TASK NO. 4
EVALUATION OF EMISSIONS FROM
MOTORIZED BICYCLES
CONTRACT NO. 68-03-2413
AESi
AUTOMOTIVE ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS, INC.
A subsidiary ol GioytSi Manufacturing Company
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EPA-420-R-78-105
TASK REPORT
OFFICIAL FILE COPY
TASK NO. 4
EVALUATION OF EMISSIONS FROM
MOTORIZED BICYCLES
CONTRACT NO. 68-03-2413
for
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF MOBILE SOURCE AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
EMISSION CONTROL TECHNOLOGY DIVISION
ANN ARBOR, MICHIGAN 48105
PROJECT OFFICER - JOHN SHELTON
MARCH 30, 1978
SUBMITTED BY
ROD PILKINGTON
AUTOMOTIVE ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS, INC.
7300 BOLSA AVENUE
WESTMINSTER, CALIFORNIA 92683
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ABSTRACT
A study of exhaust emissions from ten motorized bicycles was conducted in
the Los Angeles area during 1977 to determine the basic emission character-
istics of this type of vehicle. This project was sponsored by the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency and performed by Automotive Environmental
Systems, Incorporated (AESi).
The tests on these vehicles employed a dynamometer and analysis system
developed for motorcycle testing.
Vehicles were tested over a range of steady state operating conditions as
well as a modal emission driving sequence, developed specifically for this
project.
The results from these tests are shown in Table A as a comparison with
motorcycles and 1975 automobiles. The moped results indicate high HC, CO
comparable with automobiles, law C02, very low (if any) NOx and very good
fuel economy.
i
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TABLE A
AVERAGE STEADY STATE EMISSION § FUEL ECONOMY RESULTS
HC
CO
C02
NOx
Fuel Econ
Idle
Mopeds (1)
1.11
1.52
2.6
0.00
1167.6
Motorcycles (2)
1.91
6.62
-
0.01
-
1975 Autos £3]
0.34
6.30
88.9
0.39
88.8
5 MPH
Mopeds
12.18
25.52
40.9
0.00
76.4
Steady State
Motorcycles
-
-
-
-
-
1975 Autos
4.00
69.29
1069.1
0.76
7.5
10 MPH
Mopeds
6.18
14.46
27.6
0.00
130.3
Steady State
Motorcycles
-
-
-
-
-
1975 Autos
1.84
30.36
653.4
0.48
12.6
15 MPH
Mopeds
4.93
13.83
25.7
0.00
146.6
Steady State
Motorcycles
-
-
-
-
-
1975 Autos
1.16
19.44
464.5
0.46
17.-8
20 MPH
Mopeds
4.67
15.54
28.49
0.00
138.2
Motorcycles
8.99
60.61
-
.06
-
1975 Autos
—
—
*•
25 MPH
Mopeds
4.75
16.71
31.18
0.01
127.3
Steady State
Motorcycles
-
-
-
-
-
1975 Autos
•
30 MPH
Mopeds
5.33
16.69
23.0
0.01
126.2
Steady State
Motorcycles
6.77
48.05
-
0.08
-
1975 Autos
0.50
5.43
375.1
1.14
23.0
Emission results in grams per mile (per minute for idle)
Fuel economy results in miles per gallon (minutes per gallons for idle).
(1) Average of 10 mopeds tested at AESi (Contract No. 68-03-2413).
£2) These results are the average of seven 1971-72 motorcycles tested by SWRI
in 1972 (Contract No. EHS-70-108). The engine displacements ranged from
125-1200cc. Four were 4-stroke cycle and three were 2-stroke cycle.
£3) These results are the average of 225 1975 model year non-California low-
altitude vehicles tested in the FY-74 emission factor program (EPA Report No.
460/3-76-019).
ii
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Abstract i
1.0 Introduction 1
2.0 Technical Discussion 3
2.1 Program Objectives 3
2.2 Program Design 3
2.2.1 Modal Cycle Development 3
2.3 Test Vehicle Procurement 4
2.3.1 Test Vehicle Selection 4
2.3.2 Incentives 4
2.3.3 Test Vehicle Handling 7
2.4 Test Procedures 7
2.4-1 Vehicle Preparation 7
2.4.2 Road Load Characteristic Determination 7
2.4.3 Dynamometer Testing 8
2.4.4 Steady State Tests 10
2.4.5 Modal Test 10
3.0 Discussion of Test Procedures 11
3.1 Emission Results 11
Appendicies
A Road Load Characteristic Data 16
B Steady State Results by Vehicle 27
C Modal Emissions by Vehicle 32
D Moped Test Procedures Flow Chart 37
iii
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SECTION 1
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The testing project described in this report was performed as
Task 4 of EPA Contract No. 68-03-2413. The purpose of this project
was to provide emission data for motorized bicycles in order to
assess the impact these vehicles have on air quality.
The vehicles tested in this program were in-use and rented motor-
ized bicycles, commonly known as mopeds. The definition of a
motorized bicycle is as follows:
A motorized bicycle is a bicycle with a helper motor of
between 1 and 2 brake horsepower, which when pedalled or
operated with the motor, is capable of ordinary speeds
up to 20 to 30 miles per hour. The maximum horsepower
and speed are set by state law. The vehicle can be
mounted, started, pedalled, controlled, and stopped
like a bicycle.
Both lighting and ignition are provided by a magneto
flywheel turned by the engine. Most motorized bicycles
have two stroke single cylinder engines which require
a mixture of gasoline and oil as fuel.
Motorized bicycles have a centrifugal clutch which acts
as an automatic transmission and greatly simplifies the
operation of the vehicle. They have hand brakes. Power
from the motor is delivered either to the rear wheel by
means of a pulley running from the crankshaft to the
sprocket which then drives a chain to the wheel, or to
the front wheel by a friction roller set on top of the
wheel.
1
-------
All vehicles were tested using a CVS (Constant Volume Sampler), a
motorcycle dynamometer and sample analysis system previously qualified
by the EPA for Contract 68-03-2413.
Specific tests performed on these warmed-up vehicles included a road
load determination test which determined the load characteristics of
each vehicle; a series of steady states at idle, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25
and 30 raph; and a modal emission test. These tests were developed
specifically for the mopeds because they have less than a 50 cc dis-
placement and due to the lack of power were not able to follow the
motorcycle driving cycle.
Emission measurements were recorded continuously under the above operating
conditions and the hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dio-
xide (CO?) and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) are reported in grains per mile.
To convert these measurements to grams per Icilomater simply multiply grams
per mile by a factor of 0.6215.
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SECTION 2
TECHNICAL DISCUSSION
2.1 PROGRAM OBJECTIVES
The primary objective of this study is to provide exhaust emission
data of typical motorized bicycles. These vehicles are commonly
known as "Mopeds" and will be referred to as such in this report.
The data from this study may be used to analyze mobil source
control strategies and to assess the impact of this type of vehicle
on air quality.
2.2 PROGRAM DESIGN
The program was designed to obtain two basic types of information
from all vehicles. The first type was to determine the road load
characteristics of each moped on an outdoor test surface. The
second type was to obtain emission data using the modal cycle
shown in Figure 2.1 and Table 2.1.
2.2.1 MODAL CYCLE DEVELOPMENT
Due to the lack of information concerning moped testing and
the fact that moped emission testing is a relatively new
state of the art, a meaningful modal test cycle was needed
to quantify emission results.
Using guidelines supplied by the EPA Project Officer, AESi
developed a cycle with the following acceleration and deceler-
ations :
Accelerations CWOT")
0-10 mph
5-20 mph
0-25 mph
15-25 mph
Decelerations (Same
average rate as WOT")
10-0 mph
20-5 mph
25-0 mph
25-15 mph
3
-------
In order to develop the speed time listing for the cycle,
3 typical mopeds were run at WOT on the dynamometer. The
distance traveled during the acceleration was measured and
the same distance and rate of speed change was used for the
corresponding deceleration rate between the two speeds. This
speed/time listing as shown in Table 2.1 was used for all mopeds.
2.3 TEST VEHICLE PROCUREMENT
The EPA provided guidelines for selection of the test fleet. The
guidelines stated that at least five (5) of the vehicles be in-use
vehicles and the remainder may be rented vehicles. The EPA also
requested that a variety of model year vehicles be tested, however
as selection began AESi found that because of the recent emergence
of mopeds, only late model mopeds could be found.
2.3.1 TEST VEHICLE SELECTION
The main body of the test fleet was procured by solicitation
of prospective owners through local high schools and colleges.
This solicitation was performed by means of a letter which
explained the program and offdrfcd incentives for participation.
2.3.2 INCENTIVES
The normal incentives permitted by the basic Task Orders under
which this study was performed were a $50 savings bond, a full
tank of fuel when returned to the owner, and the use of a late
model, fully-insured loan car.
Due to the age-group from which the test fleet was procured,
the EPA allowed AESi to modify the incentive program. The fully-
insured loan car was eliminated due to insurance regulations
regarding minors operating loan cars. In most cases, the
participants requested cash in lieu of the savings bond and
were given a check instead.
4
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TABLE 2.1
ACCELERATION/DECELERATION MODES OF MOPED MODAL SEQUENCE
MODE
TIME IN MODE
(SEC)
AVERAGE SPEED
(MPH)
AVERAGE ACCEL
RATE
(MPH/SEC)
DISTANCE
(MILES)
NO.
TYPE
SPEED RANGE
(MPH)
1
Accel
0-10
6
S. 62
1.67
0.00797
2
Decel
10-0
6
S.62
-1,67
0.00797
3
Accel
5-20
11
13.42
1.36
0.03753
4
Decel
20-5
11
13.42
-1.36
0.03753
5
Accel
0-25
19
12.96
1.32
0.06494
6
Decel
25-0
19
12.96
-1.32
0.06494
7
Accel
15-25
10
22.00
1.00
0.05556
8
Decel
25-15
10
22.00
-1.00
0.05556
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2.3.3 TEST VEHICLE HANDLING
Upon delivery at the test site, each vehicle was initially
inspected for proper operation of basic safety features and
was then scheduled for road load and emission testing.
2.4 TEST PROCEDURES
2.4.1 VEHICLE PREPARATION
All vehicles tested in this program were inspected upon
receipt from the owner. The mopeds were inspected for the
following safety items:
- Headlights and taillights - mist be operational
for bike to start.
- Braking - both front and rear operation.
- Tires - Must not have any cord showing.
Following the vehicle inspection, the owner completed a
test agreement and filled out either a bond application or
cash request.
Upon acceptance of the vehicle for testing, the fuel tank
was drained and filled with the manufacturer's recommended
fuel/oil mixtures.
2.4.2 ROAD LOAD CHARACTERISTIC DETERMINATION
After the mopeds were accepted for testing, the inertia
weight for each vehicle was determined by adding 150
pounds (68 Kg) to the dry weight (supplied by manufacurer)
of the vehicles.
7
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The road load characteristics were determined by the
following procedure:
"The vehicles shall be operated on a smooth flat surface
with little or no wind by a driver that weighs 150 +10 lbs.
The vehicle shall be operated at wide open throttle with
the resulting stabilized velocity recorded. This measure-
ment shall be repeated in the opposite direction to compen-
sate for any wind that is present. This entire procedure
shall be repeated three (3) times to obtain a total of six
data points. The average velocity of the six runs shall be
the average maximum velocity for future tests. The vehicle
shall be operated from a standing start to maximum velocity
at wide open throttle. The elapsed time for the accelera-
tion shall also be recorded."
The information from this test was recorded on a form shown
in Figure 2.2.
2.4.3 DYNAMOMETER TESTING
The AESi Motorcycle dynamometer, MCD 8400, was used for all
moped tests. This particular dynamometer moael has 140 Kg
as its lowest inertia setting (the heaviest moped was 119 Kg)
therefore the road load was-set to zero and the following proce-
dure was used to set the vehicle road load:
"The vehicle was placed on the dynamometer at 1^0 Kg
inertia with the road load equal to zero. The vehicle
was then accelerated at wide open throttle. While at
wide open throttle the road load control was adjusted to
obtain the average maximum velocity obtained from the
procedure stated in 2.4.2."
This adjusted road load setting was then used for all subse-
quent tests on that vehicle.
fi
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AESi
MOPED TASK ORDER
1,1, i
j i t , I . I , i
Dri ver
Veh. No. Inertia (Kg) Yr Mo Day
ROAD LOAD DETERMINATION
1st Direction
2nd Direction
(1)
(1*1
Max Spd
I 1 L_ „ ,S 1
Elapsed
(Stabile)
Time (Sec)
tit. i
ii i*i
Max Spd
Elap. Time
1 1 t H 1
Max Spd
Elap. Time
AVERAGE
i ' t i 1 ¦ ¦ • i
Max Spd
I L.
Max Spd
Max Spd
Elap. Time
Elap. Time
Elap. Time
i
1 Max Spd
-> i—j- L t ~J
Elap. Time
Figure 2.2
Road Load Characteristics Form
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2.4.4 STEADY STATE TESTS
Following preconditioning which consisted of the procedure in
2.4.3 and a 3 minute cruise at 19 mph the Steady State exhaust
emissions were measured using the CVS dilute bag collection techni-
que. Measurements were taken at each speed successively from
idle (0 inph) through 5, 10, IS, 20, 25 and 30 (when vehicle was
capable) mph. The exhaust emissions were continuously monitored
and recorded on a strip chart recorder. For continuous sampling,
the analytical system was equipped with a sample bypass to de-
crease delay time. Chart speed was 4 inches/min. At each
speed, equilibrium of speed and all analyzer traces were main-
tained for at least 30 seconds before sampling started. A
minimum sample volume of 2 cubic feet and a sample time of 5
minutes were required. Between each steady state, the moped
was run at 10 mph to prevent engine load-up and to stabilize
the vehicle.
2.4.5 MODAL TEST
Following the steady-state test each vehicle was sampled using
the modal cycle shown in Figure 2.1. Because only the specific
modes shown in paragraph 2.2.1 were sampled, emission measure-
ments were sampled through the continuous dilute stream only.
Bag collection was not performed during this cycle. All gram
per mile results are computed values based on distance per
mode.
10
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SECTION 3
DISCUSSIONS
3.0 DISCUSSION OF TEST PROCEDURES
As shown in Table 3.1, which summarizes the ten (10) mopeds
tested, all vehicles have engine displacements less than 50 cc.
Due to engine size and lack of power it was impossible to use
the existing motorcycle emission test procedures for moped
testing. Therefore, EPA and AESi developed the procedures dis-
cussed in Section 2 to better quantify moped emissions.
One problem discovered during this program was that the motor-
cycle dynamometer utilized by AESi had 140 Kg as its lowest
inertia setting. Since the heaviest moped (with rider) was
119 Kg it was necessary to manually set the road load to corres-
pond with each moped's maximum wide open throttle speed.
While this manual setting did not affect emission results, it was
time consuming. Therefore it is recommended that in future
studies a motorcycle dynamometer with a minimum of 100 Kg inertia
capability be used. This would assure a more accurate road load
setting and could be ciieckod against the Federal Register specifi-
cations .
3.1 EMISSION RESULTS
The average exhaust emission results are presented in Tables 3.2
and 3.3. The HC, CO, C02 and NOx are shown as grams per mile
except for '0' mph (idle) which are grains per minute. Fuel
economies are represented as miles per gallon except for idle which
are minutes per gallon.
- Table 3.2 - Average steady state emission results
for Mopeds.
- Table 3.3 - Average modal emission for ten California
mopeds.
11
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TABLE 3.1
LISTING OF VEHICLES
VEHICLE #
YEAR
MAKE
MODEL
DISPLACEMENT, CC
INERTIA
MOOl
1976
Moto Milan
Smilly
49.0
119
MO02
1976
Motobecane
"50"
49.9
113
M003
1976
Motobecane
"40"
49.9
109
M004
1977
Peugot
103
49.0
115
MOOS
1977
Honda
Express
49.0
111
MO 06
1971
Vespa
CI AO
49.0
111
M007
1976
Peugeot
103
49.0
115
M008
1976
Honda
Express
49.0
111
M009
1977
Puch
Maxi
48.8
112
M010
1975
Motobecane
"SO"
49.9
113
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TABLE 3.2
AVERAGE STEADY STATE EMISSION RESULTS
FOR MOPEDS
SPEED (MPH)
HC
CO
CO2
NOxc
FUEL
ECONOMY
*0' roph (idle)
1.11
1.52
2.61
0.00
1167.59
5 roph
12.18
25.52
40.87
0.00
76.40
10 mph
6.18
14.46
27.56
0.00
130.30
15 mph
4.93
13.83
25.70
0.00
146.60
20 mph
4.67
15.54
28.49
0.00
138.16
25 mph
4.75
16.71
31.18
0.01
127.32
30 mph
5.33
16.69
22.98
0,01
126.16
NOTE: Exhaust emission results are shown in gms/mile Cgm/min for idle).
Fuel economies are shown miles/gallon (min/gal for idle).
13
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TABLE 3.3
AVERAGE MODAL EMISSIONS FOR TEN CALIFORNIA MOPEDS
SPEED FUEL
RANGE HC CO CO2 NOxc ECONOMY
(MPH) - gm/mi (MPG)
0-10
17.08
49.91
217.85
0.00
27.55
IG-0
25.35
31.49
105.27
0.00
40.40
5-20
8.23
22.92
72.82
0.00
66.46
20-5
9.06
14.63
47.83
0.00
96.22
0-25
9.58
24.28
72.98
0.06
63.22
25-0
9.19
15.49
48.09
0.12
93.59
15-25
5.63
19.60
55.13
0.00
87.03
25-15
6-74
12.67
35.41
0.05
125.01
NOTE: The AESi Motorcycle dynamometer, BCD 8400, was used for all
moped tests. This particular dynamometer model has 140 Kg
as its lowest inertia setting (the heaviest looped was 119 Kg).
14
-------
Appendices B and C show the emission results for each
moped tested.
- Appendix B - Steady State Results by Vehicle
- Appendix C - Modal Emissions by Vehicle
15
-------
APPENDIX A
Road Load Characteristics
Data Sheets
16
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AESi
MOPED TASK ORDER
.m.o.o.i.
Veh. No.
¦ .1.1.9. , 7.7I °. 3 *. 8'
Inertia (Kg) Yr Mo Day
Driver
JE
ROAD LOAD DETERMINATION
1st Direction
2nd Direction
UJ
i J u i
Max Spd
(Stabile)
X X .3
Elapsed
Time (Sec)
(2)
,3.3.0 ,
115
i ii* «ij i
Max Spd
Elap. Time
(3)
.3 .4 .0 ,
. .1 .2 .1 .
Max Spd
Elap. Time
.3,5.
0 ,
¦ -1
, 0 .
0
Max Spd
Elap.
Time
, 3 , 5 #
0 .
. .1
0
4
Max Spd
Elap.
Time
. t 3 m
5 i
i— l 1
, 1 -
2 ,
Max Spd
Elap. Time
AVERAGE
' kxVPd16
¦ 1, 1,1^
Elap. Time
17
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AESi
MOPED TASK ORDER
M 0 0 2
, i * i *
Veh. No.
¦ •1 ¦1 ¦3 ¦ ..l7i °. q 2.5.
Inertia (Kg) Yr Mo Day
Driver
JE
ROAD LOAD DETERMINATION
1st Direction
2nd Direction
2 6 7
l . L L
Max Spd
II 1 f . J
Elapsed
(Stabile)
Time (Sec)
(21 ,3 ,0 » 0 ,
i 12 , 6. 1 ,
Max Spd
Elap. Time
f3) , 3 , 0 ,0 ,
. .2.4. 0.
Max Spd
Elap. Time
,30 0
i— ' «
Max Spd
2 , 8 t5
¦Max Spd
2 9 0
* i ? <
Max Spd
2 6 0
ji i t . »
Elap. Time
2 6 9
¦» i . i „ ¦ >
Elap. Time
2 4 0
' ' i - ¦
Elap. Time
AVERAGE
t2 . t 9 f
Max Spd
¦ .2-5-6
Elap. Time
18
-------
MOPED TASK ORDER
AESi
¦ M. °, °, 3. . .1.0 ,9 . .7 I Q.9, 7,7, Driver __£E_
Veh„ No. Inertia (Kg) Yr Mo Day
ROAD LOAD DETERMINATION
1st Direction 2nd Direction
, 202 ,2,9. 9. . ,21
* ' * * ¦ * f * ' ' m i i f t > > i t i i
Max Spd Elapsed Max Spd Elap. Time
(Stabile] Time (Sec)
(2) ¦ 2 ¦ 8 ¦ 9 ¦ . .2.2.°. .3.0.0 . , .2.1. .
Max Spd Elap. Time Max Spd Elap. Time
t ^ * 9 ¦—JL_i i—i ^ . 3 « ^. l_3 i. o, < 9—i i—i 2 , i j
Max Spd Elap. Time Max Spd Elap. Time
AVERAGE
' 2U 9
-------
AESi
MOPED TASK ORDER
M 0 0 4 115 779029 Driver JE
1 I I.I l I I I I 1 t I—.—I unver
Veh. No. Inertia (Kg) Yr Mo Day
ROAD LOAD DETERMINATION
1st Direction
2nd Direction
(1) ¦ 3. 2 « 0 . ^.2 °- 1
Max Spd
(Stabile)
Elapsed
Time (Sec)
¦ 3 • 2 ¦
Max Spd
18 6
-I u—-» 1
Elap. Time
(2) , 3 t2 t0
Max Spd
J i—L
19 8
» • »
Elap. Time
.3,2.0, 192
i ' • l i, _ ....i 1——a 1
Max Spd
Elap. Time
(3) .3.2.° ¦ . .1.9.7. .3.20 , . .19.1.
Max Spd Elap. Time Max Spd Elap. Time
AVERAGE
3,2.0 . . .1.9.4,
Max Spd Elap. Time
20
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AESi
MOPED TASK ORDER
M 0 0 5 111 770825 JE
i i f i i > i i i t I I—.—J- • 1 uriver
Veh. No. Inertia (Kg) Yr Mo Day
ROAD LOAD DETERMINATION
1st Direction
2nd Direction
(i) ¦ 3 . 0 . 0
Max Spd
(Stabile)
116
J i—jl i a i
Elapsed
Time (Sec)
3 0 .0
i i «-—
Max Spd
114
-i— ¦ »
Elap. Time
m 3 0 O 111
¦ ¦ * . « i—I, i , 9 >
Max Spd
Elap. Time
3j_0
Max Spd
117
t t . m t
Elap. Time
• 3-0 ¦
Max Spd
118
—i 1 a i
Elap. Time
3 0 0
i 1—- • —
Max Spd
1 19
* i * ¦
Elap. Time
AVERAGE
3 0 0 1 1 6
f , * * * 1 t T
Max Spd Elap. Time
21
-------
AESi
MOPED TASK ORDER
0. °. 6, . .1.1,1, ? ? ? >2 } , Driver _£E
Veh. No. Inertia (Kg) Yr Mo Day
ROAD LOAD DETERMINATION
1st Direction
2nd Direction
(1)
(3) t
1 ~ J
Max Spd
* • p i
Elapsed
(Stabile)
Time (Sec)
KO
*
00 '
01
. . 1 . 5.07,
Max Spd
Elap. Time
, 2,9 .° »
. . 1.6J8.
Max Spd
,2,5.
o ,
Max Spd
2 6
.!•
6 ,
Max Spd
•—-—i
5 ,
Elap. Time Max Spd
1 7 64
i 1 j • 1
Elap. Time
1 9 29
i ,i , . i i » i
Elap. Time
¦ 1 ¦ 8 -59 -
Elap. Time
AVERAGE
2.7 .4 . . 1 . 7 „ 6.
Max Spd Elap. Time
22
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MOPED TASK ORDER
AESi
¦ M. °. Q, 7, . .1.1.5, . 7 7. 0 9, 2. Driver
Veh. No. Inertia (Kg) Yr Mo Day
ROAD LOAD DETERMINATION
1st Direction
2nd Direction
CD i 2 ,9 . 9
Max Spd
(Stabile)
2 18
-i i i i—« i
Elapsed
Time (Sec)
¦ 2 -8
Max Spd
2 4 9
JL ' »
Elap. Time
(2) . 2 . 8 .9
Max Spd
J ¦ ¦ 2 ¦ I.2 .
Elap Time
¦ 8 -4 . -
Max Spd
2 14
* * m ¦
Elap* Time
(3) i_Li 8 - 8
238 27 9 243
, J I 1 I I I I- * 1 L— 1 1 • 1
Max Spd Elap. Time Max Spd Elap. Time
AVERAGE
2 . 8 . 7 _j ,2.3,6.
Max Spd Elap. Time
23
-------
MOPED TASK ORDER
AESi
, M, 0 , 0 , 8 , t i 1 i 1 1 t i Q, 9, 2 2, 7 7, Driver
Veh. No. Inertia (Kg) Yr Mo Day
Diana
ROAD LOAD DETERMINATION
1st Direction 2nd Direction
1 ' * '
Max Spd
X -J ^ 4
Elapsed
(Stabile)
Time (Sec)
3 0 o .
> i » u i
i i 11 5. 0,
Max Spd
Elap. Time
3 0 0
¦ > . u i
> .1.6^8,
Max Spd
Elap. Time
AVERAGE
.3.0. O-.
. .1.5.9,
...j 0 * 2 i i i
Max Spd Elap. Time
2 9 9
J * '
. U-Ix.7
Max Spd Elap. Time
2 9 9 1 6
i __J « l i »—. j., ••
Max Spd Elap. Time
Max Spd Elap. Time
24
-------
AESi
MOPED TASK ORDER
M 0 0 9 1 1 2 7 7 0 9 2 2 Driver JE
(tilt » I I I 1 1 . I. A ..J > 1
Veh. No. Inertia (Kg) Yr Mo Day
ROAD LOAD DETERMINATION
1st Direction
2nd Direction
(1) , 3, 2. 0 ,
Max Spd
(Stabile)
18 2
_a i
Elapsed
Time (Sec)
0 0
j 1
Max Spd
19 2
-i——i * i
Elap. Time
(2) , 3 , 2 0
2 0 0
-I i—i ' ¦ i
Max Spd Elap. Time
3 0 - 0 ,
¦ ' —* 1
Max Spd
2 2
-I L-
Elap. Time
r3-v 320 185 3 0 0 208
^ JJ • « ¦ 1 i ¦ ' » ¦ i L 1 i——t 1 • r
Max Spd Elap. Time
Max Spd
Elap. Time
AVERAGE
3 10, 198
' ¦ » p-i *—-j 1 „ i
Max Spd Elap. Time
25
-------
AESi
MOPED TASK ORDER
M 0 1 0
' ' ' i i
Veh. No.
! I I 1 f
Inertia (Kg)
7 7 0 9 2 3
1 , i i i i i
Yr Mo Day
Driver Dw
ROAD LOAD DETERMINATION
(1)
1st Direction
2 9 5,
i > » i
19 5
¦ I ¦ • t
Max Spd
(Stabile)
Elapsed
Time (Sec)
3 0 0
> » p 1
18 4
1.1 1 m i
Max Spd
Elap. Time
3 0 0
• i «... j
18 6
t L_ .1 • 1
Max Spd
Elap. Time
2nd Direction
3 10
i— i > i
Max Spd
3 10
i——i % 1
Max Spd
17 5
1 1 *
Elap. Time
17 9
¦ t 1 • 1
Elap. Time
3 10 17 5
1 * j . . | ^ t
Max Spd Elap. Time
AVERAGE
3 0 4 1 8 2
1 Max Spd Elap. Time'
26
-------
APPENDrx B
Steady State Results by Vehicle
27
-------
Appendix B
Steady State Results by Vehicle
Vehicle
No: M001
Make :
Moto
Milan
Model:
Smilly
Model
Year:
1976
g/mi ¦
HC
CO
CO2
NQ-X
FUEL ECONOMY*
0 mph**
1.04
0.90
1.76
0.00
1371.52
5 mph
14.41
26.24
32.32
0.00
74.36
10 mph
7.13
13.53
20.72
0.00
137.28
15 mph
5.09
11.52
19.66
0.00
164.50
20 mph
4.58
12.67
16.79
0.00
173.11
25 mph
6.13
15.16
15.80
0.00
150.13
30 mph
9.89
17.13
19.10
0.00
114.59
Vehicle
No: M002
Make:
Motobecane
Model:
"50"
Model
Year:
1976
HC
CO
C02
NOx
FUEL ECONOMY*
0 mph
1.01
1.56
2.59
0.00
1075.05
5 mph
8.76
17.63
29,96
0.00
103.78
10 mph
6.11
16.93
27.63
0.00
120.46
15 mph
2.62
2.11
44.09
0.00
159.21
20 mph
8.00
24.40
33.12
0.03
91.57
25 mph
5.35
21.54
32.03
0.00
107.04
30 mph
6.28
22.76
28.91
0.00
104.83
Vehicle
No: M003
Make:
Motobecane
Model:
"40"
Model
Year:
1976
- - g/mi
- - - _ «
- -
HC
CO
C02
NOx
FUEL ECONOMY*
0 mph
1.33
1.80
0.51
0.00
1175.80
5 mph
9.75
35.49
55.45
0.00
62.38
10 mph
3.78
9.81
23.40
0.00
174.55
15 mph
3.78
16.06
28.24
0.00
135.46
20 mph
2.37
11.21
34.96
0.00
147.57
25 mph
3.42
15.27
32.93
0.02
130.85
30 mph
4.59
24.00
33.78
0.04
103.05
*Fuel economy in mi/gal except "0" in min/gal
**"0" mph emissions in grams per minute
28
-------
Appendix B
Steady State Results by Vehicle
page 2
Vehicle No: M004 Make: Peugot
Model: 103 Model Year: 1976
g/mi
HC
CO
C0?
NOx
FUEL ECONOMY*
0 mph**
1.47
1.26
0.65
0.00
1217.22
5 mph
15.25
25.40
9.88
0.02
90.34
10 mph
9.38
20.23
23.96
0.00
103.73
15 mph
7.25
19.38
9.34
0.00
141.24
20 mph
6.70
20.51
24.36
0.00
113.79
25 mph
7.57
23.27
27.78
0.00
100.37
30 mph
5.39
20.59
24.33
0.00
120.21
Vehicle
No:
M005
Make:
Honda
Model:
Express Model Year:
1976
- g/mi
-------
HC
CO
C02
NOx
FUEL ECONOMY*
0 mph
0.55
0.86
2.29
O.QO
1646.94
5 mph
6.85
16.28
69.13
0.00
76.16
10 mph
4.21
9.57
43.88
0.00
122,71
15 mph
4.01
11.57
13.19
0.00
201.13
20 mph
2.96
8.97
28.80
0.00
169.61
25 mph
2.93
9.89
25.71
0.00
175.45
30 mph
2.96
8.92
29.84
0.00
166.55
Vehicle No:
M006
Make:
Vespa
Model:
GA10
Model Year:
1971
¦ g/mi
HC
CO
C02
NOx
FUEL ECONOMY*
0 mph
0.62
2.76
8.66
0.00
592.03
5 mph
6.93
32.96
61.54
0.00
65.54
10 mph
3.46
14.16
39.77
0.00
121.49
15 mph
2.62
11.57
36.17
0.00
141.52
20 mph
2.71
9.82
28.52
0.00
168.76
25 mph
3.55
12.82
39.95
0.02
124.28
30 nqph
None -
wouldn't
accel
above 25 mph
•Fuel economy in mi/gal except "0" mph in min/gal
** "0" mph emissions in grams per minute
29
-------
Appendix B
Steady State Results by Vehicle
page 3
Vehicle No:
M007
Make:
Peugot
Model:
103
Model Year:
1976
g/mi - -
HC
CO
COjj
NOx
FUEL ECONOMY*
0 mph**
1.63
1.79
1.98
0.00
889.65
5 mph
18.75
31.15
50.85
0.00
55.56
10 mph
6.91
20.50
22.40
0.00
115.87
15 mph
7.43
26.03
29.78
0.00
94.09
20 raph
6.33
26.10
32.93
0.00
94.32
25 mph
7.07
24.91
48.14
0.06
75.43
30 mph
None -
wouldn't accel
above 25 mph
Vehicle No:
M008
Make:
Honda
Model:
Express
Model Year:
1976
HC
CO
NOx
FUEL ECONOMY*
0 mph
0.80
0.75
2.20
0.00
1495.97
5 mph
15.07
29.65
32.45
0.00
69.92
10 mph
6.82
14.80
18.54
0.00
139.81
15 mph
5.76
14.21
27.21
0.00
130.78
20 mph
4.29
12.44
28.21
0.00
144.51
25 mph
3.01
10.39
25.96
0.00
171.08
30 mph
6.17
15.29
20.01
0.00
139.42
Vehicle No:
M009
Make:
Puch
Model:
Maxi
Model Year:
1977
g/mi - ¦
HC
CO
C02
NOx
FUEL ECONOMY*
0 mph
1.60
2.41
4.90
0.00
644.34
5 mph
16.44
18.73
18.02
0.00
89.04
10 mph
9.54
15.43
30.12
0.00
104.79
15 mph
7.43
16.27
24.47
0.00
120.49
20 mph
6.17
16.09
25.84
0.00
125.44
25 mph
4.93
18.94
28.57
0.00
119.89
30 mph
3.97
14.26
32.22
0.02
131.92
*Fuel economy in mi/gal except "0" raph in min/gal
**"0" raph emissions in grams/min
30
-------
Appendix B
Steady State Results by Vehicle
page 4
Vehicle No:
M010
Make:
Motobecane
Model:
ii 40"
Model Year:
1976
g/mi -
HC
CO
CO2
NOx
FUEL ECONOMY*
0 mph**
1.06
1.13
0.52
o.oo
1567.36
5 mph
9.63
22.69
49.11
o.oo
76.91
10 mph
4,50
9.65
25.20
0.00
162.30
15 mph
3.16
9.60
24.84
0.00
177.54
20 mph
2.63
13.11
31.35
0.00
147.08
25 mph
3.51
14.90
34.97
0.00
127.56
30 mph
3.39
10.55
41.56
0.05
128.73
*Fuel economy in mi/gal except "0" mph in min/gal
**"0" mph emissions in grams/min
31
-------
APPENDIX C
Modal Emissions By
Vehicle for Low Altitude
California Mopeds
32
-------
VEHICLE #M001
APPENDIX C
MODAL EMISSIONS BY VEHICLE
FOR LOW ALTITUDE,
CALIFORNIA MOPEDS
SPEED/
RANGE
(MPH)
0-10
10-0
HC
20.33
31.37
CO
gm/mi
42.91
51.44
C02
195.73
99.12
NOxc
0.00
0.00
FUEL
ECONOMY
(MPG)
27.07
31.73
5-20
20-5
7.99
10.13
24.78
19.72
68.48
48.23
0.00
0.00
66.80
79.64
0-25
25-0
10.32
10.47
27.41
20.17
69.30
41.12
0.00
0.00
61.11
83.64
15-25
25-15
5.40
6.84
18.72
16.74
47.34
29.88
0.00
0.00
94.46
113.86
VEHICLE #M002
0-10
10-0
18.32
25.09
45.55
27.60
189.46
84.07
0.00
0.00
27.79
42.83
5-20
20-5
6,93
8.53
21.85
18.39
62.35
42.10
0.00
0.00
74.73
90.44
0-25
25-0
9.70
8.31
27.72
16.01
58.21
44.66
0.00
0.15
66.91
92.20
15-25
25-15
5.58
6.29
20.15
13.68
59.22
32.39
0.00
0.00
81.67
120.10
VEHICLE #M003
0-10
31,37
10-0
35.13
5-20
7.19
20-5
7.73
0-25
9.55
25-0
8.01
15-25
4.68
25-15
5.58
40.40 160.61
32.62 90.34
22.65 62.35
10.39 49.29
21.25 64.98
8.32 50.20
16.56 51.30
7.38 37.08
0.00 27.40
0.00 35.05
0.00 73.44
0.00 98.38
0.15 68.92
0.15 100.00
0.00 96.22
0.18 133.60
33
-------
Appendix C
Modal Emissions by Vehicle for Low Altitude, California Mopeds
page 2
VEHICLE #M004
SPEED/
RANGE
(MPH1
HC
CO
gm/mi
C02
NCbcc
99.75
203.26
0.0
10-0
22.59
22.59
82.82
0.0
5-20
8.26
26.11
66.88
0.0
20-5
10.39
24.51
48.23
0.0
0-25
9.09
28.18
59.13
0.0
25-0
11.55
34.80
50.97
0.0
15-25
6.66
28.44
46.44
0.0
25-15
7.74
20.16
33.30
0.0
VEHICLE #M005
0-10
15.06
86.57
224.59
0.00
10-0
30.11
25.09
48.93
0.00
5-20
7.46
21.58
61.28
0.00
20-5
6.66
6.39
16.52
0.00
0-25
8.47
20.17
68.37
0.15
25-0
6.62
7.70
18.32
0.15
15-25
4.68
14.22
46.62
0.00
25-15
5.22
5.04
11.16
0.00
VEHICLE #M006
0-10
8.41
15.81
274.78
0.00
10-0
12.55
52.70
208.28
0.00
5-20
4.53
21.58
100.19
0.00
20-5
6.66
11.46
57.02
0.00
0-25
6.16
23.41
102.40
0.15
25-0
8.62
14.94
63,29
0.15
15-25
3.60
16.20
69.83
0.00
25-15
6.30
10.98
48.78
0.18
FUEL
ECONOMY
(MPG")
23.34
46.68
66.12
74.08
67.06
62.32
79.00
99.05
21.71
48.23
74.61
185.96
69.86
172.47
105,81
248.83
27.18
26.80
59.73
92.23
55.87
77.71
83.11
103.10
34
-------
Appendix C
.Modal Emissions by Vehicle for Low Altitude, California Mopeds
page 3
VEHICLE #M007
SPEED/
HC
CO
co2
NOxc
FUEL
RANGE
rrm /mi _________
ECONOMY
Kill/ Jul
(MPH)
(MPG)
0-10
13.17
1.26
111.98
0.00
56.94
10-0
6.27
26.35
65.24
0.00
70.08
5-20
15.45
34.11
65.55
0.00
52.74
20-5
15.19
26.91
51.96
0.00
62.26
0-25
14.63
34.49
67.60
0.00
52.72
25-0
12.78
21.56
57.90
0.15
67.02
15-25
9.72
33.48
59.04
0.00
62.24
25-15
10.44
19.80
44.28
0.00
81.73
VEHICLE #M008
0-10
13.93
65.24
338.77
0.00
18.27
10-0
38.90
23.84
82.81
0.00
36.39
5-20
10.39
30.38
66.61
0.00
60.20
20-5
9.86
12.26
35.70
0.00
102.83
0-25
12.32
32.49
64.06
0.00
57.51
25-0
10.16
17.25
37.88
0.00
91.22
15-25
5.94
18.54
51.66
0.00
89.00
25-15
7.92
16.20
31.32
0.00
108.28
VEHICLE #M009
0-10
13.80
33.88
264.74
0.00
24.51
10-0
23.84
30.11
158.09
0.00
31.56
5-20
8.26
13.32
82.07
0.00
68.64
20-5
9.06
12.26
65.55
0.00
78.10
0-25
8.01
14.01
81.77
0.00
68.64
25-0
8.62
12.47
50.51
0.00
91.00
15-25
5.94
15.30
59.22
0.00
86.85
25-15
6.12
12.42
39.96
0.00
112.41
35
-------
Appendix C
Modal Emissions by Vehicle for Low Altitude, California Mopeds
page 4
VEHICLE #M010
SPEED/ HC CO C02 NOxc FUEL
RANGE - — gm/mi ECONOMY
(MPH) (MP GQ
0-10
30.11
67.75
214.55
0.00
21.29
10-0
27.60
22.58
133.00
0.00
34.64
5-20
5.86
12.79
92.46
0.00
67.62
20-5
6.39
4.00
63.68
0.27
98.28
0-25
7.55
13.70
93.93
0.15
63.61
25-0
6.78
1.69
66.06
0.46
98.29
15-25
4.14
14.40
60.66
0.00
91.97
25-15
5.04
4.32
45.90
0.18
129.13
36
-------
APPENDIX D
MOPED TESTING PROCEDURES
FLOW CHART
37
-------
Determine
Inertia Wt
Dry Wt + 150 lbs
>
r
—
Determine Rd
Load
-VC^ecord WtT>
Drive Vehicle W.O.T.
to Max. Stabilized
Speed A
- "H
Repeat Step A
in opposite
direction B
Repeat Steps A §
B 3 Times
H^ecord Speed frTiine)
Record Speed §
"ti^
ecord Average Max
elocity § Time
MO-PEP TASK QRDPB
ROAD LOAD CHARACTERISTICS
TESTS
Smooth flat surface
little or no wind
driver must weigh
150 +10 lbs
38
-------
mo-ped task order
- DXNO TESTING -
SEQUENCE
39
35
------- |