SEPA
Draft
United Slates
Environmental Protection
Agency
Region 10
1200 Slxtti Avenue
Seattle WA 98101
Environmental
Impact Statement
EPA-10-AK-Valdez-NPDES-79
December 1979
EPA 910/9-79-064
Attachment
A
Alaska Petrochemical Company
Refining and Petrochemical Facility
Valdez, Alaska

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DRAFT
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT
Alaska Petrochemical Company
Refinery and Petrochemical Facility
Valdez, Alaska
ATTACHMENT A

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U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
REGION X
i £5 \
1 200 SIXTH AVENUE
SEATTLE, WASHINGTON 98101
'1 1379
repiy to ,. . _ . , _
ATTN OF: M/S 443
To: All Interested Government Agencies, Public Officials, Public
Groups and Citizens
Pursuant to Section 102(2)(c) of the National Environmental Policy
Act of 1969 and implementing Federal Regulations, I am forwarding
for your review and comment this Draft Environmental Impact Statement
(EIS) for the Alaska Petrochemical Company's (ALPETCO) proposed
Refinery and Petrochemical Facility in Valdez, Alaska. ALPETCO has
applied for a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)
Permit to discharge pollutant to navigable waters pursuant to the
provisions of the Clean Water Act (Public Law 95-217). The proposed
facility has been determined to be a New Source under Section 306 of
the Clean Water Act and hence is subject to the provisions of the
National Environmental Policy Act (83 Stat. 852) under Section 511(c)
(1) of the Clean Water Act. Pursuant to 40 CFR Part 124.31(d), the
draft New Source NPDES permit has been released for concurrent public
review with this EIS. Please see the attached Notice for details.
The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) will announce
the availability of this document in the Federal Register on Friday,
December 7, 1979, initiating a 59-day review and comment period. It
is requested that comments on the draft EIS be submitted by 1 February
1980. Comments on the draft EIS should be submitted to Ms. Deborah Kirk,
Environmental Evaluation Branch, Mail Stop 443, at the above address.
Substantive comments on the draft EIS will be considered in the
preparation of the final EIS.
Please note that this draft EIS consists of a Text, Attachments
and multiple technical appendices. All technical appendices were
not distributed to all agencies and persons. If you need additional
copies of the draft EIS or any of its technical appendices, please
contact Deborah Kirk at the listed address or telephone (206) 442-4011
or (FTS) 399-4011. All volumes are available for review at the
locations noted on the attached Notice.

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2
Public hearings on the draft EIS and the draft New Source NPDES
permit will be held in Anchorage, Valdez and Juneau on January 29,30
and 31, 1980, respectively. Please see the attached Notice for details.
It should be noted that if changes to the proposed project and draft
EIS are minor, the final EIS will consist primarily of: 1) a summary,
2) pages with modifications, addition and/or deletions as necessitated
by the coordination and review process; and 3) a new coordination
section containing comment letters received on the draft EIS with
EPA's responses to those comments. Therefore, the draft EIS should be
retained since it, along with the final EIS, will provide a full
analysis of the environmental issues. The final EIS will be sent only
to the agencies and interested parties who request a copy or make
substantive comments on the draft.
If you need additional information, please contact Ms. Deborah Kirk
at (206) 442-4011 or (FTS) 399-4011.
Attachment

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ATTACHMENT A
TABLE OF CONTENTS
List of Preparers 		A-1
Bibliography 		A-11
List of Abbreviations 				A-49
Glossary of Terms 		A-53

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LIST OF PREPARERS

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LIST OF PREPARERS
This Environmental Impact Statement has been prepared by
CCC/HOK-DOWL performing as a third-party consultant to EPA.
CCC/HOK-DOWL is an association of two Anchorage, Alaska,
consulting firms, Dickinson-Oswald-Walch-Lee Engineers and
Crittenden, Cassetta, Cannon/Hellmuth, Obata, Kassabaum
Architects and Planners. Under the management of
CCC/HOK-DOWL, a multidisciplinary team of specialists was
assembled to perform the work. Following is a list of the
firms and the persons of primary responsibility engaged in
preparation of the EIS. Brief biographical sketches of
those persons follow the list.
EPA Region 10 - Lead Agency
1200 Sixth Avenue
Seattle, WA 98101
Daniel I. Steinborn
Environmental Evaluations Branch
Energy Coordinator
Deborah K. Kirk
Environmental Evaluations Branch
Project Officer
CCC/HOK-DOWL - Management Staff
4040 "B" Street
Anchorage, AK 99503
Lewis E. Dickinson, Partner, DOWL
Edwin B. Crittenden, Senior Officer, CCC/HOK
John E. Paulson, Project Manager
Kenneth E. Stroh, Project Coordinator
Priscilla Post Wohl, Assistant Coordinator
Vicky N. Sterling, Technical Writer/Editor
Roberta E. Goldman, Resource Assistant, Graphic Artist
Alma D. Hartman, Word Processor
William E. Palmer, Draftsman
A-2

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DOWL ENGINEERS
4040 "B" Street
Anchorage, AK 99503
Principal Investigators: Harry R. Lee
David A. Cole, Jr.
Toraman Sahin
Robert W. Kranich, Jr.
Jordon Jacobsen
Terry L. Barber
Responsibilities:	Hydrology
Seismology
Geology
Soils
CCC/HOK ARCHITECTS AND PLANNERS
801 West Fireweed Lane
Anchorage, AK 99503
Principal Investigators: Gordon S. Harrison
Richard K. Morehouse
Steven M. Reiner
Alan M. Voorhees and Associates, Inc.
Berkeley, California - Special
Consultant
Northrim Associates, Anchorage,
Alaska - Special Consultant
Responsibilities:	Socioeconomics
Transportation
ALASKARCTIC
P.O. Box 397
Fairbanks, AK 99707
Principal Investigator: Glenn H. Bacon
Responsibility:	Archaeology
ATKINSON, CONWAY, YOUNG, BELL AND GAGNON, INC.
420 "L" Street, Suite 500
Anchorage, AK 99501
Principal Investigator: John Treptow
Responsibility:	Permits and Regulations
A-3

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DAMES AND MOORE
510 "L" Street, Suite 310
Anchorage, AK 99501
Principal Investigators: James E. Hemming
Charles B. Fahl
Responsibilities:	Ecosystems
Air Quality
METCALF AND EDDY, INC.
50 Staniford Street
Boston, MA 02114
Principal Investigators:
Jekabs P. Vittands
David R. Bingham
Joseph Colonell, Institute of
Marine Science, University of
Alaska - Special Consultant
Donald R. F. Harleman,
Massachusetts Institute of
Technology-Special Consultant
E. Eric Adams, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology-Special
Consultant
Miles 0. Hayes, Research Planning
Institute, Inc., S. Carolina -
Special Consultant
Responsibility:
Oceanography
THE PACE COMPANY, CONSULTANTS AND ENGINEERS, INC.
5251 Westheimer
Houston, TX 77052
Principal Investigators: Douglas L. Burton
F. Paul Pizzi
Peter E. Kelly
Richard F. Smullen
Responsibilities:	Plant Processes
Wastewater Treatment
Marine Transportation
TOWNE, RICHARDS AND CHAUDIERE, INC.
105 NE 56th Street
Seattle, WA 98105
Principal Investigators: Robin M. Towne
Jan Hauge
Responsibility:
Acoustics

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Edward Eric Adams# Ph.D.
- Civil Engineer (hydrodynamics)
Adams is a research engineer at the Massachusetts Institute
of Technology. His specialty is mathematical modeling of
oceanographic effects. He has published numerous reports
and supervised many projects since 1970 regarding outfall
diffuser designs, fluid mechanics and hydrodynamic modeling.
Glenn H. Bacon - Archaeologist
Bacon has more than 10 years of archaeology experience
covering all regions of Alaska. He is a former Acting
Alaska State Archaeologist and former lecturer and research
associate in archaeology with the Univeristy of Alaska. He
is lead archaeologist in the Fairbanks firm, Alaskarctic.
Terry L. Barber - Geologist
Barber has been active in drilling supervision and test hole
logging throughout Alaska. He also has been involved in a
wide variety of soil and rock related subsurface
investigations, and in materials quality control.
David R. Bingham - Civil Engineer (hydrodynamics)
Bingham has been involved in the development and application
of mathematical models for nearly three years, and has
worked on a wide range of projects using one- and
two-dimensional finite element hydrodynamic and water
quality models.
Douglas L. Burton - Vice President, Engineering Services
Burton directs The Pace Company's process design and
environmental management services consulting groups. He
coordinates a wide range of studies including refining
licensing and technology evaluations for a broad range of
refining processes;	refinery process designs;
environmental assessment studies for grassroots Gulf Coast
petrochemical complexes; and permitting projects for new
refineries, expansions, and petrochemical complexes.
David A. Cole, Jr. - Civil Engineer (seismology)
Cole has been involved in seismology and earthquake related
geotechnical studies throughout Alaska and southern
California, and recently presented a paper, "Regional
Seismic Risk in Alaska," at the Alaska Professional Design
Council Earthquake Symposium (1979),
A-5

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Joseph Colonell, Ph.D. - Professor of Ocean Engineering
Colonell is the principal investigator for the Institute of
Marine Science Program of Environmental Studies, University
of Alaska, Fairbanks. Projects with which he has been
involved include the Continuing Environmental Studies of
Port Valdez, an extensive program of monitoring physical
oceanographic conditions to detect effects of the Alyeska
marine terminal ballast water treatment plant discharge.
Colonell is a registered civil engineer in Alaska and three
other states.
Edwin B. Crittenden, FAIA
Crittenden is the senior officer of the Alaska Professional
Corporation Crittenden, Cassetta, Cannon/Hellmuth, Obata,
Kassabaum (CCC/HOK), Architects and Planners, and he has 30
years of consulting experience in Alaska.
Lewis E. Dickinson
Dickinson is the senior partner in the Alaska partnership of
Dickinson, Oswald, Walch, Lee (DOWL), and he has 25 years of
engineering consulting experience throughout Alaska.
Charles B. Fahl, Ph.D - Meteorologist
Fahl is manager of the Dames and Moore Anchorage Weather
Forecast Center. He has 15 years of experience performing
and directing air quality, climato logical and meteorological
studies throughout Alaska including many modeling analyses
and impact analyses.
Roberta E. Goldman - EIS Resource Assistant, Graphic Artist
Goldman designed and conducted a cultural anthropological
study in Oaxaca, Mexico. She was graphics editor of the
Albany Studervt Press, University at Albany, and was involved
in promotional design at St. Martin's Press, New York.
Donald R.F. Harleman, Sc.D - Ford Professor of Engineering
(hydraulics, applied mathematics)
Harleman specializes in hydraulics, and has served as
consultant to a wide range of state, federal and private
agencies throughout the United States and parts of Canada
and Europe. He is the author of numerous publications, and
is a member of seven scientific and professional societies.
A-6

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Gordon S. Harrison - Economist
Harrison is a former associate professor at the University
of Alaska, Fairbanks, Institute of Social, Economic and
Government Research. He has conducted policy planning
analyses for Alaska state and local governments, and has
contributed to several major reports to the BLM describing
patterns of petroleum exploration and development in the
Gulf of Alaska for the Outer Continental Shelf drilling
program.
Alma D. Hartman - Word Processor
Hartman's background is in the biological and environmental
sciences. She has experience with many types of word
processing machines.
Jan H. Hauge - Acoustical Engineer
As manager for environmental noise studies for Towne,
Richards and Chaudiere, Hauge has prepared acoustical EIS
and design studies for industrial transportation and
community development projects for the past six years.
Miles 0. Hayes, Ph.D - Professor, University of South
Carolina (geology, marine science)
Hayes has extensive experience as an instructor, research
scientist, consultant and lecturer in the fields of geology
and marine science. His responsibilities at the University
of South Carolina include supervision of theses and
dissertations, and directing the Coastal Research Division
of the Department of Geology.
James E. Hemming - Arctic Biologist
Hemming is responsible for planning, developing and staffing
biological programs for Dames and Moore in Anchorage.
Recent projects include a biological evaluation of a major
Bering Sea fishery, a survey of fish streams along the
proposed route of the trans-Alaska natural gas pipeline, and
an Outer Continental Shelf biological impact analysis of
petroleum development in the Beaufort and Bering Seas.
Jordon Jacobsen - Geological Engineer (geophysics)
Jacobsen has performed seismic refraction studies and other
geophysical analyses in Alaska for DOWL Engineers and
Atlantic Richfield Company.
Peter E. Kelly - Manager, Process Design Services
Kelly has developed expertise in design, optimization, cost
estimation and computer modeling techniques for
petrochemical and refining facilities.
A-7

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Robert W. Kranich/ Jr. - Civil Engineer (groundwater
hydrology)
Kranich was primary design consultant for several water
systems for public utility companies. He has been
responsible for the design and contract administration of
numerous groundwater development and other hydrologic
projects throughout Alaska.
Harry R. Lee - Civil Engineer (soils mechanics)
Lee has been involved for more than 20 years in a wide
variety of geotechnical studies throughout Alaska, ranging
from site evaluations to foundation designs. He was a
founder of Alaska Testlab, a materials testing laboratory,
and he is a principal engineer with DOWL. Lee has lectured
at the University of Alaska and has participated in numerous
American Society of Civil Engineers technical symposiums.
Richard K. Morehouse - Environmental Planner
Morehouse directed the Alaska Capital Planning Commission's
environmental assessment program and was principal planner
for the city development plan. He also performed the
socioeconomic impact assessment for the Outer Continental
Shelf drilling program.
William E. Palmer - Draftsman
Palmer has seven years experience drafting for a civil
engineering firm.
John E. Paulson - Civil Engineer (EIS Project Manager)
Paulson has 14 years of experience in industrial and civil
engineering, and has assumed project management
responsibilities for project planning, environmental and
site evaluations and general civil design and construction
projects.
F. Paul Pizzi - Project Manager, Environmental Management
Services
Pizzi manages projects for The Pace Company covering a wide
spectrum, including site selection, permit consultation,
wastewater treatment technology evaluation and facilities
design, and hazardous waste disposal. Recent experience
includes coordination of the Environmental Impact Assessment
for a world-scale EDC/VCM/PVC complex; and coordination of
all engineering, maintenance, and process activities on
initial start-ups of several operating units for a major
refinery expansion.
A-8

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Steven M. Reiner - Planner
Reiner conducted baseline inventories of 14 Alaska coastal
communities for the Outer Continental Shelf Socioeconomic
Impact Assessment. He also has broad experience in public
services planning, including transportation and public
facilities planning and programming for new towns, as well
as numerous industrial, residential and commercial
developments on the West Coast.
Toraman Sahin - Civil Engineer (terrestrial hydrology)
Sahin's recent activities include participating as assistant
engineer in a design and feasibility study of the
construction of ice islands as off-shore exploratory
drilling platforms in the Prudhoe Bay area; and in the
design of an ice bridge across the Susitna River for
Anchorage Natural Gas exploration activities.
Richard F. Smullen - Senior Consultant, Environmental
Management Services
Smullen has been responsible for numerous water and
wastewater treatment and control studies, and currently is
involved in permit consultation and site planning projects
for refining, chemical, and petrochemical facilities.
Vicky N. Sterling - EIS Writer/Editor
Sterling served for three years as technical writer and
editor of publications for Alyeska Pipeline Service Company
during construction of the trans-Alaska pipeline, and for
one year as technical writer and coordinator for Alyeska's
Initial Valuation Report to the Federal Energy Regulatory
Commission. She also is a former reporter and editor of the
Anchorage Daily Times.
Kenneth E. Stroh - EIS Project Coordinator
Stroh has conducted a wide range of geotechnical studies
throughout Alaska, and was involved in standardization of
Bush school design. Formerly borough traffic engineer
(Anchorage), Stroh was responsible for economic and
transportation studies as well as project design and
construction.
Robin M. Towne - President, Towne, Richards and Chaudiere,
Inc.
Towne has more than 20 years of experience as an acoustical
consultant and as a university lecturer on the subject.
Towne has been principal-in-charge for several hundred
industrial, architectural and mechanical systems noise and
vibration control studies.
A-9

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John Treptow - Attorney at Law
Treptow is a partner in the Anchorage law firm of Atkinson,
Conway, Young, Bell and Gagnon, Inc.
Jekabs P. Vittands - Vice President, Metcalf and Eddy, Inc.
Vittands specializes in wastewater management, and has been
responsible for numerous studies involving water quality
planning, storm water management and the application of
stream and estuary water quality and storm water models.
Priscilla Post Wohl - EIS Assistant Coordinator
Wohl's educational background is in the earth sciences. She
is a former natural resource specialist for the Bureau of
Land Management, Alaska OCS Office, where she assisted in
preparation of several Environmental Impact Statements. She
also was a staff geologist for Dames and Moore, where she
was involved with data collection, evaluation and report
preparation on various multidisciplinary projects for
government and private industry.
A-10

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U.S. Department of Energy, 1979a. Cost and Uncertainties
for Converting Sweet-Light West Coast Refineries to
Alaskan North Slope (ANS) Crude Oil, (Draft).
U.S. Department of Energy, 1979b. West Coast Crude Oil
Dispositions Study, (Draft).
U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Federal
Insurance Administration, 1976. Flood Insurance
Study, City of Valdez, Alaska.
U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Federal
Insurance Administration, 1979. Questions and
Answers, National Flood Insurance Program.
U.S. Department of Interior. "Aeromagnetic Map of the Part
of the Valdez 1 Minute by 3 Minute Quadrangle,
Alaska," U.S. Geological Survey Open File Report
79-381.
U.S. Department of the Interior, 1971. West-to-East Crude
Oil Transportation Systems; Findings Basecl on
Criteria Required by Title V, Public Law 95-617.
U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Bureau of Land
Management. Final EIS Crude Oil Transportation
System: Valdez, Alaska to Midland, Texas (As proposed
by SOHIO Transportation Company).
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Compilation of
BACT/LAER Determinations, Publication Pending. EPA,
Pedco Env i ronme nta1 Inc., Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1972. "Water Quality
Criteria 1972," Ecological Research Series. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1974a. Development
Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and New
Source Performance Standards Tor the Petroleum
Refining Point Source Category, EPA-440/l-74-014a,
April.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1974b. Information
on LeveIs of Environmental Noise Requisite to Protect
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Public Health and Welfare with an Adequate Margin of
Safety. U.S. EPA, Washington, D.C., 20460.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1974c. Method for
Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1974d. Survey
Reports on Atmospheric Emissions From the
Petrochemical Industry, U.S. EPA Office ol Air and
Water Programs, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards, (II).
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1975a. "National
Interim Primary Drinking Water Regulations," Federal
Register, (40) 248.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1975b. Noise
Guidelines for preparing and reviewing Environmental
Impact Statements. U.S. EPA Region 10, Seattle, WA.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1976. Quality
Criteria for Water. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1978a. 1977 Clean
Air Act: Prevention of Significant Air Quality
Deterioration, State Implementation Plans and
Requirements. Federal Register, (43) 118.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1978b. Compilation
of Air Pollutant Factors, AP42. U.S. EPA Office of
Air and Waste Management, Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1979. Proposed Water
Quality Criteria 1979. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Offprints.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Noise
Abatement and Control, 1978. Acoustic Terminology
Guide. U.S. EPA Region X, Seattle, WA.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Technology Transfer,
"Capsule	Reports,"	EPA-625/2-74-004,
EPA-625/2/75-008, EPA-625/2/76-010, EPA-625/2-78-018,
EPA-625/2—78-016. Environmental Protection Agency.
U.S. Geological Survey, 1973. Water Resources Data for
Alaska, Part 1, Surface Water Records. USDOI.
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Usibelli, J., 1975. "Mining Constraints and Operations at
Usibelli Coal Mine," Proceedings of Conference, Focus
on Alaska's Coal 1975 f University o? Alaska,
Fairbanks, October 15-17, 1975. School of Mineral
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Energy Administration, Anchorage.
Valdez, City of, 1978a. Initial Overall Economic
Development Plan.
Valdez, City of, 1978b. Valdez Overall Economic
Development Program.
Valdez, City of, 1979. Phase 1^ Inventory Report, City of
Valdez, Alaska Coastal Management Program (First
DraltTx.
Valdez Transportation Company, circa 1925. Alaska; A
Travelogue of the Richardson and Steese Highways.
Valdez Transportation Company.
Valdez Vanguard, 1977. "Valdezians Approve of Industrial
Development Here by 6 to 1,''""November 9.
Valdez Vanguard, 1979a. "Hydro Project Raises Questions,"
March 14.
Valdez Vanguard, 1979b. "Full-time EMS Director Needed,"
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VanWormer, J.D., J. Davies and L. Gedney, 1974.
"Seismicity and Plate Tectonics in South Central
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K.J. Wolfe, 1978. Environmental Assessment of
Stationary Source NO„ Control Technologies: First
Annual tteport, EPA ^tf/7-78-046. 	2	 	
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Welsh, S.L., 1974. Anderson's Flora of Alaska and Adjacent
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5 •
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City of Valdez.
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Workman, W., 1966. "Prehistory of Port Moller, Alaska
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Bonds," Anchorage Times, April 11.
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ADEC - Alaska Department of Environmental
Conservation
ADNR - Alaska Department of Natural Resources
ADOTPF - Alaska Department of Transportation and
Public Facilities
ADT - average daily traffic
ANS - Alaska North Slope
API - American Petroleum Institute
BACT - best available control technology
bpd - barrels per day
bpsd - barrels per stream day
BTU - British thermal units
CEQ - Council on Environmental Quality
cmd - cubic meters per day
cm/s - centimeters per second
COE - Corps of Engineers
CPI - corrugated plate interceptor
CVEA - Copper Valley Electric Association
DAF - dissolved air flotation
dB - decibels
DEIS - Draft Environmental Impact Statement
DO - dissolved oxygen
dwt - dead weight tons
EIS - Environmental Impact Statement
FCC - Fluid catalytic cracking or fluid catalytic
cracker
FIA - Federal Insurance Administration
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HUD - U.S. Department of Housing and Urban
Development
LPG - liquefied petroleum gas
mbd - thousand barrels per day
mgd - million gallons per day
MLLW - mean low low water
MMBD - million barrels per day
MMBTU - million British thermal units
M/S - meters per second
NAAQS - National Ambient Air Quality Standards
NEPA - National Environmental Policy Act - 40CFR
Parts 1500-1508
NESHAPS - National Emission Standards of Hazardous
Air Pollutants
NMHC - nonmethane hydrocarbons
NPDES - National Pollution Discharge Elimination
System
NSPS - New Source Performance Standards
PAD V - Petroleum Administration for Defense
District
ppmv - parts per million by volume
PSD - prevention of significant deterioration?
Part C of Clean Air Act as amended in 1977
psia - pounds per square inch absolute
psig - pounds per square inch gauge
RBC - rotating biological contactor
scf - standard cubic feet
STD - salinity - temperature - depth profiles
THC - total hydrocarbons
T/D - tons per day
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TSP -
total suspended
particulates
TSS -
total suspended
solids
wso -
Weather Service
Office
ZID -
zone of initial
dilution
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GLOSSARY OF TERMS

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GLOSSARY OF TERMS
Acid Gas - any stream made up chiefly of carbon
dioxide and/or hydrogen sulfide.
Aerobic - living, active, or occuring only in the
presence of oxygen.
Aggradation - a modification of the earth's
surface in the direction of uniformity of
grade by deposition.
Alevin - a newly hatched salmon which is still
attached to the yolk sac.
Aliphatic - paraffinic compounds.
Alkylation - a reaction in which isobutane is
combined with propylene and butylenes to form
a high octane branched paraffin for motor
f ue 1.
Amine - an alkanol amine such as monoethanol amine
used to remove acid gas (^S and CO2) from
gaseous or liquid hydrocarbon streams.
Angle of Internal Friction - angle between the
abscissa and the tangent of the curve
representing the relationship of shearing
resistance to normal stress acting within a
soi 1.
Anode Grade Coke - coke that is of high enough
quality as measured by low concentration of
sulfur and metals to be used as anodes in the
aluminum industry.
Aquifer - a water bearing stratum of permeable
rock, sand or gravel.
Aromatics - compounds which contain six-membered
rings with each carbon atom of the ring bound
by two single bonds and one double bond.
Assemblages - a group of organisms of several
species that are typically found in the same
habitat.
Atmospheric Gas Oil - a portion of the crude oil
boiling in the range of 650°F to 850°F.
Attainment Area - an area within which national
ambient air quality standards are being met.
Benthos - the bottom of a body of water.
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Benzene -	a six carbon membered ring
compound with one hydrogen on each carbon.
Benzene is the basic building block of all
aromatic compounds.
Bivalve - a shell composed of two corresponding
movable pieces.
BOD - biochemical oxygen demand - the oxygen used
in meeting the metabolic needs of aerobic
microorganisms in water which is rich in
organic matter.
Bryozoans - aquatic marine invertebrate animals
that reproduce by budding.
CaF2 - Calcium Fluoride.
Calcining - a process where the volatile content
of coke is reduced by the application of
heat.
Cat Gasoline - the C5 430°F boiling material
produced from a fluid catalytic cracker.
Caustic Wash - a procedure where a hydrocarbon
stream is contacted with caustic for removal
of mercaptans.
CBM Pit - sump where any acidity is neutralized.
Chaetognaths - a planktonic predator.
Chromates - a salt or ester of chromic acid
(H2Cr04).
COD - chemical oxygen demand - the chemicals used
in meeting the metabolic needs of aerobic
microorganisms.
Cohesionless Soil - a soil that when unconfined
has little or no strength when air dried and
that has little or no cohesion when
submerged.
Cohesive Soil - a soil that when unconfined has
considerable strength when air dried and that
has significant cohesion when submerged.
Coke - a solid, granular fuel product consisting
mainly of carbon.
Coke Gasification - the conversion of coke in the
presence of steam and air into clean gaseous
fuel.
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Colloidal - a substance in suspension or solution
which fails to settle out and diffracts a
beam of light.
Conradson Carbon - an analytical testing procedure
which measures the relative tendency of a
petroleum stream to form coke.
Consolidation - the gradual reduction in volume of
a soil mass resulting from an increase in
compressive stress.
Copepods - freshwater and marine crustaceans.
Cracking - thermal catalytic cracking of heavy
residual hydrocarbons into lighter, cleaner
fuel products.
Crustaceans - aquatic anthropods that have
chitinous or calcareous exoskeletons
including lobsters, shrimp, crabs and
barnacles.
Cycle Oil - a heavy fuel product from the fluid
catalytic process that cannot be further
cracked without hydrogenation to saturate
polyaromatics.
Dabbling Ducks - ducks that feed in shallow water.
Debutanizer - a fractionating tower in which
butane and lighter boiling components are
taken overhead.
Deisohexanizer - a distillation column which
distills isohexane and lighter components
overhead.
Deisopentanizer - a distillation column which
distills isopentane overhead.
Density, Unit Weight - although, it is recognized
that density is defined as mass per unit
volume, in the field of soil mechanics the
term is frequently used in place of unit
weight. Unit Weight - weight per unit volume.
Detritus-Based Primary Consumption - the
consumption of dead material.
Diatom - minute planktonic unicellular or colonial
algae with silicified skeletons that form
diatomite.
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Diurnal - having a once daily cycle.
Economic Mineralization - minerals found that have
commercial value and found in such quantities
they are economically recoverable as ores.
Ecotone - a transition area between two adjacent
ecological communities.
Egested - to rid the body of.
Endothermic - a reaction in which a heat input is
required to maintain a constant temperature,
i.e., heat is required by the reaction.
Ephemeral - transitory - lasting only a short
time.
Epibenthos - those animals and plants living on
top of the sea bottom.
Estuarine - relating to or formed in a water
passage where the tides meet a river current.
Exothermic - a reaction in which heat is liberated
during the reaction.
Flash Point - temperature at which a source of
ignition can cause a hydrocarbon to ignite.
Flash Zone - the feed entrance area of a crude
vacuum or distillation unit where the initial
separation of distillates from residue
occurs.
Fluid Coking - the thermal cracking of crude oil
resid into light, clean fuel products plus
coke.
Fractionator - a column where components having
different boiling points are separated by
application or control of heat.
Fuel Oil - fuel product that is environmentally
acceptable as a fuel.
Fugitive Emissions - those emissions which are not
confined to a specific vent or stack.
Gas Oil - that portion of the crude oil boiling
between 650°F and 1000°F.
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Glacial Load - material scoured and transported by
glaciers.
Glacial Moraines - accumulation of earth and
stones carried by a glacier.
Greywacke - an impure sandstone consisting of
quartz and feldspar fragments and small
fragments of rock.
Heat Exchange - the heating or cooling of a stream
by another stream using a heat transfer
surface.
Heavier/Lighter - relative terms which refer to
boiling ranges.
Heaviest Crude Cut - (in this context, vacuum
resid) The specific gravity of crude
fractions increases with increasing boiling
point. For this reason, vacuum resid, which
is the highest boiling fraction, has the
highest specific gravity, giving rise to the
term "heaviest cut".
Herbivory Consumption - consumption of living
plant material.
Hydrogenation - the addition of hydrogen	onto
unsaturated molecules. Production	of
paraffins from olefins or naphthenes	from
aromatics are examples.
Hydrophytic - plants growing in or under water or
in water logged soil.
Hz - Hertz, a unit of frequency equal to 1 cycle
per second.
Intertidal - part of the littoral zone above
low-tide mark.
Invertebrate - an animal lacking a spinal column.
Isohexane - a paraffinic compound with six carbon
atoms arranged in a branched fashion.
Isopentane - a paraffinic compound with five
carbon atoms arranged in a branched fashion.
KOH Mix Tank - vessel where KOH (potassium
hydroxide) is dissolved in water.
LCO Saturation - conversion of polycyclic
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aromatics in light cycle oil to monocyclic
aromatics.
LCj.q - the median lethal concentration of a
toxicant - the concentration that is lethal
to 50% of the organisms tested under
specified conditions in a specified time.
Leached - to dissolve out by the action of a
percolating liquid.
Light Ends - mixture of light gases e.g., methane,
ethane, propane.
Light Olefins - in this context, propylene and
butylene.
Liquefaction - (spontaneous liquefaction) - the
sudden large decrease of shearing resistance
of a cohesionless soil. It is caused by a
collapse of the structure by a shock or other
type of strain and is associated with a
sudden but temporary increase in the fluid
pore pressure. It involves a temporary
transformation of the material into a fluid
mass.
Liquid Limit of a Soil - the water content,
expressed as a percentage of the weight of
the over-dried soil, at the boundary between
the liquid and plastic states. The water
content at this boundary is arbitrarily
defined as the water content at which two
halves of a soil cake will flow together for
a distance of 1/2 inch (12.7 mm) along the
bottom of a groove separating the two halves,
when the cup is dropped 25 times for a
distance of 1 cm, (0.3937 inches) at the rate
of two drops/sec.
Littoral Zone - the shore area between high and
low water marks.
LPG - Liquid Petroleum Gas, a mixture of and C,
hydrocarbons that is under sufficient
pressure to keep the components in the liquid
phase at ambient temperatures.
MCRSVAL - a first-order refined model used to
predict air emission concentrations.
Megathrust Fault - a large fault that is inclined
at a low angle to the horizontal. Movement
along this fault is such that the top section
of the fault overrides the lower section.
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Mercaptans - sulfur compounds of the type R-S-H
where R represents an alkyl group.
Merox Sweetening - a process utilizing caustic
where mercaptans are converted to disulfides.
Metamorphosed - rock that has undergone
mineralogical and structural adjustment due
to physical or chemical conditions differing
from those under which the rock originated.
Naphtha - a hydrocarbon stream boiling in the
range of 130°F to 400°F.
Naphthene Dehydrogenation - the conversion of
naphthenes to aromatics which results in the
production of hydrogen.
Naphthenes - hydrogen saturated ring compounds.
Cyclohexane is the basic naphthene.
Nekton - highly mobile animals living on or above
the bottom.
Nematode Worms - elongated, cylindrical worms.
Net Hydrogen Make - the hydrogen produced from a
reformer.
Noncohesive Soil - soil which does not stick
tightly together.
Olefins - organic compounds with at least one
double bond.
Orogeny - mountain-building by folding and
thrusting.
Overhead - that portion of the feed to a
distillation column which is produced as a
top product.
Paraffin Cyclization - the formation of a carbon
ring structure from a straight chain
parafiin.
Paraffinic Naphtha - a naphtha which contains only
small concentrations of naphthenes and
aromatics.
Paraffins - organic compounds with no double
bonds.
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Pelagic - living in or occurring in the open sea.
Petrochemical - a chemical isolated or derived
from petroleum.
pH - the effective hydrogen ion concentration in
gram equivalents per liter, used in
expressing both acidity and alkalinity.
Phenols- various acidic compounds analogous to
C&HgOH and regarded as hydroxyl derivatives
or aromatic hydrocarbons.
Phyllites - fine-grained metamorphic rocks
identified by the lustrous, silky sheen that
characterizes light reflected from the
chlorite and muscovite micas of which they
are composed.
Phytoplankton - microscopic plants that drift with
the current.
Placer Mining - that form of mining in which the
alluvium or glacial deposits are washed for
gold or other valuable minerals. When water
under pressure is employed to break down the
gravel, the term hydraulic placer mining is
generally employed.
Plastic Limit - Wp, PL, Pw, (D) - (a) the water
content corresponding to an arbitrary limit
between the plastic and seim-solid states of
consistancy of a soil. (b) water content at
which a soil will just begin to crumble when
rolled into a thread approximately 1/8 inch
(3.2 mm) in diameter.
Polychaetes - marine annelid worms with paired
segmental appendages and free swimming larva.
Polycyclic Aromatic Saturation - conversion of
aromatic rings to naphthenes by
hydrogenation.
Polymer - a high boiling, high molecular weight,
organic compound.
Polymerization - the reaction of gaseous propylene
or butylenes to produce a high octane
gasoline product.
Primary Production - the amount of energy produced
by photosynthetic and chemosynthetic activity
of producer organisms.
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Purse Seine - a large net with sinkers on one edge
and floats on the other that hangs vertically
in the water and is used to enclose fish when
its ends are pulled together or drawn to
shore.
RADM - Random-Walk Atmospheric Dispersion Model -
a Lagrangian model used to solve complex
atmospheric phenomena.
Raffinate - the paraffinic stream produced from an
aromatics extraction unit.
Raptorial - bird of prey or adapted to seize prey.
Reduced Crude - atmospheric distillation column
bottoms product.
Reflux - a portion of a product returned to a
distillation column to improve separation.
Reformate - bottoms - the heavier boiling reformed
gasoline stream from a catalytic reforming
plant.
Research Octane Number, Clear - a number
indicating the relative performance of a fuel
in an internal combustion engine. Clear
refers to an absence of lead.
RSH - a mercaptan; in organic chemistry, "R" is a
general symbol used to mean any saturated
paraffin group (Alkyl). Therefore, RSH could
be CgSH, C^SH or any other similar grouping.
Saturates Butane - mixture of isobutane and normal
butane.
Saturates Gas - gas streams containing only
paraffinic hydrocarbons such as gas produced
by crude units and catalytic reformers.
Sea Anemone - solitary polyps whose form, bright
and varied colors, and cluster of tentacles
superfically resemble a flower.
Seismic Refraction - the deflection of the
direction of wave propogation when waves pass
obliquely through the earth.
Semi-diurnal - occurring twice a day.
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Sessile - not free to move about; permanently
attached.
Side Stream Fractions - streams produced from the
side of a distillation column.
Sieching - seismically induced waves in closed
bodies of water.
Soil - a natural aggregate of mineral grains with
or without organic constituents, that can be
separated by gentle mechanical means such as
agitation in water. Sediments or other
unconsolidated accumlations of solid
particles produced by the physical and
chemical disintegration of rocks and which
may or may not include organic matter.
Sour Water - process water that is contaminated
with ammonia or hydrogen sulfide.
Stoichiometric - the balance of reactants such
that there is no excess of any reactant
required to form a particular product.
Straight Run - products produced directly from the
crude unit with no other processing.
Subduction Zone - a megathrust fault consisting of
two tectonic plates, where the oceanic plate
plunges underneath the continental plate.
Subtidal - part of the littoral zone, below
low-tide mark.
Surge Drums - vessels used to provide liquid
capacity during minor fluctuations in
processing conditions.
Suspension Feeders - feed by filtering out
suspended matter or organisms.
Tail Gas - light gas produced by fractionation.
Talus - (slopes or rockfalls) - a slope formed by
an accumulation of rock debris.
Tectonic Activity - pertaining to large scale
geological forces that shape the structure of
a region's geology, creating such features as
folds, faults, joints and other similar
geologic features.
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Tectonic Plate - large section of the earth's
crust able to move about and interact with
other such plates.
Tectonic Plates - the resulting form of the
earth's crust following extreme deformation.
Toluene - CgHcCH,, a benzene ring with a single
methyl group (CH3) replacing one hydrogen.
Tsunami - a great sea wave produced by submarine
earth movement or volcanic eruption.
Unsaturates or Unsaturated Gas - gas streams
containing olefins and diolefins in
combination with paraffinic hydrocarbons.
Unsaturated gas is produced by cokers and
Fluid Catalytic Cracking units.
UOP Continuous Reforming - a reforming process
utilizing a circulating catalyst system to
provide continuous catalyst regeneration.
Vacuum Gas Oil - A portion of the crude oil
boiling in the range of 650°P to 1050°F.
Vacuum Resid - the bottom product of the vacuum
tower, all of which typically boils at more
than 1000°F.
VALLEY Dispersion Model - an EPA approved and
certified Gaussian Dispersion model intended
for short-term analysis of air emissions and
is not generally suitable to provide
reasonable concentrations in the long-term
mode and in complex terrain. Concentrations
in complex terrain can be greatly
overpredicted using this model.
Virgin Fuel Oil - fuel oil as produced by the
crude unit with no further processing.
Synonymous with "straight run".
Weight Percent - the weight of an individual
component contained in a stream divided by
the total weight of the stream, expressed in
percent.
Williwaw - a sudden violent gust of cold land air
common along mountainous coasts of high
latitudes.
Xylenes - CgH4(CH3)2/ any of three isomers
containing A benzene ring with CH3 replacing
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hydrogen in two positions. The relative
positions of the methyl group to each other
around the ring dictate whether the xylene is
ortho, meta, or paraxylene.
Zooplankton - microscopic organisms that drift
with the current.
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