iolunteer
THE NATIONAL NEWSLETTER OF VOLUNTEER WATER QUALITY MONITORING
onitor
VOLUME lO, NO. 1 • SPRING 1 998
Issue Topic: Monitoring Wetlands
US Environmental
Water Resource Center
1200 Pennsylvania Ave
Washington DC
Clockwise from left:
Qray treefrog
Wetland monitored by
Seattle-area volunteers
(story on page 5)
Spotted salamander
Volunteer at Jug Bay scans
marsh for waterbirds
(story on page 8)
3
5
6
1 1
1 4
1 7
20
21
22
25
A Wetlands Primer
Monitoring Tips
Wetlands Controversy
Minnesota: Three Projects
Bioassessment
Deciding What to Measure
Monitoring Turtles
Amphibian Decline
Vernal Pools
Maine Tidal Marshes

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Leaping Bullfrog on cover: CHRISTINE FRIEDRICHSMEIER
From the Editor
Next Issue: Estuary Monitoring
"Monitoring estuaries" is the topic for
the next issue of The Volunteer Monitor,
which will be coedited by Maine's Clean
Water/Partners in Monitoring Program.
Please contact the editor if you would
like to contribute an idea or article.
ABOUT THE VOLUNTEER MONITOR
The Volunteer Monitor newsletter facilitates
the exchange of ideas, monitoring methods,
and practical advice among volunteer
environmental monitoring groups across the
nation.
The Volunteer Monitor s published twice
yearly. Subscriptions are free. To subscribe,
see the order form on page 31.
The Volunteer Monitoris also available on
EPA's web site atwww.epa.gov/owow/
volunteer/vmjndex.html.
Reprinting material from The Volunteer
Monitor is encouraged. Please notify the
editor of your intentions, and send us a copy
of your final publication.
Address all correspondence to: Eleanor Ely,
Editor, 1318 Masonic Avenue, San Francisco,
CA 94117; ph. 415/255-8049; fax 415/255-0199.
Rotating coeditors
The Volunteer Monitor has a permanent
editor and volunteer editorial board. In
addition, a different monitoring group serves
as coeditor for each issue.
This issue was coedited by the Alliance for
the Chesapeake Bay. The Alliance's Citizen
Monitoring Program, launched in 1985, is a
regional network of over 145 trained
volunteers who perform weekly water quality
testing of rivers in Pennsylvania, Maryland,
and Virginia. Since 1992, the volunteers' data
have been included in Virginia's Water
Quality Assessment report to Congress and
EPA (the 305(b) report).
Correction
In my article "Salinity by Conductivity and
Hydrometer" (Spring 1997), I inadvertently
mistyped the equation for adjusting
Magothy River hydrometer readings (HS)
to give an estimate of conductivity
readings (CS). The correct equation is:
CS = (HS -1.9807)/0.9257.1 apologize for
any confusion this may have caused.
Peter Bergstrom
U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
Annapolis, MD
What's Thorny About Wetlands?
A funny thing happened at the planning meeting for this issue of the newsletter. Wetland
experts from EPA, the Alliance for the Chesapeake Bay, Jug Bay Wetlands Sanctuary,
and Maryland Department of the Environment were all at the table, brainstorming about
potential articles on wetlands. And almost every time a new topic was raised, someone
was bound to remark, "Well, that's a thorny issue."
The definition of a wetland? "That's a thorny issue." Wetland regulations? "That's
another thorny issue." Mitigation? Classification? More thorny issues. Finally it got to the
point where we decided an entire article would have to be devoted to thorny issues. Chris
Swarth of Jug Bay Wetlands Sanctuary was brave enough to take it on; see his article,
"Wetlands: Controversy and Confusion," on page 6.
Later I got to thinking: Why did this happen? I've been the editor of The Volunteer
Monitor since 1990, and we've never needed a special "thorny issues" article before. What
is it about wetlands, anyway?
Much of the confusion arises from the essentially dual nature of wetlands. Are they
water bodies or land? They are neither and they are both. Nowadays we understand that
being both water and land gives wetlands their unique value in the natural world.
Wetlands can do things that no other type of landscape can do. Among other things, they
provide a specialized living space for plants and animals, some of which can flourish
nowhere else.
But it took a long time for humans to appreciate wetlands. In the meantime, wetlands
(not called wetlands then, but swamps, marshes, and the like) were misunderstood,
maligned, and abused. You couldn't boat them or farm them or build on them. They were
viewed as wastelands, breeders of insects and disease. The best solution was to drain or fill
them, to transform them into useful land. So for centuries Americans labored to take the
"wet" out of wetlands, and the government helped out with grant programs and subsidies.
Then in the 1970s society rather suddenly woke up to the critical ecological impor-
tance of wetlands. We looked around and realized we'd already lost over half the wetland
acreage in the lower 48 states. And we decided we had to do something about it—
immediately. The change in attitude was dramatic. As Matthew Witten, who recently
completed a yearlong fellowship with EPA's Wetlands Division, puts it, "Regulators did a
pirouette from 'useless and evil' to 'we have to do everything we can to save them.'"
Naturally the abrupt turnabout brought confusion and turmoil. For property owners,
accustomed to viewing wetlands as developable land, the new wetlands regulations often
seemed like an infringement on their rights.
In her book Discovering the Unknoum Land-
scape: A History of America's Wetlands, Ann
Vileisis writes that "traditionally, land has
been considered as private property and wa-
ter as public property... . Because wetlands
are not simply land but land and water,
regarding them simply as real
property . . . has been a fundamental error
in paradigm."
What's thorny about wetlands, it turns
out, are our efforts to define and regulate
them. The current tangle of federal, state,
and local regulations—many of them in-
consistent with each other—does indeed
resemble a thicket of brambles. And while
volunteers can monitor wetlands without
venturing too far into that thicket, they
should be aware that it is there. In particu-
lar, volunteers need to be sensitive when
approaching private landowners, whose fear
of getting tangled up in regulations may
make them reluctant to have wetlands on
their property identified and monitored.
Ihe
Ojolunteer [i^Jonitor
EdHor: Eleanor Ely
Editorial Board: Geoff Dates (River Watch
Network, Vermont), Chris Fischer (Coyote Creek
Riparian Station, California), Linda Green (Rhode
Island Watershed Watch), Mike Herz (San
Francisco BayKeeper Emeritus), Meg Kerr
(Coastal Resources Center, Rhode Island), Tina
Laidlaw (Rivers of Colorado Water Watch
Network), Abby Markowitz (Maryland Volunteer
Water Quality Monitoring Association), Jeff
Schloss (New Hampshire Lakes Lay Monitoring
Program), Jerry Schoen (Massachusetts Water
Watch Partnership)
Co-edltlng group for this Issue: Alliance for the
Chesapeake Bay
Graphic Designer: Brlen Brennan
Printer: Alonzo Printing Co., Hayward, CA
This project has been partially funded by the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The con-
tents of this document do not necessarily reflect
the views and policies of EPA, nor does mention
of trade names or commercial products consti-
tute endorsement or recommendation of use.
® Printed on recydtd p»p*r
2 / VOLUNTKKR MONI

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A Wetlands Primer
by Matthew Witten
What's special about wetlands
Wetlands occur on, coasts, next to rivers
and lakes, in glacial depressions in the
plains, in forest hollows, in €oodptains, and
in many other areas. They occur in an as-
tonishing variety of types—from
a cedar swamp to a lily pond—
that may bear little resemblance
to each other. What they have
in common is the feature of wet-
for a significant portion of the year.
One way to tell whether or not the soil
has been saturated is to look at the color
and structure of the soil itself. Gray subsoils
are typically associated with wetlands. Also
ness.
Became they combine several
highly beneficial attributes of
terrestrial and aquatic ecosys-
tem, wetlands are some of rhe
most productive and useful eco-
systems on earth. Where land
and water converge in the same
place, the land contributes veg-
etative covet and high availabil-
ity of nutrients (from runoff and
accumulation of organic mate-
A New England bog.
above might be called a "low-gradient allu-
vial floodplain" wetland under the HGM
classification scheme.
Why are wetlands important to us!
Many wetlands are connected
to other surface waters f saltwa-
ter bays, rivers, and lakes), and
those that are not are often con-
nected to groundwater. Because
of this connection, wetlands of-
ten serve tlie function of filter-
ing sediment, nutrients, and pol-
lutants from water - before it
enters their adjacent water bod-
ies. {That is why they are gome-
times called the kidneys of the
ecosystem.)
Wetlands that ate adjacent to
lakes and rivers also act. as
sponges of water collection ba-
sins that prevent flooding by ab-
sorbing or retaining storm waters and high
tidal waters. ¦
Most wetlands,'whether or-not they are
-connected to other water bodies, provide
: essential wildlife.-habitat. Those that ate
isolated- front-other surface waters offer to
flora and fauna the advantages of an. aquatic
habitat 'amidst 'the forest otf lains, ¦ ' -
Many wet- ' ¦¦'¦'¦¦¦
land 'fun- |
dons' provide'1
critical w-
¥.!€«¦" tO hU'""
.-man 'society,--:
o .... ...... .:' iiapi'owtii' "
How -aire :w« cfiifiis :ctoiille#: v :; ''' - Jiinicittg. »a-:' J
¦Uit4*to»y|.-:-tltete js:-p»t % single,- pit--. -. tefqaalitflai' ]
wasaily -aceeptrt'clsiiiiicattett ic-lietite-:-for _ .-'it '¦ «sitlt-":cjf '
•etlapiiso'The- ttK»t;-w^et¥':u^i'iri-:^e: --•etliirfs'olll-;;;
droiogic	-Many ;;r--ldiiltM:Stiite« is	; - tiring :«cii|»c- ;'
bird.s tmtke UM .»f tin-t.ojnuio f>b.ot, rh-d veluped h\ iL* U.S I V|.;titnu-nt oJ hdi ay) .md mift
.emerge fern m*slie%.and,•»U	die 11,0-4 obvious
fial*waf t> ti«i|.fc of a wuf.tnd tvi•«' example-, A« |.ot kefs oi hodsvcr.iiy, wrt-
ffciliiaw.laf ti.t'll i'lKs III wrfliiids, it under tlu f ,uw,iid»n ,yM. 1). is V,o urine lands t.to be die	,,i phots from
uny offer more sin-It cf from dhiiohtiKt* imd intemd >i fu«.,ted/dunh* wcftitid.
^ f. i nH. d i.^~ ei-.ia.. ^. viv t i.. i. ijii	¦
prciitionihan U^i»r uu-imK	Aimh* re.Miurlv»wd .sirmwt ium. U^tU pmtrm tot m.my lumum, uii flu- j.laiit-f,
: ' : :	». H1..1I •iJt.i.ie, ihe i: S. Ariuv < :oii-. «,l and most ot sh.'M- h.di would I «.• iin.thle to
rials) while the water provides stability of
temperature and dispersal of larvae of fish,
amphibians, and other aquatic animals.
And, of course, plants and animals in a
wetland have ready access to that necessity
for all life, water,
The result of this combination of aquatic
and terrestrial inputs is a community with,
unique characteristics, Wetland ..soils,: he-
cause they are usually or often saturated,
develop chemical properties different from
terrestrial soils, which are more aerated,
Wetland plants display adaptation® for grow-
ing in these, saturated soils—for example,
grasses that can pump oxygen to their roots
through their stems, or mosses that can live
in the highly acidic conditions-found lit
some wetlands. l2mam.Mmd$,An:tm%
depend, on.,lite unique wgetatwe-attcl.fcf-
look ft* organic deposits {peat or mock),
which accumulate oa the soil, surface under
very wet conditions.
Another way to tell is to examine the
vegetation. Based on decades of field re-
search, biologists liave categorized plants
info those that tend to grow in wetlands
(meaning they usually ¦ grow in saturated
soils) and those that tend to grow else-
where.. Wetland ecologists can. look- at fells
and plants on a single visit to a site, arid use
their observations' and "lest professional
judgment* to determine whether or not ifte
afeajits the definition of a wetland,..
¦ wj ¦&*&%¦ <*# V .Wsfl#j *
fliete'.src	dcliniii.m-. of wrdand-,,
¦but to laytettttsv
the soils are saliifatei'ttsr :iiesftte;Siirf«: -
(LJ/ | .	nr j if 14, C' U'lj llOtit (1 L* I'li" t'fll ' f «•!*{ I'll" |
e.d.iolit U-a	Some ui • l»«* so, ler.tl	,|.,n ...tie
(Oion:e% ^tohuuh .p,>t«d with v.inoo, wul.ind fun. ti.>m ,,»e
,<-«.iimd owned shuwn »t the ho.v..n flic ih-m r„,t.;e,
'" :' 	:		: '¦	Wi- '#*'
	

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PRIMER, continued
One circumstance that has increased the
importance of wetlands is their rapid and
extensive loss. Since the arrival of Euro-
peans, wetlands have been drained, dredged,
filled, leveled, and flooded to the point
where the continental U.S. has lost half
the wetlands that existed here in the 1700s,
We are now learning that this loss of wet-
lands has reduced related functions. Cata-
strophic flood damage, dwindling water
quantity and quality, and critical fish and
wildlife habitat loss have all resulted partly
from society's failure to preserve our wet-
lands adequately.
Sediment rute'itwri Vv'stor clarity for
' Kivimritifiq and
J,....:..
Fitioowaiei' %iotag& feffmeti ptoptny
damage Irons floods
vViuiiile fiiUiiut*	WateOovw fc;
h!;li£:fig aari lljttify
¦ observation
0fin»prtyvaujf tecoeue Maifiipndn-s of
dfiHt-ijiO water
svpp'mH
filtering paiiuhvit'-- Maintsnsitce c?
asiiinmg wntfff
® 7;'5t:k;i''
Sutto-ort fur	Maiat&tattf.p of
h\!;.{ifies
Why do we monitor wetlands!
The ultimate goal of monitoring wetlands
is to help preserve and restore the functions
and values that they offer. How can moni-
toring do this? MoiiitoKii)! *  provide, in-
formation about how u. tl.etds function,
how they are changing, ana now they are
affected by human activities. For example,
information about changes to water levels
(hydrologic fluctuations) can help evaluate
the effects of agriculture, forestry, and other
land uses on a wetland. This inforru tn<*n
can be used to guide public policy, sm h .«,
land-use regulations or watershed plans.
Monitoring data can also be used to:
•	Reveal trends ». 'I >»> I health (improve-
ment or decline), it. ,»,K i that appropriate
management decisions ue made
•	Con-elate wetland conditions with land-
use practices to . Some that have been monitored by
lunteers are:
Water levels
Dominant vegetation type
Vegetation cover
Exotic plant species encroachment
Amphibians (e.g., breeding surveys)
Vlacroinvertebrates
Physical and chemical water quality
parameters
ilitet counts
Adjacent, impervious surface
{e.g., pavement, roofs)
Tidal restrictions (in coastal wetlands)
Wetland appearance, extent, and
"footprint" (through photos or maps)
A plea for getting to know wetlands
Above is a reasoned exposition of why wet-
lands are important and wfw they need to
beta. >ni loi.'d. The answei f«-r -vhv to moni-
tor wftl-iti'h; however, onh p - ti
4 / VOL.VNTKKII MONITOR upmma 
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by Elissa Ostergaard ami Tina Miller
' # A lacershed Community Link was
ie of the most ambitious and
'i» w intensive volunteer wetland
monitoring projects carried out to date. In
the course of just over one year, 132 volun-
teers performed 1,712 days of monitoring
and gathered data on a wide variety of wet-
land characteristics {see box). Volunteers
did everything from establishing transect
lines and installing shallow groundwater
wells to identifying amphibian egg masses
and estimating plant cover.
By the end of the prefect, we had learned
a lot about what: worked and what didn't.
For those about to embark on their own
wetland monitoring projects, we offer the
following observations and advice.
•	Avoid "learning overload"
Our volunteers had to al ..«» it retire: i }i.n
amount of information, 11 tiiMn .* rnai ,s •! loi die task
at Iwii I forexamj*f«, iiommij. im >heam'
plubiau heeding survey was done tn Febru-
ary, just before the breeding season in March
and April. This ensured that the informa-
lion was fresh in the volunteers' minds as
they conducted the survey.
Volunteers hi. I. < I tilings to say »U Jotaed «tie program after
unliMv to be disturbed hf vandals. For Ae ansi-lohwu training had occurred. To
sites should also be marked Prevent P»Meinsf we established, a
policy that only volunteers who had at-
tended the appropriate training session
could collect data. (Others can provide
assistance, such as recording data.)
• Check data promptly
We conducted QA/QC (quality assurance/
quality control) by having experts do paral-
:13
cu -Il-Ufr

< ' '! n < (ti< I H O
wn!i 1 m/Ih colored flagging {but don't; ex-
pect flags to !t:1' metre than a season).
Mark em ¦ ¦ 1 h 111;; -transect lines, moni-
toring stations ('l)oio points- I oils in tin
field and on maps. Documentim- t hjo-;i
over time is one of the prima* y iimmau, I01
monitoring a wetland, and dui In -nm« I..
cations is the only way to do it accurately.
¦• Make use of "exfjeri, :	..
The volunteer bird .monitors'were Audubon-
trained toaster birders, ami the 'plaritMaoiti,-
tors were assisted by Cooperative Eaen-
-Watershed Community Link
(-rom July 193b to Semarnher iffltLthe. .
Waloished Community I '!){( Wetlands:'A Mariuaffpf Training
;! ¦ .	,!i or i)aS6ll(l« ;
¦s.., ¦. ¦:¦= s ...1-! . tWnrowrtrty
.! ¦: .1 ¦¦¦ ,r 1 .¦ ;;.i	: offlparr
VOMiMTteUli'MONITOIt (fume *#8 / S
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Wetlands:. Controversy and Contusion
(•-% i IurfofAer Su/arth
" f„ * iarlds have been controversial since the 1970s when they first came under federal jurisdiction. Controversy ranges from
| * : , nil seemingly straightforward issues as definition* and boutAt.es to complex questions of regulation, mulri-goverrnnemal
| . Ml(( „ |f „ V* wetland mitigation. Part of the confusion and debate is because a consistent national pohcy on wetted
pronto has been laJking. In spite of ongoing efforts to resolve and clarify many of these issues, much remains m a state of fkm.
While those interested to starting a wetland monitoring program don't need to be experts on wetland pol.tta, a Lttk k«:%oU«l will
be helpful. Of all the "thorny" wetland issues de^nbed below, mitigation ts probably the most directly relevant for volunteer momtors,
who can make an important contribution by monitor tag mitigated sites.
What is a wetland anyway?
Swamp and overflow lands, Hikes, lens,
marshes, bogs—-these are words that have
been used for generations to describe what
we today call wetlands. These traditional
terms can I*, confusing since many are not
scientifically defined, and terminology
often differs from region to region. More-
over, they are weighted with negative
connotations (ever been swamped, bogged
down or mired in trouble?). The inclusive
term wetland underscores the common fea-
tures of all these ecosystems, as well as their
common need for protection. However, an
exact definition of what constitutes a wet'
land remains a subject of debate and discus-
stem, My "seasonal wetland" way be your
"wet farm field."
The growing efforts to protect wetlands
under federal regulation created an acute
need for a precise, regulatory definition of
wetlands. Unfortunately, formulating a defi-
nition that could be widely accepted has
proven to be elusive. The quest has in-
volved Presidential orders, Supreme Court
decisions, congressional legislation, and a
large handful of federal agencies.
A partial solution to the confusion came
in 19?? when the Army Corps of Engineers
Sit; murwafwd r>r saftsigSeii ay vm-faae Or
tjja 'u-yum>il«r
j.iOi!(».«¦! uixumsiaates do support, a
¦jfHvahncii Of vJiysi.sSiQo iypicaiiy adapftni
ror tan ;'i wfuMiuii ;;of aiiimlafici may
change from fear to fear,
Yet, «a spite of the inherent "Hurriness"
; of wet:lanti'ljouiila,riei» political and suciil
. forces tecptK liamaw to imp«e definite
boundaries on dm Wetland* i»re: subject
to special .regulations; activities or building
projects that might alter a »et!»d could
¦	requite permits, .awl. torn ..projects in wet-
tnrids could be prohibited- .Landowners de-
mand and deserve to know whether tiieit
development plans are allowed, which
means they need to know exactly where
wetlands are located on their property.
The process of determining the bound-
aries of a wetland is known mMimaiiai, it
involves mm* .fo|ect th«. i
permanently alter a wetliM it § "
404 regulation. Enforcesumt is
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mainly by the Corps with input: from other
federal agencies—EPA, Natural Resources
Conservation Service (NRCS), U.S. Fish
and Wildlife Service (F&W8), National
Marine Fisheries Service—-arid state agen-
cies.
Wetlands regulation continues to be
highly controversial In December 1997 a
circuit court in Maryland declared federal
regulation of some wetlands to be invalid.
On. another front, conservationists are work-
ing hard to modify the Corps's Nationwide
Permit 26, which allows small wetland de-
velopment projects to proceed.
^iiiiilif
vf
¦ wmmSMm
3-:
A Western inland marsh.
Manual wars
The f >i* I. 'iv of federal guidance man litis for
well.Huh illustrates osm* the perva-
sive confusion over national wetland policy.
Until 1986, the four federal agencies with
tt-jjf11;it«it v authority ovei wi-i I nub ili«
(4>rj*s, I'I'A, |-&W\ .hi 1 N1U h cnli
UM"d	(flhlHtill IHUIttl.ll- I OllMllt-
,mi\, u< ivt-rnini iti ayvm n-s, and desvlopcrs
nil looked <•/ thi'-.i- manuals lot ;;illili'lllH
i Hi aW^HiK Weldaiid .level* ipiiK-lil pi.iji", I-,
and Kr,iimii>! von-.! nil, I mil fn-i mil •, yet
iiit-i!»i.*y ,uitI	I'M .Ifir-riiitinm;
uhut I- ,nh! what t*» in 'I ,i v/> tland meir ii<>r
uutMste-ni, ( iv.uly fit!-- v.,in ,i fttr-tiifftnii
Miuanun
In an .iiii-mpt fn mill'; f»i ivetiittn-ni recti
l.iiidii efl< ilu- lihit iedeial ajieu-
s ii", li>(ed ah >v<- joinflv published ,i ihw
manual, flit' I'fdcnil Mtinihil ft» l,lrr>ii/vm,;
and I kluuumng, lnnnht tumul	But
p.tliiit, s mutt collided head mi wifli m ietu.v
and llur "'HM manual was in in wspapet lu nd-
luit.-s nariomvide. Pro development, .mti
rexilianaii):e (In' ei i
teria by wl'ikh file 'Hl» manual i 1«, til m J alld
delineated wiiI,null, t hum in j,' ilu»! iii.'
manual would extend rct'uLittnii u> land-
th.lt ,s|i( Mild in h Ih* k lassf! lei I as wel lands.
Politics was the winner in the first round
and the outcome was the '91 manual, re-
leased by President Bush's White House (in
an effort spearheaded by Dan Quayle). It
proposed a set of strict new guidelines, nar-
rowing the definition of wetlands. An as-
sessment by the World Wildlife Fund and
the Environmental Defense Fund concluded
that if the criteria of the '91 manual were
used, 50 percent of the remaining wetlands
in the United States would cease to be iden-
tified as wetlands, Sustained criticism of
the *91 manual by the scientific and con-
servation communities was so strong that it
™a abandoned in 1992 after Bill
mob was elected president,
file rather anticlimactic end-
t,(" the "manual wars'* was that
: 	tin federal agencies went back
to flu- I / Corps manual, which
i? similar to the '89 manual al-
thrwtrrh *omf*\>rhat mote restric-
th- »«.r -i. finition of a wetland
(i.- , His,- lit- ts defined as wet-
lands by the '89 criteria would
not he wetlands according the '87
manual). The 1987 manual re-
mains in use today.
No net loss
C	:ie most important results of the
late-1980s efforts to develop a national wet-
land policy was the "no net loss" concept.
1 i J.lhi I h Jd.iii 1 oi nidation ii id thr I; I "A
i nm 11hi' Nathur.il Wri land ('oik \ la»•
nun I ,t I.'iniip IIH llklltiu -il.itt.* tt'HViilois, SCI
eut !•,! failtteis, S! ill' 41 id lutd leMiim f
ayefx ) . hiel-., .iiid utheis), width forum
1: tlf 1 flu- objective "io ,k I ill,*vt- IH) overall
mi ill tin- ii ill.tids icui lining v/i'il.inds
!<,(-, t,rv:iic and rcsii>!•- wi'il.imls,
w in ii: ftsi^lhli'. t'i mi inisc die .j1 the h;i!i,*rl.md ii'simu i-
h,is( " N<, lirl Ii'S-i h,is ("HH'I line .« n II 111-f
siMiH' fin wi-iLifi-.l piifU-i tion in flu- I
Wetland mitigation
Adi.['tuin <*t (In- on lift ]»alu v did mil
iiir.iii thai ivriluid dc*irtn.iton would vnd,
if iiif.iui thin if »i'tl.md', U't'K to In* di'-
st(i)Vi\l, (hi' )lli|»,u is would 1%' "mitij,!-iri-d"
(i.e., Ii'sn ni'il hi Milieiu'd), t'iini|H-n*»,tt
tun i^'.n it ii! i ;«n In' ,tn > nit|i|idn!il thri m;:h n
Lorig-teom monitoring oi a variety oi wet-
land functions {t,e„ nutrient cycling, wild-
litc h,ihii.it, divvisily) will hr roquin d
lo judge (Ih- 11 ut: stiiii-^s of wet land liltfl},*;!'
noli. Snu t* netfhti am*iuit> noi devi'lopers
tan .!tidn'\, here r- .in e.uvlknt
iip[torfiitiiis" lot vulimterr rnoitiH.ir-> tu -4ej5
m and help pi'tividc ati an«:wer.
Referent'tw;
Kimlei, I A., \V,J, Mkm.Ii and J.S, Laistin.
I'W4. Weiliinds. Srimtilh American, ),its«-
arv llW4, pp. 64-70,
I ew i>, W,, el. al, I ''MS, WVfldfiils; (.hitrtk -
(I'mtits and Ihiumknes. National Aciidetny
1'resN, Wasliin^ioii, 1X,Fher Swarth is the I hrei tut oj the f ug
B.iv Wcifnith Stmt ittaiy. !,»(>! )X'rt^hti»i ltd.,
I nthiiin, MiinlrttiJ J071I. 410 741 -9 ^ li';
f	.uiwJ.eJu
VOLUNTKKR MON1TO* •PRIMS / 7
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"What's Out There"
As new as volunteer monitoring of wet-	Below, we take a quick took at a few more,	bAany thanks to Matthew Wittm, who gatk-
lands is, there are already quite a few ac- A longer listing of volunteer wetland	ered much of the mftrrmatkm far this article
live programs around the country. Some	monitoring programs is available from the	during a yearlong Sea Grant fellowship a
are profiled in various articles in this issue.	Wetlands Hotline, 800/832-7828,	EPA's Wetlands Division.
Wetland Research in Mary land
Since 1985, volunteers at jug Bay Wetlands Sanctuary in Mary-
land have worked with Sanctuary staff on more than a dozen long-
term research projects, making this one of the longest-running and
most productive volunteer wetland monitoring programs in the
United States. Volunteers have monitored water quality, sedi-
ment, birds, fish, amphibians, turtles, and vegetation, all in the
effort to better understand the ecology of the Sanctuary. (See page
20 for more on turtle monitoring.) Examples of the ongoing studies
that Sanctuary volunteers participate in are:
•	Water quality and nutrient dynamics. The question being
investigated is; How are nutrients, especially nitrogen, transformed
arid cycled by wetland vegetation and sediment? Volunteers mea-
sure several physical and chemical water quality parameters.
•	Fish survey. Using fish seines, volunteers capture, identify,
measure, and. release fish. The data help track the variety, abun-
dance, and distribution of fish species.
•	Salamander migration. Volunteers weigh, sex, and release
migrating marbled salamanders that they have captured using draft
Itlf wet :
mteers

momerged
aquatic
vegetation ill
Jug Bay.
fences ant! pitfall traps.
• Plants. Volunteers identify trees and plants and monitor their
abundance and growth. The information is	art and
predict longtemt changes in the wetland plain, mauiuuuiiv.
Contact: Christopher Swarth or Judy Burke, J^, I'u j \\ Sunc-
tuary, 1361 Wrightcm Roaif, Lothian, MI) i

Iif)fluis VVetkiniIWateh
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Bird tV Amphihian Surveys in Great Lakes Basin
The Marsh Monitoring Program is ¦> !,.»«. . »I. ¦ Ii-.m i . ,„n- ,
birds and amphibians throughout thi « h. ,s. f it. i. ,j 			
coordinated by Bird. Studies Careidn/I ,-ir» '« mh el	;
and Eiwironrnent Canada, the	i.iv.I •
300 eoluriteers in. both Canada ,«!.l i{» United States. Bird sur-
veying began in 1994, and amphibian calling surveys were ailed
in 1995.
Volunteer bird surveyors stand for 10 minutes at a penitanenflf
marked station, called a "focal point," and record all species seen
or heard with'" • lt*: merer wnMrr!* «et»mr| tW fnrnl -nint f.0
coax secretive • »•! • .ill.	, i »i »j« ad Is the
calls of some ¦ Id-e < 1 i,-,l -(»¦¦ «> I Nu.te I '''» n>liit(t<«ni
recorded data on neatly 42,0uU wrd.i> ot .194 tipecies; 48 of tlteie
species were marsh nesters.
Volunteers receive a training kit that includes audiotapes, tags
to mark stations, data cards, and. a manual (for more * .
on manual, see page 26), The volunteers' data,_ V|:- .
are used to track population, increases or de-
clines and investigate how well Cite •< 1.4.
wetlands ate performin» •"heir role ac habi-
till (ill filth .Iji-I ,«((lj-hil'l,IMa,
i „in,uk,L. ICutli; |uiiv'». l'«»t jiuMes CtmJu,
P.O. II,\ m\ I'm K/mm, tJtmm NOB
tMO; hi'H'j'dU m»rvej@hC'€(x.mgl
WWW,I ¦'	«;¦.!
• / VOI.UNTKKR MONITOR SFIIINa
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32ZZ
Qrading the site; The first
step in constructing a
wetland.
Maryland!: Mitigation Site Monitoring
The Maryland Department of the Environment
(MDE) "mitigation banking" program works like
this: If a proposed development project will im-
pact a wetland, in order to obtain a permit the
leveloper must pay an amount of money into
•iDE'i Nontidal Wetlands Compensation Fund.
4.DE then uses the fund to build and maintain
new wetlands.
Because MDE currently has about 20 such cre-
ated wetlands to oversee, and few staff members to
monitor their success, the agency is developing a
program to train citizens who live near the miti-
gation sites to monitor them,. The hope is that
citizen-collected vegetation and hydrology data
will show whether the sites are meeting perfor-
mance standards.
The volunteer monitoring protocols ate de-
scribed in a manual, to be published by the end of
the summer, which includes methods for moni-
toring vegetation density, hydrology, and soils.
Contact: Christi Noble, MDE, 2500 Broening
Hwy, Baltimore, MD 21224; 410/631-8094.
i 	 i 	HBBB
Rhode Island Volunteers Assess Salt Marsh Restoration Potential
In 1995, over 100 trained volunteers helped assess Narragansett
Bay salt marshes for their "restoration potential," To evaluate the
extent of human impact, the volunteers observed and recorded
such characteristics as:
-	extent of coverage of Phragmitei (an invasive species)
-	buffer or lack of buffer
-	presence of tidal restrictions, such as roads or railroads
-	presence of fill material
-	evidence of discharges or dumping
Approximately 80 percent of the Bay's marshes were evaluated by
volunteers. Among the findings: 62 percent (by area) of the marshes
were affected by Invasive species, 70 percent e»periefi€ed tidal
restrictions, and 63 percent: were impacted by iflhs)<
The volunteers" results are being used to help M< w>(y potential
marsh restoration sites and determine what type « restoration or 'wetlands,
protection efforts are needed.
Contact: Andy Lipsky, Save The Bay, 434 Smith St,, Providence, 1102908-3770; 40l!272>3540; sdvebay@savediebay.ofg. (For
tion on the methods manual, see page, 27).
Volunteer* we aerial photoi to quantify impacts to the tidal
Monitoring Salt Marshes in Maine
At the Wells National Estuarine Research Reserve {MERE) in Maine, college-
student volunteer interns participate in a number of research projects m the Little
and Webfaan.net River estuaries and their associated salt marshes.
Two wading bird species, great Hue herons and snowy egrets, are the tap predators
in the salt marsh food web. Thus, these two- species are good indicators-©# the overall-
health of the salt marsh ecosystem. Interns have been monitoring, the number and!
location of great blue henwv-	• /
at Wells NERR since IWh
Volunteers also ltcl|> mou
marshes at the Reserve, The
table levels and salinity, as ' ¦ ¦ . •
tion (percent cover, stem d< ¦ ¦ .
monitor the fish communit e
ties, length, bfoiitass), and
and chemical water quality parameters, These
data are used to assess the success of resto-
ration,	.	. Volunteers, estalMSali a. transect-time
Contact: Mkhek Wontk, Wdb Mill, 342 . i» « marak atWeih 'Mmfmal.
Laudholm form Road, Welb, MB 04090; 207f BsMmrim Mmmmh Reserve, :
646-1555, ext. 36. ' :
(ienrjiirt AdopJ-A-Wefisnd
'•••: : i AWrlUuW is ..i- newest t<..-iiif».-.Hclit
.4 the	hnv"ir.'.nrct*nf:il i'rou'ttioii
i	v. r U j< .| 4	Oro-
ciaiu. Li!-•. tbc three-u.ricd -\dtccr>
jiiicpi a s*cfi.:iiiii .Hid bnfin ;«» ^ i r» ktV'W il
hv ftciJonniiiv.' -mtpie .vba-fv;U:t4: 'n!4/<>stt-
VOLUNTUP MONITOR irilN'
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Oregon Volunteers Count Birds, Study Marsh Restoration
Since 1989, volunteers at Jackson Bottom Wetland Preserve in
Oregon have done bird counts and bird banding. Their results are
published monthly in Oregon's largest major daily newspaper, The
Om&mim, and are also used by university scientists.
In addition, volunteers work on a van > ' research projects,
many of them related to marsh restoration. For example, in 1994
voluntn r«, ;i;v,i>.ted with an experiment to t -I« «'• "(.ether herbi-
cide api'ifvitii' hi., with or without bumta;<, a .M i I >*».p get rid of
reed, canary grass (an*exotic invasive species;, volunteers moni-
tored three ejtpefini.en.ial sites.. After three fears, tliey observed.
95% return of reed canary grass at all the- si
indicating that neither herbicide nor herbicide plus
burning was effective in eliminating this invasive ¦
species.
The next experiment will be to tty restoring the;
same sites to forested wetland. Once again, volun-'
teers will help monitor the success of the project.
Contact; Pat Willis, Jackson Bottom Wetland Pre-
serve, 123 W. Main St., HMbhiwo, OR.97123; 503/
681-6206,
Bitum
....... -	..,1, „,»»
run, oweaty, otmky :
Teachers Monitor Oregon Wetlands
Would, you respond to a flyer that promised a summer's worth of
10-liouf .days filled with strenuous work! Forty-five-K-12 science
teachers..In Oregon did*, .arid 23. of .them were selected to partici-
pate: ¦lift;the -'CSfegan ¦' Wetlands Studya. large-scale- .monitoring
effort, that collected data on 9l;fcsl» water, wetlands .irrtht'viciftiif
offofllanJ, Oregon, itiiriiig .the.-siiia,iiiei:.of if©..	.
The teicliefs spent e^t-wi^dk$.i)!ieputu^'^bfx>^\spectnm:pf
characteristics at both'.natural wetlaocts-aaiiiiitigatipii sites.'Tliey
lii.retumforiiji.il	In mis nl w.iik, fie' reachers received
graduate course « i-.-'in ts.«u< I'M i, .» .t]£.< n.f ., lot'of knowledge
(eight, full dap of training), arid the chance to'clo real-science.
'EPA-s reGmitinerit..ifer.foT the. study promised teachers a close
approximation' to the. life of a.wcwMmg scientist™complete with
"the excitement;, the pain* lhe:d.iscilJlifie.":Appsrentl:¥ the project
¦delivered' on. this promise;.' Ax. the aid,', the-.teachers were asked,
what adjectives' they would use-to describe their, experience. One
wrote "intense,. interesting,' fan, frustrating, sweaty, stinky." Olli-
«rs chose inch'adjectives as messy, informative, challenging, beau-
tiful,'mind-expandingidifficuk, and-nuicky..
E»„,	r|,»„	*IW *	«
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MKiNE O '3 V(; i. 1 • * i ! S.: * s 1 (	i.) 1 ¦ ) s » j ¦-
Three Ways to Monitor a Wetland
or. five years-, this. Minnesota,	: - -	' :	cr€?ised-'-thcfa':-:afcility:'to \mmm»* *« i> mn< ,« i »»;!< •,«•» " < « h < i	,« h«i,' >i i«»ni"«i ..i |>< >i<> it : •• T-;:-
Wetlanci Watcfc-netwofk, bih	1/ inm/r> ij< <. t,, |.i mrhit; v, iibdu m	-	v.; ;.v :	.. ; •
citizens reviewed and coimmenttd'oa .wet-	i »-,j y ..j ill. ,»•! son »!.«•	Til«'fic0a.d-pfojectS:Bf©aJeff-:iiii>fe:';
laiidperinits: TEe step fioiii.mmitofiiig-pie--.; eteMeilfMlaBisfp*^	¦	iecologYAlsiio :	^ :
Hilts to monitoring.acio-d v.* m\i •>	ir -r<- H.<* I'.f* '>i »lu it  I"», •,»'(! <	'Aftertwci'seascAs^ilte'G^
natural one, aiicl one tliat, foi ^w	i >»>•, I Imv, il,« , il». .,nc <	»»• tl« j«'i-
pematoff .mitigat!o-li,,« iJm« i.,»i>	,*«»»<, wb»tibi'V 'u *>i.'hvi;Mi»M{««.-vli «i	imi |t- hi. «i«« i-.' Mm a\ 'ii«l j i in-;
lestOftBg lt> u*|>l:« i-'Acfluii',)» *i<	in tlw* >|"> Hit ;»i t< •( t - IV-uiK	v« «f a l.itm r .i-hMmmi How •!>»•>. $:
strafed by--tie*el6|/jii>-iii	14 rJ,«>< •»( -< >v iftun , >w )»i1  • (<¦<<< lib
Glierfl-Mill* f, I >m*«	s!t.>s i>< < • !' -1 << * iu>i«. v>'.'n j u t	\ >¦»>'

ts; p

off*. t«iu>
v-.'it a si'.;', qiianuriuiVi: Jaia
I*: „:1^;
* i i 
-------
¦I
THREE WAYS, continued.
who were independently
developing bioassessment
methods for natural wet-
lands. These bioassess'
merits were adapted for
use by the volunteers	'
(for more on these
methods, see page 14) ¦
Because of MPCA's fa- , '
volvement, the focus of
Audubon's volunteer \"'i
monitoring turned to
natural systems, although
some mitigation and restora-
tion sites from the previous
study .were included,
The h • in in, nr. demanded a high
level ot	>• f>>iiis the • tfl -*r.>, who
liacl to iux.a:i .Jiuuhfi otlitf (liiniit—the
identification of' .iflt<*n at tyj.« >>( leeches
and the -difference .betweeo vi s.^s and.
sedges. Accordingly, high saiocii otology
teachers were recruited to serve- as -team
leaders for the volunteer teams. In addition
to the' biomxmmmts, the ¥otufneefs con-
ducted frog and load call surveys' (adapted;
front Long Point Bird Observatorf:,s'Matsli;
Monitoring Program) and a venial pool- sat-
vey (based on Leo Kemiey's work in Massar;:
chusetts).	. . -. ;V;-.¦¦¦:-¦
Volunteers spent many clays initfri'fteid,;'.
.it .• « ' «! « v-l < Iti' il. • > lo|,lli • > j.f"
lit Of in--it I' U 1.'. :il 411.'- i liiil'iif ,<{(>' i.iL II
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.	in Mil (, "'Hi' Ot II 'l.i-W'b
Their ileciicilticm was lipazfaf;; / i-'¦ /' h';.
. -"ffa-WEP.	guantit»tiv0/'--i4^ai i
tl'iat'Coiiii he'wed' to :iflen;|ilf' thft hiolcjgiciit::
t	¦» : ;
l<"M,med "n I"4"
12 / »Ol.UNritK MONITOR
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; ,i =¦;-. ;. - I S'i! ! u; \ ¦ 'lu:,u	•
"..-'H:".; :-. ir.'.*:;;	:v-,	; j _ * -. . J"- ,; i "> t . :i i 'A. , Vr \ .
; "¦ ¦' ; ¦= ¦-' -=" : ¦:¦¦¦¦= ^
'' ' "' ' • Mi,'!": :;• .;. t , q, '!	i;i; !
• • Ui?liiis . .	. { ,	- ,
* IVU*. .•;/*'! <].'.<-• t-. : .;v; •Vij'yV-jh'a '
"¦	' '»•»/*?'.	s/.n^-5'i
'* '	Miii; ;:;i !-= -: r:,r;r» -:uLhv:-- : #
?!-¦. lA- .'it 'z i* tt>", -t iv J \v Hi
©SlmP i'WQhl ::r:t.-i:;|::y.;/ ¦|:.;^ :.:;?:;:ry.;:; v.:..-
\u- -:'ii *
Slltiii
-V ,', ¦!.•¦.i	!¦:.¦•,¦:.ixiT-.:- !'.ntr.:i-:> - '.;¦: '/
¦¦ .;iii;n'i v.ii; .',.	irr. ii.; .'»si;.. •
>':••¦ ;.ii r, SI'.:.m j'¦••lii :v-. I-¦ .-j.;-, ( !StM 'difii*?
Wii! 00 (Jgsiijniai,!. to
bifd'i 3ti<'.H iwih- ¦
yjHiitfi. trifesr a.l3£i'S:ii ¦ ¦'
Mw?iioriHy .Pfait!'&;»> o« a ii^s-fts- .; ¦
it^'rui.^fsJlifjrf liffi'MMiif '< \v!i' ^ur/^yiu^ ¦:
I'{-IH VV ;"M HIU';t. ^-. t'..'Hi i'lL"^! Oi.i.
hf Wrt of;d of Stimfi.ur' 1 "99s it v»iH !>« . .
POTtsilssn ihr V¥«b' 51' y(Wvt:-frip | -iiwre.'

-------
Wetland Bioassessmcnt:
V-.,<>'i K ' ?.;>
Wetland bbemmment is a new science, Wethmd ecdogi-s ¦ • ¦
lust beginning to develop methodologies, And volunteer mo:
are right there, on the cutting edge, In Minnesota, voluntee,*»«i.
already using micfoinvertibrate and plant biosssesstwiits-to matt'
tor wetland health. And in Mai> England, a taw wetland bkn
sesstnent manual designed for volunteers has just'been publisk-et
A caveat: Readers, will note that the New Engkmd and Minm
sola mmroimertebrate hioassessments use different, metrics, Th
is. due, in part, to differences, between the tw.o..regions,:M,€tth
must be cust-orrt'devehped for.different regions ¦arid different typt
'of- wetlands,. -Volunteer' ¦programs that want to'-.dp wetlan.
¦;bioossessnewts'-will' need. is' -'-ivofk -closely with • ecohgists. in the¦
regim,-
.WhatisMotssessisieatf ¦ ¦	¦ :/
Bit jassessntent techniques 3fe:na;«ci on	'wort«
.James Kafr- attd -©chefs who .developed.' biological, ifttliciilisrs ft
.stream hcaifh,>':TliC'iittclerlfing'itlea is tliM'fli.e''CC}n£l|£ioil'rf'iiv.tF
¦.organisiiis In ait atjtiifie system will reflect'the extent; of'distu
¦bailees to- tliai:sfstt®. ¦ Aliiiosi any. community-o-i Hying: tlitngs-
plaills, fisliijiiiiaiiiitiats,
¦ ;v.;'
In t typical''MQiwessirienl, iii-
.wstigatots. memm "sewwt as-
|jecti:'Of'ilie 'CoiBiHiiiiity—•foirex-r
ample,: tEc .presence, ¦ relative
abiradance, -mifot iiiiiaber oCcltfc
Macririo vertebra Ies tsncl jjli?xiIk
fpllpl
Si®
:	t	r y.\.

Miiiii

wffti
mm

'WKmm

mm
ittilflrap';; . ¦
Wlf W)iufi:«5j' u 'i ii.ip- i)''
¦lawiraf ® iintsia'tfsl© eaptt ¦
(pritfatttfy he®
are	ft
If §tf sMwiff. swiftiiifi
8V%
> uro
i -r
(MR&&8 mm I
3;i0 iii -^.;V	0U|»'
Ifi i-.Uf utii:	;>/ Ux
:u V- li"
'! - - vJ LV,£=';.,;vt ¦ -¦,:-iU
.'fei:§Sll$©.tip.6-§F €l8PPS IflSfidSft 1
ititng'
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1

vt viehtm.<:;
Ui- nt'1.n!-l>	¦./¦rn.i:;.:rs_
| s w<*is	i 1
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9m
v ¦ ¦ ¦- - *


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ifif:ro§rivpp]
if§ '0M'§Mi,'M$' te -ifi
-1
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,-a
t.
l'ttfRi'v6
mttmm-
S#S86:288lhr.'!: ¦ ....
'Ai'-y-.::'. V s:« t, i f,	! ,: i:; ¦
>	i , = ' '•	* s'-< i
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iFirsfiifii' -M
!	< '¦ ' .i'a' l'\ - .-i!	'• -S>*'l-:"
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|	h fhc ;i, i-!i-	sWii:.*!!-.
1 4 .'	(OR st-sii-f.i »<«
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mm
lilill

IBMMI
hu^U juJ 1.; ; I ;j::' .v; <; |nt	¦ >\ j*
*Pm^*#JLu^».> *«-»/*«
Mac roin vert ebrati\s
'', \lttiii til'h
l: i
¦
¦
"«'•?.») 'i tii -^.-..i-;,: fi',f riir	utsn^:<
;'i- M^iiUi'-t-s i*. «:(i".f .''(¦ .n,.';.va.;i)j -iotn
¦ i>r»fs»i»ifi?ftL'.ii fiug-J
i • i (• j s t -' < - m < -1 >;. < i.. hi«,in."(iii .i	I' ii.« flu' J. n I m in • [ ¦ <('.«( tii'.f »i depend*on
'•'U.Hif. .mil I (v(-r ,!(»¦ %I |, li	lilj<:ilii'- HM'i-' !<• •.f'-ll I/|;;.I|)I lit iHI-> flic
-!'• ,u|.sl lr !¦)( ,«i|n(ii<'i*i iHiiisotii; K-ti'in!',	i;< i Antfi< ul siltJi.u,1,, ,ut * /iiii't iih< -• ha- I,
iidw I. ;tih'cihhh h.t: !'-i*i n (.",t ,. il on she li»if siii't '.it'- .Suit' nil ti• ir.ni-ij'.irr into the
( lfl,*l'tt • >! V, , 'Lillii ., t • [U.iii V ,il H> (i flulli IK'l-i ,)!«,( (i!H-,i f v li'il lii |i| i i- |. II ,,t-', rf,|I
I >: till.Ml It IS (•',!< i, ! in (jiH.iii.D 11,1 . ill, i, II,
"<"oi Us', I'ilt'l I t! <.' •, ! ¦>• li-.-ii 1 • I ||,| .Jul I M
«'t i, I: , !• M i ¦ ijuiii „ifl'/l< in : t. '.Ml
I 1-lvi <( fh'. II ,0 lit i I > lit. I. Il !'• V,*»y i'JISV
Wf-littH III' IN || lliv'" I'l.'l.ilj,. Il,; M.I .1.1*. t" tilliv, .Ifl.l l-V >H1-I*)||||M II (IiHIIImIi fill'
ili'-.c «.') - >n '.»'»r f;ni
meafr 1''»»:¦ asfctd. b : : ¦ ^
¦ lonpif iitai Prgtectiori: ¦ ¦
.'.'HassaeKusetcs^Co!. ¦ ¦
Managefiient to exaoi
''tpcsiioii-. :Aftef..:ieseg i .
qiiescioa: in OcttBect
''|3ii|p:'Ckii':'l/.ieel cot . - ;
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'¦¦'¦:¦¦'¦¦¦'l$im: |.|%all«««» ,«ai"r,V"rfc™l'
-------
(tlllii
NEW ENQLAND, continued
rich organic detritus at the bottom.
Oxygen levels in wetlands fluctuate
widely over the course of a clay, being very
high in daylight and very low during dark-
ness. (Titis phenomenon is natural, and is t
not an indicator of impact.) Thus water *
surface becomes an important *«•! <¦«.»> '.V et»
lands often have a high dive	true
bugs (Hemiptera) and beetles (< • I.: >j" era),
both of which are able to get ,m Uom *i,
surface.
In any ecosystem, the tt.j« | t ¦¦ < I »< «' ¦ -
they lions, wolves, of beetles—are a kef
: indicator of systeiii'health. I tt vu'jkm. ls,;Ae ¦¦¦ f||§l§fj|
top (-I.rf..I i,i ll,»	. 'tiifil , ifii.
gnd .beetles*.	::;: : .. .. ' ...
What tlir.nian.ttal.cows. .... ^ .
'f If i I ¦'<>>> •"»( '<
stoiilaritf Indicates a fcealiiieir. site!,^ ;
, % I	Inioli r.tiiii 'Hi. mow .»)
; polutiott-tderaiit:. to:.
"«K	'*¦	l	lli' li«.11-,1 ,h,
: ©their :'-'i«etrics;:';: t»clu4f.€ll':«fe:..'::.iC>T^;..'-.'
i ;'6K».C-Rt	...
i.f 1	( l|i Htjl, l',((!l)I./ I'lpill. (l !f i»' ! ,
K
-------
(Here,-is¦ a «ti tfaffltfiia ol-voluri': tempt* to estimate;the: a|j|.!ltf:of a ^etiaiid. 'the. slKiaco»iags:£>f waiter.
to.perfonav.in.ni', ''itu,- u-m- " u. h i..j .< , ,v,u id .ij.j.i.. t. In-,
[stream iivm , ,i,i.l I.i! . fv<», i <>i» ,»il ,< t »>-m i, (ib-nfc i n,-f m mi . Ju "'i«t mI, lui.. ii.x, ,1 ,< .<¦ , «'»	% i Wl.« »i >u1K ,*•« t>.*' Ilx hm- *,	if.- . a ,  m U .»!>* nti..| ii.»m iu.»|>
loc>k on sireai.. ,!)»	M"	il«\	;.c-f ,m n. f r »1« u tii,	,«*.|. (Js.lv 		 ,ii< vm» «. ,t <
take fheif fto.i t#'j- into > vil.iutl Iff	1 11 -nil, t!,m 1 |-.»Ih v ii e !¦ •• u ,« ! i,h j	mkI iIimi t 1 x» in-.- i loi < ttv
bright f'jlfll Ml - •« l> 'UK J XI Hi tti< li« M	:. .
placed ti', I	'J J>ir:/-n«I< ,1 , (Ii. \ ,13(1	fillu! 'Km- lll'nfi I'M!-" Ill,!i t«,i	J h. ¦ tlllf It -it 1 IK'¦> IIi.rt HKlki Itlllt fliill.ll
to their aiil-l'-. (.<< hi' ii. ii.ii.l Y-«iV	Im- t» i » «»inl«f -*» ii >i. 4tM ..I tl.-.- i l«;u» .i,v.„jh.-hi uim« mv- >l » Iumh tlu-ii tin
n.,i in ,t «H».. • .it Ml- -1S« .in< .1).!	VUf.i -'•.<» il	• l« »k'in" .m-l ll». n Ii,.n-.,n "fv-i	.u,,I ju-.I^
.. Ol ,i»,n,h, iihmiI!":ij,i> tt'lLnil. <.•(«( ,	!,|)n.f» iit.l > ¦	.» d I,, ill' 'Snilv	in. Ill" l.-h-l. i./ Illllll (l,t Ki.'lh «i . m <1.ll
«tl!i -I H.'H -.fl	. 1 t-.«• .rt, «!:	< ,j|, , , t i M"U). i ( ¦vt .< ||,.-| lur, lb. dinlri' hhJ ill) I'l'ifnii, i,lit	.'Iii.lt.il'rf Off'.,Ml 'iiisof., lliiulon (
pRsdtKfiW'aiM	iMemgM. :i:.. were'ciewlo|tel..i»imemv.;¦
Tle'.ffcl».:|®P'.;«(l: fciifia;	Jsii' ¦¦ ,tfist,.'|p3Wtiflii:ijf: itf^J»^.'lalcl5r:atii.ft«»	t£>iri|ire»3uci'iiifti<
pKwifile alifctiia#*S:%i;;-ersli^tcsricailv,:j'ilie;-¦:';:f0:igfKiti«E.liowftef,;.utitt
trill .! ;•	i	-t	L-'t- ; ii..; , . .-i;.. i . t:
enEes,\Besides»4eti:Ae:.lSottestr;^	T	bio|c^lcttl;Ccrt««jS
thrlve-ot*. thie ^ae!efri.;v-:; ::y:;:..i:'.i:.;.i..r-"y.:. i''.Lr..;':.;.:'i..'.:.i.r;
mate :•			 -	.-.i- f	J. ; .41 -.OH
laitdi will fiwicie "mi. slwriage :.ctf entetliliii-. ¦:	¦¦.;|Nla|Iye|f ¦	' laa|W;- staiea:; 'liaiiiit issepiiefii: iieilie"
¦¦ 			,E!^			
A V-." "s'? V «¦-'	1	M- ¦ I ;.|l s- > .
'Tleff: |no.onei^aghtwaf'*¦:.-eix::!.:.?
...... . . . - •
.if
. attic• ¦ ; i . ¦ ¦ ' ¦
¦¦nied' ¦ ¦ . ¦. ¦¦'¦¦¦. 'j
.,anii ilieifv'sttetiethg?...'MiA:':: 	:¦¦¦;¦¦;¦:¦¦¦
. llllMldi iviib. y ' I." f , " • ;. ; ' , ' ¦ . ¦' ¦; " 1-. i !?¦ - , ; • •; J. -I , ¦ 1	Il .1 I -
;. ; . ; .- : ; =	" I			U ..		 I ¦ ! \ ¦¦ . ¦¦ ¦ v 0	:	;...... ;	;¦ ¦;		;	y ¦ ;¦ ¦ :	:: 1 1	1 1 :
-fcaw|-:t, '.'i •'	;•	.	;	. ¦.! a:, V. I	./.Ii\;l.; (, 11-i f., - T I'.'.j,,,'.	,» - > = i: i .
;ili-tl, ¦¦¦ ••••(';•-< i	; I '	1 .	; , A ¦ t .	¦ ..-.i
,pfiS©il#fil:¦;..t ¦	:;. i.:::.
¦;i i J.- -1- 1 ii'-j	¦ ; ¦ -..ty 1 v-n'--	i •. •: 'u i .-ti,.	I.	¦ - . "; j ! i ;>
. <	-.ii	i . ¦» i In; i--i ' i-	• ¦ :	; - ¦ v :: i1 ! - i (¦_; >•: : 1-	r r	i i'.'iu jj-.* ;i;.. :
i	-'i- - iu:	i i;. - <	I-,'	¦ a £:! ' - s: ¦-	'i >ij'.-I. ' ' ! =	'l ! . ¦'	-i
tiiiii
.ft?
Ki Ii•. ii-. nil i-lily n	i
in I do mil pfi.vuli- cr nsd/ii-fil..
1 iiiu	'!:.-.¦!!• -i.i ,. !•:ri.	i'.,.;;.,
I ..'!*;•¦ : -iv.no :i. ¦ ! is.	i S".» Mi ; uin.viivji v	(i.-s .Jli-	.....
l.i.-ti i . 1 •< ' f ... '	" ;i- , .<-."1 . 'i	J I. f I-'. -.	VV ' *	rVi V- n > in, J
. J	! ¦ ¦ ' ,1	I ¦: , i r , .	. Ili.f v- (' i'J' HV>n
.. tt.-r.	ii	• : •• - t- i	t, ,-i ¦¦ . ,¦¦¦!¦¦ •	j.i; j,i f *xy
K01.MNT6S* WtNiVOl! «<«*?, -eto ,• 1 ?
-------
DECIDIWQ, continued
used among volunteer monitoring groups.
Some projects inven^r- firt one or a few
types of plants or mm i) • '«olunteers with'
the Bird Studc- <' b/1 -«sg Point Bird
Observatory Marsh Monitoring Program, for
example, monitor birds and amphibians.
Other projects in this category do exten-
sive mapping mcl campling of a' variety of
plant and animal communities, along with,
characterizing features like soils and hy-
drology. A manual used by volunteers in
Washington State, Monitoring Wetlands: A
Manual for Training Volunteers, explains pro-
tocols for monltcifiiig birds, amphibians,
vegetation, hydrology, wetland buffer con-
dition, soil types, ^ and topogra-
ph? (sec
page 26
- for ordering ¦
.;informa-
tion), ¦ Vol>
" :uaieeri at.'
Jug' ¦'¦Bay;
. Wetlands,.
¦ Sanctuary .ih'
Maryland,,
:"pne-;of ¦¦¦the.'.
; iiiiif.-fotun-..'.'
;teef wetland
: monitoring;.
; .pftfgri'ms.'li
the country,' iiiwef'isB»''pliiiiti.» fctafi, tep
¦	tiles,; mcl ¦amfliikiiiiis -and study ¦¦nufriefi
"cycling; I CifMm gtmps ¦ thit: follow' 'aid
¦	coiapieKeiiswe .approtcKes'.; leco:ia.e'.':iii|i
: ¦iiiaicif¦: fiiBBliar; with "iieffweiaiais aa,
• generate, tots&f useful oatau rtGwewf ?. incf
'ftofecis': are.1, efiai ;iss«iice-: .§»»#" 'ISimm
¦	t«islw% iiigiiag Iieiit' i»f ractienl ixmmM
*£* j| .¦^|..1,,j-vl -i'wi a f-ii , I'1 ' ¦'l/* ¦1/ijjtLT'f. ii'L. Ti. *	:
¦-. ¦ : -fc: " ¦¦	- I I				'/*¦ 	J- .-.i.t %AJ -
sine
biological
-KHi'ijiiii i. .limcliea-
!•«« i „ lit <}.«., ut.| Jy •! • ntorying
the biota, as )¦' . nl • >'J in the previous sec-
tion. Bf evalii f a plant or animal
assemblage, wetland scientists can deter-
mine the 0¥efalJ.,*liealth" of a wetland,
J < t I I !•»-<»! ,-
)'« « ¦! lit !(', ,!!,,! , I i . ,1|| .( lh« V J if I tilltitul lie
i 1" ilt» v 1 "i'l I	<•!>,.([. I' t .u;.| ill!',
,iH' |'if -'ai in „)l	H'nu",- i, < >!!-.•
Jmv.I-.kI I, |h,,| ihrv .ffl.c. i,dc ,| ¦¦¦ hi;.-
'llU'.Vifi!' ,1 it, •' III ,t ?!((-, <• li I'.lci.
itr i	i h'i idli l>.",	i> n:,|t',v
' ,il.	l),,	| ,,t Jll. !¦ '|,t i, ;,/(¦
iif;-Jily id'-bill- i)h ¦; ,((• int >n i iv -.if
.	,k i-c,-, .) w||i ,1c 1 tfi',1 , ,i|i illl.i
B|.ari;in a ¦specific wetland, Ampfai.bians are
¦ .excellent sentitiels'' .of:' eiwironiiiental Vcbn-
cI.tdon,'.'ljBf th.elf.;.|»pulttloM can naturally
lucttiitc-fcii year---!© Jyear.-:the ^Iwes at
'.¦tight ¦siiimiiiiiifzewpe'lof.fhe'proi'.a'ftd cons
''forsetoil winllages. ¦	,
; Tte--yafae^ol:iii«itoriiig^ Iwipg.- :.¦¦;¦ ¦
At:siatei :eiir|{eij. tliepe ¦ is lie;, singIe.."rlglii"
¦way to Iitonittw wAnis/Bmmms'vemm,
¦	HPfiiine' tttk-Ai	J*.
l£Hf & ¦:
in a i	;d i, ,
-i*.'- f4.'; : J-,Vh -
•' ». 5?iS ?
'¦¦^fsiealr	8ft
¦tobiiat,	eau -met- ti
filSHtSy" 3
i BH.atoaIlt iKipaifed, ;.dr '.rrfe^
Bf ^liam' fern
;0- ¦dlstti^b&iiccs to Stftefll'
iife' pf0t©cdlf';i® ¦ iiietricS''lor:''''Si
lessatene aire	¦ we
hkmmmmmmits- tn '#etlaftds;: set
i --li : :
iM§'i'ppie' '.ilSEPA'-'%krCQQ&it%wM.
1	i ? 1	; t-i

Ji hi at
IflQ
i..~; - i i

or, H-t i:
¦ I li.1 ^
yftm
IB / V04->i;HTEfc'^	;»r-*3fKi
-------
Potential sftf:iisatersi ¥mn cons
III!jji|ig§iii
•'¦lit
ilililtMl

iMWnlMHjWnSiVi'liJlili
fWWilll

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Zi.fjJ---;
f \\..V,::.K' Vv.h	t1-5 J-ni'MH/
<- ihiUff il'Qltvi	^r!-b ^-.i' r, ;' i[\\k
|::::;';.!:''l-':;:'t']".'
¦ i'Dgfjfy' foohi'-s 3f«i scfj":»? are nifji'Styi v,
Ti&'rUsr; it ;i:i*isc!.:i! if» ijiitjiOini cyu'-.fci or
¦¦ <()!!':« -S'U I'lOtt'-!;s?ii! '-i-' y » QVD-iJ Of
£si?!icui£ If: HiVi l> fj.. fliii-.i
- -Jjii'v Wt t-f'litij lta»e Ofity -i 'ii'v*
Stiff ntaiV/ i-jiitfiOiT- r/:Yti«indj HoVfc vfii'V
raw 0)!!!'i 'Si yySi'i'tt
bBbMBBI

t pri-:-,f"j'r t?. ;;ii '//&T);irifl,»
i	•S.rffivCb 'fi'iirlv	s»Xi.8pi
5(-f	U:ii? iisCk Slafiijifiy Wi'Ef
f- C:i"rj;ni-!ily li^ri unf;!! hi: Sci!:!pifid yPS;
'd:"fl|j|lilfr^r;^
- :va* 'a=J Mni'isyit i.y "juctHtf 0; sT.gif
"f oiogi'^i :?itpC3rUH';C»;
¦ . - i;;•-. vC-s'y iatwriuifa Leoji.sfe- iwui
ami pswn mane;
• -*.sjn:cj wtiiJoiidi Have RWiy* '40 i i
maciWfiVfefjaijritt fairnims w a s.an-ipte
?'j6!tt% to I rjrj-jjiy levfi
•i-	I '• ..¦ ,(th;
T ^>;!';*ii('a' ii'iil T:s»¥: H'vU; H:th" ::>;:¦ f>? SrM;
CilidiiJOr:
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aV'i!:5b!v
-- utaft ?i iH%) lifTM s*i \B'iVnM\:'rU io
- Ijiily	c^O fVi:
rfu;Vipi,u(c"y' C^iij ^c'C'^n^ad du; fOcrif
uU-r - f ,M<.-': -M- * L-J . ' S	,i i;j? '-J-J
weilsiifls: as dbe= ecesfsteiii ttat^ebiiisra'
tin&mft pollution- bisfofc- If-Eits-to l&si bw
?i': 'l«t'	» ,	'. IJI T *: ¦'¦ f	5 -;-;'!'Hi:;|i
yoto. ^iit ^"Scksfi. itasrti
iiid:
¦¦"'* = -i.'v, * - '{-i» 1-i. -
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p«. 1
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lii

v Ei'frta j<3Ccgrntion by sotietv of (heir
fe s O < *j C1 •_ rt i ! pn p j j ,1 ft r i f; £•
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Monitoring Turtles in Wetlands
by Christopher Swank
iVi
survey 15 basking sites which we can view
from a single vantage point,
Make counts daily at the same location
and time of day. Several counts at 301'«hie- j hi 1
tat .destruction,' especially, wetiartcl - -|
lass, Is coipide'red to Ik a -tiia|or,caa,se.:"
¦Unfortiifiatelf»- basic. tiifofBitticiii.&n .natu-. ¦„ abMnclaiicethaii:.one..sliiglecount. Weather
that
axil! -be used to iemiopmmematkm plans
I ' illi'lj 1.1. 1,'lfi;: i i.'.tfl',' ih.-l, I, u-lllt. 'Ml,. !fts» .,t tin- I <-u 11,
diati";iieecI-for: .studies fbcwitig. 'm tori®, . -Metrtfcft ;not.all turtles hasti
.31.1 ('4' 1,(1 "Jlinr." I	, !i, lull A !>.»',hfl,< 4 .< I C «lr(uit'l
tag to'lili the: maitf kaairfeilge gaps. ; . :	the; procuce: .of. ififreqneat
-¦ -ifyouVeihtere$tai.;in'monitc«ui^.tu^l^^:: ba.siers''sttc:lj:''as- ttie-.Snappi«g....':
.start. fay. gathering.: iahtmstiat /about. :t|tc -.; Turtle .and :tite. MuskTuttle. 1;':: -
:nirliestn'foiir.afea^«»:icispiMishe (..iHnk'ut <4 tn- i,,-l ¦ f'il Iicms -it ,uf
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', r<-»; i'f;-.r;'::,!' !.i;2 ! -./f.-v ;i-'r:	'\t; ;,'r.-.;;t'. ii'.j •_ ,'fir;
;ii.;<"-. i ; .
li®|;M|l^::Jl«i*fr
r.t -, "•;*«
%£i.
m^Mpmf'WM'
ptamiifogs
- \ ^i---
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r;-;i!M
RfeS0iltces;¦'-¦;".
Ernst El Ii,}i#;.t£rric
i •
SlBltflSCJfliill

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y ' U.
mmmwnykMit

M'Hm
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¦	.;. sffit* '*iii
Vv> <_U?-* f'f.VH «V- f * fs i i >i C. *"•/« f ^ *
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Defending the I indcrdo»: Volunteers IVokri Vernal Pools
While wetlands of all types need protection, vn <> >1 ¦ .#«' '' m •• < > .Jtwmbk of all. I < »'¦ » - . / *4,'. •/!,., /. ,< h«/«, r. ¦ mi '„st
wcrl''>ir-f'"i /'>>< i< i ihi -g pools in hr f> "•'< f»f< .<<	|tl-underdogs of ih «> tl'O, I
' V> i' if !«,¦'(• ' <• m. •	,u-: easih overloo- f <«i i -1 > f *-,«. I }L . n S -f>
snifi'i, !»,'(> nii't ¦: ft. m other w >¦¦¦'¦,u,- •'*: /fi i- •, „,p «,¦ at certain times of year >l f>» 'Uv nil » i» << .11 iiul-
Yet it k this very ¦property of drying up that makes vernal pooh suckwduabk habitat. Fish can >'/• ¦ s •, th »i I •• n}',.«»!am.
creatures a pool devoid. 0/ prgiioiwy fish is 0 very- ttice f loes to raise a family, . ;
Lifestyles of vernal pool dwellers
Several, kinds of aiiioial*—notably fai
shrimp alio certain species of amphibians-
pools-—provided th
are dependent
emal p.
reproduction. 11
for succes
nclicator" vem
were certified by the
¦Massachusetts Divi-
skio.ofBAeriwW :	Slilljp
XV,: ' Nnu»l
300l!
re-evolved sp
strategic
jtitiial disappearance iit-
Heritage Progtsm:, in.
response, • M.assachu-
setts Audubon Society
M-
to cope-with th
the water. Life in a venial pool is a ta<
against time—-so the eggs and tarvae ofwir- produced a atanuai,
rial pool ampltibiaiis-Csalafiiaiaciefs and frogs) • Certified: A Citizen's.
are capable of developing lapklf, to be ready;:' SK{j-fry-'Stef>' • Gi«
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•	spotted'salamander• •_
' ¦ • the blue-spotted salamander'-group \'
{several closely related species)' ' ¦'
•	marbled salamander :	¦
'Since fairy'.- stariixip. ^»e®*cl- '.'dieiir ..erteirie-
cycles la'terreil:pools,^ai*l can'tJimaiif-;
where else, rise-'presence of aiif laityjfirialp
in a' pool is' sufficient .groupds'.fori c«ffiftel--
' -Tiie anig-ttijxari inductors -if#: (l^pendeM
©b yen's!
their- whole Jives; there. adult--wood-
frog cx spotted saIaHiaiiclei*--li,angi£ig oiit- lit a-
poo! might'just be- visitimg.-it might :«*'¦
.. ¦ 'J#**.;. ¦ .¦ another ¦ ppud ."..for
'** I'n * .iiin'.) llia, ill.-
'tfisliiillfec" monitor
ifudyifig .vettiiii' pee
-for years,.but now i*
'decided to tackle tl
'"prefect of flodirig an ¦
; -eeittlflofj every Venus ¦:
'-¦.'p0£>!--:i,ti:fhe "town:.<
i'Eeaiiof,' '.M'SssScEa
"Ir was: a t#i
-'¦ff ar'pi^eijt IB lliicf.tl-
;':|ioc»ls—-S5-"in: all—^gi
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Jojeci -"'-tlie ; .pjrojssst -:t
'Bin-th:-flisit' *H*v -A?-
aapcites, '.salaiasaaer'.;
' - ¦ M-: i.i.

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¦ ra:h -• '•	i '¦.. i-.ii	'.-I .i¦
deals:#:!!®

isrt dnwft'^siJifts vvhfiiH prehisloiie-tooUntf taapute'sfHHn}; r- jwf
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.*rcst..in jsirittP^ fik« Miofifl'iita, fn&Kifi;s fit fi^iftifi-ficft «a-i?¦/ sfttiiup ftffiv'stjf? sua!
•i>!>p}y'ft6tii irjeierTipMfd^ haa tefiMuiiS ixamv oi tttfefc^ eDfiteTserat' a«d rm$ ftyisifati-'
asitpiati
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VOLUf-j f^CH hiOHl r
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VFRN'AJ rOOI.S', .MdlMirA
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* Mil' I " I I	i? Hi ' II'1 ' I t'A I - -i ' *
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J mi K« lf« if* > >n. .j'i'i <( h bM-l* < ,» v •'
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fh< >hl btW Wilitl ||| I'll 'h » l»'<» Wii.'f »' t\i ,
pi >t V'h* I* I tV y Ift" Ml 1 ii.
rh' u- i/»- j \i>* it! t -1< I i t > fu '/#

')l< fill ! fd S'jl If
(."i'i'iSi' Ij, I'M' Vf! I.,;!
¦ )1. i til-.-, ;,ic) ,'i ,,4't near the edge
fk-y»»mf sS'i vv i'uglaiid
«i iiMfMi'.-litg of vernal
[•« .1 i iii m H- n ti.g befond New
i !i-'S in I In Mini' oca, volunteers
/. ib U< \\ fi I nid Evaluation
!')'.)¦" i .i,- -i-iiig techniques
i'l if-' I >*•>»• < I'l'i/'ed arid Wicked
I'm- I'uii H", 11 > | le come away
•in , < d !St« 11. !-»gical diver i>,
'ppears v U <
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'i-.ii if' v i > Judy Hi'lfx-u ampktbttttu,
licl,jb.hf v.liu i't_«.ntlv devfclopuJ
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1 he Vi'lUM'flt lis lllliM' wf l 'I'll til '(1 *">. it ii< i*
( V) I-•!'*! i III ' k". i li (|i l .1 'ili'ttiik I • S I Ii'( ('<• .1 ij
ill MillJt.-i V ilirni'-ri - All! -">< a I •>,) Ih-
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li'iitiiiti.- ;t l.ii'i;
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'statewle' ':.ii«»iBjreci::...
ihmuitt'jil'. „i,tl ».n „ I'l'uiH.ii. m I'-'i i.,' I.- ; j.,- id hi i>; >i' iiviti. »i ii<< li i liv< i -.i !(¦¦¦> ¦<
i • ivill .n.f,.i Im* if.4 ,,'j i s-i-.l. v,, 1,,'ii ,ln-h . iv tii'K,.
:¦ ;well ;:as .^eriwl. foe;i;:.;iiiiieaiOfispeciei,j	¦ lyaciaiois,; aiicl -.'tiini;'me¦
l.'Hi. I- < il i-ii.i . iDil'l U l>i* .U . IIh II'ill-»l i >1 J'I *i'I	(!U<- Mt-'linid! " 'Slid , n it t | in ih |l i (>,<.««,are foiincl on
lib- is 7.'itl'ni» m j rtv h.-M, ovmt.l I km) ' 11 i. j. h 'I I'"'f' -	f ¦« >h' % h < -1 i, , |r •) i»-v ill-.»»,• u ,n:ill ,• 'spall, venial
it'll i »•' *1 : i . . .'ill .< I'-i'i	I >' <«'! ¦ ii i tH (In. iij'L ili«- • I,.. I.
' wli/ <•!«,(/. i, I Vf 'II,. }' I.)»! i-
Hill lll.ll ¦ !«,.») ! I'	! u,< I,	I . I'UH , .1 11(1
I). I I.-,I. till . 'Ill i .M'i'iii	| " I I 'I -IMI,.; S.,1 filiiK, ' «.( -li MH'I^I «
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•: tradiitonat eai-
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itne.'IIda!: Marches:' Assessing Funcilom and;1
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i in air
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¦ ..Volunteer VVetland.Moaitori.nw Manuals; :
;:; . An Aiiitotatecl l!ibiit>gra.phy
by Matthew Witten
Thisbibli », i sliglii u	i "i -on of one 1 prepared for USEPA Dm.u " ',>,$<>•< ersioii w#ti f < | lied by the EPA later this year; it ml! s»l " le
n-'iiliHe -id itii- l-i'M Wa' .id >/»"(» nr at ww.epa.gov/owow/wetlands.) K»t ea^li
j 11-»i iu.il, 1 Ii.ac UK'.I m- -<>, .iu,,lt, if the degree of scientific rigor, the metkods
i«-l, if,.- ».ii.-n».«!i «. tic, •>{,.•!I»i'« the manual is specific to a particular geo-
,'i ipln- .il !«>*'"•» ni,f/'n •"hI,.k 1 iy| ) Ih. nrst two manuals, listed are broad to scope and
i -nil ,i . iiu-i. Iu'f. 0 hi mm »U"*I il" . >U > / aixini il wi. . .a-iiiLiii" v"luti
!.*<•! fi¦ I' i . ,11 ill! t 111	>4 •• ¦ I lull
I	it !> i • ., ! 1 ti' i rl' > 1 ,.i,, i i
'.i, th>- »>' itA.'f iii !h' ' 'i.-j.'.i .V"ii ']eh
Mil'!,' { j);•••! li'J :u,.| In M l>- 1 ¦' < K VV.i
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wi rtui'l biifi.-i .hi i , .,««,¦! iiriiin -iji<> • i! D»il
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eli'action.: '	:
•	I I .1 ,|| ,!!>•}., ,Hlll.»f.l|!".l ImI'Ii >:•< ,l\.'h ;
•	,Villi' !• I'l' .ill)|||>" J.il'l t« Iflll
I '/lH-hl.:l|i III
11-ltl.il
in scope
I.. ,'I/I,lilt	!V.,l|wii ! I h'/iK'll /Mill III .1.
> l',i,,. , i til: ,i( I,ii/,' i tniiii. 1 ,1'n, Hi' /'•i-'1'/1''-
'ViM -!¦>¦ ; •"",/» l I, I i I,
I .*,'l ll '..I'. ,' ',|l •{ 11 111: . I 'I ll'l ill); !ll^
iv ,fi>if', Ii t i .1 .i, ih< in,tun,li, ¦ i >	f < 1
•	l'ni>' ii I -Ji i >il« I .l(.ii>,ings
•	-* 'ii M , >loi ihiii at, witli appropri-
3h ¦ M.fl',,1- in! >1;. li'-iJIdll'T
1 "1- ll' •' I f,;
•	Mi i|>- i are entirely observational; no
SalaljIiiiM
•	• I - ii,- h i ii"" i ,i.'l hit
1 I' l,J I'ltl'	/|f |' ['/ ,11 Jli ll' I 'V 1 I I 1	"1
til' I II I' Ii n ft/l' l ,M,|I urn	I I'l'l I' n
t
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40 pa
This ii, ,iiii.-1 j, hi il h, „ ,| |,.»f -ii^is •qwifirvHr wrir-
fi'll !' ¦> V 'IllidtVi 111 i ill" M If 11 M ,1 I'l, -III),'	I'l I
>!"•'• )¦> »'»| ' il, II 1 ill. , Ii ), J,	If >	1 <1
ii" It' 111 111, ¦ ,, ,|, thl ,-i r, 'I ,,ifr ;, ,1 (11 , L' It!; I, i,!
||. ii'l.lli , I l,j H ,-l' K\ 11,1111(111" ['), I"! list	] ill
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{ v,	) lio'. If'i'j i <
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'om
1 ' '« 'I . I"'"'• tin >• ,«»' »l* ,
long-terif i'sc|ertti%.v»c»lft»*ti»f,' the ;»se«s--
(Ml,a .III I iii,i i„ „ ,a I«.
! i '
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tan. ana j

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:....; ...
-------
*	Thorough appendices,- including a.brief
summary of tfe LIS. Pish and Wildlife.
SeiTice's wetland 'classification, system
(Cowardin system) ¦	- 	
Orientation: ' . ¦ ¦	1
•	Tidal wetlands
'• Emphasis on Mainccontactt and regula-
tions, but otherwise' applicable elsewhere • ¦
To obtain; Maine Audubon Society» F.O> Box
6009,.Fdnmnh,:ME04105-6009; 207/781 '6180
e*t. 235. $13 fMaine fiiiiimts ait 60# sales tax),
Colbum,	' . - " • .. 1 'ft
	t	i,t	j.ia	
; ; .... ' . . ---	¦	:¦ ...... o .... :	1
mat Pools,;	1
¦in,

Massachusetts. regulations afford special pro-
tection, to • (..i! if. „ i,.	I ,	.4 >
the' state IXyisipii of Effete# and 'Wildlife.
oslcy, A, 1996., Namtgmsett Bay Method:
A Manual for Salt Marsh Evaluation. Save
the Bay,' Providen.ee, EL 22 pages. ....
Like the Maine 'manual described abc>;*e,;tl«$.
and. outlines'1 ¦» partly "-paper,' partly
observatiofiaf :e¥al»ia.tien.: of salt amaims :and
acl|acent'Aiplaiids/.';TIi«.;i|ianual is>&ott":an3'
informal Cphotocopied');, goil'wtiytleslgfiel for .
use by Rhode Isjfend volunteers to help gauge
the restoration"|Sote;ritisil:¦ of altered' an^de-
graded s»it':.inasfcea'in;.Ma.rtaBansftt'.'lia?, - ¦-¦¦¦- "
s - -
citizen needs to complete the certification pro-
cess,	.	¦¦¦:	;
Also a vatjabie: 52-page cursieulum compan-
ion; fpr grades :3-!2;.denial .'.Pool
. Activities..	:. ; .'
To obtain'. Massachusetts Audubon $atkty\ 208
StmtkQrmiM,' towte, MA 01773; 78IOS9-
9506ext. 72SS.Mmud'$9 +$J$&ti;mmaium
pmvM*$2WH:,.:::	: :
'Kentief,;Li9937Vmtad]Big PuiMesl A
GimMbj ;ib ami Cleafifiltlon of Vemai'
1 ! . Ir > " I' i-	;¦	,
'hill'! , ;	Mi-",,	' . .
¦pams^us:sfpa^iim7'.7'7 ;-.'L:.'; i ;; ; :
llf-fllP





; ;rvSU^;
hi

		y
¦1 ¦ 	= ¦;	1 '¦	-if. NY
¦ '. f-„. v-, i i i;,
¦ , ¦ ¦ ¦ , i .) S '
; ¦ :	• .!¦«,<, I'll. ¦ (¦ ' I'lfif '
acrij>i'ai?ci: cI^^icpGaii'	;¦ : : ; -;
• • :" ": ! ¦ OSbMXiM,:'Eem£-;'.
iiilif#;. ieafft#f%tit'|'M"+"$S $0M,"7;;;¦""
« :.i.I'l'i ;;f !>;,!«
¦ ri-f	:t>i .':M "-"i.-'fj;. Dr
¦¦ .".c	I.j ' -ii,	iji.s.jv";-;. it
//4't' OftJdlfU!'J. iniii :)-!? ¦ ¦
•i -J/-: I'-;-?-.	; i; •-¦?'•
I# iiwrtffsM
v 4frn-.ti pO\ii
iliaiteffelisted- fclciw til;:®
^ ..1-1 iiPl^	,iy.i i
¦	. J 'I • * J . .< I I 1 ,
¦	ffiatiiisii lib ill 'btiS
-I
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r?i:jieiriiV r?K' Wv?
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5,.':\ {znu {rslfl)<.Cu5i:v	li":;!!
-f" *	M*	i'I- -_S
U'* */v» -i> « 'j -V ,iV, 'J	K,
¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦ i-;J	:	;¦"¦¦¦¦:¦ -'¦¦	:¦¦¦¦	;	5	;	
VO'UUfw'? t:f f? MONsTC'r'	r-f
-------
RESOURCES, continued
Publications
Audubon Society of New Hampshire. 1180.
Five fact sheets: introduction to wetlands,
wetland functions and values, wetland terms,
coastal wetland types, arid tidal marsh
restoration. Available from NH Audubon,
663/224-9309; tf for set.
liner, R.W. 1998. In Semcli uf o^unsjiland: A
Wetland Sourcebook and hrld tjnnh>
Rutgers University Press, PutdLiWjy, NJ.
214 paps.
D(")i>|i'»ifl tor	-< wito ifltlc t>< ri-j ti-jiMii-j
if) '/s/i.*ll,)r>ii M.IHIIt.d, t'lfi tjliulf	villi Ji
"wurl.ilill pniM'f" r,nV< MDfj WuKtllMl iU>i
slt.'cAirs'j iniiinf"t
tal ((In' 'iivl Ho ,n,u> h, P 0 tS's/ '/H%,
l«"wi M-«, MA Si I OH hY.vW, t'Mh VA> « "A
Sftli
Yule , -S Ailii(jinui ,t Wi'iImicj 4 Nwtliw" »/
Gultlr )W1 '/?	.'ippi Kv
Thitf.(i.H(oClaa4t»if;titooWtot|ji«i 4 Iw-is. . .
summary of wetland types/value*; -and - ¦ ¦
benefits,; sntf discusses such issms'as ; ¦ ¦
witlani'lass	11 etftfatiwi- . ¦
good beilstf^cffwn. |iist#rf ,®fMtttaacls. :.
renilftiffiis, #nl:«t#;pli#riaiff elsar
drawing* that illustrate wetlandplants and'
wildlife arid lite illffiffotlfpts	; .¦
Available froni Adopt-A-Stftaifj Foundation^ :¦
hiM i?m ai r,i, tvf.tiii, m i'd'/U',mmt
HWJ $ff f 1% 5ft H
(iiesji' iftactei Mfjfjiwliis.
: ¦ Special Mofiiteriog Issue	:
. t~.il H t/¦ f nfcH n a 'v	=
v!--ju= .-'i'iYiL^t-aZil
. ifl U-A: i) _• : Uii	'.J%h	¦
= f.i:U'lpGv, i	iji
tif;i ;vUl UJh^.iKO'i i\^i' iv;'" ii\i
¦¦ oo?u;«;u?5i!y (vati&uis. uve-f	Ihf.v
UijtibV*
I	Ubi\ ,ai	>v
;	hno

1
1
last year, in three different parts of the country, regional volunteer monitoring conferences
live people the opportunity to network and swap information about their monitoring propels.
If pur own region wasn't one of them, mafia now is the tine to start planning! (But nets this
tip from veteran conference organizer Bob Kirschner: "If you're planning a conference fir the
par 2000, book pur space soon I Nearly every organization that's ever had a meetini will be
doing some sort of event to ring in the new millennium.")
New England
In June 1117,250 people attended the first
New England Volunteer Monitoring Confer-
mfj\ held -it the University of Rhodr Maud
!Mht< M.H.Jy it was 9 double fr/wu shu
ii.f/inloriiiij i onference wacombtimd with
tltij Ff-tif'n ?;ew England Lakes CwiftMerice,
.)<« iii'i j.ii meeting sponsored by the New
f Mjl'ifi'J rfi.ipi*1- (4 ttn; flurth AtiHHUdri Lake
Mj'i.iijf riKixt nity (f-JAI.MSf
*11"' oi'iHbmatii/ii Ik.-Iikk) bring in rtf,J m ifnu'it ef Envirohmerttal Manap-
man!. ¦	. '
The merging of the two conferences wis
sa.SBecf8sfiil-t|ittthf'»oi8Jisb«iri|
repeated its 1ISI, pith s Joint .cttrtfirsue# In
Jiifti *t"thi.U»'i¥#rsitf of Mew Hampshire in
' ' ' ' '
'Mil-ltliitic ' " '
fPl'Rfflonsl ani 3 joinii "forest to'teitf a
t; -..'ji r-jiiif-iiiier. The joint'8ffeftroiii...':'r
wAit. "ion|*at«rsh«|sfs.f..f" "¦ v:y:
1, h;.- .*..4:; 8 ay,; 'Dataware' llif'Br);iri shared,
b; it, iji'ihripiiis,:' " ". ''' v
"' c .i¦, it.rfBCi tip»SiBtS til# first tlW#
i'-.ii	:u0ka#atiirs#iw8;'is:,tfi« Wii'
An:i;!!i; ' hi i:;:r^tsaf prciiitiiif #nlfprtfitnBf
vui.-i!'it--;-;? p.f'H-'flfinj,"says1 Ally'Mitkiwiti,
on,- -r; : - r.:-'i!:»rfnc« orfifilifff. "Politlctf'¦
IJOttnPpf'loS); 1 : 	 !.	! :	¦: ; ¦
a10ft pulpit .litftJ§i'iti:Wo-aill-a-.;
ii;;v	^ ¦¦¦:¦
projects. But soon the goal widened: "We
decided to bring in other monitoring groups
in the Ghsu! region and have them give
workshops too," sjp Miller. "We wanted
cross-ldinli/iinriii -everyone learning from
each other"
The one-day conference was sponsored
by the Minnesota' Audubon Council and the
Qreat takes Resbhal Office of the National
Audubon Society, mtl 'funded by IISEPft,.
A partictiiarlf valuable activity was a
group brainstorming session on ways to use
volunteer datati influence piifclc policy.
' Upcoming*¦ te§losi $ -m '9i
> niU.;MiU ii (Ji afit- irt'ji
inascite'j &•/ flit	ii' cl;i.	;t
OMano?
¦ liofiifor
M

^1
\ '> ¦ ¦ ¦
rftomtsrit
wiftfreiisiii iiBci'.-m sac?:'
iisCfeiiiig,	lm M
vvLiiuiift,
ifffcu ?.U. :!tei
m'Y	¦
16 I'lOfSsifcHl sfKiif
¦
mm

MM
N n r i o u A s. v'os liriTEi ft
M 0 N ] 1 >> w 1 r-a Coftf fRfnitt
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ifii
(Hii ih
-------
MAINE, from page 25	shop'participants canoe but of a general de- • manageable tasks. Volunteers, iikethe rest
described• in the manual is that it allows an	sire to team mote about tidal marshes.• We' 'ofus,, usually have too many denj|jiA§ on
observer to ftitcHj capture the "'big pic-	had 'hoped thatattendees would go on to their time, To make the post ot
tare."'It is a good'tool for;ol;*a.iiiing'a rela-	' s * ® s - . ests awl -abilities, we will assign *o|ititeea
live, mensure .of overall 'wetland health, lo-	(**»*«»« nayur/m* itcareujtec* is specific,projects thai. are finite aff§.-easily
eating problem areas, and .identifying;sites	owrmm «©««;*¦**ttw of ' ; taught.- .for mote complex .taiksgMatne'
for potential .restoration,.'The information	mamao'ino t«b i»«»«,«t; mmo- wMmm Aiiclubon. Jtalf'.wlti take ..the' leaijafaut in-
gathered is useful for''guiding'management	dpcwohS'THat *mct this .... wive voluhteersa$.tteld'.^is'tem^'r''-':
dedsions.onsucliactkJiisas; ' . .	' ¦ iwaoiitieis,: : :	...... ¦ -|-
•	improving recreational or educational . , 	¦ •• •••. . • MmtotmiamimimxaMerw&tisn^
access •'	:: . 	initiate their own assesstaent projects,, but were ttataed.'.in, biology or related |
•	restoring degraded sites ' ' ' . ..	we famiA'Sm tot .natur.'l * /< n. t-. II- '«<•>, < i huhmk- "**
•	tevMngzoumgtsgulMmsiopmma-	• togwow ih.vmii. 			j
upland buffets '¦'-' : ''	tl'iiv.K In ..n.- • oMiiiiiiiiif y, l<« 1.1 mm o--ihm »!*<¦ j>t
« prioritizing land protection1'projects - '	are v!en«?*rari tlirUni- . w§e;,nafc- anions;; tfst :aff«ct 5 1
. : - - : ¦ j' ¦ ¦¦ y 		 -	yers'itfof Newfeng^ the resource; Our goal; at Maine
^ On Ae -other fcand,the assessment p»-	pms ^ ^".gate tlisit.i'tt.'teeflili;almost' . Audubort'-k"to builci bridges 'be* ' ..;.f
wiles o«ly;	'tween-fc>«ial citlwtai;who: waBrit'.to". ?'; *
~	wow
liabitae types''(e.g., ft#; mtii, .low masti, |co<^;^:a;bif:|^t^?	:-h«e;iies»^
If-" " " ¦ 11. 11-iW	j( , int.V , A >; f 			
' , •'1i y.< lit!' ,-iir,.^ H..II h« •	haj'jtfit A h.uwi, V,,l!, (mM».
' r ' f'"	(rt'.'.K'h-. int.,nil on < "
B.:.ilionil»ring;-Of---IO''';''. {mgUavmiesamffi&m^mrmmrience'tO':	: ; ¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦¦;¦. ;	;r .... ;. -
ventory- of.;particiilat iEiiinals; or plaits :
cept: a -few' invasive
flesignei for .lcsttg-teftn.:.liwnip5ringr0f''';|0''';;'.	oajjCX|jer|eIjC|;;aj.;	.... ...... .;.. ...-;
¦' "¦ 'I""'1' 1'"'	,j", 			I'1"'	rt	'P- « '•>pt<>,i>i !<<.' M-tut' «	Wk roi'.alu
ll('l"|i!i if'j'l" ii )it ,	 I'W \.H rs Hitj'li', »,,<¦ H)|)	U>- ,ti "ii
iii «.11i -ih-- ¦{ ! I n-ii'.-.l
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V?>(,«HVEKfc. MPNifOR-	St!)
-------
Nat ional Survey Results: A Profile of Volunteer Monitoring.
<"J	; any readers of The Volunteer
f	Monitor participated in the
«, i 1I 1 'Aspamaad national sur-
vey of volunteer monitoring groups con-
ducted last fall and winter to gather infor-
IM 11 I' Hi
National Directory of Volunteer Envmmmen-
tlli Al.C	- ' ' - : • ' '
sponges have been entered into s database,
allowing us to generate a number of useful
statistics about: volunteer monitoring ac»
third of Ac pi->vi >m Wetlands are moni-
ti-rt d 1-y hIihii (, iiiti-. i !>Mf niily *,<(-< ., Jr.'l.ily 5
'i he volunteer iiicjnitoiiiig database will
be available, in August 1998 on EPA's vol-
I li if • *'' I Itn'•! |M l'I llti; **('!•' lie {'/¦ WW |-H.ii- <•;/
(V flh' Ihillll HH'/l'.	)  v. wvv,vf',i.t»' iv/M.a'1/jdi ifi).
I iit' J 'if i 5 I r I-«j I i|!c( 1 I If y 'rl ill ft rl i )•
>,h ( 3»	, All,I Will i'f 111.tiled ;.ur 'tfj-iin }»',»- d in ji. I!»' I
Ir( ! I |Jy Wilt Hit lu.k ilsitni I' HI. ,'(,»• I III'.,
i-i!>j'h .. aii'i ii!4|f	,i	p »rf»aytd
•4 flit,- uiiivsh ,i im- (4 "'ilniik-i r ni.ijiiit.i-
ihj; unfit imvi ,k- I'.irliitt, v/'.- ¦( I'lu-I Irii .k
.11 Mlill.' lit E If Hi.tl>>! illl'lliif-,
Environmenth vulnnlfct r.s nuMihur
A-. w-ts t< Hind mi dt>.: ';up.vy itcv soiit
()< iln' ] liri'i.t'iiy (t ut id * i>. rr.l m
iH'j,	,ifi-S mor*. vn- I.v (<•»! I
11 * .! /. ) <'/.yft it,
and pJri, ¦ (Nviez.
ihtlri :dl (>n
:ir<; t.oiiiliiu"/*.! fi>i
dii:* talik, ;uiil -tllKf
.o n'tiiay iir.^iuiiiri
ut',..mi < ii
I'm ,iiiii'(i'i i v diiv
Ci'jnly inf.'.-j^ored in
•ii'.MIll'i Ii-ll'l 11)
llujIillhlU" fltS' 11 '}< <>l
iSif IfM.i
(){tivr acfii'ilit4s
Mini voliii"
I vt ,;t if»,:iy I
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AMI'HIUIAN IMa, L.INIi, fi»m tH>K''
nutisni'-. in iIk- t -iily tsiiicilit-. I fs«- -mi-
(¦hif-tam '.ii f ii.;(Ii 1\in«iti.;i ,ir«; Hi- << iiMv
¦ liVi.-c-rt', u.iiltitly in M>, I'. << M.niv ut
rli.-tfi -tie	nit (lie C-,!»,<<.- <4
I'iiifi while minis, !ih* i/illlff- '-j.'t-fii Ii'< in;
,!' iiul; <>k,-iy. Sih>,.v liuv livr in \utlar:-,K,
< li-.t'il'., 'hi biyh	in ' 'iir Ijih k
V:<111¦¦ I'Vi.-fi *,vit Inn (hf AiMii t il» If, l hi:
1 S'-S J ' HV - 1/ M w-h it ih.fi IJ ,4 -1 I -
in. in- -)«-(, i;ih;t -1 kitf>wk">ly ,	<-r tunc
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