ROD
completed.
RD/RA underway.
NPL Status: N
PCE: 29.729
Lead: 0.164
Dieldrin: 0.164
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TABLE 4.3.1. (CONTINUED)
Site Name
Distance to Surface
Water
Remediation Status
Estimated
Loadings (kg/yr)
Occidental Durez:
North Tonawanda
1.25 miles east of
Niagara River.
Interim remediation
completed. RI/FS
and ROD completed.
NPL Status:
Unknown
18 COCs: 0.0
Gratwick/Riverside
Park
Adjacent to Niagara
River.
RI/FS and ROD
completed.
NPL Status: N
HCB: 0.164
PCE: 3.285
Lead: 0.493
Frontier Chemical:
Pendleton
Adjacent to Bull
Creek; 4.25 miles
from Niagara River.
RI/FS and ROD
completed.
NPL Status: N
PCE: 0.164
NPL Status Codes: N - Not yet proposed to NPL - the site has been listed on CERCUS as a potential
hazardous waste site but has not been proposed to the NPL
F - Listed on NPL - the site may undergo further investigation and/or remediation under
Superfund
N/A - Not applicable - facility handled under RCRA.
•A list of 129 contaminants, including all 18 chemicals of concern, except mirex and octochlorostyrene.
"""Loading is based on a data set which did not include all 18 chemicals of concern.
References: "Reduction of Toxics Loadings to the Niagara River from U.S. Hazardous Waste Sites: A Progress
Report," EPA/NYSDEC. March 1993.
"Estimate of Toxic Loading from Hazardous Waste Sites to the Niagara River, Niagara Falls, New
York." TRC Work Assignment C02112.
"Draft Model Data Requirements and Mass Loading Estimates for the Buffalo River Mass Balance
Study." SUNY Buffalo. April 1993.
"Estimated Ground Water-Transported Load of Chemicals from Waste Disposal Sites to the Niagara
River." EPA-RSKERL. March 1991.
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TABLE 4.3.2. TOTAL AVAILABLE ESTIMATED LOADINGS FROM
HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES BY CHEMICAL
Chemical
Total Estimated Loading (kg/year)
Arsenic
14.128
Lead
37.648
Mercury
5.278
Chiysene
4.928
Benzo(a)anthracene
36.628
Benzo(a)pyrene
3.121
Benzo(b)fluoranthene
11.662
Benzo(k)fluoranthene
1.314
Tetrachl oroethylene
656.671
PCBs
6.734
Mirex
2.445
Hexachlorobenzene
0.493
Dieldrin
0.164
TABLE 4.3.3. ADDITIONAL SITES OF POTENTIAL CONCERN BY COUNTY*
County
Not Yet
Proposed to NPL
Listed on NPL
Record of Decision
Date
Allegany
8
«

Cattaraugus
24
1

Cayuga
9
—

Chautauqua
15
—

Chemung
22
2
9/30/86; 9/28/90
Clinton
3
1

Cortland
16
1

Erie
122
2**

Essex
4
—

Franklin
2
2
2/9/88
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TABLE 4.3.3. (CONTINUED)
County
Not Yet
Proposed to NPL
Listed on NPL
ROD Date
Genesee
11
1

Hamilton
—
—

Herkimer
19
—

Jefferson
12
--

Lewis
13
—

Livingston
11
—

Madison
6
1
3/29/91
Monroe
36
—

Niagara
126
—

Oneida
36
2

Onandaga
49
—

Ontario
7
--

Orleans
7
—

Oswego
27
—

Schuyler
1
—

St. Lawrence
11
2
9/28/90; 12/17/90
Seneca
9
2

Steuben
13
—

Tompkins
10
—

Wayne
13
—

Wyoming
7
—

Yates
9
—

TOTAL
658
17**

~ Not including facilities handled under the RCRA Program.
** Including one site which has been proposed to the NPL but not yet approved
References: Region II CERCLIS List, EPA Headquarters, August 1993.
"National Priorities List Sites: New York," EPA/540/4-90/032, September 1990.
"ROD Annual Report: FY1989," EPA/540/8-90/006, April 1990.
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After a potential hazardous waste site is discovered, preliminary investigations are
conducted to evaluate the disposal history, present conditions at the site, and possible
human and ecological receptors of site contamination. The site may then be scored
using the Hazard Ranking System (HRS). Depending on its HRS score, a site may
qualify for the NPL £nd further investigation under Superfund.
4.3.3 Data Caps and Limitations
It is important to note that loading estimates are based both on sampling results, which
indicate the nature and extent of contamination at a site, and on modeling of the
hydrologic and chemical conditions at the site that affect contaminant fate and
transport. Uncertainties associated with sampling methods, such as detection limits
and nonhomogeneous media, therefore also affect the loading estimates.
Similarly, modeling techniques and mass balance calculations depend Dn a series of
assumptions concerning hydrology and chemical degradation. The accuracy of these
initial assumptions greatly affects the reliability of the resulting data. For example, a
pooi understanding of site hydrogeology could result in the use of sampling data from
upgradient wells to calculate loadings to a downgradient surface water body.
The studies from which all chemical-specific loading estimates listed in Tables 4.3.1
and 4.3.2 were obtained considered ground water-transported contamination only in
calculating these numbers. Other pathways for contaminant transport, such as surface
water runoff or ongoing releases from contaminated sediment or soil, were not
assessed; examining other pathways could result in a higher total loadings estimate
from a given site.
Loading breakdowns by chemical were not available for several of the 25 sites in
Table 4.3.1. For these sites, TRC obtained estimated total loadings of EPA Priority
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Pollutants, a list of 129 organic and inorganic contaminants including all 18 target
chemicals of concern, with the exception of mirex and octochlorostyrene. Identifying
whether any of the 18 chemicals of concern are even present in these loadings would
be helpful in targeting sites of particular concern.
Loading data presented in this report were obtained from different sources spanning a
several-year period. Due to the aggressive remediation schedules set by EPA and
NYSDEC, interim remedial measures and removals have taken place at many of the
25 sites of particular concern listed in Table 4.3.1. Actual current loadings for a given
site depend on its remedial status. For example, interim remedial actions may have
involved the removal of contaminated soils or sediments which were serving as a
continuing source of loadings; their removal may have reduced or eliminated the site's
contribution to the Eastern Great Lakes Basin. Sampling indicates that toxics loading
have indeed been significantly reduced by these interim actions. For example,
NYSDEC estimated that loadings from Dupont-Necco Park have decreased by 37
percent as a result of interim remedial measures10. Sites which have been subject to
remediation or natural attenuation of contamination may therefore contribute lower
loadings than are listed in this report.
4.3.4 Summary
Hazardous waste sites may serve as a considerable non-point source of contamination
to the Eastern Great Lakes Basin. Although estimated loading data are only available
for 25 sites in Erie and Niagara Counties, those numbers alone indicate loadings as
high as 656.671 kg/year of tetrachloroethylene.
'""Reduction of Toxics Loadings to tbe Niagara River from U.S. Hazardous Waste Sites: A Progress Report,"
EPA/NYSDEC, March 1993, p. 7.
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There is documentation for most of the 150 existing or proposed hazardous waste sites
listed in Table D-l regarding their likely contaminants of concern. Nearly all are
thought to contain at least one of the 18 target chemicals of concern. Even if the
loading from each site is very small, their total contribution to the Eastern Great Lakes
Basin could potentially be significant
Because the vast majority of potential hazardous waste sites in the 32 counties of
concern have not been investigated, it is impossible at this time to even qualitatively
assess their potential impact on the basin. However, it appears that Erie and Niagara
Counties are the most significant contributors, due to the sheer number of sites (nearly
300 in these two counties alone). In addition, EPA and NYSDEC have identified 24
sites (most of which are included in Table 4.3.1) that contribute a high percentage of
total contaminant loadings to the Niagara and Buffalo Rivers".
4.4 Sediments
4.4.1 Methodology
TRC reviewed several documents pertaining to sediment contamination in the New
York tributaries that flow into the Eastern Great Lakes Basin. TRC gathered
information regarding sources of contaminants, concentrations of contaminants, and
contaminant pathways. TRC also included all available information on aqueous-phase
contaminant concentrations, which are directly causal in increasing sediment
contamination. TRC also attempted to identify "hot spots" along specific rivers or
tributaries to determine which portions warranted further investigation. Documents
reviewed include the following:
• "Niagara River Remedial Action Plan," Draft, Volume I, March 1993,
NYSDEC.
"epa/NYSDEC, March 1993.
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"Oswego River Remedial Action Plan 1992 Update", NYSDEC Division of
Water, June 1992.
•	"Chemical Contaminants in Sediments of New York Tributaries to Lake
Ontario", S. Litten, NYSDEC Division of Water, October 1988.
•	"Report on Great Lakes Confined Disposal Facilities", EPA Planning and
Management Division, August 1990.
•	"Application of Passive Samplers (PISCES) to Locating a Source of PCBs on
the Black River, New York", Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,
Volume 12.
•	"The Search For Dioxin - Eighteen Mile Creek", S. Litten, NYSDEC Division
of Water, January 1992.
•	"Reduction of Toxics Loadings to the Niagara River From Waste Sites in the
U.S.: A Progress Report", EPA and NYSDEC, March 1993.
•	"Model Data Requirements and Mass Loading Estimates for the Buffalo River
Mass Balance Study (ARCS/RAM Program)," draft report, Great Lakes
Program, State University of New York at Buffalo, April 1993.
The last document supports the mass balance modeling work being conducted for the
Assessment and Remediation of Contaminated Sediments (ARCS) program on the
Buffalo River. Created and initiated by the Great Lakes National Program Office
(GLNPO), ARCS will be used to guide the development of RAPs for the areas of
concern in Great Lakes.
4.4.2 Sources and Loadings
The results of the review are presented in tabular form in Table 4.4.1. The most
significant results are discussed in this section. Eighteen Mile Creek contained the
highest concentrations of dioxin of any body of water during a study conducted in
1987.10 The highest concentrations were discovered downstream of the New York
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| TABLE 4.4.1. SEDIMENT CONTAMINATION IN NEW YORK TRIBUTARIES
8 Location
Receiving
Bodies of
Water
Contribnting
Bodies of Water
Contaminants
Contaminant
Sediment and
Aqueous Phase
Concentrations
Contaminant
Loading from River
Body
Possible
Sources
Comments
8 Eighteen Mile
1 Creek
Lake Ontario
Elliot Creek
Petit Flume
Erie Canal
Red Creek
Barge Canal
Dioxin
PCBs
Lead
361.35 ng/g PCBs in
sediments (1).
NI
Harrison
Radiator Co.
Van de Mark
Chemical Co.
Lockpoft STP
Highest
concentrations of
dioxin in New Yoik
surface waters were
found below the
Barge Canal in
Eighteen Mile Oeek.
Genesee River
Lake Ontario
Black Creek
Canaseraga Creek
Oaika Creek
Honeoye Creek
Lead
PCBs
Mercury
NI
NI
Brewing and
chemical
companies.
Lower portion of the
river showed the
highest concentrations _
of mercury.
Blade River
Lake Ontario
Beaver River
Independence
River
Moose River
Perch River
Lead
PCBs
NI
Approximately 8
kilograms of PCBs
are discharged to
Lake Ontario per
year (2).
Paper Mills
Source of majority of
PCB contamination
has been determined
to be a paper mill
located near the
Carthage dam
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TABLE 4.4.1, SEDIMENT CONTAMINATION IN NEW YORK TRIBUTARIES
Location
Receiving
Bodies of
Water
Contributing
Bodies of Water
Contaminants
Contaminant
Sediment and
Aqueous Phase
Concentrations
Contaminant
Loading from River
Body
Possible
Sources
Comments
Niagara River
Lake Ontario
Lake Erie
PCBs
NI
Approximately 350
kilograms per year of
PCBs arc discharged
to Lake Ontario (2).
Hexachlorobenzene
0.11 kg/day, dieldrin
0.162 kg/day,
benzo(a)anthracene
2.23 kg/day (3).
NI
According to EPA
sources, the Niagara
River itself harbors
no contaminated
sediment, but carries
contaminated
sediment to Lake
Ontario, where it
clusters around the
mouth of the Niagara
River (7).
Oswego
Harbor
Lake Ontario
Oswego River
Onondaga Lake
Pesticides
PCBs
N1
NI
Onondaga Lake;
Bristol-Meyers
Squibb Co.;
Syracuse
Metropolitan
Treatment
Plant;
Roth Brothers
Smelting Co.
Onondaga Lake is
itself a listed
hazardous waste site.
The sediments are
contaminated with
mercury, pesticides,
and PCBs.
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( TABLE 4.4.1. SEDIMENT CONTAMINATION IN NEW YORK TRIBUTARIES
Location
Receiving
Bodies of
Water
Contributing
Bodies of Water
Contaminants
Contaminant
Sediment and
Aqueous Phase
Concentrations
Contaminant
Loading from River
Body
Possible
Sources
Comments
Petth Flume
Eighteen Mile
Creek
Little Niagara
River to
Niagara River
to Lake
Ontario
Pfcttit Creek Flume
Volatile and
semi-volatile
chlorobenzenes
PCBs
Mircx
Aqueous phase PCBs-
22.93 ng/I. (4) 12,644
ng/g PCBs in
sediments (1)
750,000 ng/g
hexachlorohenzenc in
sediment; 20 ng/g
mircx in sediments
Total of all
contaminants is 1.8
lbs/day"1
Former
Occidental;
Durez; urban
runoff from N.
Tonawanda
RI/FS completed
12/91. ROD issued
3/92. RD/RA
underway.
Eflicoa Creek
Niagara River
to Lake
Ontario
Smaller unnamed
tributaries
PCBs
Aqueous-phase PCBs:
upper 2.2 ng/I, lower
(screened)-3.27 ng/1 (4)
167.3 ng/g PCBs in
sediment (1)
NI
Unknown

Smoke Creek
Lake Erie to
Niagara River
lo Lake
Ontario
NI
PCBs
Aqueous-phase PCBs:
upper-12.06 ng/I lower-
2.12 ng/I lower
(screened)-1.91 ng/I (5)
NI
Bethlehem Steel

GiN Geek
Niagara River
to Lake
Ontario
NI
PCBs
Hexachloro-
benzene
Tetrachloro-
ethylene
Mercury
(now
remediated) (7)
NI
PCBs-0.20 kg/day (4)
DuPont
Olin Corp.
Aqueous-phase PCBs
also detected at
117.56 ng/I screened
and at 251.29 ng/I in
samples from Gin
Creek (4).
Gill Creek was
remediated in 1992
and 1993(7).
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		-		-

TABLE 4.4.1. SEDIMENT CONTAMINATION IN NEW YORK TRIBUTARIES

Location
Receiving
Bodies of
Water
Contributing
Bodies of Water
Contaminants
Contaminant
Sediment and
Aqueous Phase
Concentrations
Contaminant
Loading from River
Body
Possible
Sources
Comments
Bloody Run
Creek
Niagara River
to Lake
Ontario
NI
Dioxins
(now
remediated) (7)
NI
NI
Hooker/
Occidental:
Hyde Park
Received leachate
from landfill. Due to
remediation, creek is
responsible for
contaminated seep to
Niagara Gorge.
Remedy for
sediments scheduled
for completion by
1/93.
Two Mile
Creek
N1
NI
PCBs
Aqueous phase PCBs:
23.22 ng/1 (5)
NI
Unknown

Cayuga Creek
(Niagara
County)
Niagara River
to Lake
Ontario
Blade Creek
Bergholtz Creek
PCBs
Aqueous phase PCBs:
2.34 ng/l (5)
NI
Unknown

Cayuga Creek
(Erie County)
Buffalo River
to Niagara
River to Lake
Ontario
Buffalo Creek
PCBs
Aqueous phase PCBs:
0.75 ng/l (5)
NI
Unknown

Woods Creek
•
NI
NI
PCBs
Aqueous phase PCBs:
3.74 ng/l (5)
NI
Unknown

Scajaquada
Creek
Niagara River
to Lake
Ontario
NI
PCBs
Aqueous phase PCBs:
upper-12.06 ng/l
lower-6.57 ng/l (5)
NI
Unknown

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TABLE 4.4.1. SEDIMENT CONTAMINATION IN NEW YORK TRIBUTARIES
Location
Receiving
Bodies of
Water
Contributing
Bodies of Water
Contaminants
Contaminant
Sediment and
Aqueous Phase
Concentrations
Contaminant
Loading from River
Body
Possible
Sources
Comments
Buffalo River
Sediments
Niagara River
to Lake
Ontario
Cayuga Creek
Buffalo Creek
Scajaquada Creek
Smoke Creek
PAHs*
PCBs**
DDT
Chtordane
Dieldrin
Lead
PCBs - 924.73 pg/g***
B(a)A - 1,155.9%
Pg/kg
Chrysene - 950,302
Mg/kg
Dieldrin - 14.2 pg/kg
DDT - 71 pg/kg
B(b)f-687,429 pg/kg
B(k)f - 696,481 pg/kg
B(a)p - 819,231 pg/kg
(6)
PCBs-.00263 kg/day
Chlordane-.000304
kg/day
Dieldrin-.0000893
kg/day
DDT-.00178 kg/day
B(a)a-.0545 kg/day
B(b)f-.146 kg/day
B(k)f-.0627 kg/day
B(a)p-.0831 kg/day
Chrysene-. 120 kg/day
Lead-.0887 kg/day
(6)
Buffalo Color
(6)
PVS Chemical
Contaminant loadings
reported on April 22,
1992
Refereaces
(1)	"The Search for Diana - Eigjtfeea Mile Creek." S. Linen, NY5DEC, January, 1992. p. 4.
(2)	"Applications of Putive Sarapku To Looting Sources of PCBi On dw Black River", Environmental Toxicology A Chemistry. Vol. 12, p 647.
(3)	Pcisonal twntaiiialiua bttau-a A. Miler (TRC) and S. Litten. NYDEC Water Division. July 12. 1993.
(4)	"Redaction of Toxics I oaihagi to Ik Niagara River From Wane Sites in (he UJS.: A Progress Report", EPA aid NYSDEC, March, 1993 p 8.
(5)	"Soarces o( PCBs to the Niagara River, Interim Report", S. linen, NYSDEC, Division of Water. p6.
(6)	"Model Data Rtqnimiifati and Man Loadings Estimates for the Buffalo River Man Balance Study (ARCS/RAM Program)," Draft Report, April 1993, pp. 9,34-36, 49,66.
(7)	Fax naiMWiii rtinn. E. Loaoff, Waste MnagemoM Division, Niagara Frontier Programs to S. Stoloff, TRC, dated 8/3(V93.
•Concentrations reported in (6) did aot exceed die Sediment Quality Criteria value* for PAHs found in "Interim Sediment Criteria Values for Nonpolar Hydrophobic Organic Contaminants." US. EPA. Office of Water
Regobtkns nd SUadaidt, May 1981.
**GmeeaMMa* reported m (6) exceeded die Stdiaum Qaabty Criteria vahm for PCBs found in "Interim Sediment Criteria Values for Nonpolar Hydrophobic Organic Contaminants." U.S. EPA. Office of Water
Regalatkms and Stndanb. May 1988.
***CowLtntiationi reflect the highest conceatntioRS detected
N1 - No information found.
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State Barge Canal that contributes to the creek's flow. Several industrial dischargers
have been identified, although no definitive links can be made between them and the
dioxin contamination.
The Niagara River and its tributaries were found to have the highest concentrations of
PCBs of any other river in the literature reviewed by TRC. Approximately 350
kilograms per year of PCBs are discharged into Lake Ontario via the Niagara River.'2
Due to the scouring action of the Niagara River, sediment deposits are not prevalent
along the river's main channel.13 The largest single source appears to have been Gill
Creek which discharged nearly 70 kilograms per year to the Niagara River. Aqueous-
phase water samples collected from Gill Creek contained nearly 252 nanograms per
liter (ng/1) of PCBs.14 Concentrations at this level in the aqueous phase would be
expected to contribute to sediment contamination. It should be noted that Gill Creek
was remediated in 1992 and 1993.15
Onondaga Lake discharges to the Oswego River which eventually discharges to
Oswego Harbor in Lake Ontario. Onondaga Lake has been identified as a "hot spot."
The sediments at the bottom of the lake have been contaminated with mercury,
pesticides, and PCBs. The lake is listed as a hazardous waste site.
Pettit Flume contained the highest concentrations of PCBs in sediments of any other
tributary to Eighteen Mile Creek. Concentrations of 12,600 nanograms per gram
""Application of Passive Samplers to Locating Source of PCBs on the Black River." Environmental Technology
and Chemistry, Vol. 12, p. 647.
"Draft Niagara River Remedial Action Plan, Volume I, NYSDEC, March 1993.
"Personal communication between A. Miller, TRC, and S. Litten, NYDEC Water Division, July 12, 1993.
15
Fax communication, E. Lonoff, EPA Waste Management Division, Niagara Frontier Program, to S. Stoloff,
TRC, dated 8/30/93.
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(ng/g) have been recorded.16 Sediments also contained extremely high concentrations
of hexachlorobenzene (750,000 ng/g) and mirex (20 ng/g). A Remedial Design/
Remedial Action is currently underway to contain the contamination. The Occidental
Durez Plant is named as the likely source of contamination.
The Buffalo River discharges to the Niagara River which ultimately flows into Lake
Ontario. While contaminant loadings for PAHs and pesticides were negligible, PCB
concentrations exceeded the Sediment Quality Criteria Value, developed by EPA's
Office of Water Regulations and Standards in 1988."
4.4.3 Data Gaps and Limitations
TRC has not obtained any information on loadings from sediments. No study
available to TRC has attempted to model these data as the uncertainties and
assumptions would render the model of limited value. However, studies reviewed by
TRC have modelled the loading of contaminants from a surface water body as a whole
by utilizing sediment and particularly aqueous-phase concentrations, known flow rates,
and loadings from industrial and municipal discharges to the river. TRC has included
all available concentration loading information in Table 4.4.1.
There are several rivers for which no data on aqueous-phase or sediment
concentrations could be obtained, including the Genesee River, Black River, and
Oswego Harbor. These water bodies may have been sampled; this possibility should
be investigated further.
""The Search for Dioxin-Eighteen Mile Greek," S. Linen, NYSDEC Water Division, January 1992. p. 4.
17"Model Data Requirements and Mass Loading Estimates for tbe Buffalo River Mass Balance Study
(ARCS/RAM Program)," Great Lakes Program, SUNY at Buffalo, April 1993, pp. 34-36.
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Clearly, the more contaminated the aqueous phase, the more contamination is likely to
settle in the sediments, but specific information in this area appears to be limited. It
may be possible to use the STORET database to identify sampling locations in any of
these rivers. TRC's research of the STORET information did not provide any useful
data on ambient concentrations due to the use of varied and elevated analytical method
detection limits. A study similar to EPA's ARCS program on the Buffalo River
should be considered for other major rivers in the U.S. Eastern Great Lakes Basin.
Simon Litten, of the NYSDEC Division of Water, is performing several studies of
sediment contamination in the area using PISCES passive samplers. These units are
designed to resemble the ingestion of sediments by fish; sediments cross a membrane
and then remain within the body of the samplers until analyzed.
4.4.4 Summary
TRC has reviewed several documents listed in Section 4.4.1 which summarize
sediment contamination in the U.S. Eastern Great Lakes Basin area. However, the
data set from these sources is relatively limited. In addition, because some studies'
models arc either in the process of being fully developed or are based on inadequate
data sets, TRC cannot draw definitive conclusions regarding total sediment
contamination. According to the sources reviewed by TRC, the Buffalo River contains
significant sediment contamination. This is to be expected, as this river is used as a
receiving body for maiiy industrial and municipal discharges. The Onondaga Lake is
also significantly contaminated with mercury, pesticides, and PCBs and is itself
considered a hazardous waste site. The predominant contaminants within sediments
throughout the U.S. Eastern Great Lakes Basin appear to be PCBs.
Reliable data on ambient conditions in the U.S. Eastern Great Lakes Basin should be
obtained. Sampling and analysis programs which utilize low method detection limit
analytical procedures should be employed, such as that used by Battelle Ocean
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Sciences in their "Study of PCBs in New York/New Jersey Point Sources," prepared
for EPA and dated January 29, 1993.
4.5 Surface Water Runoff
For the purposes of this report, surface water runoff has been defined to include all
surface water runoff which eventually enters Lake Ontario and Lake Erie or a tributary
to the lakes. In rural areas, surface water is typically allowed to enter surface water
bodies directly. Surface water runoff in urban areas is typically diverted into
combined sewer systems and mixed with the city's sanitary sewage. Certain facilities
or areas of each city may operate collection and discharge systems of their own.
However, due to the significant efforts involved in identifying each of these areas or
facilities they are not specifically addressed in this report.
Under normal conditions the combined flow enters a treatment plant, but under
increased flow conditions, such as those due to storm events, the sewer systems are
allowed to overflow to prevent overloading the treatment plant. These overflows
allow contaminants from both the surface water runoff and the sanitary sewer to enter
an adjacent body of water. Due to the varying characteristics of direct surface water
runoff and flow from combined sewer overflows, this section addresses each
separately.
4.5.1 Direct Surface Water Runoff
43.1.1 Methodology
TRC has reviewed a number of documents pertaining to direct surface water runoff
quality for the Eastern Great Lakes Basin. These documents include the following:
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• "Nonpoint Source Loading Study, Buffalo River Segment, Niagara River
Basin," Alliance Technologies Corporation (now TRC), December 1991;
• "Quantity and Quality of Urban Storm Water Runoff in the Irondequoit Creek
Basin near Rochester, New York," U.S. Geological Survey, 1986;
• "New Techniques for Modelling the Management of Stormwater Quality
Impacts," Lewis Publishers, 1993; and
• "Great Lakes Basin Risk Characterization Study," Chapter L-Pesticide
Discharges and Environmental Risk, Page HI-54.
TRC reviewed each of these documents and extracted all pertinent information
regarding source locations and loading quantities for each of the 18 identified
chemicals of concern. Non-point source loadings to the Buffalo River Basin from
surface water runoff were evaluated as part of a study previously performed by TRC
(formerly Alliance Technologies Corporation).18 As part of this study, toxic loadings
were determined based on land-use characteristics. Research performed in
Canada1920'11 provided contaminant loadings for each land-use classification. The
drainage basin for the Buffalo River was divided into sub-basins and areas of each
particular land-use category (i.e., commercial, industrial, residential, etc.) were
identified. This method was applied throughout the study area, however, it does not
account for the presence of storm water collection systems. Therefore, TRC could not
identify specific areas of concern for surface water runoff.
Based on these data sets contaminant loadings were estimated for each sub-basin.
After compiling this database, the EPA Storm Water Management Model (SWMM)
'"Nonpoint Source Leading Study, Buffalo River Segment, Niagara River Basin.
"Loadings of Toxic Contaminants from Urban Nonpoint Sources to the Great Lakes from Ontario Communities.
Schroeter and Associates. 1991.
"Evaluation of pollution loadings. J. Great Lakes Res. Marsalek and Ng, 1989.
21Ioxic Substances in Urban Runoff. Marsalek and Greek. 1983.
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was utilized to model the transport of these contaminants through the river basin. This
model is capable of modeling all aspects of urban hydrology, including runoff,
transport through a drainage network, storage and treatment. TRC has reviewed the
entire project file for this study and extracted final loadings quantities for which data
were found (i.e., arsenic, lead, mercury, chlordane, dieldrin, mirex, and
hexachlorobenzene).
TRC obtained information pertaining to lead loadings to the Irondequoit Creek basin
from a published study performed by the U.S. Geological Study (USGS). The USGS
conducted this study between August 1980 and August 1981. This study consisted of
collecting water samples and obtaining flow measurements at 16 locations throughout
the basin. Samples and measurements were collected during a total of 23 storm
events. Lead was the only one of the 18 chemicals of concern which was analyzed in
this study. Using the information obtained from these activities, flow-weighted daily
average loadings were calculated for each sampling area along the creek.
For agricultural surface water runoff, no loadings have been obtained. Although the
pesticides among the 18 target chemicals have been banned from use, depending on
their specific concentration and persistence in the environment, they may continue to
contaminate surface water runoff from areas of former application.
4.5.J.2 Sources and Loadings
Due to the size of the area covered and the methodology adopted by Alliance
Technologies Corporation (now TRC) in performing the 1991 study, specific sources
of contaminants were not identified. Instead, loadings were estimated based on land
use within the Buffalo River Basin, as compared to similar river basins for which data
were available. Table 4.5.1 presents projected annual loadings for the Buffalo River
Watershed for each of the identified chemicals of concern. The most significant
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TABLE 4.5.1. PROJECTED BUFFALO RIVER BASIN WATERSHED
ANNUAL TOXIC LOADINGS
Contaminant
Total Load
(kg/yr)
Load per Hectare
(kg/yr/ha)
Arsenic
830
0.0012
Lead
43,445
0.062
Mercury
17.5
0.00003
Benzo(a)anthracene
NM
-
Benzo(b)fluoranthene
NM
-
Benzo(k)fluoranthene
NM
-
Chrysene
NM
-
Total PAHs
NM
-
Chlordane
2.20
0.000003
Alpha-chlordane
NM
-
Gamma-chlordane
NM
-
Dieldrin
0.359
0.0000005
Total DDT
1.44
0.000002
pp DDD
NM
-
pp DDE
NM
-
pp DDT
NM
-
Mirex
0.108
0.00000015
Toxaphene
NM
-
Dioxin
NM
-
Hexachlorobenzene
3.59
0.000005
Tetrachloroethylene
NM
-
Octachlorostyrene
NM

Note: NM * not modelled
Reference: Nonpoint Source Loading Study, Buffalo River Segment, Niagara River Basin, Alliance Technologies
Corporation, December 30, 1991 - Page 3-13.
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loading identified was for lead (43,445 kg/yr). Arsenic also was found to have
significant loadings due to surface runoff (830 kg/yr).
From the completion of the USGS study, it was determined that snowmelt and spring
runoff periods account for nearly 70 percent of the annual lead load to the Irondequoit
Creek basin. Storms were found to contribute another 20 percent The results of the
study found urbanized areas to produce the highest annual yield. During storm events,
the high-density residential area of East Rochester was found to be a major
contributor, supplying 150 kilograms per square kilometer (kg/km2) of lead. Annual
yields of lead determined during the USGS study for each sampling site in the creek
basin are presented in Table 4.5.2. The three sites which had loadings in excess of 20
kg/km2 (Cranston Road, Southgate Road and East Rochester) were the more urbanized
areas.
A predominant land use in the Eastern Great Lakes Basin is agriculture, which is
associated with the application of a significant amount of pesticides and herbicides. In
the late 1980s, the total amount of pesticides applied in the Eastern Great Lakes Basin
was 3,268 billion lbs/year.22 There are also several other primary sources of
pesticides in the basin:
•	lawn care and household uses;
•	manufacture and blending of pesticides;
•	storage of pesticides; and
•	accidental releases and spills.
There is little available information on these sources; however, of the 18 chemicals of
concern identified for investigation under this Work Assignment, DDT, dieldrin,
dioxin, mirex, mercury, arsenic, toxaphene, and chlordane are all either pesticides
themselves or associated with pesticides. DDT and dieldrin were banned in the 1970s,
although concentrations are still found in fish samples. The remaining pesticides were
"Great Lakes Basin Risk Characterization Study. Page ID-54.
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TABLE 4.5.2 TOTAL ANNUAL YIELDS OF LEAD AT SITES LOCATED IN THE
IRONDEQUOIT CREEK BASIN
Site Name
Yield (kg/km2)
Thornell Road
2.19
Thomas Creek
2.49
Linden Avenue
2.92
Allen Creek
17.9
Blossom Road
8.1
Cranston Road
24.8
Southgate Road
25.2
East Rochester
153.0
References: Quantity and Quality of Urban Storm Runoff in the Irondequoit Creek Basin near Rochester, New
York, USGS, 1986 - Page 34.
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banned in the 1980s. Concentrations which persist in the environment, however, may
still be impacting areas of former use.
4.5.1.3 Data Gaps and Limitations
Overall, very limited data were found regarding surface water runoff quality.
Somewhat detailed information was only found for the Buffalo River Basin, as well as
lead data for the Irondequoit Creek Basin. Therefore, in order to adequately
characterize and prioritize the need for surface water runoff controls, modelling similar
to the study performed by TRC (formerly Alliance Technologies Corporation)
described above should be conducted for the entire U.S. Eastern Great Lakes Basin.
Such modelling should then be performed in conjunction with sampling throughout the
study area to confirm the model's predictions.
TRC attempted to validate the results of the 1991 non-point source loadings study by
comparing the estimated loadings with ambient data contained in the STORET
Database. However, the database only provided information for lead and mercury and
a complete evaluation could not be performed. Additionally, the input values for the
model were obtained from research performed in Canada and are not necessarily
representative of conditions in the U.S., although the values were obtained from areas
of similar characteristics. The values obtained by the TRC study should be considered
estimated "order of magnitude" values as opposed to actual concentrations.
The data presented in the USGS report are limited mainly by the fact that the study
was conducted over ten years ago. Waste disposal and material handling practices
have changed significantly since the time of the study, due to more stringent controls
under both the CERCLA and RCRA programs. It is expected that these
concentrations have reduced since the time period of the study; however, this
projection should be verified with a similar study.
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Regulations issued by EPA on November 16, 1990 establish NPDES permit
application requirements for stormwater associated with industrial activity. Issuance of
such permits should provide more accurate information about contaminant loadings
due to surface water runoff. Contaminant concentration limits set forth in these new
NPDES permits will require certain industries to identify and reduce their respective
loadings. However, 4s reported on page 60446 of the Federal Register for Friday,
December 18, 1992, EPA has experienced problems in promulgating these regulations.
For this reason, the deadlines for permit approvals or denials have been delayed, the
first deadline being October 1, 1993 for most discharges associated with industrial
activity. Information pertaining to discharges subject to these permits has therefore
not been included in this report.
4.5.1.4 Summary
From the modelling performed to date, direct surface runoff has been shown to be a
potentially significant source of contaminant loadings to the Eastern Great Lakes and
their tributaries, especially for lead. In order to fully evaluate this source, additional
investigations, similar to that performed for the Buffalo River Segment, should be
undertaken for the entire Eastern Great Lakes Basin. In addition to performing
modelling, a limited sampling and analysis program should also be considered to
validate or confirm the results of the model. Low method detection limit analytical
procedures, such as those used in Battelle's "Study of PCBs in New York/New Jersey
Point Sources" dated January 29, 1993 should be considered.
In addition to these efforts, NPDES permit requirements for stormwater discharges
must be established to achieve adequate environmental protection in all areas of the
U.S. Eastern Great Lakes Basin. In fulfilling these permit requirements a facility will
be obligated to evaluate any contaminant loadings which contribute to surface runoff
by that facility. Imposing stormwater discharge limits on such facilities should result
in significant reductions in contaminant loadings due to surface water runoff.
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4.52 Combined Sewer Overflows
4.52.1 Methodology
Combined sewer overflows (CSOs) are strategically located overflow pipes that will
accommodate any excess capacity from a wastewater or sewage treatment plant during
a storm event. During a storm event, the CSO routes the excess influent that the
treatment plant is no longer able to treat to the nearest surface water body or river.
Untreated influent is, therefore, directly discharged to the surface water body. By
definition, this situation would occur infrequently, only when there are storm events
with maximum precipitation. However, in older cities, where treatment plant
capacities were based on a smaller population, CSOs may be more frequently utilized.
Urban storm water sewers and CSOs have been identified as sources of contamination
to the Eastern Great Lakes Basin. In order to determine loadings from these two
sources, it is necessary to model storm event frequencies and intensities with the
influent concentration to wastewater treatment plants. TRC has not been able to
obtain information on studies that have modelled the loadings. However, TRC has
obtained some sampling information for the influent to the Buffalo Sewer Authority
Wastewater Treatment Plant. This provides an indication of the contaminant loading
from the CSOs during an overflow situation. It is noted that these concentrations
may not accurately reflect concentrations which would be discharged to the river
during an overflow event. Stormwater runoff may be expected to dilute these
concentrations as well as potentially introduce additional contaminants due to transport
of contaminants during overland flow and sediment scouring within the sewer system.
TRC also obtained data from samples of discharges from several CSOs in the Buffalo
River.
TRC reviewed the following documents while assessing the impact of CSOs as a
source of contamination:
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• "Rochester Embayment Remedial Action Plan, Stage I," edited by the Monroe
County Department of Planning and Development, June 1993;
• "Combined Sewer Overflow Loadings Inventory for Great Lakes Basin, Final
Report," prepared for EPA by GCA Corporation, March 1983;
« "Model Data Requirements and Mass Loading Estimates for the Buffalo River
Mass Balance .Study (ARCS/RAM Program), Draft Report," Great Lakes
Program SUNY at Buffalo, April 1993;
• "Draft Niagara River Remedial Action Plan, Volume II," New York State
Department of Environmental Conservation, March 1993; and
• "Great Lakes Basin Risk Characterization Study," Great Lakes National
Program Office, undated.
4.52.2 Sources and Loadings
The Great Lakes Basin Risk Characterization Study states that "CSO loadings to the
Niagara River have (also) been found to be significant."23 In addition to reviewing
the Great Lakes Basin Risk Characterization Study, TRC has obtained CSO. sampling
information from the Model Data Requirements and Mass Loading Estimates for the
Buffalo River Mass Balance Study. This study was released in draft form in April
1993 by the Great Lakes Program, Department of Civil Engineering at the State
University of New York at Buffalo. The study summarizes data collected from CSOs
in South Buffalo Sewer Districts. Table 4.5.3, Combined Sewer Overflow Discharges,
provides dissolved and particulate phase concentrations of several PAHs and pesticides
in the CSOs of South Buffalo in August, 1991. PCB concentrations are noted for
1990 and 1991. The study cautions, however, that "many of the smaller outfalls to the
Buffalo River were not included ... especially for discharges to Cazenovia Creek," and
that "development of a new model... which will more accurately model water quality
... will be inserted for the final draft of this report"24. TRC was informed that the
23Great Lakes Basin Risk Characterization Study, Page ID-28.
24"Model Data Requirements and Mass Loading Estimates for the Buffalo River Mass Balance Study" (ARCS/RAM
Program), Draft Report, Great Lakes Program SUNY at Buffalo, April 1993.
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TABLE 4.5.3 COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOW (CSO) DISCHARGES
Mkr Nmm ad Addnu







TflskC
bcBiical Lmrtil
p and Sources








Amir
MlhlMM
Hill 1 >
If*
»¦—m


cWjwm
DVT a
HlmtiMu
OteMria
Dtata
HnitMw
Innt
U«i

Mrn
Oct*ehtar»-
iljrflM
rc»»
T(UkWn»
ediykm
TeMpheee
I. hflnl conceafribao
HHfia| dia far BafMo
Sewer Aaiiority Watfemler
TnMmatPimt
Rcfrfl

DisioM
flam
46.3748
mtfi
DumM
Phoe
4J0I1
DinoM
n»ae
19.9116
¦c"
Dissolved
Phase
3J3751
Dissolved
Ruse
.10534
mgfi
chtordast
.10545
Dissolved
ffiasc
28-8495
a»g/l
4,4'DDT
OHOpg/L
Palmdric
Ruse
1.4074 mgfl
(1991)


10/15-
16/85
17 pig/L
1QH6-
17rtS
i«m^l
WI7-
1SA5
**«*-
9/17-
18/86
I9w*-
3/1*
20A7
ZOpc/L
«2-3*7
67 pg/L
W17-
IB/B7
»««¦
OT-3J87
04 kJL


Diuolwd
Rwie
23.2 mg/l
(1990)
PwtKutoe
Phuc
152.66
(J990)
10/15-
16/85
17 VtL
WI6-
17/85
23«A-
10,-IJ
IK/83
M wA-
9/17-11/86
19*g/L
3/1 9-2W87
4«/L
9/I7-I8/S7
12 «A-

2. CSOirioac *e MWo
l^nr
Rrf«2

» * -
nwwK
——
rn—p
«»»
Pxicthte
nm
*9l4«fft
(1991)
n«e
21
ail

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new model would be available in the Fall of 199325. Figure 4.5.1 shows the CSO
locations along the Buffalo River where samples were obtained. Figures 4.5.2 to 4.5.4
show the location of CSOs in Tonawanda, Niagara Falls, and Rochester, respectively.
4.5.2.3 Data Gaps and Limitations
TRC has obtained sampling information for the Buffalo River CSOs, both discharges
from the several CSOs on the Buffalo River, as well as the influent sampling data to
the Buffalo Sewer Authority Wastewater Treatment Plant. TRC has not been able to
obtain loading information about any other CSOs, although the locations of CSOs in
several areas have been identified.
4.5.2.4 Summary
CSOs facilitate direct discharges of potentially contaminated surface water runoff and
sanitary sewage into surface water bodies. Although these discharges may occur
infrequently, the volumes water discharged and the associated contaminant
concentrations may be significant A detailed evaluation of the frequency, volumes,
and chemical characteristics of discharges from CSOs into receiving water bodies is
necessary to evaluate the magnitude of increased risks to human health and the
environment due to these discharges.
However, based on the very nature of CSOs, it may be desirable to promote the
reduction and/or elimination of CSOs withih the Eastern Great Lakes Basin. Special
cases may exist in which extreme economic burden would be incurred by certain
communities in eliminating CSOs. For such cases it may be appropriate to install
control devices which reduce the frequency in which overflows are allowed to
discharge to the receiving water bodies. As an example, CSOs have been identified
^Personal communication between S. Stoloff, TRC, and Kim Irvine, State University of Buffalo, July 20.1993.
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Niagara Falls
©
Tonawanda Creek
Not to Scale
• CSO Discharge
Location
COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOW LOCATIONS FOR
TONAWANDA AND NORTH TONAWANDA, NEW YORK
TRC
Figure 4.5.2
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Not to Scale
COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOW LOCATIONS FOR
ROCHESTER, NEW YORK
TRC
Figure 4.5.4
1672,1
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within the Rochester Embayment which are designed to overflow twice per year, on
average. It may be feasible to construct containment features (e.g., surge chambers)
which could reduce overflow frequency. The removal of sewer sediments and the
repair of CSO structures to minimize infiltration are additional methods which may
reduce loadings of the 18 target chemicals into surface water bodies.
4.6 Atmospheric Deposition
4.6.1 Methodology
Atmospheric deposition results in loadings of contaminants from the air onto the
water. Direct deposition involves direct contact of air contaminants with water, while
indirect deposition results from the outflow of upstream lakes. TRC reviewed the
following documents for pertinent information regarding atmospheric deposition in the
Great Lakes area:
•	"Great Lakes Atmospheric Deposition (GLAD) Network, 1982 and 1983,"
EPA-905/4-88-002, February 1988;
•	"New Source Identification of Mercury Contamination in the Great Lakes,"
Gary E. Glass et. al., Environmental Science Technology, Volume 24, No.7,
1990;
•	"Summary Report of the Workshop on Great Lakes Atmospheric Deposition,"
Internationa] Joint Commission, October 1986;
•	"Rochester Embayment Remedial Action Plan (RAP), Stage I," edited by the
Monroe County Department of Planning and Development, June 1993; and
•	"Great Lakes Basin Risk Characterization Study," Great Lakes National
Program Office, undated.
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TRC has also accessed the following database for information about air contamination:
AIRS
The Summary Report' of the workshop on Great Lakes Atmospheric Deposition
(GLAD) documents the results developed by a panel of approximately 40 technical
and scientific experts assembled for the purpose of reaching a consensus as to the
nature of atmospheric loadings of 14 chemicals of concern to the Great Lakes. This
list of chemicals included approximately half of the 18 chemicals of concern addressed
within this report. Chemicals such as PAHs, octachlorostyrene, and PCE were not
addressed by the GLAD workshop.
The estimates of chemical loadings to the Great Lakes were based on the use of a
mass balance approach. However, in order to perform a mass balance, several
properties of each chemical were required. These properties include concentrations of
each chemical in the various phases, mass transfer coefficients, deposition velocities of
air-borne particles, settling velocities, Henry's Law constants, etc. Due to the lack of
sufficient information for several of the chemicals of concern the workshop focused on
the following chemicals for which sufficient information was available: PCBs, DDT,
benzo(a)pyrene, and lead.
The Rochester RAP presents information on atmospheric deposition to Lake Ontario,
the Rochester Embayment, the Genesee Basin, and the Rochester Embayment
Watershed. Data obtained from a 1992 report on a study conducted by the Canada
Center for Inland Waters (CCIW) were utilized to produce this information based on a
comparison of embayment characteristics to those of the Canadian study area.
AIRS includes air emissions data only for criteria pollutants (e.g. sulphates, carbon
dioxide, lead, etc.) and with the exception of lead, provides no information on any of
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the 18 chemicals of concern. TRC obtained an AIRS database retrieval for lead
emissions within the 32 Eastern Great Lakes counties. No emissions information was
provided in this retrieval. TRC understands that lead was only recently added to the
database as a separate parameter, this may explain why no emissions were idendfied.
4.6.2 Sources and Loadings
The primary sources of atmospheric loadings as identified in the Great Lakes Basin
Risk Characterization Study are the following:
•	industrial sources (mercury, PCBs, hexachlorobenzene, and mirex);
•	transportation sources, especially cars, trucks, airplanes, and trains (lead and
benzo(a)pyrene); and
•	agricultural sources, including volatilization and suspension of agricultural
chemicals (pesticides and organochlorides).
As discussed in this study, "airborne toxics can be transported over very long distances
in the atmosphere. Therefore, sources of pollutants that pose risks in the basin may be
very far upwind of the basin and sources within the Great Lakes Basin may contribute
to problems in distant downwind locations."26 Identifying a particular source is
therefore highly complex, although categories of sources may be identified as major
contributors. Control measures for these sources are identified in Section 5.0.
Atmospheric deposition of PCBs was noted to be more significant on a percentage
basis in the western Great Lakes than in Lakes Erie and Ontario. This is thought to be
due in part to the greater surface area of the western lakes.17 Atmospheric deposition
^Greal Lakes Basin Risk Characterization Study. Page HI-33.
37Summary Report of ifie Workshop on General Lake Atmospheric Deposition. Page 15.
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was identified as an important if not the dominant source of lead loadings. As an
example, Lake Ontario receives 23 percent of its annual lead loading from atmospheric
deposition on upstream sources (indirect deposition) and 50 percent from direct
atmospheric deposition. This results in a total of 73 percent of Lake Ontario's annual
lead loading originating from atmospheric deposition.20 Similar results were noted for
benzo(a)pyrene, for which 79 percent of total annual inputs are attributed to
atmospheric deposition.20
The percentage of total inputs of t-DDT to the lakes attributed to atmospheric
deposition is reported to be 22 to 97 percent annually.20 The models of atmospheric
deposition for PCBs, benzo(a)pyrene, and lead are illustrated in Figure 4.6.1. The
panel concluded that atmospheric deposition is suspected to be most significant from
wet deposition (i.e., rainfall, snowfall), dry deposition of particulate matter, vapor
exchange, connecting channels, and tributaries.
One identified source of lead in the atmosphere is from the use of leaded fuels in
automobiles. Government restrictions on the use of such fuels has been noted as
having resulted in a marked reduction of lead in the atmosphere. Reported total
annual input along with percentages of atmospheric deposition for PCB and lead are
provided in Table 4.6.1.
Additional sources may be present in the form of incinerators located within the
Eastern Great Lakes Basin. These include hazardous waste as well as domestic waste
incinerators. Stack emission particulate matter, released into the atmosphere in a
heated state, may be deposited onto the lakes when the emissions are allowed to cool.
Locations of incinerators within the Eastern Great Lakes Basin are presented in
Appendix B, Tables B-4-1 and B-4-2, although no emissions data have yet been
received by TRC from NYSDEC. TRC has ascertained that there are three air
monitoring stations located at Niagara, Buffalo, and Rochester. These stations have,
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Erie
Unlt»: kg yr"1
Poly chlorinated
Biphenyls
Erie
50%
Benzofa)
Pyrene
Notes: Fj: Total W«t Surface Flu* of
Compounds in the Almoaph^***
Units: kgyr-1
Indirect Atmospheric Da posit on
aptfrum Sources
t
*
Otreet Atmospheric Deposition
ATM - Total Atmospheric Dapo^w,
(direct and indirect)

Figure 4.6.1. Atmospheric Loading ol PCBs, Benzo(a) Pyrene, and Lead to the Eastern Great Lakes.
Reference Summary Report ol the Workshop on Great Lakes Atmospheric Deposition, international Joint Commi*tiQn
October 1986
65	TjflJ

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TABLE 4.6.1 ANNUAL PCB AND LEAD INPUTS TO EASTERN GREAT
LAKES AND THE FRACTIONS ATTRIBUTED TO
ATMOSPHERIC PATHWAYS

PCBs
Lead


% Atmospheric

% Atmospheric

Total
Inputs
kg/yr
Direct
Indirect
Total
Inputs
kg/yr
Direct
Indirect
Lake Erie
2.52
7
6
567
39
7
Lake Ontario
2.54
6
1
426
50
23
Reference: Summary Report of the Workshop on Great Lakes Atmospheric Deposition, International Joint
Commission, October 1986.
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however, traditionally monitored for the environmental conditions, such as acid rain.
Only recently have toxic chemicals been monitored; no data arc yet available.28 With
time, these stations will generate data that may be used to more accurately assess and
model the effect of atmospheric deposition in the Eastern Great Lakes Basin.
Very limited discussion is provided in the Rochester RAP regarding suspected sources
of atmospheric deposition. However, it could be expected that the general source
types would be similar to those identified for other areas of the Great Lakes region.
Estimated loadings for each chemical are provided in Table 4.6.2. The data for lead
and PCBs presented in this table (obtained from the Rochester RAP, prepared in 1993)
differ from the data presented in Table 4.6.1 (obtained from the GLAD Workshop
conducted in 1986). The difference may be due to obtaining information from
different sources and databases, from different modelling studies or due to the fact that
the studies were conducted seven years apart and conditions have changed over this
time period. A review of these data shows that lead is subject to the greatest degree
of atmospheric deposition of all the 18 chemicals of concern. Atmospheric deposition
of lead is approximately ten times greater than the second highest contaminant,
arsenic.
4.6.3 Data Gaps and Limitations
TRC obtained limited information on atmospheric deposition for the Great Lakes
region. The Rochester RAP has attempted to provide data for all identified chemicals
of concern; however, this provides information for only a small area. Also, the data
provided in the Rochester RAP are based on data obtained from a Canadian study.
Although this study may have evaluated areas of similar characteristics, it does not
provide actual data which pertain directly to the Rochester Embayment.
^Personal communication, A. Miller, TRC with G. Mikol, July 12, 1993.
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TABLE 4.6.2 ESTIMATED ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION OF VARIOUS
CONTAMINANTS
Parameter
Deposition
on Lake
Ontario
kg/yr
Dep. on the
Rochester
Embayment
kg/yr
Dep. on
Genesee
Basin kg/yr
Dep. on
Embayment
Watershed
kg/yr
Arsenic*
4,580
21.3
185
225
Bcnzo(a)pyrene
68.4
0.145
9.98
12.5
B en zo (b)fi uoranthen e
130
0.272
19.0
23.7
B en zo (k)fi uorartthene
310
0.231
16.3
2.01
Chlordane
3.51
0.018
1.14
1,41
Chrysene
90.4
0.190
13.2
16.5
DDT and metabolites
9.48
0.045
3.09
3.80
Dieldrin
1.35
0.0045
0.440
0.544
Hexachlorobenzene
1.09
0.0045
0.358
0.440
Lead

944
66,445
80,932
Mercury*
568
2.72
185
225
PCBs
42.0
0.195
13.6
16.8
Toxaphene
4.72
0.023
1.53
1.89
* Wet deposition only.
Surface areas: Lake Ontario. 7,340 sq. mi.; Embayment 35 sq. mi.; Genesee Basin 2,463 sq. mi.; Embayment
Watershed 3.000 sq. mi.
Reference: Rochester Embayment RAP, Stage I, Edited by the Monroe County Department of Planning and
Development, June 1993.
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The GLAD Summary Report states that uncertainties associated with values used in
the workshop range from a factor of two to a factor of ten. Uncertainties of this
magnitude may cause large variations from actual values.
Evaluation of incinerator emissions on the lakes would require identification of
emissions from all incinerators located within the basin, followed by modelling efforts
to quantify potential effects on the lakes. Information may be obtained from the
individual hazardous waste and municipal solid waste incinerator permits which would
identify maximum allowable emissions of chemicals. However, without some form of
modelling, it is not possible to determine the effects these emissions are having on the
Eastern Great Lakes.
Although the tables note absolute loadings of contaminants, these should not be
directly related to toxicity; for example, lesser loadings of mercury are in effect more
toxic than larger loadings of lead.
4.6.4 Summary
Based on the results of the GLAD workshop, atmospheric deposition appears to be a
significant source of contamination to the Great Lakes. For lead and benzo(a)pyrcne,
the GLAD workshop has found atmospheric deposition to be the predominant source
of loadings. The information provided in the Rochester RAP shows atmospheric
deposition to be a source for most of the contaminants of concern. However, the
relative contribution of atmospheric deposition to other sources has not been
determined for these contaminants. Information available is limited and, for the
majority of the contaminants of concern, only estimated information is available.
Additional information pertaining to sources of atmospheric contamination and
loadings rates for all chemicals of concern should be defined. Appropriate methods
through which to address this problem should be identified.
L93-839.txt	69
RECYCLED PAPER
ENFORCEMENT CONFIDENTIAL

-------
5.0 INTERVENTION PROPOSALS
TRC has identified a number of sources that contribute to the total loading of each
chemical into the Eastern Great Lakes Basin. These have been discussed in detail in
Section 4.0, and include industrial discharges to air and water, municipal discharges to
water; spills; hazardous waste sites; sediments; surface runoff; and atmospheric
deposition. Section 5.0 discusses intervention proposals including waste minimization,
pollution prevention, and remediation technologies for each chemical and also for the
various sources identified above.
5.1 Methodology
Industrial and municipal NPDES discharges, air discharges and spil/s are recorded
regularly on the PCS, TRI and ERNS databases respectively (see Sections 4.1 and
4.2). Due to the quantitative loading information available it has been possible to
determine annual average identified loadings for each chemical:
•	by each of these sources (industrial, municipal, and spills);
•	by industry types; and
•	by county.
TRC then used this information to access literature sources, the PIES database,
environmental textbooks, regulatory manuals, and experienced professional expertise to
complete the individual intervention tables for each chemical. The literature
references and textbooks consulted have included:
•	"Air Pollution Engineering Manual," Air and Waste Management
Association, 1992;
•	Handbook: "Remedial Action at Waste Disposal Sites," Office of
Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
October 1985;
L93-839.txt
RECYCLED PAPER
70
ENFORCEMENT CONFIDENTIAL
TRC

-------
•	Water Environment Research, Research Journal of the Water Pollution
Control Federation, Volumes 59 - 65;
•	"Suspect Chemicals Sourcebook: A Guide to Industrial Chemicals
Covered Under Major Regulatory and Advisory Programs," Roy tech
Publications, Updated to April 1, 1993; and
•	TRI database.
Additional sources include contaminant loadings from sediments, hazardous waste
sites, surface runoff (CSOs and stormwater), and atmospheric deposition. In order to
determine accurate and quantifiable loadings information, considerable modelling using
complex computer programs is required. TRC has included alt information obtained
from existing studies. However, the available information is insufficient to perform a
quantitative analysis of each of the non-point source loadings. TRC has therefore
performed a qualitative analysis of these sources.
5.2 Chemical Tables
Individual profiles are presented for each chemical, with the exception of the PAHs
(benzo(a)anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene and
chrysene) which were analyzed together. Each table identifies the loadings identified
from industrial and municipal discharges, spills, sediments, hazardous waste sites,
surface water runoff and atmospheric deposition. The industrial discharges are broken
down further by SIC codes. The tables briefly summarize the data gaps and
limitations associated with each loading presented. The intervention proposals include
waste minimization, pollution prevention and remediation technologies appropriate for
each source. Waste minimization techniques may include add-on treatment to waste
streams to reduce the volume of waste generated, or process changes that similarly
reduce waste production. Pollution prevention techniques may include proposals for
L93-839.UI	71
RECYCLED PAPER	ENFORCEMENT CONFIDENTIAL

-------
-
Arsenic (1)

Lu«b>t» (kf/jr)
TH4a GapVliMMBrtoM
fRt(N7 CoiMroh/PoHdcs
in*wtri«l Dmc^hm






- h^jnd Aptr M3i
CSK12411.1621]

W«Sc»-45*
(IWITO)
Weter dudtqe  goalie Life
IM rtfL
MCLr* WA
NYSDBC Sediment GuJdtM*^ N/A
Air Criteria:0
SGC: 2.0 x l Bectrtaf StfpSa
(SJCWIM)
Wau-O.W
(l*WW)



TPQ* K/A
Mm) hh»i liifcm,,
(SIC *3300)
Water >19*
(199193)




- TimpiMMflia
(sic rrrxr>
Wter-60*
(I«1M)




(scnmj " ™l
VM-m1
(1991/93)




• BecaicftmrSBrvieM
(SIC #4911)
Va>r-»tA
(199193)




UMlb

-------
-4
Arsenic (2)
5— iiffHiiy
l.ndlny (fcgftr)
Data Gapa/LhuKadaafl
laltmatioR Prapowb*
FeasfefKr
Regulator? CwtrohTdldfl
- Rdve System Serrice*
#4953)
Water = ll.i*
0992/93)
(see picvjoas page)
Oeepfevioos page)
(see previous page]
(tec previous page)
- ConiDecaal Phywatf Biological
Reseattk
(SK VS733)
Waer-2*
(1992J93)




- EBTifOBBwmy QiBtf piiniwm
(SIC #9511)
Water-2*
(1992/93)




Mwopil Discharges





- Smuip. Syirw
(SIC #495Z)
Water ¦ 524*
(1992/93)
Water Aadurp data have been
oNsiaed Aon ihe PCS database
«hkfc leeocdi ill facilities widi
NPDES pennitt. Loading! have
been dtlemiiatd on the bam of Ike
New York State fiscal yea April 1
to March 31 (see Section 4.13 of
itb report).
Treatment* m described on |>rtokai page.
(see previous page)

Spou
23.7 Qfyr) (avenge)1
Spflt loadap have beta obtained
from *e ERNS database. TRC
r^iiinrO dttfbripffli once 1986
«ad iwfcd to to obtain an
annul nway Son ^db
w«k iriaWwitom reported
ottat lotting! would be triffcer
than thoae reported (aee Section
4.2.3 of thii apart).
The hoi i—erreatka proposal is to eorare safe
chemical hand fag practices are ftiibltiM and
perforated bjr a mined workforce. AH chemkab
shonld be handled or transferred m a owitaafd
(bamed) uea to prevent augmiao n ihe event of a
spifl (see Section S3 of tfaaa reportX
Safe handling practice! droold be
eatabtiihcd.

Sadtaans
No irf<—utiuu fowl
Sedjcna* loadings lo riven or die
Jakes would rayafo extensive
nwdrfing «d numero—
¦n—friwii. woedd reader the .final
informsrion of baited trafca.
Atpegqi phase cod idinut
ntaoMkntJbBW bem reported
wtieie identified (see Section 4.4.3
of du icpoft).
Main intervention proposal* for contaminated
sediments include:
•	racwal of sedtoeats by dredging
•	covering scdawots
•	solidification
•	extraction «f ccatanunant
•	iriorsfr ntvigadon route*
(see Section 5.5 of this report)
Demonstrated at varying ntes of
success.

W4»M

-------
Arsenic (3)
Senrte/Padrway
(k&jrj
Data CapjlleituHiu
latcrrcnttwa P> ayoati*
FeasMty
Regulatory Controls/Policies
Hmrioei Vine Sites
14.13"
Lfrting data woe ohiieed for a
total of 25 ekes. Hmdretb of other
continued and potential haiarioui
waste tile* in the 32 counties of
concern may also be aapactang to
buio. Lcaifaif estimates are bued
on sampling tenths and modelings
and consider (rand water-
transporled ccutacnanabon only (see
Section 4.3.3 «f tfue npoit).
(see indtmrial discfaargeO
(see indnitxial disciiarges)
(see.pievioos page)
Sarfaoe R—off (inc. atamnrner mi CSOf)
»1L
Dm maturity «f mrface runoff
contaminant loadings trfannation
tu ioaoA far to Ba/fafe River
Basin only. Data available ere
Mtiwilft end not aedul io«diB|t
(tee Section 43.3 of Ais report).
NPDES permit lmats to be act in the fuhtre «honld
lesnlt in to rcqtzirancm far certain ndnttriei to treat
jorfice ranoff prior te> leaving to property. CSO
abatement programs wtD aid in reducing discharges
fton CSOa. (Refer to Section 5.6 of this report.)
Denwaistimled et varying tates of
success.

Atooefberic Depoeicion
Ub Oatario
RoAdlcf EoAe^iEflC
Gcneaoc Bm
*	1 . i
neneyewB whrim
<510
2U
its
225*
Wet deposition for Like Ontario
only. Indirect contribution from
flther Great Lakes cot {Beatified.
Available atmospheric dtymten
mfanoMtiaa it based am axxkOed
estimates. Aetna) loadings data
wete only available for lend, PCBi,
and beuD(i)pjfiae (see Sectkn
4.6.3 of Ail iqrn).
Control devices located at to scmrce of contamination
mA as wet senators and electrostatic precipittfcn
have been proven effective in reducing emissions.
(Refer so Section 5.7 of tins repon.)
Demonstrated and reliable technologies.

*tetato saggeeled ¦rtoda (or ptBMin pnewaiun. «wie ¦Mafeatfan. ad — Balim aettoetogy.
Uhnwr	*T-iril ri«|Tl m "jifcia flT} TTMalra flmfrrl. Pt—'1 ~~n Ifir "nf IffTA**
Eavir. 1m. 1993
TTffim in Hi ifilinilliiBi? file! niaaitofiiii Tlinff tor Tn-fTiift) ITirirf 1999.
QmHtj GMm 1 mnt\y. &A Office of Seine* mi Tectoolegy. K«y 1.1991.
SMWttg Watar OmiMbim H-H AdwMm. EPA Office of Wahr. Dumber 1991
NTaJBC Satou* Criteria, Deeaafaer )9t9, Divinon «f fiA «d Wiliffif*, ftmn etf Emmwairi PibMoi, 29 yp.
*NewTe*Su» AirCM*-!: nmiilfa n fat to Ciwl far Toaic Aadiim* Air Ciiiiiandiiaii*. 1991 &S<» Otafl).
Trlii Hlh' rflim Tim I hli 11 <1 nf T>ieiiib TirjT" ^ n TTim "n In 1ii fr i if- - j Hi iaii| if J 		'-j **'|H • - Hi - 1 r U.S. EPA Office of SoSd Wmb aad EnrgceKy Ra^ana. January 1991. EPA 56
-------
Chlordane (1)
Sfn/Pirtwy
L—Am&Ckt/rr)
Data GaprfUmltaftMs
Inftrrtadoa ftapsnh*
FcasMHty
Regulatory Controfs/Poftcfca
btdnlrial Discfcuid
No mfonBttkOB fonL
Water dixharge data have beta
obeaiaed from the PCS database
which records all facilkies with
NPDES pennies. Loadings have
been determined en At bam of the
New York Suie focal year April 1
to Match 51 (tee Section 4.1.3 of
tbh report).
EPA cnceled commercial production and use in
198*.

GLWQG:C I
Human Heahh: 2.0 x JO'4 fig/L |
AWQC:d |
Chronic Freshwater Aquatic Life; j
4.3 x 10* pg/L |
MCLS a002 Pt/L 1
DlNiMfftt
No nrfonnatia* fond.
Water discharge data have been
obtained from the PCS datable
which record! afl facilities with
NPDES permits. Loadings have
been determined ao the basil of the
New Yort State fiscal year April I
to Match 3) (sec Section 4.1.3 of
das report).
Gumtatcd activated carbon treatment of effluent is
the best available tediaotofy.*
Dem«nstrmted and rtBiUe
technology.
NYSDEC Sediment Guidelines:* |
Aquatic Tonicity: 0.006 pg/g OC |
Human Health: 8.0 x 10* pg/g OC 1
Wildlife: 0.006 pg/g OC 1
Air Criteria:0
SGC: 50.0 pgAn'
AGC: 1.2 jig/m*
Spills
No iplb recorded an
ERNSdtfabnse
retrieval for period
19*6-1993/
Spill loadings have been obtained
from Ae ERNS database. TRC
obtained d«u for spiBs since I9f6
and averaged this to obtain an
ami avtiagt loading. Some ^nlls
were indoded widioat reported
quRtito which means that nenge
aamiaf loading* wotdd be higher
Ato those reported (see Section
4.2.3 of tins report).
Hie main imerveatioat proposal is to ensure safe
chemical practices are established and
performed by a named workforce. AH chemicals
should be handled or tiwsfentd in a contained
(berated) area to ptrvunt migration in the event of a
spill (see Section 5 J cf this report).
Safe handling practices should be
established.
SARA 313' Y
RQ:" 0.45 kg
TPQ* 450 kg
HiMknWiitoSta
No iafcraabon fond.
Londmg data were obtained far a
total of 25 sites. Hundreds of odier
ccofnned and potential hazardous
waste ales in the 32 counties of
concern may also be the
huaa, l^4irt are based
o& results ml modeling,
and consider ground waler-
Uansported contamination oatfy (see
Section i3,3 of dtts report).
Granulated actrvtted caibon tieatroeat d effluent is
die best available sedmotofy*
GAC is a desnoustnled and reliable
technology.

W+99M
-------
-J
o



Chlordane (2)


Sowu/f»ttw»y
Uadhf» fts^}
Data GapaUMfcatkM
fM^rrcntion lYopoaab*
FeasMtty
Kegutetory ConoWPotldes
Sediments
Pw wal ¦ Bwgik) Ri*ef wdanan
ami pouMy Oswego Harbor
No nfonaikm fawd.
SeAimmt loading* lo rivets or the
take* would icqnic akmive
modebo| nd nameioos
asmnyoms, wfaidk would reader
die final infatniboB of limited
vaiae. Ayma phase and seduneat
concentrations have been repotted
where identified (tee Section 44.3
of this repast).
Pestkade-concaminaCed »e<&nen( treated by uno{
sobmerfed-qucocb jndncraior.1
Main kdervention pnpmti of contamhattd
•ediments include:
¦ Rmcntl of wdiimnH by dredging
•	covering sedimentf
•	aolidifkalkai
•	extraction of cantaminaat
•	relocale navigation routes
(tee Section 5.3 of tfna icport)
Conducted at Rocky Mountain
Arsenal.
Demonstrated at varying rates of
success.
(see previous page)
Snfftce Rmoff (jnc. iiwmu and
CSOi)
BAblmr
12'
Ha majority of wrfw nnoff
tun-ninrt loadings nfoiulin
vu foood for tie Buffalo River
Basin only. Data available ate
eHimatfrt and not actual loadings
(tee Section 4J J of this report).
NPDES pennk Units lo be m( ia dw foturr ihoakl
icudt in die rapmeniest for certain industries to treat
surface nnofT prior to leaving ihe property, CSO
ihatMtcnl prog tuns will aid ia ledocmg ditdtai^ea
from CSOt. (Refer to Section 5.6 of this report.)
Activated carbon treatment currently
performed M existing treatment
facilities.

Depowboa
LakeO— rill
RortrHw Ertupai
Genesee Bam
Fmhaym 1* Wauifcrf
3.51
0.01*
1.M
1.41*
AvrihMe atooipkefic dkpoeilico
information a based on modrflrd
tirinif i, toiat loidngi data
were only cvaiUble for lead, PCB*,
and benao(a)psrfcne (we Section
4.63 at (his tcpoit).
hdnemiai: Dwohe into flumahfr solveoi and
imiiww widi afterburner and an acid scn**er.L
Coatnl devices located at the wroe of
predpiuton have beca prwai effective in rednang
tesitMU. (Refer to Section 5.7 of this report)
DeflKnstnied and reliable
tedaologiei.

•hcfafc.	m*o* farpeMw pMtfitt. Ms aiMptn, «d mmmtMkm tt*aoic(y.
Krfi—hi.	*BKMJ rfcii t Mml. 19*6-1993.
*Saft EMattag Water Ad (SDWAJ
Tijir -T -hi huaaTiail fifr rn—Inin "rn"T rirr "T TT"—' >*«.
QwBry Cotafc iiij. EPA aflb of Scmm mi Tsctaobgr May 1.1991.
*W Q^ifan mi FfcaHl A+mtiia. EPA officeof W«Mc Deewnbw 1992.
¦VTSMC fadhast Critana. Dtomfatr 1W9. DMataa of FA ad WOdlife, Bmb of bmMl Pntoefem. 29 pp.
*Ntv Task Stale Air Gvtfi -1: OaMbai for fee Cootrai for Tarie Artbm Air Coatannank. 1991 Sdteaa (Dnft}.
*TWs a Lit of litt." Tiff- ' L* «f Ctankak Sn^Kt to lUpatfag Uader *e Eaapncy Ftaa^« and Cn««itj fcigfrMotaow Act Ul. EPA oflm of Sohd Watfa Mkd EaerfOKy Ruyunj Jaaowy 1991 EPA 560^-91-011.
Tacfckrat aL. Till tfi^gtafc rf fca Art hiaii lalnn fcrCwyta Ayww	Tbe Koc*y fcfawt— Am^l Baafa F Lkfrndm Tnta«i Adkn."R^tribmt Jimrmti C+**oi. Vol 4. No. 5. 1993.
liiiin LaadfagSMy.BrfMaEjwr Jigm-. Nhgaa fcfrw Bwia." ARanoa TadawlogMa Gaportfian. December 1991.
*"3—iy HfMrf Wwtafccp oa Gwt Lato AMftoic DepawtiM.' Inanniaiaaiat Wa Cwnniiiw. Qaabef IWt
LAfMcy WTone Safcataaaaa and Pmbmbi Registry (ATSDR), Torieofogkal Pnfik for CWitifcii, 1992.
iiHiiiniiiti 1i fjaimtimil CBMna 1991-1. T11 ¦ ifh »¦ nmm\ y. Editor. April 1.1992.
fliiiila T11I1 ilito. 1 DMi Baafc. National Lftnay of Ma&ctoe. 1991
			 1 IHaaitinal of tfn miIh ii Wmtm Tiiutmm mdDmpomL Hanjr M, AacnM, Editor m CMcf. 1999.
UM)»l
-------
DDT and Metabolites (1) (
Sim itiTiHwiy
L—dings (kgfrr)
Data GaprfJmitatlom
Intervention Proposals*
Feaaftrfttty
Regaiatory Controb/Pelklea |
laAwml Ditdaijei
No information (ouoi
Witer Asdurge data hive been
obtained from the PCS drtihw
which records all facifcries with
NPDES penniu. Loadings have
been detennined on the buii of the
New York Stale focal year April 1
to March 31 (see Section 4.1.3 of
this report).
In actions dated I/15/7I and 7/7/72, EPA canceled nil
net of DDT products except for die U-S. Public
Health Services and other Health Service organizations
for die control of vector diseases.

GLWQG;" 1
Human Health: 7.0 x 10' pg/L I
Wildlife: 8.7 x 10'pg/L 1
AWQCc
~ironic Freshwater Aquatic Life:
1.0 x 10Jpg/L
MmicipJ Dischas|rs
No information fend.
Water discharge dia have bees
obtained from the PCS 
-------
1
DDT and Metabolites (2)
liwu/Trtwy

Data GaprtMndeai
| Intervention Pitynh*
FeasMMy
Repilatory Coatrob/Polkle*
S««MK>
Pic—i m BdMo Rim w&miitt
and poaribly Onvego Haibor
No btfomatian foand.
Contribotian to environment from
acdunent Rnapauwa and btotic
ictivty taknowm. Sediment
loidiagi to rivert or the lakes would
(tqnin exlenrive modeling and
name wan MMfiioiu, wtricfe would
wnJci (be final ia/<*m*2jaa of
banted value. Aqueous phase and
inlimnK concentrations have beta
repented rime identified (ace
Sean* 4.4.3 of thti icpofl).
Penidde-ccMlaniniud sediment treated by using
subtnerged-qoench mcincntoi1
Main intervenbaa ptopoaab for sedtmeols iactode:
•	removal of sediment* by dredging
covering icdinwai
•	solidification
•	nlndicQ of ccntananat
» relocate navigation rooiea
(aee Section 5J. of An report)
Demonstrated at varying mtes of
necetf.
(see previous pace)
Sarfac* Ranoff One. atoumniu and CSOa)
ftAbRmr
1.44*
TV nujentj'of rafxx nnoff
wdniiia kifagi krfcrmdtkn
tru foaod for the Baffalo Rjm
Buin mly. Data avalable are
Mtirr.fn and not actual londaagt
(tec Section 4J3 of this report).
NPDES pernm hmiti to be aei m the foam should
itnb ki Ate requirement far certain ndoithei to ileal
aorface naoff prior to leaving the property. CSO
ttatemul prog rami w3I aid in fedocsif diadiaige*
from CSOa. Refer to Section 5.6 erf this report.
Giaaafattd activated carton (GAC) treMtntat of
tfflaml ia best available technology. Filtration prior
to GAC adsorption win remove DDT adsorbed to
wipcadtd solids.
Activated catbon treatment cwrently
ptrf owned n existiog STPi,

Aa«H|iHk Dtpwitia
UtfiMWII
RocbMtf EaafaaytMatf
QormBm
» • T.a.. | i
OMMyBKBI IrMniBf
9.41
ao«5
lOJ
SKf
Available annii^dmiL deyoaitioa
vformaUan k baaed on modelled
cfrtmalr* Actual toadmfi da*
were only avatbbk for lead, PCBt,
aad benao(a)pjwB( (see Sectkai
<6.3 of 4us report).
Control fcvicea located at the source of ecntamiaaticei
ndi as wet scrubbers and electrostatic prrapitatan
Inve been proven effietawe ¦ itdocmg emiraiana.
Refer to Section 5.7 of Atta report
Demonstmed and reliable
technolofiei.

. 1M6-1993.
f i ' J -On*Ufa*WaferQwfityBern*. INI.
BPA offiea rfSdna mdTm^^ao May 1.1991.
nTI'ili	Ilfnft	•-- EPA office of Waaet. Decanter 1991
¦NTSDBC trifMl Crtarfa. Dacvftar 1919. Dm** of R* «4 WOttfe, Botch of BrmMd Pmac*a.» p*.
*Ho*Paftilinii far CcrOd fcrTc««: Aab—*,Agr-wr.niwia 199? Edtfeai (Draft)
n^lILhtrfli^r iiiHimI^tofO,„irih 3wlyetteR«pmkt.lWfc»E«»qffMCTn^Mrt^dC naMj	U-S. EPA «<&» of SoUd Waste aad Eaogeney Re^cDM.
Haddar «aU -lili rii% Sana rf *¦ Art fcxkMjalom farCuwyha Aquwa Waafca: TW Kocty Mmak Ancaal Bam F Uqcwh Twttna* Action.' Hfnbm MrnmitU Co*rot, Vol 4. No. 5. 199X
If, Mfato Ri»*r Segno*, Magm Ktar Ban.* AKnaee Tccknekgiac Carpantoen. Dacoabar 1991.
it of ft* Wototoap m Om Lata AaaMpfeorie Dqioaitiaa.' toamtkanl Joint rnntnariiiet. October 1916.
i rv» tk inwi limit nrnim rrrr i jumh b. a**?, taut, Ap»ai, ito.
\mm 			1 Dot* Baafc. WWwmI Lftrwy 9l4lt.
1IM»«
-------
Dieldrin (1)
SewcWPatfcway
Lmtlmp (kt/yr)
Data GaprfJMltatiMU
Irterventtoa proposals*
FeaslMKy
Regulatory Cofrtroh/PoVldes
Industrial Discharges
- MsceOmMi Periddti and
Apcahnil fVwnkils
(SIC-2*79)
aw*
Water discharge data have been
obtained from the PCS dtutwe
which records all ftalkie* with
NPDES permits. Loadings have
been dtfcnmined on the bam of ihe
New Yort Stale fiscal year April !
to Much 31 (tee Section 4.1.3 of
this report).
EPA restricted pesticide use of dieldrin n US. in
1974.
Granulated activated carbon (GAC) effective at
nimffwt dieldrin from effluent Filtration prior to
GAC adsorption may remove dieldrin absorbed to
suspended solids.
Demon stilled and retiabfc technology.
GLWQG*
Homtn Health: 10 x \0* »gA-
Ouotuc Aquatic: 5,6 x 10* ug/L
AWQC*
Ouonic Freshwater Aquatic Life:
1.9 x tO'pft/L
MCL.J N/A
Munabpri Discharges
No tsfoamlion (mi
Water discharge data have been
obtainwl from the PCS database
whadi records all facilities with
NPDES peimiu. Loadings have
been determined an die basis of die
New York State fiscal year April 1
to MwJi 3! (see Section 11.3 of
this report).
(See above.)
(See above.)
NYSDEC Sediment Guidelines:*
Aquatic Toxicity: 19-5 pg/g OC
Human Health: 0.13pgfeOC
Air Criteria:" N/A
SARA 3I3.J N
RQJ 0.45 kg
Spilt
No qriOi nmnlwl«
ERNS d>ubue rebienl
far period 19*6-1993.'
Spll landings have been obtained
from 4k ERNS database, TRC
obtained data for spifls since 1986
and averaged ftis to obtain an
annul avenge lotting, Sone wpQit
wcra jpcfadrd witlwut imported
quantities wltidk means fut avenge
tirrri fcndaigs would be higher
dun dioae reported (see Section
41} of tfus report).
The main intervention proposal is to ensure safe
cheat kal hmrflsng practices are established and
performed fay a trained workforce. AO chemicals
should be hanrflrd or transferred in a contained
(benaed) area to prevent migration n the event of a
fill (mc Scctioa 5.3 of (hi report).
Safe h—«*aw»g practices should be
established.
TPQJ N/A
Trifaiiai
fttscl in Baflilo Rim
Contribution loawnmen fras
activity unfcnwi. Sediment
lonribtgs to riven or die lakes woaM
require extensive modcfan and
¦nneiuus assoopticm, would leader
the final mfomtitM of lunited
vahe. Aqueous phase and sedbmt
iuwiSiiian have been reported
where identified (see Section 4.4.3
of das report).
Pestidde-contanunated nay be treated by
submerged quendi incmetalor.c
Mat ilia imaim proposals for canfamnaced
sedHBcnts include:
isaml of sftorti by dredging
covering aedimeats
¦olMtificaSka
extraction of «
-------
Dieldrin (2)
1 5oc I mm ml 19W91
(M VoL 4, ffe. J. 1991.
I«u> 1U Kockr	Jbmat Bans F LijOda TnaM
rQwbrBori. 1919-
*WMr QmiStJ CriMii '	EPA offk» << Son Ttdrolop Ma, 1, l»l.
EPA «ffi» of Water Di iinln 1993.
^fYSDGC Setert Dm*w I9f9. DMi« «f M WadUe. Bnw af MawMrial rnMete 9 pp.
%¦ Yak iMiAk (Mi -I: Oaiddwi h ie Coaftrot Cei T«e Ambtecft Air OMbim*. 1991 Edtton (Draft).
TOiBLMrf|<>.C—afcfcMLM«rfOfiiiih fahjsrt to	Unto 4tEpay«T Pins«iaa< riam>j	Act U3. EPA oHSe* af 3o« Wwte and Tiim iywy K^— J—qr 1991 EPA 9MP-9I4I1.
w * 1 *""—nT "*--tTnsqmlsit T i r* -f^hnaiii V f~r "Mi Pin nlTna "Tii H-gr f?—" EPA-Hobert S» Km tayiiummJd Rcmar^ Ubocstar?. Uwftl991.
1—a ladh| Siri^ WMi liwr S«|bmI, Nii|iw trmBmm." Ali—ce TecjaptngiBi Cmpontiaa. Dacanbar 1991.
*-9aaaaag ly< «f ii Wwtahf ¦ Oim> l*w Ate^rif Dryudiif ' fatawtmttlJco*	October 19*6.
Saapect nminh hiyrtniui Etitioa 1992-1 Kcanatfc * asaatjr, Etiisc. Apfl 1.1992.
HmfavlitetiOMfaL MM/UwytfMRUR 2991
1>lil til I n—ftb A ofTTirartT Win Ti mM DhfwA Hmy U Fntmam, ECtor a OmL 19W.
L9M39JB
-------
Dioxin |
(2^,73-TCDD) (1)
g— n/?afhwiy
Irnfcp Ot#/Tr>
Date GapaftJmttatftons
Iatenotlsa Proposals*
FeasMttty
Regulatory CootrslVPolickt
yutna] Discharges
TCDD is a bjrfiodiKt m the
mwifii ng> of chlowaphepol*.
Another aijor inifaHriil wuro of
dicu is palp and pyi nib which
nse chlorine to bleach palp.
No information fotad.
Water discharge data have been
obtained front the PCS database
which records all facilities with
NPDES permits. Loadings have
been determined on the basis of Ate
New Yort State fiscal year Apiil 1
to March 31 (see Section 4.1.3 of
this report).
The following chemicals can be substituted for
chlorine in the pulp-Meadiing process.
ddoriae dioxide-auomuze* dioxin prodDc&on
oxygen - eliminates dtoxm production
hydrogen peroxide - eliminates dioxin
production*
Another method which can be used to minimise
dknni formation is to add chlorine in several quick
chaiges to keep its concentration aid time in ase low.
Abo, conducting the process at higher pHi (>1.6-1.8)
rendu in the formation of hypochluwos acid aid
inhibits dioxin fonnat»on.c
Being increasingly aubftituted in
industry.
GLWQG:d
Wildlife: 9.6 x 10* pg/L
Hunan health: 1.0 x JO* pg/L
Dioxin is also listed at a
bioaccvnolative chemical of concern
by the GLWQG.
AWQC:" Chronic Freshwater
Aquatic Life: <1.0 x 10 * pg!L
MCLf 3.0 X 104 mg/L
Municipal Discharges
TCDD cm be disrhagnd froa any
jpcinr rator or VW7P winch imiw
effluent fm (he paper ndutry.
Mo information faaad.
Water discharge data have been
obtained from the PCS database
which records all facilities with
NPDES pennits. Loadings have
been dttetnnd at the basis of Ae
New York Stale fiscal year April 1
to March 31 (see Section 4.1.3 of
dbs report).
(see above.)
(see above.)
NYSDEC Sediment Gciddines:0
Aquatic Toxicity: <10 pg/g OC
Hianan Health: 2 x 10* pg/g OC
Wildlife: 2 xl0"*pg/g OC
Ail Criteria.-" N/A
SARA 313^ N
RQJ N/A
Sp&s
No sptUs iwjwled an
ERNS diabue retrieval
for period 1986-1993.*
Spill loadings have been obtained
from the ERNS database. TRC
data for sptlU since 1986
aid awnttd thb to obtain an
anmal average loading. Some q»iDs
were mdaded without reported
quantities which means that aweiage
annual loadmgs woold be higher
than thoae reported (see Section
413 of tfati report).
Hie main intervention proposal is to ensure safe
chrwiral hatslliiii practice* are estabBAri and
performed by a workforce. AH chemicals
should be bundled or transferred h a contained
(bermed) area to prevent migration in the event 
-------
Dioxin j
(23,7,8-TCDD) (2) |
SavtelFMkwaf
i«*pCiW
ftaU Gi^LM(iHo«
bttnalisa Proposals*
FeasMMf
Regulatory Controb/Polktet
SedinenU
A "hot spot" of dkan was sdrMificd
n fighirni Mile Cmi No fecific
londmg data were miUle, bat the
"highut dkn cOHCTH^ko m New
York Sue surface wMen wai fnad
below Baige Canal it Bgheoi M3e
Cntk'.*
A hoi spot cf dfcut was also
iintified k Bloody Ran Creek
(remedy idiwhW far 1/93).
No information foand.
Sediment loadings to rivers or the
lakes would require extensive
modeling nd oomeroos
iimaptioet. which would reader
the fittt information ef limited
value. A^ueoei phue and sediment
concentrations have been reported
when identified (see Section 4.4.3
of (fait report).
Main intervention proposals for contam mated
sediments include:
¦ removal of udmcnti by dredging
•	covering sediments
•	solidification
•	extract)an of contaminant
•	relocate navigatkm routes
(see Section S3 of this report)
Demonstrated at varying rales of
success.
(see previous page)
Sn&cc Rmoff 0k. hww
No information fom*d.
Available yxuphrif deposition
information is based on modelled
f liana* ¦ Acini luaifings dat*
were only available for lead, PCBs,
¦d beaao(a)pyicae (see Section
4.6J of Ait report).
Control devices located at the source of contamination
such as wet scn&bert and ekctioatatic predpiutors
have been prvwm effective in reducing emissions.
Demonstrated technology.

Ineladw	awfeodr br pdWoa pmi wi«, wm* aaoiBim, "ad mirftdaa ladwoiogy.
Mam	*E«NS tMbMlttiNiL 1916-1993.
Hiii ii Ml c—imicmkm bttmmm T. Jonas. TRC, S. Jam, CMn EV> Oxp, Aapw 20. 1993.
0nfiiiiiirrfciMifiiri^nn^i^A».p». mi.
W| — 1 'I			• • -	—t-Mym	¦ ]999.
¦VMr Qariily Ceteris SwnoMry. EPA Office of Scamce ad Technology May 1,1991.
Doth* Wtfar OndsifaM a* HsaMi Advworis. EPA Office of W*er. December 1992.
•KYSDBC Sediamt CWecta. ttoemfcor 1999. DWrioi of Bak Wildlife, Bwow of rkiiwwii—I	29 pp.
^tev YakStata AirOnda -1: GaMriinas for to Coo^ for Teste Aafcient Air ContanaMna. 1991 Edition (Drift).
B liit  Eafcy F1m| —d Ccowuty Highs to Know Ace U.S. EPA Offko of SoHd Wma wtd Ciwwfury Rf^pnaas. Jomry 1991. EPA 56QM-91-011.
**nt ilBmdb»«kofHiiiirliiw W—TrisH^andDnp nl Hany M. fteamm, EdtoortaChief, 19i9.
K-TW Smttk f
-------
Hexachlorobenzene (1)
Soarcc/Mnvay
i
DiU GapaUmkaboM
Intervention Proposals*
FeaslMttty
Regulatory Controls/Pot kits
bduitrial Discharges
Typical vei indade:
-	WOOd |WUU
-	ckrtrodti
-	irttwxjiac m dye
aaaoafiactaring
No mfonmatkai found.
Water discharge data have been
obtained determined flora the PCS
database vfaidi reconb all facilities
with NPDES permits. Loadings
have been detemiaed cn the basis
of the New York Slate fiscal year
April 1 to Mafdi 31 (im Section
4.1.3 of this report).
Chemical dechlorination including direct waste, aqueous
waste and in-situ treatment
Activated stodge may be treated biologically.
Granulated activated carbon (GAC) and/br air stripping
are effective at removing bexaddorobenzene fan
effluent. Hkradan prior to GAC adso«pticn/air
stripping may remove bcxacfckirobeiUKne absorbed to
snspended solids.
Both methods feasible-already
demonstrated/practiced.
GLWQG^
Human Health: 1.0 x 10* pg/L
AWQC:F N/A
MCL.0 .001 mg/L
NYSDEC Sediment Criteria.-"
Aquatic Toxicity <7,568 pg/g OC
Humaa Health - 0.15 pg/g OC
Wildlife - 12.0 pg/g OC
Mvkip^ Discharges
NiignPibWVn7mier(fflMt
Wiser « 24.90
(1991/92)*
Water discharge dMa have beea
obtained from the PCS ifanhwe
which records aD facilities wtoh
NPDES penufcs. have
beea determined on the bam of the
New Yoffc SuK fiscal year April 1
to Match 31 (see Section 4.1.3 of
fes report).
(as above)
Portable Gas Qmmatograpfa (Hiotflwc*)
measures PCBs m fluids and soils. Usefid for
stibty transformer sites.
Method already employed or being
employed by plants including Niagara
Falls, Canastota, Fulton, Seneca Falls,
and Leroy.
Air Criteria.-1 N/A
SARA 313^ Y
RQr1 N/A
TPQ^ N/A
Soffit
WoyBtieoried ob
ESNS di^w retrieval
for die period I9S6-
1993*
Spill loadings have beea obtained
from the ERNS database. TRC
nNaini J data for spills since 1986
mi avenged this to obtain a
ssnosl avenge loading Some spflb
weie indaded without reported
quantities wfakJt means that avenge
annual loadings would be hitter
than dme reported (see Section
4Z3 of this report).
The main irierveaftioa proposal is to eanre safe
chemical handling practices are established and
performed by a trained workforce. All chemicals
shook) be hwdkd or treosfened m a contained
(banned) area to prevent migration in the event of a
spill (see Section 53 of this report).
Safe h—practices should be
established.
Regulated under TSCA, CWA,
SDWA. CAA. RCRA. CERCLA,
SARA, DOT Hazardous Materials
HwdoM Waste Sto>
Necoo Pak
GratwicMlivemdePtet
OLdW*®
Loadbf data were nbtamH for a
lota] of 25 sate*. Hundred! of other
raifinw< sod potential hazardous
waste sales in the 32 counties of
concern may dso be impacting tfce
basin. Loading rtrimaSrs ate based
ea faoftiii results and
sad consider groond waters
transported cxatfaminaCtoa only (see
Section 4.33 of this report).
Rmedntica technologies include: dechlorination,
•ctivaed stodge biological tmtnot, adsorption,
absorption. anaerobic biodeyadation.
Technologies demonstrated at varying
rates of success.

L9M»Jt
-------
Hexachlorobenzene (2)
SwuffOw)
1 Milwp (fcafrr)
PsU Gi^UalWlw
Intmeattaa Prop wis*
FtuiMKy
Reeulatory DtmtroKTollries
ScdincflU
Ko illflMIMlilBI fanxL
ScJncnl loading ¦ lo riwi or the
Ukrt wndd require extcnm
mndrBng and nneract
tsmmpboos, which would itndei
the final iitfcnnadai of Kmied
nhe. Aqeecm phase ant retfiraenl
conctairticu have beta reported
where identified (see Section 4.43
of tbia report).
Viiii BilctvcQiiaii pnponli For cnrttnuDitcd lediments
in dude
- nmcmd of aedunents by dredging
•	covering sediments
•	soiidifKatKO
•	extraction of cmtanmia
•	relocate navigation nates
(»ee Section 5-5 of Ihu report)
Demon ftnled al -vaiycig meet of
BUoceiE.
(seepwvkms page)
Surface Rmoff Qk. i«d CSOt)
Water atel lo IWMo Sewer
Atahority WWTP
3.59*
The majority of mface nmoR
contaniamt loadings information
was found for the Bofblo River
Bun cdy. Dali miUble are
rirtmalri and not actaal loadings
(tee Section 4.5 J of iui report).
NPD£S pennit hm*s lobeMa the fame should
result ia the reqairemeat for cenaia industries to treat
mtrfmce taaotf prior to leaving the property. CSO
ahKracot programs wiQ aid m reducing discharges
Cram CSOs. (Refer to Section 5.6 of ttm repon)
Se&nenulioB, fOtntion, herma, divers***, dttches.
Already demonMited «t varying rales
of wcccss.

AMOfhloc Dtpodlioo
UkcOHuio
nmirr
VtfnkD^
1.0?
(10045
a 351
0L44O
Avwhhie ilBKMphtik deposition
infuaniapcai ta based oa noddled
estimates. Aami toadmga dau
wete only available far lead, PCS*.
and bouo(x)pjriene (see Section
of fn report).
CooCtoI device* boated at die kwtcc of contstmnation
¦och u wet koobben and ebctroaUtic preapiucors
have been proven effective ia fedocang eatisnoas.
Ereuiian contrail include dectnwlatic piedpiuied ad
acrabben.
Already desantftated and reliable
kednology.

1
laded* aa^wferf aetedr brpaArtbat pravaatfaa, w«waMafaatiea»4wd mrilMiitr intoriliijfew.
lafntm.	|- -j-i fl	)	 —_ .~	1991 (TO aad 1992/91
*808 Vmdimt Uumtk. 19K-1993.
°lNiMhd Groaad WMr-Taaaportad laid cfCSmialilnB Wm I%onI Sta i»i»Ni«pmKiv«.' EPA-Aotan S. fat raifci—itiil Imemtk Ubonkxj. Muth 1991.
•TaihaiiifTcafc t »¦ li n fwm Tilirmt Ih—daw Wm» Umtatm Wyii few, Kigali Falh. New Vat." TRC WoA te«nd CBttlli
*fc»1Wfc>h]l nK i t Jb«t C miwiiln On* Ijkm Wafer Quality BowL 19t».
*WalBrQaAj' Q#arit Jaaaaary. EPA oAc« «f Sdcac* «td Tedvologj M17 lr 1991.
^ fill — —* IT ** «*-•—»- EPA effiM of ««I. DMBhvim
"rrrmrr Tifan^riNiM PwiJw mi mi to rflHwl TTilitlift Ulnae nfTiiiBiaaMMlainTatlna T?pp
Hwr T*fc JtnAh-Owdb- J. <1i'ITin fe* «»C—tod afTaafc Aubt A» Cui^mai^, 1991.
*H»a DLalaf Lhfe. CiitIImiI Lift ofCtaneab Mjod 19 bpatiat IMv tte	PlaMg wd Cimaaiily HigfcHfrtwr Ad VS. EPA effica of SoHd Wm* mi [aupuuj IU^ooh lamaxj 1991 EPA S«4M-9f-0lI-
Tli^jbl Swo«'-*f Sta*y. Mbto Ri*er ^lyiMW. ffefw* River Bml~ Allao»TedM»fapes Corymkck Decanter 1991.
>lM|i:l niMinh Wwafcoi* &*M 1992-1. K™» B. Owfcy, Edilflr. April, 1991
nimijM Wjimii 8«*. ItaMUfcny rf Madkaae. 1993.
Tlnhillhailiiiid if Tkiaiiiai TTmii TlnlwM ¦iirii|iiir Bmj It rmnaaa, Bdtor jaOact I9«9.
UtWi
-------
Lead (1) j
SaareaTafhway

Data Gapt/UmlUthm
lirtervtvrtom Pnposab*
Feasibility
Regulatory Contreh/Polkles
bdmiiil Dbdmyei
Miimag
(SIC #1000)
Waier - 253 (1992/93)*
Water discharge data have been
obtamed from the PCS database
which records aO facilities with
NPDES peimiu. Loadings have
beta drtrmhted an the basis of die
New York Stale fiscal year April 1
to March 31 (see Section 4.1.3 of
tfm report).
Source Redaction iackxies:
•	Process Sokttkms: Increase Solution Life
•	Material Substitution
•	Process SobftimooB Nonchdated tod ooo-
cyanide process chemicals
•	Chemical Coating
Medunical C1»ddmg and Coating
Most techniques discussed have been
demonstrated to be soccessfoJ.
However, this does depend go the
mdividba] industry and the particular
fadlity involved.
GLWQG:C N/A
MCL:0 Action Level: O.OlSmg/L
AWQC*
Chronic Freshwater Aquatic Life;
3.2 pg/L (based on water hardness of
100 pg/L)
—dQaa njhn qf TliwimBii
Mmenls Except Mi
(SIC #1400)
Water - 4 (1992/93)*
Air emissions data have been
obtained from the TRI dteabase.
which records al facilities which
handle ceitan chemicals in excess
of threshold levels. Air esnissiotis
uc reported for point ml naa-peste
(fugitive) emissions. The latest data
available for calendar year 1991.
TRC is awaiting mfoimatkn from
NY5DEC air rsnissioro database
CoaUnuoatkti of rinsewster may be reduced by
reducing dragout of process chemicals. Techniques
indude:

MTSDEC Sediment Ooidelines^ N/A
Air Oiteria:0 N/A
hperad Alied Midi
(SIC #2600)
Water ¦ IS (I99Z/93)4
•	Reduce Speed of Withdrawal
•	Surface Tteaanent
•	Lower Plteing Bath Cw141
(1992/93)*
which ndnda all faahties vih air
emissions (see Section 4.1 J of thii
rcpott).
•	Drmg-Ot* Recovery - Drip tsnk
System Design Ccmidetitiani indude;
•	Rmsetank Designs - Encore complete misting of


UidcT IVotoi
(SIC #3100)
Water = 1(1992/93)*

rinsewsten to utilize entire tank vdume
•	Multiple Rinsing Tanks
•	Reactive Rinsing
•	Fog nozzles and sprays-raise contaminants
•	Automatic Oom contiols-teduce water dwd
•	Rinse bath agitation


Stane, Qay, Oho, CsacMH
(SIC #3300)
Water *14 (1992*3)*
Air - 22$ (1991 f



- PdMT Metal UnKiM
(SIC #3300)
Water *4916
(1992/93)*
Air *2062 (1991)*




Fabricated Metal Products
(SIC #3400)
Water -42.6
(199W)4
Afc - 9.45 (1991)P




UMM
-------
Lead (2)
Smlhtnnf
111 »m <*»*7r>
MiftfAWMw
laterrortSM
FiuMllj
Ripihtor; CnM^Mchi
Mctaoy. Except ElMtacd
(SIC #3500)
A*. 21.7 (1991/
(mpnioapHe)
Metal Rmwciy (ma Rkutwur «ai Procew Bach
VcyJinj iadode
EvipontMo
< few* Otmom
•	km Firfuwy
•	Beuiulyw
« EkctrnJuIjrm
RoMdnboi Twkwhigia
for inter
fane wHifc rwfdrt rm
- Imm ttAeang
Hydmide paedpaMm
Saffide pwcipiurioa
Cttitnmki pirripiftfhm
Sodim Bcnbydnde pnapiMNR
TrivaleM cfcwwiuw ae - icAwet dedge
prod»a«o
Waatt ttprgtrim - rAkci dodge pfoAactka
glwilgi i1< wMniMj - tedoce* fi—t «hdfc i nlrnni
fordUpW
Burhmff tafci Adtfcg tedmil pQ^pt (EDTA)
r»ee prevwot p*fe)
[iefe previoi p«je)
ScnroS" "
Wafct>S» (199203*
Air« 1115(1991)P

Wki<— n—
(SCM900)
Wan - 916-5
(1992/93)*

WktakTn^lWaibklMi
(SIC #5100)
Watrs 19 (1992/93)^

(SIC #5300)
Ww. 1 (199193)*
Mi.HrZS^al RdLrf Spricq
PEMn)
W«kr-1 (I9W93)*
tacmoo)
Wmw.M(»R'W
AflWn T
ptcfrao)
W*r - 2 (1992/93)*
(K0W)
Watcra 10M
flWMfl*
g^cfeki Om SMwy SwIcm
(SIC #4900)
Wmk - J5 (I99Z/93)*
- W—Sw^r
(S1CMMI)
w*. 417 (1992/93)*
Water fctay AO lam ben
KkMiiahFCSMH
-------
Learf (3)

L.ifcptfcwa
PttCi|if[MHIni
fill !—*¦

RfilibrrOMnmcIa
Jfii
No wM am
(KNiMbaxMiiml
EbrpnM HM-im1
^ltadi>|ibnknitttM
tatiBWtlte. TRC
oImkJ dn. farsjjilb k» WW
nt mfcd dn to dbum. m
—ml wii» l»h|
woe iadoded wtdiod veponed
qwulkic* nhidi awsM tfm neace
¦ami liwfa|r e mil be higher
tun ioM wymtd (m Section
<13 of Ah RpcctX
The mb jimauoB pnponl is ftaiw Kfe
ihirairal ^"frg practice* ir mad
perfbHwed%r i inirf woridewe. AD AawaJi
Ml be b—flnl er1nefa»l Ik a ccained
fli — |I) iKt to pecvcnl BSfntMb ¦ ibe mn t£ I
iptB (tee Section 53 of tfcu report).
Safe hn&| |HMiiai Aaldbe
estibbibed.
(•x pKVMts p«p|
RnrioaViN Sm
SJMf**
iMifcn *U we uUwil for a
total of 25 rilti IIbiiIriIi of o4mt
wm*» *alea m ift* 32 eouofee of
aacnMjr abo be ¦yriiin 4e
«aenlH «d vofcft*.
aal tunilrr p ui< wW-
MMpMled COMlMMMtiai oily (Me
fcctioa 4.3.3 of In ^wt).
(see remedutioe tectoolopes diKiiutd above onder
iDdnmui dbduMfes)
(•ee iadmtml dbcfcafgej)



Mnol loadHfi Id rivera ocdv
MHHfrtaoM, wttdi woaU leader
M ¦rfuiaiiM of !»¦*«*
nhe. A^mom phaae mi te&mat
iiBiifi^ii— bwe bw nyorttd
whew MtliTwd (aec Secbm <4.3
of At» fefmt).
Mm ilewwiat prcfwali fee coaUroBUrf
MdmeammMt:
* waotwl rf ii fiini iii by tedyhf
w'uiH irthwu
wliiBfiftfiia
nrwrt^i afcaBttnaal
****e eewigewn
(•ee Secbaa 33 of *h report)
al vafjnag met of


IkaMrtfarfkerNr
oohMmm* kwfa|i itfowki
wwlMforfelMMcrltmr
BatiaanJy. LoiMiiraealn
fond for bwfcqaoit Cmk Bu
DM amiable are fimalri «] not
actaat loadaga (iec Sectk% 4.5.3 rf
In Report).
NPDESjn** fajtito be KtafafalmAaiiil
readt»
-------
Lead (4)
taraffidratj
u**4»
wfonMtkmubu*dammo4dki
--i—Acttal load^t dtea
weee cely afeflebk for lead. PCBs.
aad beuo(i)pjm» (tee Sectka
i6J of Ab icpoclX
Ortid dwicei located M Ae wee of conlninaLm
sack at M Riabbni md dedmuic prcdpiutan
have beea prowa effective in n daring oummbl
SUA rwiirini control mi hnidmiu for lead
indwtiat auvUw md dectxmmic pndputan.
Aketnie fad tourcea may abo tedooe lead cnitinoi.
DoDORstmed leclawJogy.
(See piwioM pafe.)
R*ml.FtealY«a»l99t*2 ad 1992*1
1191.
1919.
BPA o&a rf Ma» Md Tuteiilim M* I,1991.
IMalfaitfWMt Di wrfin 1991
DMafaa ttFkk mi WM&, Bmm at Mm
br 4» Coatoat farTone Aa*MHl Air C
I NMm
%«T^il*Air(M.|: Gb
1m m Lb» «f Ua* CnnHM Lfal «f CMab MJaat to
awnmlIII tort—I 1996-1991
IT«kIm^.CmtilnlilWaMSiaa to ft* M*naKrm,MaganM.Ne»T«*t" T*CWo*A
¦ fee ft* BoThte Bw Mtoi BiImpi Stody.' OM
w Act. U&EPAaflkaoTSolidWMtoMJI
r 1991 »A»Q»-91-011.
CQ211X
«r
t>dwNagmKircc" ffA*lok«ilK«iBninaMMllMiRfc
ttiiint n*+9mir,BMo**mS^m,N^mtUrmB~m-' Aftn»T«ta4ogia»Capxttkn. Dwate 1991.
y^QMai»afWi»ftiiw W^r»MBgh*»Iff i)imiiiiiCtoA»rtiW-cfnitilii, New Ywfc'UAGocktleaWqr, 1996.
IL*« daimqluik napartina,' humli.ail W*O¦¦ilnliia. i yl SUM 199H. fwi* B. Chatoy.Bdtoc. April 1.1992.
aimM. mirntiUbmyafHairtai 1991
r -r*Tiiiii*-|-¦ HnyUPMMa.BAwte CUM, 1999.
IWirtj rfWtt Tat el M&k AfifllWI
Mi 1991.
-------
Mercury (1) j
SMRtlMvftJ
tuftm Wn)
MiC^AHMw
bMcrrsttai fnpaMit*
FeuMfty
RepW«j MnhMda |
l»*itrial ttedetges
(actioco)
WwIM*
(199103)
W*f Muqc Mi km hea
«Alwfd from die PCS database
wtakfe ntotdi ifl fwBbti wich
NPDES peaxil** Loedwy have been
detesaaiaed aa. In btsn of Iw New
Tort Smb dial yem Afri I to
Muck 31 {we Sean 4.13 of tit
¦cporO.
Few effhnt rwHiwi»| I to 100 ppm metuiry
Owicil predpatebca (sulfide), ad fikmkn krve
been draoKsBed Id adriere a Kmonl efficiency rf
y jiitti' CanenUy tttaed ¦ Oeaderfil
Owlcri Corp., Nisgssa Falk, MY
Nn-Aond dtmfcrit of iludjci/iluniti 1m bete
910 pejcearf." Cnmatly « Ocddental
(Taiial Cotjx, lfitpnlUb, MY.
DanaoAMed md rrtbhte technology.
DenatWed isd rebabfe todnolocy.
CLWQG*
Human Health: 2,0 x 10* pg/L
Chronic Aquk Life: 0.44 pgJL
Wildlife: L.8 x 1.0"4 pg/1
AWQC*
~rank Pecibnafer Aqutk Life
1X012 h/L
MCL;0 0.002 mg/L
MYSOEC SaJimt* Goidelaei* N/A
(sxr«zaoo)
lhkr>M4*
o»ww)

Cabo edbuqifiiBi 1— been tewwleJ >o uten *
wofil tHiaukef rf W.K percent far rflbeli
roeHiniag ) ppb to 1 ppa Mercury * Cmteotkjr
 15J*
(199ZW3)




UMttJi
-------

Mercury (2) |
8NraAdnnf
LM*W(k(l>T)
Ms dpiTLMMIw
bteraMNrhfanb*
FenWKy
Rifltlsry Cwrtroh/PoBdu J
kMcipalDiidnte.
W«r-51S*
(199203)
Water d»durge dtfa have been
nbuiwd fiai the PCS tortut
wtocfc records aft faciHrirs w*
NPDESpemitL LoMfa«i have been
d>wwr< a to ban of to New
Yak SUfte finl yew April 1 to
Mm* 31 free Section 4L3 rf tot
icpoit).
ffi ImtMf of afadge irowtMBMn awewy cm incmM
mercury mowiy end iecfcting.L A (don is * vessel
¦i iriridi mhrtmrrt ere subjected lo dwiUnni or
decoapositioB by best and tUck my be mi** is
variant fonm sod of varices nses.
Considered to be technically feasible at
cMorafcafi phnft
(see pravkms page)
*¦»
1**
<¦«—»e)
T|iiil jiiefani hm Tii iin idutoi it
fro* to ERNS ihrifcui' TRC
rtniMid data far ^ib mc« 1996
lad «W|^ to to obtHI M nul
wnp kndfcig- SmeipfcwcK
ntech tans tot wqip —wal
IomJm«s worid be higfcer ton ime
wyomj (aee Section 423 of in
eqKNtX
The mm inimliin proposal is to amn sefe
dMMedliadeg pnefioes an rttHiitNil and
pcrfo—ed by i treined wodcfoioe. Aft rhnmirali
thrr^flT~hmflrrt rrrtiMifiuntie e nuaincri
(bented) am to peevent migration Id to event of i
spill (see Section 5 J of Am report).
estaUuhed.
PmcxJ h Kfaa tw Oii»m»
tii«aaCM,alOn*r
Lake, NT.
NtMnatfica
fund.
Swlawt li iifan to WW or to
Uem worid Mfuic fitmwn
wMcfcin^ lender to fonT*'1'"*'
tfiiiMtw rf toUcid veto,
Aqeeons phase mi sedancai
concentnttons have been lepoood
whese idrnrifird (see Section 4.43 of
tos Bpoft). CMhtototo
wwoMMt few wkne cf
¦hIijImiiimj to n ileei^i
sedincBli indnde:
eeaoval of eedncats byMpng
covering aedbnots
• aobdificMaan
emsaion of ceaenrint
feloctfe nflvipbon ntot
(tee Section 5 J af Ihtt icport)
Demonstrated si varying fates of
success.
l»OM
-------
Mercury (3)
fflw I I^P^hwj
ICSOl)

SM"*
17 J®
ComfoI dlVKU hxritd si dee I
MiG^LhrfMbai
t, ll.
nrfMaw) Bai^WaiiatMnwjOi
**».' BTA «•>¦»«. Km H ihim^IK—
ifhaL mmavm/oti. losi*.
m± 1991.
arf*e
hliaMliifc.»l>fii I99M. fimi* ft.ChMty.BtiMr. AprilJ« 1992.
KiDaM. liahalUtorrfHilrfci 1991.
*«fi WnTViIIIImi Hii, 111 HwyitHne ii.Mut
r!9M.
UMNl
-------
K>
Mirex (1)
SHnaMmf
MrlNM
DMaG^LMMkv
Intervortlon ^tapoaata*
FensMKy
Rf(riil«7 CMnfe/Mda
hMri Diachaste*




GLWQO:c N/A
. kimppMMH— htolM OiyMC
CWncah
(SKT-2S69)
W*r - 0.4*
(1992/93)
Wafer dbcfcwfe data km bM
obttiae^ frn die PCSdatabaae
wbdi wcwili «B facilities ttt
NPDES pemaato. tnnhfi hrw
tec* deMMMI oRflie faftm of (be
New York State focal year April I
to Mmdi 31 (we Section 4.13 of
dns report).
The nee of aairex as the U.S. was banned by die
EPA in 19SS.
Gmoktcd activated caftan (GAC) and/or air
Mrippoig are effective at itunwhtg niiex from
efihent Hkali
-------


Mi rex (2)
SMnWMvar
T ii *!.¦ frtfrr)
Data G^LMUiMi
toiflha l*i apiaala'
FcadhOkr
fi|ililiiij C—treta/PelIclai
flawdfw Waate Stea
2.445"
> aeiieg date ven obtained for •
total of 25 nla. HnMiafoihtr
ccnfinwd mI poataftal huMiou
«ub Met«(be 32 eanafei of
concent any abo be inpactiag fee
bam Loading ertiHei «baaed
«n MMpfiag Riakt aalnodeliif,
and cauider ground w«i»
(nHparted rrrtwwiwtirwi only (im
Swtio* 43 J of dm report).
(see indMrial dbehniy)
GAC treatmeal la a deatoosMed and
reliable technology.
(tec prevkmi pege)
Swbtt Raaoff (wx MMr and CSOa)
OLIO* (AAblM
Ik ¦wfency ef wfcee ran off
ambmI ¦faontioB
«u fandforfte Baffalo River
Bene only. Data evHlaUe «e
Mtnaftea and act acted loatiagi
(neScdioa4JJ of Ab icpoit>
NPDES pemil Units tobetdia the feint Aoald
mdi in fee reqaiieanent for certain indnaUiet to Meat
aarface naoff poor to leering the pnpeity. CSO
ahoewjt mmaae wfll aad ia wdaai dbd—get
from CSO*. (Refcr to Sectkei of die vepott.)
Exxfbng STPk kave GAC beaten*
bat may need to hcjeue laeiaiawi
tteaaneat capacity.
AttHMpfceifc Dtfmitai
No rtxMKa foM*.
may be t atgnificant aptf lo—cn.
		- *r-r«
estate*. Actealloadmgsdtfa
we only mdeble lor lead* PCfc,
aarf liww(»)pyiBK (aee Sedha
46.3 of dn report).
Coetwi device* loceted at &e eonrce of onataminaliiat
andi aa net mwbbcn eid dectroatatte preqpitaton
have bees proven effective ia iwfcacatg eonaakne.
(Refer to Seciwa 5.7 of dai report.)
DenaastiHed and refiaUe
lednologtea.
iy gami iiii»iiituit,H^r^ imm—t twin
IMIW-Iffi.
PAagbeafTrhiai MfTirlinlgj % 1, IWt
• nri Haa* MMi EM Mem of Waaat Daeanfear im
rl»i».Ph*ia*efFifcnrtWad«>.»enBaafr I		
^e»Y«afclM»AJr(Mfc-l: 0»Mwfa»faC^wllirT«ie bUtfAirH Mil 1991 EMn(Daft*.
TMaWflr ifHm Tmilfrilllr 		Inilr Trtjirtti * f - ¦ - t j n j n ¦ ' | ¦¦» riiwiiiMfcj tig»in hii Art UJ.BFA iASWM1-0I1.
I La*tf«f Chaabeafc bwWuDiifaHl Stot»telfa|w Km." EmtBtotlarBrtw—N lawdi iabetetny. fcfcwA 1991.
»MmiS^MkKi|V Kia Bmi
I O nairdi fmrfrnt FtHia HB-L Mi B. Chanty. Edkor. Apl 1,1992.
• DMiBsk. W Hiii I Ubiyf llifrln 1991
t ofl^Miaoe WwaaTfr—n^ ¦! Biyml lenyHffiMma. Biter iaCMat 19».
UMSJI
-------
Octochlorostyrene (1)


DitCinl biiHalluai
hitntrihi PnpMali*
FcaaMttj
Regulator? Caatrefa/Pafldes
hfcintri niihniii
NocnwidalMk ftndmi as m
icdtattl lif puJtl 
-------
$
OctochJorostyrene (2)
Huvdou Vim Sm
r md CSO»)
(MV)
No wiu
NoWa
NoWa
NoH
Leadng d*a wave obutoed for a
Krtal of 25 liteL IfcadnAofofcr
vule riaes ia ie 32 cantiei of
oawmi m*f abo be npactaagtbe
Ijml Loadtog atjawtei« hwrf
on wfliai wwfci MdflwdclHi
md ccwifcr grcnad witi-
wpnrtwl aaawwiwi oriy (we
Sactxa 4.3.3 at Im report}
SrinoMbafiqitoimntrte
«fert iJiiifii l (aee Seetiea 4.4.3
of Mi report).
Th* umjealy cf surface naaoff
wm torn* fm+Timflato Kmr
BmioIj. Data m&bk aie
(ittStdmiSJ of Ai» fepatf).
Atotbbk
M SUM OB I
ataMla. Actoal Innif d«*
wot Mir ««MbUe for lead, PCBs.
mi bano(i)pjicRt (mStdici
4.63 of ta report).
liters
i Fr nwU*
Akghorgaiie cuboo coefficient «d data indicate
te otfc»Afciru*ym>e wifl be immobile wx *011 aid
will paititkm (o o|anic m—rriil contained ia
wAutali ad iwyeoded Mali. VohcMizMkai fraai
sarfaoe water may oocar.
B—ed bp toe daeactoinfc*. ftdy in aai*i«
tednefcgiei for diipond octodtooKjiOK incfade air
¦dftoainMifit
b ibcitbed to atipepded tobda.
for
mwvd flf hJhmim by 4n4|nf
wwill wftnrai
ioaof o
(we Secboa 5 J. of dm fepoit)
NPPES f riil laaite to be Ml in 4m fabae ahoald
icsob fa Aa reqaaeaMat far arte* fadvtriet to tm
aaface nnotf poor to leaving fee pwynty. CSO
abatooKto piym ifl ad wwhcin ducfeage*
fraai CSOi (Refer to Secoaa 3.6 of feu Rpoft.)
fiHiJ iriiiiu lii toil tt ibi immi ifuleMim
wdi m wd ludiUii ad ilulimfrtir pmapjtaton
km beat prams effective fa ledacatg
FauMBtj
Tbe*e lednalopn i
ad effective
Tbe»e technologies aye tacmitntfd
ad effective.
Pua nartftoed mvmjh| rates of
RcfiMtr; Caatrotefraftdci
(see pjrvkwi page)
shape
Itapalbiil
^WmeOmi
*HM|1
^nrsoeci
ariaia Oa*L*a Water QaMkyBaad. WW.
gAdBwof Sd— miTi Iwiligy Mt 1. 1W1.
aftAMm«. ETAaOBaofVaa; H i ill i 1991
«fEa*
irw
UM91
-------
fGotftaad)
pN»«Y«iiiiii< Stpuw* BiDdw of fpiiwurtil Cafto— Twbcolog. 19CS. 55J2S-J30
UMM
-------
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (FAHs) (1)
hmtjfbmtoncaK (B(a)A); benK>(a)pyim (B(a)P); be»zo(b)floaroeiidirn»e (B(b)F); benuQOfhKroaMfarae (B(k)F): and dirytene)

MiGi|AUM"
RifUlwy CealreWFelMce
W«a
(SK«I7I>
^	^		# a
- rBBMy rlMKaci Of /
(SIC 13354]
•	b<.*a - aarr
•	B(a)P * a07
>B0OF*O.O7
aor
ixmmt
BC*-I7
*WP-»
ommf
WaerdiadMge databasebeea
rfttiird from the PCS failiii
adadi recordi <1 fabbtiet wA
NPDES pennat*. Loadings have
fan deteanaed oa Ae bam of
die New YoA Stale fiscal fat
April 1 m March 31 (tee Section
4.1J of to npon).
Hwrdatifa or rnagyblkei followed by sulam aaion
i* feaeiaKy ipplicahlr far nml PAHi bound to
partictdjle matter. Rknboa nay iaoeaae removal
efficxaqr. Gtanahr activated calboa (GAC) has
proareo to be aa effective mam of MUta for
dbaohed ooacnMuu of PAHi.
Demanstnted nd rehahle
BMA'tSI
Oqn> »7Ji
onuny
Waer diadMge tetkm beta
litwai il [m Ike PCS I
Che
(See above.)
NFDES
ewfcolaahof
fee New Yoik Sue fiecal year
Afril 1 to Mad J] (bee Section
4.1.3 of tea fepon).
Noapi
ERNS dttfcaee leldeval
fa period IW-im1
Ike a
¦alia toe
sERNSi
TRC
1916 aed aaoeaged *ia lo ofctiie
aa ami mage loada*
Soae ipOa m
Safe handling practice* Aculd be
ptrfortd by >miaed wuiUUte. ABc
tboold be banned of Uaafuitd in a
(beoned) atea lo ptevem ¦tigmkai ia Ae e
tpiD (lee SectioB S3 of Ibis refloat).
lniiSa|i would be timber lh»i
dtoae tefnated (aae Section 413
rf da fepoit).
B(a)P:
GLWQG:' N/A
AWQC:c N/A
MCLr" 0.0002 mgfL
NYSDEC Sediment
Air Criteria/
AGC: lOx JO^nAn'
SAJtA 313 ° N
RQ:" 0.45 kg
TPQ:* N/A
BfalA:
GLQWO^ N/A
AWQC:c N/A
MCL.-* OtOCOatg/L
HYSDEC Sedanol Gnddno.-*
Air Criteria.-' N/A
SARA 313:* N
RQ:* 045 kg
TPQ:* NM
MMP:
OLWQCfc» N/A
AWQC* N/A
MCL.-" aOOOZng/L
N/A
N/A
-------
PoJycycKc Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) (2)
faKMhf: hMlW>ii»I'l (B(»)A); beMC<«)py*ne (B(a)P); tenzo(b)fliMn»diKnt (B(b)F); banoOifflwmniillanie (Bflt)F): and dnyienc)

ln»|i»tW
DaHGtr^lMKlMi
hUnuidwi PnpwMi*
FcaMHj
Rtpitaurr CMrMMMa
Handoai Waae SHe>
B(»>A - 36-tf
B«P. 3.121
BMF-II.7
Bflt)F»lJ14
ChjMM * 4J?
Ate wut ohtaawrt for •
total of 25 silo. Hndredi of
oAtmafimdid powtiri
htxudoiis «*tfe tiles in *te 32
rr—rtti ef oonccni nay abo be
anpadaf the basm Inaifag
ctfuMtes no butd ob iTylinf
•eadts nodeliiig,
consider frooad mta-
iwymed oo—muikm only
(«et Sedwi 43 J of Ik tepaa).
Parop ml treat tjrfleatwjbenefUioaddRti
conlMiinrttl gjomi wHei. The wjiaot methods
could be nntlar to flm listed for industrial
tisduifes. Soils i mdniaitfirt with PAHs nay be
effectively coatmed thraagh
sotidificatkaWsuhSzatko «udi u badt aifhafciag.
Ob a site-specific btsa capping oootauHlri ami
¦ay be * viable option.
Deiuuutialed lad reliable
technologies.
KYSDEC Sediment Guideline!:1 N/A
Air CritoiA:' N/A
SAJU 313:" N
RQ:0 0.45 kg
TPQ:0 N/A
BCkff:
- PAHl Wfotm* ia BtfNo Rhret
No Wonmioi fowl
Sedna* faednp to nrni or
Chelabi wobM ttfic emilw
naUvMdMBCOT
¦in—l«iani. «odd render the
6nd Mbnution rf M
nlie. Aqwo* |*ese ei
been n^iorteJ wlm ilmiM
(m Section 44 J of npon).
PAH-nwi—iniwl nJannnu nay be amenable to
nrlrfjfr^rrwMfNlimrt^TB or dupoeal m m aptawed
totfUL
Demonstrated and rcBabie
tednalofies.
GLWOG:1 N/A
AWQC:c N/A
MCU-D a0002 mj/L
NYSDEC Sediment GtriddiaeK1 N/A
Ail Critena.-* N/A
Man laf (pc. mmW ml CSOa)
Hotrforwaiitai kmd.
The niajiaitj rf wfaw iwfl
wi fonadforfce WiilfitoRwtt
BniiDriamlibitm
estinutfas ad not actnal Iwdky
(mb Section 4 S3 tt ik icpot).
NFDESprnail tints lobe mi a 4m fafcnv shonld
ftMkii ienqaiRanl far certain Muniei to treat
•¦face ranoff prior to kafkig (he property. CSO
daiaaea pwyaw wifl ad m wtewg 
ftomCSO*. (Refer to Section 5.6 of this npatl)
Demonstrated « varying mles cf
SARA 313:° N
RQ:* USOkf
TPQ:* N/A
ChlTMW
GLWQO:* N/A
AWQC:c IX0002 ag/L
RkInsIk
Geaeeee Barii
39L4
O.OI
srs
54.7'
arff^iw ¦ baaed an mMkd
FCBi,idb«ao(i)picae (m
Suction 4i3 of tm Rpott).
ninl dirrirn linlnl M llin simiiii \€ iad»eiiaalini
sndi as wet santfeers efectrosube prsdpiutors
have beea piwindhdtn ¦ rrdnrinf answcas.
Demonstrated mat nhtidt
todmologie*.
MCL.-® N/A
NY5DEC Sedan* Oliddki^ N/A
Air Critena^ N/A
SARA 313:° N
RQ:0 Wkf
TPQ:* N/A
• i ii n	*fi¦¦¦ ciBiiiii 11 ij i ¦ go) Dinii111 Rtfit-d.Bwit<— iwn«d wan.
(MM
-------
RAmmc (CaaiHMO
Hfrtliti Hn iH ¦ lib** r III hi iiiunOwt L*w woQmSty Brmi. 1919.
®W«tor Qwlity Cii>cm 8—mrj. EPA «Am of Sckwc ad Toctaofcgy Miy l, 1991.
WaMr Odlifan ari Haatti AMom VAaflkcorVte DteMberlM
^(TSOEC SoAn* CAmm, Dmnfar 19f9, DMmi of RA aatf WBdKfc, Bum «f Enviraonafel Pntectwm, 29 pp.
*H>t Yak SIM* Air OMi >1: (WMw far tm Cu^iul lor Task Aafcaat Air CaMnMH 1991 EAioa (Draft).
Tm BLatrf Um. CpmolHiifi IM «f Cfcmiih SobfM* <»	tW 4m Dim fry PIm«| Md Ceowediy Ri^-totao« Act VS. EPA office of Solid Witfe ad Emuyij Rl^ibmi laoMry 1991 EPA M0*-91 <011.
"EM l^iitu i Retrieval 1996-1991
*!)¦> MiM Pm lfww—10 ead Mw luihg	far <» Brfihi Hirer Mm Bihnce Stedy." Out Lafcw Pwyw, Dyrtat of ljymrin|, Sale Vicinity of New Ywt at IMTalo. April 1991
t-rrnriMifli TinirrVrt f-""- *rT 1 Kurt B.Owwiry.Ed*» April. 1991
Ifmii niMaMMD^faA. Hiiwil Uwy of VkiMtkm 1993.
ti ill lllMiiiiintofniiiilflii Wm»Tii toiUMJPhyowl. HwyM.firwiw,EAotaOurf. 1999.

-------
| Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) (1)


PaUCapaff hnltsHiaa
lnterrcntten Fr«p«ah*
FeasMMty
Rcgatatory Controfafrattctes
UMU DiactefM
RdneSyMm, Electric, Oes and
Saantaiy Snvwi
(SIC #4953)
Type J mmm keWe:
Water *1.20
(1992/53)*
Water dixkafe dale have been
obtained fom iae PCS database
whick recorda al ficiihn widi
NPDES peanuts. t/jaftap have
been determined am the basil of the
New Yak Stale focal year April i
to March 31 (we Section 4.1.3 of
iha report).
Panned for me except m toufly enclosed ijMem Jaly
1979 (TSCA).
Waste kimm may be treated usmg diemical
dfechkumation - direct wane, aqueous waste and
m-site wratmrat
PCB containing oO Buy be reacted with metallic
•odaam and a proprietary oompooad.
Dechlorination of sqoeoos wastes has
been demonstrated; ui ritu application
in developmental stage.
SscocwfiJy developed sod tted by
Sonohio, Inc.
CLWQG:c 1
Hnn Health: 3.0 x I04 pg/L I
Wildlife: 1.7xlO'|ig/L
AWQC^
Chronic Freshwater
Aquatic Life: 1.4 x 10"1 pg/L
MCL* a5m/L



Anaerobe haodegieilnMm.
Absuaptioaa/AJsusptkai.
ia place dmmghout U.S. proper
wmtsioi com mis.
NYSDEC Sediment Criteria.-*
Ayadc Toeudty - <276 pg/g OC
Homaa Heahh - (MM M/g OC
WildUfe -0.6pgfcOC
Air Criteria:0
SCC: 1.0 x I04 pgAa'
AGO 45 x 10* pgAn'

Wafcr *4A3
(1991/W)4
Water dbdap data have been
obtained fram dtt PCS drtabwe
witch records aB facilities widi
MDES peamfa. 1 nadaija ham
been determined oa Ae bans «f te
New York Scale focal year April 1
to Mm* 31 (see Section 4.1.3 of
ibNport).
(As above.)
Portable Gas Chranatogi^Ji ("Photovac")
meanoses PCBs as Asids and soils. Useftdfbr
mility transformer sites.
Upgrade cadnfai( WWT faritities.
Method already employed or bm|
ciMploytd by odaer plsnlt including
Canastota, Rdkn, Seneca Fall, and
Lenjr.
SARA 313* Y
RQ* 0.45 kg
TPQ* N/A
Regabled mader TSCA, CWA. CAA.
SDWA, RCRA. CERCLA. SARA.
DOT Hazardous Materials
Spfc
460^49*
fmm te ERNS datebaae. TRC
idilamnl fcli fin nili lian ITlff
and am raged das to obtain an
am—iiwnploading Sonmqdb
^entities which neaM itf iwne
¦ml loadngs wodd be Ugfcr
dm Aon TTpTtTif (aee Section
4.2.3 of Ms repast).
The maa mi an ahm proposal is toensare safe
rhrnriral handing practices are established mi
psffasmad fay a triinfrf wmkfosca. Al cheaaricals
ahoald be bandrd or tiaawfeirtd ia a oaaataaaed
(be*med)areatopsevcaf augraboa a dm event of a
^dl (see Section 5 J of this report).
Safe handhng practices shoald be

tsy*»m
-------
PoJychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) (2)
Swiwfflliiy

IbUGa^LMMbai
hfcnartiaa Fnftob*
FcasMtty
Refotatory Controb/Pellcfas
Ihiuli— W—te Sto

Iflxfag dtfa woe obtained for a
Mai of 25 ntcm. Ifcadredi of odw
mnfirmcd aod potential huirioM
waste sites ia Ak 32 counties of
WW nqr Aobe inycling dw
hiML Loading fHimti are btied
ot tacnpliag itioh mU nodeiRf,
and can Mti gnmnd ««er*
twosportcd rnotsmoiarina only (see
Setskm 4.3 J of dn report).
Rooedbtiaa technologies iodade: aqoeoas waste
iwhiKrt. revene osmosis, atahmt fOtxatkn.
•ofazabon. and nefohic
Modepsdaka. GAC it also osefal for aqoeoas phase
Tedawjoes dencnstiated at vaiyiof
lates of wccni.
(tee previoui page)
-
Owih Riw
Mapn Kim
Qrvcfo Riw
Mlltee
-	EUcottGec*
-	MaQtdL
-	GiCmkiioviiwM)
-	TtooMfcGmk
Out
-
• Woo* Oh*
Sc^fcQaA
- MMoKfrar
361.35 a®fr
Ufam
tkc^r
350kg/yr
(Uaovm
AfNOM Hue:
1673
A^ocooi Rhms
1246 agA
441-Afcy
A^hov Hhk!
23J2 agA.
AfMi Flair
2.34 og/L
Afum— hmk
.75 *A.
Aftaow PhMK
3.74 ^/L
AfRM Am:
12M*/L
AfHOH Kin:
ixsnkn^
ScAmbi loadiagi to men or dn
lake* wnU nfMC cttciavB
MUftkw. vhidnranUmfcr
*e fiaal ¦fwariua of Bawled
waftaa. Aqoaoos fham and sedMasat
i uouotiniui hm bca npurttd
¦kit iibiiitfr'd (see Srrrtou 443
of ttu report).
Mn intervention proposab for amaauNted sediaMots
indnde:
MMwd of sedanatfs by dndgMg
oovcna| sodaneots
icMficiaaa
• wlnratf aavifbon imtes
(see Section 55 of dn repot)
DeaMOStntcd at vatying tales of
success.

awfawtMog^- mrnmmtm miCSOt)
hfl—11 to BrfMo Sew Aakriry
WWTP
ftoclnl Khk
23.2 ag/L (1990)
I32j66^/L(l99Qfai
Tbe aMyoritjr cf M&n nooff
wu foood forte BoAlo River
Besaaoaljr. Data available an
wjnaw —J obi noil loida|»
(tea Section 45.3 of Ms itpat).
NPDES peaaat into to be art n die faoe shoald
aait ia tfte iiqiamottf for certain indnrtrisi to mat
sorfoce naanfl poor to leaving die property. CSO
abatement pregianis wffi aid ia redoaog d»rhary ¦
froosGSOa. (RefertoSectiao5.6ofdusreport.)
Dubs, dveonas, d^dai, ssdaantani basins, bay
bales.
Dunmistianid at vaiyiof met of

UMM*
-------
Poljchlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) (3)

L**eHfcaw
!!¦>¦ CiprthiNfa—
IHi mU>a Pnpwb*
FeuWMi
RifUtofj OitrMiWIria
EabijMi
Ciniin
-l: Oilliltin to «¦ Co^al fa. T«rie Idjiar I if I 1991 BdUa (Daft).
*IM»MU«atlia».rniilhl IIM«tn nl ill Hh|ml.t«faatht.lhfct>«TniF.ifWa.»tnaaJC i I m>| KI^«Hk»» *a- U>. E*A  — «i Nbpn IW iMa hrM a. Uta. NTSSC WM> DMte.
Mm tw.iM Aalm Hrn.imtmc. Hiimttt 1999.
Modal Dm R*|drMMk a*4 Mm Laa^i bliMhi lot hi MUi Kvk Mm	Oml lata Vtegnfll DtfMtaart a( Ea^aaaftafc 9M> ltanofty of Nmp Yofc 4 Mlala. April 1993
*a—II) Ky	wHaMlitra AmTtiili n^iaailini' til i niHini il W Oiij ¦ m Pasta IWfc
>1f I* Onii it T||««<|.|> riMil 19921. r.ll B. rtm*7. Edtog Ajnl 1,1992.
a"	takaMMaOMM. WMUov^HiUk 1991
S	V				 - — — --	"* I ' Hufy M. 			 EAdc m Cbirf. 19t9.
KMJ)«
-------
Tetradiloroethjlene (I)
SMRifNkviy
i njig WW
MiC^AkdUtai
Istartearilea FnpMli*
PcuMHt
Rtgatatorr CMrtrols/Foftcfe*
UmbU Om^wim
- 1 li U Otgmic Chminir
0K«Zt34.3H9)
W«er-1M2
nmmt
39.1500191/
Wmct dbdwfe data law been
Ihmi 1 Emlhe PCS dacabaae
wfekfc rem* riHadbiea ari&
NPDESpcmfa. IjMri^tlwe
teen tenwl a* 4k Ui of *e
Tdnckbodi^eae can be npbeed In the sotveol-
ba»edooaiii)S|noe»fwph«iiwcealacaltableta wift
an ifiwii mg|jn| process.0
TiUKUoraed^tae b nd ii the todewbtrj for
Beiof indnDjr wbitiMed ia
iadaaiy.
Beiog mrtraringfr tested a&d
CLWQG.-* N/A
AWQC^ (Qutsk Fmlmter Aijuik
Lifr> N/A
0.005
NYSDEC Sediment Curt lam *
aiwfroc
Air Criteria^
¦ «*<•»
|H Va>if ap^ic^wm. Med»adf to icdbce setveal
volone ¦ Ik ptpew inriade icfrifcnfliai avu,
M^rfdiiiug ia ndnae Ac km of dry autariafr,
¦ad fayperfybfctiaa of efflicat0
TcoacMoracAjluw at ni—iaJy aaorf m a
mtplaomto4
^«wirePtatarti™
am**,- ttfltiamf
wUtk iwHiai
(SIC COM)
W*r-0J(!99W3)*
Ai-r^,-23^3* (1991)'
aqpcoDS rlf mi aadew nrfir wNUaw soefcaa
cfcric acid.
Trtnittmf^jt in g itwand as a —ukam m
rrmmtff*rkmgcpcrrioas- Sabttoe w^lifrw'
Be«g slmriy developed »d
¦ted ia ndascqr
lechalqiriniUili'tnc
NMIUUmm
(SKOJM)
39,150.0
o«ir

•atant ba* %ukinb km bee* developed to ladace
fclMii tgriwiais fwa iffi^ arf yyin Ihe
cm. taW rlfiMifJ wiA walfriMerirf

¦ad 307).CAA {Sec** LI). RCRA
(jiihini bod tiipoiil re—letiimi),
and POTtflitiuni.
»


VOC iiiiii.mlyptnMV.


Mill i»H(«U rUWii«H md
(SKnfl»,ni4»
w*« > MlC (lwawr
IWM
a»tf

IMWaaikmhaMMmn
toAkcodhjte k pktofnfiic pohonaJ
*«•«(¦« ojcBStw."
m iadastqr

pic nsu. jj»», mx, nmy
JU^., - Z3SJB (199 l)P

Mtkm%lmi am be wurt boa m dSaa
«— *r ¦» «iw»« —d «t«qw »¦*»
¦cAmfcuhttdngiln.'
ftummj Mi wliaHii

pK tjJwjl
W*r»10(19«W*




SkIWII)1"'1 1
W«r«0M(IMZS3^




I4M3M
-------
Tetrachloroethylene (2)



OritGip^LMMtMt
MiiwBwi IVifinh'
FnMKf
Rcfwlstor? CwlriWNhlii
(SCIM952)
AlWUfliiM
Wner>
1944(92/93/
V*r£icfc«|cd«ihm1iMa
iilifwi il from the PCS database
whiiA norii al witfi
NPDES pesnota. Loading* have
beat 4eu imm.j m Ae bwa of Ae
New Toifc State fbcal fear April 1
toMnill (eee Sedna 4.U <4
Am report).
TrtiadiloratAylcne can be moved hem « cfllnaif
¦otm by iif uiiniaag tod —btyem gnmkr
•dmied cmrboo adsoipban.0
DaMntmed and reliable
(aee previous pace)
*>*•
13&4 (ranfe over eagN
ymf
S^iD loadnfa hm beea bIHmhI
ftc— Ae ERKS laiatiim, TRC
rHmii it te» for yJh wet 1996
Mi wtmul Aa» lo otaaa m
—Mi wriim tMilhi SaMfib
rpmlilin mkkkmem*&*w*nc*
•¦wal losda*s «o* be fcfefar
lha Aon —pmM (we Sedioa
413 of icpatV
Tk mtmm itrmnli« peopeeai i» toanaw safe
rtwkal b—dBag pulieg we fittHhhed and
Hjfurni by > traiacd wwifwce. Al(AancA
dmU behwdU or iiufi mi il ¦ > amttied
apfl (tee Sedkn 53 of daa report).
Safe handling practices should be
estrtlafaed.

1
1
i
456.7
Load-g Ata were AaM for a
Mil cf 25 sites. Drtnii of odnr
fwfiwui aod potential toriom
wiit w*e» ia Ac 32 rn—tin of
caaeeeemty slaobe iHp«3at Ae
talk LwA^Mtiwtemthiiil
OBMfbfmikiadnoM«t
iMfirt i cwiBrfw aaly (w<
Section i3J of Ail report).
Fitlywntj uafrirnmfial Irrtainlngjpi for
mil UumAylmu in twi wter iarlaiin [Wii
aoNeHqnlan. Treeimeat nay be air or ana
milHiit. gj—ill aaWgd caifaca xtootpbno. or
lAiawiula ia^
-------
Tetrachloroethylene (3)
I PNftt
FcmMMj
Regariatory Cailrob/Nldci
No
Sedinol looting* to rivers or die
Nn would nqnce atomve
a G01
ibe fad efomuticB of linici
ytkae. Aye— ffciw and ledwat
cooceoKntiom bove beeo reported
ulcn HVnjfud ^wiioa 443
tftkn report).
¦m VOC» Nch ••
k^OLblnuedqfleoe we typoBy iaciataiei.
Centals Kh it idralri fton Rkoi oie uad id
pnponb for t
bfi
letiwolop forKfl»ediatk» of
«dit3e otpokonnpciinl*
(t«e previaat pt|e)
irfcwrnli jodode:
of
Beaf developed
DeaflMttri w^Dg rale* at
fan of e
(tee Sectkn IS of Ak npot)
IGSOv)
4 |*/Lto23 «/L
loBrfU»Se«crA^oij^WTP
fPMI 6 UHpfa| CVMt tetWMI
HVt5 mi 9/V. The uijuiirj of
NHjEs penml Kails to be ad ¦ the tan should
itwh jo te myirrwul far oertoa iohmriti k> treat
¦¦face rmnoB prior to kaviog (be fmetty. CSO
ihlfat pwyu wit aid in ledaciog dbcfefges
from CSOl (Refer to Section 5.6 of in* report.)
T>iananli*rl m «ujfi*t teles of
MMoRmBaaiifla^r. Drift
•ctoal kofinp (see Sedm 43J of
*is icpon>
Noil
A«AHei
wi only ¦»¦!** lbrleod.PCBs.
Tetradriaraetfifkse cm be fltori fran «dr cnium
bfMb|«dMl^ c—boo lAm, This oalted hat
been foood to be op lo 95% eflectnre."
already oaed by Nny f»c£ibcs
OMC Harrison."
4iJ of Im Bport).
>rni|i am—go>nn »art—k^mkTmmmtmmimun
•MMMlMMjimUMMMKim.
^Biiwiyni iai<«ini|iiil HmylCftenMn.E«erlnafar. tW.
^Uf*»J»fatantfMMtCfc^ntan. Gnat Ufa* Wtfar Qaafcy Beari. tm
•Wmq-ttjOlnlil iinmj, gurftorftot»wrfTutoitnjlfcy t, IWl.
Tlrijjag TriiHi Hiilifcii ¦	lir hnln EPAeAcaoTWalac. Hi iwiin IW.
¦wwoac >>a—o ciaiiiii ,nvmh» wwt PMrio	wattfr i
'New Te* a— Ate OeMi • », OoMeaon far *« O—id ef Tele Am+»mKk CtMi 11 In m O 19911
UMU
-------
T«»Hjh»«fU».r itlil llj« of Quint »uli>HU »hiiiii»hU«J» Tmtgm,) H i i ii fdCWanly	A«». VS. EPA office of Solid Waaae md Entogcncy Rescue lanowy 1991 EPA SCW-91-011.
'EKNS CM*o» RMriml. 19K-1991
">l	I ttSelrmlKm*nm/ hnm 		I Warn <*— il«n M ill I		 liyid wiA PCB«" Bxt t D.og.^1. Hmri— WmH «nd Hmrtm Mmiiik. Vol. 10 No. 1. 1993. pp. 49-57.
Tillnili IQwd W«r-T»»qiiill LnoiotrhnMnb fw WnwDiijmlgiwtuheKa^n KWo.' EJA-Robe* S Km EjmitMKMx**} Racarcfc Labor***}. |M 1991.
"TillIIIil ITomc LcoJi^ fw tiilnd lliniiii¦ WH SUm lo fcc NU;«ra Ri»». Nagn Fklb. New YoA." TUTH'iiiI	rDTin
Tn^ir-I CI u lnli Ti— ilim* MMim 19W-I. EMkB.Ckotr.EClo>. Aphl 1.1992.
IWaMtahtUL NafaalLtoyof HiiHibi 1993.
-------
Toxaphene (1)
1 8—trfNliwj
i !»*¦» (fc«W
Dwt* Gayfl IwiWiHim
bMnttflia Tnywli*
FtaaMtty
Rtphtor; CMtnb/PiHda |
1-l^i niiihagin
Wo iafn—rfwi ffwdL
Water Jinhw|i 4*« k«*e beta
obtaaed from die PCS liofcut
«Mi met* a8 MMa wilh
NPOESpnite. Lndio(i hm
New Yoak Sttle fbcmJ yev April 1
to Mik* 31 (*ee Sectioa < 1.3 of
An report).
Utc «f lauflMBe was twnly pearictod by EPA in
198*

GLWQO:®
Hunan Heahh: 2.0 * 10"* pg/L
AWQC:*
Cfcrcnac riuhnau SffUtoc life:
10 x ID4 pg/L
MCL.* 0.003 mj/L

No kfmate fonl
Wner itiirhfe <he*ebt«iabtotoed
fwfeeERNS teiliin, TOC
rtiaa.J tea lor ipiCs mkc I9M
awd aw-iful te to ohw ji
«MliMa|iha% Soaefili
fMlUcivlMkMM amage
mmd Indict woaid b* M*ar
Aaa toa* Kpened (mb Secttaa
42) Aia fepoQ.
The aa> jawiWkt proptnal iito(Mnaf»
1 hada* mc enbdAtd
!¦ i III an il by a tnined wuJJuaa. AH cfcenucali
AoaM be luaflei octmulmul kicatotol
{beaaed} am to piwitt aitratkai ia to eveat of a
*S (aee Sadica S3 
-------
Toxaphene (2)
S— Li/yiftiBJ
t^N»0wW
Pai»ri|irt haltttlini
Iaterraitfen h ifuidi*
Feaattty
tegntatatr Cantiob/PeWiJea
Seteab
No iafiawrioa fiwl,
Sediaat Innfap to iiw» or the
lakes woaid wjuiic enowve
noddio|«dawnw
m— i^iom. wcbM u urti i tha ftuJ
¦fiatoeiim cftaMtalae.
A^mqb |Ane and n^inNii
CflKQRntMQi bM ben Rpfllcd
wkteideaufiul(iw Section 443
d Ail Kpoct).
Pesticide-conumbuied afdunrnft nay be treated by
Mm ¦rteweatym proposals for caaftHuoHed
Kdwiitt bcfaxk:
*	roonl of eedenems by dredgmg
iiiw liif KdiBfm
*	adfltfkMjon
uliiUke of cwtoiMiii
tdcan iriimim iwia
(we Section 15 of 4k lepoct)
Contacted a Rocky Mwaiiiw
AnenaL
Demcmtfaied i* vaiyiec met of
success.

3mhn Rwff fiat MMtfer «d CSOa)
W» tafetnabaa fandL
Hn MfoMj'af Mrfue tmaB
wm M ford* RuflMo River
Baniady. D>t* aradaHe we
aaliaMlai aad act actaal kadbif*
(tee Section 43 J of Iw Rpat).
NHfe yemi tnaitt tebemhte toe thonld
re«h m 4e reqafeemcat far octtaai iadnriti to tieat
nftoe iaufl prior to leaving dbe pnywly. GSO
dakaot «fl aid m icdiicsc ditdwfa
Croat CSOt. (Refer to Section 9.6 of Ait Rpoit.)
DesMBStmed at wyin| tales of
aaccest.
(aeeprevioua page)
Lake Ontario
MMMMqMl
Ohmm Baaa
4.72
aoo
L»
LW
v i
aafonaatioa ia bxed w mdtlad
woeclywldi fa lead. FCBe.
ad b«io(e)pyiw (m Section
4A3 «t in Rport)
Coatn) devices located at At movco of contamination
andi h wet eadbben md efectfostatic predpfcaton
bnve tee* pRM effective in ndadat camkm.
Oravantiaatd itEabfe tfHado|ifi

nihil m III 1 •ilifcri ¦i I H'>
lilmini.	*000 Dill i
•l* ttWe Wew A* <»WA)
*r t' — — ¦ " I*.- ^	^ I'-'f	. Twmwfcy 11 null A—9 Lij** Ti iHiiiibI Acting	Hmmitk C*unt, VDirnriiirl9i9.flhhlM«fft*^dWa«la>Baa—rfri fin II IEi IifiIiii. »py.
•Nw'MftatoAirtMfcl: Oallilhii hrfcCwrt hrTaafc AMNwlAfrri h n |991 BdUen ^
Till rt,J " -•	- • ¦ "-^Jiiri f-|—I**-"---" I j r i lij, i ill r I iiltfTtfr•*• - ' • U5.EI>A«neeof&JMWa*a«dfeeV«yR«*aaa»lMN«7t991 EPA 36*1-91411.
*n—f KfartillwWirt^ — QwllAi Aiffc«fc Papoajban.* hinaatfaart Mm CMaiaie^ Odobc \fK.
iwpwtn i i i ii infirm tm>h *—ruir nm*j Trrr a**utm.
n II I iiWtoiillMfc*. NtMUwy«nMdw 1991
*m*mt Hwfcintafpanil.il WMtoTW——I ^irtojiwL Hmxf Itft—.EdferfaC)*£ 1999.
-------
use of alternative chemicals that may achieve the same desired end result for a
particular industry. Remediation technologies identify suitable treatment technologies
that will render the waste disposable or prevent any further risk to human health and
the environment. The tables also identify the feasibility of each intervention proposal
identified. Finally the-current regulatory criteria and guidance are presented. The
tables present a summary of the current status with regard to loadings, sources and
appropriate reduction techniques for each chemical.
5.3 Intervention Proposals
5.3.1 Spills
This section discusses both prevention of spills and containment should a spill occur.
Ideally all facilities should be able to prevent or minimize spill events and should have
established practices for chemical storage and handling as well as spill clean-up.
The prevention of spills relies on personnel practices including management initiatives
and employee training for operating procedures, material handling and storage,
preventive maintenance and emergency preparedness. Prevention also includes safety
containment features such as dikes and berms to contain releases should they occur.
The two main methods of spill control are absorption and dispersion. Absorption of
spills with such materials as fabrics, rags, pillows, clays and "Speedi-Dri" produces
large volumes of contaminated material that require disposal through incineration or
landfilling. Dispersion, which can cause additional environmental damage, involves
spraying dispersants which break up particles for biodegradation and evaporation.
Additional intervention technologies include excavation, skimmers, and separators.
L93-839.txt	109
RECYCLED PAPER	ENFORCEMENT CONFIDENTIAL
TRC
-------
5.3.2 Hazardous Waste Sites
EPA has established intervention systems for hazardous waste sites under two major
Federal legislations, the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and
Liability Act (CERCLA), as amended by the Superfund Amendments and
Reauthorization Act (SARA), and the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
(RCRA). These programs enable EPA to address potentially contaminated areas
through the CERCLA Superfund investigation and remediation process and the RCRA
Corrective Action process.
CERCLA deals primarily with active and inactive hazardous waste disposal areas.
EPA uses a multimedia approach to investigate potentially contaminated sites, assess
the nature and extent of contamination, evaluate risks to human health and the
environment posed by the site, and identify and implement remedies to address the
contamination. The Superfund process serves both as a remedial response to past
waste disposal practices and as an emergency response to situations that pose an
immediate hazard. Figure 5.3.1 summarizes the Superfund process.
RCRA is intended as a preventive policy to regulate hazardous waste management.
The legislation provides "cradle-to-grave" control over hazardous substances by
imposing regulations on generators, transporters, treaters, storers, and disposers of
these substances. The RCRA Corrective Action process enables EPA to investigate
and rectify contaminated areas caused by a facility's mismanagement of hazardous
materials. This process is summarized in Figure 5.3.2.
Both the Superfund and RCRA investigation processes involve a preliminary
evaluation of the site or facility in the early stages to determine the urgency of further
study and/or remedial action. Under CERCLA, after a Preliminary Assessment (PA)
L93-839.txt
RECYCLED PAPER
110
ENFORCEMENT CONFIDENTIAL
-------

SITE
DISCOVERY
Figure 5.3.1.
The Superfund Process
In 1980, Congress passed a law called the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability
Act (CERCLA). CERCLA created a tax on the chemical and petroleum industries. The money collected from (his
tax, known as the Superfund, goes toward the cleanup of abandoned or uncontrolled hazardous wastes sites. The
discovery of a potential hazardous waste site can occur in the course of required reporting or routine inspections or
when there is physical evidence of contamination (drums, odors). The Superfund process then begins. The basic
steps of tbe Superfund process are discussed below.
PRELIMINARY
INVESTIGATION
(1)
(2)
HAZARD
RANKING

3
NPL
LISTING
/	4	S
REMEDIAL
INVESTIGATION/
FEASIBILITY
STUDY
v " >
5
PUBLIC
COMMENTS

CLEANUP
PLAN/DESIGN
LONG-TERM
SITE CLEANUP

(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
Preliminary investigations, usually conducted by state environmental agencies, provide preliminary infoimatkm
regarding tbe history of disposal and present conditions at the site.
If EPA decides that there is a potential for contamination at the site, a Hazard Ranking Study is conducted
(this often uses information from the preliminary investigations). A site is ranked using a scoring system that
evaluates many factors, among them:
•	Possible barm to human populations or the environment from hazardous substances leaving the site
through ground water, surface water, surface soil, or air;
•	Possible harm to individuals coming in contact with hazardous substances at tbe site itself (from
inhalation, direct contact, fire, explosion, and accidental ingestion of substances at the site); and
•	Potential for substances at tbe site to contaminate drinking water wells and the number of people
potentially affected by well contamination;
If a site is considered to present a potentially serious hazard, tbe site is placed on the National Priorities List
(NPL). Sites on the NPL present the most serious problems among hazardous waste sites nationwide and are
eligible for Superfund money.
Once a site is placed on the NPL, a Remedial Investigation (RI) is conducted. An RI assesses the nature and
extent of contamination on site and detennines the potential risks to tbe community and the environment In
addition to tbe RI, a Feasibility Study (FS) is conducted. The FS examines the pros and cons of various
cleanup options (e.g. Temoval of contaminate soil, installation of water purification systems, or containment
of contaminants).
Before choosing one or a combination of cleanup methods, EPA addresses public comments. The purpose of
this is to determine which of tbe proposed cleanup alternatives would most effectively meet the desires of the
local community.
Tbe optimal cleanup alternative is documented in the Record of Decision, after which a cleanup plan is
designed.
Cleanup is tbe last step of tbe process. Tbe method of cleanup may vary according to tbe type and amount of
contamination present at a site, tbe possible receptors of contamination near tbe site, and tbe concerns of tbe
community.
Tbe time it takes to complete the Superfund process varies with each site. In general, the RI/FS stage can take
between one and two years. Tbe design of the chosen cleanup alternative takes approximately six months. The
actual cleanup may take another one to three years but may be significantly prolonged if ground water has been
affected.
Throughout the Superfund Process, several activities are continuously being conducted, including:
•	Site Monitoring. If a site is thought to be an """Hi"* threat to public health or tbe environment,
continuous monitoring of onsite conditions occurs. Under severe conditions, EPA may conduct an
emergency cleanup (called immediate removal or initial remedial measures).
•	Community Relations. EPA actively informs the community and community officials of tbe status of tbe
remediation process. In addition, EPA encourages public input throughout the process. Specific activities
may vary from site to site depending on the level and nature of public concern. Activities often include
public meetings, press releases, and community interviews.
•	Enforcement. After a site is included on tbe NPL, EPA determines who is responsible for tbe
contamination at the site. Tbe potentially responsible parties (PRPs) are legally obligated to either
conduct or pay for tbe cleanup of the site-end to reimburse EPA and state agencies for oversight costs and
costs incurred during any previous remediation.
Istun
111
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Figure 5.3.2.
RCRA Corrective Action Process
RCRA Facility Assessment (RFA)
Identify potential releases of hazardous waste requiring further investigation.
EPA Issues Corrective Action Permit
Work Plan (Proposal) Development
Prepare plan for RCRA Facility Investigation for EPA approval.
RCRA Facility Investigation (RFI) Phase I
Study the environmental setting at the plant.
Determine what loastes have been released.
Preliminarily determine concentration and movement cf contamination.
Complete Public Health and Environmental Risk Evaluation.
RCRA Faculty Investigation (RFfJ Phase fl
Establish Media Protection Standards (cleanup leoels) for each contaminant.
Further define extent of contamination and screen possible corrective measures.
Corrective Measures Study (CMS)
Evaluate corrective measures that could achieve Media Protection Standards.
Recommend and justify corrective measures.
Solicit public input on recommended cleanup method and resulting contaminant lends.
EPA Modifies Permit
Corrective Measures Implementation
Design and perform cleanup.
Completion of Remedy
EPA certifies that Corrective Action is complete.
Monitor site conditions.

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and a Site Investigation (SI) are conducted, a Hazard Ranking System (HRS) score is
calculated for a site. The HRS score enables EPA to prioritize sites and identify those
which present the most serious contamination and the greatest threat to human health
and the environment. The RCRA process has a similar component, known as the
RCRA Facility Assessment (RFA) and National Corrective Action Prioritization
System (NCAPS) score.
Because thorough site investigation and remediation is costly and time-consuming,
prioritization is a crucial factor in the success of these programs. This is particularly
true for the area of concern in this study, where in Niagara and Erie Counties alone
there are over 300 sites which are still in the preliminary stages of investigation.
Accelerating these initial evaluations would aid EPA in identifying those sites which
need to be addressed in order to reduce toxics loadings to the Eastern Great Lakes
Basin.
EPA Region I has developed the Stabilization Collaboration Initiative (SCI) to
accelerate the prioritization process. Under the SCI, all available information on a
potential hazardous waste site is collected and organized in a way that highlights
significant information regarding likely contaminants of concern at the site, disposal
history, and potential human and environmental receptors. This information is
obtained from EPA, state, and local files, and from the facility or site itself when
possible. A sample of a file organization sheet is presented in Appendix E.
The files are reviewed by a panel of experts who are familiar with site assessment and
ranking criteria and with remediation alternatives. Their review and consultation
provides EPA with a synopsis of the site, an evaluation of the urgency of further
investigation and remediation, and suggested measures to address contamination.
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Under the SCI, up to 50 sites have been handled in a period of several months. The
SCI results in quick initial evaluations of large numbers of sites to aid EPA in
allocating resources and personnel within a specific area. A similar program could be
very useful for several of the 32 counties of concern, including Erie, Niagara, Monroe,
Onandaga, and Oswego Counties, where there are hundreds of potential hazardous
waste sites which have not yet been well investigated. An initial evaluation could
identify whether any of the 18 target chemicals of concern are likely site
contaminants, and whether the site's location and other factors suggest that it is
impacting the Great Lakes, for example, the Niagara River Remedial Action Plan
(RAP) suggested that stream-quality monitoring near potential sites of concern could
serve as an early determination of surface water impact The SCI could also identify
sites where immediate remedial actions could significantly reduce the off-site
migration of contamination.
Within the established CERCLA and RCRA investigation and remediation programs,
TRC recommends assessing the benefits of accelerating the process and performing a
cost-benefit analysis to allocate further resources and personnel.
5.3.3 Sediments
The International Joint Commission (IJC), established in 1909 under the Boundary
Waters Treatment, has designated 42 locations around the Great Lakes as "Areas of
Concern" (AOCs), or locations where environmental problems have been identified.
Thirty-eight of these AOCs have contaminated bottom sediments.29 In the Eastern
Great Lakes Basin, there are several AOCs: a portion of the Saint Lawrence River,
the Oswego River; the Rochester Embayment; Eighteen Mile Greek; the Buffalo River;
and Lake Ontario near the mouth of the Niagara River. According to the Great Lakes
29
"Mjuugemeat 
-------
National Program Office "sediments contaminated with toxic materials in the Great
Lakes basin remain one of the most significant issues in the basin. "ic Although
stringent controls over some sources of pollution have been implemented and seem to
be reducing loadings to sediments, further remedial actions need to be perf&rmed.
Dredging has been traditionally used as a means of removing contaminated sediments.
Two types of dredging, mechanical and hydraulic, are commonly utilized. Mechanical
dredging traditionally removes contaminated sediments by using an excavator.
However, residual contaminated sediments if disturbed may enter the water column as
suspended solids and thereby increase toxicity risk. Hydraulic dredging, however,
removes contaminated sediments more efficiently causing less disturbance to
surrounding sediments, and thus reduces the likelihood of contaminated sediments
becoming resuspended and entering the water column.
The Water Quality Agreement, signed by the United States and Canada in 1972,
mandated that a Dredging Subcommittee develop dredging and disposal guidelines for
activities in the Great Lakes. The UC created such a subcommittee, which published
appropriate guidelines in 1982. However, in 1986, this body was restructured as the
Sediment Subcommittee and tasked to address all types of contaminated sediment
issues, rather than focusing on only one type of remediation technology."
One of the first efforts undertaken by the Sediment Subcommittee was to assist RAP
authors both in designing proper studies to assess the extent of sediment contamination
and in selecting appropriate remedies. In November 1987, the Subcommittee prepared
a draft guidance document for presentation at a meeting of the Remedial Action Plan
Coordinators. This document outlined appropriate tools to be used in assessing
30 Ibid., p. 267.
31 Ibid., p. 93.
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contamination, and provided remedial/removal action and disposal options.32 The
Subcommittee identified the following as effective remedial action alternatives:
•	Remove contaminated sediments from the water body (i.e., dredge).
•	Cover the contaminated sediments to isolate the contaminants from the
water column.
•	Solidify the sediments to reduce the contaminants' mobility.
•	Decontaminate the sediments using some extraction process.
•	Relocate navigation so that dredging and navigation do not disturb the
contaminated sediments.
•	Take no action; allow natural water flow processes to reduce the
severity of the problem over time.33
Disposal alternatives considered were:
•	In-water unconfined disposal.
•	In-water confined disposal or disposal inside a diked area of the lake.
•	Upland disposal or disposal in a bermed facility above the water table.
•	Capping with clean sediments to isolate the contaminants from the
water column and to prevent the erosion and transport of capped
contaminated material.
•	Agricultural land application (similar to sewage sludge disposal).
•	Beach nourishment, where mildly contaminated coarsely-grained
materials are used to rebuild an eroding beach.34
32	Ibid., pp. 93*94.
33	Ibid., p. 94.
34	Ibid., pp. 94-95.
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Although not recommended by the Sediment Subcommittee as a remedial/removal
option, another alternative is dredging, dewatering, and incineration. Disposing of
dewatered sediments on land may result in contamination of a previously clean area or
may contribute to an already existing problem. Incineration is an alternate option,
although emission standards must be adhered to strictly in order to avoid polluting the
air.
5.3.4 Surface Runoff
5.3.4.1 Direct Surface Runoff
It appears evident even from the results of the limited number of studies performed to
date that surface runoff may be a significant pathway of contaminant deposition in the
Eastern Great Lakes Basin. As noted in Section 4.5 of this report, direct surface
runoff is considered to be runoff, typically found in rural areas, which enters a surface
water body directly. This varies from surface runoff in more urban areas where flow
is directed into a sewer system and allowed to overflow to surface water bodies only
on a periodic basis, as in the case of CSOs.
EPA has recently instigated a requirement for facilities to apply for NPDES permits
for surface water runoff discharges. Implementation of these permitting efforts should
enable the quantification of the loading from surface water runoff emanating from
industrial facilities. This will enable regulatory agencies to require industries to
reduce their respective loadings to surface runoff or at least treat such waste streams
prior to release to the stormwater drain. This reduction, in turn, will reduce the
overall loadings to surface water bodies. In approving permitted discharge limits for
surface water runoff within the U.S. Eastern Great Lakes Basin, it may be
advantageous to consider the recently proposed Great Lakes Water Quality Criteria.
Utilizing these limits in developing discharge limits should act to ensure that surface
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water runoff will not be adversely impacting water quality within the U.S. Eastern
Great Lakes Basin,
For facilities which will be required to treat surface water runoff to reduce
contaminant concentrations, relatively inexpensive treatment methods may be
available. For contaminants such as lead (found to have the most significant loading
due to runoff) simple sedimentation and/or filtration may provide sufficient treatment.
Detention ponds with appropriate bedding material to provide adequate filtration may
also provide sufficient treatment
5.3.4.2 Combined Sewer Overflows
TRC has found that certain communities are implementing programs to reduce or
eliminate the potential for CSO discharge into surface water bodies. For example,
Monroe County is implementing a Combined Sewer Overflow Abatement Program
(CSOAP), which is attempting to reduce CSO discharges within the Rochester
Embayment.
The Buffalo Sewer Authority (BSA) and the City of Niagara Falls have been identified
as having active CSOs which discharge to the Niagara River during storm events. The
BSA initiated a program in the early 1980s which involves upgrades to the structural
features of the system, an overflow structure backflow prevention program, and a
sewer cleaning program.
Additional investigation may be warranted to identify and evaluate any similar
programs for other portions of the Eastern Great Lakes Basin. A potential source of
information about CSOs in each major town or city may be the local town sewer and
water officials. Clearly the elimination of all CSOs is desirable from the
environmental protection standpoint, and current construction standards and new towns
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will be achieving this. Additional investigations to identify and evaluate CSOs, should
be focused on older cities and towns where CSOs may still be utilized on a more
frequent basis. For such cases, it may be appropriate to install control devices which
significantly reduce the frequency in which overflows are allowed to discharge to the
receiving water bodies. For example, CSOs have been identified within the Rochester
Embayment which are designed to overflow twice per year, on average. It may be
feasible to construct containment features which could reduce overflow frequency to
every five to ten years or longer. These features could be constructed so as to allow
the excess flow to be reintroduced into the sewer system when flow conditions abate,
without overloading the treatment plant.
5.3.5 Atmospheric Deposition
It is commonly accepted that the best approach for treatment of air contamination is to
treat discharges at the source. Atmospheric deposition has been identified as
potentially a significant contributing pathway of several contaminants (lead, PCBs,
PAHs).35 Sources within and around the Eastern Great Lakes Basin are responsible
for deposition in this area. Major sources of lead and PAHs have been determined to
be automobile emissions. Reduction of lead emissions has been accomplished through
the implementation of government regulations regarding the use of leaded fuels.
Additional reductions in emissions may be produced through incentives to increase
carpooling and the use of public transportation, thereby reducing the number of
automobiles producing the emissions.
Industrial sources contribute to atmospheric contamination through smoke stack
emissions. The reduction of contaminants being emitted by this source could be
accomplished through the use of wet scrubbers or electrostatic precipitators. Both of
these technologies are generally proven methods of reducing emissions prior to
3SSummary Report of the Workshop on General Lake Atmospheric Deposition. Page IS.
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discharge into the atmosphere. Wet scrubbing involves the transfer of contaminants
from the gaseous phase and introducing them into the aqueous phase. By forcing the
contaminated air stream through an appropriate liquid (i.e., water or solvents)
contaminants are captured in the aqueous phase. This aqueous solution may, in turn,
require treatment prior to discharge, or may be acceptable for direct discharge into a
publicly-owned treatment works (POTW).
Electrostatic precipitation is a process in which particulate matter is removed from the
air stream using electrical forces. Charged particles are accumulated on plates or
electrodes and are eventually knocked from the plates and allowed to fall into a
hopper. This solid material can then be properly characterized and disposed of in
accordance with appropriate RCRA regulations.
Atmospheric contamination may also originate from industries located in Canada or
Mexico, and be transported to the Eastern Great Lakes Basin via air currents.
Environmental controls to be implemented as part of the North American Free Trade
Agreement (NAFTA) may serve to control emissions from industrial sources in these
countries.
5.4 Analysis of Contamination by County
Table 5.4.1 presents the breakdown of loadings from municipal and industrial
discharges presented in Appendix B for each of the 18 chemicals of concern, by each
of the 32 Eastern Great Lakes Counties. The counties which contribute the majority
of the total loadings are Erie (31,055 kg/yr); Genesee (25,574 kg/yr); Jefferson (20,838
kg/yr); Niagara (25,131 kg/yr); and Wayne (16,450 kg/yr). These five counties
represent 92 percent of the total loading to the basin.
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Table 5.4.1. Total Annual Loading**! for Each Chemical by County (kg)
Counties

Arsenic



28


21a
22


0.1


1
14

2
173
10S

2S2


34
7



0


276
26,092.1
B(a)a
























0.1







0.1
B(a)p







4
















27







31
B(bK







4
















•







10
B(k)f
























0.1







0.1
Chkwdane

































Chryaene
























0.1







0.1
DOT

































DtekJrin

































Dioxln

































Hex. cM. b.

































Lead

•
m
12


14
1,77#


36

02
121


M
2,430
1,157
336
1,137
H

2M
2,263

17
43
1SJ
363
OS

32.47U
Mercury



•.1



S





14



14
33
4
s
1

<
0

1.1




0.1
681.2
Mlrex


















0.4













0.4
O. ch. sty.

































PCBa

































PCE







mjsc


8,630


M.7W



161
H,0J6

440







2S2
16180
5,067

120.S32
Toxaphene

































Total

•
«
Mil


m
MJM


w*i

11

M

li
un

Ml

¦

Hi


11.1
e
419
am
iM*
mi
1TIJR5J
Sourca: Loading* wwaobMnad for water and air. WMar loadkigBwmoMaimd lor fecal y*ar 1992T93 Irani PCS and jk bating* lor catandaryur 1991 fmnTfll.
("Hndudos inntal loading* (or Induatrial and municipal dlachargas to air and water.
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Nine counties had no apparent discharges from industrial or municipal facilities for the
time periods reviewed. These counties tend to be either remote or predominantly
outside the Eastern Great Lakes Basin.
Erie and Niagara Counties include the major cities of Niagara Falls and Buffalo, as
well as the Buffalo and Niagara Rivers. There are major industrial and municipal
dischargers located along these rivers and in these towns.
TRC contacted the pollution prevention office for Erie County. This pollution
prevention office assists facilities within the county to reduce their emissions and use
of toxic chemicals by providing information on technological advancements and
process changes. TRC was unable to ascertain if the other counties (Niagara, Genesee,
Jefferson, and Wayne) have similar offices, but this method of disseminating
information to local facilities from an organization that is familiar with the locale,
would appear to be an effective means of reducing industrial discharges.
6.0 SUMMARY
TRC investigated sources of the 18 target chemicals within the 32 New York State
Counties that constitute the U.S. Eastern Great Lakes Basin. Sources investigated
represented both point and non-point sources and included industrial and municipal
discharges, spills, hazardous waste sites, sediments, surface water runoff and
atmospheric deposition.
TRC obtained loadings data for industrial and municipal discharges from the PCS and
TRI databases. The PCS database provided loadings data for facility wastewater
streams discharged directly into Lake Ontario or its tributaries. The TRI database
provided loadings data on wastewater discharges and air emissions from facilities
subject to TRI reporting requirements. Information from the PCS and TRI databases
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indicate that, of the 18 target chemicals, lead, arsenic, mercury, and PCE arc
discharged in the greatest quantities by identified industrial and municipal dischargers.
It is important to note that at the time of completion of this Work Assignment, TRC
received only limited *data on air emissions. Air emissions may represent a significant
source of loadings into the U.S. Eastern Great Lakes Basin.
TRC also obtained information on spills of the 18 target chemicals within the basin
during the last seven years from the ERNS database. This data indicates that PCBs in
the form of transformer oil, have been the predominant chemicals spilled.
The other identified sources - hazardous waste sites, sediments, surface water runoff,
and atmospheric deposition - are considered non-point sources; they require extensive
modeling to reasonably determine loadings. Where previous modeling studies have
been obtained by TRC, loadings data have been presented. However, there are
considerable data gaps in this area.
From the loadings data obtained and presented in this report, TRC identified the
industries responsible for discharging each chemical and suggested appropriate
intervention proposals to reduce these loadings. Intervention proposals include waste
minimization, pollution prevention and remediation technologies. TRC also identified
potential intervention proposals for the other non-point sources identified.
This report presents identified loadings of the 18 target chemicals into the U.S. Eastern
Great Lakes Basin. In order to evaluate the impact of these loadings to human and
ecological receptors, factors such as each chemical's toxicity and fate and transport in
the environment must be considered.
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7.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Air and Waste Management Association Air Pollution Engineering Manual. 1992.
Alliance Technologies Corporation. Estimated Toxic Loading from Selected
Hazardous Waste Sites to the Niagara River, Niagara Falls, New York. EPA Work
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Alliance Technologies Corporation. Nonpoint Source Loading Study, Buffalo River
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Atkinson, J.F., et al. Model Data Requirements and Mass Loading Estimates for the
Buffalo River Mass Balance Study (ARCS/RAM Program), Draft Report. Great Lakes
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Atkinson, J.F., et al. Model Data Requirements and Mass Loading Estimates for the
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Atmospheric Deposition Monitoring Task Force. A Plan for Assessing Atmospheric
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International Joint Commission, Great Lakes Regional Office. Windsor, Ontario. July
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Baek, N.H., and Dworzanski, G.M. Assessment of Solvent Recovery from Ground
Water Containing Nonaqueous Phase Liquid with Polychlorinated Biphenyls.
Hazardous Waste and Hazardous Materials. Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 49-57. 1993.
Battelle Ocean Sciences. Study of PCBs in New York/New Jersey Point Sources.
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Clansky, Kenneth B., Editor. Suspect Chemicals Sourcebook, Edition 1992-1.
Roytech Publications. April 1, 1992.
Empire Soils Investigations, Inc./Thomsen Associates. Environmental Study: Niagara
Frontier Transportation Authority Diked Disposal Area, Buffalo, New York. BTA-86-
94. Hamburg, New York. February 1987.
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Freeman, Harry, Editor in Chief. Standard Handbook of Hazardous Waste Treatment
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GCA Corporation. Combined Sewer Overflow Loadings Inventory for Great Lakes
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Glass, G.E., et al. New Source Identification of Mercury Contamination in the Great
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Gradient/Geotrans Corporation. Potential Contaminant Loadings to the Niagara River
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Johnston, Richard H. Ground Water in the Niagara Falls Area, New York, with
Emphasis on the Water-Bearing Characteristics of the Bedrock. U.S. Geological
Survey Bulletin GW-53. 1964.
Kappel et al. Quantity and Quality of Urban Stormwater Runoff in the Irondequoit
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Lewis Publishers. New Techniques for Modelling the Management of Stormwater
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Litten, S. Chemical Contaminants in Sediments of New York Tributaries to Lake
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Litten, S. Sources of PCBs to the Niagara River, Interim Report NYSDEC Division
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Litten, S., Mead, B., and Hassett, J. Application of Passive Samplers (PISCES) to
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Marsalek, J., and Ng, H.Y.F. Evaluation of Pollution Loadings from Urban Nonpoint
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Marsalek, J., and Greek, B. Toxic Substances in Urban Land Runoff in the Niagara
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NYSDEC. Oswego River Remedial Action Plan, 1992 Update. Division of Water.
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PRC Environmental Management, Inc. Waste Audit Study: Metal Finishing Industry.
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Schroeter & Associates. Loadings of Toxic Contaminants from Urban Nonpoint
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Tischler, J., et a). Selecting State-of-the-Art Incinerators for Complex Aqueous
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July 27, 1993.
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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. ERNS Database Retrieval: 1986 - 1993.
Region II Water Management Division.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Estimated Groundwater Transported Load of
Chemicals from Waste Disposal Sites to the Niagara River. Robert S. Kerr
Environmental Research Laboratory. Ada, Oklahoma. March 21, 1991.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Great Lakes Atmospheric Deposition (GLAD)
Network, 1982 and 1983. EPA/905/4-88/002. Februaiy 1988.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Great Lakes Basin Risk Characterization
Study, Draft Report. Great Lakes National Program Office. Undated.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Handbook: Remedial Action at Waste
Disposal Sites. Office of Research and Development. October 1985.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Health Effects Summary Tables (HEAST).
1992.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Integrated Risk Information System. 1993.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Interim Sediment Criteria Values for
Nonpolar Hydrophobic Organic Contaminants. Office of Water Regulations and
Standards. May 1988.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Investigation of Polycyclic Aromatic
Hydrocarbon Discharges to Water in the Vicinity of Buffalo, New York. Great Lakes
National Program Office. EPA/905/4-85/002. February 1985.
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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. National Priorities List Sites: New York.
EPA/540/4-90/032. September 1990.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. NPL Characterization Project. EPA/540/8-
91/071. November 1991.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Permit Compliance System Database
Retrievals dated September 30, 1992, and August 10, 1993.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Permit Compliance System Data Element
Dictionary. Document Number PCS-DD92-2.02. June 21, 1993.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Report on Great Lakes Confined Disposal
Facilities. Environmental Review Branch Planning and Management Division, Region
V. EPA/905/9-90/003. August 1990.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. ROD Annual Report FY1989. EPA/540/8-
90/006. April 1990.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. STORET Database Retrieval dated July 1993.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Title III List of Lists, Consolidated List of
Chemicals Subject to Reporting under the Emergency Planning and Community Right-
to-Know Act. Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response. EPA/560/4-91/011.
January 1991.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Toxic Release Inventory Database Retrieval
dated August 11, 1993.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Waste Minimization Audit Report: Case
Studies of Minimization of Mercury-Bearing Wastes at a Mercury Cell Chloralkali
Plant. EPA/600/2-88/011. 1988.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Water Quality Criteria Summary. Office of
Science and Technology. May 1, 1991.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 33/50 Program, Second Progress Report
Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics. February 1992.
U.S. EPA/NYSDEC. Reduction of Toxics Loadings to the Niagara River from
Hazardous Waste Sites in the United States: A Progress Report March 1993.
U.S./Japan Experts. Management of Bottom Sediments Containing Toxic Substances,
in Proceedings of the Thirteenth Meeting. Baltimore, Maryland. November 3-5, 1987.
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Virginia Department of Waste Management. Waste Reduction Fact Sheet: Lead-Acid
Batteries. Vol. 1, Issue 12. Virginia Waste Minimization Program. Undated.
Virtual Elimination Task Force. Three Background Reports on the Subject of Chlorine
and Organochlorines. 1993.
Water Environment Research. Research Journal of the Water Pollution Control
Federation. Research Journal, Volumes 59 - 65.
Whitaker, J.B. Launching the Great Lakes Initiative. Water Environment and
Technology, pp. 40-46. June 1993.
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APPENDIX A
CHEMICAL PROFILES
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ARSENIC
Use
Arsenic is a silver-grey, brittle and crystalline metal occurring naturally in the environment at
low concentrations. It is used as a constituent in the manufacture of copper and lead alloys;
in the production of gallium arsenide for electronic devices; in the manufacture of
pharmaceuticals; as a radioactive tracer (As76), and as a catalyst in the manufacture of
ethylene oxide (HSDB, 1993). It is also used in pigment production, glass manufacturing,
textile printing, tanning, and in antifouling paints (Sittig, 1991). Arsenic-based pesticides
were formerly heavily used to control insects and vegetation, particularly in orchards (Eisler,
1988).
Chemical and Physical Properties
Chemical symbol: As
Boiling Point: N/A
Melting Point: 817°C at 28 atm
Atomic Weight: 74.92
Corrosivity: N/A
Specific Gravity: 5.727 at 14°C
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient: N/A
Solubilities: Soluble in nitric acid,
insoluble in water and
nonoxidizing acids
Vapor Density: N/A
Vapor Pressure: 1 mm Hg at 372°C
Other: Sublimes at 613°C
Control
Two primary treatments for removal of arsenic are activated alumina and anion exchange
resins. Solvent extraction with high molecular weight amines and quaternary ammonium
compounds may be a promising technique for the removal of arsenic from industrial effluents.
Arsenic is a toxic pollutant designated pursuant to Section 307(a)(1) of the Clean Water Act
and is subject to effluent limitations. Inorganic arsenic has been designated as a hazardous
air pollutant, pursuant to Section 112 of the Clean Air Act (HSDB, 1993).
Source
Arsenic is introduced to the waters of the Great Lakes through atmospheric deposition (fossil
fuel burning), runoff from fly-ash storage areas, and through release to the overlying water
from sediments which have accumulated arsenic (GLBRCS). Municipal sewer treatment
plants (STP) also release arsenic to the Great Lakes via effluent (66 percent of STP total) and
sludge disposal (34 percent of STP total). Arsenic is also released into aquatic environments
through the natural weathering of arsenic minerals.
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Fate and Transport
Arsenic is generally quite mobile in the environment; however, because it occurs in four
valence states, it cannot be characterized easily. The most common fate processes of arsenic
in the environment are speciation between the +3 and +5 valence states, volatilization,
sorption, and biotransformation (EPA, 1984).
In surface waters, arsenic is significantly influenced by the presence of biota. Arsenic is
readily bioaccumulated but is often biotransformed to methylated arsenical, volatile
compounds that evaporate from surface waters (EPA, 1985).
In surface soils, arsenic is known to sorb to clays, iron oxides, and particulate matter. The
presence of these materials greatly retards arsenic's leachability (EPA, 1984). In soils with
low sorptive capacity, arsenic leaches into ground water, where it is transported readily.
The primary means of removal of atmospheric arsenic are wet and dry precipitation (EPA,
1984).
Biological Properties
Human Toxicity - Noncarcinogenic Effects
Arsenic is known to be highly toxic to humans. Case studies have shown that short-
term ingestion of amounts of arsenic as low as 0.6 mg/kg/day can be lethal (ATSDR,
1989). Effects of long-term exposure include paresthesia, weakness, anorexia,
bronchitis, and various skin disorders (EPA, 1985). Both dermal and oral exposure
sodium arsenate in pregnant rats, mice, and hamsters have been reported to increase
the frequency of birth defects (ATSDR, 1989). Arsenic is also known to have
mutagenic effects in several cell types in laboratory animals and humans (ATSDR,
1989).
Human Toxicity • Carcinogenic Effects
Studies show that ingestion of elevated levels of arsenic in drinking water
unequivocally increases the risk of several types of skin cancer (Tseng, et al., 1968).
In addition, numerous studies of smelter workers have indicated that occupational
exposure to arsenic is directly associated with lung cancer (IRIS, 1993).
Other types of cancer that appear to be related to arsenic exposure in humans include
bladder, lung, kidney, and colon cancer. All evidence from human case studies
indicates that chronic exposure to arsenic causes cancer.
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Ecotoxicity
Arsenic compounds are acutely toxic to both freshwater and saltwater species of
organisms, with early life stages being the most susceptible (ICF, 1985). In general,
inorganic trivalent forms of arsenic are more toxic than organic forms and pentavalent
arsenic. Arsenic poisoning in wildlife is usually acute or subacute-chronic; cases of
arsenic poisoning are fare (Eisler, 1988). Although arsenic is bioconcentrated by
biota, it is not biomagnified within the food chain.
Damaging Effects
Potential carcinogenic human health effects are possible due to exposure of arsenic through
contaminated air, drinking water soils or aquatic organisms. Although elevated arsenic
concentrations surface waters and sediments at localized areas may result in adverse impacts
to aquatic biota, effects to upper trophic level species are unlikely because arsenic has not
been observed to biomagnify on the food chain.
Standards, Criteria and Guidelines
EPA Class A Carcinogen
Oral Slope Factor:
Inhalation Slope Factor:
Chronic Oral RfD:
Subchronic Oral RfD:
MCL:
AWQC (Federal):
1.8 x 10° (mg/kg/day)'u
1.5 x 10+l (mg/kg/day)"lh
3.0 x 10"4 mg/kg/dayc
1.0 x 10*3 mg/kg/dayd
0.05 mg/L
Water and Organism Consumption - 0.0022 |ig/L
Organism Consumption - 0.018 pg/L
Acute Freshwater Aquatic Life - 360 ng/L
Chronic Freshwater Aquatic Life - 190 ng/L
'From IRIS. Oral Slope Factor = Oral Unit Risk x Conversion Factor.
Oral Unit Risk = 5.0 x 10'5 L/|ig
Conversion Factor = 3.6 x 10+3
bFrom IRIS. Inhalation Slope Factor = Inhalation Unit Risk x Conversion Factor.
Inhalation Unit Risk = 4.3 x 10"3 m'/jig
'From IRIS. Conversion Factor = 3.5 x 10*3
"From HEAST.
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GLWQG:	Chronic Aquatic Life - 150 (ig/L (Arsenic III)
Sediment Guidelines
Ontario MOE: Lowest Effect Level - 6 ng/g
Severe Effect Level - 33 fig/g
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ATSDR, 1989. Toxicity Profile for Arsenic. Agency for Toxic Substance and Disease
Registry.
Eisler, R. 1988. Arsenic Hazards to Fish, Wildlife, and Invertebrates: A Synoptic Review.
U.S. Fish Wildlife Service Biol. Rep. (85(1.12) 92 pp.
EPA, 1984. Office of Drinking Water. Health Advisory for Arsenic.
EPA, 1985. Health Effects Assessment for Arsenic.
GLBRCS (Great Lakes Basin Risk Characterization Study). Great Lakes Basin National
Program.
HSDB, 1993. National Library of Medicine, Hazardous Substance Data Bank.
ICF, 1985. Chemical, Physical and Biological Properties of Compounds Present at
Hazardous Waste Sites. Clement Associates.
IRIS, 1993. U.S. EPA Integrated Risk Information System.
Sittig, M., 1991. Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens.
Tseng, W.P., et al. 1968. Prevalence of skin cancer in an endemic area of chronic arxenicism
in Taiwan. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 40:453-463. (Cited in IRIS).
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BENZO(A)ANTHRACENE
Background
Benzo(a)anthracene (B(a)A) belongs to a naturally occurring set of compounds called
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). PAHs are produced by the incomplete combustion
of organic compounds in both industrial and natural processes and are characterized as having
more than one benzene ring.* B(a)A has been reported to be present in cigarette smoke
condensate, automobile exhaust gas, soot and the emissions from coal and gas works and
electric plants. B(a)A can also be found in mineral oil, commercial-solvents, waxes, creosote,
coal tar and petroleum asphalt. Certain foods, such as charcoal broiled, barbecued or smoked
meats; certain vegetables; and roasted coffee and coffee powders contain microgram quantities
of B(a)A. Because of the similarities among all PAHs and the information on individual
compounds is scarce, the following discussions deal with PAHs as a group unless compound
specific information exists.
Use
There is no commercial use of B(a)A in the United States. B(a)A is used in chemical
research (HSDB, 1993).
Chemical and Physical Properties
Chemical symbol: ClgH!2
Boiling Point: N/A
Melting Point: 162°C
Atomic Weight: 228.29
Corrosivity: N/A
Specific Gravity: N/A
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient: N/A
Control
The particle-bound portion of PAHs can be removed by sedimentation, coagulation,
flocculation, and filtration processes since PAHs are bound to soil/suspended solids. PAHs
may also be removed, in conjunction with filtration, by granular activated carbon. Remaining
PAHs require oxidation for partial removal/transformation. B(a)A is a toxic pollutant
designated pursuant to section 307(a)(1) of the Clean Water Act and is subject to effluent
limitations (HSDB, 1993).
Solubilities: 0.014 mg/L water at 25°C
Soluble in ether, alcohol,
acetone, benzene, and
organic solvents.
Vapor Density: N/A
Vapor Pressure: 5 x 10" torr at 20°C
Other: Sublimes at 435°C
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Source
It is likely that B(a)A enters aquatic environments of Lakes Erie and Ontario in a similar
manner as reported for benzo(a)pyrene (i.e., primarily atmospheric deposition with sewer
treatment plant effluent and sludge disposal, petroleum spills, and urban runoff also
contributing PAHs to the aquatic environment).
Fate and Transport
In general, PAHs are expected to exist as vapor and particulates in the atmosphere. Once in
the atmosphere, PAHs may be removed through photochemical reactions, chemical reactions,
or by wet and dry deposition. In aquatic media, PAHs are expected to volatilize, react
photocheraically, and be degraded microbially. In high water and wind flow conditions,
volatilization occurs readily. In water, PAHs adsorbs to organic matter and most likely fall
out of the water column into sediments (EPA, 1984).
In soils, PAHs are subject to microbial degradation and adsorption. Because of their affinity
to organic matter, PAHs are not expected to be highly mobile in soils; therefore, leaching to
ground water is not considered to be a significant fate process.
Biological Properties
Human Toxicity • Noncarcinogenic Effects
B(a)A is known to cause skin disorders in workers exposed occupationally (ICF,
1985). Studies have shown B(a)A to have mutagenic effects in bacterial and cultured
mammalian cells.
Human Toxicity • Carcinogenic Effects
Several studies indicate that both oral and dermal exposure to B(a)A is related to
increased tumor and ademonas in laboratory animals (Klein, 1963; IARC, 1982). It is
also known that many carcinogenic PAHs, such as B(a)A, impact the immune system
although specific studies on B(a)A have not been conclusive (ICF, 1985).
Ecotoxicity
The ecotoxic effects of PAHs have not been widely studied. It appears as though the
effects of PAHs on aquatic organisms are more variable than the effects on mammals.
Although PAHs exhibit a high lipid solubility, they show little tendency to biomagnify
in the food chain because most PAHs are rapidly metabolized by organisms (Eisler
1987).
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Damaging Effects
The majority of PAHs entering aquatic environments remain near the site of deposition
(Eisler, 1987). Therefore, aquatic sites near urban areas generally exhibit the highest PAH
levels. Brown bullheads exposed to elevated concentrations of PAHs within sediments of the
Buffalo River in New York showed epidermal hyperplasia and neoplasia (Eisler, 1987). PAH
levels in fish, however, are usually low. Therefore, upper trophic level species, including
humans, are not likely to be exposed to PAHs from fish consumption. Molluscs are generally
incapable of metabolizing PAHs, therefore, people consuming these organisms are more likely
to be exposed to PAHs (Eisler, 1987).
Standards, Criteria and Guidelines
EPA Class B2 Carcinogen
Oral Slope Factor:
Inhal Slope Factor:
Chronic Oral RfD:
Subchronic Oral RfD:
MCL:
AWQC (Federal):
GLWQG:
Sediment Guidelines
NYSDEC:
Ontario MOE:
BIB. IOGRAPHY
Eisler, R. 1987. Poly cyclic aromatic hydrocarbon hazards to fish, wildlife, and
invertebrates: a synoptic review. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Biol. Rep. 85(1.11). 81pp.
HSDB, 1993. National Library of Medicine, Hazardous Substances Data Bank.
'Value derived by using Oral Slope Factor from IRIS for benzo(a)pyrene and applying a
Toxic Equivalency Factor (TEF) of 0.10 (communication with Marina Stefanidis, U.S. EPA
Superfund Health Risk Technical Support Section, March 5, 1992).
L93-839.tox	A-7
7.3 x 10'1 (mg/kg/day)",e
N/A
N/A
N/A
0.0001 mg/L
Water and Organism Consumptions - 0.0028 ng/L
Organism Consumption - 0.0311 ng/L
Acute Freshwater Aquatic Life - N/A
Chronic Freshwater Aquatic Life - N/A
N/A
Human Health - 1.3 pg/gOC
Lowest Effect Level - 0.32 jag/g
Severe Effect Level - 1,480 jag/gOC
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IARC (International Agency for Research in Cancer), 1982. Chemicals, Industrial Processes
and Industries Associated with Cancer in Humans, In: IARC Monographs on the Evaluation
of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. WHO, IARC, Lyon, France. Suppl. 4.
(Cited in EPA, 1984a).
ICF, 1985. Chemical, Physical and Biological Properties of Compounds Present at
Hazardous Waste Site. Clement Associates.
Klein, M., 1963. Susceptibility of strain B6AF/J Hybrid infant mice to tumorigenesis with
1,2-benzanthracene, deoxycholic acid, and 3-methyl-cholanthrene. Cancer Res. 23: 1701-
1707 (cited in IRIS).
EPA, 1984. Health Effects Assessment for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. EPA 540/1-
86/013.
IRIS, 1993. U.S. EPA Integrated Risk Information System.
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BENZO(A)PYRENE
Background
Benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P) belongs to a naturally occurring set of compounds called polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). PAHs are produced by the incomplete combustion of organic
compounds in both industrial and natural processes, and are characterized as having more than
one benzene ring. B(a)P has been detected in cigarette smoke and in certain foods (Sittig,
1991). Because of the similarities among all PAHs and information on individual compounds
is scarce, the following discussions deal with PAHs as a group unless compound specific
information exists.
Use
There is no evidence of commercial use of B(a)P in the United States. B(a)P is used
extensively in chemical research (HSDB, 1993).
Chemical and Physical Properties
Chemical symbol: CMH12
Boiling Point: >360°C
Melting Point: 179°-179.3°C
Atomic Weight: 252.30
Corrosivity: N/A
Specific Gravity: 1.351
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient: 6.04
Control
The particle-bound portion of PAHs can be removed by sedimentation, coagulation,
flocculation and filtration processes since PAHs are bound to soil/suspended solids. PAHs
may also be removed, in conjunction with filtration, by granular activated carbon. Remaining
PAHs require oxidation for partial removal/transformation. B(a)P can be removed from water
by 50 to 60 percent by chlorination, at B(a)P concentrations greater than 10 ppt. B(a)P is a
toxic pollutant designated pursuant to section 307(a)(1) of the Clean Water Act and is subject
to effluent limitations (HSDB, 1993).
Source
It has been estimated that 79 percent of the B(a)P loading into Lake Erie is from atmospheric
deposition (66 percent and 13 percent from direct and indirect sources, respectively). Lake
Ontario is estimated to receive 72 percent of B(a)P loading from atmospheric deposition,
40 percent from direct sources and 32 percent from indirect sources (GLBRCS). PAHs have
L93-839.tox	A-9
Solubilities: 3.8 pg/L water at 25 C
Soluble in benzene, toluene,
xylene, and ether.
Vapor Density: 8.7
Vapor Pressure: > 1 mm Hg at 20°C
Other: Readily undergoes nitration and
halogenation.
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also accumulated within the sediments of some locations. Treatment plants (effluent and
sludge disposal), urban runoff, and petroleum spills also contribute PAHs to waters of the
Great Lakes.
Fate and Transport
In general, PAHs are expected to exist as vapor and particulates in the atmosphere. Once in
the atmosphere, PAHs may be removed through photochemical reactions, chemical reactions,
or by wet and dry deposition. In aquatic media, PAHs are expected to volatilize, react
photochemically, and be degraded microbiaTIy. In high water and wind flow conditions,
volatilization occurs readily. In water, PAHs would adsorb to organic matter and most likely
fall out of the water column into sediments (EPA, 1984a).
In soils, PAHs are subject to microbial degradation and adsorption. Because of their affinity
to organic matter, PAHs are not expected to be highly mobile in soils; therefore, leaching to
ground water is not considered to be a significant fate process.
Biological Properties
Human Toxic it}' - Noncarcinogenic Effects
From laboratory studies performed on mice, it appears that B(a)P toxicity to organisms
is dependent upon a specific gene which determines whether a certain enzyme which
alters the chemical makeup of aromatic hydrocarbons, is easily released (induced) into
the body (EPA, 1984b). Those animals that cannot easily induce the release of this
enzyme are more susceptible to B(a)P's toxic effects. These effects include anemia,
infertility and birth defects, and genetic mutations (LARC, 1982).
Human Toxicity - Carcinogenic Effects
PAH mixtures containing B(a)P have been shown to induce lung cancer in humans as
a result of chronic exposure to cigarette smoke, roofing tar, and coke oven emissions
(IRIS). Animal studies indicate that mice exposed to B(a)P orally develop increased
stomach tumors, and that hamsters inhaling B(a)P exhibit tumors throughout the
respiratory tract (Neal and Rigdon, 1967; Thyssen, et al., 1981).
Ecotoxicity
The ecotoxic effects of PAHs have not been widely studied. It appears that the effects
of PAHs on aquatic organisms are more variable than the effects on mammals. B(a)P
is listed as a potential bioaccumulative chemical of concern by the Great Lakes Water
Quality Guidance (GLWQG).
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Damaging Effects
Liver tumors were observed in brown bullheads at Great Lakes sites containing heavily
contaminated sediment PAH concentrations. However, PAH levels in fish are generally low.
Therefore, upper trophic level species, including humans, arc unlikely to be significantly
exposed to PAHs from fish consumption. Humans (or wildlife) consuming molluscs are more
likely to be exposed to PAHs as these organisms are generally incapable of metabolizing
PAHs (Eisler, 1987). Drinking waster contributes only a small proportion of the average total
PAH human intake (Eisler, 1987).
Standards, Criteria and Guidelines
EPA Class B2 Carcinogen
Oral Slope Factor:
Inhal. Slope Factor:
Chronic Oral RfD:
Subchronic Oral RfD:
MCL:
AWQC (Federal):
GLWQG:
Sediment Guidelines
NYSDEC:
Ontario MOE:
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Eisler, R. 1987. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon hazards to fish, wildlife, and
invertebrates: a synoptic review. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Biol. Rep. 85(1.11). 81 pp.
GLBRCS (Great Lakes Basin Risk Characterization Study). Great Lakes National Program
Office. Page 111-35.
HSDB, 1993. National Library of Medicine, Hazardous Substance Data Bank.
'From IRIS.
•From HEAST.
L,93-839.tox	A-11
7.3 x 10° (mg/kg/day)"lf
6.1 x 10° (mg/kg/day)"le
N/A
N/A
0.0002 mg/L
Water and Organism Consumption 2.8 x 10'3 ng/L
Organism Consumption - 3.1 x 10"J |ig/L
Acute Freshwater Aquatic Life - N/A
Chronic Freshwater Aquatic Life - N/A
N/A
Human Health - 1.3 ng/gOC
Lowest Effect Level - 0.37 \iglg
Severe Effect Level - 1,440 ng/gOC
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IARC (International Agency for Research in Cancer). 1982. Chemicals, Industrial Processes
and Industries Associated with Cancer in Humans, In: IARC Monographs on the Evaluation
of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. WHO, IARC, Lyon, France. Suppl. 4.
(Cited in EPA, 1984b).
Neal, J. and R.H. Rigdon. 1967. Gastric Tumors in Mice Fed Benzo(a)pyrene: A
quantitative Study. Tex. Rep. Boil. Med., 25: 553. (Cited in EPA, 1984b).
Thyssen, J., J. Althoff, G. Kimmerle, and U. Mohr. 1981. Inhalation Studies with
Benzo(a)Pyrene in Syrion Golden Hamsters. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 66(3): 575-577. (Cited
EPA, 1984b).
EPA, 1984a. Health Effects Assessment for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. EPA 540/1-
86/013.
EPA, 1984b. Health Effects Assessment for Benzo(a)pyrene. Final Draft.
IRIS, 1993. U.S. EPA Integrated Risk Information System.
Sittig, M., 1991. Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens.
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BENZO(B)FLUORANTHENE
Background
Benzo(b)fluoranthene (B(b)F) belongs to a naturally occurring set of compounds called
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). PAHs are produced by the incomplete combustion
of organic compounds in both industrial and natural processes, and are characterized as
having more than one benzehe ring. B(b)F is a component of coal tar pitch and creosote
(Sittig, 1991). Because of the similarities among all PAHs and information on individual
compounds is scarce, the following discussions deal with PAHs as a group unless compound
specific information exists.
Use
There is no commercial production of B(b)F in the United States. B(b)F is used in chemical
research (HSDB, 1993).
Chemical and Physical Properties
Chemical Formula: C^H^
Boiling Point: N/A
Melting Point: 168°C
Molecular Weight: 252.32
Corrosivity: N/A
Specific Gravity: N/A
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient:
Control
The particle-bound portion of PAHs can be removed by sedimentation, coagulation,
flocculation and filtration processes since PAHs are bound to soil/suspended solids. PAHs
may also be removed, in conjunction with filtration, by granular activated carbon. Remaining
PAHs require oxidation for partial removal/transformation. B(b)F is a toxic pollutant
designated pursuant to section 307(a)(1) of the Clean Water Act and is subject to effluent
limitations (HSDB, 1993).
Source
It is likely that B(b)F enters Lakes Erie and Ontario in a similar manner as reported for
benzo(a)pyrene (i.e., primarily atmospheric deposition with sewer treatment plant effluent and
sludge disposal, petroleum spills, and urban runoff also contributing PAHs to the aquatic
environment).
L93-839.10X	A-13
Solubilities: 0.0012 mg/L in water.
Slightly soluble in acetone and
benzene.
Vapor Density: N/A
Vapor Pressure: 5.0 x 10'7 mm Hg
Other: N/A
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Fate and Transport
In general, PAHs are expected to exist as vapor and particulates in the atmosphere. Once in
the atmosphere, PAHs may be removed through photochemical reactions, chemical reactions,
or by wet and dry deposition. In aquatic media, PAHs are expected to volatilize, react
photochemically, and be degraded microbially. In high water and wind flow conditions,
volatilization occurs readily. In water, PAHs adsorb to organic matter and most likely fall out
of the water column into sediments (EPA, 1984).
In soils, PAHs are subject to microbial degradation and adsorption. Because of their affinity
to organic matter, PAHs are not expected to be highly mobile in soils; therefore, leaching to
ground water is not considered to be a significant fate process.
Biological Properties
Human Toxicity
There is some evidence that B(b)F has mutagenic effects on bacteria and mammalian
cells (IARC, 1982). Dermal exposure to B(b)F is known to be carcinogenic to
laboratory mice and rats (IARC, 1982; Deutsch-Wenzel et al., 1983).
Ecotoxicity
The ecotoxic effects of PAHs have not been widely studied. It appears that the effects
of PAHs on aquatic organisms are more variable than the effects on mammals. B(b)F
is listed as a potential bioaccumulative chemical of concern by the Great Lakes Water
Quality Guidance (GLWQG).
Damaging Effects
Liver tumors were observed in brown bullheads at Great Lakes sites containing heavily
contaminated sediment PAH concentrations (Eisler, 1987). However, PAH levels in fish are
generally low because they are rapidly metabolized. Therefore, upper trophic level species
including humans are unlikely to be significantly exposed to PAHs from fish consumption.
Humans (or wildlife) consuming molluscs are more likely to be exposed to PAHs as these
organisms are generally incapable of metabolizing PAHs (Eisler, 1987). Drinking water
contributes only a small proportion of the average total PAH human intake (Eisler, 1987).
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Standards, Criteria and Guidelines
EPA Class B2 Carcinogen
Oral Slope Factor:
Inhal Slope Factor:
Chronic Oral RfD:
Subchronic Oral RfD:
MCL:
AWQC (Federal):
GLWQG:
Sediment Guidelines
NYSDEC:
7.3 x 10'1 (mg/kg/day)'lh
N/A
N/A
.N/A
0.0002 mg/L
Water and Organism Consumption - 2.8 x I0"J pg/L
Organism Consumption - 3.1 x 10'1 jig/L
Acute Freshwater Aquatic Life - N/A
Chronic Freshwater Aquatic Life - N/A
N/A
Human Health - 1.3 |ig/gOC
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Deutsch-Wenzel, R., et al. 1983. Experimental studies in rat lungs on the carcinogenicity
and dose-response relationships of eight frequently occurring environmental polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons. J. Nat'I. Cancer Inst. 71 (3): 539-543. (cited in IRIS).
Eisler, R. 1987. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon hazards to fish, wildlife, and
invertebrates: a synoptic review. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Biol. Rep. 85(1.11). 81pp.
HSDB, 1993. National Library of Medicine, Hazardous Substances Data Bank.
IARC (International Agency for Research in Cancer), 1982. Chemicals, Industrial Processes
and Industries Associated with Cancer in Humans, In: IARC Monographs on the Evaluation
of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. WHO, IARC, Lyon, France. Suppl. 4.
(Cited in EPA, 1984).
EPA, 1984. Health Effects Assessment for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. EPA 540/1-
86/013.
EPA, 1993. Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS).
Sittig, M., 1991. Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens.
bValue derived by using Oral Slope Factor from IRIS for benzo(a)pyrene and applying a
Toxic Equivalency Factor (TEF) of 0.1 (communication with Marina Stefanidis, U.S. EPA
Superfund Health Risk Technical Support Section, March 5, 1992).
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BENZO(K)FLUORANTHENE
Background
Benzo(k)fIuoranthene (B(k)F) belongs to a naturally occurring set of compounds called
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). PAHs are produced by the incomplete combustion
of organic compounds in both industrial and natural processes and are characterized as having
more than one benzene ring:* Because of their similarities and the information on individual
compounds is scarce, discussions deal with PAHs as a group unless compound specific
information exists.
Use
There is no commercial use of B(k)F in the United States (HSDB, 1993).
Chemical and Physical Properties
Chemical Formula: CjoH,2
Boiling Point: 480°C at 760 mm Hg
Melting Point: 217°C
Molecular Weight: 252.32
Corrosivity: N/A
Specific Gravity: N/A
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient: 6.
Solubilities: 0.76 ppb at 25°C in water.
Soluble in alcohol, benzene,
and acetic acid
Vapor Density: N/A
Vapor Pressure: 5 x 10"7 mm Hg at 20°C
Other: N/A
(estimated)
Control
The particle-bound portion of PAHs can be removed by sedimentation, coagulation,
flocculation and filtration processes since PAHs are bound to soil/suspended solids. PAHs
may also be removed, in conjunction with filtration, by granular activated carbon. Remaining
PAHs require oxidation for partial removal/transformation. B(k)F is a toxic pollutant
designated pursuant to section 307(a)(1) of the Clean Water Act and is subject to effluent
limitations (HSDB, 1993).
Source
It is likely that B(k)F enters Lakes Erie and Ontario in a similar manner as reported for
benzo(a)pyrene (i.e., primarily through atmospheric deposition with sewer treatment plant
effluent and sludge disposal, petroleum spills, and urban runoff also contributing PAHs to the
aquatic environment).
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Fate and Transport
In general, PAHs are expected to exist as vapor and particulates in the atmosphere. Once in
the atmosphere, PAHs may be removed through photochemical reactions, chemical reactions,
or by wet and dry deposition. In aquatic media, PAHs are expected to volatilize, react
photochemically, and be degraded microbially. In high water and wind flow conditions,
volatilization occurs readily.. In water, PAHs would adsorb to organic matter and most likely
falls out of the water column into sediments (EPA, 1984).
In soils, PAHs are subject to microbial degradation and adsorption. Because of their affinity
to organic matter, PAHs are not expected to be highly mobile in soils; therefore, leaching to
ground water is not considered to be a significant fate process.
Biological Properties
Human Toxicity
B(k)F has been reported to have mutagenic effects in bacteria such as Salmonella
typhimurium (IARC, 1982).
The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has determined that there is
sufficient evidence to prove that B(k)F is carcinogenic to laboratory animals. Rats and
mice exhibited increased incidences of tumors after dermal exposure to B(k)F (IARC,
1982; Deutsch-Wenzel, et al., 1983).
Ecotoxicity
The ecotoxic effects of PAHs have not been widely studied. It appears that the effects
of PAHs on aquatic organisms are more variable than the effects on mammals. B(k)F
is listed by the Great Lakes Water Quality Guidance (GLWQG) as a potential
bioaccumulative chemical of concern.
Damaging Effects
Although liver tumors and elevated PAH body burdens were reported at Great Lakes sites
containing heavily contaminated sediment PAH concentrations (Eisler, 1987), PAH levels in
fish are generally low because they are rapidly metabolized. Therefore, upper trophic level
species, including humans, are unlikely to be significantly exposed to PAHs from fish
consumption. Humans (or wildlife) consuming molluscs are more likely to be exposed to
PAHs as these organisms are generally incapable of metabolizing PAHs (Eisler, 1987).
Drinking water contributes only a small proportion of the average total PAH human intake
(Eisler, 1987).
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Standards, Criteria and Guidelines
EPA Class B2 Carcinogen
Subchronic Oral RfD:
MCL:
AWQC (Federal):
Oral Slope Factor:
Inhal Slope Factor:
Chronic Oral RfD:
7.3 x 10'1 (mg/kg/day)*n
N/A
N/A
N/A
0.0002 mg/L
Water and Organism Consumption - 2.8 x 10'3 ng/L
Organism Consumption - 3.1 x IO'2 \xgfL
Acute Freshwater Aquatic Life - N/A
Chronic Freshwater Aquatic Life - N/A
GLWQG:
Sediment Guidelines
NYSDEC:
Ontario MOE:
Human Health - 1.3 ng/gOC
Lowest Effect Level - 0.24 pg/g
Severe Effect Level - 1,340 (ig/gOC
N/A
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Deutsch-Wenzel, R., et al., 1983. Experimental studies in rat lungs on the carcinogenicity
and dose-response relationships of eight frequently occurring environmental polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons. J. Nat'l. Cancer Inst. 71 (3): 539-543. (cited in IRIS).
Eisler, R. 1987. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon hazards to fish, wildlife, and
invertebrates: a synoptic review. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Biol. Rep. 85(1.11). 81pp.
HSDB, 1993. National Library of Medicine, Hazardous Substances Data Bank.
I ARC (International Agency for Research in Cancer). 1982. Chemicals, Industrial Processes
and Industries Associated with Cancer in Humans, In: 1ARC Monographs on the Evaluation
of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. WHO, IARC, Lyon, France. Suppl. 4
(Cited in EPA, 1984e).
EPA, 1984. Health Effects Assessment for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. EPA 540/1-
86/013.
IRIS, 1993. U.S. EPA Integrated Risk Information System.
'Value derived by using Oral Slope Factor from IRIS for benzo(a)pyrene and applying a
Toxic Equivalency Factor (TEF) of 0.1 (communication with Marina Stefanidis, U.S. EPA
Superfund Health Risk Technical Support Section, March 5, 1992).
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CHLORDANE
Use
Chlordane is a broad spectrum insecticide. It has been used extensively since the 1950s for
termite control, as an insecticide for homes and gardens, and as a control for soil insects.
The use and production volume of chlordane decreased dramatically after the issuance of a
registration suspension notice for all food crops and home and garden uses by the EPA in
1978. However, commercial use of chlordane for underground termite control was permitted
until 1988 when its registration for commercial production and use was cancelled by the EPA.
Chemical and Physical Properties
Chemical symbol: C10H6C18
Boiling Point: 175°C at 2 mm Hg
Melting Point: 107-109°C (cis),
103°-105° (trans)
Atomic Weight: 409.80
Corrosivity: N/A
Specific Gravity: 1.59 - 1.63 at 25°C
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient: 2.78-5.16
Control
Solubilities: 0.1 ppm in water at 20°-
30°C.
Vapor Density: 14
Vapor Pressure: 1 x 105 mm Hg at 25°C
Other: N/A
Chlordane is a toxic pollutant designated pursuant to section 307(a)(1) of the Clean Water Act
and is subject to effluent emissions. A primary treatment technology for removal of
chlordane from waters is granular activated carbon. Filtration prior to GAC adsorption will
remove DDT adsorbed to suspended solids. It is designated as a hazardous substance under
section 311(b)(2)(A) of the Federal/Water Pollution Control Act (HSDB, 1993).
Source
Atmospheric deposition and surface water runoff (urban areas where chlordane was formerly
used for termite control) represent the primary modes of chlordane introduction into the
aquatic environment (Eisler, 1990). Chlordane may also be released into the overlying water
column from contaminated sediments.
Fate and Transport
In outdoor air, chlordane is expected to exist in the vapor phase (ATSDR, 1990). In indoor
air, chlordane is expected to exist in vapor form and as a constituent of dust particles.
Chlordane present in water adsorbs to particles and volatilizes. The rate of volatilization is
influenced by the composition of the matrix, temperature, wind and the turbulence of the
water. Chlordane bioconcentrates in both marine and freshwater species (ATSDR, 1990). In
soil, chlordane adsorbs to organic matter and volatilizes $low!y. It does not leach
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significantly, generally remaining in the top layers of soils for as long as 20 years (ATSDR,
1990). Chlordane degrades under natural environmental conditions to photoisomers such as
photo-cis-chlordane, which are more toxic to certain species than chlordane and also show
higher bioaccumulation (IRIS, 1993).
Biological Properties
Human Toxicity • Noncarcinogenic Effects
Chlordane is considered a moderate to highly toxic substance. Ingestion of chlordane
can be fatal to humans at levels between 6 and 60 grams. Symptoms usually occur
within 45 minutes to several hours after ingestion, and include increased sensitivity to
stimuli, tremors, muscular incoordination, and convulsions (IRIS, 1993). There is also
some evidence that exposure to chlordane results in reduced fertility in male and
female animals (ATSDR, 1990).
Human Toxicity • Carcinogenic Effects
Studies by the National Cancer Institute and others indicate that long-term oral
exposure to chlordane is related to increased incidence of liver cancer (IRIS; Becker
and Sell, 1979).
Ecotoxicity
Chlordane is toxic to freshwater and saltwater aquatic life (EPA, 1980). Birds and
mammals are also adversely effected by relatively low concentrations of chlordane in
their diet (Eisler, 1990). As a result of its very hydrophobic characteristic, chlordane
tends to accumulate in aquatic biota at much greater concentrations than the
surrounding water. The Great Lakes Water Quality Guidance (GLWQG) lists
chlordane as a bioaccurnulative chemical of concern.
Damaging Effects
Due to the bioaccumulation potential of chlordane, fish may potentially accumulate
concentrations of chlordane which may be hazardous to humans consuming contaminated fish.
Although a health advisory was formerly issued to a tributary to Lake Michigan due to
elevated concentrations of chlordane (and PCB) within carp (GLWQB, 1989), health
advisories on fish consumption due to elevated chlordane levels within the Niagara River
Basin have not been reported. Levels of chlordane within forage fish have declined
significantly within Lake Erie and Lake Ontario since the 1970s (Allan et al., 1991).
Standards, Criteria, and Guidelines
EPA Class B2 Carcinogen
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Oral Slope Factor:
Inhal. Slope Factor:
Chronic Oral RfD:
Subchronic Oral RfD:
MCL:
AWQC (Federal):
GLWQG:
Sediment Guidelines
NYSDEC:
1.3 x 10° (rag/kg/day)'1'
1.3 x 10° (mg/kg/day)'lk
6.0 x 10"5 mg/kg/day1
6.0 x 10'5 mg/kg/day10
0.002 mg/1
Water and Organism Consumption 5.7 x 10"4 ng/L
Organism Consumption - 5.9 x 10"* pg/L
Acute Freshwater Life - 2.4 ng/L
Chronic Freshwater Aquatic Life - 4.3 x 10"3 |ig/L
Human Health - 2.0 x 10"4 pg/L
Aquatic Toxicity - 0.006 pg/gOC
Human Health - 8.0 x 10"8 jig/gOC
Wildlife - 0.006 pg/gOC
Ontario MOE:
Lowest Effect Level - 0.007 (ig/g
Severe Effect Level - 6.0 jjg/gOC
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Allan, RJ. et al. 1991. Toxic Chemicals in the Great Lakes and Associated Effects. Vol. 1 -
Contaminant Levels and Trends. Envir. Canada, Dept. Fish. Oceans, Health Welfare Canada.
480 pp.
ATSDR, 1990. Toxicological Profile of Chlordane. Agency for Toxic Substances and
Disease Register.
Becker, F.F, and Sell, S. 1979. Fetoprotein levels and hepatic alterations during chemical
carcinogenesis in C57BL/6N mice. Cancer Res. 39:3491-3494.
Eisler, R. 1989. Chlordane hazards to fish, wildlife, and invertebrates: a synoptic review.
U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Biol. Rep. 85(1.21). 49 pp.
EPA, 1980. Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Chlordane.
EPA, 1992. Drinking Water Regulations and Health Advisories.
jFrom IRIS.
"From IRIS.
'From IRIS.
"From HEAST.
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GLWQB (Great Lakes Water Quality Board). 1989. Report on Great Lakes Water Quality to
the International Joint Commission.
HEAST, 1992. U.S. EPA Health Effects Assessment Summary Tables.
HSDB, 1993. National Library of Medicine, Hazardous Substance Data Bank.
IRIS, 1993. U.S. EPA Integrated Risk Information System.
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CHRYSENE
Background
Chrysene belongs to a naturally occurring set of compounds called polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAHs). PAHs are produced by the incomplete combustion of organic
compounds in both industrial and natural processes and are characterized as having more than
one benzene ring. It is found in gasoline, diesel exhaust, cigarette smoke, and coal tar (Sittig,
1991). Because of the similarities among all PAHs and information on individual compounds
is scarce, the following discussions deal with PAHs as a group unless compound specific
information exists.
Use
Chrysene is used in the synthesis of organic compounds and in chemical research
(HSDB, 1993).
Chemical and Physical Properties
Chemical symbol: C^H^
Boiling Point: 484°C
Melting Point: 255-256°C
Atomic Weight: 228.28
Corrosivity: N/A
Specific Gravity: 1.274 at 20°C
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient: 5.61-5.91
Control
Solubilities: 0.0020 pg/L in water.
Soluble in hot benzene,
slightly soluble in ether,
acetone, alcohol, and carbon
disulfide.
Vapor Density: N/A
Vapor Pressure: 6.3 x 10"7 mm Hg
Other: Sublimes easily under a vacuum
The particle-bound portion of PAHs can be removed by sedimentation, coagulation,
flocculation and filtration processes since PAHs are bound to soil/suspended solids. PAHs
may also be removed, in conjunction with filtration, by granular activated carbon. Remaining
PAHs require oxidation for partial removal/transformation. Chrysene is a toxic pollutant
designated pursuant to section 307(a)(1) of the Clean Water Act and is subject to effluent
limitations (HSDB, 1993).
Source
It is likely that chrysene enters Lakes Erie and Ontario in a similar manner as reported for
benzo(a)pyrene (i.e., primarily through atmospheric deposition with sewer treatment plant
effluent and sludge disposal, petroleum spills, and urban runoff also contributing PAHs to the
aquatic environment).
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Fate and Transport
In general, PAHs are expected to exist as vapor and particulates in the atmosphere. Once in
the atmosphere, PAHs may be removed through photochemical reactions, chemical reactions,
or by wet and dry deposition. In aquatic media, PAHs are expected to volatilize, react
photochemically, and be degraded microbially. In high water and wind flow conditions,
volatilization occurs readily. In water, PAHs adsorb to organic matter and most likely fall out
of the water column into sediments (EPA, 1984).
In soils, PAHs are subject to microbial degradation and adsorption. Because of their affinity
to organic matter, PAHs are not expected to be highly mobile in soils; therefore, leaching to
ground water is not considered to be a significant fate process.
Biological Properties
Human Toxicity • Noncarcinogenic Effects
Although the toxic effects of chrysene to humans and animals have not been studied
extensively, there is some evidence that chrysene may cause damage to skin tissues in
exposed workers (Sittig, 1991). Numerous studies indicate that PAHs impact the
immune system (IARC, 1982). In addition, animal studies suggest that exposure to
chrysene may be related to embryonic and genetic aberrations (IARC, 1982).
Human Toxicity - Carcinogenic Effects
Although some studies have indicated chrysene to be weakly carcinogenic to
laboratory animals (Wislocki et al., 1986), IARC has determined that only limited
evidence of chrysene's carcinogenicity exists (IARC, 1982).
Ecotoxicity
The ecotoxic effects of PAHs have not been widely studied. It appears that the effects
of PAHs on aquatic organisms are more variable than effects on mammals. Although
PAHs exhibit a high lipid solubility, they show little tendency to biomagnify in the
food chain as most PAHs are rapidly metabolized by organisms.
Damaging Effects
Although liver tumors and elevated PAH body burdens were reported at Great Lakes sites
containing heavily contaminated sediment PAH concentrations (Eisler, 1987), PAH levels in
fish are generally low because they are rapidly metabolized. Therefore, upper trophic level
species, including humans, are unlikely to be significantly exposed to PAHs from fish
consumption. Humans (or wildlife) consuming molluscs are more likely to be exposed to
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PAHs as these organisms are generally incapable of metabolizing PAHs (Eisler, 1987).
Drinking water contributes only a small proportion of the average total PAH human intake
(Eisler, 1987).
Standards, Criteria and Guidelines
EPA Class B2 Carcinogen
Oral Slope Factor:
Inhal Slope Factor:
Chronic Oral RfD:
Chronic Inhal RfD:
Subchronic Oral RfD:
Subchronic Inhal RfD:
MCL:
AWQC (Federal):
GLWQG:
Sediment Guidelines
NYSDEC:
Ontario MOE:
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Eisler, R. 1987. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon hazards to fish, wildlife, and invertebrates:
a synoptic review. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Biol. Rep. 85(1.11). 81pp.
HSDB, 1993. National Library of Medicine, Hazardous Substances Data Bank.
1ARC (International Agency for Research in Cancer), 1982. Chemicals, Industrial Processes
and Industries Associated with Cancer in Humans, In: IARC Monographs on the Evaluation
of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. WHO, IARC, Lyon, France. Suppl. 4.
(Cited in EPA, 1984a).
Sittig, M., 1993. Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens.
7.3 x 10 2 (mg/kg/day)"lD
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
0.0002 mg/L
Water and Organism Consumption - 2.8 x 10'3 \igfL
Organism Consumption - 3.1 x 10* (ag/L
Acute Freshwater Aquatic Life - N/A
Chronic Freshwater Aquatic Life - N/A
N/A
Human Health - 1.3 jjg/gOC
Lowest Effect Level - 0.34 |jgfg
Severe Effect Level - 460 ng/gOC
"Value derived by using Oral Slope Factor for benzo(a)pyrene from IRIS and applying a
Toxic Equivalency Factor (TEF) of 0.01 (communication with Marina Stefanidis, U.S. EPA
Superfund Health Risk Technical Support Section, March 5, 1992).
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EPA, 1984. Health Effects Assessment for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. EPA 540/1-
86/013.
EPA, 1993. U.S. EPA Integrated Risk Information System.
Wislocki, P.G., et al., 1986. Tumorigenicity of nitrated derivatives of pyrene,
benzo(a)anthracene, chrysene, and benzo(a)pyrene in the newborn mouse assay.
Carcinogenesis. 7(8):1317-1322. (cited in IRIS).
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DDT
Use
In actions dated January 15, 1971 and July 7, 1972, the EPA canceled all uses of DDT
products except for the U.S. Public Health Services and other Health Service Officials for the
control of vector diseases; the USDA or military for health quarantine; and in the formulation
of prescription drugs for controlling body lice. Former uses in the United States included the
control of malaria, typhus and other insect transmitted-diseases (HSDB, 1993).
Chemical and Physical Properties
Chemical symbol: C,4H9C15
Boiling Point: 260°C
Melting Point: 108.5°C
Atomic Weight: 354.50
Corrosivity: Slightly corrosive to
iron and aluminum
Specific Gravity: 0.98 - 0.99
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient: 6.36
Solubilities: 0.01 ng/100 ml water at
27°C. Highly lipid soluble.
Vapor Density: N/A
Vapor Pressure: 1.5 x 10'7 mm Hg at 20°C
Other: N/A
Control
Activated carbon was found to be effective in achieving levels of less than 1 mg/L of DDT in
effluents from five industrial plants. It is capable of achieving removal of DDT to much
lower concentrations in surface and ground waters. Filtration prior to GAC adsorption will
remove DDT adsorbed to suspended solids. DDT is a toxic pollutant designated pursuant to
section 307(a)(1) of the Clean Water Act and is subject to effluent limitations (HSDB, 1993).
Source
Although the use of DDT has been restricted since the early 1970s, it continues to enter the
aquatic environment through atmospheric deposition and from the regional use of dicofol and
methoxychlor which contain trace amounts or photolytic products consisting of DDT and
metabolites (Allan et al., 1991). DDT and metabolites have also accumulated in bottom
sediments within some areas of Lake Ontario and Lake Erie which represents a source to the
overlying water column or benthic biota (and species that consume these benthic species).
Fate and Transport
DDT is an organic pesticide which is generally a combination of several organochlorinated
pesticides. Technical grade DDT is a mixture of DDT (1,1,1 trichloro-2,2-bis(4-
chlorophenyl)ethane), DDD (1,1 dichloro-2-(2-chlorophyenyl)-2(4-chlorophenyl)ethane, and
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DDE (1,1 dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophyenyl)ethene). The latter two compounds arc frequent
degradation products of DDT, and the three are often detected together (ICF, 1985). Since
DDT, DDD, and DDE are structurally similar, their behavior in the environment is expected
to be comparable.
DDT is known to be veiy persistent in soils. It sorbs well to organic matter and is
bioaccumulated by plants and animals (ICF, 1985). DDT does not leach rapidly and has a
residence time of over 10 years (IARC, 1975).
In aquatic media, DDT isomers are subject primarily to photolysis. Biotransformation to
bis(2-chlorophenol)methadone is usually the ultimate fate of DDT (ICF, 1985).
In the atmosphere, DDT is generally subjected to wet and dry deposition and photochemical
degradation. The atmospheric half-life of DDT is estimated to be 17 days (ICF, 1985).
Biological Properties
Human Toxicity - Noncarcinogenie Effects
Short-term effects include dizziness, skin and eye irritation, nausea, vomiting,
headache, numbness of face and extremities, and tremors. Long-term exposure effects
include skin and eye irritation. The effect of chronic exposure to humans is uncertain
based on the available literature (ACGIH, 1984). Studies in rats indicate that ingestion
of DDT causes toxic effect to the liver (Laug, et al., 1950).
There is also evidence that exposure to DDT causes decreased fertility in mice and
genetic mutations in insect and mammalian cells (EPA, 1984; McLachlan and Dixon
1972; Schmidt, 1973).
Human Toxicity • Carcinogenic Effects
Although the existing human epidemiological studies on DDT are considered
inadequate or inconclusive by EPA, several studies link higher tissue concentrations of
DDT with incidences of cancer in humans (IRIS, 1993; NCI, 1978).
Liver tumors have been linked to oral DDT exposure in numerous animal studies.
Studies also indicate that inhalation of DDT causes lung tumors in mice (IRIS, 1993).
Ecotoxicity
DDT is known to be highly toxic to most freshwater and saltwater organisms (ICF,
1985). DDT isomers are bioaccumulated by most organisms, and particularly by fish*
as a result, DDT has caused decreased reproduction and death in many species of fish.
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eating birds (ICF, 1985). DDT (and the metabolites DDD and DDE) are listed as
bioaccumulative chemicals of concern by the Great Lakes Water Quality Guidance
(GLWQG).
Damaging Effects
DDT and its metabolites biomagnify within the food chain. DDT generally accumulates at
highest concentrations in fish species that have a high proportion of body fat and are
long-lived top predators {e.g., trout and salmon). Therefore, fish consumption by humans
(and wildlife) may present a hazard. A significant decline in the Great Lakes cormorant
population, which occurred in the 1960s and mid 1970s, was attributed to DDE-induced
eggshell thinning. The Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement (GLWQA) identified a whole
fish concentration limit of 1.0 ppm DDT (and metabolites) as an objective. This objective
has been exceeded in Lake Ontario as recently as 1986. However, fish and wildlife
concentrations of DDT (and metabolites) have decreased significantly from levels observed in
the 1970s and have equilibrated to levels near the GLWQA objective (Allan et al., 1991).
Standards, Criteria and Guidelines
EPA Class B2 Carcinogen
Oral Slope Factor:
Inhalation Slope Factor:
Chronic Oral RfD:
Subchronic Oral RfD:
MCL:
AWQC (Federal):
GLWQG:
3.4 x 10"1 (mg/kg/day)'10
3.4 x 10'1 (mg/kg/day)'Ip
5.0 x 10"4 mg/kg/dayq
5.0 x 10"4 mg/kg/da/
N/A
Water and Organism Consumption - 5.9 x 10"4 jjg/L
Organism Consumption - 5.9 x 10"4 ng/L
Acute Freshwater Aquatic Life -1.1 ng/L
Chronic Freshwater Aquatic Life - 1.0 x 10"3 ng/L
Human Health - 7.0 x 10 s pg/L
Wildlife - 8.7 x 10'7 ng/L
°From IRIS.
pFrom IRIS. Inhalation Slope Factor = Inhalation Unit Risk x Conversion Factor
Inhalation Unit Risk = 9.7 x 10"5 mVjig
Conversion Factor = 3.5 x 10+s
"•From IRIS.
Trom HEAST.
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Sediment Guidelines
NYSDEC:	Aquatic Toxicity - £ 50 jig/gOC
Human Health - 0.01 pg/gOC
Wildlife - 1.0 jig/gOC
Ontario MOE: Lowest Effect Level - 0.007 \ig/g
Severe Effect Level - 12.0 jig/gOC
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ACGIH, 1984. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Documentation
of the Threshold Limit Values.
Allan, R.J. et al. 1991. Toxic Chemicals in the Great Lakes and Associated Effects. Vol. I-
Contaminant Levels and Trends. Environment Canada, Dept. Fisheries and Oceans, Health
and Welfare Canada. 488 pp.
EPA, 1984. Health Effects Assessment for DDT. EPA 540/1-86/026.
EPA, 1986. Quality Criteria for Water EPA 440/5-86-001.
EPA, 1992. Health Effects Assessment Summary Tables (HEAST).
EPA, 1993. Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS).
HSDB, 1993. National Library of Medicine, Hazardous Substances Data Bank.
ICF, 1985, Chemical, Physical and Biological Properties of Compounds Present at Hazardous
Waste Sites. Clement Associates.
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). 1975. IARC Monographs. Volume 5.
Laug, E.P., A.A. Nelson, O.G. Fitzhugh and F.M. Kunze. 1950. Liver Cell Alteration and
DDT Storage in the Fat of the Rat Induced by Dietary Levels of 1-50 ppm DDT. J.
Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 98:268-273. (Cited in EPA, 1984).
McLachlan, J.A. and R.L. Dixon, 1972. Gonadel Function in Mice Exposed prenatalty to pp.
DDT. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 22:327 (Cited in EPA, 1984).
Schmidt, R. 1973. Effect of DDT on prenatal development of the mouse (under consideration
of Distribution of Tritium • Labelled and Carbon -14 - labelled DDT in Pregnant Mice).
Biol. Rundsch. 11:316-317. (Cited in EPA, 1984).
Sittig, M. 1991. Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens.
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DIELDRIN
Use
Prior to 1974, dieldrin was a broad spectrum insecticide used primarily in the control of com
pests. In 1974, EPA restricted its use under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and
Rodenticide Act to termite co'ntrol by direct soil injection and non-food seed and plant
treatment. Dieldrin is also used in the wool processing industry (HSDB, 1993).
Chemical and Physical Properties
Chemical Formula: cI2h8ci6o
Boiling Point: N/A
Melting Point: 175-176°C
Molecular Weight: 380.93
Corrosivity: N/A
Specific Gravity: 1.75
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficients: 3.87
Solubilities: 186 pg/L of water at 25°C
Insoluble in methanol and
aliphatic hydrocarbons
Vapor Density: 13.2
Vapor Pressure: 7.78 x 10"7 mm Hg at 25°C
Other: N/A
Control
Activated carbon was found to be effective in achieving levels lower than 1 mg/L of dieldrin
in effluents from five industrial plants. It is capable of achieving removal of dieldrin to much
lower concentrations in surface and ground waters. Filtration prior to GAC adsorption will
remove dieldrin adsorbed to suspended solids. Dieldrin is a toxic pollutant designated
pursuant to section 307(a)(1) of the Clean Water Act and is subject to effluent limitations
(HSDB, 1993).
Source
Die) Mn inputs into Lakes Erie and Ontario are primarily from atmospheric deposition or
resuspension of contaminated sediments (Allan et al., 1991).
Fate and Transport
Dieldrin is a common degradation product of the insecticide aldrin in all aerobic and
biologically active soils. Dieldrin sorbs tightly to soils, and therefore volatilizes slowly.
ATSDR (1989) reports that several studies indicate that microbial degradation in soils is
probably a minor fate process for dieldrin. Although several studies report that movement of
dieldrin in waterborne sediments is a major fate process, leaching is minimal (ATSDR, 1989).
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Glotfelt (1978) reports that evidence supports the view that much of dieldrin used in
agriculture reaches the atmosphere. Baldwin et al. (1977), however, states that atmospheric
degradation probably prevents significant accumulation of dieldrin in the air.
In aquatic systems, the presence of dieldrin in ground water is rare. In fact, Spalding et al..
(1980) and Richard et al. (1975) detected no dieldrin in ground water samples. ATSDR
(1989) reports that the lack of leaching of dieldrin from soils may explain its absence from
ground water. However, sirfall amounts of dieldrin have been detected in surface waters
(Richard et al., 1975; Hindin et al., 1964), suggesting the potential for surface runoff of
dieldrin from soils (ATSDR, 1989). Dieldrin is converted to photodieldrin, a stereoisomer,
upon exposure to sunlight. It is unlikely, however, that photodieldrin occurs widely in the
environment (ATSDR, 1989). Volatilization of dieldrin from water is slow. Mackay and
Leinonen (1975) report that evaporation of dieldrin from a one-meter column of 25°C water
had a half-life of 539 days.
ATSDR (1989) reports that bioaccumulation and biomagnification are significant fate
processes in the environment. In a study by Metcalf et al. (1973), biomagnification of
dieldrin was 5,957 in fish and 11,149 in snails.
Biological Properties
Human Toxicity • Nortcarcinogenic Effects
Laboratory studies indicate that chronic oral exposure to dieldrin may impact the liver
affect the developing fetus, and produce genetic mutations in mammals (ATSDR,
1989, EPA 1987).
Numerous studies in mice reported have shown that long-term oral exposure to
dieldrin caused increased incidences of liver cancer (IRIS, 1993). Significant increases
in the incidence of tumors in the lungs and lymphatic system have also been reported
in mice (Walker et al. 1972).
Ecotoxicity
The acute toxicity of dieldrin has been evaluated for freshwater species in all major
functional and taxonomic classifications. Bioconcentration factors cover a wide range
in freshwater systems. Yearling lake trout which may not have reached steady state
had a bioconcentration factor of 68,286; EPA (1980) reports that this value may be
even higher in older, larger lake trout, Dieldrin is listed as a bioaccumuJativc
chemical of concern by the Great Lakes Water Quality Guidance (GLWQG).
Freshwater plants appear to be more resistant to dieldrin than freshwater animals.
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Damaging Effects
As a result of the high bioaccumulation potential of dieldrin, consumers of contaminated fish
(humans and piscivorous wildlife) may be exposed to dieldrin. Body burden concentrations
of dieldrin within fish have generally been below the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement
(GLWQA) objective of 0.3 ppm although dieldrin levels have not declined as rapidly as other
organochlorines (Allan et al.,' 1991). Dieldrin levels within herring gull eggs have fluctuated
within Lake Erie, Lake Ontario, and Niagara River since 1980 which suggests that inputs of
dieldrin may still be occurring (Allan et al., 1991).
Standards, Criteria, and Guidelines
EPA Class B2 Carcinogen
Oral Slope Factor:
Inhalation Slope Factor:
Chronic Oral RfD:
Subchronic Oral RfD:
MCL:
AWQC (Federal):
GLWQG:
Sediment Guidelines
NYSDEC:
Ontario MOE:
BIBLIOGRAPHY
'From IRIS.
'From IRIS. Inhalation Slope Factor = Inhalation Unit Risk x Conversion Factor
Inhalation Unit Risk = 4.6 x 10'3 m3/|ig
Conversion Factor = 3.5 x 10+3
"From IRIS.
vFrom HEAST.
L93-839.tox	A-33
1.61 x 101 (mg/kg/day)"1'
1.61 x 10'1 (mg/kg/day)'11
5 x 10'5 mg/kg/dayu
5 x 10"5 mg/kg/dayv
N/A
Water and Organism Consumption - 1.4 x 10"4 |ig/L
Organism Consumption - 1.4 x 10"* jig/L
Acute Freshwater Aquatic Life - 2.5 |ig/L
Chronic Freshwater Aquatic Life - 1.9 x 10'3 pg/L
Human Health - 1.0 x 10"4 fig/L
Chronic Aquatic Life - 5.6 x 10'2 ng/L
Aquatic Toxicity - 19.5 pg/gOC
Human Health - 0.13 (ig/gOC
Lowest Effect Level - 0.002 fig/g
Severe Effect Level - 91 |ig/gOC
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Allan, R.J. et al. 1991. Toxic Chemicals in the Great Lakes and Associated Effects. Vol. I-
Contaminant Levels and Trends. Environment Canada, Dept. Fisheries and Oceans, Health
and Welfare Canada. 488 pp.
ATSDR, 1989. Topological Profile for Aldrin/Dieldrin, Agency for Toxic Substances and
Disease Registry.
Baldwin, M.K., et al. 1977.* The concentrations of aldrin and dieldrin and their
photoisomers in the atmosphere. Pestic. Sci. 8:431-445. (cited in ATSDR).
Hindin, E., et al. 1964. Collection and analysis of synthetic organic pesticides from surface
and ground water. Residue Rev. 7:130-156 (cited in ATSDR, 1989).
HSDB, 1993. National Library of Medicine, Hazardous Substances Data Bank.
Metcalf, R.L., et al. 1973. Model ecosystem studies of environmental fate of six
organochlorine pesticides. Environ. Health Perspec. 4:35-44. (cited in ATSDR).
Richard, J.J., et al. 1975. Analysis of various Iowa waters for selected pesticides: atrazine,
DDE, and dieldrin - 1974. Pestic. Monit. J. 9:117-123. (cited in ATSDR).
Spalding, R.F., et al. 1980. Pesticides in ground water beneath irrigated farmland in
Nebraska, August 1978. Pestic. Monit. J. 4:560-566. (cited in ATSDR).
EPA, 1980. Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Aldrin/Dieldrin.
EPA, 1987. Dieldrin: Health Advisory. Office of Drinking Water, Wash., D.C. (cited in
IRIS).
Glotfelt, D.E., 1978. The atmosphere as a site for applied pesticides. J. Air Pollut. Control
Assoc. 28:817-821 (cited in ATSDR, 1989).
Mackay, D. and P.J. Leinonen, 1975. Rate of evaporation of low-solubility contaminants
from water bodies to atmosphere. Environ. Sci. Technol. 9:1178-1180 (cited in ATSDR,
1989).
HEAST, 1992. U.S. EPA Health Effects Assessment Summary Tables.
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IRIS, 1993. U.S. EPA Integrated Risk Information System.
Walker, A.J.T., et al. 1972. The toxicology of dieldrin (HEOD). /. Long-term oral toxicity
studies in mice. Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 11:415-432. (cited in IRIS).
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2,3/7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZODIOXIN (TCDD)
Background
Chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans constitute a family of 210 structurally
related chemical compounds. During the late 1970s and early 1980s, EPA's focus regarding
dioxins/furans was solely on 2,3,7,8-TCDD, which is produced as a low-level by-product in
the manufacture of certain Herbicides. More recently, however, EPA has found many cases
where the concentrations of the other 209 dioxins/furans greatly exceed those of
2,3,7,8-TCDD. Much less is known about the toxicity of these compounds.
TCDD is formed during the manufacturing of chlorophenols (Sittig, 1991). There is no
commercial use of TCDD in the United States. TCDD is used in chemical research (HSDB
1993).
Chemical and Physical/Properties
Specific Gravity: N/A
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient: 7.02
Control
TCDD is a toxic pollutant designated pursuant to Section 307(a)(1) of the Clean Water Act
and is subject to effluent limitations. However, TCDD is not normally found in water due to
it's low solubility and adsorbance to soils. Control is usually through stack emissions control
devices such as scrubbers or electrostatic precipitators.
The Driraary sources of TCDD to the Great Lakes arc atmospheric deposition from industrial
and municipal combustion of waste containing chlorinated organic contaminants (Allan et ah,
1991) and from effluent from municipal treatment plants and the pulp and paper industry
(GLWQB 1989). Historical manufacturing of chlorophenol on the Niagara River represented
an important source of TCDD to Lake Ontario (Allan et «L, 1991).
Use
Chemical Formula: Ci2H4Cl40;
Boiling Point: N/A
Melting Point: 305-306°C
Molecular Weight: 322
Corrosivity: N/A
I2rl4^14v/i
Solubilities: 0.2 pg/L in water
1.4 g/L in dichlorobenzene
Vapor Densily: N/A
Vapor Pressure: 7.4 x 10"10 mm Hg at 25°C
Other: N/A
Source
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Fate and Transport
The majority of atmospheric TCDD is probably particulate-bound. The likely fate for
particulate-bound TCDD in air is photolysis followed by removal by wet or diy deposition,
with ultimate fate in surface soils (EPA, 1984). The half-Life of particulate-bound
atmospheric TCDD is probably a few days, long enough for transport over considerable
distances (ATSDR, 1989).
Due to its low solubility, TCDD does not often appear in water samples except at low levels
in surface water samples, where it is bound to suspended material. Some photolysis or
vaporization may occur. The half-life of aquatic TCDD is greater than one year. The
ultimate sink for TCDD is in sediments (ATSDR, 1989).
Vaporization and photodegradation are likely processes for TCDD in soils. The half-life in
surface soils is one to three years, while for deeper soil levels the half-life increases to 10 to
12 years (ATSDR, 1989). TCDD is immobile in most soils but may move horizontally in
runoff water during flooding. Minimal movement may occur in soil with low organic content
(EPA, 1984).
TCDD can bioaccumulate in the fatty tissues of fish and mammals. It has also been found in
rice grown with phenolic herbicides and in the fat of animals that graze on pastures treated
with these herbicides (EPA, 1985a).
Biological Properties
Human Toxicity - Noncarcinogenic Effects
There is no evidence of death in humans as a result of oral or dermal exposure to
TCDD. Sensitivity to TCDD seems to vary greatly among species. The only
definitively identified effect of TCDD in humans is the condition chloracne, which
results in persistent, deforming face and upper-body lesions (ATSDR, 1989).
Studies of guinea pigs, rats, monkeys, pigs and rabbits indicates that TCDD causes
liver damage and, at high levels, death. Animal studies also indicate that oral
exposure to TCDD may cause fetal death and birth defects. TCDD has also been
shown to result in the wasting syndrome (progressive weight loss and degeneration)
and decreased immunity in many species (ATSDR, 1989).
Human-Toxicity - Carcinogenic Effects
There is limited evidence that exposure to TCDD-rc!ated chemicals increase the risk of
some soft-tissue sarcomas (EPA, 1985b, 1988b).
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Ecotoxicity
Due to its long half-life, low solubility in water, and high lipophilicity, TCDD is
expected to bioaccumulate in fatty animal tissues. TCDD is listed as a
bioaccumulative chemical of concern (BCC) in the Great Lakes Water Quality
Guidance (GLWQG). Acute toxicity results to some forms of aquatic life at relatively
low concentrations of TCDD (Eisler, 1986).
Damaging Effects
TCDD can bioaccumulate within fish at concentrations that represent a potential hazard to
humans and piscivorous wildlife that consume contaminated fish. The highest levels of
TCDD in the Great Lakes were reported in fish collected from Lake Ontario where TCDD
concentrations have fluctuated since 1979. TCDD concentrations in Lake Ontario, Lake Erie
and Niagara River herring gull eggs generally declined in the early 1980s, but continue to
fluctuate.
Standards, Criteria and Guidelines
EPA Class B2 Carcinogen
Oral Slope Factor:
Inhal. Slope Factor:
Chronic Oral RfD:
Subchronic Oral RfD:
MCL:
AWQC (Federal):
GLWQG:
Sediment Guidelines
NYSDEC:
1.5 x 10+s (mg/kg/day)",w
1.5 x 10+5 (mg/kg/day)'1*
N/A
N/A
3 x 10'8 mg/L
Water and Organism Consumption 1.3 x 10"8 pg/L
Organism Consumption 1.4 x 10'8 pg/L
Acute Freshwater Aquatic Life - <0.01 pg/L
Chronic Freshwater Aquatic Life 0 <0.00001 pg/L
Wildlife - 9.6 x 10"9 pg/L
Human Health - 1.0 x 10 s pg/L
Aquatic Toxicity - < 10 pg/gOC
Human Health - 2.0 x 10"6 pg/gOC
Wildlife - 0.0002 pg/gOC
"From HEAST.
"From HEAST.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Allan, R.J,, ct al. 1991. Toxic Chemicals in the Great Lakes and Associated Effects. Vol. I-
Contaminant Levels and Trends. Environment Canada, Dept. Fisheries and Oceans, Health
and Welfare Canada. 488 pp.
ATSDR, 1989. Toxica logical Profile for 2^,7,8-TCDD, Agency for Toxic Substance and
Disease Registry.
Eisler, R. 1986. Dioxin hazards to fish, wildlife, and invertebrates: a synoptic review. U.S.
Fish Wildl. Serv. Biol. Rep. 85(1.8). 37 pp.
GLWQB (Great Lakes Water Quality Board). 1989. Report on Great Lakes Water Quality to
the International Joint Commission.
EPA, 1984. Health Effects Assessment for 2,3,7,8-TCDD.
EPA, 1985a. Office of Drinking Water Health Advisory for 2J,7,8-TCDD.
EPA, 1985b. Health Assessment Document for Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins.
EPA, 1988. A Cancer Risk-Specific Dose Estimate for 2,3,7,8-TCDD.
HEAST, 1992. U.S. EPA Health Effects Assessment Summary Tables.
HSDB, 1993. National Library of Medicine, Hazardous Substance Data Bank.
IRIS, 1993. U.S. EPA Integrated Risk Information System.
Sittig, M., 1991. Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens.
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HEXACHLOROBENZENE
Use
Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) is used as an additive to pyrotechnic compounds for military uses
a porosity controller in the manufacture of electrodes, an intermediate in dye manufacture, in
inorganic synthesis, and as a wood preservative (Sittig, 1991).
Chemical and Physical Properties
Chemical symbol: QCl*
Boiling Point: 323-326°C
Melting Point: 231°C
Atomic Weight: 284.80
Corrosivity: N/A
Specific Gravity: 1.5691 at 23.6°C
OctanolAVater Partition Coefficient: 5.31
Solubilities: 0.035 ppm in water. Soluble in
benzene, chloroform, ether, carbon
disulfide.
Vapor Density: 9.83
Vapor Pressure: 1.09 x 10 s mm Hg at 20°C
Other: Sublimes at 322°C
Control
A primary treatment technology for HCB is GAC. Air stripping is also effective. HCB was
removed at a rate of 96 percent from the effluent of four industrial plants using a biologic
wastewater treatment process that included accumulation of the compound in activated sludge
in aeration and decantation tanks. HCB adsorbed to suspended solids may be removed by
filtration. HCB is covered under a Federal action (40 CFR 60.489) which sets standards of
performance for equipment leaks of volatile organic compounds in the synthetic organic
chemical manufacturing industry (SOCMI). The intent of these standards is to require all
newly constructed, modified, and reconstructed SOCMI process units to use the best
demonstrated system of continuous emission reduction for equipment leaks of VOCs,
considering cost, air quality, health and environmental impact, and energy requirements
(HSDB, 1993).
Source
HCB is introduced to aquatic environment through atmospheric deposition originating from
industrial and municipal (sewer treatment plants) sources and through disposal of treatment
plant sludge (GLWaB, 1989). HCB has also accumulated in bottom sediments within areas
of Lake Erie and Lake Ontario (GLBRCS).
Fate and Transport
HCB is very persistent in the environment. Because of its low solubility, HCB is not
expected to move through soil, and because of its high specific gravity, it is not likely to
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travel with ground water. The primary fate of HCB is temporary sorption to organic material
in soils and sediments. Since its binding to organic material is not permanent, low levels of
HCB will be released in the surrounding media. Organisms bioaccumul&te HCB, but it is
unclear whether biomagnification occurs in the food chain (ICF, 1985).
HCB degrades in the environment very slowly. The two possible degradation routes are
photolysis and biodegradation by soil and aquatic organisms (ICF, 1985).
Biological Properties
Human Toxicity ¦ Noncarcinogenic Effects
Ingestion of high doses of HCB may result in loss of muscle control, loss of sensory
perception, convulsions, and coma. Inhalation of large doses of HCB may result in
coughing and shortness of breath. HCB may also cause irritation to the skin and eyes
(Sittig, 1991).
In an epidemic of HCB poisoning in Turkey, the individuals affected displayed severe
skin manifestations including photosensitivity, increased pigmentation, deep scarring,
permanent increase in body hair, and atrophy of the skin (ICF, 1985). Breast-fed
infants were particularly affected and exhibited a mortality rate of 95 percent
(ICF, 1985).
Animal studies suggest that HCB is related to adverse effects on reproduction in
mammals (ICF, 1985).
Human Toxicity • Carcinogenic Effects
Ingestion of hexachlorobenzene has been shown to cause tumors in the liver, thyroid
and kidney in three rodent species (IRIS, 1993).
Ecotoxicity
Birds and mink fed HCB in their diets exhibited liver and kidney damage and
reproductive effects including decreased egg size, less frequent hatching, increased
stillbirth, increased fetal mortality and decreased postnatal growth. HCB tends to
bioaccumulate in aquatic biota at concentrations considerably greater than the
surrounding water. The Great Lakes Water Quality Guidance (GLWQG) identifies
HCB as a bioaccumulative chemical of concern.
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Damaging Effects
Potential carcinogenic human health effects are possible due to exposure to
hexachlorobenzene through contaminated drinking water. HCB has the potential to
bioaccumulate within fish at concentrations that present a hazard to people and piscivorous
wildlife. Although data on fish HCB body burdens arc incomplete, an apparent decline in
HCB fish levels has occurred from the late 1970s to mid-1980s. Herring gull eggs have also
shown a significant decline in HCB concentrations in Lake Erie, Lake Ontario, and the
Niagara River from the mid-1970s to 1986 where they have since leveled off (Allan et al
1991).
Standards, Criteria and Guidelines
EPA Class B2 Carcinogen
Oral Slope Factor:
Inhal Slope Factor:
Chronic Oral RfD:
Subchronic Oral RfD:
MCL:
AWQC (Federal):
GLWQG:
Sediment Guidelines
NYSDEC:
1.6 x 10ft (mg/kg/day)",y
N/A
8.0 x 10"4 (mg/kg/day f
N/A
0.001 mg/L
Water and Fish Consumption - 7.5 x 10"4 pg/L
Fish Consumption - 7.7 x 10"4 jig/L
Acute Freshwater Aquatic Life - N/A
Chronic Freshwater Aquatic Life - N/A
Human Health - 1.0 x 10"4 |ig/L
Aquatic Toxicity - < 7,568 pg/gOC
Human Health - 0.15 ng/gOC
Wildlife - 12.0 ng/gOC
BIPUOGRAPHY
Allan, R.J., et al. 1991. Toxic chemicals in the Great Lakes and associated effects.
Vol. I-Contaminant levels and trends. Environ. Canada, Dept. Fish. Oceans, Health Welfare,
Canada. 488 pp.
Sittig, Marshall. 1991. Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals. Noyes Publications,
Park Ridge, New Jersey.
"From IRIS.
'From IRIS.
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Clement Associates, Inc. (ICF). 1985. Chemical, Physical and Biological Properties of
Compounds Present at Hazardous Waste Sites. Arlington, Virginia.
GLBRCS (Great Lakes Basin Risk Characterization Study). Great Lakes National Program
Office.
GLWQB (Great Lakes Water Quality Board). 1989. Report on Great Lakes Water Quality to
the International Joint Commission. 128 pp.
HSDB, 1993. National Library of Medicine, Hazardous Substances Data Bank.
IRIS, 1993. U.S. EPA Integrated Risk Information System.
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LEAD
Use
Lead is used in the manufacture of tank linings, piping and equipment for handling corrosive
gases and liquids. It is a component in the manufacture of sulfuric acid, in petroleum refining
and in halogenation, sulfonation, extraction and condensation processes. Lead is also used for
atomic radiation protection,'in metallurgy, in batteries, and in the manufacture of pigments for
paint, organic and inorganic lead compounds, ceramics, plastics, and electronic devices
(HSDB, 1993).
Chemical and Physical Properties
Chemical Symbol: Pb
Boiling Point: 1740°C
Melting Point: 327.4°C
Atomic Weight: 207.19
Corrosivity: N/A
Specific Gravity. 11.34 at 20°C
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient: N/A
Solubilities: Insoluble in hot or cold water.
Soluble in nitric acid and hot
concentrated sulfuric acid.
Vapor Density: N/A
Vapor Pressure: 1.77 mm Hg at 1000°C
Other: Very soft and malleable.
Control
Water spills can be neutralized with agricultural lime (CaO), crushed limestone (CaC03), or
sodium bicarbonate (NaHC03). Inorganic lead in wastewaters can be effectively treated by
coagulation with ferric and ferrous sulfate. Solid lead and lead oxide can be recovered
following sedimentation in a holding basin (Patterson, 1985). Precipitation processes that
include hydroxide, lime and/or sulfide treatment are the preferred methods for removing toxic
heavy metals such as lead from electroplating waters. Adsorption using activated carbon,
activated aluminum and iron fillings have shown potential for treating aqueous metal-bearing
wastes. Waste reduction and recovery techniques for metal-bearing hazardous streams include
evaporation, ion-exchange, reverse-osmosis, electrodialysis and electrolytic recovery (Grosse
1986).
Source
It is estimated that 46 percent of the lead loading into Lake Erie is from atmospheric
deposition (39 percent and seven percent from direct and indirect sources) while an estimated
73 percent direct of the lead input into Lake Ontario is from atmospheric deposition (50
percent and 23 percent attributed to direct and indirect sources, respectively) (GLBRCS).
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Other significant sources of lead include municipal effluent and sludge disposal (GLBRCS).
Lead has also accumulated within bottom sediments at some locations in Lakes Erie and
Ontario.
Fate and Transport
Lead is a heavy metal that exists in three oxidation states (0, +2, and 44). In addition to their
natural occurrence, lead and its compounds may enter and contaminate the environment at any
stage during mining, smelting, processing, and use. Lead is artificially introduced into the
environment primarily through the combustion of lead-containing fossil fuels and from lead
mining operations (EPA, 1984). Photolysis of lead fumes occurs readily (ICF, 1985) and
therefore fumes that are present around gas stations and in heavily travelled areas are not a
significant avenue of contamination. Particulate lead, carried in the atmosphere, is removed
by either wet or dry deposition. Rainfall is not as significant in the deposition of lead
particles as would be expected (EPA, 1984).
The transport of lead in ground water and surface water is highly variable based on its
oxidation state. In polluted waters, organic complexation of lead is the primary factor in the
determination of toxicity. Lead is adsorbed strongly to organic materials in soils but is not
easily absorbed by living plants (EPA, 1984).
Biological Properties
Human Toxicity - Noncarcinogenic
The majority of the studies concerned with the effects of lead exposure in humans are
based on blood lead levels, not ambient lead levels (EPA, 1984). Decreased
hemoglobin production is seen at low blood lead levels in children. Chronic exposure
to lead may affect the heart (EPA, 1984). In high doses, lead compounds have been
used to induce abortions. Oliver (1911) noted that the miscarriage rate among British
women occupationally exposed to lead was elevated. Several other studies have
reported that increases in spontaneous abortions, premature delivery, and early
membrane rupture have been associated with lead exposure. In addition, there is some
evidence that lead has mutagenic effects (IRIS, 1993). Studies for which sufficient
data is available are consistent in identifying a link between low-level lead exposure
during early development and later neurvobehaviorial performance. These studies also
point to the prenatal period of exposure as the most critical, although postnatal
exposures may still be important and even override the effect of prenatal conditions
under some conditions (ATSDR, 1988). Davis and Suendsgaavd (1987) have
concluded that the duration of gestation and biota weight is affected by exposure to
lead during pregnancy. Recent studies indicate that delays in developmental
milestones (e.g., walking or speaking) are related to lead blood levels in children
(Schwartz and Otto, 1987).
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Human Toxicity - Carcinogenic Effects
Laboratory studies in rats indicate that long-term oral exposure to lead increases the
incidence of kidney tumors (EPA, 1984; IRIS, 1993).
Ecotoxicity
Lead is toxic to all phyla of freshwater and saltwater aquatic life (Eisler, 1988). Acute
and chronic toxicity studies of lead in freshwater organisms indicate that soft water
increases sensitivity to lead toxicity. Organic lead compounds are generally more
toxic than inorganic lead with early life stages of organisms being the most
susceptible. Although lead is bioaccumulated with increasing age of a species,
biomagnification of lead is negligible (Eisler, 1988).
Damaging Effects
Lead may bioaccumulate within aquatic organisms at concentrations which present a hazard to
wildlife species. Concentrations were much higher within Lake Ontario forage fish (e.g.
perch and smelt) than in top predators (e.g. trout) as biomagnification of lead within the food
chain does not occur (Allan et al., 1991). Levels of lead reported in Lake Erie and Lake
Ontario fish are generally below guidelines reported in Eisler (1988).
Standards, Criteria and Guidelines
EPA Class B2 Carcinogen
Oral Slope Factor:
Inhalation Slope Factor:
Chronic Oral RfD:
Subchronic Oral RfD:
MCL:
AWQC (Federal):
GLWQG:
Sediment Guidelines
Ontario MOE:
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Action Level: 0.015 mg/L
Water and Organism Consumption - N/A
Organism Consumption - N/A
Acute Freshwater Aquatic Life - 82 jjg/L (based on water
hardness of 100 (ig/L)
Chronic Freshwater Aquatic Life - 3.2 ng/L (based on water
hardness of 100 ng/L)
N/A
Lowest Effect Level - 31 \igfg
Severe Effect Level - 250 |ig/g
CDC blood lead level (child):
10-14 pg/L
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
ATSDR, 1988. The Nature and Extent of Lead Poisoning in Children in the United States:
A Report to Congress, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Register, July 1988.
Davis, J.M.; Svendsgaavd, D.J., 1987. Low-level exposure and child development. Nature
(London) 329: 297-300.
Eisler, R. 1988. Lead hazards to fish, wildlife and invertebrates: a synoptic review. U.S.
Fish Wildl. Serv. Biol. Rep. 85(1.14). 134 pp.
EPA. 1984. Health Effects Assessment for Lead, EPA 540/1-86/055.
EPA. 1992. Health Effects Assessment Summary Tables (HEAST). FY) 992.
GLBRCS (Great Lakes Basin Risk Characterization Study). Great Lakes National Program
Office. Pagein-35.
Grosse, D.W., 19S6. J 2th Annual Research Symposium on Land Disposal, Remedial Action,
Incineration and Treatment of Hazardous Wastes. (Cited in HSDB).
HSDB, 1993. National Library of Medicine, Hazardous Substances Data Bank.
1CF, 1985. Chemical, Physical and Biological Properties of Compounds Present at
Hazardous Waste Sites. Clement Associates, Inc.
IRIS, 1993. U.S. EPA Integrated Risk Information System.
Oliver, T.r 1911. Lead Poisoning and the Race. Br. Med\ J. I: 1096-1098. (Cited in EPA,
1984.
Patterson, J.W., 1985. Industrial Wastewater Treatment Technology, 2nd Edition, p. 75.
(Cited in HSDB).
Schwartz, J.; Otto, D.A., 1987. Blood lead, heaving threshold, and neurvobehavioral
development in children and youth. Arch. Environ. Health. 42: 153-160.
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MERCURY
Use
Mercury is used in thermometers, batteries, mercury arc lamps, switches, and electronic
devices. It is used in the manufacture of mercury salts, mirrors, electric rectifiers, and
plastics. Mercury is also used in pharmaceuticals, agricultural fungicides, and paints (HSDB
1993).
Chemical and Physical Properties
Chemical Symbol: Hg
Boiling Point: 356.72°C
Melting Point: -38.87°C
Atomic Weight: 200.59
Corrosivity: highly corrosive to
other metals.
Specific Gravity: 13.534 at 25°C
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient: N/A
Control
Mercury is a toxic pollutant designated pursuant to Section 307 (a)(1) of the Clean Water Act
and is subject to effluent limitations. Mercury removal from wastewater can be accomplished
by the BMS process and the TMR IMAC process. The BMS process includes the following
measures: chlorine is added to the wastewater, oxidizing mercury to the ionic state. The
BMS absorbent, an activated carbon concentrate of sulfur compound on its surface, is used to
collect the ionic mercury. The spent adsorbent is then distilled to recover the mercury,
leaving a carbon residue for reuse or disposal. The TMR IMAC process includes the
following steps: Wastewater is fed into a reactor, where an excess of chlorine is maintained
oxidizing mercury to the ionic state. The liquid is then passed through the TMR IMAC ion'
exchange resin where mercury ions are adsorbed. The mercury is then stripped from the
spent resin with hydrochloric acid solution (Environment Canada, 1982). Chemical
coagulation and lime softening may also remove up to 90 percent of mercury in water.
Inorganic mercury may also be removed by ferric sulfate coagulation followed by
precipitation and filtration. Mercury may also be removed from water by granular activated
carbon absorption at low pH.
Source
Principal historical sources of mercury have included paper mills and chlor-alkali plants.
Atmospheric deposition resulting from the burning of municipal sludge/refuse (Glass et al.,
L93-839.tox	A-48
Solubilities: 0.28 micromoles/L water at 25°C
Soluble in nitric acid and to some
extent in lipids.
Vapor Density: N/A
Vapor Pressure: 2 x 10 ' mm Hg at 25°C
Other: N/A
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1990) and fossil fuels (primarily coal) and to a lesser degree from mining and smelting
operations is now thought to be a significant source of mercury to aquatic systems. Mercury
has also umulated within sediments at some locations within Lakes Erie and Ontario.
These contaminated sediments also represent a source of mercury to the environment
(GLBRCS).
Fate and Transport
Mercury is expected to be present in the atmosphere primarily as Hg(0) from electrical
industries and from the burning of fossil fuels. Elemental mercury, several inorganic species,
and dimethyl mercury can volatilize to the atmosphere when released to surface waters and
soils (ICF, 1985). Once released to the atmosphere, mercury is removed primarily by
precipitation (EPA, 1984), but certain compounds can also be photolyzed (ICF, 1985).
In aquatic environments, mercury readily adsorbs to organic matter. In waters with high
organic content, sedimentation and subsequent bioaccumulation are likely to occur (ICF,
1985). All forms of mercury present in aquatic environment can be converted into the more
toxic forms of methylmercury by natural processes (Eisler, 1987).
Mercury binds strongly to soils with high organic matter and, as a result, remains relatively
immobile. Mercury does not transport well in ground water except when combined with
leachate from municipal landfills (EPA, 1984).
Biological Properties
Human Toxicity • Noncarcinogenic Effects
Chronic exposure to organic mercury results mainly in adverse effects to the central
nervous system in humans, resulting in tremors, sensory loss, and ataxia (EPA, 1984).
Studies in animals also indicate weight loss and kidney damage as possible effects of
mercury exposure (Fitzhugh, et al., 1950). There is some evidence that mercury may
cause genetic mutations (Ramel, 1972). Exposure to methyl mercury is known to
cause brain damage and retardation in humans (EPA, 1984).
Human Toxicity • Carcinogenic Effects
No form of mercury, either elemental, organic or inorganic, has been shown to cause
cancer in humans or laboratory animals or to induce changes in cultured cells
(EPA, 1984).
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E co toxicity
Organomercury compounds, especially methylmercury, appears to be more toxic to
organisms than inorganic forms. Mollusks and crustaceans, both filter feeders, appear
to be more sensitive to the toxic effects of inorganic mercury than do plan> tonic
species (ICF, 1985). Freshwater plants show a wide range of sensitivity to mercury
but are generally less sensitive than freshwater animals. For all organisms tested,
early developmental stages were the most sensitive. Mercury (particularly
methylmercury) tends to bioconcentrate in aquatic animals at higher concentrations
than are present in the surrounding water and is biomagnified through the food chain
(Eisler, 1987). Mercury is listed as a bioaccumulative chemical of concern by the
Great Lakes Water Quality Guidance (GLWQG).
Damaging Effects
Due to mercury's biomagnification potential, species located at upper trophic levels (including
humans) are most at risk from mercury exposure. The Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement
(GLWQA) objective for a whole fish mercury concentration limit is 0.5 ppm. Concentrations
of mercury within large ftsh collected from Lakes Erie and Ontario have exceeded the
GLWQA guideline which resulted in the issuance of fish consumption advisories (Allan et al.,
1991). Piscivorous wildlife and people not following fish advisories are most at risk from
mercury.
Standards, Criteria and Guidelines
EPA Class D Carcinogen
Oral Slope Factor:	N/A
Inhalation Slope Factor:	N/A
Chronic Oral RfD:	3.0 x 10"4 mg/kg/day"
Chronic Inhalation RfD:	8.58 x 10'5 mg/kg/day1*
Subchronic Oral RfD:	3.0 x 10"4 mg/kg/day5®
"From HEAST.
""From HEAST. Inhalation RfD derived from Inhalation RfC.
Inhalation RfD = Inhalation RfC x Conversion Factor
Inhalation RfC = 3 x 10"4 mg/m3
Conversion Factor = 2.86 x 101
"From HEAST.
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Subchronic Inhalation
MCL:
AWQC (Federal):
GLWQG:
RfD: 8.58 x 10'5 mg/kg/daydd
0.002 mgfl
Water and Organism Consumption - 0.14 (jg/1
Organism Consumption - 0.15 |ig/l
Acute Freshwater Aquatic Life - 2.4 |ig/L
Chronic Freshwater Aquatic Life - 0.012 |ig/L
Human Health - 2.0 x 10'3 ngfL
Chronic Aquatic Life - 0.44 ng/L
Wildlife - 1.8 x 10"4 ng/L
Sediment Guidelines
Ontario MOE: Lowest Effect Level - 0.2 \xglg
Severe Effect Level - 2.0 ng/g
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Eisler, R. 1987. Mercury hazards to fish, wildlife, and invertebrates: a synoptic review.
U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Biol. Rep. 85(1.10). pp. 90.
Environmental Canada, 1982. Tech Info for Problem Spills: Mercury (Draft) p. 59 (cited in
HSDB).
Fitzhugh, O.G., A.A. Nelson, E.P. Laug, and F.M. Kunze. 1950. Chronic Oral Toxicities of
Mercuri-phenyl and Mercuric Salts. Arch. Ind. Hyg. Occup. Med. 2: 433-441. (Cited in
EPA, 1984).
Glass, G.E., J.A. Sorensent, K.W. Schmidt, and G.R. Rapp, Jr. 1990. New Source
Identification of Mercury Contamination in the Great Lakes. Environ. Sci. Technol.
24:1059-1069.
GLBRCS (Great Lakes Basin Characterization Study). Great Lakes National Program Office.
HSDB, 1993. National Library of Medicine, Hazardous Substances Data Bank.
ICF, 1985. Chemical, Physical and Biological Properties of Compounds Present at
Hazardous Waste Sites. Clement Associates, Inc.
"From HEAST. Inhalation RfD derived from inhalation RfC.
Inhalation RfD = Inhalation RfC x Conversion Factor
Inhalation RfC = 3 x 10"4 mg/m3
Conversion Factor = 2.86 x 10'1
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Rarael, C. 1972. Genetic Effects. In: Mercury in the Environment - An Epidemiological and
Toxicological Appraisal. L. Frieburg and J. Vostal, Ed. CRC Press, Cleveland, Ohio. p.
169-181. (Cited in IRIS)
EPA. 1984. Health Effects Assessment for Mercury, EPA 540/1-86/042.
IRIS, 1993. U.S. EPA Integrated Risk Information System.
HEAST, 1992. U.S. EPA Health Effects Assessment Summary Tables.
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MIREX
Use
Mirex is a dimer of hexachlorocyclopentadiene used as a fire retardant in plastics, rubber,
paint, paper and electrical goods, and as an insecticide (HSDB, 1993). Despite its ban in the
United States in 1978, mirex is expected to persist in the environment.
Chemical and Physical Properties
Chemical Formula: C,0C112
Boiling Point: N/A
Melting Point: 485°C
Molecular Weight: 545.59°C
Corrosivity: Practically noncorrosive to
metal
Specific Gravity: N/A
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient: 5.28
Control
Mirex is unaffected by hydrochloric, nitric and sulfuric acids. It is expected to be extremely
resistant to oxidation except at high temperatures. Incineration and storage are recommended
methods of disposal (HSDB, 1993). Based upon its organic carbon partitioning coefficient
and its Henry's Law Constant, Mirex may be amenable to removal by granular activated
carbon and air stripping.
Source
Mirex detected in Niagara River sediments was attributed to a production facility located on
the Niagara River and a distribution plant at Oswego, New York (Allan et al., 1991).
Although mirex production ceased in 1976 within the Niagara River basin, the extent of
mirex-contaminated sediments within Lake Ontario increased and is likely due to resuspension
of contaminated sediments (Allan et al., 1991).
Fate and Transport
Mirex is a highly stable chemical. Release into the environment has occurred via effluents
from manufacturing plants and sites where mirex was utilized as a fire-resistant additive to
polymers, and at points of application where it was used as a insecticide (primarily for fire
ant control). For the most part, mirex is resistant to biological and chemical degradation.
Photolysis of mirex may occur. However, sorption is likely to be a more important fate
process. Persistent compounds such as kepone and monohydro- and dihydro- derivatives of
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Solubilities: Practically insoluble in water.
Vapor Density: N/A
Vapor Pressure: 3 x 10"7 mm Hg at 25°C
Other: Highly lipophilic.
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mirex have been identified as products of extremely slow transformation of mirex. Mirex has
also been shown to bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms.
A organic carbon coefficient (Koc) value of 2.4 x 10'7 indicates mirex will strongly adsorb to
organic materials in soils and sediments. Therefore, mirex is expected to be immobile in soil
and partition from the water column to sediments and suspended material. A Henry's Law
Constant for mirex of 5.16 x 10"4 atm-cu m/mole at 22°C su^ests rapid volatilization may
occur from environmental waters and moist soils where absorption does not dominate. Based
on this Henry's Law Constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (22°C; 1 meter
deep flowing 1 m/sec with a wind speed of 3 m/sec) has been estimated to be 10.7 hours;
however, this estimation neglects the potentially important effect of adsorption. The
volatilization half-life from an environmental pond model, which considers the effect of
adsorption, can be estimated to be about 1143 years (HSDB, 1993).
Biological Properties
Human Toxicity - Noncarcinogenic Effects
Ingestion of Mirex may cause tremors, weight loss, nervous system and liver
abnormalities, skin rash, and reproductive failure, although no cases of human toxicity
have been reported (Sittig, 1991). Long term exposure to Mirex has produced
cataracts, liver and thyroid damage in mice and rats (NTP, 1990; IRIS, 1993).
Human Toxicity - Carcinogenic Effects
Mirex has been shown to cause cancer in rats and mice (Sittig, 1991). Mirex is
classified as a possible human carcinogen by LARC (IARC, 1987).
Ecotoxicity
Mirex has caused acute and chronic toxic effects in many freshwater fishes and
invertebrates at very low concentrations. Birds do not appear to be as sensitive to
mirex although poor reproductive success of herring gulls within Lake Ontario was
attributed to exposure to mirex (Eisler, 1985). Bioaccumulation and biomagnification
within organisms exposed to mirex occurs within aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems.
Mirex is listed as a bioaccumulative chemical of concern by the Great Lakes Water
Quality Guidance (GLWQG).
Damaging Effects
Mirex contamination within the Great Lakes Basin is primarily limited to downstream areas
below the Niagara River (particularly Lake Ontario). Although levels of mirex within fish in
Lake Ontario have declined since the 1970s, levels remain above the guideline of
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"substantially absent" as an objective of the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement
(GLWQA). Mirex concentrations within Lake Ontario herring gulls have declined
significantly since the early 1970s when decreased reproduction was attributed to mirex
(Eisler, 1985).
Standards, Criteria and Guidelines
Classified as B1 carcinogen in HEAST, 1992.
Oral Slope Factor:
Chronic Oral RfD:
Subchronic Oral RfD:
MCL:
AWQC (Federal):
GLWQG:
Sediment Guidelines
NYSDEC:
Ontario MOE:
1.8 x 10° (mg/kg/day)"lee
2.0 x 10"4 mg/kg/day*
2.0 x 10"4 mg/kg/day88
N/A
Water and Organism Consumption - N/A
Organism Consumption - N/A
Acute Freshwater Aquatic Life - N/A
Chronic Freshwater Aquatic Life - N/A
N/A
Human Health - 0.07 ng/gOC
Wildlife - 3.7 ng/gOC
Lowest Effect Level - 0.007 ng/g
Severe Effect Level - 130 ng/gOC
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Allan, R.J., et al. 1991. Toxic chemicals in the Great Lakes and associated effects. Vol. I -
contaminant levels and trends. Environ. Canada, Dept. Fish. Oceans, Health Welf. Canada,
pp. 488.
Eisler, R. 1985. Mirex hazards to fish, wildlife, and invertebrates: a synoptic review. U.S.
Fish Wildl. Serv. Biol. Rep. 85(1.1). 42 pp.
HSDB. 1993. National Library of Medicine, Hazardous Substances Data Bank.
IARC. 1987. IARC Monographs (cited in HSDB).
"From HEAST.
"From IRIS.
"From HEAST.
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NTP. 1990. National Toxicology Program, Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of
MIREX in F344 in rats (Feed Studies). NTP TR 313.
Sittig, M. 1991. Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, Third
Edition, Noyes Publications, New Jersey.
IRIS, 1993. U.S. EPA Integrated Risk Information System.
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OCTACHLOROSTYRENE
Use
Octachlorostyrene is not produced or used commercially for any application. Octachloro-
styrene is mainly an accidental by-product of high temperature industrial processes involving
chlorine.
Chemical and Physical Properties
Chemical Formula: C8C18
Boiling Point: N/A
Melting Point: N/A
Atomic Weight: 379.68
Corrosivity: N/A
Specific Gravity: N/A
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient: N/A
Control
Various treatment technologies are viable for control of octachlorostyrene depending upon
media and construction. Air stripping and granular activated carbon are likely technologies
for dissolved concentrations. Filtration may remove the compound adsorbed to suspended
solids.
Source
No information was found in the reviewed literature.
Fate and Transport
Documented releases of octachlorostyrene into the environment have largely occurred via
wastewater effluents from chlorine gas; magnesium, niobium, and tantalum production; and
the smelting of aluminum. Releases of octachlorostyrene to the environment have also been
reported from leachate from an industrial landfill and fly ash from waste incinerators.
Sufficient data are not available to predict the importance of biodegradation and chemical
degradation of octachlorostyrene in the environment However, limited evidence suggests that
octachlorostyrene may undergo direct photolysis in the environment. Dechlorinated styrenes
have been identified to be direct transformation products of direct photolysis.
Bioconcentration of octachlorostyrene has been shown to be important in aquatic systems. A
high organic carbon coefficient (Koc) and extensive monitoring data indicate
octachlorostyrene will be immobile in soil and can partition from the water column to organic
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Solubilities: N/A
Vapor Density: N/A
Vapor Pressure: N/A
Other: N/A
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matter contained in sediments and suspended solids. A Henry's Law Constant of 1.3 x 10-4
atm/cu m/mole at 25°C suggests that volatilization of octachlorostyrene from environmental
waters may be important. The volatilization half-lives from a model river and a model pond
have been estimated to be 18 hours and five years, respectively. The pond model considered
the effect of adsorption. If released to the atmosphere, reactions with photochemically
produced hydroxyl radicals may be significant (estimated half-life of about 17 days) (HSDB,
1993).
Biological Properties
Human Toxicity - Noncarcinogenic Effects
Octachlorostyrene appears to affect the liver when ingested; it has also been found to
induce stimulation of porphyrin in humans, which may be a sign of abnormal liver
function (Strik, 1978). Studies in pregnant rats indicate damage to the placenta and
fetuses as a result of octachlorostyrene exposure (Karcew et al., 1986). No
information regarding the carcinogenicity of octachlorostyrene was found in the
reviewed literature.
Ecotoxicity
Fish bioaccumulate octachlorostyrene (HSDB, 1993). Nordheim reported that the
apparent half-life of octachlorostyrene in rainbow trout was approximately 143 days.
Octachlorostyrene is listed as a bioaccumulative chemical of concern by the Great
Lakes Water Quality Guidance (GLWQG).
Damaging Effects
Due to the potential of octachlorostyrene to bioaccumulate within fish, humans and wildlife
species may potentially be exposed to octachlorostyrene through the consumption of fish.
However, recent forage fish analyses detected only very low concentrations in western Lake
Ontario and on detected levels within Lake Erie and the Niagara River (GLWQB, 1989).
Standards, Criteria and Guidelines
Unclassified as to carcinogenicity by EPA
Oral Slope Factor.	N/A
Inhalation Slope Factor:	N/A
Chronic Oral RfD:	N/A
Chronic Inhalation RfD:	N/A
Subchronic Oral RfD:	N/A
Subchronic Inhalation RfD:	N/A
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MCL:
AWQC (Federal):
N/A
Water and Organism Consumption - N/A
Organism Consumption - N/A
GLWQG:
Aquatic Freshwater Aquatic Life - N/A
Chronic Freshwater Aquatic Life - N/A
N/A
Sediment Guideline
NYSDEC:
Wildlife - 0.5 ng/gOC
BIBLIOGRAPHY
GLWQB (Great Lakes Water Quality Board). 1989. Report to the International Joint
Commission.
HSDB. 1993. National Library of Medicine, Hazardous Substances Data Bank.
IRIS, 1993. U.S. EPA Integrated Risk Information System.
Karcew et. al. 1986. (cited in Kitchin and Karcew, 1987).
Kitchin, K.T., Karcew, Sam. 1987. Some pharmacokinedic and metabolic factors affecting
the neonatal toxicity of chlorinated hydrocarbons found in the Great Lakes, Dept. of
Pharmacology, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
Strik. 1978. (cited in Kitchin and Karcew, 1987).
Tarkpea, Maria, Hagen, I., Carlberg, G.E., Kolsaker, P., Storflor, H., Metagenicity, Acute
Toxicity and Bioaccumulation Potential of Six Chlorinated Styrenes. Bull. Environ. Contam.
Toxicol. (1985) 35:525-530.
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POLY CHLORINATED BIPHENYLS
Background
The name pofycWorinated biphenyJ (PCB) c&tegor any compound that is made up of a
biphenyl ring in which one or more hydrogen atom is replaced by a chloride atom. In
commercial PCB mixtures, 40 to 70 different PCB compounds may be present. The number
following the name of a PCB compound indicates the degree of chlorination, with increasing
numbers indicating higher chlorination. The chemical, physical, and biological properties of
these materials depend to a large extent on the amount and location of the chlorine atoms on
each specific PCB and on the particular combination of PCBs that comprise the mixture.
This profile is concerned with PCB-1260, PCB-1254, and PCB-1248, also known by the trade
name "Aroclor". Any statements made, unless specified, characterize these three compounds.
Use
The fire-resistant nature of PCBs combined with outstanding thermal stability make them
excellent choices as hydraulic and heat transfer fluids. They have been used to improve the
water-proofing characteristics of surface coatings and in the manufacture of carbonless copy
paper printing inks, plasticizers, special adhesives, lubricating additives, vacuum pump fluids,
electrical capacitors, and transformers. PCBs are widely used as enzyme inducers in research
laboratories (HSDB, 1993).
Chemical and Physical Properties
Chemical Formula: (QHjCIJj
Boiling Point: >267°C
Melting Point: 54-310°C
Molecular Weight: 189-399*
Corrosivity: N/A
Specific Gravity; 1.44 at 30°C
OctanolAVater Partition Coefficient: N/A
Solubility: Extremely low in water.
Soluble in oils and organic
solvents.
Vapor Density: N/A
Vapor Pressure: 6.0 x 10'! - 1.0 x 10"3
mm Hg **
Other: Strong oxidizers
* increases with chlorination
••decreases with chlorination
Control
PCBs are toxic pollutants designated pursuant to Section 307(a)(1) of the Clean Water Act
and is subject to effluent limitations. Primary treatment for PCBs is thermal destruction
(incineration). Low concentrations in water may be treated with granular activated carbon.
Some research suggests that PCBs may be treated by stabilization/solidification.
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Source
It is estimated that only 13 and 7 percent of the total PCB loadings into Lake Erie and Lake
Ontario respectively, originate from atmospheric deposition (GLBRCS). PCBs are primarily
released into these lakes and the Niagara River from industrial and municipal effluents,
disposal of sludge, land and urban runoff, landfills, and icsuspension and translocation of
contaminated sediments (Allan et al., 1991).
Fate and Transport
PCBs are extremely persistent in soils containing moderate to high levels of organic matter.
Heavily chlorinated PCBs persist longer and degrade slower than lightly chlorinated PCBs.
PCBs are known to bioaccumulate readily in adipose tissues, especially in interstitial organs.
In aquatic media, PCBs tend to volatilize, after which they may be slowly photolyzed in the
atmosphere. Aquatic invertebrates are important in the cycling of PCBs within the aquatic
environment and between aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems (Eisler, 1986).
Biological Properties
Human Toxicity • Noncarcinogenic Effects
Exposure to PCB fumes results in acneform eruptions, irritation to the respiratory
passages, and injury to the liver (ACGIH, 1984). Studies in monkeys have indicated
that oral exposure to Aroclor 1248 results in birth defects and fetal death (EPA, 1984).
A study of rabbits involving Aroclor 1254 had similar results (EPA, 1985). In
addition, Acre is evidence that Aroclor 1221 produces mutagenic effects (EPA, 1985).
Human Toxicity • Carcinogenic Effects
Studies on laboratory animals indicate an increase in liver cancer. From most studies,
it appears as though exposure to the more heavily chlorinated PCBs results in an
increased risk of cancer (Norback and Weltman, 1985). IRIS reports that there is
some evidence that mixtures containing more highly chlorinated biphenyls are more
potent inducers of hepatocellular carcinoma in rats than mixtures containing less
chlorine by weight.
Ecotoxicity
PCBs are bioaccumulated and can be biomagnified; therefore, their toxicity increases
with length of exposure and position of die exposed species on the food chain (ICF,
1985). PCBs are listed as a bioaccumulative chemical of concern by the Great Lakes
Water Quality Guidance (GLWQG). Invertebrate species are also adversely affected
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(ICF, 1985). Present data imply that, in general, juvenile organisms appear more
susceptible to the effects of PCBs than either eggs or adults (ICF, 1985), and lower
chlorinated biphenyls are more toxic to aquatic organisms than higher chlorinated
biphenyls (Eisler, 1986). It is clear that based on the chronic values available in the
literature, PCBs are highly toxic to both freshwater and saltwater aquatic life. Diet is
an important exposure route for PCB accumulation within terrestrial species. Sensitive
bird species are susceptible to PCB poisoning, mainly as a result of eating
contaminated fish or bivalves. Mammals (particularly mink) are generally more
sensitive to PCB toxicity than birds (Eisler, 1986).
Damaging Effects
PCBs bioaccumulate within organisms and biomagnify within the food chain. Highest
concentrations generally occur in long lived upper trophic level species (e.g. trout and
salmon). Therefore, consumption of these fish species may present a hazard to people and
wildlife. The Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement (GLWQA) identified a whole fish
concentration limit of 0.1 ppm PCB as an objective. This level has been consistently
exceeded in large predator and forage fish in Lake Ontario, Lake Erie, and the Niagara River
which necessitated the issuance of fish consumption advisories. Although PCB concentrations
in fish and wildlife have declined significantly from the 1970s, levels appear to have reached
equilibrium in the 1980s (Allan et al., 1991).
Standards, Criteria and Guidelines
EPA Class B2 Carcinogen
Oral Slope Factor:
Inhalation Slope Factor:
Chronic Oral RfD:
Subchronic Oral RfD:
MCL:
AWQC (Federal):
GLWQC:
7.7 x 10° (mg/kg/day)",hh
N/A
N/A
N/A
0.5 ng/1
Water and Organism Consumption - 4.4 x 10'5 jig/L
Organism Consumption - 4.5 x 10'5 |ig/L
Acute Freshwater Aquatic Life - N/A
Chronic Freshwater Aquatic Life - 1.4 x 10'1 ng/L
Human Health - 3.0 x 10"4 ng/L
Wildlife - 1.7 x 10'5 pg/L
"'From IRIS. Value is based on an Aroclor-1260 study.
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Sediment Guidelines
NYSDEC:	Aquatic Toxicity - < 276 ng/gOC
Human Health - 0.008 ng/gOC
Wildlife - 0.6 ng/gOC
Ontario MOE: Lowest Effect Level - 0.07 pg/g
Severe Effect Level - 530 Mg/gOC
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ACGIH, 1984. Documentation of Threshold Limit Values. American Conference of
Governmental Industrial Hygienists.
Allan, R.J. et al. 1991. Toxic Chemicals in the Great Lakes and Associated Effects. Vol. I -
Contaminant Levels and Trends. Environment Canada, Dept. Fisheries and Oceans, Health
and Welfare Canada. 488 pp.
Eisler, R. 1986. Polychlorinated Biphenyl Hazards to Fish, Wildlife, and Invertebrates: a
Synoptic Review. U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv. Biol. Rep. 85 (1.7) 72 pp.
GLBRCS (Great Lakes Basin Risk Characterization Study). Great Lakes National Program
Office. Pg. 10-35.
HSDB, 1993. National Library of Medicine, Hazardous Substance Data Bank.
ICF Clement, Chemical, Physical and Biological Properties of Compounds Present at
Hazardous Waste Sites, 1985.
Norback, D.H. and R.H. Weltman, Polychlorinated Biphenyl Induction of Hepatocellular
Carcinoma in the Sprague-Dawley Rat, 1985, Environ. Health Perspect, 60: 97-105, (Cited in
IRIS).
IRIS, 1993. U.S. EPA Integrated Risk Information System.
EPA, 1985. Office of Drinking Water, Health Advisory for PCBs.
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TETRACHLOROETHYLENE
Use
Tetrachloroethylene or perchloroethylene (PCE) is used in the textile industry for dry cleaning
processing and finishing; in both cold cleaning and vapor degreasing of metals; and as a heat
exchange fluid. PCE was foiroerly used but is no longer approved in mixtures with grain
protectants and liquid grain furaigants (HSDB, 1993).
Chemical and Physical Properties
Chemical Formula: C2C14
Boiling Point: 121°C at 760 mm Hg
Melting Point:
Moleular Weight: 165.83
Corrosivity: Corrosive to aluminum
iron and zinc in the
presence of water.
Control
Specific Gravity: 1.6227 of 20°C
OctanolAVater Partition Coefficient: 3.40
Solubilities: 0.015 g/100 mL water of 25°C
Vapor Density: 5.7
Vapor Pressure: 18.47 mm Hg at 25°C
Other: N/A
PCE is a toxic pollutant designated pursuant to Section 307(a)(1) of the Clean Water Act and
is subject to effluent limitations (HSDB, 1993). Primary treatment for tetrachloroethylene is
air stripping, granular activated carbon and ultra violet radiation/oxidation.
Source
Municipal sewer treatment plants (STP) release significant quantities of PCE to the Great
Lakes through atmospheric release (64 percent of STP release) and effluent discharge (36
percent of total STP release) (GLWQB, 1989). Other sources of PCE include industrial
discharges and ground water discharge from landfills and hazardous waste sites.
Fate and Transport
PCE volatilizes rapidly when released to surface waters and soils. In the atmosphere,
tetrachloroethylene interacts with hydroxyl radicals to produce carbon dioxide, carbon
monoxide, and hydrogen chloride (ICF.1985).
In soils, PCE adsorbs to the organic material present. In soils of low organic content, PCE
leaches and is transported readily in the ground water (EPA, 1985). PCE is known to
degrade slowly in ground water, where it can remain for months to years. Its degradation
products in aquatic media are reported to be vinyl chloride and dichloroethylene (EPA, 1985)
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Biological Properties
Human Toxicity - Noncarcinogenic Effects
Chronic exposure to PCE is reported to affect the central nervous system, raucous
membranes, eyes, skin, liver and kidneys (EPA, 1985). However, some studies
performed on rabbits, guinea pigs, and monkeys have indicated no adverse effects
(Rowe et al., 1952). Several human fatalities have been reported as a result of
massive accidental exposure (unspecified concentrations) (ACGIH, 1984).
PCE is also known to cause increased fetal resorption and birth defects in mice and
rats (Schwetz et al., 1975). There is limited evidence that PCE may have mutagenic
effects.
Human Toxicity - Carcinogenic Effects
Tetrachloroethylene has been found to be carcinogenic in mice and rats NCI (1977).
No studies with definitive findings are available showing the carcinogenic effects of
tetrachloroethylene on humans, although Blair et al. (1979) observed an excess of
lung, cervical, and skin cancers and leukemia in laundry and dry-cleaning workers,
who were also exposed to carbon tetrachloride and trichloroethylene.
Ecotoxicity
Tetrachloroethylene is considered to be moderately toxic to aquatic organisms (ICF,
1985). In general, bioaccumulation within organisms exposed to PCE does not occur.
Damaging Effects
Bioaccumulation of PCE within biota does not generally occur; therefore, consumption of fish
by humans and wildlife does not provide significant PCE exposure. Direct contact and
ingestion of PCE contaminated water appear to represent the primary modes of human
exposure to PCE.
Standards, Criteria and Guidelines
Unclassified as to carcinogenicity by EPA
Oral Slope Factor:	N/A
Inhalation Slope Factor: N/A
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Chronic Oral RfD:
Subchronic Oral RfD:
MCL:
AWQC (Federal):
1 x 10'2 mg/kg/day"
1 x 10"1 mg/kg/day*'
0.005 mg/1
Water and Organism Consumption - 0.8 jxg/L
Organism Consumption - 8.85 f/g/L
Acute Freshwater Aquatic Life - N/A
Chronic Freshwater Aquatic Life - N/A
GLWQG:
Sediment Guidelines
NYSDEC:
N/A
Human Health - 0.8 iig/gOC
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ACGEH, 1984. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values. American Conference of
Governmental Industrial Hygienists.
Blair, A., P. Decoufle and D. Grauman, 1979, Causes of death among laundry and dry
cleaning workers, Am. J. Publ. Health, 69: 508-51L (Cited in EPA, 1988).
GLWQB (Great Lakes Water Quality Board), 1989. Report to the International Joint
Commission 128 pp.
HSDB, 1993. National Library of Medicine, Hazardous Substances Data Bank.
ICF, 1985. Chemical, Physical and Biological Properties of Compounds; Present at
Hazardous Waste Sites. Clement Associates, Inc.
NCI (National Cancer Institute). 1977. Bioassay of Tetrachloroethylene for Possible
Carcinogenicity, NCI Carcinogenesis Tech. Hep. Ser. Co., NCI-CGTR-13. (Cited in EPA,
1985).
Rouj, U.K., D.D. McCollister, H.C. Spencer, E.M. Adams and D.D. Irish, 1952. Vapor
Toxicity of Tetrachloroethylene for Laboratory Animals and Human Subjects, AMA Arch. 2nd
Hyg. Occup. Med., 5:566-579. (Cited in EPA, 1985).
"From IRIS.
*From HEAST.
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Schwetz, B.A., B.K.J. Lcong, and P.J. Gehring, 1975. The Effect of maternally inhaled
trichloroethylene, perchloroethlyene, methyl chloroform, and methylene chloride on embryonal
and fetal development in mice and rats, Toxicol Appi Pharmacol., 32: 84-96. (Cited in EPA,
1985).
U.S. EPA, 1985. Health Advisory for Tetrachloroethylene, Office of Drinking Water.
IRIS, 1993. U.S. EPA Integrated Risk Information System.
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TOXAPHENE
Use
Toxaphene is used as an insecticide for a wide range of crops (particularly cotton), in the
control of animal parasites (HSDB, 1993), and was formerly used as a piscide (Eisler, 1985).
In 1982, the EPA cancelled most registration uses of toxaphene existing stocks could be used
through 1986. Canada had already banned its use in that country in 1971.
Chemical and Physical Properties
Chemical Formula: CI0H]0Clg
Boiling Point: N/A
Melting Point: 65-90°C
Molecular Weight: 414
Corrosivity: Corrosive to iron.
Specific Gravity: 1.65 at 25°C
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficients: 3.3
Control
Filtration is effective for removing toxaphene adsorbed to suspended solids. Activated carbon
is recommended for treatment of mixtures containing toxaphene. Effluents from five
industrial plants were reduced to levels of less than 1 mg/L of toxaphene using activated
carbon treatment (Bemardin, F.E., Froelich, E.M., 1975). Polyolefin or polyisobutylene or
amberlite xad resin are also recommended for use in the cleanup of toxaphene (PTO, 1979).
Effluent standards for toxaphene manufacturers are set at 1.5 pg/L for existing facilities and
0.1 |ig/L for new facilities. Toxaphene is a toxic pollutant designated pursuant to Section
307(a)(1) of the Clean Water Act and is subject to effluent limitations (HSDB, 1993).
Source
The primary source of toxaphene throughout the Great Lakes is from atmospheric deposition
(Allan et al., 1991).
Fate and Transport
Toxaphene, the final reaction product of camphene and chlorine, has a chlorine percent of 67
to 69 percent. According to Casida tt al. (1974), toxaphene contains at least 175 different C
polychloro compounds.
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TWC
Solubilities: 3 mg/L water at room temperature.
Soluble in alcohol, acetone, and
hexane.
Vapor Density: 14.3
Vapor Pressure: 0.4 mm Hg at 25°C
Other: N/A
-------
Because toxaphene is a complex mixture of polychlorinated camphene derivatives, an
inclusive assessment of its environmental transport and fate is difficult Photolysis, oxidation,
and hydrolysis do not appear to be important fate processes in aquatic systems. It is
persistent in the environment and transport through soil water and air can occur relatively
easily. Although little information is available, it appears that volatilization may be an
important transport process.
Toxaphene is very stable in biological and chemical degradation processes in aerobic
environmental systems, but it does undergo reduction of chlorination in anaerobic
environments. Therefore, biodegradation of toxaphene is dependent on transport to anaerobic
environments. A dominant process in aquatic systems is direct sorption on sediments or
adsorption onto particulates, followed by deposition into sediment where biological and
chemical reduction may occur, fiioaccumulation is an important environmental process for
toxaphene. Adsorption by biota is rapid and significant uptake can occur in natural systems
(ICF, 1985).
Biological Properties
Human Toxicity - Noncarcinogenic Effects
Acute exposure to toxaphene has been reported to produce congestion and edema of
the lungs, dilation of the heart and petechial hemorrhages in the brain. Subchronic
exposure results in kidney changes as well as changes in blood chemistry. Symptoms
of acute oral toxaphene intoxication in humans include vomiting, convulsions, cyanosis
and coma (ICF, 1985). There is also some evidence that toxaphene may cause genetic
mutations (Hill, 1977; Sittig, 1991).
Human Toxicity - Carcinogenic Effects
Long-term carcinogenicity bioassays have shown that toxaphene is carcinogenic in rats
and mice. Increased liver and thyroid tumors were observed in rats and mice exposed
to toxaphene (NCI, 1979).
Ecotoxicity
Acute and chronic toxicity values for toxaphene have been determined for a range of
freshwater and saltwater organisms. Toxaphene is considered extremely toxic to
aquatic organisms and has resulted in fish iHHs and adverse effects on fish
development and reproduction (Eisler, 1985). Bioconcentration factors among aquatic
organisms range from about 1,200 to more than 50,000. Toxaphene is listed as a
bioaccumulative chemical of concern by the Great Lakes Water Quality Guidance
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(GLWQG). Although toxaphene is relatively less toxic to birds and mammals,
bioaccumulation may result in exposure to excessive concentrations. Toxaphene is
also reported to cause adverse effects in aquatic plant species.
Damaging Effects
Since toxaphene is biomagnified within the food chain, long-lived aquatic predators (e.g. trout
and salmon) and people who consume these fish species would be most at risk from
toxaphene exposure. Toxaphene concentrations reported in lake trout from Lake Ontario are
generally below the Food and Drug Administration "action level" of 5 ppm but are above the
whole body concentration of 0.4 ppm reported to result in acute and chronic effect to
freshwater fish (Eisler, 1985).
Standards, Criteria, and Guidelines
EPA Class B2 Carcinogen
Oral Slope Factor:
lnhal. Slope Factor:
Chronic Oral RfD:
Subchronic Oral RfD:
MCL:
AWQC (Federal):
GLWQC:
Sediment Guidelines
NYSDEC:
1.1 x 10° (rag/kg/day)'IUt
1.1 x 10° (mg/kg/day)',u
N/A
N/A
0.003 mg/1
Water and Organism Consumption: 7.3 x 10"4 |ig/L
Organism Consumption: 7.5 x 10"4 ng/L
Acute Freshwater Aquatic Life - 7.3 x 10'1 |ig/L
Chronic Freshwater Aquatic Life - 2.0 x 10"4 pg/L
Human Health - 2.0 x 10'5 jig/L
Aquatic Toxicity - 0.01 pg/gOC
Human Health - 0.02 ng/gOC
"From IRIS.
"From IRIS. Inhalation Slope Factor = Inhalation Unit Risk x Conversion Factor
Inhalation Unit Risk = 3.2 x 1CT4 ms/ng
Conversion Factor « 3.5 x 10*5
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Allan, R.J. et al. 1991. Toxic chemicals in the Great Lakes and Associated Effects. Vol. 1 -
Contaminant Levels and Trends. Environment Canada, Dept. Fisheries and Oceans, Health
and Welfare Canada. 488 pp.
Bemardin, F.E., Froelich, E.M., 1975. Purdue University 30th Industrial Waste Conference
(cited in HSDB).
Casida, J.E., R.C. Holmstead, S. Khalifa, J.R. Knox, T. Ohsawc, K.J. Palmer, and R.J. Wong,
1974. Science 183, 520. (cited in Patty, 1981).
Eisler, R., and J. Jacknow. 1985. Toxaphene hazards to fish, wildlife, and invertebrates: a
synoptic review. U.S. Fish and Wiidl. Serv. Biol. Rep. 85(1.4). 26 pp.
Hill, R.N. 1977. Memorandum to Fred Hageman. Off. Spec. Pestic. Rev. U.S. EPA.
December 15 (cited in IRIS).
HSDB. 1993. National Library of Medicine, Hazardous Substances Data Bank.
1CF. 1985. Chemical Physical and Biological Properties of Compounds Present at
Hazardous Waste Sites. Clement Associates, Inc.
IRIS, 1993. U.S. EPA Integrated Risk Information System.
NCI. 1979. National Cancer Institute Bioassay of Toxaphene for possible carcinogenicity.
Carcinogenesis Testing Program. Division of Cancer Cause and Prevention. NCI National
Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20014. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and
Welfare. DHEW Publication No. (NTH) 79-837 (cited in TRIS).
Patty, F.A. 1981. Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology.
PTR. 1979. "Procedures Leading to Cleanup", Pollution Technology Review 59:23-86
(cited in HSDB).
Sittig, M., 1991. Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens.
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APPENDIX B
INDUSTRIAL AND MUNICIPAL DISCHARGES
L93-839.app
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TUC
-------
TABLE EM. INDUSTRIAL POIKT AND NON-POINT SOURCE DISCHARCXS
f rtmi 1
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-------
1 TABLE H. INDUSTRIAL POINT AND NON-POINT SOURCE DISCHARGES
| Vmdmj Nm Mi Addrcn
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| Refit
















Air (PS)
- 20.700 leg
(1991)

IMXa	B-4
-------
TABLE B-l, INDUSTRIAL POINT AND NON-POINT SOURCE DISCHARGES
| Fadfty Nwi and Addm
Tmdc Cfceariral Lmlnp and Source*

Ana*
>!¦
Mod)
pfW
.—*y-
•«<»
CM.
ChrjMM
DOT ft
Militilfci
DWdrta
Dtarta
¦nscMar*
ltd
Mbwbj
tflra
OcttcMfP-
<)»>«
rcsa(M»r>
Tttrwriar*-
•OiytwM
T«^>m [
AafcfWB Ave.
Defend
iM/uac: wmxrnst4crsr
SIC ¦ 3611
Rac. Bt4jr« Biack River
RcffM
Wria-
l-Ill
(9UTO
Wafer-
Ik*
(WTO)

















3. Foil Dm* HTW Cofea Faabty
UtfU*: 4m,16*/7S*46riCT
SIC-4911
)Ue.iyy«BUIiw
MI4
Wrt* -
02 kg
WW)










Water -
17 kg
(92*3)
Water *
0.06 kg
(92/93)





L«rta Cmatf
I. LjwWbDMa
SN6MlUiShu
LMiMb
ui/Lo^: ^rmwwirw
SIC *2631
Rac. Brfy ¦ Mwt Uw
iur«4
14 kg
(WW)

















MiIiib Ol|
LtfJLo*: 43-05W/7S-43W
SIC *9511
Rac. My « Dtftfc Sertt Owk
MM
V*|.
03 kg
(91/92)
Wflkv*
2k«
(WW)










Water ¦
0l3 kg
(91/92)
Wrier -
04 kg
I9W3)




Water-
O04 kg
(92/93)

MwCw^
L EmIMCo.
IMUnAvt
RichHkr
l^Lo*: GivsTfrnns'
stcmT/m
Rk. MyvOante Rncr
RrftM
Wafer*
26Sk|
<91i*2>
Water ¦
372 kg
(WW)










Wrier-
995 kg
(91/92)
Wrier.
194 kg
(92/93)
Wrier-
94 kg
<91/92)
Wrier -
10.4 kg
(92/93)





1 Pw>8t ffiaKi| SlMka
254 MS St
Rirhr*i
Ut/La*: 43*W437rrrW
SIC • 4911
Rk. Be4y m ftrmtmt Kmr
RrfiM
Wtfcr-
07 kg
9U*2»
Water ¦
OS kg
(WW)










Water-
1.5kg
(91/92)
Wrier = 1kg
(92/93)
Water-
004 kg
(91/92)
Waters
0.04 kg
(92/93)





UUJIM
-------
	=====		——————			———	
TABLE B-l- INDUSTRIAL POINT AHP NQN-POWT SOURCE D1SCHARCXS
FM%Nne ad Addrcu
Tntk Ckrakil T-nufcy moA Soorret



*111*
¦ Itrmii
**M0
111! PI
RmAM
Ml
CMrtue
OiJW
MT«
—
M.
fcl ¦¦¦¦
Lea*
Muiaj
Mm
Ocl«LlllH>
KjnM
rClt  ¦ O^i Creek
Rcf #6











AkCPSl-
53.6 kg
twi>
Air {NFS) ¦
63 kg
(l»I)
Wrier »
5kg







4. lUoRhwcai^Cbqp.
Uaii SreA
nam
Lri/Lo*: 43 W2J777*47*4t*
SIC-5171
Rac. Boly « Black Qeek
Ref H











Wrier =6 kg
(91/92)
WAr-Jkt
(92/93)






5. XcnKCM^WimOiMcr
Xcns S^mvo, BeO*< 317
Eacterier
l^iunv 4riroww«r
SJC-»6t
Rac. Body ¦ MBQecfc #
Kef M
















Wrier-
1.5 kg
(91/92)
Wrier*
Zkg
tW»)

NunOmtf
L OMC llmhL»>i till ir Dir.
IBPUgftc H i iiIibi RJ.
Locfcpavt
\m«*. yiwBwv
SIC* 3714, 3479
bc.Mr>n»(Mr
Krf«M
Wriw*
44 k*
01*9
W«hr«
S2k«
(WW)










Air (PS)*
UUkg
(1991)
Wrier*
1313 kg
(l»l)
Wrier «
644 kg
(9V92J
Wrier*
513 kg
(91/93)




Air (PS) ¦
450 kg
(199!)
Air (NPS) *
12,150 kg
(1991)
Wrier -
34.7 kg
(199l>
Wrier -
75 kg
(91/92}
Water »
86 kg
(92/93}


-------
TABLE B-l. INDUSTRIAL POINT AND NON-POINT SOURCE DISCHARGES
VkMj Vmm mi AMrm
Tnk Cbencal Limtinp aod Source*

AtMb
¦ ¦«¦»¦)
ImM
nrw


CMwiili
Oqim
mt a
Mflil i In
DMM
Dtafei
¦rr
Ltd
NVORf
Mrc*
OewMara-
aym

T»UkMw»
TlMfhM
1 ObOwcab
MOWUoAnw
MacnFOr
l«i«c: 4}"ors977raroo*
SK»2S1«
Rec. BoJjf«N^mKmr
Rrfl6












Water ¦
L4kg
(1991)





3. Sflfcr llwgin n Ql
LewiMM
UlUv 4fOr50WKW
MIH
















Wmcj .
0.65 kj
(91/92)

4 BvNkrSta^lc.
P.a fc*4CT
lirtyt
UL«|: 43*Wir/7T43'3r
SIC* 1429
lUtM)" BvfeCari
KrfM











V«er*4k{
(W3)






1 GMLAaCMaiC«|i
%nNb
LatfLa*:
4ron*.T77rjy«*r
Krfltt











W*er«
96JS kg
<9I/9»






t OhOa^%nMinM
N«nM
mrsMmtw
KKMyN^Uw
M#W












Waler ¦
0.01 k«
(91/92)





7. BX DaPot Pb >Ilm i ¦ i Obl
N^iMi
L«Ld*: 4ror4r/7roi37*
SK*2M9
fae. B*4y • NiymlUw
Mi4











V«er*
30 kg
(91/92?
W*cr>
oskf
(92/93)
Waler «
<91/92)
Water »
04 k|
<92/93)



W«cr »
<91/92)
Water «
*2kj
(92/93)


-------
TABLE B-J. INDUSTRIAL HMNT AND NON-POtNT SOURCE DISCHARGES |
PMfitr Nmb ndAddroa
T«te Qcncil Load hip udSMTM


BhmM



«¦*!»
Orr**
DOT ft
MiIiIiiIii
BUM
M
If
I
Lntf
Watt)
Wrn
Ddirtiwi
«y
K*> (total)
TitX Ww >¦
Twpfcm
B. Omdeatri OttmkM Cap.
47ft SM * BriMo Am
NwcaraPdh
UtfLw*: 4J*W4677?T*nr
SK-2969, ZS12» 2119,
2165
Rac. BaJf ¦ Magm Rhar
RdMj6











W«T.
31 M
<*Lfl>2)
Vfttam
2 k*

Wtfer -
0.4 ki
(91/92)
W«cr~
04 kg
(92/93)


Air (MPS)
- 2.970 kg
(*99!)
Air (PS)
-7,200 k,
(1991)
W*n -
m h
<1991)
W«cr»
131 kf
(91/92)
Water-
172 k$
(92/93)

ToUlMetali
9.0 Ref «
p. B-l
9. Mvnftecjciatbc.
Mart**
M^iMi
SIC. 4953
far #4
Warn*
2*
w*».
cm










Wata-
1.4 kg
<91/*2)
Wafers 4 kg
(92/93)
Water-
aikg
(91/92)
Waters
02 kg
(*2/93)





ML OrMOwU-
Wafcfc 1UL
La^Lof 4J*0r4r/7»-5I*34-
SlC-Sttl
Rat. Body .MvnRhv
RcTM












W*cr-
0.4 kg
OTflJ)



Taul VOCt
0l2 IWday
Ref #5
pi B-l

Total McWs
OS «*May
R
-------
APPENDIX G
LAKE ONTARIO BASIN
AND MAJOR SUB-BASINS
L93-839.app
RECYCLED PAPER	ENFORCEMENT CONFIDENTIAL
TRC
-------
TABLE JM. IKTXfSTWAL POINT AND NON-POINT SOURCE DISCHARGES
FkWU N*v tmd Addrcn
Tnk Cknrical Loifinp tod Soortei

M*

»»¦«
>¦—01
•«*«)
II	W i

rhpiu
DfeT A
MltMKt
BMWHft
M.
nmiftn
im
Minwy
Mrec
<7* mm
fOi (Mai)
TiUtM—
¦O^Wm
Tmffem
Ik. CWU Oemkd Semen fab,
USOBteU
MMCkf
Lafi-ot: 43*l3^M77PSrfcr
SIC-4953
Hac. Body ¦ WfnRlm
MHIO
Wtar*
6fc|
C91/92»
Wtftr*
»k|
(92/0)










(9U91)
(92/W)
Water-
0.1k*
(9W2)
Wtfct-
0.3 kf
(W?J)


Water * 1-2
k( i*lOT>


H FICCGa*.
10»N%n$b
WMktal
sic-2m
Rk. Baty-MioM
Rrf#M
Water-
»»»
fiegen Riw
Rrff4











Water*
107 U
<9!/92)
Water*
mu
mm






14. Seam* OeaaniiB| SWaw
L*a «rf Hommt M.
Soaoat
LmUmf 43*11 W/?T3W
SIC *4911
Jtec. My «lJ*e Otfato
1WM












Water -
OJfcf
<9W»
Water ¦
15 k|
(92M>





O-MiCilj
L fWiifclK MwFfat
E.Scne»SM
ULm«; 4J-04^rr7S^W
SIC-»W
Rec, Body * Sceeeofce Oedt
Rcf #6











Wjaer*
2Ukc
(1»1)






B-9
-------
TABLE B-l. INDUSTRIAL POINT AND NON-POINT SOURCE DISCHARGES
FfcdHtf Num aad AMrcn
Taortc CknM Loadlnp and Sources





t		
>i»m>
BmN'I
wyn—
Urnrnm
¦l—ft)
flMTMMMH
CMm
Cfcjww
DDT*
Hilihiptu
Wiliili
DM.
kami
Lnri
Mtrtwy
Mta^x
OtinM>ri'
rCS* (total)
T«»Mw»
•*ykw
Tiwp>m
2. Cufai Wire Co. Ik.
12 Maaoaic Ave
Cm*m
ulmv 4303orwns*4rvaa
SIC ¦ 3357, 3479, 3471
Rat. Body a West Branch HA
Deck
BctfO











Air (MPS) *
2.25 kg
(1991)
Air (PS) «
1125 kg
(1991)
Water-
235 kg
(1991)
Wjict * 2 kg
W/93)






J. Mtora Pay, rf Aauiti
1676 Ltacok Araw
Wc*
U«Lo*r 43-aS36*/75-15Tr
SIC-3341
Roc. Body > KA
Rtf«6











As (PS) »
5.4 kg (1991)






4. ferftan Cap. of Awric*
SMmM
lham«: owawirir
SIC-3341
Rec. Bsrfjr ¦ NA
RtfM











Air (PS) *
iaj ^
(1991)






1 Ra*ut Cnyyu fa.
Si win ¦ St
Rump
wryrnsnew
SIC-3351
Ric. BWy - Bag« CmV
MoMMw
Ref #4,6











Ak(NPS)«
i23 kg
(1991)
Air (PS) s
6.75 k|
(1991)
Wtfer-
63 kg
(1991>
W«cr*
19 kg
(91/92)
W*a=7k*
(WJ)






UUXj
B-tO
-------
TABLE B-l. INDUSTRIAL POINT AND NON-POfNTSOURCE DISCHARGES
VttttyNiWMdAMMi
Tone Cheaicsl LoxMnp tod Soarecs

AfMftk
•mmM
NfertM
liin(i)
PJW"
Ml
M)
Ifcwirtm
ahrte
CWyww
DDT A
MMMHh
DkWrte
DWi
BmcWrn.
UW
M.rc-7
Mm
OctxMaro-
<]Hii
rate (tatsf)
TrtracMar*
tOiytuw
TiJJipfciii
4, RaaeCdkCap.
421 mate St.
Ron
L4Lor 4W4S77S"3ricr
SIC « 3551
R«c. Body » Wood Cnck
Rcf f4











Water-
36 kg
(92/93)






7. UA Dept. cf Air Fm
4MCSOOC
Roae
43M3WM14'2r
SIC *9711
Rac. Bod? - Siz Mib Cmk
R<*#4











Waters
0.4 kg
<91/92)
W*er *2kj
<92/93)






a Oneite Sthranadfi Man PlMI
LatfLo«|? 43*OT4r/75^5y
SIC-3479
Ra&Bo^aScomteQeek
RtfM











Wafer «
32 kf
(91/92)
Water *
34 kf
(92/93)






OBBlH.CtT
L AJWOMcd-Sjncw
W«k»
P.O. BokC
Soto*
LatfLoog: 43W43Wirir
SIC - 2112
lUe. Body - OMd*» Uft»
RrffM












Wtfcx -
0.1 ks
(91/92)
Wmtxm
0.07 kg
(92/93)





X MviiaifMicb Co.
133 W. Smaea Sanl
M«8m
LatfLaag: 4Wr5r/7r5^i*
SJC-34SI
Sk. Body >UhMk Greek
M«6











Land — IA
<1991)






Lncwj
B-U
-------
| F>j
TABLE »-l. WDUSTOIAL POINT AND NON-POINT SOURCE DISCHARGES
FacSit? Ntnt and Addrcu
3. Admit Wire
6176 E. MoBojrM
E.S)raam
OWM'/JWar
SIC a 3391
Rac. Body ¦ NA
Ref *6
4, Tjiml—i QintCaf.
ISIDCnrtSfeat
SynoMe
uhlmv jsmrarrwmr
SIC *3262
Sac. Badjr ¦ Ley Oetk
i StaAr Cbwucat Co.
Joa4m ILL
nwi jiIm F«a
UtfLoar  *
UlS it
(1991)
W«cr«
£9kg(J991)
Wner m
21 kg
(91/92)
Wtter ¦
13 kg (92/93)
Lmd(OLt*
116 kg
(1991)
Waters
OJkg
(91/92)
Wrtcr-
2k*
(91/92)
¦ 1 kf
(WJ)
Mrcvj
rc*» {tool)
W*tf.
M kf
(91/92)
DMmfl
4r59'4IW2T2<
SIC *3479
>«c.l«dr*SkM*ktOe(k
Rcf #4
Waters
0.6 k(
(92/93)

B-12
-------
TABLE B-l. INDUSTRIAL POINT AND NON-POINT SOURCE DISCHARGES
FadiyNiw mA Address
Totk Ch«mkal Lotditp and Smarts

M.
¦ llHl(l>
¦Iimm

•wain
•MH0E)
QiMm
Oryrnw
KIT ft
DMM
BMn
¦umMw ¦
Ud
Mu LWJ
Mrn
Oet*cMor»
rtymw
rev* (w»r)
1WacMor»
tdiyltii
TWfktM
L OMorfcr Motrin. Inc.
\MliM* 43W7T/7S«faiOe(l
MM











"kf
(91/92)






OataritCMty
L SIMnIb.
WOmRmJ
OdlCOBMl
u*m*: 4rs¥srrrrmr
SIC *3479, 3441. 3993
lUc. Mjr ¦ HA
Kef *6











Ak (NPS) ¦
2J5 kg
-------
TABLE B-l. INDUSTRIAL POINT AND NON-POINT SOURCE DISCHARGES
	
Tooele Cbetofcal Loadjap tod Soorret



AfMk
b«4i]
pynat

MH
rnwiiw

•M *
MtMria
Macta
n« iiim
tMi

Mm
OrtkiUr»
iw*o
TttuBw*
in^ini E
OmpCMly
L Anw| WocH luhinki
Katel»
XcMtesr
Mat
-€«n5776nrMr
SIC-2611
Hbc, Bohp Riwr
IUf«M
Wmam
»kg
CWJ










Wrtei*
IB kf
OT)






r OwftWR, he.
NaMeRto. 13
L4La*r 4JW«'77rSJ3r
SIC •3471
ibe.Bo*r-n*a«ck
MM











Water *
c. 4r5rrr/74^r?r
S1C» 3334,3354,3355
Kbc. M^aQmiRmr
Rrfff











Air (NFS) *
ITlfcg
(l»l>
Air (PS)*
1530 kg
(1»!>
W«er»
ISO kg
<1W1)
\jBd (SI) m
166.5 kg
(1991)






liMJfj
B-J4
-------
TABLE B-l. INDUSTRIAL POINT AND NON-POINT SOURCE DISCHARGES
Facility Nhm ad Addm*
To*k Cbcnkal loadingi ud Source*

Araalt
hMM
pjreaa

iiwim
•mftw
fllllllll
OlfMM
DOT Jt
RkMrii
Mala
Bmriilw»
U*
Mmaj
Mra
OcticMw)
*jnm
ro* ftMal)
THmMw»
Tuift i ¦ i
J. SL Lman Refcdna PtaM
Surttftu River RJ.
UnKfll
44-5T56774-45W
SIC « 3334
Rac. Bo*y » St. Lawreacc Rmr
Rcf 44
Water*
Ilk,
(91/92)
Water*
7k*
(92/93)

5k*
<91/M)
Waw •
5kg
(92/93)
§*f fffl














4. l^lfae«4ftMI
N»4T«lint»
IMk
uhlc*|: 44r\T4rnsmr
SIC - 1031
Rac. My » Ocwcgacbie Rmr
Refit











Water*
101 kg
(91/92)
Water*
60 kg
(92/93)






09. HytfMM
iMtUmft 44*tr23*/7S"ir5T
SIC • 1091
Rcc. Body * OmplcUt River
RcfM











Wtfer •
314 kf
(91/92)
Wtfer*
193 kg
(92/93)
Wtfer*
02 kg
(91/92)
Water*
04 kg
(92/93)





4 Part St. Uwugi
UAm*i 4*Trwn$tuetr
SIC *5171
ftee. IWilj ¦ Tl liiniiiiilttnf
fte

Water -
1X07 kg
(92/93)

Water ¦
007 kg
(92/93)




Water ¦
16 kg
(92/93)






7. Ofwrii
P.
-------
TABLE B-l. INDUSTRIAL POINT AND NON-POiNT SOURCE DISCHARGES
htWrNutiidAMnu
Tate Cbcnkal Lwtap asd Sources

Araak

Mi)
InaM
Iwft)
CM_
Qhjmm
mt
Militmiln
MdMi
M
DcncMar*-
kmat
\jn*
Mweatf
Mm
OctacMor*
MJKM
rot (m«o
TrtuMai
«t)lm
Tmfhnt
ffuwwC—ly
L n»wi Q—cfa Div.
P.O. Bok460
22M East Mai* SL
WmoIo*
4rS4tM*/76^1'10'
S1C-2M9
be. Be4y * Sceeea Mie
Rrf#l,4












Water ¦
Q.Q7 kg
-------
TABLE B-1. INDUSTRIAL POINT AND KON-POfNT SOURCE DISCHARGES
FftdHt?Naatt«4 AJdrcu
Tralc Ocvkkl IwwHnp and Sources

AiMk

m*

Mk]

CVyww
DOT*
MmMh
DfcUrta

BmcMwr
t Wll 1
U*i
hfcrcwf
Mm
Oiudfcri.
«yrwn
K*«Oylw>
TMUfbtM I
t MoNI QKNical Ok
DgfttftuikU
file 31
Mnte
Lmfljoaf. 43"OW/77*lW
S)C«W1
JUc.Bo4jr*KA
MM
















Air (HPS)-
337.5 kg
<1990
Air (PS)»
15,750 kg
(1W1)

1 Oni|1i>
|f 1
Lm/Umg: 43mW^tm/rrtT43'
SIC-SOW
lUc. My ¦ B«(t Cwl
MM











Water -
(U kg
<91/92)
W*cr«
ai kj
(K/91)






Wjiad^ C»1j
1. OMaptan PleJacts, be.
200N.IMiSL
Ray
Lm/ux* mrsrmrsr
sic-im
Hoc. B#*jr - NA
Refit
















Air (NPS) *
5,057 kg
n»")

X MMfcfaT«U*.fac.
M(MeR&
LatfLov «l*»WWWir
SIC* 3491
Rac.Bo4y-CTW
MM











Wtfer *
0.3 k|
W*et»
05 k|
<92/92)






YikiGHBif
L ftiirilp Ocfatag SMt—
Drain
Urt^Mg; mwwfmesr
5KT-4NI
lUc. Bad? • KcakmOodei
Mfl>
W«er-
266 kg
P»W)


















B-17
-------
TABLE B-l. INDUSTRIAL POINT AND NON-POINT SOURCE DISCHARGES
FacOly Nnmt m4 Arfdras
T«k Chtntal Load hip Mid Soarccs

Ana*

liwli)
PJfON
>!»*>
¦MHQ4
CMwfcn
CftrjMM
DOT A
HhiIiuOIii
DMMi
JNadi
RnM*l«r*>

Mvwj

OriiMw
<)i«i

•dlflttM
-
2. LwtwuuJ AA Diyi
Tcmjr
UtfLo^: 4T40r45"/ro>Sr«r
SIC a 4931
Rtt.Ba^-KMbOMhi
Kef #4
W«f-
-------
TABLE B-2. MUNICIPAL POINT SOURCE DISCHARGES
*m nr Tau> +-¦) j
mm Map 1
fair 1 ¦ f 111111 MiiilBiiil^mi
IrndtOUrnlmiwimmmmimimlBL
lUL>lhMAMIi 1 ¦!*¦!
mtLrnUi IIIIMI
fc», »il> 			 g 1* igi 1 m Nil ^yU«*h| fc wfcl tm lir i.
¦¦fcfc— 		Ilia lm ml ii fn« w^rm*r+* >¦¦¦!
FKMjNMH^Ukw
T«dc Cbeofcal T—dbfi aai Smrttt

krrnm
¦ hi H
» i in
£l£L

OMH.
ClryMM
MttaMfcH
DMM
¦Mi
"rr
LM4
Muimj
1*0
OcUtMin
res*
M}
T»kMwi
MkjhM
T»nyhni
Ca^Omy
L Mhm(QSI?
OllilJ SC
Aaba
hm/La^: ttrmneirsr
SKmim
Rat. Bwif vOmko OMht
Jlc/M,9











Wtfjr-
(9V92)
Witter*
I22k|
(92/93)






Ck-5Siror39'
»C*4m
K*. BWy ¦ TltWnf Mw
UN
w**.
5k«
(MOT
W«H*
2ttif
WW)










Wtfer-
444 kg
(9U92)
Wrier ¦
14 k(
(W3>






B~t*
-------
TABLE B-2. MUNICIPAL POINT SOURCE DISCHARGES
FMttT Nm Ma AMras
Toric Cbmfcal 1 ntlin£f and Sources

An.It

>11
ppr«»
JZ2L

OMm
CWjw—
DDT *
MNrtiln
Willi li


ua
Mwt»7
Mm
4km
FCta
(Mtil)
rihyhm
niupiwi
ftfaftlj
1. Erie Camtf SD #3 WWTP
266 LdJffcAw.
u^Le«r 4z^roi*/7r5inr
SIC-4952
IUe.loly.MQ«k
RrfM












W«CT>
5kg
(92/93)





r AahettSD«16SIP
Amhn*
iMILmv 43*Qrsr/7r49S2
Rac. Bady aNiagm River
MM











W«cr»
1059 kt
(92/93)




Water ¦
315 kg
(91/92)
Water*
26$ kg
(92/93)

4. QmIIMSDRVWTP
tkm*Umd
o-wwwsrw
SJC-4952
Rrf«l«











Water-
50.53 kg
(91/92)
Rcf #10
ZSfl»Afay
Rrf #5
pp. B-I,
B-S.M




Water «¦
6l4 kg
(91/92)
Ref#10
0l3 hs/day
Rcf #5
PP. B-l,
B-5,B-6

Total Met*
55.9 Vb/4*f
RcffS
pp. B-l. B-5. B-6
WUH
5-20
-------
TABLE B-2. MUNICIPAL POINT SOURCE DISCHARGES
Famr Hrnrn* m* Addrcat
Todc CMol Lvdtofi and Soarwa

1M*
»i«'M
(•Anew
nr«M
¦ ¦¦¦¦HI
¦ 1 »
CMNmh
CkfMi
WTft
WH»ii1ii
Willi*
Stab
IfcmMin-
hnm
Uti
Mcrctry
Mr«
OctuMwi
IplM
res*
(MiO
THraeMar*.
lagrtmi
tWfhtM I
5. Tanavni* (T) SDV2 STP
TSOTwlfflbMM
iM/ba*: 42*59'4077r54'ir
SIC-4952
lac.Boi)ra%nlUw
Jtcf #4











Water »
520 k*
(91/92)
Water »
141 kg
(92/93)






1 &kOtM9SmrDbtM«rWff
MmmWVIT)
KcffSp.B-1











ToUl Metals
5.4 tbittay



Total VOCb
(ttlbtfta?

7. TmrfTm^WVP
Rcf«5p.ft-I











ToUl Met«U
15.2 Rn/day



Total VOC*
IS tbsfiMJ

B. Towaaf AarimtWWTF
Kcff5p.B-I











Total Meuls
*.9 RnAfay



Total VOCi
212 lbs/day

OinnCa—y
t Batarfc(C) WPCT
MMmSl
lawia
Latfav 42Wr/7ril74*
SIC* 4953
MM











Wtfer-
37 kg
(91/92)
Water-
35 kg
(92/93)






MfamCHMy
L VmmiVKP
ioo w.r. not emv*
iM/um* larmrnsw+r
SIC-4952











WMer-
250 kg
(91/92)
Water ¦
106 kg
(92/93)
Wtfer-
14 kg
(91/92)
14 kg
(92/93)





UMNjm
B-2I
-------
TABLE B-2. MUNICIPAL POINT SOURCE DISCHARGES

T«dc CbMBkil 1 irihn nd Sntw

,II lUll
BnnM
IiwW
ImH

OM«
o*y—
wr*
NmMm
WMi
DM.
BmiWi
Lm4
Mwifj
Mm
(kUdiw*
<|IW
KSa
(MaQ
TikicMm
ittqhae
Twijfcmii
NamCaalr
t Grtea • Cktt Otdoi 5JX WVFP
Wwtei—r
Ulof 43"06'16777*4 IV
SIC-4952
Use. BtJfaGauHMn
tutus











W«a-
109 kj
(92/93)






2. MVmiLmSI?
FfiMOanAn.
La/Lamf. 4JH'147Jr34'4ir
SIC-4952
Kac. Body ¦ Like Odm
MH3











W*er «
772 k*
(9U9Z)
Water ¦
«lk|
(W3)




I'liif

X MmCoHrVMJMmiqr
4799 DnHy Aw.
Jtecfcetter
UAetv 4rir05777*3rsr
MC.4*4J
lbc-BMp-taniM
MM











W«er •
359 kg
(91/92)
W*er-
417 kf
(9193)






4 WrikrV.MfWa:
mnic—
YfeWta
UlU^ OMW/mWr
SIC • 4952
Rk. My-Ufa OmjtW
RcTM











Water -
11kg
(91/92)
Water-
Kkf
(WW)
Wtfcr «
c»im>
Water ¦
4ki
(W93)





NhgereCw^
L LwI|imi (C> WWTP
MM.
Radkpart
iM/Lot^s wmrrnrmr
StC« 4952
MMj











Wmot =
65 kg
(91/92)
Water-
Uk{
(92/W)
W«ia =
Ukg
(91/92)
Walcr-
Jilt
(92^5)





tM9«
-------
TABLE B-2. MUNICIPAL POINT SOURCE DISCHARGES
FKMtr Num M* Ad*oi
Teak Cbeokil 1 nailim ud Sourm


Anak
hwU
* i <¦)
PpOM
¦ *1

«¦»!>

MPT*
Willi .1.1
DMtfrfa
Ma
n»myw»
Lm4
Mtnty
Mm
CktocMor*
HjIMl
KB*
(totef)
Tt> nMwo
«Uijlwi
TWffcw
UMaIp 41-OWWOTM-
Roc. Botj m Magm River
Rrf#W

W**«
667 kg
(9VW)




W«C£f *
6.67 kf
C91TO)



W«er«
24.9 kg
(91/92)
Water -
1153.74 kg
(91/92)
Waa «
1153.74 kg
(91/92)
Vtta-
0.5 J kg
(91/92)

W««*
4-63 kg
(91/92)
Water -
267.21 kg
(91/92)
3.0**M«y
Rrf«5pp.
9-U B-7

Totaf Metals
28.0 ItnMay
Ref #5
pp. B-l, B-?
X W-Twn ¦ili(c)WWTP
OORfccr R4.
Tiibiii will
UtfLeav «W4t"/n"Snr
SIC* 4952
tfrn^MOym
MM










Total
Other
BNAi
4.0 k»/
day
Rrf#5
FP-B-1.
04
Water -
760 kg
(91/92)
Water«
1005 kg
(92/93)
2.4 In/day
Ref #5
pp. B-l. B-6




Total VOCt
0.8 Ibi/dty
Ref #5 pp.
B-l. B-6

Told Metric 57 J fetter
Rtf#5
fp.B-l.B4
4k N^iOwty SD»t WW7P
225SRI««rRJ.
W^iPA
twoiwsnr
SIC ¦ 4952
Roc. My • Magaffc Rtar
RcTM
W«cr-
23 kf
<91/92}
W*r«
3Sk|
(WW)










WMer-
26 kg
(91/92)
Water-
13kg
(92/93)
W*««
7.5 kg
(91/92)
W«tf-
6kg
(92/93)



Total VOC*
6.7IbsAtay
Ref #5
pp. B-l, B-6

Tout Met* 32.9 fbt/day
Ref #5
pp. B-l; B-6
IMM	B-23
-------
TABLE B-2. MUNICIPAL POINT SOURCE DISCHARGES

Todc Qmrical Lndbp mi Swrta






x ,
¦ ¦¦(!)
IiiiiW
PVW*
¦ ii 0)
»¦ >0

CWyw
NTI
MrtaheMtfi
IMM

Biuiyw>
M
Mwify
Mrn
OctacMtf*
*jnm
PCSi
<**»0
¦Miyhm
TaOflmM
S. IGMcpnA (V) WWTF
KIMWSl
MMkpwt
onniwawr
SIC-4952
Roc. BWy-krfrfoCrw*
MM











Wrier-
29 kg
(92/93)






(M*M|
L Ke—limit filSTP
7110 DoaMet St
Raa»
L^Uv 49n2V/75*2T4r
SIC-4932
Roe. My ¦ tMwk RNB«|i
CM
RtfM











Wafer -
46 kg
(91/92)
Wrier*
107 kg
(92/93)
Wrier-
SJ kg
(91/92)
Wrier-
3ikg
(92/93)





Cfrnilf C—t7
L WettelM WWTP
WrinllU.
R Sum—
4ror5rwi«m
UH*











Wrier*
154 kg
(91/92)
Water ¦
222 kg
(92/93)




Wrier-
?Ikg
(91/92)
Wrier =>
IS kg
(92/93)


B-24
-------
TABLE B-2. MUNICIPAL POINT SOURCE DISCHARGES
FkMj m4 AMra*
Tnk Cbeiakal Loadis|s and Seartcs

AfWte
M*)
Ih«M
If"
»iiii*I
limM
¦
CWiii—
CWym
DDT*
MmMNh
PfeMrta
Dtata
IkvwMir*.
Im(
Miiw|
Mta
Orttthm
rcti
(«-D
TctracMor*-
Teeeyfcsw
X htekofoBtm Sytacwe WWTP
gjiww
UVLov 43*03'5lV7®"10r41*
SfC-4952
lUe. My»Om%iUlEf
W*cr-
666 kf
own)
w«««
252 kg
(W3)










Water ¦
355 kg
(91/92)
Water *
3Mk|
(92/93)
W*er>
33 kg
(91/92)
Wtfer ¦
5kg
(92/93)



Wnr*
149 kg
(91/92)
Wtfer -
422 kg
(92/93)

4. IfaMmk/UMiiMWWlP
Hulfcii CaierM.
Ilmiliii
4JW«77fl'W3r
SIC *4952
Rac. Bt4f m T ImiiHimii Owfc











Water «
105 kg
(91/92)
Water ¦
125 kg
(92/93*






OMaftoCaaa^
L MnhOofcWWTP
DmAm
Oeant
ivsrarnestxt
SIC-4*32
Roc. BMy ¦ Scmci Ufa
MM











Wttr«
49 kg
(92/93)
W*er -
1.3 U
(92/93)





OmpCmy
1. 0»H> Ww» Site STP
aqrHal
Oiim
milmt 4vmrnsnff4r
StC*49S2
lUc Ba4y ¦ LdnONario
lUf 4P4
W*r«
(WW)










W«ct«
*k*
(91/92)'
Water*
6kg
(92/93)
Water •
1.9 kg
(91/92)
W*er -12
kg
(92/93)





!JM»j
-------
TABLE B-2. MUNICIPAL POINT SOURCE DISCHARGES
FbriKf Nn mi Atdnm
Todc ttiakil liMdh»|i and Sources


•M*)
¦mM
W*


Ohtw
Ojl—
MTk
IIMMM
MM.
Mala
ktOM*
Lm4
Mm ifT
Mm
OHliillm
Mjl ww
PCU
«WiB
TilntMwi
ittrlm
Tbiwfcm
Z On*«fo
-
Mk|
(92/9J)





SlL—ariflj
L 0|iurf«| tw m**y yWTT
RMSl
¦CHIi—Ni|
14UIF «W/FSVII'
ac>4952
IUb. My m at Lavacac* kc*t
MM











"Wakr-
l<*kj
491/92)
Wtfer*
293 kf
(5OT3)
W*rr-
Z7k*
(91/921
W«er -
6k|
VSV93)





M«o^r
WgjhilfV] WWTP
Lj«L«ag: 41*3»777TJr33'
SfC-4952
IbcBo^-lfalBedlW
RrfM







.



Vtfv.
41 kC
(92/9 J)






UM»m	B-26
-------
Bnac9ss=BHssaBBesss=ss=saaBS=ssBaasssssas8sBasansBe=sss=as==s=====s=r3s^^=s===s====s==a=sa=s=s=s=======
TABLE B-l MUNICIPAL POINT SOURCE DISCHARGES
FkdKyNiwM^AMrM
Task Cbcnkml IwJtip tad Sources

Am*
•>»*>
rrmm
M
¦in W
ChhHwt
Oijiim
DVT*
DMM
¦Mb
BmscMmv
bOOMM
iMi
Mhm7
Win
OcUcttor*.
*fttm
rctt
(M9
T«Hdlw»
l(kjk«i
Twptim
T^MwC—ty
1. fctw»Af«aWWTFadftie*
nmMiSMi
L*Uar «W/»W
SIC • 4952
Rat. Bo4y " Csyvf* Ub
MM.9











Water •
466 kg
(91/92)
Water *
I5J k|
(92/93)




W«er>
26 kg
(91/92)
Wtter «
rkg
(92/93)

WajMCaHt;
I. Nnrak Wwir
371 MvnySt.
WllMt
43*«m7rW14*
SIC-4952
lUc. Boly » Oeegwi Qeefc
RrfMi











Water ¦
362 kf
(92/93)






Wll: lA ftii f "XmktUm
WM: ¦^HitiiwBiwiMOiWthB.KWMClVWl
fa##* yMteSM^tattfOM^BiAlilmNT. Ui.il
MM MiO^KnSiMKMMlMilim Dm fci»uiiI «1*n.t»VW>.¦
ELr9i-9. Mm* ]*!. M Rtfa*.
LIMJfM
-------
TABLE B-3. SIC CODES FOR INDUSTRIAL AND MUNICIPAL DISCHARGERS
1031 = lead and zinc ores
1429 = crushed and broken stone, not elsewhere classified
2389 = apparel and accessories
2611 = pulp mills
2621 = paper mills
2812 = alkalies and chlorine
2819 = industrial inorganic chemicals
2821 = plastics mat./syn resins/nv elast
2865 = cyclic crudes and intermediates
2869 = industrial organic chemicals
2879 = pesticides & agricultural chem
3081 = unsupported plastics film and sheet
3089 = plastics products,
3199 = leather goods
3262 = vitreous china table &. kite her articles
3264 = porcelain electrical supplies
3312 = blast fum/steel works/rolling
3316 = cold finishing of steel shapes
3334 = primary production of aluminum
3341 = secondary smelting/nonferrous metals
3351 = copper rolling, drawing, extending
3354	= aluminum extruded products
3355	= aluminum rolling and drawing
3357 = nonferrous wire drawing and insulating
3364 » nonferrous die - castings, except aluminum
3398 » metal heat treating
3441 = fabricated structural metal
Ln«».ui
B28	TRC
-------
TABLE B-4-I. HAZARDOUS WASTE INCINERATOR LOCATIONS, U.S. EASTERN GREAT LAKES
BASIN
Incinerator
Location
Laidlaw Environmental Services
(NYD000632372)
(formerly BDT) (a commercial facility)
Clarence, Erie County
Eastman Kodak
(NYD980592497)
Rochester. Monroe County
Occidental Chemical
(NYD000824482)
Niagara Falls, Niagara County
Occidental Chemical
(NYD002103216)
Niagara Falls, Niagara County
Source: Fax communi canon from K. Randolph, EPA - Wasie Minigntient Divjiion, to A. Miller, TRC, dated 8/5^3.
L93-839.1
B-30
TRC
-------
TABLE B-4-2. (CONTINUED)
Incinerator
Location
No. of Units
Total Capacity
Control Devices
Town of
Tona wanda
WWTP*
Tona wan da, Erie
County
2
NI
NI
Two Mile Creek
STP*
Tonawonda, Erie
County
NI
NI
NI
Watenown
WPCP*
300 William R. Field
Drive. Watertown,
Jefferson County
1
21
Scrubber
•Wastewater treatment plants using sewage iludge incinerators.
"Sot currently operating incinerator.
NI = No information found
Sources: AIR CHIEF Retrieval, Table A-l. U.S. Sewerage Sludge and Table 41. Received 8/93 from E. Goodman, EPA Library.
Fax communication from E. Lonoff, EPA Water Management Division, to S. Stoloff, TRC dated 9/22/9 3.
L93-839.1
B-32
TRC
-------
APPENDIX C
SPILLS
L93-839.app
RECYCLED PAPER	ENFORCEMENT CONFIDENTIAL
TRC
-------
TABLE C-l. |
Quantity Codes: Cause Codes:
t - liter T = transportation
Kg = kilogram E = operational error
I) = drums 0 = other
F = equipment failure N = natural phenomenon
U = unknown
"Quantity "Other" is unknown; therefore quantity was not used in totals.
bSize of drums is unknown; therefore quantity was not used in totals.
'Concentration of mercury is unknown; therefore quantity was not used in totals.
'Concentration of PCBs is unknown; therefore quantity was not used in totals.
'Quantity code not listed - assumed to be liters.
^Quantity code "L" is undefined; therefore quantity was not used in totals.






•Spills arc reported as volumes spilled; these amounts do not necessarily represent loadings to the environment (see Section 4.2.3 in the report). Database quantities were reported in
pounds and gallons; however, to be consistent the units were converted to kilograms and liters.
Facility
Spill Location
Spill City
County
Spill DT
Case No.
Material
Quantity*
Cause 1
Village of Wellsville

Wellsville
Alleghany
12/04/89
90-0230
Transformer
Oil
7.57 1
F 1
ADM Corn Sweetners

Monta Zuma
Cayuga
11/01/88
90-1081
PCB
37.85 1
I
Ford Motor

Buffalo
Erie
06/18/87
87-0842
PCB Oil
7.57 1
F |
Vibratcch

Buffalo
Erie
l(V03/88
89-0022
PCB Oil
(300,000 ppm)
2.00 O*
f 8
Con rail

Sloan
Erie
04/28/89
£9-0727
PCB
Transformer
OB
5.(*0 D*
O
Worthy Business Center

Buffalo
Erie
07/12/89
89-1103
Transformer
Oil w/700 ppm
PCBs
113.55 1
O
I93-839.B	C-l
RECYCLED PAPER
ENFORCEMENT CONFIDENTIAL
-------
| Environmental Services

Buffalo
Erie
09/11/92
92-1121
PCBs
459.20 1
1

-
TABLE C I. (CONTINUED)
Facility
Spill Location
Spill City
County
Spill DT
Case No.
Material
Quantity*
Cause
Niagara Mohawk Power Co.
Town of Olean, Pole
No. 27 ofT Route
417
Buffalo
Eric
04/04/93
93-0574
Oil, Misc.
Transformer
1737 1

Niagara Mohawk Power Co.

Buffalo
Erie
04/08/92
92-1197
Oil, Misc.
Transformer
3,785.00 1

Niagara Mohawk Power Co.
45 Best Street
Station No. 49
Buffalo
Eric
06/15/93
93-0830
PCBs
18.92 1

Niagara Mohawk Power Co.

Buffalo
Erie
07/26/92
92-0945
PCBs
18.925 1

Niagara Mohawk Power Co.

Buffalo
Erie
08/09/92
92-0995
PCBs
37.85 1

Niagara Mohawk Power Co.
1621 Niagara Falls
Blvd.
Buffalo
Erie
11/02/92
93-0104
Oil, Misc.
Transformer
75.70 1

Niagara Mohawk Power Co.
Island Park
SS8S Main Street
Buffalo
Erie
11/15/92
93-0149
Oil, Misc.
Transformer
132.48 1

Niagara Mohawk Power Co.
Pole No. 72
Chandler Street
Buffalo
Eric
12/03/92
93-0198
Oil, Misc.
Transformer
3.78 1

Niagara Mohawk Power Co.
RL 30 S.
Line No. 23
Zone 222-19
Pole No. 237
Malone
Franklin
11/29/92
93-0192
Oil, Misc.
Transformer
75.70 1

USA - Ft. Drum

Ft. Drum
Jefferson
09/14/91
91-1118
500 ppm PCBs
454.20 1
E
Xcrnx Corp.

Webster
Monroe
05/28/87
87-0756
Arsenic
189.25 1
E
193-839.B
RECYCLED PAPER
C-2
ENFORCEMENT CONFIDENTIAL
-------
TABLE C-I. (CONTINUED)
Facility
Xerox Corp.
Spill Location
Spill City
Wehster
County
Monroe
Spill DT
07/24/89
Case No.
89-1166
Material
Transformer
Oil w/PCBs
Quantity*
3.78 1
Cause
F
Xerox Corp.

Webster
Monroe
01/21/91
91-0350
PCB
Contaminated
Oil
10.60 1
F
Eastman Kodak Corp.

Rochester
Monroe
03/09/89
89-0510
Transformer
Oil
7.57 1
F
Eastman Kodak Corp.

Rochester
Monroe
06/27/89
89-1042
Tetrachloro-
ethylene
945.00 Kg
O
Eastman Kodak Corp.

Rochester
Monroe
05/10/91
91-0690
PCBs
15.14 1
E
Eastman Kodak Corp.

Rochester
Monroe
05/24/91
91-0731
PCBs
18.92 1

General Motors Coip.

Rochester
Monroe
05/09/90
90-1052
Tetrachloro-
ethylene
94.62 1
F
E
Rochester Gas & Electric

Rochester
Monroe
07/06/92
92-0872
PCBs
3.78 1

Rochester Gas & Electric
1018 Rl 104
Rochester
Monroe
03/31/93
93-0551
PCBs
151 1

SCA Chemical Services

Model City
Niagara
03/04/87
87-0435
PCB Mineral
Oil
151 1
E
Airco Carbon

Niagara Falls
Niagara
08/07/87
87-1057
PCB
Transformer
Oil
1,51400 I
F
Airco Carbon

Niagara Falls
Niagara
06/13/88
88-0967
Aroclor 1016
(PCB)
7.57 1
F B
I93-839.B
RECYCLED PAPER
C-3
ENFORCEMENT CONFIDENTIAL
-------
TABLE C-l. (CONTINUED) |
Facility
Spill Location
SpiH City
County
Spill l)T
Case No.
Material
Quantity*
Cause |
Olcan Corp.

Niagara Falls
Niagara
03/13/88
88-0616
Mercury
Contaminated
Wastewater
585.00 Kgc
E I
Olin Corp.

Niagara Falls
Niagara
03/15/88
88-0627
Mercury
Contaminated
Wastewater
757.00 r
F
Olin Corp.

Niagara
Niagara
12/20/88
89-0252
Mercury
Contaminated
Wastewater
378.50 r
F
Olin Corp.

Niagara Falls
Niagara
05/17/89
89-0814
Mercury
Contamianted
Sludge
450 Kg-
E
SKW Allies

Niagara Falls
Niagara
07/19/88
88-1119
Oils, Misc.
Transformer
11,355.00 1
O
Allen Kaptcina Corp.

Niagara Falls
Niagara
09/18/88
88-1364
Mercury
Contaminated
Waste
473.12 T
E
Chemical Waste Management

Model City
Niagara
12/28/88
89-0272
PCB
Contaminated
Soil
9,000.00 Kg"
T
Chemical Waste Management
1550 Balmer Road
Niagara
Niagara
11/02/92
93-0139
PCBs
1.80 Kg'

Chemical Waste Management
1550 Balmer Road
Niagara
Niagara
11/05/92
93-0140
PCBs
6,056.00 1

Occidental Chemical

Niagara Falls
Niagara
05/17/89
89-0809
PCB
Contaminated
Capacitor Oil
4.50 Kg"
F
193-839.B
RECYCLED PAPER
C-4
ENFORCEMENT CONFIDENTIAL
-------
TABLE C-l. (CONTINUED)
Facility
Spill Location
Spill City
County
Spill DT
Case No.
Material
Quantity*
Cause
Carbon Graphite Group

Niagara Falls
Niagara
09/23/88
88-1389
Oil-PCB
151.40 1
O
Carbon Graphite Co.

Niagara Falls
Niagara
07/11/91
91-0907
190 ppm PCBs
94.62 1

Carbon Graphite Co.

Niagara Falls
Niagara
03/25/92
92-0525
PCBs
0.49 1

Carbon Graphite Co.

Niagara Falls
Niagara
04/09/92
92-0589
PCBs
0.49 1

Griffiss Air Force Base

Rome
Oneida
09/10/87
87-1208
PCB Oil
378.50 1
F J
Niagara Mohawk Power Co.

Syracuse
Onondaga
04/01/86
469-86
PCB
Transformer
Oil
11.35 1

Niagara Mohawk Power Co.

Syracuse
Onondaga
07/06/86
86-0847
Transformer
Oil
113.55 1
U
Niagara Mohawk Power Co.

Syracuse
Onondaga
09/11/86
86-1094
Transformer
Oil, PCBs
143.83
N
Niagara Mohawk Power Co.

Syracuse
Onondaga
10/31/86
87-0070
PCB
Transformer
Oil
378.50 1
U
Niagara Mohawk Power Co.

Syracuse
Onondaga
03/04/87
87-0443
PCB Oil
11.35 I
F
Niagara Mohawk Power Co.

Syracuse
Onondaga
04/08/87
87-0569
PCBOU
7.57 1
F
Niagara Mohawk Power Co.

Syracuse
Onondaga
03/23/88
88-0651
Oils, Misc.
Transformer
37.i>5 1
O
Niagara Mohawk Power Co.

Syracuse
Onondaga
07/31/88
88-1188
Oils, Misc.
Transformer
52.99 1
T
193-8.19.B
RECYCLED PAPER
C-5
ENFORCEMENT CONFIDENTIAL
-------
TABLE C-l. (CONTINUED)
Facility
Spill Location
Spill City
County
Spill DT
Case No.
Material
Quantity*
Cause
Niagara Mohawk Power Co.

Syracuse
Onondaga
10/05/88
89-0023
PCB
Transformer
Oil
18.92 1
F
Niagara Mohawk Power Co.

Syracuse
Onondaga
11/10/88
89-0148
Transformer
Oil
151.40 1
T
Niagara Mohawk Power Co.

Syracuse
Onondaga
05/03/89
89-0745
Transformer
Oil
227.10 1
E
Niagara Mohawk Power Co.

Syracuse
Onondaga
05/17/89
89-0812
Transformer
Oil
3.78 1
T
Niagara Mohawk Power Co.

Syracuse
Onondaga
11/18/91
92-0177
PCBs
170.32 1
T
Niagara Mohawk Power Co.

Syracuse
Onondaga
11/22/91
92-0192
Transformer
Oil
0.95 1
F
Niagara Mohawk Power Co.

Syracuse
Onondaga
02/10/92
92-0407
Oil, Misc.
Transformer
113.55 1

Niagara Mohawk Power Co.

Syracuse
Onondaga
03/10/92
92-0491
Oil, Misc.
Transformer
3.78 1

Niagara Mohawk Power Co.

Syracuse
Onondaga
05/05/92
92-0665
Oil, Misc.
Transformer
37.85 1

Niagara Mohawk Power Co.

Liverpool
Onondaga
05/09/92
92-1212
Oil, Misc.
Transformer
3,785.00 1

Niagara Mohawk Power Co.

Liverpool
Onondaga
06/07/92
92-0784
Oil, Misc.
Transformer
11.35 1

Niagara Mohawk Power Co.

W. Syracuse
Onondaga
09/08/92
92-1101
PCBs
3.78 1
I
193-839.B
C-6
RECYCLED PAPER
ENFORCEMENT CONFIDENTIAL
-------
TABLE C-l. (CONTINUED)
Facility
1 Spill Location
Spill City
County
Spill DT
Case No.
Material
Quantity*
Cause
Fischer Guide of GM

Syracuse
Onondaga
06/16/86
782-86
Hydraulic Fluid
w/PCBs
3.78 1

LCP Chemicals

Solvay
Onondaga
04/05/88
88-1016
Mercury
6.30 Kg
F
LCP Chemicals

Solvay
Onondaga
05/18/88
88-0847
Mercury
0.90 Kg
E
LCP Chemicals

Solvay
Onondaga
05/18/88
88-0993
Mercury
0.90 Kg
U
LCP Chemicals

Solvay
Onondaga
05/24/88
88-1021
Mercury
0.45 Kg
E
LCP Chemicals

Solvay
Onondaga
05/31/88
88-1015
Mercury
0.45 Kg
F
LCP Chemicals

Solvay
Onondaga
06/01/88
88-1029
Mercury
4.50 Kg
E
LCP Chemicals

Solvay
Onondaga
06/28/88
88-1020
Mercury
0.45 Kg
U
LCP Chemicals

Solvay
Onondaga
06/29/88
88-1037
Mercury
2.25 Kg

LCP Chemicals

Solvay
Onondaga
06/29/88
89-0440
Mercury
Revised
Amount
0.90 Kg
F
Barrett Paving Material

E. Syracuse
Onondaga
12/08/89
90-0243
Transformer
Oil
113.55
F
Onondaga Cily Dept. of Drain

Syracuse
Onondaga
01/18/90
90-0409
Transformer
Oil w/PCBs
3.78 1
F
Alcan Rolled Products

Oswego
Oswego
09/24/86
86-1141
PCB
Contaminated
Oil
7.57 1
F
General Moiors

Massena
St. Lawrence
09/19/86
86-1127
PCB
Contaminated
Oil
18.92 1
F
193-839.B	C-7
RECVCLEO PAPER	ENFORCEMENT CONFIDENTIAL
-------
¦
TABLE C-f. (CONTINUED)
Facility
Spill Location
Spill City
County
Spill DT
Case No.
Material
Quantity*
Cause
General Motors

Massena
Sl Lawrence
02/28/89
89-0498
PCB Sludge
0.45 P*
U
GM Central Foundry Div.

Massena
Sl Lawrence
05/01/90
90-0889
PCB
7.00 Lf
E
Garlock Inc.

Palmyra
Wayne
08/16/91
91-1021
PCBs
113.55 1
F
Village of Silver Springs

Silver Springs
Wyoming
Ofi/27/90
90-1136
Transformer
Fluid
1.00 O*
T
-
I93-839.B
RECYCLED f APER
C-8
ENFORCEMENT CONFIDENTIAL
-------
APPENDIX D
HAZARDOUS WASTE SUES
L93-839.app
RECYCLED PAPER	ENFORCEMENT CONFIDENTIAL
TRC
-------
TAIW.KIM: IIAZARIMms WASTF.SITKS OFPOTENTIAI.rONCKRN
	Site Name	
Approximate IHstanct 1
_t«SoTh«AVilw	
Content*/
		Contaminants
Remediation
	 Status 	
	CommcnU		 	|
Kstiinated 1
LnadingsJkfi/yearJ* |
Referents:
l)uc._ | Pagc/l»i». !
NOIF.S:





Nil. Status Codes.
N Not yet proposed to Nil.
1® Proposed to Nil*
I7 l.istcd on Nil.



a. b: These letter; link each estimated loading figure to its source in the References column.



* All chemical-specific data are estimated ground water-transported loadings to surface water.
From original (1988) data. Rl data indicate a loading as low as K».425 kg/yr.



ali-Ec;any county
(all in Genesee Nasi..






Sinclair Refinery
S. Brooklyn Ave.
Wcllsville, NY

PtDs. lead, nickel, pesticides.
petroleum.
Rl/FS completed; RD/RA underway.
Nil. Status: FI First ROD: 9/W/8S;
Second ROD: 9/*
-------
TARI.F. IM: IIA7.ARIMIHS WASTE SITES OF POTENTIAL II1NIERN
[ Site Name
Approximate Distance
to Surface Water
Content*/
Contaminants
Remediation
.Status
OH 1 -iixl Reclamation
Itepc*. NV
50 ft. tmm
t a yuga t *reck.
Foundry vind. sl;»g. fly.ish. oil.
sludge. inks, waste
lliitvr 1 lnvr«.tifvihi»h < "mplrled
H);iSC II l«Vr vllJVitl'»|| pl.1lllH'm
Slaic lloii<«m < icck.
Tar c««nl;tminj» Ihmvv met.it;
Plnse 1 liivfstip.ilinn iomplotcd
KI/I S pl.nnKil
Nil-Status: N
Village of r>epen- landfill
515 llorden Rd
Depew. NY
50 ft. from
Cayuga Creek.
Unknown. Foundry sand with
phenolic* used as cover.
lliase 1 Investigation in draft fomi.
Portirm of site has been excavated.
Nil. Stafw N
Lancaster Reclamation
403 Pavement Rd
l^ancaster. NY
1000 ft. from
tributary of IMum
bottom Creek.
Bentonitc clay slurry. foundry
sand, asbestos and glass fiber
slurry, surface print wastes,
piepaste polymer. alkali.
Itiase 1 Investigation completed,
rhase II Investigation scheduled.
Nil- Status: N
Dresser Industries
2 Mam St
Depew, NY
2000 ft. from
Cayuga Creek.
Foundry sand with phcnolics.
slag, bentonite clay sludge, oif.
Phase 1 Investigation complete*!.
Nil. Status: N
Town of Manila landfill
Eastwood Rd
Manila. NY
4000 fL fmm
Little Buffalo Creek.
Unknown.
lltasc 1 Investigation in draft fomi.
Phase II Investigation planned.
NPL Status: N
Northern Demolition
French Road
(or 31)20 Clinton St)
W Seneca. NY
1000 ft. fmm a
tributary in
Buffalo Creek.
Scrap metal and rubhle fmm
Buffalo Color.
ITiase 1 Investigation completed
Nil. Slants: N
High View Terrace
100 lfrgb View Terrace
W Seneca. NY
100 ft. from
Cazenovij Creek.
Cyanide-bearing wastes.
tliasc 1 Investigation in final form.
NrL Status: N
CID (ChafTee Landfill)
llanttRoad
Chaffee. NY
1/2 mi. from a
tributary to
Cazenovia Creek.
Cyanide salts, solvents, and
PCBx (prior to |%5).
Leachate collection system
installed.
Nil. Status: N
West Seneca Transfer
Station
Mineral Springy Rd
W. Seneca. NY
200 ft from
Buffalo River.
Incinerator ash. lead.
Phase 1 Investigation completed.
Phase !1 Investigation planned.
Nil. Status: N
flntighlon fart t.andfifl
Clinton Street
Buffalo. NY
ffW ft. from
Buffalo River.
Foundry *.*nd w i#b phenolic
binders.
lliase 1 investigation completed.
Buffalo Urban Renew al Agency
investigated site in I^W.I
NPL Status: N
_Comcncnts
Sr.il ;nttil,«jututioc._	I Pafic/Hg.
I	fir. S-| VS
II
fl ^ S I.
I Hps 5.4.5.5
Leachate seeps noted at site.
Storm sewer passes through waste,
providing a migration avenue.
Data show contamination of soil and ground
water with heavy metals and phenols.
I	figs. 5.4.5.?
II
I	figs. 5.4. 5.5
II
1 figs 5.4.5.5
I	figs. 5.4.5.5
II
Lead: 2.135
I	Hr <4.5.5
II
I	figs. 5.4. 5.t
II
I figs. 5 4. 5.5
10	p 65
I figs 5.4.5.5
10 p. 65
-------
TAMJE iMi mTA*tM>V$ W AST* RUT5 Of ttVTENTUt. COOT»t)
Site Name
Mohjl t HI Corp.
ft *5 Wk Si
Duffalo. NY
Approkinuic iiiilincc
(o .Surface Water \
Adjacent to
HufTalo River.
('ontenlsf |
Contaminants . .. I
Tcffailhv'1 .iri'l Itil^e sludge*,
spent catalysts.
Buffalo Color Corp.
(Sites A &.B1
South Parte Ave.
Buffalo. NY
Adjacent to
Buffalo River,
Iron oiidc ami metal sludges.
PA lis. chlorinated benzenes,
and melals.
Allied Chemical.
1ml. Chemical l>iv.
{Currently PVS)
55 Lee St
Buffalo. NY
50 ft from
Buffalo River.
Spent vanadium pentoitde
catalyst, sulfur sludges. salts of
sulfuric and nitric acid*,
polymerized sulphan. lead.
Lehigh Valley Railroad
Tifft St red
Buffalo. NY
500 ft. from
Buffalo River.
Sludges, foundry sand. iron.
MacNaughton- Brooks
717 Elk St
Buffalo. NY
<509-Sfi2 a
a 10 p. 65

!llk)f: 1.314 a
11

B(a)p: 3.121 a
b 12 App. L)

Arsenic: 2.464 b


Lead: 5.420


Mercury; 0.164 b

l/>w pf I of ground water could enhance
Lead: 0.214 a
1 figs 5.4. 5.5
mobilization of heavy metals.

a 10 p.ft5
El


1 figs. 5.4. 5.5


11
Silt and sand underlying she rrtty pmmvte

i figs. _V4. 5.5
contaminant migration.

6 pp. 5-16


n


I figs. 5.4. 55


\\


1 figs. 5.4. 5 5


11
	
——	
1 figs, s 4.5.S


If


1 figs. 5 -4. 5 5


1 figs. 5.4, 5.5


n


			
-------
TABI.fi 0-1: IIA7.ARIXUIS WASTE SITES «>F POTENTIAL IflNCBRN
1 SHe Name
Approximate OHItnee '
to Surface Water
Contents
Contaminants
Remediation
Status
Comments
Estimated
References: |
Doc. | Page/Kg.
Madison Wire
Works Co. Inc.
324 Indian Church Road
W. Seneca. NY
Adjacent to infer*
mitt cot stream; 3A00
ft. from Buffalo River,
Heavy m rials, cyanide,
organic compounds.
llwse 1 an«l II lr»vesfip,afK>ns
c«»mplctcil.
Rl/FS underway in l(JNR.
Drum. liquid icni<»va| ci»mplctcd.
__ Nil. Status: N __
Phase! Imcsligatinn underway.
N|1,SlaluK: N
Negotiation* Tor remediation
(Consent Order arc underlay.
Nl*l_ Stntus: N
Removal of rCB-contaminaled
soils cumplrtrd-
NPL Status: 1 'nknowm
l*hase 1 Investigation c.312 a
I	fips. 5-4. 5.5
a 10 pf.s
II
Tiffl-Hopkins Si.
Tifl* & Hopkins St.
ttuffelo. NY
0.75 mi. from
Buffalo River.
Chlofobetvenes.

I	figs. 5.4. 5 5
II
floudatfle'slnd.:
Manzel Division
12975 Clarence Clr.
Aknm.NY
4000 ft. from
Buffalo Rivet.
Cutting oils, cooling compounds,
benzene.solvents, heavy metals.
FC'Bs.
1 'nknown.


I	figs. 5.4. 5.5
II
Bengali and Meme!
Buffalo. NY
5000 ft. from
Buffalo River.


1 figs. 5.4. 5.5
F.rie-bcka«iflna
Railroad
1107 Bailey Dr.
Buffalo. NY
5700 ft. from
Buffalo River.


I	figs. 5.4.5.5
II
Ameron
Buffalo. NY
Times Beach Disposal
Site
Fuhrmann Ave
Buffalo. NY
1.25 mi. from
Buffalo River.
Adjacent to Outer
Iterbar and mouth
of Buffalo River
Solvents, xylene,
methyl ethyl ketohe.
Dredge spm) frcm> the Buffalo
River. Black rock (V«l arvl
Outer llaibor, containing
PCBs, anilines. cHlornbenzenes.
PAlKs, arsenic, lead, and mercury.
Investigation by Ameron has been
completed and remedial system is
installed and operating.
Nil. Stal**: Hihunwn
Tltase 1 Investigation completed.
Corps of flnginccf* currently
investigating the site.
NPL Status: N


1 figs. 5.4. 5.5
I figs. 5.4. 5.5
¦>
H
Niagara County Rcfttte
Disposal
Wiimer Rd.
Whcalfield. NY
1000 ft. north of
Niagara River.
PCE. mercury, and sludges.
R1 completed.
Ntt.Stnlus: F
Snmr remrdialioo complete*!.
Rll ;utd CMS completed.
Nil. Stalus: N
RFI workplan completed,
NH. Status: N
-	 ¦			
Arsenic: P.329 a
Uari: l.fVtt a
Mercury: ».023 b
1R COCs: 0.0 a.h
Arsenfc: 4.271 a
Lead; 14.618 a
5 p. 4
a ft
11
b )2 App. V
5 p. tff
a K
fl
b	12	App. I?	
5 p. 45
11
a 12 App. D
Bell Aerospace Tetfmn
R'nile ft 2 and Walmoic
Wheatfield, NY
2.5 mi. north of
Niagara River.
T(T and DCE.
Bethlehem Steel Corp.
3555 Lake Shore Rd.
Lackawanna, NY
Adjacent to Buffalo
llarbnr.
Metals.

-------
TAW* \y\\ U\7MU¥tt* XV \St£ KITES OF mtHTlM. CONCfcHN
SHr Name
Approximate IHMance
In.Surface Water
Content*/
CiNtlamlnanls
fluffaln Ihihir Cnntain-
mcnt fa.k.a. ("on
Disposal l-acility)
l-ickawann,i. NV
Adjacent to
l.akc Erie.
Unknown.
INS Equipment
m-. I Pugr/l-ic- l|
Arsenic: 0')Rf> a
Mctmry: *J.7M a
T'ltal FI'A Priority
Pollutants:
443.475
a 12 App h
a 5	f. 4H
II
7 pp. 32*-12*
II
7 pp. 3WMRI
II
7 pp. 394-3%
II
7 pp. 439-441
1 ]
7 pp. 455-457
1)
7
11
pp. 46K-469
-------
TAItl>:n-l: IIA7.ARIM)IIS\VASTF..SITivSI)FniTKNTIAl.rrum
Potential impact to
I'nkno*^.
KI/I-*S compJdciJ. Remedial


11

To*n Line Road
Lake Ontario.

Design undem ay.


1 \
TaMc t
Byron Trw-nship. NY


NPL Status: HROI»:'J/29/89)




Route 19 Drum Disposal

Solvents.
Nil. Status: N


9

(McUirmk)





II

Route 19







LeRoy. NY







LIVINGSTON COUNTY
UP in Genesee Basin)
Atochem N. America
Formerly Pennvrait Corp J
Lucidol
Route 63
Yoik.NY

Ash. kludges. cMorofnrmates.
NIT. Status: N


9
1 f
tnarc-O Machine
Products
1175 Bragg St>
lima, NY

1.1 .l-trichloroethane.
trichloroethene. ofhersnlvenls.
Nil-StaltiR: lTnkrn»wn



9
Foster - Wheeler
Energy Coip.
Mt. Moms Rd
RD#J
N, Damville, NY

Chlorofonn, methylene chloride.
bis(2elhylhexyl)phthaUte.
KUs, waste paint.
NfL Status: N



9
II
loots Chemical Inc.
100 Sunnj' Sol Blvd.
Caledonia. NY

Methylene chloride,
tetraehlorethylene.
1J. 1 -tricMoroethane,
trichloroethene.
NPL Status: V
(NPL: 2/90)



3
9
1!
Tcnesw Gas Pipeline
Station 233
Don- Rd. ft Federal Rrl.
Toffc.NY

FVBs
Nil. flatus: Unknown



9
-------
table n-is hazardous wast*, sites of roTtwmi. concern
c
_SM«N»nw„
Approximate INMantc
to Surface W'alcf
j
Content*/
rnnUmin»nls.
MADISON COUNTY
Canastota Landfill
Old l*ric Canal
Lenox, NY
MONROE COUNTY
<»MC Rochester
Prod. l>iv.
1000 Lexington Ave.
Rochester. NY
1 'nknown
Rtmcdixlinn
Slalu«
llinsc II Investigation c»mplctc(
NIT SI.iIik: N
Avt'ihauft of Rochester
99 Marsh Road
tVrmton. NY
Bausch ft 1 .omh Frame
Center
465 Paul Rd.
Rochester. NY
Formerly Black &
Decker, also formerly
General Electric
(Currently Kleenbrite)
200 State St
Brockport. NY
Brighton Town Dump
Browncroft Blvd.
Brighton. NY
Brockport Landfill
East Canal Rd.
Sweden. NY
Eastman Kodak Co..
Kodak Farit Division
1669 Lake Ave.
Rochester. NY
lienzmr. PCE. I.I.1 -T('A. TCI:,
toluene.
Acetone, henzene. methyl ethyl
ketone, methylene chloride.
PCE. I.U-TCA.TCF,.
Benzene.toluene. I.I.I-TCA.
Tf T. PA IK. c.vhnium. chrmnitrm.
lead, mercury, nickel. silver,
vanadium, zinc.
TCE. chromium, iron, nickel.
4.«T-1 )f)|). icdcnc.
ben2o(k)nourrnthene.
his(2 ethylhexyl) phthalatc.
chrysene. di-n-octylphthalatc.
barium, chromium, copper, lead,
zinc.
Acetone, benzene, d»-n-oclyl
phthalale.TCE. toluene, aluminum,
arsentc.harium. cadmium, cohalt.
C(»pper. ir«w. lead. manganese,
vanadium, zinc.
Acetone, benzene, chloroform
hexane. methylene chloride,
methyl ethyl ketone, toluene,
silver.
Nil. Status: N
Nil,Stains: I'nknown
Nil, Status: N
NPL Siaius: N
IImsc I Investigation
cnmplcfftt.
NPL Status: N
NPL Status: N
Nil. Status: N
JKstimafed	|	Reference*:
Loadings (kg/Tear)* 1 l)oc. | hjc'iig.
9
II
9
9
11
9
It
9
\\
9
II
4
9
\\
-------
TAM.E !) li lUZARIKtt'K WASTE SITES OF POTENTIAL CONCERN
Site Name
Apprn^inuif j^rtwev
In Surface W»i«r
('(•nlrnfV
Contaminant*
KifMrilialini)
Emerson St. UnHfill
bcrsm Si.
Rochester. NY

Chlotdime. 4.4*-1 *1)1. arcump.
hen/enc, foisl2 ethylhcTyljplnliaNiic.
di-n-octyl phthaialf. toluene.
TCE. aluminum, chromium. iron,
lead, manganese. zinc.
NH. Sialic N
Hrtfle Perfora!»»j
100 rixfoy Industrial
nart»'*3r
Gates. NY

TCE.PCE.
Nil. Stefm: N
Greece Ijuvitfill
Flynn Road
Greece. NY

4.4-DI >T. acetone. hen/.ene,
toluene, henznl a)py rene.
floors nth ene. pyrene. arsenic,
cadmium, lead, mercury.
NpLSialiis: N
Gates Dump
tlinchey Road
Gm«.NY

Aldrin, endoeulfan.
methoxyclor. cyanide.
benzo(a)anthracene.
benzo(a )p yrene.
Henzofb>nuoianthenc
benzo(k)ftuoranthene.
chrysene. pytetae. cadmium,
chromium, copper, lead,
mecury. zinc.
NPL Status: N
Gtncnl Circuits
95 Ml. Rett) Blvd.

Acetone. tetrachloroelhylene.
trichloroethene, toluene.
Nil. Status: Unkntiwn
Genesee Gocgc
Upper Fills to Lower
Nbt
Rochester* NY

ffcnzrne. hair.n(a)anthyracrnc
beiuofajfluotanthene,
hcnzo(k JITumanthene.
bcTUo(a)pyTtt»e.
bis(2-ethyW*e*yl)|>htha1ate.
rlilwrxr/ftfran, fluoranlhenc.
hexach/orohuturfirne.
tetracholoroethene.
toluene, arsenic. harinm.
cadmium, chromium. lead.
meroiT)1. zinc.
Nil- Slants: N
Burroughs/Unisys Site
1225 Ridgeway Ave.
Rochester. NY

Acetone, methyl ethyl ketone.
NPLStatus: I'nknou-n
Carter St Dump
56 Bramhury Dr.
Rochester. NY

Lead.
Nit Status: N
		 _('t»Mnicnt* . 		-
Estimated
Loadings (kj/jfarJ*
KtftrrurM: '
Hoc.	 | l*agWI-'ig.
')
11


9
11


9
It


9
11


9


9
11


9


9
11
-------
tamk im: n\7\w»mis w vm>. sms «v wyvmvm cowvrn
	SHg Name 	
C licmtcal Sales ( \»ty
I5MI.C* Kd
f ijics. NY
Apprmlmilc IHMancr
|o5orfKt\V«|fr
fnntttit*/
	Contaminants _
Acetone. hcxano.
mclhylcm* < M«muU\
rnriliyl efhyl kct'MU*.
Ictrachloroefltylcnc. toluene.
1.1.1-irichloroelhane.
trichlor(*lhcnc.
Clartcson Town l.andfill
Redman Rd.
Clarkson. NY

4.4'-UW).
4.4-l«)T.
hercrcne. bis(2elhy Ibex yl )phihatole.
methylene aluminum,
hariom. lead. nKtnjvnt*sr. nirri-uiy.
l)av« 1 lowland Oil ("rwp.
200 Anderson Ave.
Rochester. NY

Acetone, methylene chl<»ti«!e.
methyl ethyl ketone, toluene.
I.l.l-trichloroethanc. cadmium,
lead.
Dcarcnp Famt
IVjicnp I)f7
Varian lane
Rochester. NY

flenfcne. trichforodhmc.
ahimimtm. arecnic. cadmium,
lead, manganese. «ilvci.
Former Dottinfser Corp.
(Cuiraitly American
Mhiona Cofp.J
1 Townlirte Circle
Brighton. NY

Tricholorethene.
Eastman Kodak Co..
Kodak Part East
Wei land Rc. _
Rof« oiurs:
1 l*sific/l'ifi._
9
It
9
II
9
II
9
It
-------
TAHTR IM: tl\7.ARIKtttS WASTE RITES OF POTENTIAL CONCERN
Site Name
Apprwimalr OManre
(n Surface
< *«liteiits/
Contaminants
Olin Chemical Cnqt.
IWMcKcc Road
Rorbcslrr. NY

llen*ene. carl*»n tetrachloride,
chloroform. dihrr»m«>ch1oromcthanc.
dichlnrohen7encs.
methylene chloride.
Ictrachloroethylcnc. toluene.
I.I.I trichloroethanc.
I'arma Dump
4M« Ri'lgcRd.
Parma. NY

'I «i|m*iic.l*n/«»t;Opyrcnc.
bcn/othjfluonnlhcnc.
hen7o(k)fluoranthene.
pyrcne. arsenic. selenium-
Tom f'axlon Chevrolet
3722 Scottsvillc Rd.
Wheatland. NY

Acetone, benzene. t«!ucnc.
PiltsfoH Town Dump
Marsh Road
lMuf«*«l. NY

Cyanide, arsenic, barium, lead,
manganese, /.inc.
Railroad C»t Shops
Despatch Drive
East Rochester. NY

Whi2 ethylhexyDphthafate.
methylene chloride, aluminum,
harium. chromium, iron. lead,
mercury. nickel, vanadium, /inc.
R.D. Specialties
Salt Road
Webster. NY

Chromium.
George A. Rohtitson ft
Co.. Inc.
477 Whitney Rd.
E. Rochester. NY

Trichlorocthcne.
Golden Rd. Disposal Site
Golden Road
Chili. NY

Benzene,
1.1.1 -trichloroethane.
tetrachloroethylene. toluene,
arsenic, harium. chromium. lead,
manganese, zinc.
High Acres Sanitary
landfill
425 I'crinton H*y.
Perinton.NY

Acetone, benzene, phenol,
loluenr. cyanide
RcmcflMlixn
Statu*
Nil, Slams: N
Nil. Status: N
Nil. Status: N
NPL Status: N
Nil- Status: N
NPL Status: Unknown
Nit. Status: N
Nit. Status: N
NCI, Status: N
Comments
l-Atlmatrd
Loading' (kg/^carj*
Wi'fprrnce%:
9
It
«>
II
<>
II
9
It
9
II
9
9
II
9
II
9
II
-------
TAHI.F. IM: IIA7ARIM1US WWff. SUES Of	CONCF.RN
Name. __ =.
ApprnthnaU llklanct
lo SurfaceWaler	
Cfiiilriits/ 1
	 	Contaminants _ 	]
Remediation
_ Status
			Comments 		
l-'.stimatcd I
Loadingvlkg/jcar)* j
Referent e\:
l)«c. | Page/1'lg.
Former Jarl Intrusions.
Inc. fAlrjn Aluminum
<•«!*.»
HWl W. C.m1).
WrU ethylbexyljphthalate.
henzo(a )pyrene.
benzo(h)fli»oranthenc.
ben/o(k )(1uoranthene.
fhtoranlhene. pyrene. aluminum,
arsenic. cadmium. copper, iron,
lead, mangaese. vanadium. nnc.
Nil. Status: N


9
II
NYSUUT Piusford
3R37 Monroe Ave.
INtlsfoni. NY

Pyrene. toluene.
NIT, Status: N


9
\\
NYSDOT Pittsford
938 N. linden Ave.
E. Rochester. NY

Endosulfan, acetone, benzene,
methylene chloride, toluene.
flimrarHhene. pbenanthrene,
pyrene. chromium, iron. lead,
manganese.
NPL Status: N


9
11
Taylor Instrument Co.
95 Ames St
Rochester. NY

Mercury.
NPL Status: N


9
II
Former 3M/l>ynaco|of
-------
TAfll.E IMs HAZARDOUS WASTE SITKS OF POT
KNTIAL CONCERN
	Site Name
Xerox Landfill
*P0 Phillip* Rd.
Wchsicr. NY
Xerox - Salt Rd.
600 Phillips Rd.
Webster. NY
Xerox-WilvmOr.
S00 Phillips Rd.
Webster. NY
Xerox - Henrietta
1350 Jefferson Rd.
Henrietta, NY
Xerox • Nursery Area
San Jose Blvd.
Webster. NY
Rochester Fire Academy
Scottsville Rd
Rochester. NY
Roehlen Engraving
70) Jefferson Rd.
Henrietta, NY
Rush Landfill
Route 251
Industry, NY
Scohell Chemical
I Rockwood Place
Brighton, NY
ScoMsville Rd. - Chili 2
Scottsville Road
drill. NY
Apprnvlmaif l)Htanc«
In Surface Wafer	
(nntcnts/
		Cotilamlninh
Acdone. chloroform.
•arKin lctrxhlori«lc.
tekachlornethvlcnc.
1.1.1 -trichlorocthimc. tolumc.
arsenic, selenium.
Tetrachlo methylene,
trichloroethene. toluene.
Tetrachloi*>clhylenc,
1.1.1 -trichloroethanc.
trichloroethene. arsenic,
chromium, nickel, selenium.
Methylene chloride,
tetrachloroethylcne.
I.I ,1-trichloroethane.
Tetrachloioethylene.
trichloroethene.
1.1,1 -trichloroethanc. toluene.
Ben/ene.
bis(2ethylhexyl)phthahte.
chloroform, methyl ethyl ketone.
PCBs. tetrachlorethylene.
toluene, hcnzo(a)pyiene,
ben£o(b)f|uoranthenc.
bcnzo(k)fluoranthene. chrysene.
pyrene. cadmium, copper,
lead, silver, zinc.
Methylene chloride, trichloroethene.
chromium, lead.
Benzene. IT"Bs. phenol, toluene,
cyanide, aluminum, chromium, iron,
lead, manganese, vanadium, zinc.
Tetrachlo methylene, toluene.
Acetone, barium, chromium,
copper, iron, manganese, mercury,
nickel, silver, zinc.
Remediation
Statin
Nil. Status: Unknown
NPI. Status: Unknown
Nil. Status: N
NPL Status: Unknown
Nil.Status: Unknown
NPL Status: N
NPL Status: Unknown
NPI. Status: N
NPI. Status: Unknown
NPL Status: N
Iivsilmated I Reference*:
Loading*	j Hoc.	| Page/He.
-------
TAW-E *1-1: 1I\7.ARIH>VS WASTE SITES OK POTENTIAL CONCERN
1 	Site Name
Sigismundi landfill
8/0 Linden Ave.
Pittufnrd. NY
I Approximate Distance
_ In Surface Waler	
ConlciUs/
Contaminants
1.1.1 trichloroctliane. chrumiimi.
lead
Stuart-Oliver-IMtz
39 Commerce Dr.
Henrietta. NY

Methylene chlori«le.
tetrachloroethylene.
1 .t.l-trichlrH-ocllwne.
trichlorocthcnc.
.Sweden(liapman
N. Ikadte Rd.
Sweden. NY

•J.-J'-hl)!. acetone. Ixrn/ctic.
hist ^rthyllK-xyltphllinliilr.
methylene chloride,
Ictrachlorocfhylcrie.
trichloroethene. toluene,
cyanide. cadmium, chromium,
lead, mrtn>ry.
Ibiphl Farm
4*79 Ppfcr lltllcy Rd.
Clarendon. NY

Trichloroethene. other solvents.
NIAGARA COUNTY


1 looker/Occidental/Of in:
102nd Street
Niagara Falls. NY
Adjacent to Niagara
River.
He*acyclochk>rohe>iancs.
HookerA-kcidental Chem:
Hyde Park
Hyde Path Blvd.
Niagara Falls. NY
0.5 mi. from Niagara
River via Bloody
Run Creek
Dioxm. chlorinated organics.
Love Canal
96 Street
Niagara Falh. NY

Unknown.
IWc*t Cilen MoNle
Subdivision
lisa Ijine/Carrie l>r.
Niagara Falls. NY

1 'nkmmn.
1 lonkerfl Vrcidefi t M
Oietn.:
S-Area
Buffalo Ave.
Niagara Falls. NY
f»00 ft. from
Niagara River.
Chlorinated hen/enos.
kmcitiaiiitn
Slalm
Nil. Status: N
NI*L Slalus: V'nknown
NI1.Sfal.rv: N
Nil. Status: N
Snme remrdialion completed.
Nil,Status: I (RCJ|>: 9/2W>)
Some remediation completed.
Nit Status: F(KOI): 11/26/85)
NIT Status: P (l:irst ROD: 5/6/B5
Second ROl): KV20/R7;
Until ROD: 9/l(V*»;
Fourth ROD: 5/15/91)
Nil. Status: l «k()|): l.VJW)
RltyWA umHvvny.
Nil. Status: FfKni>:9/2t/9n>
Comments
K.stiiiiarrd
I.iwdines (kg/jcar)*
Rcfrrrm rv:
l)oc. 1 hgclij.
'J
I!
9
•>
11
9
It


4

lRCOCs:0.0 a
5 p 16


1!
	
	. -
a 12 App. 1)

MCtJCVO.O a
5 r 12


a 8
11


r i
12 App. 1)


4


IT
-

4


1]
	
Mercury: 0.1 (VI a
4

Mirex: l/>24 a
5 r. 12

PCR: 1.10.907 a
11

Lead: 6.4W> a
a 12 App. 1)
-------
TAM.F. IM: HAZARDOUS WASTE SITKS OF POTF.NTIAI CONCERN
1
Apprnthnilr IW«i«

Retm*dUlioi>

Estimated
"j

References:
1	SHe Name 	
_ In Surface Water	
	Contaminant*
Main*
__ _ Comments
Loading* (.kfi'jcar
•J
Doc.

Pagc/lig.
Occidental ("hem.:
Adjacent to Niagara
Ual'ifcnalC'l bcn/ciios. mn <.-*«r»ipl<,*t<*el

Mercury: 0 IM
a

<>
P- 2
Ave
River

Kl li '>iupl< i>-il

It IU 0 IM


X

Niagara t alk. NY


NPf.Nt.rftB.: N

11 I-; 1 971
ct

11






Lead: 2.300
h
h
12
App 1)





Arsenic: 5.5 85
a



	
	
		 ... 	 - .
- - - - -
.. . 		 	 . 	
Mire*: 0.821
b



D!in Corporation:
Adjacent to Gill Creek.
Chlorinated benzenes, mercury.
KM work plan completed.

Total P.PA Priority

H
5
p. V!
Buffalo Ave.
0.25 mi. from
andPCBs.
Nil. Status: N

Pollutants;


n

Niagara Tails. NY
Niagara River.



II6M75
t



J hi Pont: Buffalo Ave.
Adjacent lo Niagara
iVUand IV1U.
KOH»fvI RIVKA completed.

PVT.: 15fi.5K7
a

s
p- '
Buffalo Ave & 2
SKW Alloy*. Inc.
1.5 mt. from
Cr is Ihr major contaminant.
lipase 1 Investigation completed.

Total PPA Priority

a
5
P -'I
Witmcr Rd.
Niagara River.

Nil- Slaivt: N

Pollutants:


11

Niagara Falls. NY




1412.55
a



Solent Chemical Coip.
0.25 mi. north of
Chlorinated benzenes.
Rl completed.

PCE: 0.821
a

5
p 12
3163 Buffalo Ave.
Niagara River.

Nil - Status: N

Arsenic: 0.|ft4
a
a
8

Niagara Falls. NY



Lead: 3.450
a

U









12.
App. I)
Slatiffer Chemical Plant/
0.25 mi. easl of
rcF.
Rl/l S and ROD completed

PCE: 29.729
a

5
p. V
PA5NY
Niagara River.

Nil. Status: N

Lead: 0.164
a
a
K

S. of 1 'pper Mfn. Rd




Dieldrin: 0.164
h

II

Legist on. NY






b
12
App. 1*
Ifcciilcntal Ihircz:
1.25 mi. east of
( hlorinatrd l*cn/:cticx.
Stum* remediation completed.

IRCOCk. 0.0
a

$
p-"
North Tonawanda
Niagara River

RI/I'S and KOI) completed.



a
8

North Tonawanda. NY


NI'l. Siaiti*: Pnknoun






Gr*t wick/Riverside Park
Adjacent to Niagara
MrtaU. organies.
RI/T^J and ROf) completed.

I1CB: 0.IM
a

s
p. 59
River Road
River.

Nil. Status: N

PCE; 3.2*5
a
a
8

North Tonawanda. NY




l^ad: 0.493
a

Jl









12
	App. D
Frontier Chemical:
Adjacent to Bull Creek.
Solvents, metals, and paint
Rl/f^ and ROD completed.

PCE: 0.IW
a

5
p. 50
Pmdleton
4.25 mi. from
wastes.
Nil. Status: N



a
8

To«w tine & Beach Rd.
Niagara River.






If

Pendleton. NY









-------
TABI f. t»-1: IIAZARIMH1S WASTE SITES Of MTENT1AI. 1'ONlt.llN

Apprixtmalc IMintt
lo Surface Wiltr	
Chemical:
Royal Ave.
Via para Falls. NY
Great Lakes Carbon
5700 Niagara Falls Blvd.
Niagara 1:alU, NY
ReicHhokS-Varcum
Niagara Falls. NY
Charles Gitaon
Pine JtTuscaTora
Niagara Falls. NY
I.es* than 1.0 mi. fr«*m
Niagara River.
1.5 mi.fmm
Niagara River.
Adjacent to Cayuga
Creek; 1.0 mi-
from Niagara River.
Content *J
.Cowt imlnanb
It V. and solvents
Chloroform. trichloroethylene. and
vinyl chloride.
Utenols. ethylbcn/cne.
toluene, xylene*, and solvents.
1 1c xachlorobenzene.
llllC. formaldahyde. metals,
mercury. arvi organic*.
Rcnmlialitm
Status
HVI completed
NV1. St ilus: N
l^asc I Investigation completer!.
NCI. Status: N
Remediation plans awaiting
apprnv.il.
NI*L Status: Unknown
NI*L Status: N
ONANOAGA COUNTY
Old Salina Undfill
Rmiie II ft Wolfe St.
Salina. NY
Onondaga Lake
Syracuse. NY
Syracuse Fire Training
Syracuse. NY
Ley Creek PCB
Dredging#
Factory Ave.
Salina, NY
Old Syracuse Die
Casting
Salina. NY
Quanta Resources Corp.
2B02-2S10 Ijodi St
Syracuse, NY
Val's Dodge/
Crucible. Inc.
Slate Fair IMvd.
Lakeland. NY
Site b water body.
Adjacent to Ley Creek.
I 'nknown.
Mercury in sediments.
Unknown.
l"CBs m soil.
PCIIs in soil.
Unknown.
Unknown.
Chase I Investigation completed.
Nil Status: N
RI/I^ underway.
NPL Status: P
RI/FS underway.
Nil-Status: Unknown
RI/FS underway.
Nil. Stains: N
Interim Removal Measure: \ 2f)\
NH, Status: I 'n known
Hiase II Investigation completed.
NPL Status: N
Chase H Investigation completed.
Nil- Stalls: N
Comments
fcfimafed
LftadiiHfi Ik^mrl*
R<*ferc«w-rs:
l^oc. ] Cage/Fig.
*	P si
7 pp. 11 !-l 12
7 pp. 248-249
7 pp. 495-49*
11
-------
TAIIMv IMs If/VZARIKHIS WASTE Stn^ OF POTENTIAL (ONCKKN
SHc_Njm»c
Peter Winkelman
Co.. Inc- (US Army)
Teall Ave.
Syracuse. NY
Alpha Portland Cement
Rock Cut Rd.
famcsvilfe. NY
Clay landfill
Confetti*/
..I'witimtaM nl«
Unknown.
ONTARtO COUNTY
Genesee Sand 8c Gravel
74R Phillips R<|.
1'ixherx, NY
ORIGANS COUNTY
FMC Coip - Dublin Rd.
Dublin Rd.
Shdby. NY
McKenna Landfill
Yeapcr Rd.
Alton, NY
OSWEGO COUNTY
Potential impact to
fjkc Ontario.
Volney Landfill
Silk Rd.
Volney. NY
Clothier Dt*f>o*al Co.
S. (iranby Road
Granby, NY
Colture Property
W. Fifth A Schuler
Fulton. NY
Columbia Mills
Off Rte. -18
Mmetio. NY
Potential impact to
Lake Ontario.
Potential impact to
Lake Onttriovia
Ox Creek.
Unknown.
Unknown.
I'henoK. volatile organic*,
heavy mrtal*. waste painf.
flammable li<|uiits.
DOT. arsenic, mercury. lead,
other pesticides.
Ren?enc. barium. managanese.
cleaning solvents,
nlhei industrial waste.
Unknown.
Unknown.
Unknown.
Solvents and metals in ground
water.
Comments
Estimated | References:
Loadings (kg/'ytir)*^ 11)oc.	[ ragc'Fi^.
2
2
9
I I
9
II
I 3 Table I
9
11
2
4
11
13
2
II
1 * TaMc1
-------
TABLE IMs HAZARDOUS WASTE SITES (IF POTENTIAL CONCERN
f Site Name
Approximate llhlanre 1
to Surface Water 1
(talent*/ |
Cimlimliunh 1
Retttrdulum
S(»Uk
Vommenl*
iximatcd 1
. Ijudinei (kg'jcarj*	
Refmnrw:
IKk.. ] I'agf/Hfi,
2
M
Miller Brewing Co.
Rtc. 57
Fulton. NY
		|
Leakingcontainment lank.
Rl/FS underway.

Pollution Abatement
Services
55 Seneca St.
Oswego. NY
i.ake Ontario via
Wine Creek.
Unknown.
RI/l'S underway.
Nf'L Slalus: F


H
t 3 TaHc 1
Futon Terminals
Rtc. 57
UiW. NY
Pulrnliat impact to
Ijke Ontario via
< )s*'cptt River.
Unknown.
Remedial Drsipi undrrway
NW-Status: 1-t«l H>: ^'VJWj


2
1
t
1 1
13 Table 1
WYOMING COUNTY
UU ia Uw.\n)
ETE Sanitation and
Landfill
Brought on Rd.
GainscvilIe,NY
	
(jitwn tetrachloride, lead.
NH- Status: N
	 -• -		
		
9
II
W*re»w Village landfill
Industrial St.
Warsaw* NY

Totaene. tead.p\alto% %'talte.
NVV-Staves- N


9
II
Robeson Industries, Inc.
Buffalo Rd.
Castite. NY

1.1.1 -tricWorocihane.
NIT, Status: Unknown


9
Documents/Sources	1 Buffalo River Remedial Action Plan. NYSDKC. November I9R9.
2	Oswego River Remedial Action Plan. NYSDtC, 1992 I update.
3	National Priority List (NPLj. U.S. EPA. FeNuary 1992.
4	Records of Decision (ROOs) Dataha&e. Lf.S.EPA.
5	"Reduction ofToxicc leadings to ihe Niagara River from llarardous Waste Sites in the I '.S.: A Progress Report." flPA/NYSDPC. March 1993.
6	Niagara River Remedial Action Plan. Draft Version. NYSI>EC. March 1993.
7	"PoteTtfiilC<*tamttantlA*
-------
APPENDIX E
SAMPLE OF EPA REGION I STABILIZATION COLLABORATIVE INITIATIVE
(SCI) ORGANIZATION CHART
L93-839.app
RECYCLED PAPER	ENFORCEMENT CONFIDENTIAL
TRC
-------
STABILIZE fON INFORMATION SEARCH
SCREENING CHECKLIST
Person's Name:
Date of EPA File Search:
Date of State File Search:
Facility:
Address:
PART A - To be filled out during files searches.
Information
RFA Report (PA-Plus Report)
RCRA Permit and Revisions
Spill Reports
Inspection Reports
RFI Report
Field Sampling Reports
Hazardous Waste Storage Reports
Complaint Letters
Facility Hazardous Waste Annual Report
RCRA Part A Permit Application
Report Dates
EPA State Contractor
Files Files File Number
A1
A2
A3
A4
A5
A6
A7
A8
A9
A10
All
A12
A13
PART B - To be filled out during review of file information.
Data
Information Located?
Yes	No
Contractor
File Number
Bedrock Depth'"
Hydraulic Conductivity*
Areas of Concern (AOCs) Contamination
Chemistry"'
Ground Water Chemistry/
Plume Characteristics*
Ground Water Data Trend
Analysis*
B1
B2
B3
B4
BS
•Note: These information items were tf-ntified as critical daia for technical stabilization evaluations conducted
during the Stabilization Collaborative Initiative project. (Page 2 includes some of these items also).
A92-1666.txt
RECYCLED PAPER
1
ENFORCEMENT CONFIDENTIAL
-------
Data (cont.)
Contractor
File Number
Offsite Contamination
Data*			____	B6
Sampling Information*					B7
Spill Records					B8
Raw Material Usage					B9
Facility Map/Drawing					BIO
Waste Generation Information					B11
Facility Activities History	____			B12
Well Location Information					B13
Waste Disposal Information					B14
Waste Handling/Storage Information					BI5
Geological Information					B16
Ground Water Flow Direction			_	B17
Ground Water Use Classification			___	B18
Ground Water Row					B19
Soil Boring Information					B20
Soil Types/Classifications			.		B21
Previous Corrective Actions Taken					B22
Wetland Locations					B23
Other Sensitive Environments					B24
Endangered Species					B23
Topographic Maps					B26
Site Description Information					B27
Areas of Concern Identified/Description 				B28
Surface Water Use Classification	_____			B29
									B3Q
									B31
							B32
A92-1666.txt
RECYCLED PAPER
2
ENFORCEMENT CONFIDENTIAL
-------
Identification of Potential AOCs:
AOC #	Area Description
Potential Contamination**
Surface Ground
Water Water Soil Sediment
AOC 1
AOC 2
AOC 3
AOC 4
AOC 5
AOC 6
AOC 7
AOC 8
AOC 9
AOC 10
AOC U
AOC 12
~ Check this block if a Part B continuation sheet was used.
Recommendation:
Based upon the file search information, does it appear that sufficient technical
information is available to conduct a technical stabilization evaluation?
Yes
No
PART C - To be filled out by contractor project manager and EPA Work Assignment
Manager. AOCs to be evaluated for technical stabilization action are noted below on page 4.
••Note: Use "Y" for Yes or "(J" for Unknown. Answering "No" is inappropriate at this time due to having
insufficient information.
A92-1666.lxt
RECYCLED PAPER
3
ENFORCEMENT CONFIDENTIAL
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AOCs to be evaluated for stabilization:
AOC #	Area Description
AOC
Assumptions (if any)
AOC
AOC
AOC
AOC	
AOC
AOC
AOC
A92-l666.txt
RECYCLED PAPER
4
ENFORCEMENT CONFIDENTIAL
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STABILIZATION INFORMATION SEARCH
SCREENING CHECKLIST
PART B CONTINUATION SHEET
Identification of Potential AOCs:
AOC #	Area Description
AOC 13
AOC 14
AOC 15
AOC 16
AOC 17
AOC 18
AOC 19
AOC 20
AOC 21
AOC 22
AOC 23
AOC 24
AOC 25
AOC 26
AOC 27
***Nor
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APPENDIX F
CUMULATIVE STATUS REPORT
L93-839.app
RECYCLED PAPER	ENFORCEMENT CONFIDENTIAL
TRC
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TABLE 1. DATA COLLECTION PLAN FOR ALL 18 TARGET CHEMICALS: Date: 8/25/93 I
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS (
Aspect
Status
Next Steps/Barriers
Biological Properties
and Damaging
Effects
Draft generic profiles completed for all
18 chemicals.
Specific information on sources and damaging effects has
been summarized and included in the individual chemical
profiles. Information has been obtained from the Draft
Great Lakes Basin Risk Characterization Study, the Lake
Ontario Toxic Management Plan, and Toxic Chemicals in
the Great Lakes and Associated Effects, Volumes I and II.
Chemical and
Physical Properties
Draft generic profiles completed for all
18 chemicals.

Use and Control
Draft generic profiles completed for all
18 chemicals.
Use and control information contained in profiles has been
reviewed and revised as necessary.
Note: As agreed with (he EPA WAM during a conference call on July 1, 1993, the profiles will follow the format in the sample profile faxed to the EPA for review on June
30,1993. Also as agreed with the WAM, profiles generated will be generic in nature. Site-specific information may be added later if available and appropriate. Generic
profiles will be included in the July 31 Interim Status Report.
-------
TABLE 2. DATA COLLECTION PLAN FOR 18 CHEMICALS:
SOURCES AND LOADINGS
Date: 8/25/93 I
Data Type/
Source
Status
Next Steps/Barriers
Water Sources
PCS
TRC received a report on 8/12/93, of the average daily
loadings per month for New York State fiscal years 92/93;
91/92; and 90/91. Loadings have been computed from this
report for each chemical and for each facility for fiscal year
92/93. This required considerable effort as each chemical
was listed separately. The daily loadings for each month
were averaged for fiscal year 92/93 and a total loading for the
year was computed. The facility location was not included in
this report and TRC had to obtain this information from a
separate file.
TRC received a full set of data on 8/9/93. The data are raw
data, including flowrates, concentrations sampled, monitoring
dates, full details of each facility's location, and a
considerable number of other parameters about the NPDES
permit
In die meantime, TRC received a printout from PCS for the
Niagara River, dated 09/30/92. TRC has performed an
analysis of the discharges reported for the period 4/1/91 -
3/31/92. A total of 27 sources have been identified. Of the
18 chemicals of concern, arsenic, lead, mercury, PCBs,
tetrachloroethylene, benzo(a)pyrene, benzo(b)fluoranthene,
chrysene, hexachlorobenzene, mirex, DDT and metabolites all
have identified loadings from different outfalls at the
facilities. TRC has tabulated these sources and their
respective loadings.
For fiscal year 92/93, TRC has completed the
industrial and municipal point-source discharge
table; assessed the contribution of each source by
medium; evaluated those counties that are die
major contributors; and determined the primary
industries responsible for discharging each
chemical. This represents the most recent
loadings information available for NPDES
discharges.
TRC computed the same information for fiscal
years 91/92. The information for fiscal year
92/93 required considerable effort and manpower
to compute. TRC performed this task for the
previous fiscal year to evaluate trends. This did
not affect the total annual loading determined for
fiscal year 92/93.
L93-839J2
F-2
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TABLE 2. (CONTINUED)
Date: 8/25/93 1
Data Type/
Source
Status
Next Steps/Barriers j
Storm water and
CSOs
All information available has been used to complete Task 2
for this section.
TRC has reviewed a report from Kim Irvine which describes
the model used to estimate CSO discharges in the Buffalo
River.
As recommended by Steve Garbaziack at GLNPO, TRC has
contacted Mr. Kim Irvine, State University of Buffalo, who is
currently performing a study under contract to EPA on CSOs
in the Buffalo River. Report will be ready on the loadings in
October. Report will contain modeled and sampled
information on flow rates & loadings of eleven of the 18
target chemicals. Ambient river data will also be included.
Much of these data will be finalized in the next two weeks.
Kim also referred us to an additional study by the city of
Buffalo entitled "Buffalo River Combined Sewer Outfall
Study" Contact is Greg McCorichill (716-847-1630). He is
sending an excerpt This study contains loadings for 2 of the
18 target chemicals.
TRC discussed status of stormwater discharge permits in NYS
with Jose Riviera (212-264-2911) at EPA. Jose stated that the
first two general permits in NYS were issued only last week,
so monitoring data collected as part of the stormwater
program are not available. He suggested PCS and STORET
might have some stormwater information.
TRC reviewed documents and extracted
applicable information on CSO loadings into the
Buffalo River.
TRC has obtained some loadings information
from CSOs on the Buffalo River. TRC has also
identified the locations of other CSOs within the
Eastern Great Lakes Basin - namely Niagara
River and Rochester Embayment, but has no
loadings information. TRC evaluated CSOs
separately from municipal point-source discharges
due to the following:
lack of available modelled loadings
information for CSOs
(concentrations entering WWTP
and storm event frequency should
be evaluated to determine
loadings).
intervention plans and CSO 1
elimination could be addressed as a 1
separate subject for intervention
proposals. TRC has a contact at
Monroe County who has
information on CSO elimination
schemes.
F-3
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TABLE 2. (CONTINUED)
Date: 8/25/93 1
Data Type/
Source
Status
Next Steps/Barriers |
Stormwatcr and
CSOs
(Continued)
TRC has evaluated two reports with information pertaining to
CSOs and stormwater sewers for the Buffalo and Niagara
River Basins. These are: "Sources of PCBs to the Niagara
River, Interim Report, February 1992, Simon Litten,
NYSDEC" and "Information Summary, Area of Concern:
Buffalo River, New York, by Department of the Army, March
1991, Final Report".

Surface Runoff
TRC has utilized all information available to date to complete
Task 2 for surface runoff.
TRC has retrieved WA# C02060 files from archives.
However, these contained only limited information on surface
water runoff loadings and sediment loadings. The data
obtained have been included in die loadings evaluation.
TRC has identified that there is a significant amount of
agricultural activity in rural areas within the Eastern Great
Lakes Basin. As a result of this, pesticides enter surface
water bodies through overland runoff.
TRC has contacted the World Wildlife Fund (WWF), which
has launched a project to test pesticide reduction programs in
die Great Lakes Region. "WWF is working with farmers and
government officials there to determine what kind of
reduction program is appropriate for the United States."
Focus, July/August, 1993.
TRC contacted "Resources for the Future" (RFF) 1
organization. They have considerable information 1
on current pesticide usage. The pesticides I
included with the 18 target chemicals are no |
longer utilized. However, RFF did provide some I
general historical usage information.
The EPA Library does not have access to
Pestbank per Eveline Goodman.
L93-83JU2
F-4
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TABLE 2. (CONTINUED)
Date: 8/25/93
Data Type/
Source
Status
Next Steps/Barriers
Surface Runoff
(Continued)
This organization (WWF; is currently involved, determining
the effectiveness of pesticide reduction techniques for
pesticides currently employed in agricultural activities. This
is therefore not applicable to any of the target pesticides
included in this work assignment
Spills (ERNS)
TRC received a printout for all spills in Region II since 1986.
TRC has determined and tabulated those spills involving any
of the 18 target chemicals, within the 32 Eastern Great Lakes
counties. TRC has computed total loadings for each chemical
and for each county.
TRC has plotted and tabulated all spills in the
Eastern Great Lakes Basin for all 18 target
chemicals. TRC has obtained an explanation of
the codes used in the printout
TRC received a printout from E. Lonoff (EPA) containing
spill information since 1986 for lead, arsenic and mercury.
TRC has tabulated the spill activities by county, in order to
identify if a particular area of concern exists.
TRC has also obtained data on all the large quantity
generators of the 18 chemicals that transfer these chemicals
off-site, from the TRI database. TRC has tabulated and
plotted these generators to compare the density of these
generators with the incidence of spill occurrences, in order to
determine if a correlation exists.
F-5
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TABLE 2. (CONTINUED)
		u*,	umi
Date: 8/25/93
Data Type/
Source
Status
Next Steps/Barriers
Sediments and
Dredging Spoils
TRC contacted Mario Paula and Audrey Massa of WMD-
MWPB, who recommended the GLNPO ARCS program as
the best source of information on contaminated sediments.
This office has a contaminated sediments section, but it is
relatively new and is currently working on dioxin
contamination in New York Harbor.
TRC has reviewed the "Assessment and Remediation of
Contaminated Sediments (ARCS) Work Plan" from the US
EPA Great Lakes National Program Office.
TRC has reviewed information on sediment loadings ami
movement from WA# C02060 files.
TRC has evaluated the report "Report on Great Lakes
Confined Disposal FacUities (EPA/905/9-90/003)" which
identifies CDFs in the Great Lakes Region, the contaminants
within sediments and the sources of the contamination.
Three CDFs have been identified in the Lake Ontario Basin.
These are Times Beach, Small Boat and Dike 4. All three
sites arc now Superfund sites and at various stages of the
remediation process.
TRC has evaluated "chemical contaminants in sediments of
New York Tributaries to Lake Ontario."
TRC has tabulated all sediment contamination data obtained
to date. Several rivers have been identified which are
particularly contaminated. These are Eighteen Mile Creek,
Genesee River, Black River, Niagara River, Buffalo River and
Oswego River. The main contaminants are PCBs, Lead,
mercury, dioxins and pesticides.
TRC has evaluated and tabulated all information 1
obtained to date on sediments within the Eastern |
Great Lakes Basin. 1
L93-839J2
F-6

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TABLE 2. (CONTINUED)
Date: 8/25/93
Data Type/
Source
Status
Next Steps/Barriers
Afar Sources
AIRS (Air
Emissions)
TRC has attempted to expedite the NYSDEC request, but
discovered that the responsible person is away on vacation
until 8/23/93. TRC has therefore had to use TRI data alone
to obtain information on air emissions for this report.
TRC contacted Gordon Howe, and has submitted a request to
NYSDEC for information on all air emissions of the 18 target
chemicals within the 32 Great Lakes counties. He warned
that this request may take two weeks to address. TRC copied
the request to E. Lonoff who will attempt to expedite it.
From data obtained from the "Great Lakes Basin Risk
Characterization Study" TRC has identified that 73% of all
the lead loading to Lake Ontario is through atmospheric
deposition. Similarly 72% of all benzo(a)pyrene loading is
also from atmospheric loadings. These figures compare with
only 7% for the total PCB loading through atmospheric
deposition. Atmospheric deposition includes both direct and
indirect deposition, die latter being from the outflow flux of
upstream Great Lakes.
As in 1986, the total lead deposition from the atmosphere was
153 metric tons. The major sources are transportation sources
(cars, trucks, airplanes and trains).
TRC did not receive NYSDEC air information in
time to be included in the Final Report.
F-7
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—«—
TABLE 2. (CONTINUED)
Date: 8/25/93
Data Type/
Source
Status
Next Steps/Barriers
AIRS (Air
Emissions)
TRC has identified that L^d is the only one of the 18
chemicals that is individually listed on the AIRS database.
However no facilities have recorded emissions of lead on the
database. TRC has obtained a list of facilities and their
respective SIC codes for particulate emissions. This
information may be utilized in identifying facilities which
may be sources of other contaminants, such as PAHs.

Long-Range Air
Deposition
TRC contacted Gerry Mikol, NYSDEC. He identified that
there are currently three air monitoring stations at Niagara,
Buffalo, and Rochester. These stations have traditionally
monitored for other environmental conditions, such as acid
rain. Only recently have toxic chemicals been monitored.
Gerry Mikol stated that there is no method for determining
the sources of the chemicals.
~TRC contacted NYSDEC again to obtain all data
available to date on toxic loadings from the
monitoring stations. According to NYSDEC
sources, this information would be included in the
air emissions data awaited from a separate section
of NYSDEC. Air emissions data were not
received from NYSDEC in time to be included in j
the Final Report |
TRC has received the "Great Lakes Atmospheric
Deposition (GLAD) Network", 1982 and 1983
Report from the Great Lakes National Program
Office. This contained information on lead,
| PCBs, and benzo(a)pyrene.
L93-839J2
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TABLE 2. (CONTINUED)
Date: 8/25/93
Data Type/
Source
Status
Next Steps/Barriers
Hazardous Waste
Incinerators
Information obtained from Karen Randolph identifies four
hazardous waste incinerators in the Eastern Great Lakes Basin
(a total of 8 in the whole of NY State); they are the
following:
Eastman Kodak, Rochester
Occidental Chemical, Niagara Falls
Occidental Durez, Niagara Falls
Laid law Environmental Services, Clarence
(formerly BDT) (a commercial facility)
TRC has not been able to identify if the emissions
from these incinerators include the 18 target
chemicals. Air emissions data were not received
from NYSDEC in time to be included in the Final
Report.
Med. Waste
Incinerators
TRC contacted Daisy Mather, AWM - ACB, who stated that
medical waste incinerators are not permitted by EPA, but by
the state only.
TRC is awaiting air emissions data from
NYSDEC. Air emissions data were not received
from NYSDEC in time to be included in the Final
Report
MSW
Incinerators
TRC has obtained a listing of the following MSW
incinerators:
wastewater treatment plants thought to be using
sewage sludge incinerators.
conventional municipal waste incinerators.
The information was obtained from Air Chief by Nancy
O'Brien at the EPA Library. The information does not
include emissions data, which are awaited from NYSDEC.
TRC is awaiting air emissions data from
NYSDEC. Air emissions data were not received
from NYSDEC in time to be included in the Final
Report
F-9
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TABLE 2. (CONTINUED)
Date: 8/25/93
Data Type/
Source
Status
Next Steps/Barriers
Multimedia Sources |
TRI
TRI has obtained a printout of all facilities within the 32
Great Lakes Counties that have reported releases of any of the
18 chemicals of concern. There are 27 facilities identified.
These are currently being tabulated.

Haz. Waste Sites
(TSDFs), Except
Incinerators
TRC has summarized the information and included all known
loading information for hazardous waste sites.
TRC has reviewed the CERCLIS listing and has tabulated all
known and suspected hazardous waste sites in die Eastern
Great Lakes Basin.
TRC has identified several hazardous waste sites along die
Buffalo, Niagara and Oswego Rivers. These sites are located
in varying degrees of proximity to the rivers, but undoubtedly
are a major cause of contamination within the rivers. The
sites are all in various stages of remediation.
TRC has obtained the NPL listing for September 1990, as
well as several other documents with information pertaining
to hazardous waste sites. These are: "CERCLIS
Characterization Project", EPA/540/8-91/082, November 1991;
"NPL Characterization Project", EPA/540/8-91/071, November
1991; a printout from a recent project performed by TRC with
hazardous waste site loadings.
TRC has reviewed the Lake Ontario Toxic Management Plan,
which contains a list of 48 haz. waste sites in the Lake
Ontario Basin.
TRC has received the BRS data and has reviewed
the files. However, these data do not include any
information on emissions only waste handlers and
therefore do not contribute to total loadings in the
Eastern Great Lakes Basin.
L93-*3942
F-10
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TABLE 2. (CONTINUED)
Date: 8/25/93
Data Tjpe/
Source
Status
Next Steps/Barriers
MSW Landfills
TRC has contacted several people at NYSDEC who have no
information on MSW landfills. TRC has identified the
locations of some MSW incinerators and sludge incinerators
in New York State.

Ambient/
STORET
TRC received a significant amount of data from the STORET
database. This includes ambient water sampling results with
specific location information. TRC is currently analyzing the
sampling results to identify hot spots and then determine the
nearest facility outfall or other potential source.
Most of the data for the 18 target chemicals in the
STORET database are reported to be below
detection limits; as a result, this database does not
provide useful information on ambient conditions.
Miscellaneous
PADS
The PADs database provides information on PCBs. Dave
Greenlaw has been contacted by TRC. He suggested calling
the TSCA hotline for information.
TRC called the TSCA hotline and obtained names and
numbers of further contacts. However, TRC has not
identified any PCB-specific database and has been advised
that ail information on PCBs should be covered by the
databases already accessed by TRC.

v-\\
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TABLE 2. (CONTINUED)
Date: 8/25/93 1
Data Type/
Source
Status
Next Steps/Barriers |
PISCES
TRC has a report on PISCES sampling in the Niagara River,
"Sources of PCBs to the Niagara River, Interim Report,
February 1992, Simon Litten, NYSDEC."
TRC contacted Simon Litten, who was helpful in providing
information on PISCES and other sediment sampling efforts
in various rivers in the Lake Ontario Basin.
TRC has utilized the PISCES data in conjunction 8
with the sediment information. |
•
He soit two reports: "Application of Passive Samplers (PIS
CES) to locating a source of PCBs on the Black River" and
"Niagara River Cross Channel Homogeneity and Analysis of
Upstream/Downstream Monitoring Data." These papers
provided information on potential sources, but have limited
value in identifying specific loadings other than to identify
that a particular hot spot exists.

Community
Right-to-Know

TRC has EPA's "List of Lists" and has compiled
applicable information.
RAP Reports
TRC has obtained a copy of die articles in the June 1993
issue of Water Environment and Technology titled: "Great
Lakes Initiative - Launching the Great Lakes Initiative;
Designing Goals for the Great Lakes; Great Lakes RAPS are a
hit" The latter identifies all the RAPs in the Great Lakes
Region.
These are for the Niagara River, Buffalo River, Oswego
River, Eighteen Mile Greek and Rochester Embayment TRC
has copies of the Niagara, Buffalo, Oswego River and
Rochester Embayment RAPs. The Eighteen Mile Creek RAP
is currently in progress and will not be available for at least a
year. At this stage, only sampling data are available.
The RAPS have been a good source of
information on hazardous waste sites, other
sources, and to some extent, loadings. TRC has
tabulated the information obtained from the
Niagara, Buffalo and Oswego River RAPs, and is
currently the Rochester Embayment Phase I RAP.
L93-839X2
F-12
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TABLE 2. (CONTINUED)
Date: 8/25/93
Data Type/
Source
Status
Next Steps/Barriers
Other?
TRC has obtained the "Niagara Falls Storage Site Annual
Environmental Report for calendar year 1991." TTiis site is
part of the FUSRAP program. There are no emissions from
this site, although ground water data are provided (for lead
and mercury).
TRC will attempt to identify other FUSRAP sites in the area.
FUSRAP sites are not subject to chemical release reporting
provisions. However, if a TPQ is exceeded at a site, the
Toxic Chemical Release Inventory Reporting Form (Form R)
under 40 CFR 372.85 is filed with EPA. TRC is
investigating obtaining any Form Rs filed. This may be
useful in identifying potential sources.
TRC has received and reviewed "Toxic Chemicals |
in the Great Lakes and Associated Effects, Vol. I
and II."
TRC has received and reviewed the "1989 Report
in Great Lakes Water Quality".
Greg Allande, EPA, has informed TRC that no
specific format for entry into GIS currently exists.
Data should be provided in ASCII format with a
clear explanation of how cells are organized.
TRC's data format complies with this guidance.

TRC has also investigated the 33/50 Program as a source of
information. This program encourages companies to
voluntarily commit to reductions in emissions and waste
transfers. TRC has obtained a copy of EPA document
"EPA's 33/50 Program Second Progress Report", dated
February 1992.
TRC has received an updated version of Table I
from the Lake Ontario Toxics Management Plan,
and utilized this information when suggesting
intervention proposals.

Although this document identifies companies in New York
that have committed to the program, individual facilities are
not listed. TRC contacted Nora Lopez, ESD-PTS who is
sending information on all the facilities in New York that are
part of the program and a breakdown of their loadings. She
will also send the third progress report, dated March 1993.

F-13S
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TABLE 2. (CONTINUED)
Date: 8/25/93 I
Data Type/
Source
Status
Next Steps/Barriers |
Other? (cont.)
TRC received the listing of facilities in New York from the
EPA's 33/50 Program. However this only contains
information on total loadings and does not identify individual
chemicals.

* - New information since last report submitted.
L93-S39J2
F-14
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TABLE 3. INTERVENTION PROPOSAL DEVELOPMENT Date: 8/25/93
Areas of Analysis
Status
Next Steps/Barriers
Screen and Prioritize
Known Sources
TRC has tabulated known point and non-point
sources for the 18 chemicals. These identify
industrial discharges, municipal discharges, spills,
atmospheric deposition, surface runoff, incinerators,
hazardous waste sites, and sediments.
TRC has summarized the main sources for each
chemical, to identify which source area should be
primarily addressed. For industrial point source
discharges, TRC has identified the industry types
(by SIC code) that are found to be the major
source for each chemical. TRC used this
information to propose remedial technologies,
waste minimization and pollution prevention
strategies that may be implemented for each
industry.
Identify Data Gaps
As an ongoing part of the data collection, TRC is
identifying the limitations of the data collected. This
will assist in identifying data gaps.
TRC identified further reports to be obtained and
databases to be accessed.
TRC also discussed the data gaps and limitations
of the data obtained to date.
Y-\5
-------

TABLE 3. (CONTINUED)
Date: 8/25/93 1
Areas of Analysis
Status
Next Steps/Barriers |
Identify Immediate
Reduction Actions
TRC has identified types of industries that discharge
the bulk of the loading for each of the 18 chemicals
and has used this information to evaluate applicable
waste minimization and pollution prevention
technologies.
~Pollution prevention techniques may include
proposing alternative chemicals to perform the same
function within a particular industry. Waste
minimization techniques include add-on waste stream
treatment technologies or process alterations.
TRC has already contacted the county pollution
prevention office in Erie County which provides
information on pollution prevention techniques for
particular industries.
TRC will identify the counties that contribute the
majority of the loadings to the Basin. The
individual pollution prevention offices within each
county will then be contacted, if time permits.
TRC has access to PIES, a database of publications
related to pollution prevention.
TRC reviewed the Lake Ontario Toxics 9
Management Plan and extracted applicable
information on recommended/planned remedial
actions.
Make FY94 Budget
Commitments
TRC will identify sources where the remediation
process may be accelerated. In particular, TRC has
identified hazardous waste sites, particularly in Erie
and Niagara Counties, that have over 200 sites
identified on the CERCLIS list, but not yet
investigated. Directing additional budget allowances
to investigate these sites would accelerate the
remediation process.

L83-S39J2
F-16
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TABLE 3. (CONTINUED)
Date: 8/25/93
Areas of Analysis
Status
Next Steps/Barriers
Other?
TRC has complc*~d the material matrix for each


chemical identifying the sources, their respective


loadings, any regulatory controls currently proposed


and promulgated, pollution prevention and waste


minimization techniques, and the feasibility of the


intervention alternative.


TRC has also included a discussion of the following


non-point sources separately to propose specific


intervention/remediation proposals:


surface runoff, including stormwater


and CSOs


hazardous waste sites


sediments


atmospheric deposition


spills

F-17
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APPENDIX G
LAKE ONTARIO BASIN
AND MAJOR SUB-BASINS
L93-839.app
RECYCLED PAPER
ENFORCEMENT CONFIDENTIAL
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V*m\	wAMsJp* My-toste
Sub-Basins
Ontario
ISO • Brievie - Napanee Am Rims
161	-Trent Rim
162	• Oshawa • Cctwma Area Rims
163-Toronto Area Rims
164	- Hamilton Area Rivers
165	- Niagara Peninsula Rivers
New York
03-Lake Ontario 01 Western Section
02	Cental Section
03	Eastern Section
* VJ0tv6599 rHVw
07 - Seneca - Oneida • Oswego Rivws
08-Rack River
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