U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
National Technical Information Service
PB-290 506
Carbon Monoxide Study
Seattle, Washington
October 6-November 2, 1977. Part 2
(U.S.) Environmental Protection Agency, Seattle, WA
Dec 78
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
fPtnu rod Jmitruenoiu on tht n\tnt be fart eamp/ennf)
1 HgeonT MO 1.
EPA 910/9-78-054b
•wprgn^nA
4 TITLE *NO SUBTITLE
Carbon Monoxide Study - Seattle, Washington,
October 6 - November 2, 1977 . Pant 2.,
a A^oRrWrrt ^ ^
December 1978
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION COOI
J AUTHOMISI
C. B. Wilson and J. V. Schvelss
a. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
• PEAPOBMINO ORGANIZATION NAME ANO ADDRESS
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Region 10 Surveillance and Analysis Division
1200 Sixth Avenue
Seattle, Washington 98101
10. PROGRAM IL&MSImT *6
13. SPONSORING AOINCT NAME ANO AOQRiSS
13, TYPt OP REPORT ANO PERIOD COV6«€0
Final Report
14, SPONSORING AGCNCV COOS
15 supplementary NOTES
See Also EPA 910/9-78-054*
IS. abstract
To obtaia additional information on Che magnitude and spatial extent of ehe carbon
monoxide problem in downtown Seattle, a 20-day study was conducted involving 36
outdoor sites, five indoor sites, and two pedestrian routes. Bag samples were
analyzed by an electrochemical oxidation method. Results for one eight-hour period
daily (two consecutive four-hour samples) were compared for the outdoor study sites
and for five routinely operated permanent nonitors in the central business district.
The permanent monitoring network adequately represented the highest eight-hour
average CCJ concentration measured during the study period (about 16 ppm), but not
the highest frequency of exceedences of cha 9.0 ppm standard (80Z of the days at
one study site). The carbon monoxide problem occurred throughout the downtown
commercial district with exceedences noted at least once at 22 of the study sites.
Indoor CO concentrations were usually lower than at adjacent outdoor sites. Charges
in average indoor and outdoor levels of CP~"freii.rpjf«;
unclasslfled
vo OP 'AGfiS
mwjsr
(PA form 2320 1 (9*73)
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Air
Part 2
Carbon Monoxide Study
Seattle, Washington
October 6 - November 2, 1977
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SPA 910/9-78-05^
Part 2. CARBON MONOXIDE 3TOBY - SEATTLE, WASHINGTON
OCTOBER 6, - NOVEMBER 2,1977
PREPARED BT
C. B. Wilson and J. V. Schweiaa
SURVEILLANCE AND ANALYSIS DIVISION
FOR
AIR PROGRAMS BRANCH
AIR AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS DIVISION
a.3. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, REGION 10
1200 SIXTH AVENUE
SEATTLE, WASHINGTON 98101
DECEMBER 1978
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DISCLAIMER
Thi^ report has bean reviewed by the Environmental Protection Agency
Region 10 and la approved for publication. Approve.', does not signify
that the contents necessarily reflect tm views and polioies of the
Environmental Protection Agency nor does mention of trade names or
codsaercial produots constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
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PREFACE
Under the Clean Atr Act of 1970 the 0.3. Environmental Protect gencv
has established standards for carbon monoxide in air external to buildings
to which the publio has access. In a number of cities, including Seattle,
these standards have not yet been attained. Plana to achieve the standards
are now required under the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977 (PL 95-95).
It is hoped that the material presented in this report will assist In
attainment of the standards.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
He gratefully aoknowledge the assistance of members of the Washington
State Department of Ecology (DOS), the City of Seattle, and the firms and
Institutions which permitted Installation of equipment on their premises.
Without their cooperation, portions of this study could not have been
conducted. Our sincere thanks go to the National Park Service, Seattle
First National Bank (Seaboard Branoh), the Central Hotel, Singer's, and
the Bracken Pharmacy. Finally, we express gratitude to many members of
the EPA staff for guidance, encouragement, and assistance.
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TABLE OP CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION 1
SUMMARY 4
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 7
OUTDOOR SITES 14
Study Ar«a Characteristics 14
Topography 14
Population 13
Employment 17
Transportation 17
Pedestrian Traffic 19
Materials and Methods 20
Selection and Evaluation of Study Period 20
Site Selection 23
Sample Collection and Analysis 25
Quality Control 27
Comparisons of Paired Study Site/Permanent Monitor Data... 28
Results and Discussion 30
Magnitude and Spatial Dlstr xoutlon 31
Maxlaun Ave. ages 32
Second-Highest Eight-Hour Averages 39
Comparlions of AM and PM Averages 40
Average of Eight-Hour Values 41
Maximum Day 42
Correlations Between Sites on Same Corridor 42
Permanent Monitors 44
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
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PIGOBES
Figure Page
1 Sampling Locations 69
2 Characteristics of Weekday Carbon Monoxide Average Concentrations
for an 8-Kour Period at Baoh Site 70
3 Characteristics of Weekday Carbon Monoxide Average Concentrations
for the "AM" 4-Hour Period at Baoh Site. 72
4 Characteristics of Weekday Carbon Monoxide Average Concentrations
for the "PM* 4-Hour Period at Bach Site 74
5 Maximum 8-Hour Values for Entire Saapllng Interval. 76
6 frequency of 8-Hour Values Greater than 9.0 PPM 77
7 Second-Highest 8-Hour Values for Entire Sampling Interval 78
8 Marl mini 4-Hour AM Values for Entire Saapllng Interval 79
9 Maximum 4-Hour PM Values for Entire Sampling Interval 80
10 Characteristics by Day of the Composite Range of Carbon Monoxide
Concentrations for All Sites During an 8-Hour Period. 81
11 Characteristics by Day of the Composite Range of Carbon Monoxide
Concentrations for All Sites During the "AM" 1-Hour Period 82
12 Characteristics by Day of the Composite Range of Carbon Monoxide
Concentrations for All Sites During the "PM" 4-Hour Period 83
13 Average of Each Site's 8-Hour Values for Entire Saapllng Interval 84
14 Day of Highest Average Over All Sites 85
15 Locations of Indoor Sites and Adjacent Outdoor Sites 86
16 Characteristics of Indoor/Outdoor Concentrations at the 3IN1 Site 87
17 Characteristics of Indoor/Outdoor Concentrations at the SIN2 Site 88
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LIST OP TABLES
Table Page
1 Haxlnua Values from Thirty-Six Sltea and Plve Permanent
Monitors 33
2 Distribution of Maximum Values fron Thirty-Six Sites and
Plve Permanent Monitors 35
3 Second-Highest Eight-Hour Averages Prom Thirty-Six Sites
and Plve Permanent Monitors 37
4 Corridor Analysis 44
5 Dally Comparison of Maximum Study Site and Maximum Permanent
Monitor Eight-Hour Averages 45
6 Indoor Site Character 1stios 53
7 Range of Concentrations Observed at Seattle Indoor Sites 56
8 Route A and Route B Sample Data 63
9 Regression Equations for Pedestrian Data 64
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Abbreviations and Symbols
AM - The four-hour interval from 10:00 a.m. to 2:00 p.m.
PN - The four-hour interval from 2:00 p.m. to 6:00 p.m.
A7C - The eight-hour average CO aonoentration for the 10:00 a.m. to
6:00 p.m. sample colleoted at an EPA special study site
AVSxxx- The eight-hour avenge CO concentration for the 10:00 a.m. to
6:00 p.m. period from continuous non-dispersive infra-red (NDIR)
measurements at a permanent monitor where "xxx" is an abbreviation
for the partioular monitor
j/o - "South of" as in Seoond Avenue s/o University Street
e/o - "Bast of" as in James Street e/o Fourth Avanue
R.AVC.AVSx - Ratio of eight-hour averages at the same time for a
study site and for a permanent monitor (where "x" is the first
letter abbreviation of the abbreviations listed below)
JAM - Permanent monitor on James Street (north side) e/o Fourth Avenue
(the Municipal Building)
ONI - Permanent monitor on Seoond Avenue (west side) s/o University
Street (near McPhearson's Leather Co.)
PIK - Permanent monitor on Pourth Avenue (east side) s/o Pike Street
(Fourth and Pike Building)
SIN - Permanent monitor on Pike Street (south side) e/o Fourth Avenue
(near Singer's)
FIR - Permanent monitor on Second Avenue (west side) s/o Main Street
(Fire Station No. 10 near Pioneer Square)
Exceedence of Standard* - An eight-hour average CO concentration exceeding
9.0 ppm
Violation of Standard - The seoond eight-hour, non-overlarping, running
average CO concentration in a year to exceed 9.0 ppm
* This report discusses only the standard for the eight-hour average and
does not discuss the standard for one-hour average CO concentrations.
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INTRODUCTION
Carbon monoxide (CO) la a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that, in most
urban areas, results prlaarlly from exhaust emissions of motor vehicles.
National Ambient Air Quality Standards for CO concentrations have been
established by EPA for eight-tiour and one-hour averages as 9 ppa and
35 ppm, respectively.* Routine continuous monitoring to determine
compliance with these standards has been conducted in Seattle since
mid-1971.
At the five carbon monoxide monitoring sites in downtown Seattle, which
are operated by the Washington State Department of Ecology, the National
Ambient Air Quality Standards (KAAQS) are frequently violated. Por
example, during 1976, the eight-hour standard (9.0 ppa) was exceeded at
the James Street site or about 24J of the days; the seaond-hlghest
eight-hour average (15.0 ppm) was nearly 70t more than the standard. The
eight-hour standard was exceeded at the Second and University site (1209
Second Avenue or "UNI") on about 10% of the days with 16.4 ppm as the
second-highest value. In the University of Washington district, even
higher concentrations than at the downtown sites were observed. However,
at the several other monitors in Seattle, maximum concentrations w»ro
usually lower than in the downtown central business district.
The purpose of this study was to obtain more information on the severity
of the carbon monoxide problem and Its geographical extent to (1) assist
In selection of candidate sites for routine monitoring and (2) aid
• not to be exceeded more than once per year
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evaluation of the extent to which the higher CO levels at the existing
monitors represent conditions elsewhere in the area. To address these
needs, SPA engaged a contractor* to conduct a four-week study to collect
data at 31 outdoor sites simultaneously in the central business district
and near>by (36 sites altogether) during October-November 1977. Some data
were also obtained at Indoor locations and along pedestrian routes. Bag
samples ware obtained twice dally; except for the pedestrian routes, each
represented a four-hour average. These were analyzed by an electrochemical
method (Ecolyzer) for carbon monoxide and eight-hour averages computed
where appropriate. (Missing data were not estimated).
While several methods exist by which to compare data from the study sites
and the permanent monitors, two basic approaches are presented in this
report to examine representativeness. The "day-by-day" approach will be
designated Type I and the "entire study period" approach referred to as
Type II.
The first approach compares data on a day-by-day basis (Type I approach).
Because the study sites were sampled during Just one eight-hour period
(10:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m.) ea 1 day, the same period for the permanent
monitors was chosen for comparing the relative concentrations throughout
the study area "simultaneously". For the permanent monitors, data were
also available for other eight-hour periods during the day. This enabled
day-by-day comparisons of the dally maximum eight-hour averages at the
monitors with the study period eight-hour averages (10:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m.)
* Alsld, Snowden, and Associates, Bellevue, Washington
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in order to examine dally relationships of concentrations from one period to
another.
The second approach (Type II) compares data from the entire twenty-day study
interval, regardless of whether the compared data are for occurrences on the
same day or not. This type of analysis is useful in examining patterns and
frequencies of concentrations throughout the study area. Data for the study
period (10:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m.) from study sites and permanent monitors
were compared using this approach.
This report (Part 2) documents the carbon monoxiue data obtained during the
Seattle study and discusses the results in detail. A summary report (Part 1)
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also presents the results and conclusions of the investigation, discussing
tho results only briefly. All of the four-hour data for ambient sites
operated by EPA are also available on punched IBM cards from the regional
office in Seattle. The state monitoring data may be obtained from the
Washington State Department of Ecology (Olympia, Washington). Meteoro-
logical data were available only for sites away from the downtown area
(Portage Bay near the University of Washington and the Seattle-Taooma
Airport) and were not Included in this analysis. The most recently
available traffic data were obtained from the City of Seattle. Trafflo
counters were not operated at the temporary monitoring sites, except in a
few instances where the EPA site happened to oolnolde with a traffic count
location operated for a few days by the city as part of their routine
program.
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SUMMARY
In 1977, a 20-day study of carbon monoxide levels Involving thirty-six
outdoor sites, five indoor sites, and two pedestrian walking routes was
conducted in Seattle during October - November. This is part of the season
when high carbon monoxide levels are expected to occur frequently. The
purpose of this study was to obtain additional data regarding the magnitude
of the area's carbon monoxide problem and the representativeness of the
permanent monitors in the central business district, and to assist in
selection of candidate sites for routine monitoring. (Representativeness,
as used in this sense, is the extent to which data from the permanent
monitors repre- sents higher CO levels elsewhere in the central business
district). On each weelc-day, two four-hour bag samples were collected from
about 10:00 a.m. to 2:00 p.m. (AM sample) and about 2:00 p.m. to 6:00 p.m.
(PM sample) at thirty-
three of the outdoor sites and two or three of the indoor sites simultane-
ously. Technicians collected bag samples of air on two pedestrian walking
routes over two to four hours during the AM and PM periods.
Data are summarized In bar charts of the measurement distribution for each
site and each day of the study period, in histogram-maps showing the spatial
distribution of carbon monoxide, and in tables. Results from the study sites
were compared in several ways with data from the permanent monitors. Com-
parisons were also made between study sites along the same corridor, between
Indoor sites and adjacent outdoor sites, and between the two pedestrian
routes. Eight-hour averages were compared with the 9.0 ppm standard.
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The study results indicate that the carbon monoxide problem occurs through-
out the dowr own commercial district, but concentrations are relatively low
at some locations (e.g., where ventilation is good and/or the site Is not
on a heavily-travelled street.) Comparisons of the eight-hour averages at
the study sites and the permanent monitors found that the highest
10:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. average at the study sites (16.1 ppm) was about the
same as the highest at any of the permanent monitors (15.8 ppm). However,
these did not occur on the same day. Although one study site was nearly
collocated with the maximum permanent monitor, Its eight-hour average on
that same day was about 3 ppm lower than at the permanent monitor. This
was atypical of the relationship of the data from these nearly collocated
sites, since their eight-hour averages were usually within 1 ppm.
Of the permanent monitors, the one on Fourth Avenue south of Pike (PIJC) had
the highest eight-hour average during the study Interval and appeared to be
most nearly representative of the highest concentrations in the study ares.
Although the study site on First Avenue experienced a slightly higher
eight-hour average (on another day), it did not experience as frequent
violations of the standard. However, even though the permanent monitor on
Fourth Avenue appears generally representative of the higher concentrations,
more frequent exceedences of the standard than at any of the permanent
monitors may occur at Sixth Avenue south of Onion (Site 19) as well as at a
few other sites. CO values exceeded the 9.0 ppm standard at some study
sites on days when the highest eight-hour average of the permanent monitors
measured on that day was (1) below the standard and (2) less than two-thirds
of the highest average observed at the maximum study site on that day.
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Increases In carbon monoxide at outdoor sites frequently coincided with
Increases at Indoor sites. Pedestrians and some of cne indoor population
may be exposed to concentrations above the standard at tines when outdoor
CO concentrations are high.
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CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The major conclusions of a 20-day study conducted In Seattle during about
10:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. on week-days of October - November 1977 are:
1. The severity of the carbon aonoxlde problem In the oentral business
dlstrlat as measured by the highest eight-hour average concentrations
(compared without regard to the day In which they occurred) was
adequately represented by the permanent monitor at Fourth Avenue south
of Pike Street. However, the permanent monitoring network did not
represent the highest frequency of exceedenoes of the eight-hour
standard during the twenty-day period.
During the study period, the highest 10:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m.
average of all the study sites was 16.1 ppm and it occurred on
October 28 at site 1 on First Avenue south of Pike Street. This
was essentially the same as the highest of all the permanent
monitors during the study period (15-S ppm on October 1tth at PIK,
the permanent monitor on Fourth Avenue south of Pike Street).
About 17* of the study sites (6 out of 36) experienced at least one
e'.ght-hour average concentration within 2.0 ppo of the highest
10:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. average of all the permanent monitors.
(Note that these are comparisons of the maximums during the 20-day
study period and did not necessarily occur on the same day.)
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The highest eight-hour average at each of these six study sites
(sites 1, 5, 7, 9, 10, and 19) exceeded the maximum at the Second
and University monitor, 12.8 ppa, which was the next highest
reading from a permanent monitor. (Again, this comparison is of
iwiTlmimn during the 20-day study period, regardless of the day on
which they occurred.)
2. The permanent monitoring network was not representative of the highest
frequency of exceedenoes of the 9.0 ppa standard within the study area
for this twenty-day period.
The eight-hour standard was exceeded at one or more study sites on
80S of the study days (16 out of 20). Exceedences at one or more
of the permanent monitors occurred on 45 J (9 out of 20) of the
sampled days.
The most frequent exceedences of the 9.0 ppm standard were observed
at site 19 on Sixth Avenue south of Union Street (80? of the
days). Considering all study sites, this site had the highest
eight-hour average of the day more frequently than any other site
(on 8 of the 20 days of the study). The highest eight-hour average
at site 19 over the twenty-day study interval (13.9 ppa on
October 28) was exceeded at only four study sites. These sites (1,
7, 9| and 10) also experienced their highest values of the twenty-
day interval on October 28 (16.1, 14.5, 14.0, and 15.0 ppm,
respectively).
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The frequency of exceedencea at the permanent monitors ranged from
OS at the Fire Station on Second Avenue south of Main Street (FIR)
to U0| of the sampled days at the monitoring site on Fourth Avenue
south of Pike (PIK).
On all but two days, t.ie highest eight-hour concentration of those
measured at the permanent monitors for 10:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. was
exceeded by that at one or more study sites.
During the survey, the second-highest eight-hour average for
10:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. for any permanent monitor (13.6 ppm on
10/26/77 at PIK on Fourth Avenue south of Pike Street) was exceeded
by one study site's second-highest average (15.0 ppm on 10/21/77 at
site 10 on Fourth Avenue south of Union).
3. The CO problem occurred throughout the downtown oonnercial district but
concentrations were lower at some locations.
For 171 of the study sites (17 of 36), the 10:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m.
eight-hour average exceeded the 9.0 ppo standard more than once.
For 14$ of the study sites (5 out of 36), the 10:00 a.m. to
6:00 p.m. eight-hour average equalled or exceeded the 9.0 ppm
standard exactly once.
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For 39Y of the study sites (14 out of 36) including some locations
in parks and other areas of azpeeted low concentrations, eight-hour
averages for 10:00 a.o. to 6:00 p.m. did not exceed the 9.0 ppa
standard during the 20-day study.
The highest eight-hour average of the day did not always occur at
the saoe sites. On 90S of the days (18 of 20), the highest average
was measured at & study site rather than at a permanent monitor.
Sites 1, 5, 7, 10, 19, 22, 29, and 36 were study sites which were
"maximum" on at least one day considering permanent monitors as
well as study sites. Site 19 was highest on 35% of the days and
tied for highest with PIS on 5% of the days; each of the sites 1,
7, 10, and 22 was highest on 10| of the days; and each of the sites
5, 29, and 36 was highest on 51 of the days. The permanent monitor
PIK, was highest on 5t of the days.
Relatively low average concentrations were observed at sites 18,
21, and 35 which are closer to the freeway than the other study
sites. Por these sites, the averages of all eight-hour values were
4.2, 3.8, and 3.6 ppa respectively.
On four of the days when no violations were observed at the
pernanent monitors the maxima study site's eight-hour average
exceeded 9.0 ppa and was more than 1.5 times greater than at the
maximum permanent monitor.
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When concentrations exceeded the standard at the permanent monitors
they were exceeded at a number of other locations.
4. Changes in CO concentrations at outdoor sites frequently ooinoided with
changes in CO concentrations at Indoor sites, but the relationship
between indoor and outdoor values was not constant.
Concentrations were usually lower indoors than at the selected
adjacent outdoor site.
Indoors, the eight-hour average concentration of carbon monoxide
exoeeded 9.0 ppn at one of the five sites (SIM 1) on Fourth Avenue
south of Union Street.
5. Pedestrians were probably exposed to average CO concentrations exceeding
9.0 ppo over four or more hours at times.
For sampling periods between two to four hours, concentrations
ranged from 1.1 ppo to 11.9 ppn.
for sequential or nearly sequential sampling periods totalling two
to four or more hours, average concentrations were equal to or
above 9.0 ppm on three of the 20 days. (On most days, sampling was
not conducted for a consecutive eight-hour Interval on the
pedestrian routes as personnel were required for other duties.)
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It la recount ended that:
1. The carbon monoxide problem In downtown Seattle be considered an
areawlde problea In the central business district, as opposed to a few
Isolated "hot spots".
2. Increased local source emissions be avoided in areas where violations
have been observed unless a reduction in the background concentrations
which is more than sufficient to offset the increase and attain and
maintain the National Ambient Air Quality Standards can be demon-
strated .
3. Concentrations at the permanent monitoring network above 9.0 ppm be
considered as indicative of concentrations equally high and possibly
higher elsewhere in the study area at the same time. However,
concentrations at the permanent monitors below the 9.0 ppm standard on a
particular day should not be considered as assurance that air quality
standards are being met throughout the study area on that same day.
4. The permanent monitor on the east side of Pourth Avenue south of Pike
Street (PIK) be considered as a candidate site to represent peak carbon
monoxide concentrations in downtown Seattle for routine monitoring.
5. Planning for future studies to aid development and/or revision of
control strategies to attain the natural ambient air quality standard
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should consider the possible utility of ancillary data on traffic and
meteorological characteristics to aid data interpretation.
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OUTDOOR SITES
The principal effort in this study was directed towards the outdoor sam-
i
pling sites. Thirty-four outdoor sites were simultaneously sampled each
day. Of these, two were moved at the end of two weeks, so that data from
36 study sites total were obtained over the four-week period. Figure 1
and Appendix A, Table 1 show the locations of the outdoor study sites
sampled by EPA's contractor and the permanent monitors operated by the
Department of Ecology in the central business district during the study.
This section discusses the study area characteristics, the study methods,
and the results of this multi-site outdoor sampling for carbon monoxide.
STUDY AREA CHARACTERISTICS
Topography
Seattle, the largest city in the 3tate of Washington, is bounded on the
west by Elliott Bay on the eastern shore of Puget Sound and on the east by
Lake Washington. The terrain between these two bodies of water is gen-
erally hilly with the major portion of the central business district (CBD)
sloping to the west and, less steeply, to the south. The broad, low,
valley of the Duwamlsh River, south of the CBD, rises sharply to the low
hills of the southwest and southeast portions of the olty. The Lake Union
Ship Canal, which connects Lake Washington to Puget Sound, lies north of
the CBD restricting access to the central business district from the
northern portions of the city to bridges.
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The complex terrain, urban heat Island and land-sea breeze Influences are
factors which render evaluation of the local meteorology in the CBD diffi-
cult. Meteorological data are available from Portage Bay, which is north-
east of the CBD, and from the Seattle-Tacoma airport, which is several
miles to the south. More recently, the Department of Ecology has estab-
lished a meteorological station at one of their downtown carbon monoxide
monitoring sites (the Fire Station on Second Avenue south of Main) to aid
evaluation of meteorological factors on air quality in the central business
district. However, no data from the Department of Ecology station were
available for the period of the survey and other meteorological data (from
the more distant locations) were not analyzed in this report.
The area for this study lies within the central business district. The
general study area is roughly eight blocks wide (east-west) and fourteen
blocks long (north-south). The general bounds are Main-Second-Jefferson
on the south, Interstate 5 - Hubbell on the east, Pike-Seventh-Ollve-Stevsrt
on the nevth-with a leg extending north on Fourth Avenue to Lenora, and
Alaskan Way on the west.
Population
The resident population in the general study area was inventoried in an
effort to estimate the number of people exposed to the area's ambient air
over prolonged periods of time. This population would not Include the
numerous transient residents in downtown hotels although it is recognized
that some of these people may be occupants for several days, weeks, or
even months. The area considered in this study conformed generally to
the combined areas of established census tracts-numbers 81 and 82 plus
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minor additions. Tract 81 1ji bounded by Stewart Street, Sixth Avenue,
Yosler Way, and Alaskan Way, while tract 82 la bounded by Olive Way, Ninth
Avenue, Marlon Street and Sixth Avenue, the 1976 estimated total popula-
tion for census tracts 81 and 82 was 3,909 residents occupying 3,075
units.*
Four sites were outside these two census tracts, but their locations
within the adjoining tracts did not merit including the total population
estimates for these tracts in the total population for the study area.
Therefore, three "legs" extending frcm the nearest boundary of either
tract 8' or 82 to the outlying site were surveyed to determine the
resident population within the "leg's" one to two block swathe. The
estimated resident population was 30 people in 25 housing units for the
leg Including site 13; none for the leg including sites 3 and 20; and 150
people in 120 housing units for the leg including site 18. Thus, the
total estimated resident population for the study area was U,089 residents
in a total of 3,220 housing units.
According to 1970 Census Bureau statistics, the age distribution of the
population in tracts 81 and 82 differs from that for th«* County as a whole.
The tracts have a larger proportion of the old and a smaller proportion of
the young age groups than the County. The percentage of persons who are
19 years of age and under for these two traots is 6< of the total as
Central Puget Sound Region, Populatlcr. and Housing Estimates as of
April 1. 1976, Puget Sound Council of Governments, Seattle,
Washington. April 1, 1977.
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compared to a 36} share for the entire county. Persons 20 to 61 years of
age account for 6UJ of the residents of the tracts and 551 of all County
residents. Residents of these tracts who are 65 years of ^ge or older
comprise 30S of the population, In contrast to a county figure of 91. Age
distribution figures were not available for the areas of the three addi-
tional legs comprising the study area. However, a large portion of this
population would probably fall Into the 65 years and older category. It
Is thought that this relatively large proportion of elderly people resides
In the study area because of proximity to many social and medical services
and also because of economic considerations. It Is Ironic that such a
disproportionate share of the elderly, who as a group are most susceptible
to respiratory and cardiovascular disease, reside In an area of compara-
tively worse air quality as Indicated by higher CO levels.
Employment
Estimates for 1970* Indicate that nearly 58,000 people were employed In
various establishments In tracts 81 and C2. Of these, about 9,900 were
government employees. Employment figures for the three additional legs
are unknown.
Transportation
Traffic volumes generally conform to a dally pattern, Increasing markedly
at 7:00 a.m. and continuing at a relatively high level throughout the
day. Traffic activity Is usually highest between 4:30 p.m. and 5:30 p.m.
• Central "Puget Sound Region, Employment Estimates, 1970, Puget Sound
Governmental Conference, Seattle, Washington, August 7, 1972.
17
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or the majority of streets. However, events at the ICingdooe, south of the
C8D, can Influence traffic In that area, particularly in the evening on
week-ends.
The major transportation corridors for access to the Central Business
District (C8D) are Interstate 5 on the east and O.S. 99 (the Alaskan Way
viaduct) on the west. Pigure 1 and Appendix E show the streets connected
to these limited access routes and the general pattern of traffic In the
area (most streets are one-way.)
Within the CBD, traffic volumes are typically greater on the north-south
avenues than on the east-west named streets. (See Appendix B). First,
Second, and Fourth Avenues, carrying the greatest vehicle trafflo - above
15,000 vehicles per day for the Average Weekday Traffic (AWDT) - are
tvo-way, one-way south, and one-way north, respectively.
Southbound traffic on Fifth Avenue was restricted during the study because
of street improvements under construction fetween Pine and Spring. During
the early part of the stuay, the northern three-block section was closed
and after it was re-opened, work commenced on the southern section. Some
congestion on nearby streets suggested disruption of the normal flow of
trafflo in the vicinity. However, alternate south-bound routes were
available and no significant increases in total trafflo on nearby streets
were apparent according to the City of 3eattle, although traffic counts
were not takei.. Subjectively, the observed congestion appeared to be no
18
-------
worse than what often occurs in the same area later In the year during
Christmas shopping or In other areas when similar construction Impedes traf-
fic flow.
Reduced traffic volumes (compared to average levels) on Columbia Street near
Site 30 and on Seneoa Street near First Avenue probably occurred during the
survey as a result of closure of the Alaskan Way viaduct CtJ.S. 99) for repair
work. These closures were during working hours on several days, but the
viaduct continued to carry early morning and late afternoon commuter traffic
on most days. Pike Street improvements were also in progress during the
study, but no traffic restrictions were necessary and it seems unlikely that
any significant traffic alterations resulted.
Pedestrian Traffic
Based on a 1975 study by the City of Seattle, the average week-day pedes-
trian volume in the study area ranges from fever than 1,000 persons per day
to a high of 14,900 per day cn the south side of Pike Street east of Second
Avenue." Volumes are generally lightest In the east and south/ south-east
portions of the study area with east-west streets carrying less traffic than
the north-south streets. Pedestrian volumes are heaviest in the sub-area
bounded by Second Avenue, Fifth Avenue, Olive Way, and University Street
(this includes portions of the shopping and flnanolal districts) and in the
waterfront area along Alaskan Way south of University. Over 10,000 persona
per day walk the following streets:
' Pedestrian volume map published by the Seattle Transportation
Department.
Vi
-------
south side of Olive Way east of Fifth, south aids of Pike between Second
and Fourth, east side of Third Avenue south of Pike, west side of Fourth
Avenue between Pine and University, and Alaskan Way south of University.
Pedestrian traffic on the same side of the street as the permanent monitor
ranges from 600 per day at the Janes Street site (JAM) to 8,500 persons
per day at the Pike Building (PIK) on the east side of Fourth Avenue south
of Pike and also at the Singer (SIM) monitor on the south side of Pike
east of Fourth Avenue.
MATERIALS AMD METHODS
Selection and Evaluation of Study Period
The Washington State Department of Ecology established a permanent NDIR
(non-dispersive Infra-red) CO monitoring site at James Street east of
Fourth Avenue in downtown Seattle during 1971. Numerous violations of the
Katlonal Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) primary standard of 9.0 ppo
CO have been measured t.iere since that site's inception. Violations have
occurred not only at that site, but also at other sites established in the
downtown area. Data from two of the Seattle sites, the James Street site
(JAM) and the Second and University site (UNI), are routinely reoortod to
EPA to follow progress with the State implementation plan (SIP) to achieve
the air quality standards. These are not the only sources from which
trends of CO characteristics can be inferred, but were selected for
analysis as it was felt they would be fairly representative of conditions
within the study area for the factors considered here.
20
-------
The October 1977 study period was selected In anticipation of frequent
days of high carbon monoxide concentrations. This was based on review of
existing data through December 1976. High CO levels are experienced any
tlae of yoar, but more severely in the fall and winter months. Within
this interval, October or September usually has the highest CO concentra-
tions at the Janes Street monitor and December at the Second and University
Street location. Although October is not usually the month of the year
with the highest incidence of days having at least one eight-hour average
greater than 9.0 ppm (except for 1977 at the Second A?enue and University
Street location), nonetheless, violations are frequently recorded during
October. The potential for poor ventilation during the selected study
period was also considered. Stable atmospheric (inversion) conditions
frequently exist in the fall months*. Consequently, October appeared to
be a potentially satisfactory month for sampling to obtain data during at
least a few days of high carbon monoxide levels. Another consideration in
selecting October was that the sampling equipment used in Seattle would be
required for a similar study in Boise during November - December and In
Anchorage during January and February.
The study period included only 10:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. on weekdays, Monday
through Friday, because this five-consecutive day interval was thought to
provide the most effective sampling of the maxima concentrations during a
seven-day week. Previous state data have indicated that Saturdays and
'Ground level stable air is probably a significant factor in high CO
concentrations. It is thought that an urban heat Island effect may
create less stable air at ground-level in the city than In outlying
areas.
21
-------
Sundays usually have the lowest concentrations (taring the week. The
selected study Interval of 10:00 a.a. to 6:00 p.m. (clock hours to
f&oillt&te data comparisons with the established permanent monitors) was
based an a desire to approximate the dally marl mum eight-hour period
although this period varies from day-to-day and site-to-site.
Monthly «"»<"»"" and second-highest CO concentrations at three state sites
(PIK, ONI, and JAM) during 1976 were analyzed to determine which eight-hour
interval during a day produced high values. The frequencies of the ending
hours for all monthly maximum and seoond-hlgh eight-hour averages were com-
bined. On this basis, the eight-hour period ending at 6:00 p.m. appeared
to most frequently result In high eight-hour averages at the monitors
located on Pourth Avenue south of Pike and at Second Avenue south of
University Street. The eight-hour interval ending at 5:00 p.m. appeared
somewhat better than the Interval ending at 6:00 p.m. for the Jaaes Street
site. Practical considerations led to preference of the 10:00 a.m. to
6:00 p.m. period, because samples were manually turned off at the end of
the sampling period and could vary by plus or minus 15 minutes from the
designated beginning or aiding time. (The variation in total sample
length was restricted to plus or minus 15 minutes.) To minimize variabil-
ities due to the fluctuating traffic, it was desired to encompass the
entire afternoon traffic peak at all sites. This peak often ooours some-
time between 4:30 p.m. and 5:30 p.m. Thus, the 10:00 a.m. - 6:00 p.m.
Interval was selected. Consecutive four-hour periods permitted calculation
of eight-hour averages for comparison with the NAAQS, and confined the
22
-------
total daily expenditure of the contractor's time and effort to an accept-
able period, thereby reducing overall coats.
In retrospect, the 10:00 a.a. - 6 :00 p.a. period was appropriate fron the
standpoint of frequently observing dally or near maxlaun sight-
hour concentrations at the permanent aonltors. At JAM, on ten of the 12
days for which comparisons could be made, the average for this period was
within 1 ppm of that for the maximum period. Furthermore, for 15 of 17
comparable averages at the Second and University site, the concentration
ending at 6:00 p.a. was within 1 ppa of the daily maxlram eight-hour
value. At the fourth and Pike monitor, the daily aaxlmua never exceeded
the eight-hour average ending at 6:00 p.a. by aore than 1 ppa during the
study period. (All values were rounded to the nearest ppa for comparison.)
Site Selection
The major emphasis on site selection was on those locations expected to
represent relatively high CO concentrations and population exposure in a
portion of the study area. However, some sites were chosen simply to pro-
vide data on the distribution of CO within the area or In sub-areas of
interest due to future planning or existing land use (e.g. residential).
Locations were avoided where unusually high CO might occur due to oloae
proximity to idling vehloles such as at street corners or near the
entrance/exit to major parking areas. Adherence to this constraint as
well as physical limitations on available points to attach samplers meant
it was not always possible to place sampling equipment in the preferred
street block or location within the block.
23
-------
Many of the sites were selected using a modified screening technique
(intended to Identify potential "hot spots") which Included physical
Inspection of the potential sites. The "hot spot" screening guidelines
prepared for EPA consist of a two-stage process". Initially, all the
traffic volumes oust be Identified as well as street lane configurations
for various Intersections (or traffics speed and lane capacities on certain
roadways). These minimal data enable the user to enter prepared charts
which are baaed on assumed meteorological conditions, vehicle mixes, and
emission factors and identify sites where potential violations nay exist.
This procedure completes the first stage of analysis.
The second stage requires additional input data to enter a second series
of chartb that present the potential magnitude of the standards violation
(but not the frequency). Because resources were limited, only the first
stage screening was attempted. Onsite inspections of the general locale
Identified the specific sampling point within the general area. Also,
such factors as non-traffic related sources of carbon monoxide, adjacent
land uses, and probable receptors (resident population, office workers,
pedestrians, etc.) were identified. Criteria included:
Distance from Intersection — more than 10 meters
Distance from major parking lot
entrance/exit — more than 10 meters
Distance from curb — more than 1 meter
Height — 3 i I meter**
Dlstanoe from building surfaces — more than 2 meters
• EPA - 901/9-76-001and 002, Guidelines for Identification and
Evaluation of Localized Violations of Carbon Monoxide Standards,
prepared for U.S. EPA, Region I Office, Boston, Massachusetts by
CCA/Technology Division, Bedford, Mass. 01730 (A later version of
these guidelines Is now available.)
** Sample inlets were established at 3 1 meters.
24
-------
Descriptions of the selected outdoor sites appear In Appendix A. Figure 1
shows the relative locations of all the outdoor sites. Four sites were
designated for 10 days of sampling (rather than 20 days). Two of these
(sites 32 and 33) were on the extreme wast side of the general study area on
the waterfront (Alaskan Way). The other two were on the axtrene east side
of the study area, one of these was located within the Freeway Park (site 35)
and the other was on the east side of the 1-5 freeway near a large apartment
building (site 21).
Sample Collection and Analysis
The contractor, using EPA equipment, collected and analyzed samples twice
dally. At each site, a small (330 grams), intermittently operating, battery-
powered pump* filled an aluainized mylar bag within a cylindrical plastic
tube at about one liter per hour. The piston pump pulsed on approximately
every 10-12 seconds at this sampling rate. Field adjustments of the pulse
rate per minute are possible. Power for several days' operation came from
one each 9 7 and 1.5 V batteries. After sampling for four hours (about
10:00 a-m. to 2:00 p.m. - AH sample), bags were removed to a field labora-
tory for analysis by an electrochemical method. Collection of a second
4-hour sample (PM) ma begun using a different bag within less than a minute
after collection of the AM sample.
The sampling stations used during the study were designed to contain the
pulse pump and bag in a weather-proof shelter in a portable and easily
* Modified Pulse Pump I manufactured by Environmental Measurements, Inc.,
215 Leidesorff Street, San Francisco, CA <415) 390-766U.
25
-------
removable configuration. Appendix B describes the sampling station consist-
ing of a bag/pump unit which was removed dally and a "permanent" bracket
unit upon which the bag/pump vaa mounted. Two types of mounting bracket
units - one for attachment to light poles (or utility poles) and one for
parking meter poles - were used. The aluainized mylar bag in a 33 inch
long, 4-inoh diameter cylinder was connected to the pump by a piece of
flexible tubing less than eight inohes long. Separate bag-cylinder units
were used for AN and PM samples.
Two dual-range (0-50 ppm; 0-100 ppm) Scolyzers" or, in one instance a single
ran^e (0.100 ppm) Ecolyzer, were used for analysis. The manufacturer's
specifications claim a sensitivity of 0.5 ppm, an acouraoy of - 11 full
scale, and essentially linear response. Although previous studies by others
have found similar Ecolyzers to respond essentially linearly over the range
of the instrument, each Instrument was cheeked. Using the dual-range
Ecolyzer, study samples were analyzed on the 0-50 ppm scale, which would
imply — 0.5 ppm accuraoy according to the manufacturer's specifications.
A 1-volt DC recorder" provided a record of the contractor's sample analyses,
although the ecolyzer meter reading was the primary data record.
All samples were analyzed within 24 hours of collection. Morning samples
were uaually analyzed in the afternoon of the same day and afternoon samples
were analyzed the following morning. The analytical procedure Included an
• Model 2600 and Model 2100 Ecolyzers manufactured by Energetics Science,
Inc., 85 Zlmsford Blvd., Elmsford, New York 10523 (91**) 592-3010.
•• Manufactured by Gulton, Ino.
26
-------
initial apan check using a 20.0 ppm CO (plus or minus 0.2 ppm) In air
primary standard traceable to National Bureau of Standards (NBS). This was
repeated at least every hour or after half of the analyses, whichever came
first. The Instrument was electronically zeroed between analyses. After a
series of analyses for AM or PM samples, the instrument zero and span were
again checked. These checks and sample analyses were recorded on a strip
chart as a secondary record, with the actual meter reading of the Ecolyzer
by the instrument operator as the primary record.
Quality Control
The contractor's performance was reviewed in the field as well as by com-
paring strip chart records with data recorded by the operator. Instrument
performance was monitored through several checks on the air flow, response
time, zero and span drift, and linearity of tne instrument. Linearity was
checked several times and appeared to be acceptable in the range of concen-
trations observed during the survey. Various air/CO mixtures, traceable to
the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) were used as standards. One of the
two certified CO/air mixtures used both for llne-.i-ity checks and in daily
span checks was analyzed by the Washington State Department of Ecology after
the survey by nondispersive infra-red analysis. The concentration corres-
ponded to the manufacturer's claimed value within the accuracy of the
measurement technique. This mixture was a primary standard traceable to
NBS, supplied In an aluminum speotroseal cylinder by Scott-Marrln, Ino.,
Riverside, California, and certified by the manufacturer at 20.0 —
0.2 ppm. The other mixture used in dally span checks, 20.3 ~ 0.2 ppm, was
compared with the 20.0 ppm mixture and found to be satisfactory. Additional
27
-------
primary standards from thia manufacturer used during this survey to check
irstrument performance were alr/CO mixtures at the following CO concen-
trations: 4.93 - >05 ppm; 9.85 - 0.1 ppm; 38.9 - 0.4 ppm; and 0 ppm
(ultrapure air). N8S standards utilized after the survey were alr/CO
mixtures at 43.2, 18.0, 9.53 ppm.
The instrument response to the internal electronic) zero (recommended by the
manufacturer for zeroing the instrument) was essentially the same as to zero
air input, except when loose internal ar external hose connections allowed
infiltration of ambient air. This proved a convenient check on operator
set-up of the instrument for sample analysis.
Comparisons of Paired Study Site/Permanent Monitor Data - At three permanent
monitor locations, a study site was selected as close as possible to the
monitoring probe inlet. However, the study equipment was always affixed to
a parking meter or light pole In order to maintain the same relationship to
the roadway as at other study sites. Consequently, the distance between
inlets ranged from a few feet to several yards. Thia complicated compari-
sons of results from the study method (bag sampllng/Ecolyzer analysis) with
the routine monitoring method (continuous sampllng/HDIR analysis) because
differences due to different vertical and horizontal placement of the study
sample Inlet and the permanent monitor probe ware expected. The results are
discussed in the following sections.
Site 9/Pike Building - At the permanent monitor on Fourth Avenue south of
Pike Street (Pike Building), the study equipment was affixed to the same
pole which supported the permanent monitoring inlet probe. However, because
28
-------
the study equipment Mas attached in the sane manner as at other locations,
the actual study sample inlet at 3} meters was higher than the permanent
monitoring probe inlet and slightly further removed from the lane of
traffic. Nevertheless, this pair of study slte/peraanent monitor sampling
inlets probably represented the best comparison of sampling methods obtained
during the study because the physical separation of sample inlets was much
less than at other "paired" sites.
Eight-hour averages were compared for the seventeen days when data were
available for both sites. On all but three days, the difference between the
eight-hour averages obtained for site 9 and the Pike Building monitor was
less than 1.0 ppm. (The difference exceeded 2.0 ppm on two days: October 14
- 2.1 ppm, and on October 11 - 2.1 ppm). Linear regression analysis indi-
cated that eight-hour averages from the two locations were highly correlated,
(R-SQ equalled 0.91 for the linear regression line: AVC= 1.6 ~ 0.8 x AVSP).
Site 21/Slnger - As another comparison, one study site was selected as close
as possible to the monitoring probe inlet at Pike Street east of Fourth
Avenue. The study equipment was attached to a lamp pole several meters west
of the monitoring probe. The inlet for the study sample was therefore
several meters west, slightly closer to the lane of traffic, and about 0.5
meter higher. Consequently, differences due to horizontal and vertical
concentration gradients were anticipated.
The eight-hour averages from the two locations were correlated; data from
the study site were usually somewhat lower (R-SQ equalled 0.8U for thr-
29
-------
regression line: AVC a -1.7 + 1.1 x AVSP based on 13 data pairs). It Is
difficult to determine Viat the overall effects of differences in probe
locations nay have been. Differences nay have resulted partially or wholly
from non-uniform distribution of CO vertically and along the street.
Site 5/Permanent Monitor on Second Avenue South of University Street - Data
were also compared for study site 5 and the state monitor (UNI) located on
the west side of Second Avenue south of University. These were not
collocated due to the unavailability near the state site of a nearby parking
meter or lamp pole. However, site 5 was established at the closest suitable
location (parking meter 021211) and was several feet south of the state
monitor as well as a few feet closer to the curb. The data were somewhat
correlated (H-SQ = 0.69 for the equation: AVC = 1.0+ .92 x AVStJ based on 16
data pairs).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Data were examined for (1) the relative magnitude of carbon monoxide
concentrations at various sites (spatial extent) for the same time period
and (2) the suggested patterns of values. To evaluate the study period, the
State site's data obtained previous to and during the survey were compared.
Several measures of the magnitude of the carbon monoxide problem were
evaluated for the study sites. Maximum and minimum concentrations for each
sample interval (AM, PM, and eight-hour average) for each site, for each
day, and overall for the entire study were examined. Because the National
Ambient Air Ouallty Standard addresses the second-highest eight-hour
average, this figure was identified for each site as well as the frequency
30
-------
of samples exceeding 9.0 ppm. Comparisons were made with similar measures
for the State's permanent monitors. In addition, ratios of concentrations
at each site to those at the permanent monitors were evaluated. Correlations
between the State's permanent monitors on Second Avenue, Fourth Avenue, Pike
Street, and James Street, and the closest CPA study sites ware discussed In
an earlier section of this report. Possible correlations between other
sites located on the same street were Investigated. In a later section of
this report, comparisons are made with indoor sites.
Magnitude and Spatial Distribution of Carbon Monoxide
Collecting samples during about the same hours at a relatively large number
of sites afforded a view of the carbon monoxide distribution over a rela-
tively wide area for comparison with the permanent monitors. The dally
values for AM, PM, and eight-hour Intervals at each site are contained in
Appendix D. Summary statistics have been graphed as box plots and/or as
histograms on a base map (Figures 2 through 14).
Box plots depict for each site the distribution of the calculated eight-hour
averages (Figure 2) and the measured concentrations for AM and PM samples
(Figures 3 and 4). The range, median, arithmetic mean, and arithmetic
standard deviation for each site were based on nominally 20 days or 10 days
of samples, depending on the site schedule; missing data were not esti-
mated. For the eight-hour average distributions, each site's second-highest
value Is also shown. Other box plots (Figures 10, 11, and 12), show the
distributions of eight-hour, AM, and PM data for each day based on all sites
(3" or fewer) values. Recall that 2 of the 34 sites were relocated after 10
days.
31
-------
For each site, histograms on a base nap depict the highest eight-hour
average (Figure 5), the frequency of elght-hou • averages exceeding 9.0 ppm
(Figure 6), the second-highest eight-hour average (Figure 7), the maximum AM
and PN averages (Figures 8 and 9). and the arithmetic mean of all
eight-hour averages observed during the survey (Figure 13). Although
I
siellar statistics also appear on the box plots (with the exception of the
frequency of eight-hour averages greater than 9.0 ppm), these histograms/
maps permit easier visualization of the spatial distribution of values for
the statistics of greatest interest. The last histogram/sap (Figure 14)
represents each site's eight-hour average on the day of the highest overall
average for all sites to show the pattern prevailing on the day when most
sites experienced their maximum concentrations. (Sites 32 and 31* > which
were sampled only during the first half of the survey, are not included on
this October 28, 1977 map.)
Maximum Eight-Hour and Four-Hour Averages
High carbon monoxide levels were found not only in the vicinity of the
State's permanent monitors but also at many other sites within the study
area. Figures 2 and 5 and Table 1 show the maximum eight-hour averages for
10:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. (AVC) for each site during the study. About 6i< of
the 36 sampling sites* experienced one or more days when the eight-hour
average (A7C) equalled or exceeded 9*0 ppm (Figure 2 and Table 2 ). This Is
the level of the National Ambient Air Quality Standard for eight hours which
Is not to be exceeded more than once per year. More sites experienced high
carbon monoxide during the PM sampling interval than during the AM interval
(see Figures 3, ^. 11 and 12, and Tables 1 and 2). For 72? of the
* 26 out of 36 total sites.
32
-------
1
2
3
u
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
It
15
16
17
ia
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
Table 1. Maximum Values from Thirty-Six Sites and Five Permanent Monitors
(Carbon Monoxide In PPM)
Maximum AM Maxlmua PM Maximum AVC * AVC Ratio.1 J/ Ratio.1 Ratio.1 Ratio.1 Ratio.1 ,
10 AM - 2 PM 2 PM - 6 PM 10 AM - 6 PM GT 9.0 Jamea —^ University * Singer 3/ Pike %f Fire Station—
12.1
19.9
16.1
33.0
-
1.3
1.3
1.2
2.5
11.9
8.0
7.4
0.0
-
_
0.9
1.0
13.8
13.6
11.0
11.0
-
0.9
0.9
0.8
1.7
10.6
13.0
11.8
22.0
-
0.9
1.0
0.9
1.8
17.0
14.9
13-7
35.0
_
_
1.6
1.8
7.6
8.7
7.9
0.0
0.8
1.8
1.3
0.7
16.8
12.2
14.5
57.0
-
1.1
1.2
1.1
2.8
10.9
14.5
10.4
19.0
2.2
1.0
1.1
0.9
10.9
17.1
14.0
32.0
-
1.1
1.1
1.0
2.1
11.il
17.8
15.0
33-0
-
1.2
1.2
1.1
2.3
12.6
12.0
11.4
26:0
1.2
1.6
1.7
2.3
10.0
10.5
10.3
7.0
-
0.8
0.8
0.8
1.6
8.0
9.0
7-0
0.0
0.6
1.1
1.2
0.4
6.5
8.1
7.3
0.0
-
0.6
0.6
0.5
1.1
11.0
11.1
10.3
6.0
-
0.8
0.8
0.8
1.6
10.1
11.5
10.0
17.0
1.7
0.9
1.1
1.0
1.7
15.1
12.8
12.0
47.0
_
1.4
1.6
7.5
7.8
7.4
0.0
-
0.6
0.6
0.5
1.1
13.6
15.9
13.9
BO.O
-
1.1
1.1
1.0
2.1
5.5
5.2
4.4
0.0
-
0.3
0.4
0.3
0.7
8.0
6.1
7.1
0.0
-
0.6
0.6
0.5
1.1
13.7
18.6
11.2
26.0
_
1.3
1.6
12.9
14.0
11.4
11.0
2.4
1.0
1.2
1.0
10.7
12.0
10.7
12.0
-
0.8
0.9
0.8
1.6
12.0
9.1
9.3
5.0
-
0.7
0.8
0.7
1.4
8.0
10.9
8.6
0.0
0.8
1.4
1.5
0.5
0.8
7.7
9.5
8.5
0.0
1.8
0.8
0.9
0.T
10.1
13.0
10.2
27.0
0.9
1.6
1-7
0.6
11.0
14.1
10.4
5.0
-
0.8
0.8
0.8
1.6
-------
Table 1. (continued)
Maximum AM Maximum PM Maximum AVC % AVC Ratio.li/ Ratio.! Ratio.1 Ratio.1 Ratio.1 Date of
Site
10 AM - 2 PM
2 PM - 6 PM
10 AM - 6 PM
GT 9.0
James
University
Singer
Pike
Fire Station
Maximum AVC
30
7.0
9.0
7.9
0.0
0.7
1.3
1.3
0.5
10/14/77
3'
7.1
7.9
7.2
0.0
1.0
0.8
-
0.8
1.2
10/28/77
32
5.5
5.2
5-U
0.0
0.6
0.8
0.8
-
1.1
10/10/77
33
5.0
4.5
4.6
0.0
0.5
0.7
0.7
-
0.9
10/10/77
31*
9.3
11.9
10.3
6.0
-
0.8
0.8
0.8
1.6
10/28/77
35
7-8
5.5
5.7
0.0
-
-
0.7
0.7
—
10/27/77
36
JAMi'
11.6
12.9
11.4
41.0
1.2
1.6
1.7
-
2.3
10/10/77
10.0
12.3
11.1
27.0
1.0
1.8
1.9
0.7
_
10/14/77
uni3/
SIN?7
pik|/
FIR®'
11.0
1*i .5
12. B
15.0
-
l.n
1.0
0.9
2.0
10/28/77
10.8
13.8
12.3
16.0
-
1.0
1.0
0.9
1.9
10/28/77
13.5
18.0
15.8
40.0
1.4
2.5
2.7
1.0
10/14/77
6.0
7.8
6.5
0.0
-
0.5
0.5
0.5
,.0
10/28/77
Footnotes
1. Ratio.1 - Ratio of the maximum eight-hour average at the study site to the eight-hour average at the same time
(and day) at the permanent monitor.
2. Permanent monitor on James Street east of Fourth Avenue (JAM).
3. Permanent monitor on Second Avenue south of University Avenue (UNI).
4. Permanent monitor on Pike east of Fourth Avenue (SIN).
5. Permanent monitor on Fourth Avenue south of Pike Street (PIK).
6. Permanent monitor on Seoond Avenue south of Main Street (FIR).
NOTE: Bight-hour averages for the permanent monitors were calculated from hourly averages (eight values). No
estimates were made for Biasing data.
-------
Table 2. Distribution of Maxima Values
from Thirty-Six Sites in Seattle
Hange of Percent of Sites Within Range
Maxima Carbon Maxima AM Maxima PM Maximum AVC
Monoxide, ppa 10 AM-2 PM ? PM-6 PM 10 AM-6 PM
0 - 2.9 0 0 0
3.0 - 5.9 8 11 11
6.0 - 8.9 28 17 28
9.0 - 11.9 31 25 42
12.0 - 14.9 25 33 11
15.0 - 17.9 8 8 5
18.0 - 21.0 0 6 0
sites, at least one PM average equalled or exceeded 9.0 ppa, but only about
64J had an AM average equal to, or greater than 9.0 ppm. Table 2 summarizes
the distributions of the maximum AM, PM, and AVC values for the 36 sample
sites and the five permanent monitors.
For fourteen study sites and one permanent monitor (2, 6, 13, H, 18, 20, 21,
26, 27, 30, 31> 32, 33, 35 and PIP), the maximum AVC did not exceed 9.0 ppa.
Lower concentrations than at other sites were expected at a number of these
locations due to ventilation and/or remoteness from heavy local traffic. The
smallest maximum eight-hour average concentration, 4.4 ppa, occurred at site
20 In Occidental Park. The next lowest concentrations, 4.6 and 5.4 ppn, were
on the west side of Alaskan Way (site nos. 33 and 32, respectively). Por
comparison, the site within the Freeway Park (Site 35) experienced only a
slightly higher maximum AVC (5.7 ppm).
35
-------
Of the maximum eight-hour concentrations at each study site for the 10:00 a.m.
tn 6:00 p.m. period (Figure 2), the highest value was about 16.1 ppm. This
was 1.2 to 2.5 times as high as at the permanent monitors for the same time
and day. This occurred on October 28 on Plrst Avenue South of Pike Street
(site 1), which is the street in the study area vith the highest average week-
day traffic according to 1975 data. Of the remaining study sites, the next
highest eight-hour value, 15.1 ppm, was on Fourth Avenue south of Union Street
at site 10 and was 1.1 to 2.3 times as high as at the permanent monitors.
These sites (1 and *0) are on major NV-SE streets. The maximum eight-hour
concentrations at the permanent monitors ranged from 6.5 ppo at the FIR on
Second Avenue south of Main to 15.8 ppm at the Pike Building site (Fourth
Avenue south of Pike).
The maximum eight-hour average during the survey v»ry nearly equalled that of
the Pike Building monitor for the 10:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. period at only one
study site (site 1). However, five additional study sites (5, 7, 9, 10, and
19) also had maximum AVC's exceeding that of the Second and University site
(12.8 ppm) which was the next highest of the permanent monitors. Six addi-
tional sites (4, 11, 17, 22, 23, and 36) also had higher maximum AVC's than
the James Street permanent monitor which is one of the SIP sites*. Only four
sites (20, 32, 33 and 35) ' maximum AVC's below that of the Fire Station
permanent monitor.
Hourly oata for SIP sites are reported quarterly to EPA in connection
with tracking the progress of the state implementation plan for attain-
ment of air quality standards. The Second and University site is also
an SIP site.
36
-------
Table 3- Second-Highest Eight-Hour Averages (10:00 AH to 6:00 PM)
From Thirty-Six Sites and Five Permanent Monitors
Site
Date of
Second High
Second High
Eight-Hour Average
Ratio.21'
JameaE'
Ratio.2
University!'
Ratio.2
Singerii'
Ratio.2
Pike!!'
Ratio.2
Fire Station^'
1
10/27/77
11.7
1.1
1.5
2
10/28/77
7.0
—
0.5
0.6
0.5
1.1
3
10/06/77
10.2
1.7
1.0
1.1
1.1
1.7
-------
Table 3. (Cont'd)
Date of
Second High
Ratio.2i'
Ratio.2
Ratio.2
Ratio.2
Ratio.2
Site
Second High
Eight-Hour Average
James£/
University!/
Singeri!/
Pike*'
Pire Station^/
30
10/19/77
7.1
0.7
1.7
1.2
0.6
31
1C/28/77
7.2
-
0.6
0.6
0.5
1.1
32
10/06/77
1.3
0.7
0.1
0.5
0.1
0.7
33
10/17/77
1.2
-
0.9
-
_
_
31
10/27/77
8.7
-
_
1.0
1.1
_
35
10/28/77
5.1
-
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.8
36
10/11/77
11.1
1.0
1.8
1.9
0.7
JAM?/
10/19/77
10.3
1.0
2.3
1.7
0.9
uni3/
SIN?/
10/21/77
10.9
2.3
1.0
1.1
0.9
10/21/77
9-8
2.0
0.9
1.0
0.8
pik£'.
10/28/77
13-6
-
1.1
1.1
1.0
2. 1
FIR®'
10/06/77
6.0
1.0
0.6
0.6
0.6
1.0
Footnotes
1. Ratio.2 - Ratio of the second-highest eight-hour average at the study site to the eight-hour average at
the saoe tine (and day) at the permanent monitor.
2. Permanent monitor on James Street east of Fourth Avenue (JAM)
3. Permanent monitor on Second Avenue south of University Street (UNI)
4. Permanent monitor on Pike east of Fourth Avenue (SIN)
5. Permanent monitor on Fourth Avenue South of Pike Street (PIK)
6. Permanent monitor on Second Avenue south of Main Street (FIR)
Note: Eight-hour averages for the permanent monitors were based on averages of eight hourly values.
Missing data were not estimated.
-------
At seventeen altos, the eight-hour standard was exceeded more than once
and several (1, 5, 7, 9, 10, 11, 17, 19, 22, 28, and 36) experienced
exceedences on over 25% of the sampled days. At the Pllce Building perma-
nent ncrltor, tOf of the 10:00 a.a. to 6:00 p.a. averages (AVS's) exceeded
9.0 ppa. Comparable or greater frequencies were observed at sites 7, 17,
19i and 36 with the most frequent exceedences at site 19 (80S of the
sampled days). Figure 6 illustrates the frequency of AVC's greater than
9.0 ppa for each site.
Second-Blghejt Sight-Hour Averages (AVC's)
Figures 2 and 7 and Table 3 s&ov the second-highest AVC for eaoh site.
However, the study design did not permit comparison of sites as to the
extent by which the eight-hour standard say have been violated at eaoh
site during October-November, because only one eight-hour period,
10:00 a.a. to 6:00 p.a., was inoluded each day. Por exaaple, the AYC for
a site heavily affected by morning peak hour traffic say be low on Figure 2
because this peak was not included in the sampling period. However, the
maximum eight-hour period for that site nay have encompassed that time.
The study data Indicate that same sites, even with this Halted data base,
appear to violate the 9.0 ppa eight-hour standard which is not to be ex-
ceeded aore than once per year, i total of seventeen study sites (1, 3t
5, 7, 8, 9t 10, 11, 16, 17, 19t 22, 23, 24, 28, and 36) experienced at
least two days with an eight-hour average over 9.0 ppa. (See Table 3.)
These sites were widespread through the study area and Included sites on
First Avenue (south of Pike and Washington); Second Avenue (south of Pine
and University); Third Avenue (south of Onion and Cherry); Fourth Avenue
39
-------
(south of Plica, Onion, and Madison); Sixth Avenue (south of Pine and
Union); Ollvo (east of Fifth); Pike (east of Seventh and Fourth and west
of First); and Pin® (east of Fifth). Undetected violations may have oc-
curred at other sites or with greater magnitude at these same sites during
t'je days of the study.
The i""" second-highest AVC, recorded for any site was 35.0 ppa at
site 10 on Fourth Avenue south of Onion. For comparison, the second-
highest eight-hour averages for the permanent monitors during the study
period ranged from 6.0 ppa at the Fire Station to 13-6 ppn at the Pike
Building (a blook and a half north of site 10). The second-highest
eight-hour average at the Pike Building monitor was equalled or exceeded
by second-high AVC*a only at site 10.
Comparisons of AM and PM Averages
For each of the state's permanent monitors, the UK average was
lower than the maximum PM average. Because the AH period did not Include
the typical morning traffic peak, but the PM period spanned the time of
the usual late afternoon commuter traffic, it was expected that AM average
concentrations at most sites would be less than PM averages. Although
this seemed generally true (Appendix C), the highest sample concentration
for the AM exceeded the highest for the PM at twelve locations (2, 3, 5,
7, 11, 17, 20, 21, 25, 32, 33, and 35). This is shown in Table 3 and
Figures 3> 1| 8, and 9. Although differences were slight In some cases,
the AM maxima was 2 ppa or more higher than the PM maximum for six of
these sites (2, 5, 7, 17, 25 and 35).
40
-------
On moat days, the AM averages were leas than for the PM averages (as shown
by comparison of the composite median of all sites on each day in Figures
11 and 12). Except for three days, the highest four-hour average,
considering all sites, occurred in the afternoon. Exceptions were on
October 7, 24, and 27, 1977.
Figures 10, 11 and 12 also Illustrate the unusually high concentrations
which prevailed on Ootober 28 (Friday) and the higher medians on
October 27 (Thursday) for eight-hour and AM averages. The AM averages
were also generally highest on October 28 (Figure 11). Low values were
apparent an the very windy days during the last week of the survey.
The highest AM and PM averages of those observed at study sites were
higher than corresponding values for any of the permanent monitors. The
highest AM average, 15.4 ppm, occurred on Sixth Avenue south of Pine
(site 17). The highest PM average 19.9 ppm, occurred on First Avenue
south of Pike (site 10A). In comparison, the maximum AM and PM averages
considering all of the state sites ware 13.5 and 18.0 ppm at the Pike
Building.
Average of Eight-Hour Values at Each Site
For two sites, the average of all eight-hour values exaeeded 9.0 ppm
(sites 7 on Third south of Onior, and 19 on Sixth south of Union).
Relative averages for all sites appear in Figure 13. Most of the sites
with low averages vere on the periphery of the study area; however, not
all sites in the central area had high averages. For example, the average
for site 14 in Westlake Mall was relatively low at 4.0 ppm, although that
41
-------
for site 9, leas than a block away, was over twice as high at 8.7 ppm.
Average eight-hour values were lowest at site 20 in Occidental Park in the
Pioneer Square area (the southwest portion of the study area) at 3.1 ppm.
It is Interesting to note that relatively low averages were observed for
site 18 (4.2 ppo), site 35 (3*6 ppm), and site 21 (3.8 ppm) which are
closer to 1-5 than the other study sites, but are not on heavily travelled
streets. (Site 35 'J in a park).
Maximum Day
Figure 14 shows the pattern of carbon monoxide concentrations in the study
area on the day when the composite average of eight-hour values was high-
est - October 28, 1977. Most sites sampled on that day experienced their
highest concentrations then (Table 4). On that day, the highest eight-hour
concentration during the survey, 16.1 ppo, was observed at site 1. The
second-highest value during the survey, 15.0 ppa at site 10, occurred on
the same day and again on October 21. Maximums at three of the permanent
monitors also occurred on October 28, 1977 (OKI - 12.8 ppm, SIN -
12.3 ppm, and FIR - 6.5 ppm).
Seventeen of the 29 study sites for which data were obtained on
October 28, 1977, experienced eight-hour average concentrations above
9.0 ppm. This suggests a widespread problem, rather than a few isolated
hot spots.
Correlations Between Sites on Same Corridor
The relationships between carbon monoxide concentrations at sites along
the same street corridor were of interest. Previous studies elsewhere
42
-------
have pointed out that substantial differences can exist between CO at sites
In the same blocks on opposite sides of the street (cross-street pairs)
when winds are across rather than along the street. Bight-hour averages
for sites located along the same street corridor were analyzed by least
squares regression to investigate any correlations between sites along the
corridor. In most cases, correlations were weak or insignificant for fit-
ting a linear first order equation (ysA+B x X). Of the eight corridors
examined — First Avenue, Second Avenue, Third Avenue, Fourth Avenue, Sixth
Avenue, Pike Street, James Street, and Alaskan Way — only two had at(least
one pair of sites for which the square of the coefficient of correlation
(R-SQ or Index of determination) was greater than or equal to 0.75*. These
were Pike Street and Sixth Avenue.
Results of the corridor analysis are summarized in Table 1. For the Pike
Street corridor pair, sites 23 and 27, were about seven blocks apart and
the index of determination was 0.88. The other pair, located along the
Sixth Avenue corridor sonslsted of sites 17 and 18 (also about seven
blocks apart), with an index of 0.78.
In the case of both pairs, members of the pair were relatively far removed
from each other (seven or more blocks), exhibiting dissimilar topographies,
traffic patterns, and volumes, and orientation to meteorological factors.
• R-SQ of 0.75 was picked as a screening level for all corridor pairs
although the confidence interval varies with the number of observations.
For 20 observations, the minimum value of R-SQ for signficanee at the
95% confidence level Is 0.19. For 10 observations, it is 0.U0.
43
-------
Table U. Corridor Analysis
Index
Corridor Site Pair Relative Locations of Sites (B-SQ)*
Pike Street 23/27 Seven blocks apart, east/west 0.98
street
Sixth Avenue 17/18 Seven blocks apart, north/south 0.78
street
* The minimum value of the square of the correlation coefficient for
significance at the 95J confidence level for ten data pairs would be
about 0.40. This means that the confidence interval for R-SQ would
not Include zero for values equal to or greater than 0.40.
The correlations for these pairs, observed for the relatively abbreviated
sampling interval of twenty days, may be unrelated to their being members
of the same corridor.
Permanent Monitors
Each day, the highest eight-hour average for 10:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. at
the five permanent monitors in the downtown area was compared to the
highest A7C at the study sites. The concentration at a permanent monitor
was higher than at any study site on only two days of the study (Table 5).
On most days, the maximum carbon monoxide average at the study site was
less than 1.5 times that at the maximum permanent monitor, but on six days
was over 1.5 tines as great. On four of these six days, the value at the
study site exceeded 9.0 ppm but no exceedence was observed at a permanent
monitor.
-------
TABLE 5.
Comparison of Maximum Study Site Each Day and Permanent Monitor* by Eight-Hour Averages for 10:00 a.m. to
6:00 p.m.
(CO In ppm)
Max
Max
Max
Max
Ratio
V Ratio
Ratio
Ratio
Ratio
Ratio
1977 Date
Study Site
AVC
Perm Mon
AVS If
AVC/AVS
AVC/JAM
AVC/UNI
AVC/SIN
AVC/PIK
AVC/FIR
10/06/77
19
12.9
UNI
10.6
1.2
2. 1
1.2
1.4
1.3
2.1
.0/07/77
1
11.6
JAM
6.4
1.8
1.8
2.0
1.9
2.4
33
10/10/77
7
12.9
JAM
9.1
1.4
1.4
1.8
1.9
-
2.6
10/11/77
9
11.2
PIK
13-3
.8
1.1
1.4
1.5
.8
3-7
10/12/77
19
13.5
PIK
8.5
1.6
3.3
_
_
1.6
-
10/13/77
19
10.2
PIK
9.9
1.0
1.1
2.7
1.7
1.0
_
10/14/77
19
12.8
PIK
15.8
.8
1.1
2.0
2.2
.8
-
10/17/77
36
11.1
UNI
4.9
2.3
2.3
_
10/18/77
7
10.2
UNI
7.3
1.4
1.5
1.4
1.6
1.7
-
10/19/77
19
11.5
PIK
11.5
1.0
1.1
2.6
1.9
1.0
_
10/20/77
19
11.3
UNI
8.9
1.3
1.6
1.3
.0
13
1.9
10/21/77
10
15.0
PIK
12.0
1.2
3.1
1.4
1.5
1.2
_
10/24/77
22
8.9
PIK
8.0
1.1
2.6
1.7
1.4
1.1
3.4
10/25/77
19
8.7
PIR
2.6
3.3
_
-
_
_
33
10/26/77
19
9.5
PIK
9.1
1.0
_
1.2
1.4
1. )
2.6
10/27/77
5
13-7
SIN
8.6
1.6
•
1.6
1.8
_
10/28/77
1
16.1
PIK
13.6
1.2
—
1.3
1.3
1.2
2.5
10/31/77
22
9.5
PIK
8.3
1.2
-
1.6
1.4
1.2
35
11/01/77
29
8.1
PIK
4.6
1.8
_
2.3
-
1.8
4.6
11/02/77
10
8.1
PIK
7.3
1.1
-
1.7
1.4
1.1
36
1. Where AVS Is the maximum eight-hour value (10:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m.) of those for the five permanent monitors In the
central business district.
2. Ratio of the maximum study site eight-hour value (10:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m.) to the maximum of the permanent monitors.
-------
Concentrations on Sixth Avenue south of Onion Street (site 19) were higher
than at any other study site on 8 of the 20 days for which comparisons
we possible. However, on one of these days (October 1&) at least one of
the permanent monitors experienced higher concentrations. The only other
day when the permanent monitor'a sight-hour dally maximum* urns higher than
at any stu£y site was October 11. Sites t, 5, 7, 10, 19, 22, 29, and 36
were study sites which were "maximum" on at least one day considering both
study sites and permanent monitors. Of these, site 19 was highest on 35*
of the days; each of the sites 1, 7, 10, and 22 was highest on 10J of the
days; and each of the remaining sites (5, 29 and 36) was highest on 51 of
the days.
Review of the maximum study site each day (with respect to the eight-hour
average) as compared to each of the permanent monitors gave an indication
of how well each of the permanent monitors represented the highest CO
levels in the study area for the 10:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. period. On this
hasls, the permanent monitor on the periphery of the study area (FTS the
fire station on Second Avenue south of Main Street) was the poorest, as
sight be expected. The maximum study site concentrations for 10:00 a.m.
to 6:00 p.m. always exceeded those at FIR, being 1.9 to ".6 times as
great. The permanent monitor on Fourth Avenue south of Pike (PIK)
appeared to be the best since concentrations at the maximum study site
were usually only 1.1 to 2.4 times as great, However, on two days, the
maximum study site's AVC was somewhat lesa than the concentration at PIK
(0.3 times as great).
* For any eight consecutive hours.
46
-------
Each clay's average concentration for the eight-hour period 10:00 a.a. to
6:00 p.o. at each site was also compared to the average at each of the per-
manent monitors for the same day. For each site, the ratios of the study
site value (AVC) to that of each of the permanent monitors (AVS) was computed
fcr each day. These ratios are tabulated in Appendix C.
the average concentration and the ending hour of the dally maximum eight-
hour average at the two SIP site? 'JAM and UNI) and at the proposed SIP
monitoring site (PIK) were also examined. Most of the time, the average for
the maximum period during the day was no more than 1 ppn greater than the
average for 10:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. This suggests that the selected study
time was effective for comparing data from the study sites to the higher
concentrations of the day at the permanent monitors.
SUMMARY
The most important results from the outdoor site portion of the Seattle
study are summarized below:
1. Only one site (site 1) experienced an eight-hour average from 10:00 a.m.
to 6:00 p.m. (ATC) exceeding the highest AVS observed during the 20-day study
for that period of the day at the permanent monitor on Fourth south of Pike.
However, the highest AVC at each of six study sites exceeded the maximum AVS
47
-------
at the Second and University monitor, 12.8 ppm, which was the next highest
permanent monitor.
2. Concentrations of carbon monoxide were highest on Plrst Avenue south
of Pike Street (site 1) where the 10:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. average reached
16.1 ppa on October 14, nearly equal to the maximum at the permanent mon-
itor on Pourtb south of Pike, 15.8 ppa on October 28. The next highest
eight-hour average (AVC) occurred on Fourth Avenue south of Onion (site 10).
3. High concentrations of carbon monoxide were observed most frequently on
Sixth Avenue south of Union (site 19) where the 9.0 ppa standard was
exceeded on 80S of the sampled days.
9. On the day when the greatest composite average occurred, the majority of
sampled sites (which were widespread through the study area) experienced
eight-hour concentrations above 9*0 ppo, vtilch is the standard not be
exceeded more than once per year.
5- The ""i^hwiw second-high eight-hour average concentration, 15.0 ppm, was
at site 10 (Fourth south of Onion) and exceeded the maximum second-highest
value for any of the permanent monitors (13-6 ppm at the Pike Building).
C0WCL03I0H3 AJfP BECOHHEBPATIOWS
Conclusions based on this 20-day study of outdoor sites In downtown Seattle
are:
48
-------
1. The magnitude of the carbon monoxide problem for the 10:00 a.m. to 6:00
p.m. period as measured by the maximum eight-hour average during the study
at the study sites was adequately represented by the permanent monitor (PIK).
2. The CO problem was widespread throughout the downtown business district.
3. Data from the permanent monitoring network did not represent the highest
frequency of ezceedences of the 9.0 ppa standard within the study area.
It Is recoonended that:
1. The carbon monoxide problem in downtown Seattle be considered a
widespread problem, as opposed to a few "hot spots".
2. Increased local source emissions should be avoided in areas where
violations have been observed unless a reduction in the background
concentrations which is more than sufficient to offset the increase can be
demonstrated.
3. Concentrations at the permanent monitoring network above 9.0 ppm should
be considered as indicative of concentrations equally high and possibly
higher elsewhere In the study area. However, concentrations at the
permanent monitors below the 9.0 ppa standard should not be considered as
assurance that air quality standards are being met throughout the studv area.
49
-------
4. The permanent monitor on the east side of Fourth Avenue south of Pike
Street should be considered as a candidate site to represent peak carbon
monoxide concentrations in downtown Seattle for routine monitoring.
5. Planning for future studies to aid developoent and/or revision of
control strategies to attain the standard should consider the need for
ancillary daca on traffic and meteorological characteristics to aid
interpretation.
50
-------
INDOOR SITES
Although no standards exist for exposure of the general public to carbon
monoxide in air within buildings, It Is of Interest to know what levels
exist indoors*. Many people spend significant aaounts of time inside.
Consequently, the combim>l effects of exposure both Indoors and outside
deserve consideration for a significant portion of the population. Carbon
monoxide levels indoors nay be elevated at times due to non-vehicle
sources (e.g., smoking tobacco, incomplete fUul combustion, etc.). How-
ever, several studies in various cities (including a DOE study In Seattle
in 1976) have shorn that even in the absence of such sources, high carbon
oonoxlde concentrations indoors may occur when outside levels are high.
Por each of five locations, a brief survey oi* Indoor levels of carbon
monoxide was conducted simultaneously with measurements of outside levels
at a nearby site. This section outlines the methods and results of this
study. Because only thirteen or fewer days of comparable data pairs were
obtained at any location, statistical correlations with outdoor sites were
not attempted although comparisons made possible by the limited data were
reviewed.
• Guidelines have been developed for ventilation air quality as ASHRAE
Standard 62-73 which is used by architects and engineers. That standard
for maximum allowable contaminant concentrations for ventilation air
establishes an annual arithmetic average (17.5 ppm), and an eight-hour
average not to be exceeded more than once per year (26 ppm). These and
other standards are discussed in EPA-600/7-78-027, Survey of Indoor Air
Quality Health Criteria and Standards. March 1978.
51
-------
METHOD OP STUDY
Por two locations at a time, continuous monitoring equipment was placed
indoors in an area remote froa potential localized sources of carbon
oonoxlde (such as cigarette smokers). Where possible, bag sampling units
were also placed at these locations. However, at one'location, only the
bag sampling unit was used. Operation was during the same periods as for
the outdoor sites; i.e., weekdays from 10:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. with bag
samples from 10:00 a.m. to 2:00 p.m. (AM sample) and from 2:00 p.m. to
6:00 p.m. (PM sample). Determination of carbon monoxide by both methods
provided an Internal check on the data and a "back-up" to minimize periods
of unmeasured levels. The bag sampling units were similar to those used
outdoors.
Site Selection
Figure 15 and Table 6 describe the locations of the Indoor sites and
adjacent outdoor sites. Sites included a pharmacy in a large medical
building, a small retail store, two office locations and a hotel. The
retail store and one of the office sites were in the same block as two of
\
the permanent monitors.
Several factors were considered In site selection Including: proximity to
an outdoor study site, air Intakes and ventilation, heating system (fuel
combustion on premises), building uses, and size and height of the build-
ing. Within the building, the sampling equipment was placed to avoid
tobacco smoke and provide convenient access for site attendants In areas
normally used by the building occupants or in areas of air flow from
normally used areas.
52
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Table 6. Indoor Site Charaoterlstlos
Site Address
SIN1
SIN2
Fourth South
of Union
(weatalde)
Pike East of
Fourth
(aouthalde)
SIN3 Pike East of
Fourth
(northalde)
SINM Pike and Fourth
(Southeast
Corner)
SIN5 Fifth South
of Pine (eaat
side)
Business
Medical
Building
Retail Shop
Bank
Building
Height
High
Low
High
Office Building High
Hotel
Medium
Sample
Location
Ploor 1
Floor 1
Floor 2
Floor 5
Floor 3
Exposed
Population
Patients, Workers,
Shoppers
Workers
Workers
Residents
1977 Dates
Sampled
10/06 - 11/02
Shoppers, Workers 10/06 - 11/02
10/20 - 10/26
10/27 - 11/02
10/27 - 11/02
-------
Sample Collection and Analysis
For continuous monitoring, one of two modified Ecolyzers (Model 2100 with
0-100 ppa range) was used at each site with a 0-1 volt DC strip chart
recorder (similar to those used to record analyses of bag samples for out-
door sites). The principal modification of the Ecolyrer was an automatic
electronic zero at about once per hour. The sampling train consisted of a
glass fiber particle filter, a granular charcoal filter, an Interference
filter assembly (manufacturer'a standard), and a humidity bottle before
the pump inlet. The analyzer was spanned with one of two certified
primary standard carbon monoxide/air gas mixtures (20.3 or 20.0 ppa) and
zeroed manually at least twice daily. After any necessary adjustments
were made, the equipment was re-checked a minute or two later. Linearity
was checked on each instrument and appeared to be generally satisfactory.
The indoor bag samples were collected and analyzed using the same type of
equipment used for outdoor sites. During part of the survey, the contrac-
tor attended the continuous monitors, but did not reduce the strip chart
records to average concentrations. EPA personnel also attended the Indoor
monitors, manually read each strip chart (tape), and calculated hourly
average concentrations which were the basis for U-hour AH and PM averages.
RE30LT3 AND DISCUSSION
Two objectives of the indoor study were: 1) to compare concentrations
Indoors with those at adjacent outdoor sites; and 2) to determine the
range of Indoor concentrations experienced at various Indoor sites.
Because of the limited scope and duration of the sampling effort,
54
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indoor/outdoor comparisons were attempted for only two of the five sites.
Indoor/outdoor comparisons of each site's eight-hour averages each day are
shown In Appendix D. Figure 19 shows indoor/outdoor comparisons and the
hourly averages for the day of the highest eight-hour average for which
continuous analyzer records were available for the site sampled tor the
longest period (SUM) to illustrate the daily patterns. (Concentrations
were rounded to the nearest 0.5 ppa for plotting). Table 7 shows the range
of concentrations at each Indoor site. A summary of hourly data and bag
sample data for each day is also contained In Appendix D.
One of the five Indoor sites
-------
Table 7. Range of Concentrations Observed at Seattle Indoor Sites'
(CO In ppa)
Site
Location
AM Average
Minimum - Ma*1mum
PM Average
Minimum - Maximum
8-Hour Average
Minimum - Maximum
SINId
Medical
3.0b - 10.0®
2.7® - 11.6T
2.8b - 10.1B
SIH2
Retail Shop
2.63»t - 10.1B
3.1T - 7.5®
2.8t - 8.8®
SIN3
Bank
2.tT - 3.8t
2.0T - 3.5t
2.3* - 3-2t
SINlJ
Office
Building
3.2t - 7.2t
1.4t - 8.9t
»4.2t - 8.0t
SIN5
Hotel
3.1s - 7.7b
1.2b - 5.0b
2.2® - 6.1®
T - Based on tape record from a continuous analyzer
B - Based on bag sample
1. Sampling occurred over different days at tht>se sites, so ranges are based on various numbers of
samples (from three to 19 samples).
2. AH - 10:00 a.m. to 2:00 p.m.
3. PM - 2:00 p.m. to 6:00 p.m.
4. Eight-hour average - 10:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m.
-------
3:00 p.m., hourly average concentrations rose to about Id ppm for the
interval from 1:00 to 5:00 p.m., and decreased only slightly in the suc-
ceeding hour resulting in an eight-hour average of about 9 ppm. Such a
pattern suggests that vehicle emissions were responsible for the late
afternoon increase in CO within the medical building.
Figure 16 illustrates the comparison between indoor eight-hour averages at
SIN1 and outdoor averages at site 10. On most days, the Indoor concentra-
tion was more than 2 ppm Lower than at the adjacent outdoor site. However,
about 22 percent of the time indoor and outdoor concentrations were within
1 ppm.
Figure 17 illustrates data for the retail shop site (SIN2) and site 21,
the nearest outdoor study site which was a few meters west of the permanent
monitor on Pike Street east of Fourth Avenue. (The permanent monitor was
closer than the study site to the building entrance and this entrance was
probably the major ventilation). On the day when the highest Indoor
concentrations were observed (Friday, October 21), no continuous Indoor
monitor was operating at this location so the pattern of increase is
unknown. On this day, indoor concentrations were also fairly high at the
medical building site (SIM - previously discussed) and at other outdoor
sites, which suggests a widespread phenomenon of higher emissions and/or
less favorable meteorology for dispersion of pollutants.
Unfortunately, rio Indoor data were obtained for this site on October 28,
the day when even higher concentrations occurred at many sites, including
the maximum eight-hour average at site 2tt, the adjacent outdoor site. On
57
-------
October 28, the eight-hour average at site 2& was 10.7 ppm. Indoor concen-
trations measured within the store on other days were always within plus or
minus 2 ppm of those at site 2U. Indeed, 73% of the time, the Indoor eight-
hour average was within 1 ppm of the outdoor value. This was not surprising,
because It is thought that the major intake of air to this portion of the
building was froa the shop entrance located only a few meters from site 24.
I
Only three or four days of eight-hour average data were obtained at each of
the other sites (SIN3, SIN1, and SIN5). Average concentrations indoors for
the 10:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. period were lower than outdoors for all compara-
ble samples except one (SIN5 at 2.2 ppo and site 15 at l.U ppm on 11/01/77).
For the two sites sampled on October 28 (SINS and SIH5), their highest aver-
ages occurred on that day, which was a day of overal* high values. Indoor
values were each about 60S of the comparable outdoor site averages for the
same eight-hour period.
SUMMARY
The data strongly suggest a close relationship between increases In indoor
concentrations and in outdoor concentrations nearby. For the selected pairs
of study sites, the indoor concentrations for the 10:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m.
period were usually lower, occasionally nearly equal, and very rarely
higher. At times, indoor concentrations may nearly equal or exceed the
outdoor standard (sites SIN1 and SIN2). The late afternoon rise in indoor
CO concentrations strongly suggests traffic emission influences as the
principal cause.
58
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CONCLPSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The brief study in Seattle at paired outdoor and Indoor sites with Insig-
nificant indoor generation of CO suggests the following conclusions:
1. Population exposure to carbon monoxide concentrations within buildings
is likely to Increase with Increased traffic emissions of CO.
2. Frequently the changes in nearby outdoor concentrations are reflected
by changes in Indoor concentrations of CO. Concentrations are usually
lower indoors.
3. The relationship of outdoor to indoor concentrations is not constant.
It say vary from site pair to site pair and frotn day-to-day.
1. Indoors, the eight-hour average concentration of carbon oonoxlde nay
exceed 9-0 ppm at tines.
The following reconmendation is also based on the indoor/outdoor part of
the study:
In assessing the total population exposure represented by an outdoor
monitor the possibility of similar indoor concentrations within nearby
buildings should be considered. (The variable relationship of outdoor to
indoor levels should be kept in alnd).
59
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PEDESTSIAN ROUTES
A minor effort to characterize breathing air of pedestrians within the
Seattle central business area was also undertaken during the survey of
outdoor sites. This section describes the method of study and discusses
results. Because the sampling periods were variable (two to four hours
long), data are not strictly comparable to data from the outdoor sites In
most cases.
METHOD OF STUDY
Two Individuals were Instructed to choose separate routes within a defined
area of the city as an ordinary pedestrian might choose to do. These sep-
arate routes (designated ""A" and "B") were generally within the area
between Jackson and Stewart Streets and Sixth Avenue and Alaskan Way but
included the Freeway Park east of Sixth Avenue. On most days, sub-areas
were chosen such that route A was north of Spring Street and Route B was
south of Spring Street. Each individual marked his/her exact route for
each period on a map.
Carbon monoxide levels were obtained by bag sampling for two periods
dally. The "AH" period was generally between 9:15 a.m. through 1:30 p.m.;
the "PM" period was generally between 2:30 p.m. through 5:30 p.m. How-
ever, the length of the sampling period varied between two to four hours
total since, on some days, walking samples were not collected during lunch
or were not collected during the time when personnel were attending the
outdoor stations. Time differences were due to the contractor's need of
60
-------
these sane sampling personnel for other duties during the day. However,
the study plan had been to collect samples along pedestrian routes at the
same time that the outdoor .tatlons were operating and this, if followed,
would have facilitated data evaluations.
Data were obtained by bag sampling using the same type of pump employed at
the stationary outdoor sites. An integrated air sample was obtained at a
*ew Inches below the breathing level as the person traversed the area.
The pump filled a four-liter bag contained in a backpack. (Bags were of a
five-layer material manufactured by Calibrated Instruments, Inc.) Indi-
viduals were permitted to spend short periods of time Inside buildings,
but Instructed to avoid cigarette, pipe, and cigar saoke as these extra-
neous sources of carbon monoxide are unrelated to vehicular emissions. In
some instances, the sample pump was turned off to avoid such sacke or
simply turned off during lunch. Although locations, times, and routes
were marked as the Individual traversed the study area, review of the
field records indicated frequent variations in the total sampling times.
So, although the total length of the sampling period for any particular
sample Is less than four hours (frequently 2} to 3 hours), averages were
computed of the AN and PM samples as If they were of equal time duration;
I.e., AAV and BAV are unweighted averages of their AM and PM components.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Correlations between Route A and Route B samples for morning (AAM and
BAM), afternoon (APM and BPM), and combined averages of norning and
afternoon samples (AAV and BAV) were examined. Data appear In Table 3.
61
-------
There was a fair degree of correlation between the combined averages
(Table 9) In view of the differences on each day between the tloe periods
and sample routes. The linear regression equation for the daily combined
average of morning and afternoon samples from Route A (AAV) expressed as a
function of the dally combined average from Route B (BAV) explained about
70S of the variation in the data (square of the correlation coefficient s
0.70 for 16 pairs of samples). Correlations between routes for the same
part of the day (AAH vs BAM and APM vs BPM) were greater than between
parts of the day for the "same" route* (AAM vs APM and BAM va BPM). This
suggests that influences such as meteorological and traffio conditions
varied between morning and afternoon in a less consistent manner than such
Influences varied within a particular two to four hour period in the
morning (or afternoon) throughout the downtown area. The higher corre-
lation of the combined averages also suggests that variations in carbon
monoxide exposure to pedestrians who traverse this area of downtown Seattle
depend more on the particular day (and, perhaps, individual) than upon the
particular route.
Measured concentrations ranged from about 1.1 ppm (Route 8 - 10/25/77 AM
sample) to i'.9 ppm (Route A - 10/28/77 - PM 3-hour sample). The averages
of morning samples for Route A and Route B seldom differed by more than
1 ppm and exceeded 2 ppm on only two occasions on (10/17 - Route A at
6.3 ppm with Route B at 8.5 ppm; and on 10/31 - Route A at 7.7 ppm and
• Routes traversed In the AM period for Route A were not identical to
those in the PM sampling period for Route A, although they were in the
same general sub-area. The same is true for Route B.
62
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Table 8. Route A and Route B Sample Data
(Carbon Monoxide Concentrations In ppo)
Day
Date
AAM
BAM
APM
BPM
AAV
BAV
1
10/06/77
_
2
10/07m
-
11.0
2.2
8.5
-
9.8
3
10/10/77
11.1
11.0
7.0
7.1
9.1
9.1
4
10/11/77
4.3
5.7
7.8
8.5
6.1
7.1
5
10/12/77
5.6
4.4
6.8
5.1
6.2
4.8
6
10/13/77
5.1
4.9
3.3
4.6
4.2
4.8
7
10/14/77
5.1
5.2
7.1
6.5
6.1
5.9
8
10/17/77
5.5
5.7
7.1
11.2
6.3
8.5
9
10/18/77
6.9
7.5
-
-
-
-
10
10/19/77
6.0
5.9
7.4
7.5
6.7
6.7
11
10/20/77
-
5.9
5.3
6.4
-
6.2
12
10/21/77
5.5
4.0
5.5
5.2
5.5
4.6
13
10/211/77
6.3
4.3
1.3
2.5
3.8
3.4
14
10/25/77
4.0
1.1
4.9
6.9
4.5
4.0
15
10/26/77
4.5
4.2
4.9
6.6
4.7
5.4
16
10/27/77
8.2
9.0
6.5
6.1
7.4
7.6
17
10/28/77
6.4
7.3
11.9
10.2
9.1
8.8
18
10/31/77
9.0
3.9
6.4
5.0
7.7
4.5
19
11/01/77
2.2
1.4
2.3
2.0
2.2
1.7
20
11/02/77
2.0
2.1
4.0
5.3
3.0
3.7
Note:
Samples were
of two to
four hours
duration
i for
AAM, BAM,
APM,
and BPK.
AAM - Route A "morning" sample
BAM - Route B "morning" sample
APM - Route A afternoon sample
BPH - Route B afternoon sample
AAV - Unweighted average of AAM and APM
BAV - Unweighted average of BAM and BPM
-------
Table 9 . Regression Equations For Pedestrian Data
Relationship
No. Regression Eq.
No.
of Data
Pairs
IndexJ/
R-SQ
951 Cll'
R-SQ
95* CI
A
95* CI
B
1 AAM o 3.7 ~ .33
X
APH
16
.13
M.S.3/
2.5 - 4.9
0.3 - 0.2
2 BAH * 1.7 ~ .58
-
BPH
18
.23
.02 - .59
.1 - 2.9
0.02 - 1.1
3 AAH s 2.2 * .69
X
BAH
17
.62
.25 - .en
1.4 - 2.9
0.4 - 1.0
1 APH = 1.1 ~ .71
X
BPH
18
.13
.08 - .73
0.1 - 2.1
0.3 - 1.1
5- AAV * 1.U ~ .78
X
BAV
16
.70
as
CO
i
fT)
0.8 - 2.0
0.5 - 1.1
1. The square of the correlation coefficient, R-SQ, for the linear regression equation.
2. The values for the 95* confidence Intervals for R-SQ were Interpolated from a table of
confidence Intervals for R and based on the number of data pairs ii9ed for formulation of
the regression equation.
3. H.S. - Not significant. The 95* CI includes zero.
Note; AAH - Horning samples on Route A
BAN - Horning samples on Route B
APH - Afternoon samples on Route A
BPH - Afternoon samples on Route B
AAV - Average of AAH and APH
BAV - Average of BAH and BPH
Samples were not constant duration from day to day.
-------
Route B at 4.5 ppo.). This suggests examination of whether Individual
behavior patterns in traversing the area have relatively little effect on
the carbon monoxide exposures.
It should be remembered that the pedestrian samples were not always
collected during the evening peak traffic. Unfortunately, the variability
in sampling times in this part of the study did not permit easy compari-
sons. Consistent sampling times would have been possible if a minimum of
two persons and four pumps had been allocated on a full-time basis to
conduct this pedestrian exposure study of two routes. Sampling periods
should have been fixed from day-to-day and routes well-defined in advance
as to the amount of time to be spent in a certain area.
For the pedestrian data from the October - November 1977 survey, the most
important conclusions are:
t. For sampling periods ranging from about two to four hours, the carbon
monoxide exposures of individuals acting as ordinary pedestrians
varied from 1.1 ppm to 11.9 ppm.
2. On some days the average carbon monoxide exposure for a four-hour
period may exceed 9.0 ppm for a pedestrian visiting buildings In the
downtown area. This is suggested by averages above 9.C ppo for
sampling periods of two to four hours on each of three days (10/10,
10/17, and 10/28).
65
-------
HECOHCHDmOHS
If pedestrian exposure Is again studied using snail puops and bags,
data should be obtained In late fall or winter. Periods of expected
traffic congestion froa Chrlatau shopping should be examined as
values would be expected to b« high.
Such a study should ctteopt to characterize carbon monoxide
concentrations on a one-hour (clock-hour basis) so that data nay be
correlated with the state's permanent monitors. A consecutive eight
hours should be exaalned eech day.
Routes should be well-defined in advance both as to location and total
sampling duration while traversing the route. This will eliminate
these factors as variables.
Pleld crew records should be checked dally for completeness and
accuracy by the field manager.
Preceding page blank
-------
SEATTLE CO STUDY - Oct. 6 to Nov. 2, 1977
SITE IDENTIFICATION
SITE # LOCATION SIDE OP STREET
1 1st a/o Pike V
2 lat a/o Madiaon E
3 lat a/o Washington E
4 2nd a/o Pine W
5 2nd a/o Univeraity W
6 2nd a/o Univeraity E
7 3rd a/o Union W
8 4th a/o Pike W
9 4eh a/o Pike E
10 4th a/o Union W
11 4th a/o Madison V
12 4th a/o Cherry W
13 4th a/o Lenora E
14 4th a/o Pine E
15 5th a/o Pine E
16 3rd a/o Cherry W
17 6th a/o Pine E
18 6th a/o Columbia W
19 6th a/o Union E
20 Occidental a/o Washington S
21 9th a/o Union E
22 Olive e/o 5th 3
23 Pike e/o 7th S
24 Pike e/o 4th S
25 Pike e/o 4th N
26 Pike e/o 3rd N
27 Pike v/o lat S
28 Union e/o 5th N
29 Univeraity e/o 5th S
30 Columbia e/o lat N
31 James e/o lat N
32 Alaakan Way a/o Univeraity W
33 Alaakan Way s/o Madison W
34 Jones e/o 4th S
35 Seneca e/o 6th N
36 Pine e/o 5th N
PERMANENT MONITORS (STATE SITES)
JAM JAKES E/O 4TH N
UNI 2ND S/O UNIVERSITY W
SIN PIKE E/O 4TH S
PIK 4TH S/0 PIKE E
PIR 2ND S/O MAIN W
68
-------
FIGURE I
Q STATE SITES EPA SITES
-------
^.
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V
*'A,
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EIGHT-HOUR
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y*
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-------
AM
CO CONCENTRATION (IN PPM)
O
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PM
CO CONCENTRATION (IN PPM)
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,
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1
-------
FIGURE 5
Denotes 20 Day Silos (10/6/77 - 1 1/2/77)
Denotes Fust 10 Day Sues (10/6/77 - 10/19/7/)
Denotes Last 10 Day Sites 110/20/77 - 11/2/77)
Ul.ick Denotes Valuub Greater
Hun 9 PPM CO
i!> *
*-
*, ' \ ^
> . \ .^n
uo r
' V .:• ••• X jt ^
\'V ^ 3 v
^V>
J'
Scale in PPM CO
CARBON MONOXIDE
CONCENTRATIONS
y 10/6/77 to 11/2/77
SEATTLE CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT
MAXIMUM 8-HOUR' VALUES FOR ENTIRE
SAMPLING INTERVAL A ^ ^
10 AM TO 6 PM
-------
HCURE 6
Denotes 20-Day Sites (10/6/77 - 11/2/77)
Denotes First 10-Day Sites (10/6/77 - 10/19/77)
Denotes Last 10-Dav Sites (10/20/77 - 11/2/77)
Black Denotes Frequencies
Greater than 25%
-•-•lit
* Siius wtieie trequency is 2 b% Of less
3 *V' ' w
*V. »,
a-*
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* .h*" \ *n ''f00"''* •
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* A>'
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11)0
bO
Scale %
CARBON MONOXIDE
CONCENTRATIONS
10/6/77 to 11/2/77
SEATTLE CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT
FREQUENCY' OF 8-HOUR2 VALUES GREATER THAN 9.0 PPM
'ROUNDED TO NEAREST 5%
'10 AM TO 6 PM
-------
f'ICURE 7
[) Denotes 20-Day Siiks UO/6/77 - 11/2/77)
^ Denoies Fust 10 Day Sites (10/6/77 - 10/19/77)
i Denoies Last 10 Day S>les (10/20/77 11/2/77)
Black Denoies Values Greater
than 9 PPM CO
V
ff
' ^i,
* " * ^ ' i} i*
\ r
3-
n 1 s
i I
I
l-H
\ V*"
y ' '>;< .f-*> " ' '
,
\ J
V
I!
\
-10
% . -
•
y'
V
_Q Scale in PPM CO
S
'S Jt\¦"
A,V\.
, , N» t / , ~«fc ^
n ' •«.
0
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t«h
c^Vrv.
1 k **' w
ft, V
u
««*
: ¦ .uctV- i -
. ' n" |K %
- fl-" V^~V" * \ "•
¦ 1
>
/vo« w
man i h n
CARBON MONOXIDE
/•" CONCENTRATIONS
10/6/77 to 11/2/77
SEATTLE CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT
SECOND HIGHEST 8-HOUR' VALUES FOR
ENTIRE SAMPLING INTERVAL ^ ^ ^
10AM TO 6 PM
-------
FlC.URf 8
[J Denotes 20-Day Sues 110/6/77 - 11/2/77)
j| Denotes Firs* 10 Oav Snes (10/6/77 - 10/19/77)
| Denotes Last 10-Doy S.tes H0/20/77 - 11/2/77)
I Black Denotes Values Gfeatar
than 9 PPM CO
--
i**
"K.
"S? *
N.
"* t,
s. .
V
V1
!0
*V.."
q Scale m PPM CO
4"
0m v
(id
i
t." h
i;
-v
V
V
V X
.J
v \
\ u'-
>. - >*>
-------
FIGURE 9
Q Denotes 20-Day Sites (10/6/77 - 11/2/771
| Denotes First 10-Day Sues 110/6/77 - 10/19/77)
| Denotes Last 10-Day Sites (10/20/77 - 11/2/77)
(Black Denotes Values Greater
than 9 PPM CO
00
o
10
V'
' . y. >>
H*
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"I
^ I -
%
I
%P
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N.
non in
mini I H4\
. o Scale in PPM CO
CARBON MONOXIDE
CONCENTRATIONS
10/6/77 to 11/2/77
SEATTLE CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT
MAXIMUM 4-HOUR PM' VALUES FOR ENTIRE
SAMPLING INTERVAL
2 PM TO 6 PM
-------
Seattle Carbon Monoxide
October 6 to November 2. 1977
FICURE 10
Characteristics by Day of the Composite Range of Carbon Monoxide
Concentrations for all Sites During an Eight-Hour Period.
(10:00 A.M. to 6:00 P.M.)
i
Maatmum
Mun ~ on* ti*nd«fd deviation
O Mwkan
/\ Mmii
— Mmo on* iiamkfo devutioo
— Minimum
¦ 6Undvd not to bo
mor» than onco po» ytw
20 Q~y>
2
S: 'so
II
i ~-
UJ UJ
O
O
O
O
50 -
mim
-L.
-L.
-L.
10/6 10/7 10/10 10/11 10/12 10/13 10/14 10/17 10/18 10/19 10/20 10/21 10/24 10/2b 10/28 10/27 10/2B 10/31 11/1 11/2
DATE (19771
-------
Seattle Carbon Monoxide
October 6 to November 2. 1977
FICURE 11
Characteristics by Day of the Composite Range of Carbon Monoxide
Concentrations for all Sites During the "A.M." Four-Hour Period.
110.00 A.M. to 2:00 P.M.)
O
A
T
Mnimur.i
Mmo ~ one stindtrd devwtkm
Modun
Mmo
Mho onm sundud deviation
Minimum
20 0-r-
2
£ >50
z
o
< CC
100 -
£ '
Ui
O
2
O
O
'3
O
60 -
-k.
6
1
.L.
-L.
6
-L.
6
mL,
10/tt 10/7 10/10 10/11 10/12 10/13 10/14 10/17 10/18 10/19 10/20 10/21 10/24 10/26 10/20 10/27 10/28 10/31 11/1 11/2
DATE (1977)
-------
Seattle Carbon Monoxide
October 6 to November 2, 1977
FIHURE 12
Characteristics by Day of the Composite Range of Carbon Monoxide
Concentrations for all Sites During the "P.M." Four-Hour Period.
(2 00 P.M. to 6:00 P.M.)
20 0-w-
00
u>
2
a.
ISO -
J |
f 100- -
a. oc
H
2
ill
a
2
O
a
o
o
60 -
JL
T
Q
T
1
6
V
a
6
YT
T
O
A
Q
T
10/e 10/' 10/10 10/11 10/12 10/13 10/14 10/17 10/1S 10/IB 10/20 10/21 10/14 10/2& 10/26 10/27 10/28 10/31 11/1 11/2
DATE (19771
-------
FU.UKE 13
Duiioies 20 Hoy SiU-i. lIC/G/// 11/2/7/1
Dcnulos f iisl 10 D.iy Siicb 110/0/7/ 10/19///)
Denotus l..ist 10 Day Stli.s <10/20/77 11/2/7/1
ni.K k DuilOlt'S V.llli*,'S (illMlei
lli.'in 0 I'f'M CO
* V
in
%
0
0 Scdle in PPM CO
'•\:D
h
\
\
0
%
-A-'
X. S
at*1
^ v>- P*'JC
¦'< V-S13-
" -"r'X Ji -„¦** #3"
•>- 6t" 'v n ^
i. r>J ^ v „£
-------
HQJRi: 15
INDOOR SITE
SIN I 1301 4th
SIN 2
SIN 3
SIN 4
SIN 5
CO
ADDRESS USE
MEDICAL Bl DG
417 PIKE CT RET A.L SEWING
408 PIKE ST BANK BLDG
1414 4th AVE OFFICE BLDG
1516^ 5th AVE HOTEL
\'} jar*~
* 5 X ^
\
."J .
*X/; -
t -
-V '
>" ... ^ _/
"x V-V-" V*-' ^
.->V* ^ y
- .- - 1.1 --
tuiori UA\
X
%
''V* >¦
/
S
Seattle Carbon Monoxide Study
INDOOR SITE LOCATIONS
10/6/77 to 11/2/77
~ INDOOR SITES
o
EPA SITES
-------
FIGURE 14
0
I
Denotes 20-Day Sites (10/6/77 - 11/2/77)
Denotes First 10-Day Sites (10/6/77 - 10/19/77)
Denotes Last 10-Day Sues (10/20/7/ - 11/2/77)
*No monitoring data for these sites this dale 2
Black Denotes Values Greater
than 9 PPM CO
,'~5
oo
Ln
10
V' ^
"N WV'X
^ J
V"'
. -.*• ¦
V
"* * " v.
<$,
^ XSIK
NOfitH
lhuh i g.n
X
q Scale in PPM CO
-------
FJCURE 15
INDOOR SITE
ADDRESS
USE
SIN 1
SIN 2
SIN 3
SIN 4
SIN 5
1303 4th
417 PIKE ST
408 PIKE ST
1424 4th AVE
1516 ft 5th AVE
MEDICAL BLDG
RET All SEWING
BANK BLDG
OFFICE BLDG
HOTEL
tLUUTT JU»
Seattle Carbon Monoxide Study
INDOOR SITE LOCATIONS
10/6/77 to 11/2/77
[=~ INDOOR SITES C) EPA SITES
-------
FIGURE 16
Seattle Carbon Monoxide
Indoor Site Sumn.^ry
Characteristics of Indoor/Outdoor Concentrations'
At the SIN V Site
I Muaidtf ndMIINiMttpp'n
1 Cufab (MmI M Fmiiii *>>*wt Hntfi tfUnen 81
DATE
O ———o Indoor Tap* 6 Houf
Qp» — W Jndoo* fr-Hou* A
A4|ftC«ftt Outdoor S««ilOl
• Hour Aniigi
• 20
• 10
1000 1100 >200 1300 1400 1600 1800 1700 1800
SAMPLING HOURS FOR OAV OF MAXIMUM
a-HOUR BAG AVERAGE (10/281
-------
FIGURE 17
Seattle Carbon Monoxide
Indoor Site Summary
Characteristics of Indoor/Outdoor Concentrations'
At the SIN 2* Site
1 AommM K> nilfMI o 6
2 Swg« • •« P4« Sum mm of FowiH
20 «
10-
^ A « *
:: v? \ ..A. %
•
•
•
f
a
•
•
l
l
•
•
J
/b
•
•
•
•
•
•
«
•
«
•
*
\
\J
i i i i » i
i i
¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦
to/t« to/to «o/i2 to/14 io/tt to/20 to'M to/a to/a n/oi
to/07 10/M tO/U t0/17 t0/to 10/21 t0/2ft *0/27 10/11 ll/QB
DATE
O Indoor Tap* I Hour Av«pgc
• "fj Indoor Baa 8-Hour A wags
•••# Arttaraw) Outdoor S«a 1241
t-Hour Avoaga
•r»
• 10
1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1800 MOO 1700 WO
SAMPLING HOURS FOR DAY OF MAXIMUM
B-HOUR TAPE AVERAGE 110/14)
-------
APPENDICES
Appendix Title
A Sampling Sites
B Sampling Stations
C Outdoor Study Site and Permanent
Monitoring Site Data
D Indoor Site Data
E Traffic Flow Map
*1
-------
Seattle Carbon Monoxide Study
Location of EPA Sampling Sites
10/6/77 to 11/2/77
STATE SITES EPA SITES
-------
APPENDIX A
1
SEATTLE CO STUDT - Oct. 6 to Nov. 2, 1'77
SITE 1DEHTI7ICATI0N
SITE # LOCATION SIDE 07 3T82ST
1 lit s/o Plica V
2 lit s/o Madison S
3 l«t s/o Washington K
4 2nd s/o Pint W
5 2nd i/o Onivtriitj U
6 2nd i/o University E
7 3rd s/o Onion V)
8 4eh s/o pika W
9 4th s/o Pile® E
10 4th s/o Union V
11 4th i/o Madison tl
12 4eh s/o Cherry 9
13 4th s/o Lenora S
14 4th s/o Piss S
15 3th ato Pin* S
16 3rd t/o Cherry W
17 6th m/o Pine E
IS 6th s/o Columbia W
19 6tb s/o Union B
20 Occidental s/o Washington S
21 9th s/o Union B
22 Olive e/o 3th S
23 Pike «/o 7tb S
24 Pike t/o 4th S
25 Pike e/o 4th II
26 Pike e/o 3rd X
27 Pike w/o 1st S
28 Union e/o 3th II
29 University e/o 5eh 3
30 Coluabia e/o let N
31 Jmi e/o 1st N
32 Alaskan Way s/o University V
33 Alaskan tfey s/o Madison W
34 Jsaes e/o 4th S
33 Seneca e/o 6th R
36 Pine e/o 3th H
PERMANENT M0HIT0R3 (STATE SITES)
JAM JAMES E/O 4TH N
UNI 2ND S/O UNIVERSITY W
SIS PIX2 E/O 4TH S
PU 4TH S/O PIKE E
PI& 2ND S/O MAIS V
-------
APPENDIX B
1
SAMPLING STATIONS
Eaoh stapling station used in tha survey contained a removable sample puap
and a bag assembly. These were attached to a mounting arm to extend the
Intake or the puap about one aeter fro* a light pole, utility pole, or
parking mater which provided the baalo support. These stations are
described as follows:
Sampling Station Parts
The sampler consists of three major parts:
1. The sample pump and bag assembly.
2. The bracket assembly which extends the pump and bag assembly meter
from the mounting unit over the sidewalk.
3. The mounting unit which attaches to a light pole or utility pole
or, with adaptations, to a parking meter. Thin unit holds the
entire sample pump/bag assembly and counting arm at three meters
above ground level.
General
The major components are made of PVC plastic pipe that i3 readily available
from any plumbing supply house. The bag, which the gas samples ara
collected in, is made of alumlnized mylar, Tedlar or other suitable plastics
compatible with the gas to be collected. The capacity of the bags is
-------
APPENDIX B
2
slightly more than four liters. The pump Is an EMI, portable pulse pump,
battery operated and adjusted to collect a gaa saaple at one/liter hour.
The theory of bag sampling requires pumping the saaple of air into the bag
at a constant rate without filling the bag. Based on this theory, flow
adjustments are quite staple and require no flow meters, only visual
inspection to determine the quantity of air in the bag.
Sample Pump and Baa Assembly
The support asseably consists of two 4-inch dlaaeter sewage uid drain caps
(Part Noa. 15 and 16) that are held together or tha edge by two 1/8-lnch x
Vl-inch pop rivets. The puap Is held In one cap by a 2-inoh, 10-32 screw
which fits In the top of the 941 saaple puap. To protect the puap, a shield
aade of 4-inch dlaaeter sewer and drain (S*D) pipe (Part No. 17} is slipped
into the 4-inch cap (Part No. 16). The shield can be reaoved for access to
the puap. The other 1-inch cap fits on top of the bag tube and thereby,
secures the puap to the bag asseably.
The rectangular bag (Part No. 25) is designed to fit Into the 4-inch
dlaaeter bag cylinder (Part No. 20) and is held in place 'y a Robert's
valve. One-inch high, four-inch long strips of 10-all, clear, rigid piastla
(available at air supply stores) are placed across the width of the bag at
four equally spaced plaoes with an additional one at the top and bottoa for
a total of six strips. The strips, secured with double back tape, are
placed on the valve side of the bag and aid unlfora collapsing of the bag by
maintaining the bag flat against the side of the cylinder. To provide for
-------
APPENDIX B
3
mounting the assembly to the bracket, a 1-1/4" diaaeter amr and drain plp«
(Part Mo. 22) 1s riveted to the side (Part Ho. 20) with two 1/8" s 1/4" pop
rivets and waiters. If these are not aligned vertically, the bag assembly
will "list" Proa the vertioal what mounted an the braoket.
A bottom oap (Pwt No. 21) with a 3/8" hole in the oenter for draining
moisture protects the bag Prom weather and vandalism. An eye bolt (Part No.
23), secured in the upper three inches ot the tube, is used when moving the
bag/pump unit at heights. A hook at the end of a long, hand-held pole is
Inserted in the eye bolt to lift and lower the sample puap/bag assembly when
it is mounted above a person's reach.
Bracket Assembly
The bracket assembly consists of a triangle struoture to extend the sampler
at least one meter froa the curb over the side walk. The triangle is
constructed of white, PVC Schedule 40 pipe and fittings as shown in Parts 1
through 14. Bonding with PVC cement is reqjlred for the following pieces:
5, 6, 7, 9, and 10; 11, 12, and 13; 1 and 14; 2, 3, and 4. No other Joints
require cementing. This allows disassembling into four pieces for ease in
storage and transport.
Parts 2, 3 and 4 (cemented together) are required for pole mounting where
the bracket must fit over a one-inch diameter pipe. Pa-t 24 la substituted
for these when the bracket assembly is Counted on a one-inch Jiameter pole
attached to a parking meter. Part No. 24 is slipped over the one-inch
-------
APPHHDIX B
4
diameter pipe attached to the parking meter. The bag assembly is attached
to '.he braolcet assembly by Part Ho. 22 shipping over Part No. 8.
Mounting
Par nounting an a light pole or any six-inch through twenty-four inch
dlaaeter pole, two Radio Shack "Chimney TV antenna aounts" with adjustable
straps are required and attaohed to Part No. 3. For mounting on a parking
meter, two 5 feet long, ateel TV antenna polea (Part No. 28) are required
along with two 4-inoh gutter aounts. Both are available from Radio Shac^.
Rebendlng the gutter aounts say be neoesaary If the parking meter's vertical
pipe Is less than four lnehes in dlaaeter. Part 24 of the triangle assembly
slips over the 1" pipe. Steel pipe should be used because aluminum does not
have the desired strength.
To remove the sample pump and bag assembly (with the sample inside) from the
bracket assembly, an eight-foot wooden pole with a hook at the top and a six
inch diameter, plastic collar at twenty-four inches from the top is used.
The collar is slipped around the -1 otter end of the sanple bag tube and the
hook is engaged to the eye (Part No. 23). The pump/bag assembly can then be
lifted up over Part Mo. 8, disengaging it from the braaket assembly.
Two or more bag assemblies are usually desired for each pump assembly. This
permits nearly continuous 8-hour samples by using two 4-hour bags
sequentially with the same pump assembly. (Changing the bag assembly
requires less than a minute)
-------
1
Materia I- PVC 'bch'^iO White.
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-------
APPENDIX C
Outdoor Study Sice and Permanent Monitoring Site Data
-------
APPENDIX C
LIST OF TABLES
Page
C-I. Raw Data Sorted by Sits for Four-Hour Bag Samples and Calcu-
lated Eight-Hour Averages - EPA Study Sites.,.. 1
C-2. Ratios of Average Carboa Monoxide Concentrations - EPA Study
Sites Compared to the Permanent Sites (Sorted by Site and
Date) 13
C-3. Comparison of EPA Study Site Average Carbon Monoxide Concentra-
tions to EPA Study Slte/Pennanant Site Ratios (Sorted by Site
and Study Site Average) 26
C~4. Comparison of EPA Study Site Average Carbon Monoxide Concentra-
tions to EPA Study Site/Permanent Site Ratios (Sorted by Date
and Study Site Average) 38
C-S. Concentrations of Carbon Monoxide at the Permanent Sites 51
-------
RAW DATA SORTED BY SITE FOR rOUR-HOUR BAG SAMPLES AND CALCULATED EIGHT-HOUR AVERAGES
EPA STUDY SITES
STUDY
-------
REGNO DATE
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-------
RKCNO
STUDY
DATE SLTR AmI^ PH?^
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e« 17
•7-77
10 77
11/77
lj'77
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FOOTNOTE FACE FOR TABLE C-2
1. Average carbon monoxide (In ppm) for the 10:00 a.m. Co 6:00 p.m. period at each EPA study site.
2. Average carbon monoxide (In ppm) for the 10:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. period at the James Street (James
E/0 4th, north side) perma ,\t site.
3. Ratio of values from footnote 1 to values from footnote 2.
4. Average carbon monoxide (In ppm) for the 10:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. period at the University Street (2nd
S/0 University, west side) permanent site.
5. Ratio of values from footnote 1 to values from footnote 4.
6. Average carbon monoxide (In ppm) for the IOiOO a.m. to 6:00 p.m. period at the Singer (Pike E/0 4th,
south side) permanent site.
7. Ratio of values from footnote 1 to values from footnote 6.
8. Average carbon monoxide (In ppm) for the 10:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. period at the Pike Street (4th S/0
Pike, east side) permanent site.
9. Ratio of values from footnote 1 to values from footnote 8.
10. Average carbon monoxide (In ppm) for the 10:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. period at the Fire Station (2nd S/0
Main, west side) permanent alte.
11. Ratio of values from footnote 1 to values from footnote 10.
NOTE: Any appearance of sero aa a data entry Indicates the absence of valid data and should not be confused
with a reported value of sero. All viable samples during the survey had detectable CO. Values of
zero were omitted from statistical calculations.
-------
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STUDY SITE AVERAGE CARBON MONOXIDE CONCENTRATIONS
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TABLE C-4
COMPARISON 0? EPA STUDlf SITE AVERAGE CARBON MONOXIDE CONCENTRATIONS TO
EPA STUD* SITE SITE/PERMANENT SITE RATIOS
( SORTED BY DATE ANO STUDY SITE AVERAGE )
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-------
FOOTNOTE PAGE FOR TABLES C-3 and C-4
1. Average carbon aonovlde (In ppn) for the 10:00 a.a. to 6:00 p.a. period at each EPA study alte.
2. Ratio of study alte to Janes Street (Jaaea E/O 4th, north aide) permanent alte.
3. Sane as footnote 1.
4. Ratio of atudy alte to University (2nd S/0 Unlveralty, weat aide) peraanent site.
5. Saae as footnote I.
6. Ratio of atudy alte to Singer (Pike E/0 4th, south aide) permanent site.
7. Suae aa footnote 1.
8. Ratio of atudy alte to Pike Street (4th S/0 Pike, eaat aide) peraanent site.
9. Same aa footnote 1.
10. Ratio of study site to Fire Station (2nd S/0 Haln, west aide) peraanent site.
NOTE: Any appearance of tero aa a data entry Indicates the absence of valid data and should not be confused
with a reported value of aero. Aiviable saaples during the survey had detectable CO. Values of
zero were oaltted froa statistical calculations.
-------
TAB I E C-5
CONCENTRATIONS OK CARBON M)NOXIl)E AT THE PERMANENT SITES
(PHM OF CAkBON MONOXIDE )
ttCNO (ATI
*K
I. SUk KOOTNOTE PACE FOR DtTAILS
-------
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-------
FOCT 1 NOTE PAGE FOB TABLE C-5
1. Five permanent sites were considered;
A.
"JAN"
- denotes
the
site
at
James E/0 4tri on the north aide.
a.
"UNI"
- denotes
the
site
at
2nd S/0 University on the west side.
c.
"SIN"
- denotes
the
site
at
Pike E/0 4th on the south side.
D.
"PIK"
- denotes
the
site
at
4th S/0 Pike on the east side.
e.
"FIK"
- denotes
the
site
at
2nd S/0 Hsln on the west side.
Data were from hourly averages of continuous NDIR measurements of CO reported by the Washington State
Department of Ecology. Four-hour and eight-hour averages were not calculated here It data were missing
for any hour.
NOTE: Any u}>pearance of aero as a data entry indicates the absence of valid data and should not be
confuted with a reported value of sero. All viable samples during the aurvey had detectable
CO. Values of sero were omitted from statistical calculations.
-------
APPENDIX D
1
Seattle CO Survey/Indoor Tape-Indoor Bag-Corresponding
Outdoor Site Comparisons
table title pace
D-1 Indoor Site SIN1: Cobb Medical Building 2
D-2 Indoor Site SIN2: Singer's Retail Store 3
D-3 Indoor Site SIN3: Seattle First National 4
BanV
D-4 Indoor Site SIN4: National Park Service 5
D-5 Indoor Site SIN5: Central Hotel 5
-------
Tabic D-1. Seattle CO Survey/Indoor Tape - Indoor Bag - Corresponding Outdoor Site Comparisons
(Results In ppo of Carbon Monoxide)
Indoor Site SIN1; Cobb Hedlcal Building (first floor) on Fourth Avenue south of University
1977
AH
PM
Eight-Hour
Average
Date
Site 10
Indoor Bag
Indoor Tape
Site 10
Indoor Bag
Indoc- Tape
Site 10
indoor Bag
Indoor Tape
10/06
10.0
12.8
8.2
11.4
10/07
—
--
—
—
—
__
10/10
9.0
8-3
8.8
6.8
8.6
—
7.6
10/J1
5.6
—
7.0
7.0
—
• •
10/12
12.5
9.5
7.1
12.2
6.5
5.1
12.3
8.0
6.2
10/13
1.2
5.3
1.9
1.8
6.0
5.9
1.5
5.6
5.4
to/it
5.6
5.1
5.1
5.0
5.9
5.5
5.3
5.5
j.4
10/17
3.8
—
—
7.3
7.0
1.1
5.6
3.8
10/16
7.5
—
6.7
11.2
—
6.2
9.1
7.6
10/19
1.9
—
5-9
6.1
6.0
6.3
5.5
—
6.1
m
10/20
5.5
6.5
6.0
11.8
6.0
6.5
8.1
6.2
6.2
"3
10/21
12.1
8.0
6.7
17.8
9.0
11.6
15.0
8.5
9.1
10/21
9.9
6.1
6.6
5.7
2.9
3.1
7.8
1.5
5.0
o
10/25
5.8
3.9
1.2
2.8
1.5
6.1
1.3
4.2
5.3
10/26
8.0
5.6
6.1
9-1
1.2
5.2
8.6
1.9
5.6
10/27
13.0
10.0
9.3
8.9
6.0
11.0
8.0
10/28
11.4
9.0
9.0
15-6
11.2
10.6
15.0
10.1
9.B
10/31
—
1.8
6.0
9.6
1.9
7.8
9.6
1.8
6.9
n/oi
3.9
3-0
30
1.3
2.7
3.9
1.1
2.8
3.4
11/02
5.1
3.2
5.2
11.0
5.0
7.6
8.1
1.1
6.4
NOTES: AH - 10 AM to 2 PM period
PM - 2 PM to 6 PM period
8-Hr. Avg. - Average of AM and k'H data
-------
Table D-2. Seattle CO Survey/Indoor Tape - Indoor Bag - Corresponding Outdoor Site Comparisons
(Results In ppa or Carbon Monoxide)
Indoor Site SIN2: Singer'a Retail Store (first floor) on Pike eaat of Pojrth Avenue
1977
AM
PM
Eight-Hour
Average
Date
31te 24
Indoor Bad
Indoor Tape
Site 24
Indoor Bag
Indoor Tape
Site 24
Indoor Bag
10/06
_ _
8.0
__
_ _
8.0
10/07
6.2
--
6.1
_ _
6.2
_ _
10/10
6.0
7.2
5.1
6.9
5.6
_ „
10/11
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.1
7.0
5.1
6.0
10/12
8.4
8.0
—
7.2
7.0
7.8
7.5
10/13
2.9
1.5
4 0
3.6
4.5
4.2
38
1.5
10/14
3. 1
3.9
4.0
4.0
3.9
4.8
36
3.9
10/17
3-9
4.8
4.2
7.2
—
0.6
__
10/18
—
5.1
3.7
6.2
5.9
4.2
__
5.5
10/19
1.1
—
2.6
4.9
—
3-1
1.7
10/20
—
5.5
—
5.4
5.8
5.1
5.6
10/21
8.1
10.1
—
11.0
7.5
9.6
8.8
10/21
5.5
6.2
—
4.6
1.5
5.1
5.4
10/25
1.3
1.0
—
8.2
__
6.3
10/26
5.5
--
—
5.9
5.2
5.7
10/27
10.7
8.6
—
6.4
5.9
8.8
7.2
10/28
9.3
—
—
12.0
—
10.7
10/31
4.7
6.0
—
7.2
5.2
6.0
5.6
11/01
3 0
2.6
—
3.3
3.2
11/02
4.0
3.0
—
6.6
—
—
5.3
--
NOTES: AM - 10 AM to 2 PM period
PM - 2 PM to 6 PM period
6-Hr. Avg. - Average of AM and PM data
-------
Table 0-3. Seattle CO Survey/Indoor Tape - Indoor Bag - Corresponding Outdoor Site Comparisons
(Results In ppa of Carbon Monoxide)
Indoor Site SIH3: Seattle First National Bank (second floor) at Pike east of "ourth Avenue
1977
AM
PM
Eight-
Hour Average
Data
Site 25
Indoor Tape
Site 25
Indoor Tape
Site 25
Indoor Tape
10/20
6.1
3.0
6.2
6.2
10/21
5.6
3.8
8.0
3-3
6.9
3-2
10/21
5.0
—
3.0
—
4.0
—
10/25
3.3
2.8
5.2
3.5
*.3
3-2
10/26
1.2
2. H
5.2
2.0
1.7
2.3
NOTES: AH - 10 AM to 2 PH period £
PM - 2 PM to 6 PM period g
8-Hr. Avg. - Average of AM and PM data
a
-------
Table D-4. Seattle CO Survey/Indoor Tape - Indoor Bag - Corresponding Outdoor Site Comparisons
(Results In pp
-------
NOTE: 24 HOUR AVERAGE WEEKDAY TRAFFIC ADAPTED
FROM MAP PUBLISHED BY CITY OF SEATTLE.
TRAFFIC AND TRANSPORTATION DIVISION %
TRAFFIC VOLUME SCALE
(24 Hour Average Weekday Traffic)
UP TO UP TO UP TO UP TO
I I I ¦
6.000 10.000 16.000 20.000
CARBON MONOXIDE STUDY
TRAFFIC FLOWS
SEATTLE CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT
1975
-------
------- |