PROPOSED
BEST DEMONSTRATED AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGY (BDAT)
BACKGROUND DOCUMENT FOR D008
AND P AND U LEAD WASTES
Submitted to:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
401 M Street, S.W.
Washington, D.C. 20460
Submitted by:
Versar Inc.
6850 Versar Center
Springfield, Virginia 22151
November 1989
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page P9.
1. INTRODUCTION 1-1
2. INDUSTRIES AFFECTED AND WASTE CHARACTERIZATION 2-1
2.1 Industries Affected and Process Descriptions 2-1
2.1.1 Production of Lead Chemicals 2-1
2.1.2 Uses of Lead Chemicals 2-3
2.2 Waste Characterization 2-4
2.3 Determination of Waste Treatability Group 2-4
3. APPLICABLE AND DEMONSTRATED TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES 3-1
3.1 Applicable Treatment Technologies 3-1
3.1.1 Applicable Treatment Technologies for
Solids or Sludges with High Concentrations
of Lead 3-2
3.1.2 Applicable Treatment Technologies for
Wastewaters Containing Inorganic Lead
Compounds 3.3
3.1.3 Applicable Treatment Technologies for
Inorganic Wastewater Treatment Sludges 3-4
3.1.4 Applicable Treatment Technologies for
Organo-Lead Wastes 3-4
3.1.5 Applicable Treatment Technologies for
Lead-Containing Explosive Wastes 3-5
3.1.6 Applicable Treatment Technologies for
Lead-Acid Battery Wastes 3-6
3.2 Demonstrated Treatment Technologies 3-7
3.2.1 Demonstrated Technologies for
Nonwastevaters 3-7
3.2.2 Demonstrated Technologies for Wastewaters ... 3-7
4. PERFORMANCE DATA BASE 4-1
4.1 Performance Data for Nonwastewaters 4-1
4.1.1 Performance Data for High-Temperature
Metals Recovery 4-2
4.1.2 Performance Data for Stabilization 4-3
4.1.3 Performance Data for Incineration 4-3
4.2 Performance Data for Wastewaters 4-3
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)
Page No.
5. IDENTIFICATION OF BEST DEMONSTRATED AVAILABLE
TECHNOLOGY (BDAT) 5-1
6. DEVELOPMENT OF BDAT TREATMENT STANDARDS 6-1
7. P AND U WASTE CODES 7-1
7.1 Industries Affected 7-1
7.2 Applicable and Demonstrated Treatment Technologies . 7-1
7.3 Identification of Best Demonstrated Available
Technology 7-3
7.4 Selection of Regulated Constituents 7-6
7.5 Calculation of Proposed Treatment Standards 7-6
8. REFERENCES 8-1
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LIST OF TABLES
Page No.
Table 1-1 Proposed Treatment Standards for D008 Wastes 1-4
Table 1-2 Proposed Treatment Standards for U144, U145,
and U146 1-5
Table 1-3 Proposed Treatment Standards for P110 1-6
Table 2-1 Current Manufacturers of Lead Compounds 2-2
Table 2-2 U.S. Industrial Lead Consumption by Product (X) .... 2-5
Table 4-1 Treatment Performance Data for High-Temperature
Metals Recovery of K061 Waste: Waelz Kiln
(EPA-Collected Data) 4-5
Table 4-2 Treatment Performance Data for High-Temperature
Metals Recovery of K061 Waste: Plasma Arc Reactor 4-7
Table 4-3 Treatment Performance Data for High-Temperature
Metals Recovery of K061 Waste: Rotary Hearth/
Electric Furnace 4-8
Table 4-4 Treatment Performance Data for High-Temperature
Metals Recovery of K061 Waste: Molten Slag System 4-9
Table 4-5 Treatment Performance Data for Stabilization of
K061 Waste (EPA-Collected Data) 4-10
Table 4-6 Treatment Performance Data for Stabilization of
F006 Waste 4-12
Table 4-7 Treatment Performance Data for Stabilization of
K046 Waste 4.14
Table 4-8 Treatment Performance Data for Fluidized Bed
Incineration of K048 and K051 (EPA-collected Data).. 4-16
Table 4-9 Treatment Performance Data for Treatment of K062
Waste by Chemical Reduction Followed by Chemical
Precipitation and Vacuum Filtration (EPA-collected
Data) 4-18
Table 6-1 Proposed Treatment Standards for D008 Wastes 6-3
Table 7-1 P and U Waste Codes Proposed for Regulation 7-2
Table 7-2 Summary of Accuracy Adjustment of Treatment Data
for Lead in Treated Wastewaters 7-4
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LIST OF TABLES (continued)
Paes
Table 7-3 Summary of Accuracy Adjustment of Treatment Data
for Lead in Treated Wastewaters Treatment Sludges .. 7-5
Table 7-4 Summary of Accuracy Adjustment of Treatment Data
for Lead in Incinerator Ash from K048-K052 7-7
Table 7-5 Calculation of Wastewater Treatment Standards
for U144, U145, U146, and PI 10 7-9
Table 7-6 Calculation of Nonwastewater Treatment Standards
for U144, U145, U146, and P110 7-10
Table 7-7 Proposed Treatment Standards for P- and U-Code
Lead Wastes 7-11
iv
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1. INTRODUCTION
Pursuant to section 3004(m) of the Resource Conservation and Recovery
Act (RCRA), enacted as a part of the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments
(HSWA) on November 8, 1984, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is
proposing treatment standards based on best demonstrated available
technology (BDAT) for any lead-containing waste identified in 40 CFR
261.24 as D008, and for the commercial chemical product wastes identified
in 40 CFR 261.33 as U144, U145, U146, and P110. Compliance with the
final BDAT treatment standards is a prerequisite for the placement of
these wastes in units designated as land disposal units according to 40
CFR Part 268. The effective date of final promulgated treatment
standards for these wastes will be May 8, 1990.
This background document provides the Agency's technical support and
rationale for the development of proposed treatment standards for the
constituents to be regulated for the lead-containing wastes. Sections 2
through 6 present waste-specific information for the D008 wastes.
Section 2 describes the industries affected by regulation of these
wastes, explains the processes generating these wastes, and presents
available waste characterization data. Section 3 specifies the
applicable and demonstrated treatment technologies for these wastes.
Section 4 contains performance data for the demonstrated technologies,
Section 5 analyzes these performance data to determine BDAT for each
waste, and Section 6 presents the promulgated BDAT treatment standards
for the regulated constituents. Section 7 discusses associated
lead-containing P- and U-code wastes and details the development of the
proposed treatment standards for these wastes.
The BDAT program and promulgated methodology are more thoroughly
described in two additional documents: Methodology for Developing BDAT
Treatment Standards (USEPA 1989a) and Generic Quality Assurance Project
Plan for Land Disposal Restrictions Program ("BDAT") (USEPA 1988a). The
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petition process to be followed in requesting a variance from the BDAT
treatment standards is discussed in the methodology document.
For the purpose of determining the applicability of the proposed
treatment standards, wastewaters are defined as wastes containing less
than 1 percent (weight basis) total suspended solids* and less than
1 percent (weight basis) total organic carbon (TOC). Waste not meeting
this definition must comply with the proposed treatment standards for
nonwastewaters.
Because of the diversity of 0008 wastes, there are several
demonstrated treatment technologies. For specific wastes, the best
demonstrated available technology (BDAT) must be determined on a
case-by-case basis. For the nonwastewater forms of the non-indigenous
recyclable D008 wastes (high concentrations of lead) recovery/recycle has
been determined to be BDAT. For D008 solid residuals from wastewater
treatment, stabilization has been determined to be BDAT. For D008
reactive solids, aqueous chemical deactivation followed by chemical
precipitation and stabilization has been determined to be BDAT. For D008
nonwastewaters from lead acid battery recycling, recovery/recycle
followed by stabilization has been determined to be BDAT. These
standards only apply for lead acid batteries that are identified as RCRA
hazardous wastes and that are not elsewhere excluded from regulation
under the land disposal restrictions of 40 CFR 268 or exempted under
other EPA regulations (see 40 CFR 266.80). For inorganic wastewaters,
BDAT is chemical precipitation. For D008 wastes containing organic
* The term "total suspended solids" (TSS) clarifies EPA's previously used
terminology of "total solids" and "filterable solids." Specifically,
the quantity of total suspended solids is measured by Method 209c
(Total Suspended Solids Dried at 103°C to 105*C) in Standard
Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 15th Edition
(APHA, AWWA, and WPC 1985).
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compounds or organo-lead constituents (such as tetraethyl lead),
incineration has been determined to be BDAT, followed by treatment of
incineration residuals by the technologies specified as BDAT for
inorganic nonwastewaters and wastewaters.
The proposed treatment standards for lead wastes are listed in
Tables 1-1 through 1-4.
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Table 1-1 Proposed Treatment Standards for D008, P110,
U144, U145, U146 (Wastewaters)
Maximum for any
Single Grab Sample
Total Composition
Regulated constitutent (mg/1)
Lead 0.040
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Table 1-2 Proposed Treatment Standards for P110, U144,
U145, U146 (Nonwastewaters)
Maximum for any
Single Grab
Total Composition
Regulated constitutent (mg/1)
Lead 0.51
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Table 1-3 Proposed Treatment Standards for D008 Low Lead
Subcategory - Less than 2.5 Percent Lead
(Nonwastewaters)
Maximum for any
SlnEle Grab. Samole
TCLP
Regulated constltutent
(mg/1)
Lead
0.51
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Table 1-4 Proposed Treatment Standards for D008 High Lead
Subcategory - Greater Than or Equal to 2.5 Percent Lead
(Nonwastewaters)
THERMAL RECOVERY AS A METHOD OF TREATMENT
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2. INDUSTRIES AFFECTED AND WASTE CHARACTERIZATION
As defined in 40 CFR 261.24, D008 wastes are wastes that exhibit the
characteristic of EP Toxicity for lead. In other words, D008 wastes have
a lead concentration of greater than 5 mg/1, as measured by the EP
Toxicity Leaching Procedure. Section 2.1 describes the industries
affected by the land disposal restrictions for D008 wastes and describes
the processes identified by EPA that may generate these wastes.
Section 2.2 summarizes the available waste characterization data for
these wastes. Section 2.3 uses the Agency's analysis of the sources of
D008 wastes and waste composition to divide D008 wastes into several
waste treatability groups.
2.1 Industries Affected and Prof-«a« Description
The industries affected by the land disposal restrictions for D008
wastes are (1) the inorganic chemicals industry, which produces various
inorganic lead compounds; (2) manufacturers of organo-lead compounds;
(3) manufacturers and recyclers of lead-acid batteries; and (4) several
industries that use lead compounds to manufacture various products.
Processes in these industries that may generate lead-containing wastes
are discussed below.
2.1.1 Production of Lead Chemicals
Lead is used in industry as the metal and as various inorganic and
organic lead compounds. The production of inorganic and organic lead
specialty chemicals is discussed in this section. A list of current
manufacturers of the most common lead compounds is provided in Table 2-1.
Lead monoxide is produced by the reaction of molten lead with air or
oxygen in a furnace.
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Table 2-1 Current Manufacturers of Lead Compounds
Compound
Plant
Location
Lead Monoxide
ASARCO Incorporated
Denver, CO
Cookson America, Inc., Anzon
Incorporated, subsidiary
Philadelphia, PA
Quenell Enterprises, Inc.
City of Commerce, CA
Lead Acetate
Hummell Chemical Company, Inc.
South Plainfield, NJ
The Procter & Gamble Company
J.T. Baker Inc., subsidiary
Phillipsburg, NJ
Lead Carbonate
Hammond Lead Products, Inc.
Halstab Division
Hammond, IN
National Industrial Chemical Co.
Chicago, IL
Lead Tetroxide
Hammond Lead Products, Inc.
Hammond, IN
Oxide & Chemical Corporation
Brazil, ID
Lead Sulfate
(basic)
Eagle-Picher Industries, Inc.
Hammond Lead Products, Inc.
Joplin, MO
Hammond, IN
Lead Sulfate
(tribasic)
Cookson America, Inc., Anzon
Incorporated, subsidiary
Philadelphia, PA
Hammond Lead Products, Inc.
Hammond, IN
Tetraethyl Lead
E.I. duPont de Nemours & Company,
Inc., Specialty Chemicals Div.
Deepwater, NJ
Ethyl Corporation
Baton Rouge, LA
Source: SRI 1989.
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Lead acetate, often used for the preparation of other lead salts, is
made by dissolving lead monoxide or lead carbonate in strong acetic acid.
Lead carbonate is made by passing carbon dioxide into a cold dilute
solution of lead acetate, or by mixing a suspension of a lead salt less
soluble than the carbonate with ammonium carbonate at low temperature.
Lead tetroxide, or red lead, is manufactured by heating lead monoxide
in a reverbatory furnace in the presence of air at 450°C to 500°C
until the desired composition is obtained.
Lead sulfate is prepared by treating lead oxide, hydroxide, or
carbonate with warm sulfuric acid, or by treating a soluble lead salt
with sulfuric acid. The resultant precipitate is filtered and dried.
Basic lead sulfate and tribasic lead sulfate are prepared by
high-temperature fusing of lead oxide and lead sulfate or by boiling
aqueous suspensions of these two compounds.
Tetraethyl lead (TEL) is produced by the batch ethylation of sodium-
lead alloy (NaPb) in an autoclave using ethyl chloride and a catalyst
(usually acetone) or by a continuous process in which the lead alloy is
fed continuously and agitated in a cascade reactor with excess ethyl
chloride and a catalyst.
2.1.2 Uses of Lead Chemicals
Industries using lead chemicals and other products from which D008
may be derived include primary and secondary lead smelters, producers of
lead-containing alloys, metal fabricators producing parts containing such
alloys (e.g., castings, sleeve bearings, bushings), the mining and
construction industries, producers of lead sheathing for cable insulation,
lead-acid battery manufacturers, and producers of lead pigments.
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Table 2-2 lists Che major uses of lead and its compounds. The
largest use is in the manufacture of automobile batteries. Over
50 percent of the lead consumed in the United States is utilized in the
manufacture of plates and terminals for automotive lead-acid batteries.
Other uses include the manufacture of pigments for use in paints and
inks, the manufacture of additives for use in textile dyeing and
printing, and use in the ceramic industry for electrical insulators and
capacitors. All of these processes generate a variety of lead-containing
nonwastewaters and wastewaters. Treatment of the wastewaters generates
lead-bearing nonwastewater residues.
Tetraethyl lead is used as an additive in leaded gasolines. Thus,
organo-lead wastes may be generated in the petroleum industry. (Leaded
tank bottoms from the petroleum industry are the listed waste K052.)
2.2 wmc
Although the Agency has data from EPA's National Survey of Hazardous
Waste Generators on the facilities generating D008 wastes, these waste
characterization data show a wide range of component concentrations.
Consequently, no general statement can be made with respect to the
characterization of D, P, and U wastes discussed here, except that they
are extremely diverse.
2.3 Determination of Waste Treatahqitv Group
Characteristic wastes (i.e., D-code wastes) may have the same waste
code but could be generated in different processes in a specific industry
or in different industries. Consequently, the wastes may have different
waste characteristics, such that they may not be treatable to similar
concentrations using the same technology. In these instances, the Agency
may subdivide waste codes into several treatability groups. This is done
when the chemical forms of the wastes are different and clearly require
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Table 2-2 U.S. Industrial Lead Consumption by Product (X)
Storage batteries 59.85
Annealing, weights, galvanizing ballast 17.29
Pigments 7.66
Ammunition 4.89
Solders 3.74
Brass and bronze 1.44
Cable covering 1.44
Bearing metal 1.13
Casting metals 0.87
Sheet lead 0.61
Terne metal (lead-coated steel) 0.44
Caulking lead 0.37
Pipes, traps, bends 0.27
Reference: Kirk-Othmer 1978.
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different treatments or combinations of treatments. For example,
inorganic and organometallic compounds containing the same metal(s)
frequently require different types of treatment. Because of the
muliplicity of lead uses and applications, D008 wastes can exist as
inorganic liquids, inorganic solids or sludges, organic liquids, organic
sludges, ash, slag from smelting operations, or lead-acid batteries.
Each of these wastes will require different treatments or combinations of
treatments.
From a partial analysis of responses to EPA's 1986 National Survey of
Hazardous Waste Generators, the Agency has identified 82 facilities that
generate D008 wastes. Based on a careful review of information on the
generation of D008 wastes and available waste characterization data, the
Agency has determined that D008 nonwastewaters and wastewaters comprise
seven treatability groups: (1) inorganic solids or sludges with high
(i.e., recoverable) concentrations of lead; (2) inorganic wastewaters,
including wastewaters generated from recycle/recovery of lead
nonwastewaters and incineration of organic lead wastes; (3) inorganic
wastewater treatment sludges and other inorganic nonwastewaters containing
nonrecoverable concentrations of lead; (4) organic lead wastes (both
nonwastewaters and wastewaters); (5) explosive wastes containing lead
(wastewater treatment sludges from the manufacture of lead initiating
compounds are the listed waste K046); (6) nonwastewaters generated from
the recycling of lead-acid batteries; and (7) radioactive lead solids
waste. The Agency feels that these seven groups arc unique in terms of
treatability requirements (i.e., all seven groups will require different
methods of treatment) and that all types of D008 wastes that it expects
could be generated could be classified into one of these seven groups in
terms of waste treatability. The concentration of lead, as well as the
concentration of organic constituents and other physicochemical
parameters that can affect treatment of the various wastes, is dependent
on the particular production process employed and the method of
generation of the waste.
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3. APPLICABLE AND DEMONSTRATED TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
Section 2 established six treatability groups for nonwastewater and
wastewater forms of D008 wastes. This section identifies the treatment
technologies that are applicable to treatment of these wastes and
determines which, if any, of the applicable technologies can be
considered demonstrated for the purpose of establishing BDAT.
To be applicable, a technology must be theoretically usable to treat
the waste in question or to treat a waste that is similar in terms of the
parameters that affect treatment selection. (For detailed descriptions
of the technologies applicable for these wastes, or for wastes judged to
be similar, see EPA's Treatment Technology Background Document (USEPA
1989b.) To be demonstrated, the technology must be employed in
full-scale operation for the treatment of the waste in question or a
similar waste. Technologies available only at pilot- and bench-scale
operations are not considered in identifying demonstrated technologies.
3.1 Applicable Treatment Technology*
Because of the diversity of D008 wastes, there are several applicable
treatment technologies.
The technologies applicable for treatment of lead-containing wastes
are those that reduce the concentration of BDAT list metals in the
treated residual and/or reduce the leachability of these metals in the
treated residual. Because some forms of D008 waste may contain organic
lead compounds, treatment technologies that are applicable to these
wastes must also be able to free the lead from its organic bond.
Treatment of the organic constituents may also be required.
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3.1.1 Applicable Treatment Technologies for Solids or Sludges with
High Concentrations of Lead
EPA has identified technologies applicable to nonwastewater forms of
D008 wastes that contain high (i.e. recoverable) concentrations of lead.
These are discussed separately in the following subsections.
(1) High-temperature metals recovery. The basic principle of
operation for this technology is that metal oxides and salts are
separated from a waste through a high-temperature thermal reduction
process that uses carbon, limestone, and silica (sand) as raw materials.
The carbon acts as a reducing agent and reacts with metal oxides to
generate carbon dioxide and free metal. The silica and limestone serve
as fluxing agents. This process yields a metal product for reuse and
reduces the concentration of metals in the residuals and, hence, the
amount of waste that needs to be land disposed. For lead, this reaction
is:
2 PbO + C - 2 Pb + C02
High-temperature metals recovery technologies are discussed in the
Treatment Technology Background Document (USEPA 1989b).
(2) Stabilization technologies. Stabilization is identified as an
applicable technology for treatment of nonwastewaters containing
BDAT-list metals, such as the residues (slag) generated from
high-temperature metals recovery. Stabilization technologies involve
mixing the waste with lime/fly ash mixtures, cement, concrete mixtures,
or other formulations, both proprietary and nonproprietary. Water is
then added, and the mixture sets into a solid mass in which the
leachability of the metals is reduced compared to that in the untreated
waste. Stabilization technologies are discussed in detail in the
Treatment Technology Background Document (USEPA 1989b).
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3.1.2 Applicable Treatment Technologies for Wastewaters Containing
Inorganic Lead Compounds
The Agency has identified one technology applicable to aqueous
wastewaters containing lead. These wastes may be generated from
electroplating processes, battery manufacture, or the use of soluble lead
compounds. The applicable technology for treatment of these wastes is
chemical precipitation, followed by settling and filtration.
Chemical precipitation is used when dissolved metals are to be
removed from solution. This technology can be applied to a wide range of
wastewaters containing dissolved lead and other metals. It has been
practiced widely by industrial facilities since the 1940s.
The underlying principle of chemical precipitation is that metals in
wastewater are removed by the addition of a treatment chemical that
converts the dissolved metal to a metal precipitate. The precipitate
settles out of solution, leaving a lower concentration of the dissolved
metal present in the solution. The principal chemicals used to convert
soluble metal compounds to the less soluble forms include: hydrated lime
(CaCOHJg), caustic soda (NaOH), sodium sulfide (Na2S), and, to a
lesser extent, soda ash (Na2C0^), ferrous sulfide (FeS), and several
other chemicals, depending on the metal(s) to be removed.
In the treatment of aqueous inorganic lead-containing wastes, the
wastewaters are typically treated by* alkaline hydroxide precipitation
(with caustic soda or hydrated Hme), whereby lead hydroxide is
precipitated between pH values of 8 and 10.
Chemical precipitation is discussed in detail in the. Treatment
Technology Background Document (USEPA 1989b).
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3.1.3 Applicable Treatment Technologies for Inorganic Wastewater
Treatment Sludges
The residuals from treatment of inorganic D008 wastewaters will
generally contain lead that may have a higher concentration in the EP
leachate than the characteristic level. The Agency has identified
stabilization as an applicable treatment technology for these residuals.
Stabilization is discussed in Section 3.1.1.
3.1.4 Applicable Treatment Technologies for Organo-Lead Waste*
Organic wastes containing lead may be generated in the petroleum,
paint and ink industries. These wastes could contain inorganic lead
compounds mixed with solvent wastes, such as F001-F005, or organo-lead
compounds such as tetraethyl lead.
The Agency has identified several technologies applicable to
organo-lead waste forms of D008--incineration technologies, chemical
oxidation/wet air oxidation, and carbon adsorption. These technologies
are described below.
(1) Incineration technologies. A wide variety of incineration
technologies may be applicable for destruction of the organic components
of organo-lead-containing wastes. These technologies include liquid
injection incineration, rotary kiln incineration, fluidized bed
incineration, and fixed hearth incineration. A more detailed discussion
regarding the applicability of these technologies can be found in the
Treatment Technology Background Document (USEPA 1989b).
(2) Chemical o«ldation/wet air oxidation Chemical oxidation and
wet air oxidation are also applicable to treatment of lead wastes
containing organic constituents. Typical aqueous chemical oxidizing
agents used are sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, potassium
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permanganate, and ozone. Wet air oxidation is oxidation by dissolved
oxygen at high temperature and pressure. Oxidation treatment methods
destroy the organic constituents of the waste. A more detailed
discussion regarding the applicability of these technologies can be found
in the Treatment Technology Background Document (USEPA 1989b).
(3) Carbon ariso-ratlon. Carbon adsorption is typically used to
treat wastewaters containing dissolved organics at concentrations less
than 1,000 rag/1 and, to a much lesser extent, dissolved metal and other
inorganic contaminants. The two most common carbon adsorption processes
are granular activated carbon (GAC) and powdered activated carbon (PAC).
The basic principle of operation for carbon adsorption is the
transfer and adsorption of a molecule from a liquid stream to the surface
of an activated carbon particle. Effluent and residuals from carbon
adsorption may require additional treatment. Carbon adsorption is
discussed in detail in the Treatment Technology Background Document
(USEPA 1989b).
Treatment of organic lead wastes by the applicable technologies
discussed above will, in most cases, generate wastewater and/or residuals
(e.g., incinerator ash, scrubber water) with a concentration of lead that
would need further treatment by the technologies specified in Sections
3.1.1 through 3.1.3 for inorganic lead wastes.
3.1.5 Applicable Treatment Technologies for Lead-Containing Explosive
Wastes
Wastes generated in the explosives industry during the manufacture of
explosive initiating compounds such as lead azide may contain treatable
concentrations of lead and may also be reactive. These wastes are
typically generated as aqueous solutions. EPA has identified
deactivation technologies as applicable for treatment of these wastes.
Deactivation of explosive lead wastes (such as wastes containing lead
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azide) is accomplished by treatment of aqueous wastes using sodium
nitrite and sodium carbonate. This treatment method results in the
formation of a nonreactive wastewater treatment sludge containing lead
carbonate. This sludge may require stabilization treatment, as discussed
in Section 3.1.1.
3.1.6 Applicable Treatment Technologies for Lead-Acid Battery Wastes
Lead-acid battery wastes are generated from recycle of lead-acid
batteries at battery-breaking facilities during breaking of the battery
case to separate the lead-bearing components. Lead is present in the
wastewater and the lead components of the batteries.
The Agency has identified high-temperature metals recovery, chemical
precipitation, and stabilization as applicable to treatment of lead-acid
battery wastes. These technologies are described below.
(1) High-temperature metals recovery. In the recovery of
metallic lead, the lead components of the batteries are mixed with other
lead-bearing raw materials and are smelted into metallic lead. High-
temperature metals recovery technologies are discussed in the Treatment
Technology Background Document (USEPA 1989b).
(2) Chemical precipitation. During the battery-breaking
process, wash waters containing lead are generated. The Agency has
identified chemical precipitation followed by filtration as a method of
treatment of these wash waters. Chemical precipitation is discussed in
Section 3.1.2.
(3) Stabilization. High-temperature metals recovery and
chemical precipitation each generate a solid residual containing lead.
These residuals may require further treatment by stabilization.
Stabilization is discussed in Section 3.1.1.
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3.1.7 Applicable Treatment Technologies for Radioactive Lead Solids
The radioactive lead solids include, but are not limited to, all
forms of lead shuldings, lead "pigs," and other elemental forms of lead.
These lead solids do not include treatment residuals such as hydroxide
sludges, other wastewater treatment residuals, or incinerator ashes that
can undergo conventional pozzolanic stabilization, nor do they include
organolead materials that can be incinerated and then stabilized as ash.
The Agency believes that metal recovery is not an available
technology for these type of wastes. Any lead recovered would be
radioactive, and thus unusable.
Stabilization, on the other hand, should not be affected by the
presence of radioactive versus nonradioactive lead.
3.2 pamonstrated Treatment Technology
3.2.1 Demonstrated Technologies for Nonwastewaters
Lead recovery technologies (high-temperature metals recovery) have
been in widespread use in the mining and lead-acid battery industries for
over a decade. They have been installed primarily to maximize lead
recovery and minimize lead losses.
Incineration technologies are well-developed and well-understood
processes that are demonstrated for treatment of many hazardous wastes
containing organic constituents mixed with metals. Chemical oxidation
and wet air oxidation are demonstrated for treatment of various hazardous
wastes (both nonwastewaters and wastewaters) containing organic
constituents together with metals.
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Stabilization technologies have been used on a commercial basis to
treat the listed wastes K061 and F006 and other wastes. Some F006 wastes
contain high levels of lead. The commercial use of stabilization to
treat F006 wastes is described in the F006 background document (USEPA
1988c).
3.2.2 Demonstrated Technologies for Wastewaters
Chemical precipitation has been in use in the lead pigments industry
for over a decade as a method for the removal of lead from inorganic
process wastewaters. Data on the demonstrated effectiveness of this
technology are provided in the effluent guidelines document developed for
the inorganic chemicals industry (USEPA 1982). Carbon adsorption, in
addition to chemical oxidation and wet air oxidation, is demonstrated for
treatment of wastes containing organic constituents and metals.
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4. PERFORMANCE DATA BASE
This section presents the data available to EPA on the performance of
demonstrated technologies in treating the listed wastes. These data are
used elsewhere in this document for determining which technologies
represent BOAT (Section 5) and for developing treatment standards
(Section 6). Eligible data, in addition to full-scale demonstration
data, may include data developed at research facilities or obtained
through other applications at less than full-scale operation, as long as
the technology is demonstrated in full-scale operation for a similar
waste or wastes, as defined in Section 3.
Performance data, to the extent that they are available to EPA,
include the untreated and treated waste concentrations for a given
constituent, values of operating parameters that were measured at the
time the waste was being treated, values of relevant design parameters
for the treatment technology, and data on waste characteristics that
affect the performance of the treatment technology.
Where data are not available on the treatment of the specific wastes
of concern, the Agency may elect to transfer data on the treatment of a
similar waste or wastes using a demonstrated technology. To transfer
data from another waste category, EPA must find that the wastes for which
treatment standards are being developed are no more difficult to treat
(based on the waste characteristics that affect performance of the
demonstrated treatment technology) than the treated wastes from which
performance data are being transferred.
4.1 Performance Data for
Presented In this section are data collected by EPA and submitted to
EPA on treatment of various F-code and K-code wastes containing lead.
31*7»
4-1
-------
These data include performance data for high-temperature metals recovery
of K061 wastes, stabilization of K061 and F006 wastes, and incineration
of K048 and K051. The Agency believes that K061 is similar in waste
characteristics to many D008 wastes that may be generated (such as
off-specification lead chemicals and incinerator ash residues containing
lead). Additionally, EPA believes that F006 wastes are similar to D008
wastewater treatment sludges in teems of waste characteristics and lead
concentrations because both are generated from alkaline precipitation of
lead-containing wastewaters.
4.1.1 Performance Data for High-Temperature Metals Recovery
The Agency has 11 data sets for treatment of K061 waste by high-
temperature metals recovery. Tables 4-1 to 4-4 at the end of this
section summarize the treatment performance data collected for high-
temperature metals recovery for each of the 11 data sets. Seven of the
data sets represent data that the Agency collected on a rotary kiln unit
(presented in Table 4-1); all other data were submitted by industry and
include two data sets from plasma arc furnace treatment (see Table 4- 2),
one from a rotary hearth electric furnace (see Table 4-3), and one from a
molten slag reactor (see Table 4-4).
Table 4-1 presents total composition data for the untreated waste and
total composition and TCLP leachate data for the treated nonwastewater
residual, as well as design and operating data for each sample set.
Table 4-2 presents total composition data for the untreated waste,
treated nonwastewater, and treated scrubber wastewater and TCLP leachate
data for the treated nonwastewater. Table 4-3 presents TCLP leachate
data for both the untreated waste and the treated nonwastewater, and
Table 4-4 presents EP Toxicity Procedure leachate data for the untreated
waste ;nd the treated nonwastewater.
3147$
4-2
-------
For high-temperature metals recovery, treatment performance is
measured by the reduction in the concentration of metal constituents from
the untreated waste and also by the reduction of the leachability of the
metals in the residual as compared to that in the untreated wastes.
4.1.2 Performance Data for Stabilization
The Agency has performance data for treatment of lead-containing
nonwastewaters using stabilization, shown in Tables 4-5, 4-6, and 4-7.
The data presented in Table 4-5 are performance data developed from
stabilization of K061 waste. The data in Table 4-6 represent treatment
of FO06 wastes. The data in Table 4-7 represent treatment of K046
wastes. These data sets present untreated waste total composition and
TCLP data and treated waste TCLP data. Tables 4-5 and 4-7 also present
design and operating parameters for these tests. The treatment data
indicate that these listed wastes can be treated to below the
characteristic level by well-designed and well-operated stabilization
processes.
4.1.3 Performance Data for Incineration
The Agency has six data sets for treatment of K048 and K051 waste by
fluidized bed incineration. Table 4-8 at the end of this section
summarizes the treatment performance data collected by EPA for each of
the six data sets. Table 4-8 presents total composition data for the
untreated waste and total composition and TCLP leachate data for the
treated nonwastewater residual, as well as design and operating data for
each sample set. The data show that the concentration in the TCLP
leachate of the fluidized bed incinerator ash for all the sets is below
the characteristic level.
3147(
4-3
-------
A.2 Performance Data for Wastewaters
The Agency has 11 data sets for treatment of mixed metals wastewaters
containing K062 wastes and other listed wastes by chemical precipitation
and filtration. Table 4-9 at the end of this section summarizes the
treatment performance data collected by EPA for the K062 waste for each
of the 11 data sets. Table 4-9 presents total concentration data for the
untreated waste and the treated wastewater. The data show that
wastewaters containing lead can be treated to the characteristic level by
chemical precipitation and filtration. The Agency also has additional
extensive data on the use of chemical precipitation for removal of toxic
metals, including lead, from wastewaters. These data were developed as
part of the effort to establish effluent limitations guidelines for
various industries. The effluent guidelines development document for the
inorganic chemicals point source category (USEPA 1982) contains a large
amount of data on the effectiveness of various precipitation processes
for removal of lead from solution, as well as the results of engineering
site visit studies at lead pigment plants. These data clearly show that
with the use of chemical precipitation, the residual lead levels in the
effluent are reduced below the characteristic level of 5 mg/1.
31*7g
4-4
-------
Table 4-1 Treatment Performance Data for High-Temperature
Metals Recovery of <061 Waste: Waelz kiln
(EPA-Collected Data)
Concentration (units)
Untreated Treated Treated
concentration concentration TCLP
Constituent (ppm) (ppm) (mg/1)
Sample Set #1
Lead 19.400 1,720 <0.025
Sample Set »2
Lead 14,900 2,080 <0.25
SOT?1? Stt
Lead 15,500 1,940 <0.025
SWPfc *4
Lead 20,800 365 <0.025
Lead 21,900 738 <0.025
Lead 15,400 4,270 0.046
Sam It Stt *7
Lead 16.400 2,370 <0.025
aScme of the design and operating data associated with these data have
been claimed to be confidential. Th* remaining design and operating data
associated with these data are shorn at the end of this table.
Source: USEPA 1987a.
3197g
4-5
-------
Table 4-1 (continued)
Waste Characteristics Affecting Performance8
Boiling Point (in increasing order)
Mercury 356*C
Cadnium 765'C
Zinc 909*C
Lead 1760*C
Chromium 2672*C
Boiling Point of Metal - No low boiling point metals are present in concentrations that could impact product (recovered
metal) purity and use.
Thermal Conductivity'' - The thermal conductivity of K.Q61 waste has been estimated to be approximately
28 Btu/hr-ft'F.
Design and Operating Oata for Rotary Kiln High-Temperature Metals Recovery
grating value
Nominal 6/2/B7 6/3/87
Parameter
value0
SS #1
SS #2
SS 13
SS #4
SS #5
SS #6
SS #7
Kiln temperature (*C)
700-800
760-840®'
730-820d
740-840^
720-840*
600-1065*
575-740*
575-740*
Feed rate (ton/hr)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Rata of rotation (min/rev)
1.5
l.S
1.3
1.5
1.1
1.1
1.1
Zinc content (X)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Moisture content (X)
13.3
10.8
11.2
14.7
11.4
14.4
9.2
Carbon content (X)
-
-
-
- ¦
-
-
-
Calcium/siHca ratio
3.48
3.33
9.84
5.6
5.89
6.54
8.8
aThe wast* characteristics affecting performance for high-temperature metals recovery are relative volatility and the heat
transfer characteristics of the waste. As the best approximate measure of the parameters, EPA 1s using boiling point and
thermal conductivity.
bTherma) conductivity was calculated based on major constituents present in the waste and their respective thermal
conductivities. This calculation can be found in the Administrative Record for K061.
cThls system was built In the 1920s and was not originally designed for treatment of K081 waste. Nominal values were
developed by the plant tn lieu of design value*.
^Values reflect those for kiln #2.
'Values reflect those for kiln #3.
- ¦ This Information is considered Confidential Business Information.
Soureo: USEPA 1987a.
3i979
4-6
-------
Table 4-2 Treatment Performance Data for High-Temperature Metals Recovery
of <061 Waste: Plasma Arc Reactor
BOAT constituents detected
Untreated Treated Treated Treated
waste4 slag wastewater
(ppm) (ppm) TCIP (mg/1) (mg/1)
Sample Seij #\ (Stainless Steel)
Lead 6,000-14,000 <5 - <0 Q1
Sample Set 42 (Carbon Steel)
Lead 24.000-50,000 50-1,500 <0.05 <0.01-0.01
- * No data.
a For the untreated waste, EPA hat values for ranges only. Oata were
not available on the specific untreated values that corresponded to the
treated values.
Cooments:
1. Oata were not provided showing the specific operating conditions at
the time the wastes were treated.
2. He data were provided on treatment characteristics that affect
performance.
Source: SKF Plasmadust 1987.
31.97g
4-7
-------
Table 4-3 Treatment Performance Data for High-
Temperature Hetals Recovery of K.061 Waste:
Rotary Hearth/Electric Furnace
BOAT constituents detected
Constituent
Untreated
waste
TCLP
(mg/1)
Treated
waste
TCLP
(mg/1)
Lead
Zinc
Cadnium
Chromium
365
4,973
56
<0.1
0.38
0.94
0.05
<0.1
Caanants:
1. Data were not provided on untreated total concentrations.
2. Data iwr* not provided on the design and operating values.
3. Oata were not provided on wast* characteristics that affect
performance.
Source: INMETC0 1967 (Sample Sat #3).
3197g
4-8
-------
Table 4-4 Treatment Performance Data for High
Temperature Metals Recovery of K061 Waste:
Molten Slag System
BOAT constituents detected
Untreated Treated
waste slag
Constituent EP Tox (mg/1) £p Tox (mg/1)
Lead
348-556
0.05-0.80
Commits:
I. Data were not provided on total waste concentrations.
Z. Data were not provided on the design and operating values.
3. Data were not provided on waste characteristics that affect
performance.
Source: Sumitomo 1987 (Sample Set #2).
3197g
4-9
-------
Table 4-5 Treatment Performance Data for Stabilization
of K061 Waste (EPA-Collected Oata)
Test #1 - Binder: Cement
Untreated waste Treated waste - TCLP (mg/1)
BOAT Total TCLP Run Run Run
constituents (ppm) (mg/1) #1 #2 #3
Lead 20,300 45.1 1.03 1.20 1.24
Test #2 - Binder: Kiln Dust
Untreated waste Treated waste - TCLP (mq/11
BOAT Total TCLP Run Run Run
constituents (ppm) (mg/1) #4 #5 #6
Lead 20.300 45.1 1.30 0.711 0.350
Test #3 - Binder: Lime/My Ash
Untreated waste Treated waste - TCLP (mq/H
BOAT Total TCLP Run Run Run
constituents (ppm) (mg/1) #7 #8 #9
Lead 20,300 45.1 0.150 0.069 0.066
Note: Design and operating data associated with these data can be found
at the end of this table.
Source: USEPA 1988d.
3197g
4-10
-------
fable 4-5 (continued)
Design and Operating Data:
Stabilization process/binder
Cement
Kiln dust
£
Lime and flv ash
Parameter
Run fl
Run 12
Run #3
Run #4
Run #5
Run #6
Run #7
Run #8
Run 19
Binder-to-waste ratio
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.10
0.10
0.10
Water-to-waste ratio
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
Mixture pH
10.9
11.5
10.5
11.5
11.6
11.1
12.1
12.0
12.0
Cure tine (days)
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
26
26
Unconfirmed compressive
strength (psi)
29.7
88.8
95.7
133.0
167.2
141.2
54.8
58.0
50.7
Waste Characteristics Affecting Performance
Fine particulates - 90% of the waste composed of particles <63 «« or less than 230 mesh sieve size
Oil Mid grease - 282 ppm
Sulfates - 8,440 ppm
Chlorides - 19,300 ppm
Total organic carbon - 4,430 ppm
* This binder consisted of equal parts of lime and fly ash.
Source: USEPA 1988d.
-------
Table 4-6 Treatment Performance Data for Stabilization of F006 Waste
Concentration
Untreated waste Treated waste - TCLP lma/1)
Total TCLP Binder-to-waste
ratio3
Constituent (mg/kg) (mg/1) 0.2 0.5 1.0 1.5
Sample Set »1
(Source-unknown)
Cadmium 1.3 0.01 0.01 NR NR NR
Oil and grease 1,520 - -
TOC 14,600 - ....
Sample Set *Z
(Source-auto parts
manufacturing)
Cadmium 31.3 2.21 0.50 0.01 NR NR
Oil and grease 60 ....
TOC 1,500 - ....
(Source-aircraft over-
hauling facility)
Cadnium 67.3 1.13 0.06 0.02 NR NR
Oil and grease 37,000 - -
TOC 137,000 - ....
Sample Set »4
(Source-aerospace manufacturing-
mixture of F006 & F007)
Cadmium 1.69 0.66 NR NR <0.01 0.01
011 and grease 3,870 - -
TOC 8,280 - -
Sample Set »5
(Source-zinc plating)
Cadmium 1.30 0.22 0.01 0.01 NR NR
Oil and grease 1,150
TOC 21,200 - -
Sample Set »6
(Source-unknown)
Cadmium 720 23.6 3.23 0.01 NR NR
011 and grease 20,300 - -
TOC 28,600 - -
3197g
4-12
-------
Table 4-6 (continued)
Concentration
VPtrWtKl Wtt Treated waste - TCLP tma/1)
Total TCLP Binder-to-waste ratio*
Constituent (mg/kg) (mg/1) 0.2 0.5 1.0 l.S
*7
(Source-small engine
manufacturing)
Cadmium
Oil and grease
TOC
sample Set »8
(Source-circuit board
manufacturing15)
Cadmium
Oil and grease
TOC
(Source-unknown)
Cadmium
Oil and grease
TOC
?ft *19
(Source-unknown)
Cadmium
Oil and grease
TOC
¦ Not applicable.
NR • Results of tests at this binder-to-waste ratio were not reported.
'Binder-to-waste ratio - ^ jBtrW
weight of waste
b0il and grease and total organic carbon (TOC) have been identified by EPA as
waste characteristics that affect the performance of stabilization.
cC1rcu«t board manufacturing waste is not in Its entirety defined as F006;
however, an integral part of the manufacturing operation is electroplating.
Treatment residuals generated from treatment of these electroplating wastes are
F006.
Source: CWM 1987.
7.28
2,770
6,550
0.3
0.02 0.01 NR
NR
5.39
130
550
0.06
0.01 0.01 NR
NR
5.81
30
10,700
0.18
0.01 0.01
NR
NR
5.04
1,430
5,960
0.01
<0.01 <0.01 NR
NR
3197g
4-13
-------
Table 4-7 Treatment Performance Data for Stabilization
of KQ46 Waste
Test tl - Binder: Cement
Untreated waste
Treated waste -
TCLP (mo/1)
BOAT
Total TCLP
Run
. Run
Run
constituents
(ppm) (mg/1)
#1
#2
#3
Lead
967 103
0.072
0.1
0.062
Test #2 - Binder:
Kiln Oust
Untreated waste
Treated waste -
TCLP fmo/1)
80AT
Total TCLP
Run
Run
Run
constituents
(ppm) (ibb/1)
#1
#2
#3
Lead
967 103
0.9
1.1
1.0
last #3 - Binder:
LIU/FT y
Untreated watte
TCLP fmo/ll
BOAT
Total TCLP
Run
Run
Run
constItuanta
(ppm) (mq/D
#1
#2
#3
Lead 967 103 0.4 1.4 0.4
Note: Omign and operating data associated with these data can ba found
at the and of this table.
3197«
4-14
-------
Table 4-7 (continued)
Design and Operating Data:
Stabilisation process/binder
Cement
Kiln dust
a
Lline and fly ash
Parameter
Run #1
Run 12
Run #3
Run 11
Run #2
Run f3
Run #1
Run f2
Run 13
Binder-to-waste ratio
1.2
1.2
1-2
1.4
1.4
1.4
0.7
0.7
0.7
Dry waste ~ water
weight (g)
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
600
GOO
Binder weight (g)
720
720
720
840
840
840
420
420
420
Mixture pH
12.35
12.35
12.35
12.25
12.15
12.35
12-25
12.15
12.35
Waste Characteristics Affecting Performance:
Oil and grease - 3.8 ag/1
Sulfates - 190 ag/1
Total organic carbon - 461 ag/1
pH - 11.91
aThis binder consisted of equal parts of line and fly ash.
Source: USEPA 1988e.
-------
Table 4-8 Treatment Performance Oata for Fluidized Bed Incineration
of K048 and K051 Wastes (EPA-Collected Oata)
Concentration
Untreated waste
K048a K051 Treated nonwastewater
concentration concentration Total TCLP
Constituent (mg/kg) (mg/kg) (mg/kg) (mg/1)
Sample Set »1
Lead 400 940 940 <0.05
§WPlg tit *\
Lead 390 670 1,100 <0.05
Sample Set »3
Lead 410 790 1.100 <0.05
Sample Set «4
Lead 340 690 1,200 <0.05
Sample Set »S
Lead 330 700 1,300 <0.05
Sample Set »fi
Lead 350 640 1,100 <0.05
a <048 is a dewatered mixture of OAF float (K048) and waste biosludge.
3197g
4-16
-------
Table 4-8 (continued)
Design *nd operating
parameters
Noninal Operating range Operating range Operating range Operating range Operating range Operating range
operating during during during Airing during during
range Sample Set #1 Saaple Set #2 Sample Set #3 Sample Set 14 Sample Set #5 Sample Set 16
Bed teaperature (*F)
Freeboard temperature (*F)
API separator sludge feed rate
(gp«)
Undewatered OAF float Mixture
feed rate (gpa)
Constriction plate pressure
differential (In. HgO)+
Fluidized bed pressure
differential (In. H^O)*
02 (X voluae)
CO (ppa-voluw)
COj (X voluae)
1200-1300
(1400 Max.)
1250-1350
(1450 aax.)
0-24
30-90
;
15-20
60-100
NA
35-800
HA
1213-1240
1240-1253
22.3
43
10.7-18.7
90.4-102.4
8.2-16.2
50-135
2.2-9.0
1227-1323
1253-1293
22.3
53
8.7-18.0
91.2-104.0
9.2-16.0
80-355
2.3-8.1
1227-1207
1253-1287
22.3-22.4
50
9.3-18.7
91.2-104.0
9.5-16.8
45-140
2.2-8.6
1200-1260
1253-1273
22.3-22.4
61
8.7-18.3
91.2-105.6
10.5-17.0
40-340
2.8-7.9
1220-1253
1253-1267
22.3
53
8.7-18.7
92.8-105.6
10.8-17.3
30-910
2.B-7.5
1220-1240
1253-1267
22 3
61
10.0-18.0
92.8-105.6
10.8-16.0
50-770
5.7-7.7
NA * Mot applicable.
Source: USEPA 1987b.
-------
Table 4-9 Treatment Performance Data for Treatment of K06Z Waste
by Chemical Reduction Followed by Chemical Precipitation
and Vacuum Filtration {EPA-Collected Data)
Constituent
Concentration
Untreated a Treated
waste composite concentration wastewater concentration
(ppm) (ppm)
Sample Set #1
Lead
64
<0.01
Sample Set #2
lead
54
<0.01
Sample Set »3
Lead
<10
<0.01
Sample Set #4
Lead
<10
<0.01
Sample Set *5
Lead
18
0.01
Sample Set #6
Lead
<10
<0.01
Sample Set #7
Lead
108
<0.01
Sample Set »8
Lead
212
<0.01
Sample Set »9
Lead
<10
<0.01
Sample Set #10
lead
Sample Set #11
Lead
<10
136
<0.01
<0.01
a Untreated waste is a composite of K062, F006, F019, and/or D002 waste streams.
Source: USEPA 1986.
3197g
4-18
-------
5. IDENTIFICATION OF BEST DEMONSTRATED AVAILABLE
TECHNOLOGY (BOAT)
This section presents the Agency's rationale for determining best
demonstrated available technology (BDAT) for nonwastewater and wastewater
forms of D008.
To determine BDAT, the Agency examines all available performance data
on technologies that are identified as demonstrated to determine (using
statistical techniques) whether one or more of the technologies performs
significantly better than the others. The technology that performs best
on a particular waste or waste treatability group is then evaluated to
determine whether it is "available." To be available, the technology
must (1) be commercially available to any generator and (2) provide
"substantial" treatment of the waste, as determined through evaluation of
treatment performance data. In determining whether treatment is
substantial, EPA may consider data on the performance of a waste similar
to the waste in question, provided that the similar waste is at least as
difficult to treat. If the best technology is found to be not available,
then the next best technology is evaluated, and so on.
The most desirable waste management technology is one that results in
no residual streams or a residual stream with no hazardous properties.
In this instance, lead recovery eliminates the D008 waste streams in many
cases. This is especially true for lead-acid battery wastes, where most
if not all of the lead can be recovered from these waste streams as lead
metal. For nonwastewater forms of D008 (wastes processed by secondary
lead smelters, such as lead-aeid battery wastes), as well as for K061
wastes containing up to 50,000 mg/kg lead, recovery technologies have
been shown to reduce the leachate concentration of lead to below the
characteristic level of 5 mg/1 in the nonwastewater residual. The Agency
realizes, however, that not all nonwastewater and wastewater forms of
3146«
5-1
-------
D008 may be readily amenable to recovery processes. Lead may be present
in refractory solid matrices from which it cannot easily be extracted, or
it may be present in wastes containing inorganic lead compounds mixed
with solvent wastes or other organics. For inorganic nonwastewater forms
of D008 with high concentrations of lead for which recovery of the lead
is practical (such as for lead-acid battery wastes), the Agency has
determined that recovery/recycle provides treatment of nonwastewater
residuals to the EP leachate characteristic level. The Agency, however,
does not at this time have data that support setting a level of lead
above which recovery or reuse is required.
For inorganic wastewater forms of D008 wastes, EPA has data on
treatment of a similar waste (K062) containing lead and a variety of
other metals. These data show that the lead concentration is reduced to
below 5 mg/1 in the treated wastewater by a treatment system consisting
of chemical reduction followed by chemical precipitation and filtration.
(The chemical reduction step is included for treatment of hexavalent
chromium in the waste and should not affect the treatment of lead.)
These data are presented in Table 4-9. The Agency has determined, based
on these data, that chemical precipitation followed by filtration is the
best technology for treatment of these wastes and is demonstrated to
provide treatment to less than the characteristic level of 5 mg/1. For
the inorganic nonwastewater residuals generated from wastewater
treatment, the Agency has determined that stabilization is the best
technology for these wastes and provides treatment t-o the EP leachate
characteristic level.
EPA has treatment data, presented in Section 4 (Table 4-8), for
fluidized bed incineration of listed petroleum refinery wastes
(K048-K052) that contain high concentrations of organic compounds and
lead. For organo-lead nonwastewater forms of D008, the Agency has
determined, based on the fluidized bed incineration data for K048-K052,
3148g
5-2
-------
that incineration is the best method of treatment for the organic
components of the waste. The Agency believes that the transfer of these
data to treatment of D008 organic wastes is technically feasible because
of the high (330 to 960 mg/kg) concentration of lead present in the K048
and K051 wastes that were incinerated. Also, these wastes had
significant concentrations of organic constituents, and the lead
concentration of these wastes was primarily in the form of tetraethyl
lead. These treatment data show that the ash residuals from incineration
of wastes that are expected to be similar to organo-lead wastes have TCLP
concentrations less than the characteristic level of 5 mg/1. If these
residuals do require treatment for lead, stabilization has been shown to
provide treatment to less than the characteristic level on wastes with
higher concentrations of lead in the TCLP leachate (K061, for instance).
Incineration is demonstrated for many wastes containing organic compounds
and lead (such as K048 to 52 from the petroleum industry). Moreover,
incineration technologies are commercially available for use.
Stabilization also has been shown to reduce the lead concentration in
leachate from wastes containing high leachate levels of lead (up to 300
mg/1) and is commercially available. Therefore, the Agency has
determined that incineration followed by stabilization is the best
technology for treatment of lead wastes containing organics or
organo-lead compounds.
For explosive wastes containing lead, the Agency has determined that
the one demonstrated technology for treatment of these wastes, aqueous
deactivation followed by chemical precipitation, filtration, and
stabilization, provides treatment to the EP leachate characteristic
level. Stabilization data for wastewater treatment sludges (K046 wastes)
generated from treatment of reactive lead wastes, presented in Table 4-7,
show reduction in lead concentration from greater than 300 mg/1 to less
than 5 mg/1.
314S(
5-3
-------
For radioactive lead solids, the Agency is proposing surface
deactivation or removal of radioactive lead portions followed by
encapsulation or direct encapsulation as BDAT.
For lead-acid battery D008 nonwastewaters, the Agency has determined
that metals recovery followed by stabilization of the generated slag is
the best technology and provides treatment to less than the EP leachate
characteristic level of 5 mg/1, as discussed above for wastes with high
concentrations of lead. For wastewater forms of D008 wastes generated
during breaking of lead-acid batteries for secondary lead smelting, the
Agency has determined that chemical precipitation followed by dewatering
of the precipitate represents best treatment for these wastes and will
result in treatment residuals with total and TCLP leachate concentrations
below 5 mg/1 for wastewaters and nonwastewaters, respectively.
EPA has determined that the best demonstrated technologies specified
above for the D008 treatability groups--recovery and stabilization for
high-concentration lead wastes, chemical precipitation and filtration for
inorganic wastewaters, stabilization for inorganic wastewater treatment
sludges, incineration for wastes (both nonwastewaters and wastewaters)
containing organic constituents and organo-lead compounds, chemical
deactivation for reactive lead wastes, and recovery and stabilization for
lead-acid battery nonwastewaters--are available and thus represent BDAT.
31401
5-4
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6. DEVELOPMENT OF BOAT TREATMENT STANDARDS
In Section 5, the Agency chose the best demonstrated available
technology (BDAT) for both nonwastewaters and wastewaters based on the
treatment data available to the Agency. In this section, proposed BDAT
treatment standards will be developed based on the performance of these
technologies. Lead is selected as the only regulated constituent because
it is the only constituent for which this waste is listed. If D008
wastes are mixed with other listed or characteristic hazardous wastes and
thus contained other constituents, other treatment standards would also
apply.
The Agency bases treatment standards for regulated constituents on
the performance of well-designed and well-operated BDAT treatment
systems. These standards must account for analytical limitations in
available performance data and must be adjusted for variabilities related
to treatment, sampling, and analytical techniques and procedures.
BDAT standards are determined for each constituent by multiplying the
arithmetic mean of accuracy-adjusted constituent concentrations detected
in treated waste by a "variability factor" specific to each constituent
for each treatment technology defined as BDAT. Accuracy adjustment of
performance data has been discussed in Section 5 in relation to defining
BDAT. Variability factors account for normal variations in the
performance of a particular technology over time. They are designed to
reflect the 99th percentile level of performance that the technology
achieves in commercial operatipn. (For more information on the
principles of calculating variability factors, see EPA's publication
Methodology for Developing BDAT Treatment Standards (USEPA 1989a).)
Details on the calculation of variability factors for lead-containing
nonwastewaters and wastewaters are presented in this section.
3149s
6-1
-------
For the forms of the non-indigenous recyclable D008 wastes containing
high concentrations of lead, EPA is proposing thermal recovery followed
by stabilization as a treatment standard. Residues from recycling
indigenous D008 materials would be subject to the D008 standard if such
residues exhibit EP-toxicity for lead. For D008 wastewaters, the Agency
is proposing a treatment standard of based on chemical precipitation.
For D008 wastewater treatment sludges, the Agency is proposing treatment
standards based on stabilization. For D008 reactive wastes, the Agency
is proposing chemical deactivation followed by chemical precipitation as
a method of treatment. For D008 organic and organo-lead nonwastewaters
and wastewaters, the Agency is proposing treatment standards based on
incineration followed by stabilization for nonwastewater residuals and
chemical precipitation for wastewater residuals.
For D008 lead-acid battery nonwastewaters, the Agency is proposing
recovery as a treatment standard. These standards only apply for lead
acid batteries that are identified as RCRA hazardous wastes and that are
not elsewhere excluded from regultion under the land disposal
restrictions of 40 CFR 268 or exempted under other EPA reguations (see 40
CFR 266.80). Table 6-1 shows the proposed treatment standards for D008
wastes.
3140g
6-2
-------
Table 6-1 Proposed Treatment Standards for D008 Wastes
Regulated Proposed treatment standard
Waste type constituent Maximum for anv single grab sample
mg/1
Nonwastewaters
D008 nonwastewaters Lead
with less than 2.5% lead
D008 nonwastewaters Lead
with greater than
or equal to 2.5% lead
Wastewaters
D008 reactive wastewaters Lead
TCLP
0.51
Thermal recovery.
Total composition
0.040
3148s
6-3
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7. P AND U WASTE CODES
This section addresses regulation of P and U wastes that are
generated by the manufacturers and users of lead compounds. These
wastes, listed in Table 7-1, are identified in 40 CFR 261,33 as
"discarded commercial chemical products, off-specification species,
container residues, and spill residues thereof."
7.1 Industries Affected
Industries that may generate lead-containing P and U wastes are
producers of tetraethyl lead (TEL) for use as antiknock additives for
gasoline; producers of inorganic and organic lead pigments and specialty
chemicals for applications such as the preparation of reagents for sugar
analyses and organic syntheses, the preparation of rubber antioxidants,
and processing agents for the cosmetic, perfume, and toiletry industries.
7.2 Applicable and Demonstrated Treatment Technologies
Wastewaters containing soluble lead compounds such as lead acetate
(U144), lead phosphate (U145), and lead subacetate (U146) are expected to
be similar in nature to K062 and other wastes generated from metal
finishing operations in terms of the concentration of lead and other
waste characteristics affecting treatment performance. The Agency
believes that chemical precipitation, followed by dewatering of the
precipitate and stabilization of the dewatered solids, is applicable and
demonstrated to treat these wastes.
The Agency believes that organo-lead wastes, such as tetraethyl lead
(P110), are similar in nature to K048-K052 wastes generated in the
petroleum refining industry. The Agency believes that incineration,
chemical oxidation, wet air oxidation, carbon adsorption, and
solidification are applicable and demonstrated to treat these wastes.
3151*
7-1
-------
Table 7-1 P and U Waste Codes Proposed for Regulation
Waste code Chemical compound Regulated constituent
P110 Tetraethyl lead Lead
U144 Lead acetate Lead
U145 Lead phosphate Lead
U146 Lead subacetate Lead
3191*
7-2
-------
7.3
Identification of Best Demonstrated Available Technology
EPA believes that the U-code wastes listed in Table 7-1, as commonly
generated, are similar to K062 wastes. These U-code wastes are soluble
lead compounds or leak or spill residues containing these compounds. The
Agency, therefore, expects these wastes to be generated as wastewaters or
to be easily dissolvable in water prior to treatment. The Agency
believes that the best way to treat nonwastewater forms of these U-code
wastes is to dissolve them in water (if they are not already dissolved)
and then treat them by the demonstrated treatment technology identified
in Section 7.2.
Of the demonstrated technologies identified in Section 7.2 for
inorganic lead wastes, EPA has data, presented in Table 4-9, for
treatment of K062 wastewaters by chemical precipitation followed by
filtration. EPA has data for treatment of K046 and F006 wastewater
treatment sludges by stabilization. Accuracy-adjusted performance data
for treatment of lead-containing wastewaters are presented in Table 7-2.
Accuracy-adjusted data for treatment of K046 and F006 by stabilization
are presented in Table 7-3. These data were analyzed by the analysis of
variance (ANOVA) test to determine which data set represented better
treatment. Of the K046 data, treatment by cement stabilization was
determined to represent better treatment than lime/fly ash or kiln dust
stabilization, based on this test. A comparison of the F006 stabilization
data with the K046 cement stabilization data shows that the treatment
data from K046 represents better performance. However, these data were
obtained from stabilization of a lead carbonate treatment sludge
generated from chemical deactivation of reactive K046, while F006
treatment data were obtained from stabilization of a hydroxide treatment
sludge generated from treatment of mixed electroplating wastewaters. The
Agency is basing wastewater treatment standards for these U-code wastes
3131(
7-3
-------
Table 7-2 Suomary of Accuracy Adjustment of Treatment Data
for Lead in Treated Wastewaters
Accuracy-
Untreated waste Measured Percent adjusted
concentration treated waste recovery for Accuracy- TCLP leachate
Total concentration matrix correction concentration
(mg/kg) TCLP (mg/1) spike test factor (mg/1)
Chemical Precioitation of K062
Sample Set No. 1
64
<0.01
76
1.316
<0.0132
Sample Set No. 2
54
<0.01
76
1.316
<0.0132
Sample Set No. 3
<10
<0.01
76
1.316
<0.0132
Sample Set No. 4
<10
<0.01
76
1.316
<0.0132
Sample Set No. 5
18
0.01
76
1.316
<0.0132
Sample Set No. 6
<10
<0.01
76
1.316
<0.0132
Sample Set No. 7
108
<0.01
76
1.316
<0.0132
Sample Set No. 8
212
<0.01
76
1.316
<0.0132
Sample Set No. 9
<10
<0.01
76
1.316
<0.0132
Sample Set No. 10
<10
<0.01
76
1.316
<0.0132
Sample Set No. 11
136
<0.01
76
1.316
<0.0132
3197g
7-4
-------
Table 7-3 Sumnary of Accuracy Adjustment of Treatment Data
for Lead in Treated Wastewater Treatment Sludges
Accuracy-
Untreated waste Measured Percent adjusted
concentration treated waste recovery for Accuracy- TCLP leachate
Total TCLP concentration matrix correction concentration
(mg/kg) (mg/1) TCLP (mg/1) spike test factor (rag/1)
Stabilization of F006 (Lime/Fly Ash)
Sample Set No. 2 (0.5*)
409
10.7
0.36
93
1.075
0.39
Sample Set No. 7 (0.5*)
113
3.37
0.36
93
1.075
0.39
Sample Set No. S (0.5*)
156
1.0
0.36
93
1.075
0.41
Sample Set No. 9 (0.5*)
169
4.22
0.37
93
1.075
0.40
Sample Set No. 10 (0.5*)
24,500
50.2
0.27
93
1.075
0.29
Stabilization of K046 (Cement)
Sample Set No. 1
967
103
0.072
77.4
1.29
0.093
Sample Set No. 2
967
103
0.10
77.4
1.29
0.129
Sample Set No. 3
967
103
0.061
77.4
1.29
0.079
Stabilization of K04£ (Kiln
Oust)
Sample Set No. 1
967
103
0.9
91
1.10
0.99
Sample Set No. 2
967
103
1.1
91
1.10
1.21
Sample Set No. 3
967
103
1.0
91
1.10
1.10
Stabilization of K046 (Lime/Fl* Ash)
Sample Set No. 1
Sample Set No. 2
Sample Set No. 3
967
967
967
103
103
103
0.4
0.4
0.4
69.5
69.5
69.5
1.44
1.44
1.44
0.576
0.576
0.576
*Binder-to-waate ratio used.
3197g
7-5
-------
on hydroxide precipitation treatment of K062 wastes; therefore, the F006
treatment data will be used for development of the nonwastewater
standards.
Demonstrated technologies for P110 wastes are those that were
identified in Section 7.2 for organic lead wastes. Of the demonstrated
technologies identified in Section 7.2, the Agency has data for treatment
of K048-K052 wastes by incineration. Incineration generates an ash with
a lead leachate concentration below the analytical detection limit, as
shown in Table 4-8. Accuracy adjustment of the incineration data for
these wastes is presented in Table 7-4.
Chemical precipitation, stabilization, and incineration are shown in
Tables 7-2 through 7-4, respectively, to provide substantial treatment of
lead in inorganic wastewaters, inorganic nonwastewaters, and organo-lead
wastes. These technologies are also all commercially available.
Therefore, these technologies are determined to be BDAT for U- and P-code
lead wastes.
7.4 Selection of Regulated Constituents
EPA is proposing treatment standards for lead in both wastewaters and
nonwastewaters for all the P- and U-code wastes listed in Table 7-1.
Lead is the only Appendix VIII constituent for which these wastes are
listed, and it is the only BDAT list constituent that the Agency expects
to find in the wastes on a regular basis (unless these wastes are mixed
with other listed hazardous wastes, in which case other treatment
standards would also apply).
7.5 Calculation of Prnnnaed Treatment Standard.
Treatment standards for lead in the U-code wastes listed in Table 7-1
are based on chemical precipitation followed by settling and filtration
31SXs
7-6
-------
Table 7-4 Suirmary of Accuracy Adjustment of Treatment Data
for Lead in Incinerator Ash from K048-K052
Accuracy-
Untreated waste Measured Percent adjusted
concentration treated waste recovery for Accuracy- TCIP leachate
<048 K052 concentration matrix correction concentration
(mg/kg) (mg/kg) TCLP (mg/1) spike test factor (mg/1)
Sample Set No. 1 400 940
Sample Set No. 2 390 670
Sample Set No. 3 410 790
Sample Set No. 4 340 690
Sample Set No. 5 330 700
Sample Set No. 6 350 640
<0.05 89 1.12 <0.056
<0.05 89 1.12 <0.056
<0.05 89 1.12 <0.056
<0.05 89 1.12 <0.056
<0.0S 89 1.12 <0.056
<0.05 89 1.12 <0.056
3197g
7-7
-------
for wastewaters and on stabilization for nonwastewaters. Treatment
standards for these wastes were transferred from the performance of the
BDAT for the K062 and F006 wastes. The calculation of these treatment
standards is summarized in Tables 7-5 and 7-6. The Agency believes that
the transfer of the performance data is technically feasible because of
the high concentration of lead present in K062 and F006 wastes.
The treatment standards for lead in P110 wastes (both nonwastewaters
and wastewaters) are based on incineration, folowed by treatment of the
residuals generated. BDAT for the treatment of the scrubber water for
lead is chemical precipitation followed by stabilization of the wastewater
treatment sludge. BDAT for treatment of the ash is stabilization,
although the incineration data presented in Table 7-4 show that the
incinerator ash generated from treatment of similar wastes (K048-K052)
has a TCLP leachate concentration for lead of less than the detection
limit. Thus, the wastewater and nonwastewater treatment standards for
P110 are transferred from K062 and F006, respectively. The Agency
believes that this transfer is technically feasible because of the high
(330 to 960 mg/kg) concentration of lead present in the K048 and K051
wastes that were incinerated. Also, the lead concentration of the wastes
was primarily in the form of tetraethyl lead. Incineration residuals
generated are expected to contain inorganic lead in an inorganic matrix;
therefore, the transfer of standards from K062 and F006 is justified.
All wastewater and nonwastewater residuals from treatment of P and U
wastes containing lead must meet the treatment standards presented in
Table 7-7.
31311
7-8
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Table 7-5 Calculation of Wastewater Treatment Standards
for U144, U14S, U146. and P110
Accuracy-adjusted Mean treated Treatment
Regulated treated waste waste Variability standard (total
constituent concentration concentration factor (Vf) composition)
(mg/1) (mg/1) lmg/1)
Lead <0.0132 <0.0132 2.8 0.04
<0.0132
<0.0132
<0.0132
<0.0132
<0.0132
3197g
7-9
-------
Table 7-6 Calculation of Nonwastewater Treatment Standards
for U144, U145, U146, and P110
Accuracy-adjusted
treated waste Mean treated Treatment
Regulated TCLP leachate TCLP Variability standard
constituent concentration concentration factor (VF) TCLP
(mg/1) (mg/1) (mg/1)
Lead
0.39
0.39
0.41
0.40
0.29
<0.37
1.37
0.51
3197g
7-10
-------
Table 7-7
Proposed Treatment Standards for P- and U-
Code
Lead Wastes
Wastewater
Nonwastewater
Constituent
Total composition
Total composition
TCLP
(mg/1)
(mg/1)
(ag/1)
Lead (Pi10)
0.04
NA
0.51
Lead (U144)
0.04
NA
0.51
Lead (U145)
0.04
NA
0.51
Lead (U146)
0.04
NA
0.51
NA - Not applicable.
3191s
7-11
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8. REFERENCES
APHA, AWWA, and WPCF. 1985. Americal Public Health Association, American
Water Works Association, and Water Pollution Control Federation.
Standard methods for the examination of water and, wastewater. 16th
ed. Washington, D.C.: American Public Health Association.
CWM. 1987. Chemical Waste Management. Technical report no. 87-117:
Stabilization treatment of selected metal-containing wastes. Chemical
Waste Management, 150 West 137th Street, Riverdale, IL.
INMETCO. 1987. Description of INMETCO's operations and identification
of the materials that it processes. (Industry-submitted data.)
Kirk Othmer. 1978. Lead, lead alloys, and lead compounds. In Kirk
Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. Vol. 14, pp. 98-193.
New York: John Wiley and Sons.
SKF Plasmadust. 1987. Key data for the Scandust Plant for treating EAF
flue dust (K061). August 1987. (Industry-submitted data.)
SRI. 1989. Stanford Research Institute. 1989 directory of chemical
producers, United States of America. Menlo Park, California: Stanford
Research Institute.
Sumitomo Corporation of America. 1987. On-site treatment of EAF dust
via the NMD system using sensible heat from molten slag. (Industry-
submitted data.)
USEPA. 1982. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Development
document for effluent limiting guidelines (BATEA). New source
performance standards and pretreatment standards for the inorganic
chemicals manufacturing point source category. Washington, D.C.: U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency.
USEPA. 1986. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid
Waste. Onsite engineering report of treatment technology performance
and operation for Envirite Corporation. Washington, D.C.: U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency.
USEPA. 1987a. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid
Waste. Onsite engineering report for Horsehead Development Company for
K061. Draft report. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency.
USEPA. 1987b. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid
Waste. Onsite engineering report of treatment technology performance
and operation for Amoco Oil Company. Washington, D.C.: U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency.
3206«
8-1
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USEPA. 1988a. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid
Waste. Generic quality assurance plan for Land Disposal Restrictions
Program ("BDAT"). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency.
USEPA. 1988b. U.S.. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid
Waste. Best demonstrated available technology (BDAT) background
document for K061. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency,
USEPA. 1988c. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid
Waste. Best demonstrated available technology (BDAT) background
document for F006. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency.
USEPA. 1988d. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Onsite engineering
report for Waterways Experiment Station for K061. Washington, D.C.:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
USEPA. 1988e. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Onsite engineering
report for Waterways Experiment Station for K046. Washington, D.C.:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
USEPA. 1989a. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid
Waste. Methodology for developing BDAT treatment standards.
Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
USEPA. 1989b. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid
Waste. Treatment technology background document. Washington, D.C.:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
USEPA. 1989c. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid
Waste. Best demonstrated available technology (BDAT) background
document for cyanide wastes. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency.
Versar Inc. 1980. Multimedia assessment of the inorganic chemicals
industry. Task 4, Contract No. 68-03-2604, final report for the
Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory, Vol. 3. Cincinnati,
Ohio: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
3206ft
8-2
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APPENDIX A - QA/QC DATA
-------
Table A-l Huidized Bed Incinerator Ash Matrix Spike Recoveries for Lead in K.Q48/K051
Sample Set No. 5
Sawole AM-4E Ash Sample AM-4E Ash Duplicate
Original Amount Amount Percent Amount Amount Percent Relative
amount spiked recovered recovery spiked recovered recovery percent
found difference
Lead 1380 990 2260 89 1000 2320 94 6
Source: USEPA 1987b.
31979 A-1
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