THERMAL POLLUTION RESEARCH PROGRAM
STATE OF THE ART NEWSLETTER
No. 2
July - December, 1970
January 1971
Environmental Protection Agency
Federal Water Quality Administration, N. W. Region
Pacific Northwest Water Laboratory

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NATIONAL THERMAL POLLUTION RESEARCH PROGRAM
STATE-OF-THE-ART NEWSLETTER
No. 2
July-December 1970
Environmental Protection Agency
Federal Water Quality Administration, Northwest Region
Pacific Northwest Water Laboratory
National Thermal Pollution Research Program
200 S. W. Thirty-Fifth Street
Corvallis, Oregon 97330
January 1971

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CONTENTS
Page
MAJOR RESULTS OF R, D & D IN THERMAL POLLUTION CONTROL		1
NEW HARDWARE, CONCEPTS AND TRENDS IN THERMAL POLLUTION CONTROL		4
SEMINARS, WORKSHOPS AND SYMPOSIA		6
NEW PUBLICATIONS		7
GRANTS AND CONTRACTS		9
SERVICES AVAILABLE		11
WHO'S WHO IN THERMAL POLLUTION CONTROL		12
PROGRAM AND PLANS FOR FY 71		14

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MAJOR RESULTS OF R, D, & D IN THERMAL POLLUTION CONTROL
Dry cooling towers have a viable future in the United States. This
conclusion is substantiated by a comprehensive study made by John Rossie and
Edward Cecil of R. W. Beck and Associates under contract for FWQA. As a result
of technology and experience gained with air-cooled heat exchangers in industry,
U. S. manufacturers can design and produce dry-type cooling towers for power
generating plants. A number of industrial plants dissipate up to 2 billion Btu/hr,
a heat rejection load equivalent to a 425 MWe generating plant.
Economic studies described in this report indicate that the total busbar
power cost of a typical large fossil-fueled generating plant equipped with a
dry tower cooling system will be approximately 0.48 mills/Kwh more than the
total busbar cost, including fixed charges, of a similar plant equipped with
an evaporative-type cooling tower.
The use of dry towers with mine-mouth generating plants opens new possibilities
for the uses of important fuel reserves. For example, there are large deposits
of coal and lignite in the United States which are not fully developed -- notably
in Arizona, Montana, North Dakota, Utah, Wyoming -- which lack sufficient local
water supplies for make-up requirements for evaporative cooling needs. Western
utilities faced with increasing scarcity and cost of water may be attracted to
dry towers. Also, dry towers may be the best choice at certain eastern sites where
evaporative systems may have objectionable features.
A procedure for predicting the temperature of thoroughly loaded captive
ponds is presented in a report prepared by the Littleton Research and Engineering
Corporation, under contract for FWQA. The prediction requires knowledge of
monthly climatic and power plant operating parameters. Measured water temperature
for several operating cooling ponds distributed widely over the United States
compare favorably with the predictions based on the assumptions of fully-mixed
ponds and slug-flow ponds.
The economic analysis shows the cooling pond in some cases to have an
economic advantage over cooling towers and to be not much more expensive than
once-through cooling systems.
High material cost precludes practical application of thermoelectric
generators powered by thermal wastes from electric power plants. Dr. Mostafa
Shirazi, Research Mechanical Engineer with the National Thermal Pollution Research
Program, assessed the feasibility of recovering electricity from the waste heat of
electric power plants. Sources considered were: stack flue gas, gas-turbine exhaust
and condensing steam. Heat flux, conversion efficiencies, and flow friction losses
were calculated. Except for the condenser application, the friction losses are
several times the thermoelectric power generated. Even under favorable conditions,
3-9 MWe is all that can be obtained from thermoelectric condensers.

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2
The results of the study on thermoelectric generators were presented at
the symposium "Engineering Problems of an Expanding Society," which was a part
of the 5th Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference held in Las
Vegas, Nevada, September 21-16, 1970.
Knowledge and capabilities derived from several intramural and extramural
research projects, as well as contacts within the cooling tower industry, were
focused on Lake Michigan last summer. The National Thermal Pollution Research
Program, in cooperation with FWQA's Great Lakes Regional Office, conducted an
in-depth study of the feasibility of alternative means of cooling for thermal
power plants near Lake Michigan. The main report dealt with fossil-fueled
plants and Supplement A thereto with nuclear plants. They were presented as a
part of the Federal Government's testimony at the Workshop session of the Lake
Michigan Enforcement Conference in Chicago, September 28 - October 2, 1970.
It was concluded that any of the systems evaluated are feasible alternatives
to once-through cooling for thermal power plants near Lake Michigan. Meteorological
conditions throughout the study area did not impose restraints that are beyond
present-day capability in terms of engineering design and continuous operation
of alternative cooling systems.
The impact of alternative cooling systems on the environment appear to be
minor. Potential problems can be avoided or alleviated through proper site
selection and engineering design.
The maximum economic penalty for each type of cooling system in terms of
approximate percentage increase in power generation (busbar) costs above that
involving a once-through system is:

Fossil
Nuclear
Wet mechanical draft tower
lh%
2%
Wet natural draft tower
3%
3%
Cooling pond
<1%
<1%
Spray canal
1%
—
Dry mechanical draft tower
10%
—
Dry natural draft tower
9%
—
Following the conference, Dr. Bruce Tichenor, Research Engineer with the
National Thermal Pollution Research Program, supplied supplemental materials
to the consulting engineering firm of Sergeant & Lundy, The American Electric
Power Corporation, and Consolidated-Edison of Illinois.
Koh and Fan of Tetra Tech, Inc., under contract for FWQA, developed
mathematical models for heated wat£r outfalls for three flow regions. Near
the source, the subsurface discharge into a stratified ambient water issuing
from a row of buoyant jets was solved with the jet interference included in the
analysis.

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3
The analysis of the flow zone close to and at intermediate distances from
a surface buoyant jet was developed for the two-dimensional and axisymmetric
cases. Far away from the source, a passive dispersion model was solved for a
two-dimensional situation taking into consideration the effects of shear current
and vertical changes in diffusivity.
A significant result from the surface buoyant jet analysis is the ability
to predict the onset and location of an internal hydraulic jump. Prediction
can be made simply from the knowledge of the source Froude number and a
dimensionless surface exchange coefficient.

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NEW HARDWARE, CONCEPTS AND TRENDS IN THERMAL POLLUTION CONTROL
The large demand for copies of the R. W. Beck report on dry cooling towers,
even before the study was completed, attests the interest of the engineering
community, tower manufacturers, fuel suppliers, utilities, and even elected
public officials. Thomas C. Elliott, Associate Editor of Power, had this to
say in the December 1970 issue of that inagazine:
Air cooling has a key advantage in eliminating
water fouling and corrosion and the need for
water treatment, leading to a nagging cost.
Also, pumping costs, maintenance and installa-
tion time are minimized. Traditionally, users
have shunned coolers on a functional basis
because of imprecise temperature control and
poor efficiency. But recent improvements have
lead to higher heat transfer rates and to
better control.
Outlook for air-cooled heat exchangers: usage
will blossom in sizes equivalent to 20,000 gpm
and smaller, especially where water is expensive
and a cooling range of 20°F or less is acceptable.
As water costs rise, raise the gpm size and narrow
the cooling range. The method, along with others
mentioned, is a valid option for large-plant cooling.
Select it if your process suggests it will work.
Turbine manufacturers are currently performing research on a new line of
utility turbines especially designed for high back-pressure operation and are
also studying the feasibility of modifying present designs to operate at the
high back pressures that will be encountered with dry-type cooling tower operation.
Virginia Electric Power Company purchased the first complete cooling system
that incorporates powered spray modules. This system, supplied by the Ceramic
Cooling Tower Company, is for the Chesterfield Station on the James River in
Virginia.
Other utilities have purchased smaller assemblies of powered spray modules
for testing and research at specific sites.
Amid the deluge of verbage and dearth of data there is emerging a clarifica-
tion of the concept of beneficial uses of waste heat for thermal pollution control
and a better preception of where the potentials really lie. In a recent paper
presented at the Conference on Beneficial Uses of Thermal Discharges, sponsored
by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Ron Garton and
Alden Christianson of the National Thermal Pollution Research Program stated:

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In the overall environmental-ecological
framework, a beneficial use of waste heat
must help reduce the thermal pollution
problem directly or it must provide a profit
to help offset the cost of cooling devices.
Furthermore, the use must not result in
additional pollution such as that resulting
from untreated organic waste.
Dynatech R/D Company has quantitatively assessed the real-world potential
of a number of purported beneficial uses in a report "Total Community Considera-
tions in the Utilization of Heat Rejected from Thermal Power Plants," prepared
under contract for FWQA. The quantities of electrical energy consumption and
associated heat rejection quantities, their present and projected allocation
throughout the different sections of the country, and their relation to other
forms of Energy consumption are reviewed and tabulated. Thermodynamic
constraints on a solution to the thermal pollution problem are defined.
Feasibility of possible application of waste heat uses are reviewed in the field
of heating and air-conditioning, aquaculture, process industry, irrigation,
sewage treatment, desalination, snow or ice melting, and integration with municipal
water systems.
On the basis of this report and consideration of other factors, we conclude
that various agricultural uses appear to be the most promising at this time.
FWQA awarded a demonstration grant to the Eugene Water and Electric Board for
a "Thermal Water Demonstration Project." This demonstration of agricultural
uses is underway at Springfield, Oregon. Northern States Power is in the process
of developing a plan and program for agricultural demonstration in Minnesota.
William Yee and Sam Beall, Jr., of Oak Ridge National Laboratory, have
examined the relation of environmental temperature to efficiency of food conversion
in highly mechanized industries such as chicken, hog, and cattle production.
Certainly, the economic potential for heating chicken houses or hog barns with
power plant condenser effluent will generate enthusiasm for research in the months
ahead.
Aquaculture may have some potential in spite of two handicaps. First,
corranercial scale production of fish and other aquatic species in captive artificial
environments does not dissipate much heat. Furthermore, a solution must be found
to the secondary pollution problem that results from surplus food and other
organic and nutrient wastes from the species being raised.
International aspects of thermal pollution were considered by a panel on
thermal pollution convened by the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and
Development, December 17-18, 1970, Paris, France. This exploratory meeting of
the panel dealt with (1) the essential nature of the problems facing those
responsible for water management, (2) advisability of an OECD study on thermal

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pollution, the objective of such a study, the type of study to be envisaged,
(3) particular points which the study should take into consideration, (4) Prac-
tical ways of carrying out the study, including a draft time-table for the work.
Dr. Bruce Tichenor, National Thermal Pollution Research Program, represented
the United States. OECD will determine this spring whether or not to establish
a formal study on thermal pollution control.
SEMINARS, WORKSHOPS AND SYMPOSIA
The Atomic Industrial Forum and the Electric Power Council on Environment
jointly sponsored a symposium on "Thermal Considerations in the Production of
Electric Power" in Washington, D. C., June 28-30, 1970. Federal participation
included statements by Murray Stein, Chief Enforcement Officer and Assistant
Commissioner - Enforcement, FWQA; Dr. Raymond E. Johnson, Assistant Director,
Research, Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife; Frank H. Rainwater, Chief,
National Thermal Pollution Research Program, FWQA.
The Pacific Northwest Water Laboratory conducted a one-week training course
on "Analysis and Control of Thermal Pollution," December 7-10, 1970.

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NEW PUBLICATIONS
[July - December, 1970]
FWQA in March 1970 implemented a Research and Development Project
Reports System for acquisition, filing, indexing and dissemination of
reports and publications from in-house, contract and grant projects.
Materials entered into the system will be published in the Water Pollu-
tion Control Research Series. Please note the prefixed asterisk(s) to
the titles and the instructions at the end of the list for direction
of requests for copies of publications.
Intramural Outputs
1.	THERMAL WASTE TREATMENT AND CONTROL, by Frank H. Rainwater,
Atomic Industrial Forum, Inc., and Electric Power Council on Environ-
ment - Conference on Thermal Considerations in the Production of
Electric Power, Washington, D. C., June 1970; published in "Electric
Power and Thermal Discharges," Gordon and Breach, Science Publishers,
150 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10011.
2.	BENEFICIAL USES OF WASTE HEAT --AN EVALUATION, by Ronald R.
Garton and Alden G. Christianson, Proceedings of Conference on Benefi-
cial Uses of Thermal Discharges, Albany, New York, September 1970.
3.	THERMOELECTRIC GENERATORS POWERED BY WASTE HEAT FROM ELECTRIC
POWER PLANTS, by Mostafa A. Shirazi, presented at the IECEC, Energy 70
Conference, Las Vegas, Nevada, September 1970, Water Pollution Control
Research Series 16130	10/70.
4.	FEASIBILITY OF ALTERNATIVE MEANS OF COOLING FOR THERMAL POWER
PLANTS NEAR LAKE MICHIGAN, by National Thermal Pollution Research Pro-
gram and Great Lakes Regional Office, September 1970.
5.	***REFLECTIVE COOLING PONDS, by Lawrence D. Winiarski and
Kenneth V. Byram, presented before American Society of Mechanical
Engineers, 1970 Winter Annual Meeting, Novebmer 30-December 3, 1970.
Grant and Contract Reports
6.	*SURVEY OF PLANT OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS, Dynatech R/D Company,
August 1970, Water Pollution Control Research Series 16130—08/70.
7.	*AN ENGINEERING-ECONOMIC STUDY OF COOLING POND PERFORMANCE,
Littleton Research and Engineering Corporation, May 1970, Water Pollu-
tion Control Research Series, 16130DFX05/70.

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8.	HEATED SURFACE JET DISCHARGE INTO A FLOWING AMBIENT STREAM, by
Louis H. Motz and Barry A. Benedict, Vanderbilt University, Report
Number 4, August 1970.
9.	*MATHEMATICAL MODELS FOR PREDICTION OF TEMPERATURE DISTRIBU-
TIONS RESULTING FROM THE DISCHARGE OF HEATED WATER INTO LARGE BODIES
OF WATER, Tetra Tech, Inc., June 1970, Water Pollution Control Research
Series 16130DW006/70.
10. *RESEARCH ON DRY-TYPE COOLING TOWERS FOR THERMAL ELECTRIC
GENERATION, R.W. Beck and Associates, November 1970, Water Pollution
Control Research Series, 16130EES11/70.
11. TOTAL COMMUNITY CONSIDERATIONS IN THE UTILIZATION OF HEAT
REJECTED FROM THERMAL POWER PLANTS, Dynatech R/D Company, November
1970, Water Pollution Control Research Series, 16130 —12/70.
*Requests for copies should be addressed to: Head, Project Reports
System, Office of Research and Development, U. S. Department of the
Interior, Federal Water Quality Administration, Washington, D.C. 20242.
***Reprints available from ASME Order Dept., United Engineering Center,
345 E. 47th Street, New York, N.Y. 10017, Paper # 70-WA/PWR-4.
Requests for other FWQA publications should be addressed to: Librarian,
Pacific Northwest Water Laboratory, 200 S.W. 35th Street, Corvallis,
Oregon 97330.
Other Significant New Publications
ELECTRIC POWER IN THE ENVIRONMENT, Energy Policy Staff,
President's Office of Science and Technology.
ELECTRIC POWER AND THERMAL DISCHARGES, a volume of papers presented
at Symposia on Thermal Considerations in the Electric Power Industry,
Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, Inc., 150 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y.
10011.
AN OPTIMAL SITING MODEL FOR THERMAL PLANTS WITH TEMPERATURE CONSTRAINTS
by D. A. Marks and R. A. Borenstein, The Johns Hopkins University, Cooling
Water Studies for EEI, Report Number 6, August 1970.
COOLING TOWER DESIGN CRITERIA AND WATER TREATMENT, by F. W. Motley
and T. C. Hoppe, Black and Veatch Consulting Engineers, Kansas City,
Missouri, presented at Cooling Tower Institute Meeting, June 22-25, 1970.

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GRANTS AND CONTRACTS
See list of Publications for reports on completed projects,
New Grants and Contracts Awarded
Grantee or Contractor
Eugene Water & Electric
Board
500 East 4th Avenue
Post Office Box 1112
Eugene, Oregon 97401
Subject
"Thermal Water Demonstration
Project"
Project Director &
Expected Comp. Date
Byron Price
5/31/71
Washington State University
Water Research Center
Pullman, Washington 99163
"Analysis of Engineering
Alternatives for Environmental
Protection from Thermal Dis-
charges"
Allen F. Agnew
6/30/71
Oregon State University
School of Forestry
Corvallis, Oregon 97331
"Controlling Thermal Pollution
Pollution in Small Streams"
George W. Brown
6/30/71
University of Minnesota
St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic
Laboratory
Mississippi River at 3rd
Avenue, SE
Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414
"Mixing and Dispersion at a
Warm Water Outlet"
Heinz Stefan
8/31/71
Continuing Grant & Contract Projects
E G & G, Incorporated
P. 0. Box 1022
Boulder, Colorado 80301
"Theoretical Evaluation and
Development of a Criteria to
Determine Inadvertent Weather
Modification in the Vicinity
of Cooling Towers"
David 0. Zopf
1/30/71
Dynatech R/D Corporation
17 Tudor Street
Cambridge, Massachusetts
02139
"Survey and Economic Analysis
of Alternate Methods for Cool-
ing Condenser Discharge Water
in Thermal Power Plants"
John S. Maulbetsch
Three reports com-
pleted.
2/71

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Grantee or Contractor
Cornell Aeronautical Lab
4455 Genesee Street
Buffalo, New York 14221
Subject
"Research on Physical Aspects
of Thermal Pollution Control"
Project Director &
Expected Comp. Date
T. R. Sundaram
6/30/70
United Aircraft Research
Laboratory
Department of United Air-
craft Corporation
East Hartford, Connecticut
06108
"Feasibility Study of Non-Thermal
Pollution Power Generation
Systems"
Frank Biancardi
11/16/70
Center for the Environment
and Man, Inc.
250 Constitution Plaza
Hartford, Connecticut 06103
"Economic Analysis of Thermal
Pollution Abatement Costs in
the Electric Power Industry"
Frank Smith
3/16/71
Vanderbilt University	"Project for Concentrated Re- Frank L. Parker
Box 1670 - Station B	search and Training in the Hydro-
Nashville, Tennessee 37203 logic and Hydraulic Aspects of
Water Pollution Control"
Cornell University
Hoi lister Hall
Ithaca, New York 14850
"Heat and Water Vapor Exchange
Between Water Surface and
Atmosphere"
Wilfried Brutsaert
6/30/71
Oregon State University
Department of Mechanical
Engineering
Con/all is, Oregon 97331
"Thermal Plume Dispersion"
James R. Welty
11/14/71
Purdue University	"Turbulent Bed Cooling Tower" Ronald G. Barile
School of Chemical	q,7?
Engineering	'
Lafayette, Indiana 47907

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"Ten Most Wanted" Grant and Contract Proposals
11
The following reflect the major research topics that we would like to
pursue via the grant and contract mechanism.
1.	Methods for low-volume drift measurements from cooling towers
and sprays. Work Plan ZFF
2.	Elimination of drift from cooling towers and sprays using
seawater. Work Plan ZFF
3.	Improved efficiency of evaporative cooling systems. Work
Plan ZFF
4.	Improved efficiency of dry cooling systems. Work Plan ZFF
5.	Cooling water treatment -- chemical additives, practices,
hazards and controls. Work Plan ZFF
6.	Development of stochastic temperature prediction models. Work
Plans ZFC and ZFD
7.	Demonstration of beneficial uses of waste heat. Work Plan ZFJ
8.	Industrial waste heat loads and controls. Work Plan ZFB
9.	Advanced concepts of power generation. Work Plan ZFI
10. Field evaluation of guidelines for biological surveys. Work
Plan ZFL
SERVICES AVAILABLE
The technical staff of the National Thermal Pollution Research Program
are "on-call" for consultation and advisory services to FWQA Headquarters and
Regional Offices, and to State and local agencies as appropriate. Requests from
sources outside of FWQA should be routed through the respective Regional Director.
We are accumulating something of a "library" of equilibrium temperatures
and experimental evaporation coefficients for different meteorologic regimens in
the country, that may be useful 1n heat budget computations.

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WHO'S WHO IN THERMAL POLLUTION CONTROL
Headquarters
Dr. David Stephan
Mr. William Cawley
Mr. Arnold Joseph
Mr. Joseph Lewis
FWQA Research and Development
Assistant Commissioner for Research and Development
Acting Director, Division of Water Quality Research (DWQR)
Assistant Director for Engineering, DWQR
Staff Engineer, DWQR
National Thermal Pollution Research Program
Mr. Frank H. Rainwater
Dr. Bruce A. Tichenor
Chief, National Thermal Pollution Research Program (NTPRP)
Research Sanitary Engineer, NTPRP
Mr. Alden G. Christianson Research Sanitary Engineer, NTPRP
Dr. Mostafa A. Shirazi
Research Mechanical & Hydraulic Engineer, NTPRP
Mr. Lawrence D. Winiarski Research Mechanical Engineer, NTPRP
Dr. Ronald R. Garton
Research Aquatic Biologist, NTPRP
National Water Quality Laboratory, Duluth, Minnesota
Dr. Donald I. Mount	Director, National Water Quality Laboratory, (NWQL)
Mr. Bernard R. Jones	Research Aquatic Biologist, NWQL
National Marine Water Quality Laboratory
Dr. Clarence M. Tarzwell Director, National Marine Water Quality Laboratory

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Mr. G. Earl Harbeck
Mr. Frederich H. Warren
Dr. Charles C. Coutant
Other Federal Agencies
Research Hydrologist, USDI Geological Survey,
Water Resources Division, Federal Center,
Denver, Colorado 80225
Advisor on Environmental Quality, Federal
Power Commission, Washington, D. C.
Program Leader for Thermal Effects Studies
Ecological Sciences Division of Oak Ridge
National Laboratory, P. 0. Box X, Oak Ridge,
Tennessee 37830
Mr. W. C. Tallman
J. S. Purssell
Mr. Fred A. Limpert
Non-Federal Agencies and Associations
Chairman, Electric Power Concil on Environment,
President of Public Service Company of New Hampshi
Box 330, Manchester, New Hampshire 03105
Chairman, Cooling Water Task Force, Edison Electri
Institute, Boston Edison Company, 800 Boylston St.
Boston, Massachusetts 02199
Chairman, ASCE Committee on Thermal Pollution,
Head, Hydrology Section, Bonneville Power Adminis-
tration, P. 0. Box 362, Portland, Oregon 97208
Mr. Donald B. Jones
President, Cooling Tower Institute, Goodyear Atomi
Corporation, P. 0. Box 628, Piketon, Ohio 45661

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PROGRAM AND PLANS FOR FY 71
Work Plan ZFF: Engineering and Cost Aspects of Heat Dissipation
Determine the relation of film turbulence at air-water interface on heat
exchange, with objective of results to improve efficiency of cooling towers.
Extend the project with reflective ponds to include reflectance of
different materials, structural characteristics, and costs.
Desk-top and limited lab scale analysis of aerodynamics of cooling
towers.
Continue research on insect emergence through hot water lens.
Seek extramural (grant and contract) projects in the following technical
areas:
a.	Methods for measuring low-volume drift from cooling towers
and sprays.
b.	Elimination of drift from cooling towers and sprays using sea-
water.
c.	Improved efficiency of wet and dry cooling systems.
d.	Reduction in water loss from wet cooling systems.
e.	Materials for reflective cooling ponds that combine the desired
radiation properties with low cost and feasible practical
application.
f.	Cooling water treatment — chemical additives, practices,
hazards and controls.
g.	Demonstration of dry cooling towers.
Work Plan ZFC: Heat Transport and Behavior in Mixing Zone
Complete cooperative research with US6S on turbulent diffusion of a
heated plume and prepare two papers -- one containing all of the reduced
experimental data, and a second presenting the analysis for publication in a
technical journal.
Start intramural lab research on diffusivity and entrainment coefficients
and scaling factors for physical hydraulic models. This work will provide
continuity between analytical and physical modeling studies currently underway
through FWQA grants and contracts and by other agencies.

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Seek extramural (grant or contract) projects in the following technical
areas:
a.	Analytical solution of the nonsymmetric surface spread of
heated discharge that takes into account the current and
the effects of shorelines.
b.	Analysis of a buoyant heated jet close to the water surface.
Numerical approach to this problem must take precedent.
c.	Analysis of a buoyant jet with an ambient current.
d.	Analytical modeling technique for the interpretation	of
laboratory data in terms of field experiments. Will	tie
together the several analytical and lab studies with the
Vanderbilt project.
Work Plan ZFD: Heat Transport and Behavior in Large Hydrologic Systems
Develop stochastic modeling capability for prediction of heat transfer and
thermal behavior in receiving water.
Publish a paper on effects of temperature on cooling pond operation.
Prepare and publish a paper on the use of theoretical equations for
evaporative heat loss of small streams.
Prepare and publish a paper on applicability of Bowen Ratio over heated
water surfaces (tentative, depending on analysis of Little Deschutes data).
Seek extramural (grant or contract) projects in development of stochastic
temperature prediction model.
Work Plan ZFJ: Beneficial Uses of Waste Heat
Investigate heat rejection practices and loads from the numerous "relatively
small" industrial package units to determine which, if any, beneficial uses of
waste heat are applicable.
Seek extramural (grant and contract) projects in the following technical
areas:
a.	Pilot or demonstration project using waste heat for aquaculture,
including BOD and nutrient waste generation and disposal.
b.	Demonstration of new uses of waste heat for agriculture.

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c.	Demonstration project of space heating and food conversion
efficiency in meat, poultry, and egg production industries.
d.	Pilot study or demonstration of any other possible uses --
industrial, home heating, etc. As yet, there have not been
any likely candidates.
Work Plan ZFI: Advanced Technology for Power Generation and Utilization
No discrete intramural projects are planned. However, we intend to press
forward in implementing the five recommendations contained in our August 20,
1969 Staff Report for the Commissioner on "National Policy and R&D Needs in
Electric Power Generation Systems to Prevent Thermal Pollution."
Cooperate as may become appropriate with the newly formed Electric Power
Council on Environment, and Office of Environmental Quality, Federal Power
Commission.
Seek extramural (grant and contract) projects in the following technical
areas:
a. Review and digest of technology for closed-cycle gas turbines,
particularly as this interfaces practically with the course of
nuclear energy development in the U. S.
Work Plan ZFL: Consultation and Advisory Services
Continue response to requests for technical assistance from Headquarters,
FWQA, Regional Offices and States.
Through grant or intramural cooperation with a university or State, test
the applicability of the methodology presented in "Guidelines: Biological Surveys
at Proposed Heat Discharge Sites."
Work Plan ZFB: Sources of Heat Input to Waters
Seek extramural (grant and contract) projects in the following technical
areas:
a. Survey of heat discharge loads (volume and temperature) from
non-power industrial sources and analysis of adequacy of avail-
able cooling methods to abate or prevent thermal pollution.

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