THERMAL POLLUTION RESEARCH PROGRAM
STATE OF THE ART NEWSLETTER
No. 4
JULY 1971 - JUNE 1972
JULY 1972
Environmental Protection Agency
National Environmental Research Center, Corvaltis
Pacific Northwest Water Laboratory

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NATIONAL THERMAL POLLUTION RESEARCH PROGRAM
STATE-OF-THE-ART NEWSLETTER
No. 4
July 1971 - June 1972
Environmental Protection Agency
National Environmental Research Center, Corvallis
National Thermal Pollution Research Program
200 S.VJ. Thirty-Fifth Street
Corvallis, Oregon 97330
JULY 1972

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NEWSLETTER
S'P'E'C'I'A'L B'U'L'L'E'T'I'N
Thermal policy of EPA was announced by John R. Quarles, Jr.,
Assistant Administrator for Enforcement and General Counsel, in an
address to Edison Electric Institute's Eighth Biennial Financial
Conference, May 16, 1972. In part, Mr. Quarles said:
"Thermal pollution is also of major concern. The
return of large amounts of cooling water to the natural
environment can create a heatload highly disruptive or
destructive to a fragile aquatic environment. The Environ-
mental Protection Agency has had thermal policy actively
under consideration for many months. We have recently
established the policy that each discharge of waste heat
to the aquatic environment shall be evaluated on a case-
by-case basis. Where our analysis indicates that once-
through cooling damages or will damage the environment,
EPA will insist on a commitment to offstream cooling as a
prerequisite to either continued operations or to EPA con-
currence with company investment plans. In other cases in
which we believe that damage will not occur, but in which
there is a clear probability we shall insist on the estab-
lishment of an effective monitoring system to detect damage
before it becomes serious.
Design for new plants should incorporate all features
necessary for environmental protection. Inclusion of such
factors at the planning and design stage will markedly lower
costs from the expensive backfitting process. We are putting
the power generating industry on notice of the need for control
of thermal pollution. If any company chooses to ignore environ-
mental requirements in its planning, it will be deliberately
running the risk of increasing costs due to backfitting and
possibly of not being permitted to operate during the backfitting.
We realize that the additional costs to your industry of comply-
ing with these environmental measures will be great, but they are
reasonable, and necessary to get the job done."
Copies of the full statement are available from EPA's Office of
Public Affairs, Washington, D.C. 20460.

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RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS
Environmental Systems Corporation of Knoxville, Tennessee, developed,
tested and demonstrated an electro-optical system for quantitative measure-
ment of particle size and mass of drift from cooling towers. The system
uses a pulsed laser light-scattering technique. Also, isokinetic sampling
equipment was improved for quantitative sampling of dissolved solids mass
in tower exhaust.
Data from operating towers show drift rate on the order of 0.00X% of
circulating flow rate. Natural draft towers drift less than mechanical
draft towers and the predominate particle sizes are considerably smaller.
Vanderbilt University completed a report on "Effects of Geographical
Location on Cooling Pond Requirements and Performance." Energy budget
parameters developed from records at 88 stations throughout the U.S. are
depicted on a series of 28 maps. Monthly trends in these parameters are
also presented.
Stimulated by the increase in number and size of closed-cycle cooling
systems the thermal research program began studies of potential hazards of
blowdown and its control. Dr. Ronald Garton (formerly with this program)
reports on "Biological Effects of Cooling Tower Blowdown" and describes
assay procedures for evaluating mixtures of natural and added chemicals.
Significant progress is reported in thermal modeling. Models for
predicting the physical movement and dispersion of waste discharged below
the water surface had top priority in FY-72. Drs. Mostafa Shirazi and Lorin
Davis have critically reviewed data and analyses from numerous sources,
unified the approaches, and now present the material in a series of nomo-
grams readily usable by non-specialists in fluid dynamics and computer
sciences. These nomograms with accompanying narrative and example problems
constitute a 230-page digest that is being published by EPA.
Experiments on the co-flow submerged discharge situation have been
completed in cooperation with the U.S. Geological Survey. A team at the
St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory provides a comprehensive analysis
of the surface discharge problem.
Assistance to the operating arm of EPA continues to be a major activity.
The National Thermal Pollution Research Program has devoted considerable
effort to applying its expertise in reviewing those portions of AEC Environ-
mental Impact Statements which relate to the engineering and economics of
cooling systems for nuclear power plants. Thirty-one drafts have been reviewed;
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the flood continues unabated. Considerable assistance has also been
provided to EPA's enforcement efforts in the development of discharge
permits and the preparation of testimony in the Houston Lighting and
Power case.
The technical staff of the National Thermal Pollution Research Program
is "on-call" for consultation and advisory services to EPA Headquarters and
Regional Offices, and to State and local agencies as appropriate. Requests
from sources outside of EPA should be routed through the respective Regional
Admi ni strator.
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NEW HARDWARE, CONCEPTS AND TRENDS
The Marley Company announces "The Parallel Path Wet-Dry Cooling
Tower." The versatile design and flexibility in operating alternatives
are certainly conducive to elimination or minimization of potential
fogging problems and to conservation of water resources.
Dry cooling towers for steam electric generation are being con-
sidered more seriously than before in the U.S. The Atomic Energy Com-
mission recently issued a report prepared by R.W. Beck and Associates
entitled, "Cost Comparison of Dry-Type and Conventional Cooling Systems
for Representative Nuclear Generating Plants."
Potomac Electric Power Company has placed an order for a natural
draft salt water tower at the Chalk Point Plant (660 MWe). The contractor,
Marley, guarantees drift at 0.002% of the circulating flow. This is two
orders of magnitude less than the antiquated 0.2% some utilities and their
consultants are still quoting in Environmental Impact Statements. Get
with it, boys!
The market for spray cooling systems must be good, judging from the
new suppliers entering the market.
The general consensus of participants at the National Conference on
Waste Heat Utilization, Gatlinburg, Tennessee, October 27-29, 1971, was
that the greatest potential contribution lies in the context of total
energy utilization and conservation or multiple uses of water. With the
possible exception of agriculture, direct beneficial uses of waste heat
by entrepreneurs is not going to solve the nation's thermal pollution
problems.
More offstream cooling is planned by electric utilities. Cooling
plans of projected steam units 300 MWe and larger, as reported by FPC
in response to Order 382-2, indicate that only 39.5% of new units are
planned for once-through cooling. These data include units for which
construction has begun as of April 1, 1972, or is scheduled to begin
within two years. By the time all licenses and permits are obtained,
this 39.5% figure may be substantially reduced.
Two utilities in the Northwest warrant our praise. For the Trojan
Plant on the Columbia River, Portland General Electric has agreed to
ensure that all discharges, including cooling tower blowdown, are free
from zinc, chromates, and chlorine. Phosphates will be limited to about
5 lbs/day. Pacific Power and Light's Centralia Plant in Washington is
unique in that it has only two liquid discharges --the sewage treatment
plant and coal-pile drainage. Cooling tower blowdown is used as makeup
to the ash handling and coal washing operations. These two operations in
turn have recycling systems to save on consumptive use of water. Other
nominations for our "Good Neighbor Award" are welcome.
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SEMINARS, WORKSHOPS AND SYMPOSIA
A workshop on "Methods for Predicting the Physical Movement and
Dispersion of Submerged Waste Discharges in Water" was held July 11-14
at the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency's National Environmental
Research Center, Corvallis.
Although the technology presented at the workshop was developed
primarily for dealing with heat emission, it is equally applicable to
many other forms of waste.
The workshop was conducted by Drs. Mostafa Shirazi and Lorin Davis,
both of the National Thermal Pollution Research Program. Drs. Shirazi
and Davis have reviewed data and analyses from numerous sources, unified
the approaches, and presented the material in a series of nomograms readily
usable by non-specialists in fluid dynamics and computer sciences.
The nomograms provide estimates of physical spread and temperature
distribution around the waste discharge point, and they can be used for
setting achievable water temperature standards, designing monitoring pro-
grams, pre-design feasibility analysis, and outfall performance estimates.
Physical facilities at Corvallis limits the number of participants
to twenty-eight. Several applicants could not be accommodated. A second
session can be scheduled, probably at another location, if sufficient
interest develops.
NEW GRANTS AND CONTRACTS
July 1971 - June 1972
STUDY FOR THE STOCHASTIC CALCULATION OF WATER EQUILIBRIUM TEMPERATURE:
Environmental Systems Laboratory, Sunnyvale, California. Awarded December
1971 --to develop a statistical model for predicting water temperature
variations as a function of meteorological changes. Completion of this
research, scheduled for August 1972, will improve capability for predicting
thermal response and recovery from proposed discharges and for more effi-
ciently designing cooling ponds.
THERMAL POLLUTION CONTROL SYSTEM NOMOGRAPHS: Hittman Associates, Inc., '
Columbus, Maryland. Awarded March 1972 --to develop sets of nomographs
to be used to determine cost and effectiveness of thermal pollution control
alternatives. Alternatives covered will include open and closed-cycle
spray canals, cooling ponds, mechanical and natural draft wet towers, and
mechanical and natural draft dry towers. Completion of these nomographs,
scheduled for December 1972, will allow State and Federal regulatory per-
sonnel to run feasibility and cost analysis for discharge permit applications
without recourse to complex computer programs.
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NEW PUBLICATIONS
July 1971 - June 1972
NOTE: A complete listing of publications of the National Thermal Pollution
Research Program can be obtained from the Librarians EPA, Pacific Northwest
Water Laboratory, 200 SW 35th Street} Corvallis3 Oregon 97330.
1.	STATE OF THE ART NEWSLETTER NO. 3, Thermal Pollution Research
Program, January - June 1971.
2.	RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THERMAL WASTE CONTROL, by Frank H. Rainwater,
Proceedings of 1971 Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference,
Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc., Two Pennsylvania Plaza, New York,
N.Y. 10001. August 1971 .
3.	BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF COOLING TOWER BL0WD0WN, by Ronald R. Garton,
Ph.D., presented at 71st National Meeting, American Institute of Chemical
Engineers, February 20-23, 1972, Dallas, Texas.
4.	BASIC DATA REPORT ON THE TURBULENT SPREAD OF HEAT AND MATTER,
by R. S. McQuivey, USGS, T. N. Keefer, USGS, M. A. Shirazi, EPA. United
States Department of Interior, Geological Survey, Water Resources Division,
in cooperation with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Thermal
Pollution Research Program, open-file report. August 1971.
5.	DRY COOLING TOWERS FOR STEAM ELECTRIC POWER PLANTS IN ARID REGIONS,
by Mostafa A. Shirazi, to be published in Journal of Water Research.
6.	WORKBOOK OF THERMAL PLUME PREDICTION, VOL. 1: SUBMERGED DISCHARGES,
by M.A. Shirazi and L.R. Davis. April 1972.
7.	P0LLUTI0NAL ASPECTS OF GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT. A Staff
Report by Alden G. Christianson, National Thermal Pollution Research
Program. March 1972.
8.	EVALUATING THERMAL POLLUTION CONTROL ALTERNATIVES, by Bruce A.
Tichenor, to be presented at Second Institute of River Mechanics, Colorado
State University, August 2, 1972.
9.	INDUSTRIAL WASTE STUDIES PROGRAM: SUMMARY REPORT ON THE STEAM
GENERATION AND STEAM-ELECTRIC POWER GENERATION, January 31, 1972. EPA,
Office of Water Programs.
10. TEMPERATURE PREDICTION IN STRATIFIED WATER: MATHEMATICAL MODEL-
USER'S MANUAL, Supplement to Water Pollution Control Research Series,
16130DJH01/71.
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11.	DEVELOPMENT AND DEMONSTRATION OF LOW-LEVEL DRIFT INSTRUMENTATION,
Environmental Systems Corporation, October 1971, Water Pollution Control
Research Series 16130GNK10/71 .
12.	SURFACE DISCHARGE OF HEATED WATER, University of Minnesota, St.
Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory, December 1971, Water Pollution Control
Research Series 16130FSU12/71.
Bequests for publications not otherwise noted should be addressed to:
Librarian, National Environmental Research Center, 200 SW 35th Street,
Corvallis, Oregon 97330.
Other Significant Publications
1.	WASTE HEAT UTILIZATION, Proceedings of the National Conference,
October 27-29, 1971, Gatlinburg, Tennessee, edited by Marvin M. Yarosh.
Available as C0NF-711031 for $6.00 from National Technical Information
Service, Springfield, Virginia 22151.
2.	COOLING TOWERS, American Institute of Chemical Engineering.
3.	INFORMATION SOURCES ON WATER QUALITY INCLUDING THERMAL POLLUTION,
ASCE Committee on Thermal Pollution, Journal of the Sanitary Engineering
Division, ASCE, June 1972, pp. 569-578.
4.	HEATED EFFLUENT DISPERSION IN LARGE LAKES: STATE-OF-THE-ART OF
ANALYTICAL MODELING, PART I: CRITIQUE OF MODEL FORMULATION, by A. J.
Policastro and J. V. Tokar, January 1972. ANL/ES-11, Argonne National
Laboratory.
5.	THERMAL PLUMES IN LAKES, compilations of field experience by
J.V. Tokar, Argonne National Laboratory, ANL/ES-3, August 1971.
6.	MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF NUCLEAR PLANT THERMAL EFFECTS IN LAKE
CHAMPLAIN, by R.W. McLay, M.S. Hundal , F. Martinek, and E.B. Henson.
ASME preprint 71-WA/PWr-4, July 1971.
7.	COST COMPARISON OF DRY-TYPE AND CONVENTIONAL COOLING SYSTEMS
FOR REPRESENTATIVE NUCLEAR GENERATING PLANTS, R.W. Beck and Associates,
March 1 972.
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WHO'S WHO IN THERMAL POLLUTION CONTROL
EPA RESEARCH
Headquarters
Mr. Arnold Joseph, Program Element Manager, Thermal Pollution Research
EPA, Washington, D.C. 20460 (PH: 703-557-2634).
Mr. William Lacy, Program Element Director, Heavy Industrial Sources
EPA, Washington, D.C. 20460 (PH: 703-557-2634).
National Thermal Pollution Research Program
200 SW 35th St., Corvallis, Oregon (PH: 503-752-4211 , Ext. 349).
Mr.	Frank H. Rainwater	Chief, Nat. Thermal Pollution Research Program
Dr.	Bruce A. Tichenor	Research Sanitary Engineer, NTPRP
Mr.	Alden G. Christianson	Research Sanitary Engineer, NTPRP
Dr.	Mostafa A. Shirazi	Res. Mech. and Hydraulic Engineer, NTPRP
Dr.	Lawrence D. Winiarski	Research Mechanical Engineer, NTPRP
Mr.	Guy R. Nelson	Research Chemical Engineer, NTPRP
Mr.	James P. Chasse	Civil Engineer, NTPRP
National Water Quality	Laboratory, 6201 Conqdon Blvd, Duluth, MN 55804
(PH: 218-727-6548).
Dr. Donald I. Mount	Director, National Water Quality Laboratory
Mr. Bernard R. Jones	Research Aquatic Biologist, NWQL
National Marine Water Quality Laboratory, Liberty Lane at Fairgrounds Road,
P.O. Box 277, West Kingston, Rhode Island (PH: 401-528-4371).
Dr. Clarence M. Tarzwell	Director, National Marine Water Quality Lab
ELECTRIC POWER COUNCIL ON ENVIRONMENT
Mr. W. C. Tallman	Chairman, Electric Power Council on Environment
President, Public Service Co. of New Hampshire,
P0 Box 330, Manchester, New Hampshire 03105
Mr. Rod J. McMullin	Chairman, Water Quality Committee, Electric
Power Council on Environment; General Manager,
Salt River Project, P0 Box 1980, Phoenix,
Arizona 85001
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Dr. John C. Geyer	Chairman, Water Research Coordinating Sub-
committee, Department of Geographical and
Environmental Engineer, Johns Hopkins Uni-
versity, Baltimore, MD 21218
OTHER FEDERAL AGENCIES
Yates M. Barber
Richard Hill
Marvin M. Yarosh
Staff Assistant to Assistant Director of
Research, U.S. Department of Interior,
Bureau Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, Interior
Building, 18th & C Streets, N.W., Washington, DC.
Advisor on Environmental Quality, Federal
Power Commission, Washington, D.C.
Director, Environmental Quality Program,
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, P.O. Box X,
Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830
NON-FEDERAL AGENCIES AND ASSOCIATIONS
Fred A. Limpert
James L. Willa
Dick Thorsell
Edward E. Galloway
Larry Hobart
Chairman, ASCE Committee on Thermal Pollution,
Head, Hydrology Section, Bonneville Power
Admin., PO Box 362, Portland, Oregon 97208
President, Cooling Tower Institute
4252 Richmond Avenue, Houston, Texas 77027
Edison Electric Institute, 90 Park Avenue,
New York, Mew York 10016
[Edison Electric Institute]
Environmental Engineer, Cincinnati Gas and
Electric Company, Cincinnati, Ohio.
American Public Power Association, 2600
Virginia Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037.
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