National PAR.kl
lWib.0NMG.Mtal
R.L60UB.CL MANUAL
Resource Manual for Environmental Management
Environmental Protection Agency Region VIII
NPS Intermountain Field Area Office
Partnership Project
SEPA
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950550
National Park Service
Environmental
Resource Manual
Resource Manual for Environmental Management
EPA/NPS Partnership Project
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region VIII
Office of Pollution Prevention
Marie B. Zanowick, Project Manager
National Park Service
Intermountain Field Area
Rocky Mountain and Colorado Plateau System Support Office
Michael Schene, Environmental Program Coordinator
prepared for
developed by
Recom Applied Solutions, Incorporated
2919 West 17th Street, Suite 207
Longmont, Colorado 80503
developed by
TechLaw, Incorporated
303 Union Boulevard, Suite 510
Lakewood, Colorado 80228
Ootobor 38, 1006
April 16, 1997
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"...Federal facilities will set the example for the rest of the country
and become the leader in applying pollution prevention to daily oper-
ations, purchasing decisions and policies.... By stopping pollution at
its source, the Federal government can make a significant contribu-
tion to protecting the public health and our environment."
President Clinton
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National Park Service
Pollution prevention can be
successful only wrth -the
commitment of park
managers and -the
participation of
^11 employ
ill
•••
Environmental Management for the U.S. National Park Service, A Tool Kit for
Environmental Management, and its companion document, National Park Service
Environmental Resource Manual are prepared for use by the National Park Service.
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Environmental Resource Manual
Senior Management Goals... ^
• Understand pollution prevention concept
Embrace it as the core of all management/environmental decisions
• Develop full support from all employees
The information contained herein is believed to be accurate and reliable at the time of
printing. Neither the authors, publisher, technical advisors, nor those who may distrib-
ute this publication are to be held accountable for the suitability of recommendations or
for the performance of a system design, product, or procedure in particular applications,
and they will not be liable if possible levels of waste reduction are not achieved.
Furthermore, reference to trade names or specific commercial products, commodities or
services does not constitute an endorsement or recommendation. Readers should thor-
oughly investigate any design, procedure, or product and independently conclude suit-
ability or satisfactory performance before purchase or use.
This document was originally prepared in part under a contract with the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Region VIII.
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National Park Service
Acknowledgement's
Special Thanks to Yellowstone National Park
This document is the result of the NPS/EPA Partnership Project. The idea for this pro-
ject was first developed in 1992 during a cooperative pollution prevention effort with
Yellowstone National Park. Due to the forward thinking of Tim Hudson, Chief of Maintenance
for Yellowstone, EPA Region VIII was invited to work within the Park to understand their
environmental needs and to develop the expertise needed to undertake this project. Without
the support of Mr. Hudson and his staff, this entire effort would not have been possible.
Thanks -to -the Rocky Mourrtain and Colorado Plateau Sfcaff
The following individuals participated in the NPS/EPA Partnership training course
"Pollution Prevention and Regulatory Compliance for the National Park Service." Their com-
ments during the training were extremely valuable in defining the information needed in this
manual. The authors of this document wish to acknowledge the contribution of Susan
Garland, NPS Intermountain Field Area who coordinated the pollution prevention training
sessions.
NPS personnel who made valuable contributions include Steve Ainslie, Marcelino Aldaz,
Eddie Aragon, Clifford L. Arbogast, Jr., Michael Baker, Howard Bartley, Raymond Begay,
Willie B. Begay, Fred Bolenske, Pam Bourgeois, Steve Budd-Jack, Erika Campos, Ron
Clayborn, Chris Cline, Danny Cornell, Jim Dahlberg, William Dale, Frank Darcey, Michael J.
Davin, Jackie DiMessen, Howard Dimont, Don Durbin, Shirley Fairbanks, Kathy Fiero, Phil
Fillbright, Mindy Gallaher, Jeff Glanzer, Leonard Gonzales, Lou Good, Pat Goss, Richard
Greenlee, Craig Hartlise, Bill Havland, Marylynn Heath, Steve Hunt, Marlene Igo, Kee
Charlie John, Penny Jones, Guy Keene, John King, Robert H. King, Ted Koppenhafer, Jay
Kratz, Gerald Lange, Larry L. Lewis, Timothy S. Lindsay, Judie Maserman, Tom Mason, Paul
McCann, John McDill, Mike McGinnis, Mike McWright, Bill Miles, Jim Nepstad, Rick Nichols,
Sue O'Conner, Jim O'Sickey, Tim Oliverius, Pierre Perney, Jim Perry, Doah Poolheco, Dan
Resmondo, Don Robinson, Erin Rodieck, Bruce Rogers, Jed Simon, Terry Saunders, Dale
Scheier, Dutch Scholten, Rick Shireman, Rande Simon, Tom Snorke, Dixie Sparks, Larry
Stout, Frank L. Tafoya, Linda Towle, Gene Trujillo, Raymond Vialpando, Bruce Wadlington,
Bill Wallner, Dave Walton, Bob Wemple, Don Whyte, Alan Williams, and Steven L. Willis.
In addition, a special thanks to the Front Range Community College students who con-
ducted over 50 pollution prevention assessments of the Rocky Mountain and Colorado Plateau
Cluster Parks: John DiCiacco, Avery Freeman, Janet L. Klein, Charlotte Plaut, and Barbara
Wolf.
The authors gratefully acknowledge Marie Zanowick, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency Region VIII, for her insightful and valuable contributions to this document, without
whose assistance and encouragement this document would not have been completed.
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Environmental Resource Manual
Tabic of Corrterrts
Acknowledgements v
Table of Con-tents vi
Using This Resource Manual viii
Pollution Prevention Program: Environmental
Management System ix
I Environmental Contacts 1
II. GSA Supply Service Information 3
III. Environmental Resources 13
1. Air Cleaning and Purifying 14
2. Antifreeze Recycling Companies 15
3. Antifreeze Recyclers 16
4. Asbestos Abatement, Control, and Testing 17
5. Automotive Refrigerant Reclamation Systems 18
6. Battery Recycling 19
7. Cleaning Solvents and Parts Washers 20
8. Drum and Drum Crusher Dealers 22
9. Energy Conservation and Management 23
10. Hazardous Waste Disposal 24
11. Industrial Laundries 25
12. Paint Solvents and Solvent Recovery Units 26
13. Recycling Services 27
14. PCB Handling and Disposal ' 28
15. Storage Tanks 29
16. Waste Oil Burning Furnaces and Heaters 30
17. Waste Oil Haulers 31
IV. Environmental Management Issues 37
1. What are Hazardous Wastes? 38
2. Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure 44
3. Hazardous Waste Generator Rules 46
4. Obtaining a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Identification Number 47
5. Hazardous Waste Accumulation and Storage Limits 51
6. Shipping Hazardous Waste Off-Site 54
7. Container Labeling and Other Forms of Warning 59
8. EPA Hazardous Waste Numbers (Codes) 60
9. Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) 66
10 Potential Problem Products 69
11. Material Safety Data Sheets 71
12. Chemical Hazard Communication Program 78
13. Health Hazards 80
14. Preparing for and Preventing Accidents 82
15. Planning for Emergencies 83
16. Sample Environmental Policy Statements 84
17. Aerosol Spray Cans: An Alternative 85
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National Park Service
V Land Management Issues 37
1. Xeriscape 88
2. Herbicides, Pesticides, and Insecticides 90
VI Supporting Information 99
1. Definitions 100
2. Abbreviations and Acronyms 110
3. Pollution Prevention and Environmental Assistance 112
"l-t's not easy being green"
Kermit the Frog,
Sesame Street
vii
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Environmental Resource Manual
Using This Resource Manual
This Resource Manual was prepared for the use by national parks in the eight states of
the National Park Service (NPS) Intermountain Field Area - Arizona, Colorado,
Montana, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, and Wyoming. It contains listing of the
names, addresses, telephone and facsimile numbers, of equipment and product suppliers
and service providers. These contacts may be of value as you search for the most econom-
ical and efficient means to minimize your wastes and properly care for those wastes that
are unavoidable at this time. It also has provisions for you to add your own contacts if they
are not listed. Each contact is listed with its principle area of coverage within the eight
states. This document, and its companion publication discussed below, are the result of the
Interagency Agreement between the NPS Intermountain Field Area and U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Region VIII in the pursuit of the NPS Park
Environment 2000 initiative.
Park Environment' 2000
The National Park Service is committed to the reduction and/or elimination of haz-
ardous materials and wastes for all parks under its jurisdiction. To achieve this commit-
ment, the NPS Intermountain Field Area developed an initiative entitled Park
Environment 2000.
The goal of the Park Environment 2000 Initiative is to reduce or eliminate the gen-
eration of solid and hazardous wastes in every park, including any such wastes currently
generated by park concessionaires.
The NPS and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
With Park Environment 2000 as the objective, there has been a concentrated effort
to bring a new awareness to national park employees throughout the NPS Intermountain
Field Area. This has included special training, park pollution prevention assessments, and
a series of environmental management documents. This effort has been accomplished
through an Interagency Agreement between the NPS and the EPA, Region VIII.
The NPS Intermountain Field Area Environmental Management Tool Kit
As a part of the interagency agreement between NPS and EPA, an Environmental
Management tool kit was developed around the most common wastestreams found at these
parks. This tool kit describes each wastestream, identifies a series of possible ways to
reduce or eliminate this wastestream, and presents an overall approach for the develop-
ment of an on-going environmental management program. This tool kit is available to all
parks and should be used as a companion to this resource manual.
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National Park Service
POLLUTION PREVENTION PROGRAM:
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
1. Create Management Commitment, Planning, and Employee Awareness
2. Organize Teams, Set Goals
3. Identify Waste Streams, Calculate Product Loss, Determine Costs
Ar. Prioritize Waste Streams
5. Develop and Evaluate P2 Options
0. Identi-fy Option Costs & Cost-Senefit Ratio
"7. Select P2 Options
S. Implement Best Option
9. Evaluate Results
The 9-Step Environmental Management System Action Plan can
be used to guide you through your Park Environment 2000 activities. It is
an organized sequence of actions that can be followed to ensure that you
include everything you need to be successful. The first two steps are basic to
your organization, regardless of the number and magnitude of waste streams.
Steps three through nine are best tailored for each major waste stream,
process, or subprocess. Feel free to shape these last steps in an iterative man-
ner to avoid taking on too much. All nine steps ensure that you have a sys-
tem in place for continuous oversight and improvement.
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Environmental Resource Manual
Butte«
•Helena MT
•Billings
Sheridan*"
WY
Salt Lake City
Provo*
UT
AZ
•Phoenix
•Tucson
Boulder*
Colorado
Springs
~Denver
CO
~Pueblo
Santa Fe •
•Albuquerque
NM
Roswell*
El Paso
Amarillo
National Park Service
In-termoun-tain Field Area
Tulsa*
OK
Oklahoma City
Wichita Falls
Ft. Worth*»Dallas
San Angelo*
TX
vSan Antonio«
~ Austin
Houston*
»Laredo
Brownsville.
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National Park Service
Environmental Contacts:
Pollution Prevention and Compliance
1. Arizona Department of Environmental Quality (602)207-4210
Pollution Prevention Program
2. Colorado Pollution Prevention Coordinator
Colorado Department of Public Health and the Environment (303) 692-3009
3. Montana Pollution Prevention Coordinator
Montana State University Extension Service (406) 994-3451
4. New Mexico Pollution Prevention
Hazardous Waste Bureau (505) 827-1557
5. Texas Office of Pollution Prevention and Conservation (512) 458-7111
6. Utah Pollution Prevention Coordinator
Utah Department of Environmental Quality (801) 536-4477
7. Wyoming Pollution Prevention Coordinator
Wyoming Department of Environmental Quality (307) 777-6105
8. Environmental Protection Agency, Region VI
Pollution Prevention Program, Regional Office (214) 655-6444
9. Environmental Protection Agency, Region VIII
Pollution Prevention Program (303) 312-6384
10. Environmental Protection Agency, Region IX (415)744-2192
Pollution Prevention Program (415) 744-2190
11. General Services Administration for Environmentally (800) 848-8928
Preferable Products (206) 931-7109
12. CERCLA National Response Center (800)424-8802
13. Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) and
Superfund Hotline (800) 424-9346
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Environmental Resource Manual
S3£ZEPA
REGION 8
Pollution Prevention Program (8P2-P2)
Office of Pollution Prevention, State and Tribal Assistance
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 8
999 18th Street, Suite 500
Denver, Colorado 80202
(303)312-6384
(303)312-6741 fax
Pollution
Prevention
Who's Who
Jack Hidinger
(303)312-6387
P2 Program Leader
• Sustainable Development,
• Project XL,
. ISO 14000,
• Green Lights,
• Solid Waste,
• Recycling
Gerald Allen
(303)312-7008
• Solid Waste Management
for Regional States and
Tribes,
• Green Lights,
• Solid Waste Grants
hidinger.jack@epamail.epa.gov
allen.gerald@epamail.epa.gov
George Donnelly
(303)312-6193
• Energy Star,
• Green Lights,
• Waste Wise,
• Municipal Solid Waste
Laura Farris
(303)312-6189
• Strategic Planning,
Technology Innovation,
• Climate Change,
• Environmental Education
donnelly.george@epamail.epa.gov
farris.laura@epamail.epa.gov
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National Park Service
Carl Heskett
(303)312-6492
• Wyoming PPIS,
• P2 Agriculture,
• South Platte Watershed
• Pollution Prevention
hesken.carl@epamail.epa.gov
Ernie Lombardi
(303)312-6388
• Federal Facilities Pollution
Prevention Assessments,
• Environmental
Management Reviews,
• Inspection and
Enforcement Action
Tracking and Reporting,
« FEDPLAN Environmental
Planning Reviews
Janet Houck
(303)312-6493
• Pollution Prevention
Reference Library,
• Pollution Prevention
Database System,
• Recycling Development
Market Team,
• Freedom of Information
houck.janet@epamail.epa.gov
Janie Olsen
(303)312-6384
• P2 Support Staff
lombardi.emie@epamail.epa.gov
olsen janie@epamail.epa.gov
Dave Scballer
(303)312-6146
• Sustainable Development
Dianne Thiel
(303)312-6389
• Federal Facilities
Pollution Prevention
Programs,
• Display for Products
Made with Recycled
Content,
• Environmental
Management Reviews
schaller.david@epamail.epa.gov
thiel.dianoe@epamail.epa.gov
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Environmental Resource Manual
Whitney Trulove-Cranor
(303)312-6099
' Recycling Market
Development,
* Project XL,
* ISO 14000
* EPA Green Team
trulove-cranor.whitney@epamail.epa.gov
Patty Weimerskirch
(303)312-6263
• Green Lights
weimerskirch.patty@epamail.epa.gov
Linda Walters
(303)312-6385
•Tribal Solid Waste Grants for
Utah and South Dakota,
Tribal Initiatives,
• Pollution Prevention
Incentives for state Grants,
• 1997 Roundtable Committee,
Environmental Justice &
Pollution Prevention Grants,
•Sustainable Development
Challenge Grants,
• Regional Implementation
Team,
• Recycling Committee Team
walters.linda@epamail.epa.gov
wong.judy@epamail.epa.gov
Marie B. Zanowick
(303)312-6403
• Hazardous Waste
Minimization,
• Mining Waste,
• Vehicle Maintenance,
• NPS/EPA Partnership
Project,
• Wyoming Refinery
Judy Wong
(303)312-6390
• Multimedia Pollution
Prevention Assessments,
• Municipal Solid Waste,
• Green Lights,
Pollution Prevention
Partnership
zanowick@csn.net
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National Park Service
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Regional Offices
U.S. EPA, Region VI
1445 Ross Avenue
12th Floor, Suite 1200
Dallas, Texas 75202-2733
(214) 665-6444
New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas
U.S. EPA, Region VIII
999 18th Street, Suite 500
Denver, Colorado 80202-2466
(303) 312-6312
Colorado, Montana, Utah, Wyoming
U.S. EPA, Region IX
75 Hawthorne Street
San Francisco, California 94105
(415) 744-1305
Arizona
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Environmental Resource Manual
State Hazardous Waste Management Agencies
Arizona
Arizona Department of Health Services
Office of Waste Programs
3033 North Central Avenue
Phoenix, Arizona 85012
(602) 207-4108
Colorado
Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment
HMWMD-HWC-B2
4300 Cherry Creek Drive, South
Denver, Colorado 80222-1530
(303) 692-3300
Montana
Department of Health and Environmental Services
Solid and Hazardous Waste Bureau
Cogswell Building
Helena, Montana 59620
(406) 444-1430
New Mexico
Environmental Improvement Division
Hazardous Waste Bureau
525 Camino De Loss Marquez
Santa Fe, New Mexico 87501
(505) 827-1557
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National Park Service
Oklahoma
Department of Environmental Quality
Hazardous Waste Quality Management Service
1000 Northeast 10th Street
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73117-1212
(405) 271-5338
Texas
Industrial and Hazardous Waste Division
Waste Evaluation Section
Post Office Box 13087, Capitol Section
1700 North Congress
Austin, Texas 78711-3087
(512) 908-6832
Utah
Department of Environmental Quality
Division of Solid and Hazardous Waste
Post Office Box 144880
Salt Lake City, Utah 84114-4880
(801) 538-6170
Wyoming
Wyoming Department of Environmental Quality
Solid and Hazardous Waste Division
122 West 25th Street
Cheyenne, Wyoming 82002
(307) 777-6105
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Environmental Resource Manual
II. General Services Administration
Jc.nvironment.al Products
The General Services Administration (GSA) offers many environ-
mentally oriented products and services to the Federal sector.
Various environmental laws, regulations and related executive orders
have affected the number and range of these products and services.
GSA's efforts, in concert with these directives, are aimed at minimiz-
ing waste, conserving energy and water, and preventing or reducing
pollution. The GAS Supply Catalog contains over 3,000 environmen-
tal items and hundreds more are available through the Federal Supply
and New Item Inventory Schedules and the Customer Supply Centers.
Recycled and Recycled Con-tent Products
GSA offers over 1,000 recycled and recycled content products, including a variety of
office and other paper supplies. The office items include bond, copier, writing and art/draft-
ing papers, envelopes, notebooks, index cards, labels, calenders and file folders. Other
items include toilet paper and paper towels, some of which are unbleached and contain
100% post consumer recovered materials, as well as recycled cardboard boxes and toner
cartridges.
Also available in the system are rubber mats, thermal building insulation, and
retread tires. Some newer items include recycled paint and shipping pallets and park
benches and tables made from recycled plastic.
Where possible, buy recycled and recycled content products. Your actions help to
close the loop on the entire process of recycling. GSA is striving to set the example in this
area, by encouraging the collection of recyclable materials through the Federal Recycling
Program, and by making available recycled items and items that contain recovered mate-
rials. In many cases, these products meet the mandate to buy recycled and recycled con-
tent products.
Energy Conservation
To conserve energy, GSA offers several items:
• Energy Efficient Household appliances, many in both gas and electric
models including refrigerators, freezers, ranges, washers and dryers, dish
washers, and window air conditioners.
• Lighting fixtures and controls.
• Motion and occupancy sensors which turn off lights when not being used.
• Energy management systems.
• Showerheads that provide fixed or variable restricted flow control for
water conservation.
• Under the project name, Energy Star Computer Program, GSA makes
computers and printers available that are designed to power down or
"sleep" when not in use.
8
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National Park Service
Paints and Chemicals
In an effort to help prevent and reduce pollution, GSA has reformulated hundreds of
its marine and architectural paints and coatings to eliminate or reduce harmful ingredi-
ents, such as: volatile organic compounds (VOCs); ozone depleting substances (ODS), chro-
mate, mercury and lead. Water and citrus-based industrial cleaner and degreaser alter-
natives are offered as well.
Hazardous Waste
To promote and improve environmental and public safety concerning the subject of
hazardous materials, GSA offers products, equipment and services related to the recovery,
recycling, and disposal of hazardous wastes.
GSA Federal Supply Service - Environmental Froducts Guide
The Environmental Products Guide, prepared by the GSA Federal Supply Service,
was designed to help Federal civilian and military agencies identify the environmentally
oriented products and services available to them through their supply system. The guide
contains more than 3,000 such items, with more than 1,000 of them employing recycled
content paper products alone. Some of the items contain 100% postconsumer material
(PM) and all applicable items meet or exceed guideline requirements established by the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and/or addressed in Executive Order 12873.
Defense Supply Center Richmond - Energy Efficien-t Lighting
The Defense Supply Center Richmond (DSCR) has released its fourth energy effi-
cient lighting catalog. The Energy Policy Act and Executive Order 12902, has mandated
that from the base year of 1985, all Federal buildings must reduce energy consumption by
20% in the year 2000, and by a total of 30% in the year 2005. One of the largest energy
uses in Federal buildings is lighting systems, which can be improved by installing energy
efficient lighting. This catalog has numerous items that can be a part of your energy effi-
ciency efforts in your overall pollution prevention program. It is also a great resource for
technical information with cross-references from traditional lighting products to today's
more efficient items.
Defense Supply Center Richmond - Environmental Products
The DSCR has released a second edition of environmental products, including chem-
ical alternatives, recyclers, aircraft cleaners, and much more. These products have been
selected on the basis of their overall impact in reducing the use of regulated chemicals, thus
reducing hazardous wastes, eliminating the use of ozone depleting chemicals, and of course
protecting employees. Some of the more common substitutes found in this catalog are for
methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), perchloroethylene (Perc), 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCA), and
trichloroethylene (TCE).
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Environmental Resource Manual
Genera I Services Adminis-trat-ion
Environmental Products
Customer Assistance Guide
1996
A Source of Environmental Products
The General Service Administration (GSA), the Federal
Supply System (FSS), and the Defense Supply Center
Richmond (DSCR) are great sources of products that
meet today's pollution prevention challenges. These
products are available to Federal civilian and military
agencies through their normal supply system.
Decent her / 995
Chemical Alternatives, Recyclers.
Aircraft Cleaners and mare...
10
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National Park Service
Environmental Products Guide
Summer 1995
0 0 0 0
Environmental
Products Guide
1 S General Services Adminislralion
Federal Supply Service
I ™ I
1 *. ? 8
§| m
DEFENSE
LOGISTICS
AGENCY
Energy Efficient- Lighting
Obtain your copy by calling DSCR at
1-800-352-2858
tnvrM in the ettvinmnuiU. the
Ji i iJeilth w ill lu\t u lifetime.
)ry 1996 V k
Energy
energy
Efficient
Lighting
Re-refined
Motor Oil
IUW.1I)
DSCJ
Dtlcse ScpCTy Centtr B.c»imona
H*-.mcra. va. ?3297
' 300-3J5-6333
Customer Assistance Guide
1996
Re-refined Motor Oil
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Environmental Resource Manual
12
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National Park Service
III. Environmental Resources
1. Air Cleaning and Purifying 14
2. Antifreeze Recycling Companies 15
3. Antifreeze Recyclers 16
4. Asbestos Abatement / Control and Testing 17
5. Automotive Refrigerant Reclamation Systems 18
6. Battery Recycling 19
7. Cleaning Solvents and Parts Washers 20
8. Drum and Drum Crusher Dealers 22
9. Energy Conservation and Management 23
10. Hazardous Waste Disposal 24
11. Industrial Laundries 25
12. Paint Solvents and Solvent Recovery Units 26
13. Recycling Services 27
14. PCB Handling and Disposal 28
15. Storage Tanks 29
16. Waste Oil Burning Furnaces / Heaters 30
17. Waste Oil Hauling Companies 31
...add. your local contacts to the lists in the following pages as well.
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Environmental Resource Manual
1. Air Cleaning and Purifying
Air Sentry Dust Collectors
460 East 76th Avenue
Denver, Colorado
(303) 458-8333
Air Treatment Systems, Incorporated
4970 Monaco Boulevard, Unit C
Commerce City, Colorado
(303) 289-5936
American Medco
111 West Evans Avenue
Denver, Colorado
(303) 934-6100
Honeywell Electronic Air Cleaners
3901 Nome
Denver, Colorado
(303) 371-6463
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National Park Services
2. Antifreeze Recycling Companies
Note: These companies recycle antifreeze off-site.
A&I Distributors of Billings
Billings, Montana 59101
(406) 245-6443
Arrow Recycling
Post Office Box 1676
Mills, Wyoming 82644
(307) 472-5543
ASAP Radiator
Post Office Box 876
Casper, Wyoming 82602
Gillette Radiator
Post Office Box 1236
Gillette, Wyoming 82717
(307) 686-7622
Magnum Oil Oil Filter Company
1410 SW 3rd Street
Butte, Montana Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73108
(406) 782-8397 (405) 232-3411
Preferred Reduction Services
977 South 700 West
Salt Lake City, Utah 84101
(801) 973-2220
Tri-State Recycling Services
Post Office Box 790
Newcastle, Wyoming 82701
(1-800) 876-8645
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Environmental Resource Manual
3. Antifreeze Recyclers
Note: These companies provide on-site recycler units.
FPPF
117 West Tupper Street
Buffalo, New York 14201-2193
(1-800) 735-3773
Goodall Manufacturing Company
7558 Washington Avenue South
Eden Prairie, Minnesota 55344
(1-800) 328-7730
Inesco
1460 South 400 West
Salt Lake City, Utah 84115
(801) 487-4221
Kleer-Flo Company
15151 Technology Drive
Eden Prairie, Minnesota 55344
(1-800) 328-7942
(612) 934-7942 FAX
ROBINAIR
Robinair Way
Montpelier, Ohio 43543-0193
(419) 485-5561
Industrial Air of Texas
900 West Interstate 20
Arlington, Texas 76017
(817) 465-8545
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National Park Service
-4*. Asbestos Abatement, Control, and Testing
Asbestos Technology & Consulting Havelick & Associates Ltd.
11925 Quay
Boulder, Colorado Broomfield, Colorado
(1-800) 732-7670 (303) 466-9305
ATS - Asbestos Transport System
5780 Hooker.
Denver, Colorado
(303) 433-0641
Mountain States Asbestos Removal
7741 East Gray Road
Scottsdale, Colorado
(303) 951-9080
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Environmental Resource Manual
3. Automotive Refrigerant Reclamation Systems
Major Diversities, Incorporated Industrial Air of Texas
5601 Gray Street 900 West Interstate 20
Arvada, Colorado 80020 Arlington, Texas 76017
(303) 423-1391 (817) 465-8545
Mateo Tools Corporation
4403 Allen Road
Stow, Ohio 44224
(1-800) 331-2427
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National Park Service
G. Battery Recycling
Car-Go Batteries Mercury Refining Company
Denver, Colorado 1-800-833-3505
(303) 296-8763
Rocky Mountain Batteries Rechargeable Battery Recycling Corp.
Wheat Ridge, Colorado 1-800-822-8837
(303) 423-7142
INMETCO
245 Poriersville Road
Ellwood City, Pennsylvania 16117
(412) 758-2802
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Environmental Resource Manual
7. Cleaning Solvents and Parts Washers
BioGenesis Enterprises, Incorporated
2466 South 99th Street
Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53227
(414) 321-8509
(414) 321-8609 FAX
Brody Chemical
4825 South 6200 West
Salt Lake City, Utah 84118
(801) 963-2436
Chemcentral
2465 South 1100 West
Woods Cross, Utah 84087
(801) 292-0437
Dychem International
425 North 400 West
Salt Lake City, Utah 84103
(801) 292-0437
ETUS Ecolink
1511 Kastner Place 1094 Cudahy Place, Number 218
Sanford, Florida 32771 San Diego, California 92110
(407) 321-7910 (619) 276-6476
(407) 321-3098 FAX (619) 276-6479 FAX
Environmentally Safe Products Corporation
2100 Road to Six Flags East
Arlington, Texas 76011
(817) 275-5533
Fremont Industries
4400 Valley Industrial Boulevard, N
Shakopee, Minnesota 55379
(612) 445-4121
(612) 496-3027 FAX
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National Park Service
7. Cleaning Solvents and Parts Washers (cont)
Heatbath Corporation Inesco
Post Office Box 2978 1460 South 400 West
Springfield, Massachusetts 01102-2978 Salt Lake City, Utah 84115
(413) 513-3381 (801) 487-4221
Kleer-Flo Company
15151 Technology Drive
Eden Prairie, Minnesota 55344
(1-800) 328-7942
(612) 934-7942
Safety-Kleen Corporation
880 East County Club Road
Gering, Nebraska 69341
(308) 436-2600
Solvent Kleene, Incorporated
131 1/2 Lynnfield Street
Peabody, Massachusetts 01960
(508) 531-2279
(508) 532-9304 FAX
TABCO
940 West 100 South
Salt Lake City, Utah 84104
(801) 595-0119
TEXO Corporation
2801 Highland Avenue
Cincinnati, Ohio 45212
(1-800) 998-8396
(513) 731-8113 FAX
The Brulin Corporation
Post Office Box 270
Indianapolis, Indiana 46206
(1-800) 776-7149
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Environmental Resource Manual
&. Drum & Drum Crusher Dealers
Western Container
Post Office Box 481063
Denver, Colorado 80214-1063
(303) 295-0404
(303) 295-6232 FAX
Greif Brothers Corporation
3963 Walnut Street
Denver, Colorado 80205
(303) 297-9901
(303) 297-9907 FAX
S&G Enterprises, Incorporated
14115 West 19000 Edison Drive
Germantown, Wisconsin 53022
(414) 251-8300
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National Park Service
9. Energy Conservation and Management
E Source Green Technologies, Incorporated
1033 Walnut 5490 Spine Road
Boulder, Colorado Boulder, Colorado
(303) 440-8500 (303) 581-9600
Altresco, Incorporated Keplinger & Associates, Incorporated
600 South Cherry 1200 Milam Street
Denver, Colorado Houston, Texas
(303) 320-8306 (303) 832-1602
Note: 1. Also consider contacting your local Department of Energy Industrial Assessment Center (e.g.,
Colorado State University in Fort Collins, Colorado) for technical assistance in energy audits
and energy conservation ideas.
2. See GSA supply information (page 6) for listing of Greenlights companies and Defense Supply
Center Richmond catalogs.
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Environmental Resource Manual
10. Hazardous Waste Disposal
Van, Waters & Rogers Chem Care Ashland Chemical, Incorporated
Post Office box 5287 9131 East 96th Avenue
Denver, Colorado 80217-5287 Englewood, Colorado 80110
(303) 388-5651 (303) 789-1887
World Environmental Allwaste Environmental Services
511 Orchard Street 15065 West 44th Avenue
Golden, Colorado 80401 Denver, Colorado
(303) 271-3737 (303) 279-5506 or (303) 278-1858
Western Environmental Technologies,
Inc.
1800 West Littleton Boulevard
Denver, Colorado
(303) 795-2500
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National Park Service
11. Industrial Laundries
G&K Services, Incorporated
5100 Race Street
Denver, Colorado 80216
(303) 297-1533
American Industrial Service
1850 South Acoma
Denver, Colorado
(303) 722-4661
American Linen National Linen Service
5090 Cook 3850 Elm
Denver, Colorado Denver, Colorado
(303) 295-7631 (303) 388-5391
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Environmental Resource Manual
12. Paint Solvents and Solvent Recovery Units
Pairrt Solvent©
Ecolink
1094 Cudahy Place, Number 218
San Diego, California 92110
(619) 276-6476
(619) 276-6479 FAX
Painter's Supply Company
3701 South Santa Fe Drive
Sheridan, Colorado 80110
(1-800) 275-2448
Solvent Kleene, Incorporated
131 1/2 Lynnfield Street
Peabody, Massachusetts 01960
(508) 531-2279
(508) 532-9304 FAX
Solvent- Recovery JUnits
Painter's Supply Company
3701 South Santa Fe
Sheridan, Colorado 80110
(1-800) 275-2448
Solvent Kleene, Incorporated
131 1/2 Lynnfield Street
Peabody, Massachusetts 01960
(508) 531-2279
(508) 532-9304
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National Park Service
13. Recycling Services
Cornell Metal Recycling Green Mountain Recycling Services
395 East Rogers Road Post Office Box 1096
Longmont, Colorado Boulder, Colorado
(303) 651-3493 (303) 442-7535
Arapahoe Resource Recovery
7120 South Jordan Road
Englewood, Colorado
(303) 680-7533
BFI Recycling Systems
5590 East 55th Avenue
Commerce City, Colorado
(303) 287-8040
Duwald Steel Corporation
1100 Umatilla
Denver, Colorado
(303) 623-6238
Weyerhauser Paper Company
5135 Race Court
Denver, Colorado
(303) 297-2312
Eco-Cycle Waste Management of Colorado
5030 Pearl Street 2400 West Union Avenue
Boulder, Colorado 80304 Englewood, Colorado 80110
(303) 444-6634 (303) 797-1600
(303) 794-2403 FAX
Note: Don't forget to call your state recycling coordinator for additional suggestions - you can reach
through your state's pollution prevention coordinator.
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Environmental Resource Manual
14% PC& Handling and Disposal
Commercially Permitted PCB Incinerators (June 1993)
Aptus, Incorporated Aptus, Incorporated
Post Office Box 1328 Aragonite, Utah
Coffeyville, Kansas 67337 (801) 266-7787
(316) 251-6380
Chemical Waste Management
Post Office Box 2563
Port Arthur, Texas 77643
(409) 736-2821
Chemical Waste Management
Environmental Energy Group
Post Office Box 50764
Denton, Texas 76206
(817) 383-3632 or (817) 868-1291
ballast Recycling Services
Alta Resource Management Services,
88-B Industry Avenue
Springfield, Massachutts 01104-9926
1-800-730-2582 or (413) 734-3399
Dynex Environmental Incorporated
6801 Industrial Loop
Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53129
1-800-249-3310 or (414) 421-4959
Eastern Environmental Technologies FulCircle Ballast Recyclers
Portchester, New York 509 Manida Street
(914) 934-2100 Bronx, New York 10474
1-800-581-0857
(718) 328-4462 FAX
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National Park Service
15. S-torage Tanks
Accutank Testing Corporation Tank Disposal, Incorporated
333 South Cherokee 2090 East 104th Avenue
Denver, Colorado Thornton, Colorado
(303) 722-0700 (303) 280-9734
Underground Storage Technology
6794 Welch Court
Arvada, Colorado
(303) 4203603
Waste Engineering, Incorporated
2430 Alcott Street
Denver, Colorado
(303) 433-2788
Enviro-Care Tank System
2650 South Delaware Street
Denver, Colorado 80223
(1-800) 797-9974 or (303) 777-4122
JoaQuin Manufacturing Corporation
6900 Elm Drive
Commerce City, Colorado 80022-1844
(1-800) 783-7060
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Environmental Resource Manual
10. Waste Oil burning
Clean Burn, Incorporated
83 South Groffdale Road
Leola, Pennsylvania 17540
(1-800) 331-0183
Furnaces and Heaters
INOV8, Incorporated
1240 Clinton Street
La Crosse, Wisconsin 54603
(608) 785-2876
Inesco
1460 South 400 West
Salt Lake City, Utah 84115
(801) 487-4221
Lanair
2347 Kettering Street
Janesville, Wisconsin 53546
(1-800) 753-1601
(608) 757-7878 FAX
Reznor
1555 Lynnfield Road
Memphis, Tennessee 38119
(1-800) 695-1901
Shenandoah Manufacturing Company
Post Office Box 839
Harrisonburg, Virginia 22801-0839
(1-800) 476-7436
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National Park Service
17. Waste Oil Haulers
A&H Services, Incorporated
Post Office Box 722
Mooreton, North Dakota 58061
(701) 274-8816
Advanced Petroleum Recycling Co.
Post Office Box 16747
Salt Lake City, Utah 84116-0747
(801) 364-9444
Approved Oil Service, Incorporated Area Pump and Re-Cycle
5390 East 72nd Avenue 124 Highway 200 South
Commerce City, Colorado 80022 Glendive, Montana 59330
(303) 287-2807 (406) 365-3115
Asphalt Express, Incorporated
Post Office Box 26453
Salt Lake City, Utah 84126
(801) 972-6033
Bennett's Economy Sanitation
160 East Helm Avenue
Salt Lake City, Utah 84115
(801) 266-1559
Brand Precision Services, Incorporated Casper Radiator
6151 Executive Boulevard Post Office Box 325
Huber Heights, Ohio 45424 Mills, Wyoming 82644
(513) 237-1097 (307) 234-5764
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Environmental Resource Manual
17. Waste Oil Haulers (corrt)
Chemical Conservation Corporation
653 Rocket Boulevard
Orlando, Florida 32824
(407) 859-4441
Dennis White Trucking, Incorporated
11192 South Trent Drive
South Jordan, Utah 84095
(801) 576-0250
Erickson, Incorporated Evergreen Environmental Services
503 West 400 South 6880 Smith Avenue
Salt Lake City, Utah 84101 Newark, California 94560
(801) 359-6861 (1-800) 972-5284
(510) 791-0126 FAX
First Recovery
200 Petro Avenue, Site B
Sioux Falls, South Dakota 57117
(1-800) 545-3520
Floyds of South Carolina, Incorporated
Post Office Box 12318
Florence, South Carolina 29504
(803) 669-0192
Franks Vacuum Truck Service
4500 Royal Avenue
Niagara Falls, New York 14303
(716) 284-2132
Fred Cheney
7680 Goldstein Lane
Bozeman, Montana 59715
(406) 586-5067
(406) 580-5067 FAX
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National Park Service
17. Waste
Freehold Cartage, Incorporated
Post Office Box 5010
Freehold, New Jersey 07728-5010
(908) 462-1001
il Haulers (con-t)
Golden Eagle Refinery, Incorporated
1474 West 1500 South
Woods Cross, Utah 84087
(801) 298-8882
H&M Oil Corporation
Post Office Box 215
Pocatello, Idaho 83201-0215
Indian Oil
4891 West 11000 North
Highland, Utah 84003
(801) 785-8522
LePier Oil Company, Incorporated
320 East First Street
Fosston, Minnesota 56542
(218) 435-1040
Loes
Post Office Box 156
Mankoto, Minnesota 56001
(507) 625-5278
Lund Oil, Incorporated
Post Office Box 38
Keene, North Dakota 58847
(701) 675-2264
Mesa Oil
14701 Broadway, SE
Albuquerque, New Mexico 87105
(1-800) 873-3645
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Environmental Resource Manual
17. Waste Oil Haulers (con t)
Moore Oil, Incorporated
Post Office Box 564
Libby, Montana 59923
(406) 827-4314
National Tank and Monitoring,
Incorporated
3856 West 5400 South
Salt Lake City, Utah 84118
(801) 967-2233
Northern Plains Transport
Rural Route 1, Box 350
Bismarck, North Dakota 58501
(701) 258-5203
OSI Environmental, Incorporated
104 South 15th Avenue
Virginia, Minnesota 55792
(218) 749-3060
Oil Enterprises, Incorporated
Post Office box 278
Midvale, Utah 84047
(801) 255-5845
Oily Waste Processors
Post Office Box 2903
Great Falls, Montana 59403
(406) 761-4503
Ozzies Drain Company
Post Office Box 9289
Missoula, Montana 59807
(406) 543-7911
Petroleum Processors, Incorporated
Post Office Box 1016
American Fork, Utah 84003
(801) 785-0106
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National Park Service
17. Waste Oil Haulers (con-t)
R-Three, Incorporated
1046 Johnson Lane
Billings, Montana 59102
(406) 323-3615
Thermo Fluids, Incorporated
Post Office Box 1970
Gilbert, Arizona 85299
(1-800) 350-7565
Tri-State Oil Reclaimers
Post Office Box 735
Newcastle, Wyoming 82701
(1-800) 876-8645
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National Park Service
Environmental Management Issues
1. What are Hazardous Wastes? 38
2. Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure 44
3. Hazardous Waste Generators Rules 46
4. Obtaining a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Identification Number 47
5. Hazardous Waste Accumulation and Storage Limits 51
6. Shipping Hazardous Waste Off Site 54
7. Container Labeling and Other Forms of Warning 59
8. EPA Hazardous Waste Numbers (Codes) 60
9. Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) 66
10. Potential Problem Products 69
11. Material Safety Data Sheets 71
12. Chemical Hazard Communication Program 78
13. Health Hazards 80
14. Preparing for and Preventing Accidents 82
15. Planning for Emergencies 83
16. Sample Environmental Management Policy Statements . .84
17. Aerosol Spray Cans: An Alternative 85
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Environmental Resource Manual
1. What are Hazardous Wastes?
In 1976, Congress passed the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) which
directed the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to develop and implement a
program to protect human health and the environment from improper hazardous waste
management practices. The program is designed to control the management of hazardous
waste from its generation to its ultimate disposal - from "cradle-to-grave."
EPA first focused on large companies, which generate the greatest portion of haz-
ardous waste. Business establishments producing less than 1,000 kilograms (2,200
pounds) of hazardous waste in a calendar month (known as small quantity generators)
were exempted from most of the hazardous waste management regulations published by
EPA in May of 1980.
In subsequent years, public attention focused on the potential for environmental and
health problems that may result from mismanaging even small quantities of hazardous
waste. For example, small amounts of hazardous waste dumped on the land may seep into
the earth and contaminate underground water that supplies drinking water wells.
In November of 1984, the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments to RCRA were
signed into law. With these amendments, Congress directed EPA to establish new require-
ments that would bring small quantity generators who generate between 100 and 1,000
kilograms of hazardous waste in a calendar month into the hazardous waste regulatory
system. EPA issued final regulations for these 100 to 1,000 kilograms per month genera-
tors on March 24, 1986. Most of the requirements were effective September 22, 1986.
More recently, on May 11, 1995, the EPA put the Universal Waste Rule into effect.
This designates certain wastes shippable without manifests. It is designed to help recycling
efforts. Some States have adopted and expanded on this Rule. Parks should check with
their State for the local application of the Universal Waste Rule. EPA Region VTII can pro-
vide answers in this area through their RCRA Program: (303) 312-6045 or (303) 312-6525.
What is a Hazardous Was-te?
A waste is any solid, liquid, or contained gaseous material that you no longer use,
and either recycle, throw away, or store until you have enough to treat or dispose.
As a result of operations, a park may generate wastes that can cause serious prob-
lems if not handled and disposed of carefully. Such wastes could cause injury or death, or
damage or pollute land, air, or water. These wastes are considered hazardous, and they are
currently regulated by federal and state public health and environmental safety laws.
There are two ways a waste may be brought into the hazardous waste regulatory
system: listing, and identification through characteristics.
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National Park Service
OPEN
Contact your regional EPA
office or the designated
state office for additional
information on obtaining
this document.
This document has great information on how
to determine if your waste is hazardous,
what you should do, and how to do it.
EPA / 530-SW-86-019
Call your regional EPA
office, state hazardous
waste office, or
RCRA/Superfund
Industry Assistance
Hotline
1-800-424-9346
J
(see contact section of this
resource manual)
39
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Environmental Resource Manual
Listed wastes: Your waste is considered hazardous if it appears on any one
of the four lists of hazardous wastes contained in the RCRA regulations.
These wastes have been listed because they either exhibit one of the charac-
teristics described below or contain any number of toxic constituents that
have been shown to be harmful to health and the environment. The regula-
tions list over 400 hazardous wastes, including wastes derived from manufac-
turing processes and discarded commercial chemical products.
Characteristic wastes: Even if a waste does not appear on one of the EPA
lists, it is considered hazardous if it has one or more of the following charac-
teristics:
• It is easily combustible or flammable; this is called ignitable
waste. If your waste has a flashpoint of 140°F or lower, it is
defined as an ignitable hazardous waste. Examples are paint
wastes, certain degreasers, and many solvents.
• It dissolves metals, other materials, or burns the skin. This
is called a corrosive waste. If your waste has a pH of less than or
equal to 2.0, or greater than or equal to 12.5, your waste is a cor-
rosive hazardous waste. Examples are waste rust removers,
waste acid or alkaline cleaning fluids, and waste battery acid.
• It is unstable or undergoes rapid or violent chemical reaction
with water or other materials. This is called reactive waste.
Examples are cyanide plating wastes, waste bleaches, and other
waste oxidizers.
• A waste sample is tested and shows EP (extraction procedure)
toxicity. Wastes are EP toxic if an extract from the waste is test-
ed and found to contain high concentrations of heavy metals
(such as mercury, cadmium, or lead) or specific pesticides that
could be released into the ground water.
You may generate other wastes beyond the examples mentioned above. It is your
responsibility to determine whether your wastes are hazardous. If you need assistance,
call one of the following sources in information:
• Your state hazardous waste management agency.
• Your EPA regional office.
• The RCRA/Superfund Hotline: 1-800-424-9346.
• EPA's Small Business Ombudsman Hotline: 1-800-368-5888
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National Park Service
Categories of Hazardous Was*te Genera-tors
Since the 1986 amendments, there have been three categories of hazardous waste
generators:
• The Conditionally Exempt Small Quantity Generator (CESQG)
who generates no more than 100 kilograms (220 pounds) of hazardous
waste per month;
• The Small Quantity Generator (SQG) who generates 100 to 1,000
kilograms (220 to 2,200 pounds) of hazardous waste per month; and
• The Large Quantity Generator (LQG) who generates 1,000 kilograms
(2,200 pounds) or more hazardous waste per month.
To determine which category of hazardous waste generator you fall into, and which
requirements you must meet, you must measure, or "count" the hazardous waste you gen-
erate in a calendar month. In general, you must add up the weight of all hazardous wastes
you generated in that month, and the total weight will determine your category.
Remember, you are the one responsible for determining which of your wastes are haz-
ardous, and for keeping records to know your generator size. If you use a laboratory analy-
sis to determine if a waste is hazardous, keep the laboratory analysis report as a part of
your environmental records.
Acutely Hazardous Wastes
Some wastes are considered to be acutely hazardous. These are wastes that EPA has
determined to be so dangerous in small amounts that they are regulated the same way as
are large amounts of other hazardous wastes. Acutely hazardous wastes, for example, may
be generated when using certain pesticides. They also include dioxin-containing wastes.
If you generate more than 1 kilogram (2.2 pounds) of acutely hazardous wastes in a
calendar month or store more than that amount for any period of time, you are subject to
all the regulations that apply to generators that generate more than 1,000 kilograms of
hazardous waste per calendar month (Large Quantity Generator).
1 kilogram = 2.2 pounds
100 kilograms = 220 pounds
1,000 kilograms = 2,200 pounds
55-gallon drum approximately 200 kilograms
55-gallon drum approximately 440 pounds
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Environmental Resource Manual
Conditionally Exempt Small Quantity Generator
Less than 100 kilograms (220 pounds),
one-half 55-gallon drum (approximately)
per calendar month, or
1 kilogram (2.2 pounds) or more per month of acutely
hazardous waste
<
You must determine if your waste is
hazardous, and if it is, you are responsible
for it for 30 years, regardless of what you
do with it!
Your Waste is
Hazardous
...it is characteristic - demonstrates
characteristics
it is a listed waste - one of over
400 wastes listed by EPA
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National Park Service
Small Quantity Generator
More than 100 kilograms (220 pounds), but less than
1,000 kilograms (2,200 pounds),
four and one-half 55-gallon drums (approximately)
per calendar month, or
1 kilogram (2.2 pounds) or more per month of acutely
hazardous waste
Large Quantity Generator
1,000 kilograms (2,200 pounds) or more,
four and one-half 55-gallon drums (approximately)
per calendar month, or
1 kilogram (2.2 pounds) or more per month of acutely
hazardous waste
Ignitable
Flash Point < 140° F
Reactive
Violently reacts with
water or other materials
Toxic
Contains heavy metals or
certain pesticides
Characteristic Waste
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Environmental Resource Manual
2. Toxicity Charac-teris-tic Leaching Procedure
On March 29, 1990, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) promulgated a
rule to revise the existing toxicity characteristics which are used to identify those
wastes which are hazardous and thus subject to regulation under Subtitle C of the
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). This rule added 25 constituents to the
list of eight metals, four pesticides, and two herbicides already regulated under Subtitle C
of RCRA (see included table for complete list of constituents). The rule also replaced the
Extraction Procedure (EP) Toxicity Characteristic with a more comprehensive testing pro-
cedure known as the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) or Method 1311
(55 FR 11798) as mandated in the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984
(HSWA). The TCLP is used to measure the mobility of both organic and inorganic conta-
minants and the allowed maximum concentrations in milligrams per liter (mg/L).
TCLP and Extraction Procedure (EP)
The major differences between the EP procedure and the TCLP procedure include:
• TCLP uses an extraction fluid based on the alkalinity of the sample.
• A "Zero-Headspace Extractor" is required for the extraction of volatile
organic compounds from the sample under the TCLP procedure.
• The extraction time for the TCLP procedure is only 18 hours instead of 24
hours for the EP procedure.
• TCLP has a stricter quality assurance requirement.
The TCLP rule is in effect for large quantity generators [1,000 kilograms (2,200
pounds) or more per month] and took effect March 29, 1991 for small quantity generators
[more than 100 kilograms but less than 1,000 kilograms (2,200 pounds) per month].
Generators are advised that waste that did not exhibit the EP toxicity characteristics may
be categorized as hazardous under TCLP.
The latest version of the TCLP procedure can be found in the Federal Register, Vol.
55, pages 26986-2698, dated June 29, 1990.
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National Park Service
TCLP Conot-i-fcuen-fce and Levels
Level
Level
Contaminant
(mg/1)
Contaminant
fing/1)
Arsenic (7440-38-2)
5.0
Hexachlorobenzene (118-74-1)
0.13
Barium (7440-39-3)
100.0
Hexachlorobutadiene (87-68-3)
0.5
Benzene (71-43-2)
0.5
Hexachloroethane (67-72-1)
3.0
Cadmium (7440-43-9)
1.0
Lead (7439-92-1)
5.0
Carbon tetrachloride (56-23-5)
0.5
Lindane (58-89-9)
0.4
Chlordane (57-74-9)
0.03
Mercury (7439-97-6)
0.2
Chlorobenzene (108-90-7)
100.0
Methoxychlor (72-43-5)
10.0
Chloroform (67-66-3)
6.0
Methyl ethyl ketone (78-93-3)
200.0
Chromium (7440-47-3)
5.0
Nitrobenzene (98-95-3)
2.0
o-Cresol (95-48-7)
200.0
Pentachlorophenol (87-86-5)
100.0
m-Cresol (108-39-4)
200.0
Pyridine (110-86-1)
5.0
p-Cresol (106-44-5)
200.0
Selenium (7782-49-2)
1.0
Cresol (1319-77-3)
200.0
Silver (7440-22-4)
5.0
2,4-D (94-75-7)
10.0
Tetrachloroethylene (127-18-4)
0.7
1,4-Dichlorobenzene (106-46-7)
7.5
Toxaphene (8001-35-2)
0.5
1,2-Dichloroethane (107-06-2)
0.5
Trichloroethylene (79-01-6)
0.5
1,1-Dichloroethylene (75-35-4)
0.7
2,4,5-Trichlorophenol (95-95-4)
400.0
2,4-Dinitrotoluene (121-14-2)
0.13
2,4,6-Trichlorophenol (88-06-2)
2.0
Endrin (72-20-8)
0.02
2,4,5-TP (Silvex) (32534-95-5)
1.0
Heptachlor (76-44-8)
0.008
Vinyl chloride (75-01-4)
0.2
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Environmental Resource Manual
3. Hazardous Waste Genera-tor Rules
If you generate more than 100 kilograms (about 25 gallons or 220 pounds) in a month of
hazardous wastes, you are required by law to comply with certain activities. These
include:
• Identify and determine the volume of all hazardous waste that your facili-
ty generates.
• Determine if you generate more than 100 kilograms (220 pounds) of haz-
ardous waste (total per any calender month).
• Obtain a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Identification Number
(see the next section for how to apply, etc.).
• Store hazardous wastes in approved, safe, sealed storage containers, usu-
ally 55-gallon drums. Contact your Field Area Office for more information.
• Each container must be properly labeled and closed. Contact your Field
Area Office for more information.
• All hazardous waste containers must be stored in a secure location, and
you must conduct visual periodic inspections for leaks, usually weekly.
• All employees must be familiar with handling and emergency procedures.
• You can only store hazardous waste for a specified time before you must
have it removed for treatment or disposal.
• You are responsible for all hazardous waste from the time it is generated
until it is disposed of (cradle-to-grave), even though you may turn it over to a
transporter and/or disposal facility.
• EPA requires that all hazardous waste transporters and disposal facilities
have an EPA Identification Number. Be sure to check for this before you turn
your waste over to your service provider. Keep a copy in your files.
• Because of the complexities of hazardous waste treatment, you may not
treat, transport, or dispose of your own hazardous wastes without a corre-
sponding U.S. Environmental Protection Agency permit.
• Prepare and submit all required U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
and state hazardous waste management agency reports in a timely fashion.
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National Park Service
A-. Obtaining a U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency Identification Number
If you generate more than 100 kilograms (220 pounds) of hazardous waste in any one cal-
endar month, your are either a Small Quantity Generator (SQG) or a Large Quantity
Generator (LQG), and must obtain a U.S. EPA Identification Number for each site or loca-
tion where hazardous wastes are generated. Transporters and facilities that store, treat,
or dispose of regulated quantities of hazardous waste must also have a U.S. EPA
Identification Number. A U.S. EPA Identification Number is a twelve-character number
that uniquely identifies your facility and will be used as part of a national database on haz-
ardous waste activities.
To obtain a U.S. EPA Identification Number, you can:
• Call or write to your state hazardous waste management agency or region-
al EPA office and ask for a copy of EPA Form 8700-12, "Notification of
Hazardous Waste Activity." You will be sent the form and a booklet with
instructions for filling it out.
• Complete the form, keep copies for your environmental records, and sub-
mit the completed form to the designated regulatory office.
(See graphic on next page)
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Environmental Resource Manual
ft EPA
Notification of Regulated Waste Activity
This document explains everything you
need to know about getting an EPA
Identification Number
— /"
EPA Form 8700-12
Call your regional EPA
office, state hazardous
waste office, or
RCRA/Superfund
Industry Assistance
Hotline
1-800-424-9346
V J
48
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National
Park Service
A Mmrtfout Waste Activity
B. Uwd Oil Recycling Activities
I Generator (See Instructional - 1 Treater, Storar, Olipoaar (at
a Graalerlhan tOOOfctfrwj (1200 lbs ) Installation! Note- A permit la
b too to 1000 kg/mo (200-2.200 lb* ) required for this aettvity:
c. Lni than 100 h?mo (220 lbs) m»truc»on«
2. Transporter (Indicale Mode in ooaes 1-5 * Hazardous Warn Fuel
Below i fl • Geoeraioi Marketing to Burner
a For own waste only 1 ! b-Other Marketers
H & For commercial purposes 1 1 = 8oMerarx»ortndu»01alFi*naee
r 1 Smeller Deferral
Mode of Transportation L 2 Smell Quanoty Eiemption
1. An indicate Type of Combustion
r 3 Highway r 1. Utility BoWr
— 4 Water C 2. Indutlrtal Bollm
^ 5 OIW - ipeciry ! 3 Industrial Fumaet
_ . ! i Underground Infection Control
IX. Description ol Hazardous Waste* ,Um additional mmii ,i rwcaiwyi
t Used OH Fuel Marketer
a. Uarkater Directs Shipment of Used
OH to Off-Specification Bumtr
b Marketer Who First Claims tha Used
Oil Uaets the Specifications
2. Used Oil Burnet Indicale Type(s| ot
Combusilon 0evice
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Environmental Resource Manual
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National Park Service
5. Hazardous Waste Accumulation and
Storage Limits
There are storage limits for hazardous wastes for Conditionally Exempt Small Quantity
Generators (CESQG), Small Quantity Generators (SQG), and Large Quantity
Generators (LQG). If you decide to accumulate hazardous waste until you have collected
enough to make transport to a licensed hazardous waste management facility more eco-
nomical, make sure that:
• If you are a CESQG, you cannot accumulate more than 1,000 kilograms
(2,200 pounds) of hazardous waste at any time or you will be subject to the
same requirements as a SQG.
• If you are a SQG or LQG, you can accumulate no more than 6,000 kilo-
grams (13,200 pounds) of hazardous waste in any 180 day period (or 270 days
if your waste must be transported over 200 miles to a licensed hazardous
waste facility). Otherwise, you will need a special storage permit from EPA.
You can store hazardous waste in 55-gallon drums, tanks, or other containers suit-
able for the type of waste generated if you follow certain common sense rules that are
meant to protect human health and the environment, and reduce the likelihood of damages
or injuries caused by leaks or spills of hazardous wastes. If you store your hazardous waste
in containers, you must:
• Clearly mark each container with the words "HAZARDOUS WASTE," and
the date you began to collect waste in that container.
• Keep all containers in good condition, handle them carefully, and replace
any leaking ones. Be sure to store all containers indoors and not exposed to
the elements.
• Do not store hazardous waste in a container that may rupture, leak, cor-
rode, or otherwise fail.
• Keep all containers closed except when filling them.
• Inspect all containers with hazardous waste for leaks or corrosion every
week.
• For safety reasons, make sure that if you are storing ignitable or reactive
wastes, the containers are placed as far as possible from your facility proper-
ty line to create a buffer zone.
• Never store wastes in the same container that could react together to cause
fires, leaks, or other releases.
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Environmental Resource Manual
• As a general safety rule, do not stack drums.
• Make sure that the stored waste is taken off-site or treated on-site within
180 (or 270) days.
• Do not mix nonhazardous wastes with hazardous wastes. For example, do
not put nonhazardous cleaning agents or rags in the same container as a haz-
ardous solvent or the entire contents becomes subject to the hazardous regu-
lations.
• Avoid mixing several different hazardous wastes. Doing so may make
recycling very difficult, if not impossible, or make disposal more expensive.
• Make sure the original containers of hazardous products are completely
empty before you throw them away. Use all the product.
• Avoid using more of a hazardous product than you need. For example, use
no more degreasing solvent or pesticide than you need to do the job, and cer-
tainly consider nonhazardous alternatives before you buy hazardous materi-
als. Also, do not throw away a container with unused solvent or pesticide in
it.
• Consider secondary containment systems as a precaution against an acci-
dental leak or spill. If leakages or spills do occur, immediately clean them up
in accordance with your park plan.
If you store your hazardous wastes in tanks, you must follow similar common sense rules:
• Do not store hazardous waste in a tank if it may cause rupture, leaks, cor-
rosion, or otherwise cause the tank to fail.
• Keep a tank covered or provide at least two feet of freeboard (space at the
top of the tank) in uncovered tanks.
• If your tanks have equipment that allow the waste to flow into them con-
tinuously, provide waste feed cutoff or bypass systems to stop the flow in case
of problems.
• Inspect any monitoring or gauging systems on each operating day and
inspect the tanks themselves for leaks or corrosion every week.
• Use the National Fire Protection Association's (NFPA) buffer zone require-
ments for tanks containing ignitable or reactive wastes. These requirements
specify distances considered as safe buffer zones for various liquids based on
the characteristics of all combustible and flammable liquids.
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National Park Service
The storage requirements and container specifications for hazardous wastes under
the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act are very similar to the requirements outlined
by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Complying with one will usually
ensure compliance with the other. However, if you have any questions, please contact your
state hazardous waste regulatory office, your EPA regional office, or your NPS Area Office
Environmental Coordinator.
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Environmental Resource Manual
0. Shipping Hazardous Waste Off-Site
Carefully choosing a hauler and designating a waste management facility is vitally
important. The hauler will be handling your wastes beyond your control while you are
still responsible for their proper management. Similarly, the waste management facility
will be the final destination of your hazardous waste for treatment, storage, or disposal.
Before choosing a hauler or designating a disposal facility, check with the following sources:
• Your professional colleagues and other parks who may have used a specif-
ic hazardous waste hauler or designated facility in the past.
• Your Better Business Bureau or Chamber of Commerce to find out if any
complaints have been registered against a hauler or facility.
• Your state hazardous waste management agency or your regional U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) office, which will be able to tell you
whether or not a company has a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Identification Number, and may know whether or not the company has had
any problems. Also contact your Field Area Office for more assistance.
After checking these sources, contact the hauler and designated hazardous waste
management facility directly to verify that they have U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency Identification Numbers, and that they can and will handle your waste. Also make
sure that they have the necessary permits and insurance, and that the hauler's vehicles are
in good condition. Checking sources and choosing a hauler and designated facility may
take some time - try to begin checking well ahead of the time you will need to ship your
waste. Careful selection is very important. Remember, you are responsible for your haz-
ardous wastes from "cradle-to-grave," even after you turn it over to the hauler, and even
after it has been disposed.
Preparing Your Wastee for Shipment.
When you prepare hazardous wastes for shipment, you must put the wastes in con-
tainers that are acceptable for transportation and make sure the containers are properly
labeled. Reusing product containers may be possible if they meet the DOT requirements;
contact your Field Area Office if you have any questions. Your hauler should be able to
assist you as you might need. If you need additional information, you may wish to consult
the requirements for packaging and labeling hazardous wastes found in the Department of
Transportation (DOT) regulations (49 CFR 172). To find out what these requirements are
for your wastes, you should contact your state hazardous waste management agency for the
name and telephone number of your state transportation agency. Your state transportation
agency, your hauler, or your designated facility can help you understand the DOT require-
ments.
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National Park Service
The Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest
A hazardous waste manifest is a multicopy shipping document that you must fill out
and use to accompany your hazardous waste shipments. The manifest form is designed so
that shipments of hazardous waste can be tracked from their point of generation to their
final destination — the so-called "cradle-to-grave" system. The hazardous waste generator,
the hauler, and the designated facility must each sign this document and keep a copy. The
designated facility operator also must send a copy back to you, so that you can be sure that
your shipment arrived. You must keep this copy, which will be signed by the hauler and
designated facility, on file for three years.
If you do not receive a signed copy from the designated hazardous waste manage-
ment facility within 30 days, it is a good idea for you to find out why, and if necessary, let
the state or EPA know. Remember: Just because you have shipped the hazardous waste
off your site and it is no longer in your possession, your liability has not ended. You are
potentially liable under Superfund for any mismanagement of your hazardous waste. The
manifest will help you track your waste during shipment and make sure it arrives at the
proper destination.
You can obtain blank copies of the manifest from several sources such as the following:
• If the state to which you are shipping your waste has its own manifest, use
that manifest form. Contact the hazardous waste management agency of that
state, your hauler, or the designated facility you intend to use for manifest
forms.
• If the state to which you are shipping your waste does not have its own
manifest, use the manifest of the state in which your waste was generated.
Contact your hauler or your state hazardous waste agency for blank forms.
• If neither state requires a state-specific manifest, you may use the gener-
al "Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest" - EPA Form 8700-22. Copies are
available from some haulers and designated hazardous waste management
facilities, or may be purchased from some commercial printers.
States, haulers, recyclers, and designated facilities may require additional informa-
tion; check with them before you prepare a hazardous waste shipment. Your hazardous
waste hauler often will be the best source for packaging and shipping information and will
help in completing the manifest. EPA has also prepared some industry-specific informa-
tion to help you in completing the manifest which is available through your regional EPA
office.
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Environmental Resource Manual
determining if your waste
is hazardous!
A Waste Manifest is usually
a 6-part form.
You must use a Waste
Manifest form for ship-
ment of all hazardous
wastes from your site!
You are responsible for
your hazardous waste for
30 years after your have
generated it!
One copy for your
recordkeeping
files
Waste Manifest
EPA Form 8700-22
Important to Note
Generator's Certification: I hereby declare that
the contents of this consignment are fully and
accurately described above by proper shipping
name and are classified, packed, marked, and
labeled, and are in all respects in proper condition
for transport by highway according to applicable
international and national government regula-
tions and applicable state regulations. If I am a
large quantity generator, I certify that I have a
program in place to reduce the volume and toxici-
ty of waste generated to the degree I have deter-
mined to be economically practicable and that I
have selected the practicable method of treatment,
storage, or disposal currently available to me
which minimizes the present and future threat to
human health and the environment. OR, if I am a
small quantity generator, I have made a good faith
effort to minimize my waste generation and select
the best waste management method available to
me that I can afford.
You are responsible for
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National Park Service
HERITAQE ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES. INC.
Land 01spool Raatricttona Notification Form tor Supplamantal Fual
Ganarator/Customar Nama _
Addraaa
EPA 1.0.
Mazardoua WiM UanJaat No.
EPA Hazardous Wast* No._
Hartaga Wastastraam No.
In accordance w*h tha Hazardous and Solid Wasia Amaodmants o* 10S4 (HSWA) at tha Rnourca CoctarvsUon and Racovwy
Act wtilch raslrtds tha land disposal erf hazardous ***taa, wa art notifying by maridng ths appropriate bax(aa) thai Indicate
tha mathod and lava! oof waste{s) must ba treated to compty *«h tha Land Disposal Restrictions contained at 40 CFR Part
26«. This matariai ia Intended to ba uug u a supplemental tusl tor anergy recovery.
You typically must send a
completed Waste Manifest
copy (returned from the dis-
posal facility) to your state
hazardous materials agency
after it has been disposed.
If you do not receive a copy
from the disposal facility
within 35 days, notify your
state.
Land Disposal Restrictions
Notification Form
A completed
Land Disposal
Restrictions
Notification is usu-
ally required with
your shipment of
hazardous waste.
Everyone needs an EPA
Identification Number!
Subcategory
TrMt»W*Y Grouo CFR R«. Std.
FtaLrtr Crtt
~
KOM
NA
WW/Non-WW 288.41. 2«.43
NA - Cone. Basad 3td.
~
D001
a 10% TOC
Non-WW NA - Tech Basad
FSU8S
~
Thia shipn
rvent includes addJUoi
nal wastes identiHed oaiow:
Hazardous Wasta No.
CFR Rafaranc*
Treatment
Standards
Treatment Coda ai
Appteabte
I I I CERTIFY that thia Md* doaa not contain 2-efhoxyethanot or 2-nfiropropane (chack box t
I I Analysis la attached (chec* box it applicable!.
I CERTIFY thai lha Information s
n and al accompanying Information la trja and accurva.
Authorized signature: .
Print or Typa Nama: .
TBa:
Data:
o um Ma aampte toon, piau* i**ew * caratuSy to m
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Environmental Resource Manual
Federal regulations allow you to haul your hazardous waste to a designated facility
yourself. You must, however, obtain an EPA transporter identification number and comply
with applicable DOT requirements for packaging, labeling, marking, and placarding your
shipment. There are also financial responsibility and liability requirements under the
Federal Motor Carrier Act, but you may be exempt from these if you:
• Use a vehicle with a Gross Vehicle Weight Rating of less than 10,000
pounds (van or pickup).
• Transport your wastes for commerce within your state in non-bulk ship-
ments (e.g., containers with capacities of less than 3,500 gallons).
• Transport hazardous wastes which meet the "limited quantity exclusion"
requirements of §172.101 of the DOT regulations.
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National Park Service
7. Container Labeling and O-ther Forms of
Warning
Each container of hazardous waste must be properly marked and labeled in accordance
with Department of Transportation (DOT) regulations (49 CFR 172, Subpart D-E).
These regulations require:
• Proper DOT shipping name on each waste drum.
• Proper DOT identification number on each waste drum.
• Proper U.S. Environmental Protection Agency waste number (code) on
each waste drum. (See this section of the Resource Manual.)
• Generator's U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Identification
Number, name, and address on each drum. (See this section of the Resource
Manual.)
• Properly labeled for ignitable, reactive, corrosive, or toxic waste.
• Each container must include the date when it becomes full.
• Each container must be labeled with the words "HAZARDOUS WASTE."
• Waste containers must show identification of their waste contents, not the
original product if reusing containers.
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Environmental Resource Manual
&. EPA Hazardous Waste Numbers
(Codes)
The Environmental Protection Agency has established a range of special codes that gen-
erally identify solid hazardous wastes. These codes are used in conjunction with EPA
Form 8700-12 "Notification of Hazardous Waste Activity," and EPA Form 8700-22,
"Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest" (or equivalent). (See previous sections of this
Resource Manual.)
Solvents
Solvents, spent solvents, solvent mixtures, or solvent still bottoms are often haz-
ardous. This includes solvents used in degreasing (identified as F001) and paint brush
cleaning and distillation residues from reclamation. The following are some commonly
used hazardous solvents (also see ignitability wastes for other hazardous solvents, and 40
CFR 561.31 for most listed hazardous waste solvents):
Benzene
F005
Carbon Disulfide
F005
Carbon Tetrachloride
F001
Chlorobenzene
F002
Cresols
F004
Cresylic Acid
F004
O-Dichlorobenzene
F002
Ethanol
D001
2-Ethoxyethanol
F005
Ethylene Dichloride
D001
Isobutanol
F005
Isopropanol
D001
Kerosene
D001
Methyl Ethyl Ketone
F005
Methylene Chloride
F001, F002
Naphtha
D001
Nitrobenzene
F004
2-Nitropropane
F005
Petroleum Solvents
D001
(Flashpoints <140°F)
Pyridine
F005
1,1, l-Tduhldroe thane
F001, F002
1,1,2 -Trichlor oethane
F002
Tetrachloroethylene
F001, F002
Toluene
F005
Trichloroethylene
F001, F002
Trichlorofluoromethane
F002
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National Park Service
Trichlorotrifluoroethane
White Spirits
F002
D001
Acids and Bases
Acids, bases, or mixtures having a pH less than or equal to 2, or greater than or
equal to 12.5, are considered corrosive. All corrosive materials and solvents have the EPA
Hazardous Waste Number D002. The following are some of the more commonly used cor-
rosives:
Dry Cleaning Filtration Residues
Cooked powdered residue (perchloroethylene plants only), still residues, and spent
cartridge filters containing perchloroethylene or valclene are hazardous and have the EPA
Hazardous Waste Number F002.
Still residues containing petroleum solvents with a flash point less than 140°F are
considered hazardous and have the EPA Hazardous Waste Number D001.
Heavy metals and other inorganic waste materials exhibit the characteristic of
Toxicity and are considered hazardous if the extract from a representative sample of the
waste has any of the specific constituent concentrations as shown in 40 CFR 261.24, Table
1. This may include dusts, solutions, wastewater treatment sludges, paint wastes, waste
inks, and other such materials which contain heavy metals/inorganics (note that waste-
water treatment sludges from electroplating operations are identified as F006). The fol-
lowing are evaluated in all TCLP tests:
Acetic Acid
Ammonium Hydroxide
Chromic Acid
Hydrobromic Acid
Hydrochloric Acid
Hydrofluoric Acid
Sulfuric Acid
Nitric Acid
Oleum
Perchloric Acid
Phosphoric Acid
Postassium Hydroxide
Sodium Hydroxide
Heavy Metals and Inorganics
Arsenic
Barium
Cadmium
Chromium
Lead
Mercury
Selenium
Silver
D004
D005
D006
D007
D008
D009
DO 10
Don
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Environmental Resource Manual
Ignitable Wastes
Ignitable wastes include any liquids that have a flashpoint less than 140°F, any non-
liquids that are capable of causing a fire through friction, absorption of moisture, or spon-
taneous chemical change, or any ignitable compressed gas as described in 49 CFR 173.300
(for a complete description of ignitable wastes, see 40 CFR 264.21, Characteristic of
ignitability). Examples are spent solvents (see also solvents), solvent still bottoms,
ignitable paint wastes (paint removers, brush cleaners and stripping agents), epoxy resins
and adhesives (epoxies, rubber cements and marine glues), and waste inks containing flam-
mable solvents. Unless otherwise specified, all ignitable wastes have the EPA Hazardous
Waste Number of DOOl.
Some commonly used ignitable compounds are:
Acetone
F003
Benzene
F005
n-Butyl Alcohol
F003
Chlorobenzene
F002
Cyclohexanone
F003
Ethyl Acetate
FC03
Ethylbenzene
F003
Ethyl Ether
F003
Ethylene Dichloride
DOOl
Methanol
F003
Methyl Isobutyl Ketone
F003
Petroleum Distillates
DOOl
Xylene
F003
Ink Sludges Containing Chromium and Lead
This includes solvent washes and sludges, caustic washes and sludges, or water
washes and sludges from cleaning tubs and equipment used in the formulation of ink from
pigments, driers, soaps, and stabilizers containing chromium and lead. All ink sludges
have the EPA Hazardous Waste Number K086.
Lead-Acid Batteries
Used lead-acid batteries should be reported on the notification form only if they are
not recycled. Used lead-acid batteries that are recycled do not need to be counted in deter-
mining the quantity of waste that you generate per month, nor do they require a hazardous
waste manifest when shipped off your premises. Be sure you check your MSDS on used
batteries to determine proper classification. Note: Special requirements do apply if you
recycle your batteries on your own premises - see 40 CFR 266).
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National Park Service
Lead Dross D008
Spent Acids D002
Lead-Acid Batteries D008
Most other batteries (e.g., mercury, Ni-Cd) are to be recycled and not disposed of.
Pesticides
The pesticides listed below are hazardous. Wastes marked with an asterisk (*) have
been designated acutely hazardous. (See section in this Resource Manual for more infor-
mation.) For a more complete listing, see 40 CFR 261.32 and §261.33 for specific listed pes-
ticides, and other wastes, wastewaters, sludges, and by-products from pesticide formula-
tors. (Note that while many of these pesticides are no longer in common use, they are
included here for those cases where they may be found in storage).
*Aldicarb P070
*Aldrin P004
Amitrole U011
* Arsenic Pentoxide P011
* Arsenic Trioxide P012
C acodylic Acid U136
Carbamic Acid,
Methylnitroso-Ethyl Ester U178
Chlordane U036
*Copper Cyanides P029
l,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane U066
1.2-Dichloropropane U083
1.3-Dichloropropene U084
2.4-Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid U240
DDT U061
*Dieldrin P037
Dimethylcarbamoyl Chloride U037
*Dinitrocresol P047
*Dinoseb P020
Disodium Monomethanearsenate D004
*Disulfoton P039
*Endosulfan P050
*Endrin P051
Ethylmercuric Chloride D009
*Famphur P097
:"Kepcachlor P059
Hexachlorobenzene U127
Kepone U142
Lindane U129
2-Methoxy Mercuric Chloride D009
Methoxychlor DO 14
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Environmental Resource Manual
*Methyl Parathion
Monosodium Methanearsenate
*Nicotine
* Parathion
Pentachloronitrobenzene
Pentachlorophenol
Phenylmercuric Acetate
P071
D004
P075
P089
U185
U242
D009
P094
P108
*Phorate
*Strychnine
2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxy
Acetic Acid
2-2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxy-
U232
Propionic Acid
Thallium Sulfate
Thiram
*Toxaphene
Warfarin
U233
P115
U244
P123
U248
Reactives
Reactive wastes include reactive materials or mixtures which are unstable, react vio-
lently with or form explosive mixtures with water, generate toxic gases, or vapors when
mixed with water (or when exposed to pH conditions between 2 and 12.5 in the case of
cyanide or sulfide bearing wastes), or are capable of detonation or explosive reaction when
heated or subjected to shock (for a complete description of reactive wastes, see 40 CFR
261.23, Characteristic of reactivity). Unless otherwise specified, all reactive wastes have
the EPA Hazardous Waste Number D003. The following materials are commonly consid-
ered to be reactive:
Spent plating wastes contain cleaning solutions and plating solutions with caustics,
solvents, heavy metals, and cyanides. Cyanide wastes may also be generated from heat
treatment operations, pigment production, and manufacturing of anticaking agents.
Plating wastes are generally Hazardous Waste Numbers F006 - F009, with F007 - F009
containing cyanide. Cyanide heat treating wastes are generally Hazardous Waste
Numbers F010 - F012. See 40 CFR 261.32 for a more complete description of plating
Acetyl Chloride
Chromic Acid
Cyanides
Hypochlorites
Organic Peroxides
Perchlorates
Permanganates
Sulfides
Spent Plating and Cyanide Wastes
wastes.
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National Park Service
Wood Preeerving Agerrte
The wastewater treatment sludges from many wastewater treatment operations
(from wood preserving operations) are considered hazardous (EPA Hazardous Waste
Number K001 - bottom sediment sludges from the treatment of wastewater processes that
use creosote and pentachlorophenol). In addition, unless otherwise indicated, specific wood
preserving compounds are:
Chromated Copper Arsenate
Creosote
Pentachlorophenol
D004
U051
F027
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Environmental Resource Manual
9. Polychlorina-fced Biphenyls (PCBs)
There was a time when many high-voltage power transformers were constructed using
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) as an insulation agent. Since that time, Congress
has determined that PCBs pose a hazard to the life and health of humans and animals and
our environment. As a result, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was
assigned overall responsibility for the development, dissemination, inspection, and enforce-
ment of regulations to fulfill the laws passed by Congress. New regulations are now out
and the original regulations are published in 40 CFR 761. Although the National Park
Service is fully responsible for compliance with the applicable regulations, the following are
a few overall guidelines regarding PCB transformers, or transformers that have been con-
taminated with PCBs by having used PCB oils.
Action Item: If you have power transformers in your park, determine which units contain
PCBs. When in doubt, contact the manufacturer or distributor, or your EPA regional office
(phone numbers listed in the front of this book) for a determination.
Storage for Reuse
Transformers containing PCBs at any concentration may be stored for reuse. While
there are no time limitations on this storage, transformers with concentrations of 50 parts
per million (ppm) or greater (known or assumed) which are stored for reuse should be in a
condition suitable for reuse. Equipment that is not suitable for reuse (e.g., out of date, no
longer meets usage need, damaged, does not meet performance specifications) will be con-
sidered improperly disposed of. Units that are in storage for reuse are considered by EPA
to be "in service" for purposes of this regulation. Also, as of October 1, 1985, the storage for
reuse of PCB transformers (500 ppm or greater) that pose an exposure risk to food or feed,
is prohibited (§761.30(a)(l)(i)].
EPA does not require nonfunctional transformers (regardless of PCB concentrations)
to be placed into "storage for disposal" if you intend to repair and reuse the item. However,
EPA may have grounds to enforce against lengthy ."storage for reuse" of equipment which
is not reasonably expected to be placed back into service. The owner should be able to
demonstrate good faith compliance with the intent of the storage for disposal requirements
and complete any required servicing or repairs within a reasonable amount of time. Any
item that is damaged and cannot be repaired for regulatory or technical reasons must be
disposed of or placed into storage for disposal.
Storage for Disposal
All PCB and PCB-contaminated transformers must be dated when placed into stor-
age for disposal [§761.65(c)(8)] and must be removed from storage and disposed of within
one year [§761.65(a)].
The facility used to store PCB and PCB-contaminated transformers must comply
with the "storage for disposal" requirements [§761.65(b)(1)].
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National Park Service
Non-leaking PCB and PCB-contaminated transformers may be stored temporarily
by the generator in an area that does not comply with the requirements for a PCB storage
facility for up to 30 days from the date of their removal from service for disposal, provided
that a notation is attached to each transformer indicating the date the item was removed
from service [§761.65(c)(l)(i)], and placed into storage for disposal [§761.65(c)(8)].
Leaking PCB and PCB-contaminated transformers which are placed in PCB con-
tainers that comply with U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) specifications
[§761.65(c)(6)] with sufficient sorbent materials to absorb any liquid PCBs, may also be
temporarily stored by the generator for up to 30 days provided that a notation is attached
to the container indicating the dates the transformers were removed from service
[§761.65(c)(l)(ii)], and placed into storage for disposal [§761.65(c)(8)]. Each container or
drum used to store leaking PCB items must be marked in accordance with EPA marking
and labeling"requirements [§761.40(a)(1)].
Nonleaking and structurally undamaged PCB-contaminated transformers, that
have not been drained of free-flowing dielectric fluid, may also be stored on pallets next to
avPCB storage facility which meets the requirements for storage for disposal. This type of
storage is permitted only when the storage facility has immediately available unfilled stor-
age space equal to ten percent (10%) of the volume of the equipment stored outside the
facility. The equipment stored outside the facility must be inspected for leaks weekly
[§761.65(c)(2)], and a notation must be attached to each unit indicating the date the equip-
ment was removed from service [§761.65(c)(1)] and placed into storage for disposal
[§761.65(c)(8)].
Commercial storers now must seek approval to operate and demonstrate financial
responsibility for closure of the facility under the new provisions of the Notification and
Manifesting Rule which was published in the Federal Register on December 21, 1989.
Disposal
PCB transformers (500 ppm or greater) must be disposed of as follows:
• In an incinerator that complies with 40 CFR 761.70.
• In a chemical waste landfill which complies with 40 CFR 761.75 provided
that: the transformer is first drained of all free-flowing liquid, filled with sol-
vent, allowed to stand for at least 18 hours and then drained thoroughly. PCB
liquids that are removed shall be disposed of by incineration under 40 CFR
761.60(a). Solvents may include kerosene, xylene, toluene, and other solvents
in which PCBs are readily soluble. Precautionary measures should be taken,
however, that the solvent flushing procedure is conducted in accordance with
applicable safety and health standards as required by Federal or State regu-
lations [§761.60(b)(l)(i)(B)].
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• The PCB liquids that are removed, including the flushing solvent, must be
disposed of in an incinerator that complies with 40 CFR 761.70, or by an alter-
native EPA-approved and permitted disposal method in accordance with 40
CFR 761.60(e).
PCB-contaminated transformers (from 50 to 499 ppm concentrations of PCBs) shall
be disposed of as follows:
• By draining all free-flowing liquid from the transformer and disposing of
the liquid in an incinerator that complies with 40 CFR 761.70; or, in a chem-
ical waste landfill that complies with 40 CFR 761.75, if information is provid-
ed to the owner or operator of the chemical waste landfill that shows that the
waste does not exceed 500 ppm PCBs and is not an ignitable waste as
described in 40 CFR 761.75(b)(8)(iii); or, in an approved high efficiency boiler
that complies with 40 CFR 761.65(a)(2)(iii); or by an alternative EPA approved
and permitted disposal method that complies with 40 CFR 761.60(e)
[§761.60(b)(4)].
The disposal of the drained contaminated equipment carcass is not regulated
[§761.60(b)(5)(ii)]; however, drained PCB-contaminated transformer carcasses cannot be
sold (distributed in commerce) for use as parts and components in repair or rebuilding
activities.
There are no PCB disposal requirements for non-PCB transformers (less than 50
ppm PCBs). However, certain reuse restrictions apply to the less than 500 ppm PCB fluid.
Waste oil with any detectable concentration of PCBs cannot be used as a sealant, coating,
or dust control agent [§761.20(d)]; and also, can only be burned for energy recovery in spe-
cific combustion facilities described in 40 CFR 761.20(e)(1).
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10. Po-terrtial Problem Products
The following automotive products are known to typically contain chlorinated solvents
that can cause the spent products to be considered hazardous waste or can cause major
cross contamination problems in your facility for used oil or for parts cleaning solutions.
For self-protection, examine the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for all such
products in your facility. Also examine MSDSs for all proposed product purchases before
allowing them on-site. If a product contains any one of these problem chemicals as a main
ingredient or in concentrations greater than 10%, it would be advantageous to find alter-
natives to its use.
• Brake Cleaner
• Parts Washing Solvent
• Gasket Remover
• Paint Stripper
• Carburetor Cleaner
• Oil Additives and Treatments
• Carburetor Cleaner and
Cold Tank
• Moisture Displacer
• Aerosol Grease
• Moisture Sealants
• Dry Lubricants
• Contact Point Cleaner
1,1,1-Trichloroethane (TCA, Trich)
and Perchloroethylene (PERC)
Stoddard solvent and Mineral Spirits
Toluene
Xylene
Benzene
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Methylene Chloride
Methylene Chloride
Methyl Ethyl Ketone (MEK)
Toluene
Xylene
Chlorinated Paraffins
Methylene Chloride
Cresylic Acid
Dichloro Benzene
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Methylene Chloride
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Methylene Chloride
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
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11. Material Safety Pat-a Sheets
Chemical manufacturers and importers must develop a MSDS for each hazardous chem-
ical they produce or import, and must provide the MSDS automatically at the time of
the initial shipment of a hazardous chemical to distributors or users. Distributors must
also ensure that employers are similarly provided a MSDS.
Each MSDS must be in English and include information regarding the specific chem-
ical identity of the hazardous chemical(s) involved and the common names. In addition,
information must be provided on the physical and chemical characteristics of the haz-
ardous chemical; exposure limits; whether the chemical is considered to be a carcinogen;
precautionary measures; emergency and first aid procedures; the identification of the orga-
nization responsible for preparing the sheet; and known acute and chronic health effects
and related health information.
If you did not receive an MSDS with a product, you can obtain one by calling or writ-
ing to that product's manufacturer or distributor. They are required by law to prepare an
MSDS and make it available to everyone that may use their product. The information con-
tained in your MSDSs are key to your pollution prevention program and overall environ-
mental management activities. Your overall objective is to reduce or eliminate the use of
materials that have regulated chemicals. Review the MSDS for each new product to be
sure that it does not contain substances that could make it subject to environmental regu-
lations.
Identity
Be sure to verify that the MSDS was prepared for the product you are considering
or have received. Do this by comparing the product name or number of interest with that
printed on the MSDS. If they don't match, call your manufacturer or distributor and tell
them you want one that was prepared for the product of interest. Don't accept substitute
MSDSs; the manufacturer is required by law to have an MSDS for every product that they
manufacture.
Section I - Manufacturer Information
This section tells about the manufacturer of the product and should include their
name, address, and normal and emergency telephone numbers. Additionally, there is sup-
posed to be a date when the MSDS was prepared, and who prepared it. Verify that the date
of the MSDS is somewhat recent. If you suspect that there might have been a later MSDS
prepared, or it is a very old date, call the manufacturer at the number provided and ask for
the latest MSDS release for your product In fact, if you have any questions, call the man-
ufacturer at the number provided. You can usually call the manufacturer at the designat-
ed number and get updated or additional MSDSs, or in many cases, they will FAX you the
most recent version.
If there is a health or safety emergency at your facility with a particular product, call
the emergency number for specific assistance.
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Material Safety Data Sheet U.S. Department of Labor
May De us«a 10 comply wrtfl Occuoat.onjl Sale'v and Health
OSHA's Haiard Cor-imunicaton Standard. iNon-Matiilatory Fo :d must be Form Aporoved
" * OMB No. 1218-0072
S*ctton II — Hazirdou* lngr»
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Section V - Reactivity 0«f
C«xrd Um
S«c1ion VIU — Control Measutea
««50iawy ;Scec*v type,
i Mccrtrac* iCwj/i
* CMItng y
Material Safety Data Sheet
OSHA Form 174 /
MSDSs Are Critical to Your Facility
- Obtain most current for each product -
Understand what chemicals you're buying -
Keep it readily available for employees -
- Take appropriate health precautions -
- Take appropriate safety precautions -
- Use to help determine waste category -
Your OSHA Hazard
Communication Program
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Section II - Hazardous lngrediervts/lderrtrfcy Informa-tion
This is one of the most important sections of the MSDS when you are evaluating
products for potential use at your facility. The manufacturer is required by law to list every
chemical substance that is regulated by federal environmental regulations, and in some
cases, selected states, that are in the product. If the manufacturer states that there no reg-
ulated substances used, it is usually safe to assume you can use it in your operations and
not be concerned about environmental regulations. Remember, the manufacturer is only
required to list those substances that are regulated.
If there are substances listed in this section, you must look carefully at what it says.
For example, you will find some chemical name or synonyms, its Chemical Abstract Service
(CAS) number, and supporting information, including a percentage of that substance that
is contained in the total volume of product. You may not recognize the chemical by the
name used, and remember that one chemical can go by several names. However, the CAS
number of a chemical always remains the same. If you are a chemist or are familiar with
the more common regulated chemicals, you can make decisions by recognizing the name.
The safer method of MSDS evaluation is to use the CAS number. All federal and most state
environmental regulations, and supporting technical assistance publications include the
CAS number with the chemical name. Compare the CAS number on the MSDS with those
of the regulations to determine just how a substance in a product might be regulated.
To make this evaluation simpler, you can obtain, free of charge, the following EPA
document: "Title III List of Lists, Consolidated List of Chemicals Subject to the Emergency
Planning and Community Right-to-know Act (EPCRA) and Section 112(r) of the Clean Air
Act, As Amended, Title III of the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986,
and Title III of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990," EPA 740-R-95-001. Call the
EPCRA Hotline at (1-800) 424-9346 to get your free copy. One useful aspect of this docu-
ment is that there are tables listing the chemical name alphabetically with the CAS
Number, and another table listed numerically by CAS Number with the chemical name.
Another document you should obtain is the "NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical
Hazards," published by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. This docu-
ment can be obtained from the Government Printing Office for a nominal cost, or contact
your Field Area Office for assistance. This handy publication lists many chemicals by name
and CAS Number, and has considerable information on the chemical's synonyms, trade
names and conversion factors, personal protection, health hazards, respirator require-
ments, chemical and physical properties, and exposure limits. If you have a CAS Number
and don't know the chemical name, this publication has a CAS Name index. If you have
the chemical name but not the CAS Number, it has a chemical name index.
In many MSDSs, the manufacturer will list the percentage of the total product for
each hazardous substance. This is valuable in preparing your mass balance and waste
stream models. For example, if you bought a gallon of a product that had 15% of a partic-
ular substance, you may release 0.15 gallons of that substance as a waste (air, water, or
land) for each gallon used (unless the substance becomes a part of another product you pro-
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duce). Sometimes you will find a range of percentages so the manufacturer can avoid dis-
closing the exact formula; use the highest percentage in your mass balance.
Section II will also include OSHA REL and ACGIH TLV values for each hazardous
substance contained in that product. The OSHA REL is the recommended exposure limits
(RELs) for that substance. These are usually time-weighted averages (TWA) concentra-
tions for up to a 10-hour workday during a 40-hour workweek. The ACGIH TLV is the
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) Threshold Limit
Value which refers to the airborne concentrations of substances and represents an exposure
level under which most people can consistently work for 8-hour days without harmful
effects. Refer to your NIOSH pocket guide for more complete explanations and health haz-
ard explanations.
Section III - Physical/Chemical Characteristics
This section gives the physical description of the product, including the boiling point,
vapor pressure, vapor density, specific gravity, melting point, evaporation rate, solubility in
water, and appearance and odor. This is another important section as you develop your pol-
lution prevention mass balance.
If you know the volume (e.g., gallons) of a hazardous material or substance, you will
need to know the weight. This can be calculated by multiplying the specific gravity by the
weight of one gallon of water (8.34). By our example above, if the specific gravity is 1.24,
and you released 0.15 gallons, you can determine the following: each gallon of product
weighs about 10.3 pounds, and you released about 1.5 pounds of the hazardous substance
(as calculated by volume). Of course this is just an approximation, but it is a quick way to
develop your mass balances. If the specific gravity is less than one, the product will float
on water. If the specific gravity is larger than one, water will float on the product.
The solubility in water value is the amount of the product that will dissolve in water
at room temperature. It is usually expressed as a percentage, or by a qualitative notation:
negligible less than 0.1%
slight 0.1% to 1%
moderate 1% to 10%
appreciable more than 10%
complete 100%
Section IV - Fire and Explosion Hazard Data
This section is primarily intended for your safety office to make sure they under-
stand the fire and explosion characteristics of the product. However, the flashpoint infor-
mation is a very important parameter in your environmental management and pollution
prevention activities. Recall that a waste that has a flashpoint of 140°F or less is a char-
acteristic hazardous waste, regardless of what it may contain. This means that if you buy
a product that has no hazardous substances listed, and it has a flash point of 140° F or less,
any wastes will have to be classified as hazardous. Therefore, in selecting products, make
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sure they don't contain hazardous substances, and make sure the flash point is greater
than 140°F.
Section V - Reactivity Data
This is an important section with regard to how to handle the product and possible
wastes. This section is of particular interest to your facility safety personnel for storage
and handling considerations.
Section VI - Health Hazard Data
This section is reserved for detailed information on the health concerns that the
product may have. Safety personnel are especially concerned with this to ensure proper
management of the safety protection devices for workers.
Section VII - Precautions for Safe Handling and Use
This section is reserved for detailed information on the safe handling, transfer, and
storage concerns that the product may have. Safety personnel are especially concerned
with this to ensure proper management of facility safety.
Section VIII - Control Measures
This section is reserved for detailed information on personal protection that may be
needed for that product. Safety and health personnel are especially concerned with this to
ensure proper management of the safety protection of workers.
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12. Chemical Hazard Communication Program
About 32 million workers are potentially exposed to one or more chemical hazards.
There are an estimated 575,000 existing chemical products, and hundreds of new ones
being introduced annually. This poses a serious problem for exposed workers and their
employers.
Chemical exposure may cause or contribute to many serious health effects such as
heart ailments, kidney and lung damage, sterility, cancer, burns, and rashes. Some chem-
icals may also be safety hazards and have the potential to cause fires and explosions and
other serious accidents.
Because of the seriousness of these safety and health problems, and because many
employers and employees know little or nothing about them, the Occupational Safety and
Health Administration (OSHA) has issued a rule called "Chemical Hazard
Communication." The basic goal of the standard is to be sure employers and employees
know about work hazards and how to protect themselves. This should help to reduce the
incidence of chemical source illness and injuries.
The Hazard Communication Standard establishes uniform requirements to make
sure that the hazards of all chemicals imported into, produced, or used in the United States
workplaces are evaluated, and that this hazard information is transmitted to affected
employers and exposed employees.
Chemical manufacturers and importers must convey the hazard information they
learn from their evaluations to downstream employers by means of labels on containers
and material safety data sheets (MSDSs). In addition, all covered employers must have a
hazard communication program to get this information to their employees through labels
on containers, MSDSs, and training.
This program ensures that all employers receive the information they need to inform
and train their employees properly and to design and put in place employee protection pro-
grams. It also provides necessary hazard information to employees, so they can participate
in, and support, the protective measures in place at their workplaces.
The Hazard Communication Standard is different from other OSHA health rules as
it covers all hazardous chemicals. The rule incorporates a "downstream flow of responsi-
bility of information" which means that producers of chemicals have the primary responsi-
bility for generating and disseminating information, while users of chemicals must obtain
the information and transmit it to their own employees.
Hazard Evaluation
The quality of your Hazard Communication Program depends on the adequacy and
accuracy of the hazard assessment. Chemical manufacturers and importers are required
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to review available scientific evidence concerning the hazards of the chemicals they pro-
duce or import, and to report the information they find to their employees and to employ-
ers who distribute or use their products.
The chemical manufacturers, importers, and any employers who choose to evaluate
hazards are responsible for the quality of the hazards determinations they perform. Each
chemical must be evaluated for its potential to cause adverse health effects and its poten-
tial to pose physical hazards such as flammability.
Written Hazard Communication Program
The first requirement to this chemical regulation dictates that employers must
develop, implement, and maintain at the workplace a written, comprehensive hazard com-
munication program. Most hazard communication programs include provisions for con-
tainer labeling, collection and availability of material safety data sheets, and the training
program. Your hazard communication program should include a list of hazardous chemi-
cals in each work area and the means used to inform employees of the hazards of non-rou-
tine tasks. Your program needs to inform all contractors of potential chemical hazards and
available protective measures.
The original written Hazard Communication Program should be maintained at the
safety or environmental office. All employees should have access to copies of this program
at established "safety bulletin boards" throughout the park. You should establish and
maintain a list of the location of all "safety bulletin boards;" this list should also be made
available to all employees and contractors.
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13. Health Hazards
While safety hazards related to the physical characteristics of a chemical can be objec-
tively defined in terms of testing requirements (e.g., flammability), health hazard def-
initions are less precise and more subjective. Health hazards may cause measurable
changes in the body - such as decreased pulmonary function. These changes are generally
indicated by the occurrence of signs and symptoms in the exposed employees - such as
shortness of breath, a measurable but sometimes subjective feeling. Employees exposed to
such hazards must be apprised of both this change in body function and the signs and
symptoms that may occur to signal that change.
The determination of occupational health hazards is complicated by the fact that
many of the effects or signs and symptoms occur commonly in non-occupationally exposed
populations, so that effects of exposure are difficult to separate from normally occurring ill-
nesses. Occasionally, a substance causes an effect that is rarely seen in the population at
large, such as angiosarcomas caused by vinyl chloride exposure, thus making it easier to
ascertain that the occupational exposure was the primary causative factor. More often,
however, the effects are common, such as lung cancer. The situation is further complicat-
ed by the fact that most chemicals have not been adequately tested to determine their
health Hazard potential, and data do not exist to substantiate these effects.
There have always been attempts to categorize effects and to define them in various
ways. Generally, the terms "acute" and "chronic" are used to delineate between effects on
the basis of severity or duration. "Acute" effects usually occur rapidly as a result of short-
term exposures, and are of short duration. "Chronic" effects generally occur as a result of
long-term exposure, and are of long duration.
The acute effects referred to most frequently are those defined by the American
National Safety Institute (ANSI) standard for Precautionary Labeling of Hazardous
Industrial Chemicals (Z129.1-1982) - irritation, corrosivity, sensitization, and lethal dose.
Although these are important health effects, they do not adequately cover the considerable
range of acute effects which may occur as a result of occupational exposure, such as, for
example, narcosis.
Similarly, the term chronic effect is often used to cover only carcinogenicity, terato-
genicity, and mutagenicity. These effects are obviously a concern in the workplace, but
again, do not adequately cover the area of chronic effects, excluding, for example, blood
dyscrasias (such as anemia), chronic bronchitis, and liver atrophy.
The goal of defining precisely, in measurable terms, every possible health effect that
may occur in the workplace as a" result of chemical exposures cannot realistically be accom-
plished. This does not negate the need for employees to be informed of such effects and pro-
tected from them.
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The environmental or safety officer of each Park should review the MSDS of each
new product delivered to the Park. This review should, at a minimum, identify all poten-
tial health risks for employees, and appropriate safety considerations. This information
should be made available to all supervisors and posted on the safety bulletin boards, and
incorporated into the Hazard Communication Program.
Angiosarcomas:
Blood dyscrasias:
C arcinogenicity:
Liver atrophy:
Mutagenicity:
Narcosis:
Teratogenicity:
Heahth Term Definitions
Rapidly growing and destructive cancer of the lymphatics.
A blood disorder such as anemia (i.e., a condition in which
the blood is deficient in red blood cells, in hemoglobin, or
in total volume.
The state of a substance or agent producing or inciting cancer.
A decreasing in size or wasting away of the liver.
the property of a chemical that causes the genetic
characteristics of an organism to change in such a way
that future generations are permanently affected.
A state of stupor, unconsciousness, or arrested activity
produced by the influence of narcotics or other chemicals.
A state, or relating to, causing developmental
malformations and monstrosities.
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14-. Preparing for and Preventing Accidents
Whenever you generate hazardous waste and store it on-site, you must take the pre-
cautions and steps necessary to prevent any sudden or accidental release to the envi-
ronment. This means that you must carefully operate and maintain your facility to reduce
the possibility of fire, explosion, or release of hazardous materials and wastes.
Your facility must have appropriate types of emergency communication and fire
equipment for the kinds of waste handled at your site. You must also attempt to make
arrangements with local fire, public, or hospital officials as needed to ensure that they will
be able to respond to any potential emergencies that could arise. Some of the steps you may
need to take to prepare for emergencies at your facility include:
• Installing and maintaining emergency equipment such as alarms, tele-
phones or two-way portable radios, fire extinguishers (using water, foam,
inert gas, or dry chemicals as appropriate to your waste type), hoses, auto-
matic sprinklers, or spray equipment in your facility so that it is immediate-
ly available to your employees if there is an emergency.
• Providing enough room for emergency equipment and response teams to
get into any area in your facility in the event of an emergency.
• Writing to local fire, police, and hospital officials or state or local emer-
gency response teams explaining the types of wastes you handle and asking
for their cooperation and assistance in handling emergency situations.
• Provide a formal Hazardous Waste training program to Park employees
who deal with hazardous materials.
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15. Planning for Emergencies
An emergency contingency plan is a plan that attempts to look ahead and prepare for
any accidents that could possibly occur. It can be thought of as a set of answers to a
series of "what if' questions. For example: "What if there is a fire in the area where haz-
ardous waste is stored?" or "What if I have a spill of hazardous waste or one of my con-
tainers leaks?" Emergency procedures are the steps you should follow if you have an emer-
gency, that is, if one of the "contingencies" or "what ifs" occurs. While a specific written con-
tingency plan is not required, it may be a good idea to make a list of these questions and
answer them on paper. This also may be helpful in informing your employees about their
responsibilities in the event of an emergency. If you have an emergency:
• In the event of a fire, call the fire department and attempt to extinguish it
using the appropriate type of fire extinguisher.
• In the event of a spill, contain the flow of hazardous waste to the extent
possible and notify the National Response Center. The Center operates a 24-
hour toll free number: 1-800-424-8802. As soon as possible, clean up the haz-
ardous waste and any contaminated materials and soil.
• In the event of a fire, explosion or other release, immediately notify the
National Response Center as required by Superfund regulations. (Superfund
is the law that deals with the cleanup of spills and leaks of hazardous waste
at abandoned hazardous waste sites.)
Emergency phone numbers and locations of emergency equipment must be posted
near telephones and all employees must know proper waste handling and emergency pro-
cedures. You must appoint an employee to act as emergency coordinator to ensure that
emergency procedures are carried out in the event an emergency arises. An emergency
coordinator must be available 24 hours a day (at the facility or by telephone), and that per-
son must know whom to contact and what steps to follow in an emergency.
It is important to avoid potential risks in this area. If you have a serious emergency
and you have to call your local fire department or you have a spill that extends outside your
facility or that could reach surface waters, immediately call the National Response Center
(1-800-424-8802) and give them the information they ask for. If you didn't need to call, they
will tell you so. But anyone who was supposed to call and does not is subject to a $10,000
fine and a year in jail, or both.
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10. Sample Environmental Policy Statements
The following are sample facility statements that convey management commitment to the
concepts of pollution prevention. Such a policy statement is critical to facility acceptance
and support of the NPS Park Environment 2000 Initiative.
Policy Statement Example 1
The (National Park Service) is committed to excel-
lence and leadership in protecting the environment. In keeping with this policy, our objec-
tive is to reduce waste and emissions. We strive to minimize adverse impact on the air,
water, and land through pollution prevention and energy conservation. By successfully
preventing pollution at its source, we can achieve cost savings, increase operational effi-
ciencies, improve the quality of our services, maintain a safe and healthy workplace for our
employees, and improve the environment. (National Park
Service) environmental guidelines include the following:
• Environmental protection is everyone's responsibility. It is valued and
displays commitment to (National Park
Service).
• We will commit to including pollution prevention and energy conserva-
tion in all our services and operations.
• Preventing pollution by reducing and eliminating the generation of
waste and emissions at the source is a prime consideration in our operations.
(National Park Service) is committed to identi-
fying and implementing pollution prevention opportunities through encour-
aging and involving all employees
• Technologies and methods which substitute non-hazardous materials
and utilize other source reduction approaches will be given top priority in
addressing all environmental issues.
• (National Park Service) seeks to demon-
strate its responsible citizenship by adhering to all environmental regula-
tions. We promote cooperation and coordination between industry, govern-
ment, and the public toward the shared goals of prevention pollution at its
source.
Policy Statement Example 2
At (National Park Service), protecting the environ-
ment is a high priority. We are pledged to eliminate or reduce our use of toxic substances
and to minimize our use of energy and generation of all wastes, whenever possible.
Prevention of pollution at the source is the preferred alternative. When waste cannot be
avoided, we are committed to recycling, treatment, and disposal in ways that minimize
undesirable effects on air, water, and land.
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17. Aerosol Spray Cane: An Alternative Look
As part of your fluids management program, it has been recommended that all fluids be
purchased in bulk and NOT in aerosol spray can form. There are now several manufac-
turers who produce effective aerosol spray can "look-alikes". Biomatik USA Corporation
produces a polypropylene hand held, air-powered dispenser of bulk chemicals that is now
being used as a key element in pollution prevention programs. This unique item is safe
to use, requires no special tools or fixtures, can be reused, and is inexpensive and conve-
nient. The primary pollution prevention advantages of this aerosol spray alternative
includes:
• Elimination of aerosol and other limited-life dispenser cans and bottles; a
potentially costly waste stream.
• Completely environmentally safe through the use of compressed air -
uses no hazardous or undesired propellant.
• Can be recharged so all product can be used - eliminates waste product
in sealed (aerosol) cans when propellant is exhausted.
• Can easily be reused many times, thereby eliminating spent aerosol cans
and potentially hazardous wastes through unused RCRA-defined hazardous
substances left in sealed cans.
• Can "host" many different products (light oils, chemicals, solvents, water,
etc.). Caution must be exercised to verify bottle-substance compatibility to
ensure long-term bottle integrity.
• Can be charged using built-in hand pump, or using standard (90 psi)
compressed air lines.
• Rugged polypropylene construction for light to heavy industrial applica-
tions. Has the same general form as most aerosol canisters of today.
• Spray nozzles can easily be changed, with a wide variety of spray pat-
terns available to match specific dispensing needs.
• Significantly more economical with a full six ounce product capacity com-
pared to less than eight product ounces in 16-ounce aerosol containers.
National Distributor: Biomatik USA
c/o Stark and Associates
North Carolina 28202
(704) 332-5004
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V. Land Management Issuer
1. Xeriscape 88
2. Herbicides, Pesticides, and Insecticides 90
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Environmental Resource Manual
1. Xeriscape
Lawn care requires significant resources (water, energy, labor) to maintain, and
improved landscape design can minimize the use of resources while maintaining a
yard's aesthetic value. Xeriscape is a form of landscape design that encourages water and
energy efficiency. It relies upon seven basic principles: (1) proper planning and design; (2)
appropriate use of turf; (3) efficient irrigation; (4) soil improvements; (5) mulching; (6)
appropriate plant selection; and (7) maintenance to reduce water needs.
L Planning and design: Low water use zones should be in low activity
areas. In some high-use areas, turf is necessary and will most likely be in a
moderate water use zone.
2. Appropriate use of turf: Achieving a significant reduction in landscape
water consumption and maintenance can be done by reducing the size of
water-sensitive lawns, and replacing them with shrub beds and groundcovers.
Lawn areas should serve a useful purpose, such as erosion control or play
areas. Irregular, hard-to-maintain shapes are difficult to mow and irrigate.
3t Efficient irrigation: Drip irrigation can be used for shrub and tree areas
that require less water than grass. If plants are grouped according to their
water needs, they can be watered more efficiently.
4. Soil improvements: The ideal soil for water and oxygen requirements of
plant roots is one which takes water readily, permits easy movement through
the root zone and retains approximately 25% water after drainage while per-
mitting free drainage from pores occupying approximately 25% of the soil by
volume (Dr. Murry Milford, National Xeriscape News. January/February,
1988). Mixing organic materials with soil increases porosity and, with decom-
position, tends to improve aggregation. Such materials are most beneficial as
mulches left on the soil surface where they impede evaporative losses of water
while being porous enough to permit water to filter through.
5. Mulching: A mulch is a protective covering of various substances, espe-
cially organic, placed around plants to prevent evaporation of moisture, freez-
ing of roots, and control of weeds. The general recommendation (Lorraine
Billeaud, National Xeriscape News. March/April, 1988) is three to four inches
of an organic mulch for best results. Grass clippings would create a very effec-
tive mulch.
6. Appropriate plant selection: Plants should be selected and grouped
according to their water, sun, and temperature needs. Many low water use
plants exhibit vibrant color.
7. Appropriate maintenance: Regular maintenance preserves the beauty
of the landscape. However, xeriscape changes usually result in decreased
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maintenance. Less time is required for mowing if turf area is decreased,
plants require minimal weeding and watering, irrigation management
reduces watering time, and mulches improve soil quality. Mowing grass at the
proper height (e.g., Saint Augustine at three inches, Bermuda and Zoysia at
one inch) can conserve water (Douglas Welsch, National Xeriscape News.
September/October, 1988). Mowing at relatively tall heights allows the grass
to develop a deeper, more water-efficient root system. Taller grass blades also
act as a living mulch, shading the ground and reducing soil moisture evapo-
ration. As the grass grows taller, it grows slower and matures, thus requiring
less water and mowing. Finally, applying fertilizer to the lawn at the proper
time and in the proper amount (one to two pounds of nitrogen fertilizer per
1,000 square feet of lawn at one time, once in the spring and again in the fall)
can save time, effort, and money by reduced mowing and watering.
According to Robb Swearengin (National Xeriscape News. November/December,
1987), water savings of 10% to 25% is possible in almost any existing landscape simply by
managing an irrigation system more efficiently. With a few modifications to the system
and improved horticultural practices such as adding mulches, pruning, trimming and
repairing or replacing worn, damaged or improperly installed equipment, the savings can
be increased into the 40% range. According to Douglas Welsh (National Xeriscape News.
September/October 1988), a well-designed xeriscape can decrease maintenance by as much
as 50%.
Gradual changes can have long-term resource savings. One way to reduce lawn care
is to simply stop mowing, and create manicured meadows. This suggestion would work for
areas that receive little traffic, in areas with large trees, where it would be aesthetically
pleasing. Replacing high-maintenance flower beds with more drought-resistant plants and
weed barrier fabric underneath can substantially reduce maintenance requirements for
weeding and watering.
Reseeding turf areas could result in significantly lower costs for mowing (equipment
maintenance and labor) and watering. Some grass varieties require minimal or no mow-
ing because they grow so slowly. Several varieties survive with minimal water. It would
cost about $3,000 to $4,000 per acre to hydroseed a new kind of grass, and $1,500 to $2,000
per acre to reseed with a more tolerant grass mixture. Both of these methods would require
weakening or killing the previous grass with Round-Up before applying. The difference
between these two methods derives entirely from the mulch system. Hydroseeding has a
sprayed mulch over the seed and fertilizer that is very effective in retaining moisture and
preventing wind damage to the germinating seeds. Reseeding requires another mulch
source - hay, grass clippings, etc. that must be applied by the facility lawn crew.
For more information, contact your local water department (e.g., the Denver Water
Department has extensive educational materials on Xeriscape), your state's land grant col-
lege extension service, as well as the Boulder Energy Conservation Center.
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2. Herbicides, Pesticides, and Insecticides
An almost unlimited number of pesticides and herbicides are available for agricultural
and yard use. The relative toxicity to animals, persistence in soil, and transport capa-
bilities all influence the relative danger of these substances. The best choice is one that
has a low transport potential, a short half-life, and a low acute toxicity. When choosing a
herbicide, pesticide, or insecticide, these characteristics can be used as a basis for compar-
isons and selection.
This summary identifies most of the commonly used herbicides, pesticides, and
insecticides together with some specific information on their active ingredients, intended
use, possible environmental hazards, and application alerts. This list does not constitute
an endorsement for any of these products. Consult your state or regional pollution pre-
vention contact for less hazardous or nonhazardous alternatives for your specific objective.
In the following list, pesticides marked "Restricted Use" should no longer be used.
Every pesticide, no matter what its hazard, should be applied according to the directions.
Products that contain the following chemicals should be substituted for one that does not:
Furadan, Gromoxone, and Diazinon; if products containing these chemicals are used, you
must carefully follow the application directions.
Accent Sp (DuPont)
Active Ingredient: Nicosulfuron
Use: Herbicide for corn, General Use classification
Environmental Hazards: Do not apply directly to water, to areas where surface
water is present or to intertidal areas below the mean high water mark. Do not contami-
nate water when disposing of equipment rinsewater. Do not apply where or when condi-
tions could favor runoff. Do not apply if a severe storm is expected within 24 hours.
Application: Apply Accent Sp at the rate of one soluble packet (2-2/3 ounces) per
four treated acres for selective post emergence grass weed control. Apply Accent Sp when
grasses are young and actively growing. For later-emerging weeds, a second application or
a timely cultivation is required. Applications must include either a crop oil concentrate or
a nonionic surfactant. The addition of ammonium nitrogen fertilizer is recommended.
Accent Sp is rainfast in four hours.
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BanveI ([Sandoz Agro, Incorporated)
Active Ingredient: Dimethylamine salt of dicamba (3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid)
Use: Herbicide for corn, General Use classification for most products
Environmental Hazards: For terrestrial uses, do not apply directly to water, or to
areas where surface water is present. Do not contaminate water when disposing of equip-
ment rinsewaters.
Application: Do not treat areas where either possible downward movement into
soil or surface washing may cause contact of Banvel herbicide with the roots of desirable
plants such as trees and shrubs. Apply only as directed.
Brom
Active Ingredient: Bromacil
Use: Herbicide for grasses and brush control, General Use classification
Environmental Hazards: Bromacil is highly toxic, but the product applied is usual-
ly very dilute. Bromacil binds lightly to particles, and can be transported readily through
soil. It has a long half-life (60 days). Off-site leaching is the primary route by which it
leaves the soil (National Pesticide Telecommunications Network).
Captan
Active Ingredient: Cap tan
Use: Fungicide, General Use
Environmental Hazards: Captan has a short persistence in soil (a half-life of one to
ten days). It is not mobile, and was not detected by the EPA's nationwide groundwater pes-
ticide survey. Most use on food crops is now banned because captan can cause cancer in
laboratory animals (National Pesticide Telecommunications Network).
Curtail (DowElanco)
Active Ingredient: Clopyralid 3,6-dichloro-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid, alka
nolamine salts of the ethanol and isopropanol series
(7.5%), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, triiso
propanolamine salt (38.4%)
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Use: Herbicide for non-cropland, General Use classification for
all products.
Environmental Hazards: Drift or runoff may adversely affect non-target plants. Do
not apply directly to water, or to areas where surface water is present. Do not contaminate
water when disposing of equipment rinsewater. Clopyralid is a chemical which can travel
(seep or leach) through soil and under certain conditions contaminate groundwater which
may be used for irrigation or drinking purposes. Users are advised not to apply clopyralid
where soils have a rapid to very rapid permeability throughout the profile (such as loamy
sand or sand) and the water table of an underlying aquifer is shallow, or to soils contain-
ing sinkholes over limestone bedrock, severely fractured surfaces, and substrates which
would allow direct introduction into an aquifer.
Application: Curtail herbicide is recommended for selective, post emer-
gence control of broadleaf weeds in wheat and barley not under-seeded with a legume, fal-
low cropland, rangeland and permanent grass pastures, land in the Conservation Reserve
Program, and non-cropland. Apply only once per 12-month period, except for grass grown
for seed. This product can affect susceptible broadleaf plants directly through foliage and
indirectly by root uptake from treated soil. Therefore, do not apply Curtail directly to or
allow spray drift to come in contact with alfalfa, or other desirable broadleaf crops.
Dzn Diazinon 1 ArG (Ciba)
Active Ingredient: Diazinon
Use: Insecticide, Restricted Use classification, due to avian and
aquatic toxicity
Environmental Hazards: This product is highly toxic to birds, fish, and other
wildlife. Birds, especially waterfowl, feeding or drinking on treated areas may be killed.
Application rates above those recommended significantly increase potential hazards to
birds and waterfowl. Keep out of lakes, streams, and ponds. Do not apply directly to water,
or to areas where surface water is present. Drift and runoff may be hazardous to aquatic
organisms in neighboring areas. Do not contaminate water by cleaning of equipment or
disposal of equipment rinsewater.
Application: The EPA concluded that the hazard to birds from diazanon
use on golf courses and sod farms outweighs the minor benefits, and that cancellation was
the only appropriate action. The EPA is concerned about the hazard to birds from diazinon
use on other sites (EPA Pesticide Fact Sheet, September 1986).
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Pureban
Active Ingredient: Chlorpyrifors
Use: Pesticide, General Use classification
Environmental Hazards: Chlorpyrifors is highly toxic to aquatic organisms, but its
potential for mobilization is low because it breaks down quickly, and it attaches strongly to
soil.
Furadan 4>F (FMC Corporation)
Active Ingredient: Carbofuran (44%)
Use: Insecticide-nematicide, Restricted Use classification
Environmental Hazards: This product is toxic to fish, birds and other wildlife. Birds
feeding on treated ares may be killed. For waterfowl protection, do not apply immediately
before or during irrigation, or on fields in proximity to waterfowl nesting areas, or on fields
where waterfowl are known to repeatedly feed. Drift and runoff from treated areas may be
h&zardous to fish in neighboring areas. The use of Furadan 4F may pose a hazard to fed-
erally designated endangered or threatened species known to be found in certain areas:
Attwater's Greater Prairie Chicken, Aleutian Canada Goose, and Kern Primrose Sphinx
Moth. This product is highly toxic to bees exposed to direct treatment or residues on crops.
Do not apply this product or allow it to drift to blooming crops or weeds if bees are visiting
the treatment area. Carbofuran is a chemical which can travel (seep or leach) through soil
and can contaminate groundwater which may be used as drinking water. Carbofuran has
been found in groundwater as a result of agricultural use. Users are advised not to apply
carbofuran where the water table is close to the surface and where the soils are very per-
meable (loamy sands).
Based upon data on acute health effects, the acute oral hazard of carbofuran is the same
order of magnitude as fonophos, phorate, and terbufos, but is less than aldicarb, and
greater than the other major alternatives. The environmental fate data indicate that car-
bofuran is highly mobile and has a potential to leach. The EPA concluded that in general
carbofuran poses the greatest risk to birds as compared with other granular pesticides,
including its alternatives. The EPA proposed to cancel granular carbofuran use on all sites
because the risk to birds outweighs the benefits of use (EPA Pesticide Fact Sheet, No. 189,
1989).
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Gromoxone Ex-tra (Zeneca)
Active Ingredient: Paraquat dichloride
Use: Herbicide for weed and grass, Restricted Use
classification because of high mammalian toxicity
Environmental Hazards: This product is toxic to wildlife. Do not apply directly to
water or to areas where surface water is present. Gromoxone Extra herbicide is a contact
herbicide that kills all green plant tissue. Do not apply under conditions involving possi-
ble drift to food, forage or other plantings that might be damaged. Do not apply when
weather conditions favor drift from areas treated. Clay and organic matter rapidly tie up
Gromoxone Extra. As a result, it has no residual soil activity to affect later-planted crops
or later-germinating weeds. Because it is rapidly absorbed by the weed foliage, rain occur-
ring 30 minutes or more after application will have no effect on the activity of Gromoxone
Extra.
Application: Gromoxone Extra should be applied to emerged weeds when they
are small. Weeds one inch to six inches in height are the easiest to control. Larger weeds
may be more difficult to control. In dry areas, dust stirred up by high winds or equipment
tires can coat weed leaves and reduce Gromoxone Extra activity. Avoid applying in
extremely dusty conditions. For alfalfa, rate per acre varies depending on growth stage,
but about two pints per acre at the most is reasonable. Less than two pints per acre is the
rate for corn. These refer to the broadcast rates, which mean 3/8 fluid ounces added to one
gallon.
Mala'thion
Active Ingredient: Malathion
Use: Insecticide, General Use classification
Environmental Hazards: This pesticide is toxic to fish, aquatic invertebrates, and
aquatic life stages of amphibians. Do not apply directly to water or to areas where surface
water is present. Drift and runoff may be hazardous to aquatic organisms in areas near
the application site. Do not contaminate water when disposing of equipment rinsewater.
This product is highly toxic to bees exposed to direct treatment on blooming crops or weeds.
Degradation in soil is rapid and related to the degree of adsorption. In raw river water, the
half-life was less than one week, whereas malathion remained stable in distilled water for
three weeks.
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Orthoklor
Active Ingredient: Chlorpyrifos
Use: Pesticide, General Use classification
Environmental Hazards: Chlorpyrifos is highly toxic to aquatic organisms, but it
breaks down quickly. It attaches strongly to soil particles, so mobilization danger is low
(National Pesticide Telecommunications Network).
ProMaglc
Active Ingredient: Tetramethrin, d-phenothrin
Use: Insecticide, General Use classification
Environmental Hazards: The primary environmental concern is for aquatic organ-
isms, if it is directly applied to water.
IZauridup (Monsanto Company)
Active Ingredient: Glyphosate, n-(phosphonomethyl) glycine, in the form of
its isopropylamine salt
¦ Use: Herbicide, General Use classification for most products
Environmental Hazards: Do not apply directly to water, to areas where surface
water is present. Do not contaminate water when disposing of equipment rinsewater.
Glyphosate has moderate persistence with a typical field half-life of 47 days. All crops can
be planted immediately after application due to strong adsorption to soil.
Application: Avoid contact with foliage, green stems, exposed non-
woody roots or fruit or crops, desirable plants and trees, since severe injury or destruction
may result. Rainfall or irrigation occurring within six hours after application may reduce
effectiveness. Heavy rainfall or irrigation within two hours after application may wash the
chemical off the foliage and a repeat treatment may be required. Avoid drift. Extreme care
must be used when applying this product to prevent injury to desirable plants and crops.
For applications made on a spray-to-wet basis, spray coverage should be uniform and com-
plete. Do not spray to the point of runoff. When using in less than complete coverage, use
a 5% solution (five quart to 25 gallons) for annual and perennial weeds and a 5to 10% solu-
tion for woody brush and trees.
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Valen-t X-77
Active Ingredient: Diquat dibromide
Use: Herbicide, General Use classification
Environmental Hazards: Valent X-77 is a moderately toxic chemical, to which cows
are particularly sensitive. However, it leaves no trace in plant, soil, or water. It is strong-
ly adsorbed to most soil particles, so there is a small potential for groundwater or surface
water contamination (National Pesticide Telecommunications Network).
Weedmaster (Sandoz Agro)
Active Ingredient: Dimethylamine salt of dicamba, and dimethylamine salt
of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
Use: Herbicide, General Use classification for most products.
Environmental Hazards: This product is toxic to aquatic invertebrates. Drift or
runoff may adversely affect aquatic invertebrates and nontarget plants. Do not apply
directly to water, or to areas where surface water is present. Most cases of groundwater
contamination involving phenoxy herbicides such as 2,4-D have been associated with mix-
ing/loading and disposal sites.
Application: Caution should be exercised when handling 2,4-D pesti-
cides at such sites to prevent contamination of groundwater supplies. Use of closed sys-
tems for mixing or transferring this pesticide will reduce the probability of spills. Do not
treat areas where either possible downward movement into soil or surface washing may
cause contact of Weedmaster Herbicide with the roots of desirable plants such as trees and
shrubs.
2,4-D
Active Ingredient: 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
Use: Broadleaf Herbicide, General Use classification
Environmental Hazards: This product is toxic to fish. Drift or runoff may adverse-
ly affect fish and non-target plants. Do not apply to water or to areas where surface water
is present. Do not contaminate water when disposing of equipment rinsewater. Do not con-
taminate water used for irrigation or domestic purposes. 2,4-D is potentially mobile, but
rapid degradation in soil and removal from soil by plant uptake minimizes leaching. It
undergoes microbial breakdown in warm, moist soil. Rate of breakdown increases with
increased temperature, moisture, pH, and organic matter content.
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Application: Most cases of groundwater contamination involving 2,4-D have been
associated with mixing/loading and disposal sites. Caution should be exercised when han-
dling 2,4-D pesticides at such sites to prevent contamination of groundwater supplies.
Fertilizer/Pee-ticide Storage and Handling
Storage facilities should be a secured, single-use area, separate from other activities
and storage (feed, seed, and fuel). Federal law requires that concentrated pesticides be
stored in a secured area. Therefore, outdoor storage containers should be located within a
permanently fenced area. Whenever possible, you should minimize storage of chemicals to
avoid the associated risks (CSU Cooperative Extension, Best Management Practices for
Pesticide and Fertilizer Storage and Handling, August, 1994).
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VI. Supporting Information
1. Definitions / Glossary 100
2. Abbreviations and Acronyms 110
3. Pollution Prevention and Environmental Assistance 112
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Definrtions/Glossary
Acid
a corrosive solution with a pH less than 7.
Acutely Hazardous Waste
waste that EPA has determined to be so dangerous in
small amounts that they are regulated the same way
as are large amounts of other hazardous wastes.
Examples include certain pesticides and dioxin-con-
taining waste.
Angiosarcomas
rapidly growing and destructive cancer of the lymphat-
ics.
Blood Dyscrasias
a blood disorder such as anemia (i.e., a condition in
which the blood is deficient in red blood cells, in hemo-
globin, or in total volume).
Boiler
means an enclosed device using controlled flame com-
bustion and having the following characteristics
(i) The unit has physical provisions for recov-
ering and exporting energy in the form of steam,
heated fluids, or heated gases;
(ii) The unit's combustion chamber and prima-
ry energy recovery section(s) are of integral
design (i.e., they are physically formed into one
manufactured or assembled unit);
(iii) The unit continuously maintains an energy
recovery efficiency of at least 60 percent, calcu-
lated in terms of the recovered energy compared
with the thermal value of the fuel;
(iv) The unit exports and utilizes at least 75
percent of the recovered energy, calculated on an
annual basis (excluding recovered heat used
internally in the same unit, for example, to pre-
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heat fuel or combustion air or drive fans or feed-
water pumps); and
(v) The unit is one which the Regional
Administrator has determined on a case-by-case
basis, to be a boiler after considering the stan-
dards in 40 CFR 260.32.
means the owner or operator of any boiler or industri-
al furnace that burns hazardous waste fuel for energy
recovery and that is not regulated as a RCRA haz-
ardous waste incinerator.
the state of a substance or agent producing or inciting
cancer.
means any element, chemical compound, or mixture of
elements and/or compounds.
means the scientific designation of a chemical in accor-
dance with the nomenclature system developed by the
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
(IUPAC) or the Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) rules
of nomenclature, or a name which will clearly identify
the chemical for the purpose of conducting a hazardous
evaluation.
means any liquid having a flashpoint at or above 100°F
(37.8°C), but below 200°F (93.3°C), except any mixture
having components with flashpoints of 200°F (93.3°C),
or higher, the total volume of which make up 99 per-
cent or more of the total volume of the mixture.
means any designation or identification such as code
name, code number, trade name, brand name, or gener-
ic name used to identify a chemical other than by its
chemical name.
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Compressed gas
means:
(i) a gas or mixture of gases having, in a con-
tainer, an absolute pressure exceeding 40
pounds per square inch (psi) at 70°F (21.1°C); or
(ii) a gas or mixture of gases having, in a con-
tainer, an absolute pressure exceeding 104 psi at
130°F (54.4°C) regardless of the pressure at 70°F
(21.l'C); or
(iii) a liquid having a vapor pressure exceeding
40 psi at 100°F (37.8°C) as determined by ASTM
D-323-72.
Disposal
Container
means the discharge, deposit, injection, dumping,
spilling, leaking, or placing of any solid waste or haz-
ardous waste into on on any land or water so that such
solid waste or hazardous waste or any constituent
thereof may enter the environment or be emitted into
the air or discharged into any waters, including
groundwaters.
means any bag, barrel, bottle, box, can, cylinder, drum,
reaction vessel, storage tank, or the like that contains
a hazardous chemical. For purposes of this section,
pipes or piping systems, and engines, fuel tanks, or
other operating systems in a vehicle, are not consid-
ered to be containers.
Distributor
Employee
means a business, other than a chemical manufacturer
or importer, which supplies hazardous chemicals to
other distributors or to employers.
means a worker who may be exposed to hazardous
chemicals under normal operating conditions or in
foreseeable emergencies. Workers such as office work-
ers or bank tellers who encounter hazardous chemicals
only in non-routine, isolated instances are not covered.
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means a person engaged in a business where chemi-
cals are either used, distributed, or are produced for
use or distribution, including a contractor or subcon-
tractor.
means the number assigned by EPA to each generator,
transporter, and treatment, storage, or disposal instal-
lation.
means a chemical that causes a sudden, almost instan-
taneous release of pressure, gas, and heat when sub-
jected to sudden shock, pressure, or high temperature.
means that an employee is subjected to a hazardous
chemical in the course of employment through any
route of entry (inhalation, ingestion, skin contact, or
absorption, etc.), and includes potential (e.g., acciden-
tal or possible) exposure.
means a chemical that falls into one of the following
categories:
(i) "aerosol, flammable" means an aerosol
that, when tested by the method described in 16
CFR 1500.45, yields a flame projection exceed-
ing 18 inches at full valve opening, or a flash-
back (a flame extending back to the valve) at any
degree of valve opening;
(ii) "gas, flammable" means:
(a) a gas that at ambient temperature
and pressure, forms a flammable mixture
with air at a concentration of 13 percent
(13%) by volume or less; or
(b) a gas that at ambient temperature
and pressure, forms a range of flammable
mixture with air wider than 12 percent
(12%) by volume, regardless of the lower
limit.
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(iii) "liquid, flammable" means any liquid hav-
ing a flashpoint below 100°F (37.8°C), except any
mixture having components with flashpoints of
100°F (37.8°C) or higher, the total of which make
up 99 percent (99%) or more of the total volume
of the mixture;
(iv) "solid, flammable" means a solid, other
than a blasting agent or explosive as defined in
§190-109(a), that is liable to cause fire through
friction, absorption of moisture, spontaneous
chemical change, or retained heat from manu-
facturing or processing, or which can be ignited
readily and when ignited burns so vigorously
and persistently as to create a serous hazard. A
chemical shall be considered to be a flammable
solid if, when tested by the method described in
16 CFR 1500.44, it ignites and burns with a self-
sustained flame at a rate greater than one-tenth
of an inch per second along its major axis.
Flashpoint means the minimum temperature at which a liquid
gives off a vapor in sufficient concentration to ignite
when tested as follows:
(i) Tagliabue Closed Tester (see American
National Standard Method of Test for Flash
Point by Tag Closed Tester, Z11.245 - 1979
(ASTM D55-79)) for liquids with a viscosity of
less than 45 Saybolt University Seconds (SUS)
at 100°F (37.8°C), that do not contain suspended
solids and do not have a tendency to form a sur-
face film under test; or
(ii) Pensky-martens Closed Tester, (see
American National Standard Method of Test for
Flash Point by Pensky-Martens Closed Tester,
Z11.7 - 1979 (ASTM D93-79)) for liquids with a
viscosity equal to or greater than 45 SUS at
100°F (37.8°C), or that contain suspended solids,
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or that have a tendency to form a surface film
under test; or
(iii) Setaflash Closed Tester (see American
National Standard Method of Test for Flash
Point by Setaflash Closed Tester (ASTM D3278-
78)). Organic peroxides, which undergo autoac-
celerating thermal decomposition, are excluded
from any of the flashpoint determination meth-
ods specified above.
Foreseeable emergency
means any potential occurrence such as, but not limit-
ed to, equipment failure, rupture of containers, or fail-
ure of control equipment which could result in an
uncontrolled release of a hazardous chemical into the
workplace.
Generator
means any person, by site, whose act or process pro-
duces hazardous waste identified or listed in 40 CFR
Part 261.
Hazardous chemical
means any chemical which is a physical hazard or a
health hazard.
Hazard warning
means any words, pictures, symbols, or combination
thereof appearing on a label or other appropriate form
of warning which convey the hazard(s) of the chemi-
cal(s) in the container(s).
Hazardous waste
means a hazardous waste as defined in 40 CFR 261.3.
Hazardous waste fuel
means hazardous waste and any fuel that contains
hazardous waste that is burned for energy recovery in
a boiler or industrial furnace that is not subject to reg-
ulation as a RCRA hazardous waste incinerator.
However, the following hazardous waste fuels are sub-
ject to regulation as used oil fuels:
(i) Used oil fuel burned for energy recovery
that is also a hazardous waste solely because it
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exhibits a characteristic of hazardous waste
identified in Subpart C of 40 CFR Part 261; and
(ii) Used oil fuel mixed with hazardous wastes
generated by a small quantity generator subject
to 40 CFR 261.5.
Health hazard means a chemical for which there is statistically sig-
nificant evidence based on at least one study conduct-
ed in accordance with established scientific principles
that acute or chronic health effects may occur in
exposed employees. The term "heath hazard" includes
chemicals which are carcinogens, toxic or highly toxic
agents, reproductive toxins, irritants, corrosives, sensi-
tizers, hepatotoxins, nephrotoxins, neuotoxins, agents
which act on the hematopoietic system, and agents
which damage the lungs, skin, eyes, or mucous mem-
branes.
Identity means any chemical or common name which is indicat-
ed on the material safety data sheet (MSDS) for the
chemical. The identity used shall permit cross-refer-
ences to be made among the required list of hazardous
chemicals, the label and the MSDS.
Industrial boiler means a boiler located on the site of an installation
engaged in manufacturing process where substances
are transformed into new products, including the com-
ponent parts of products, by mechanical or chemical
processes.
Industrial furnace means any of the following enclosed devices that are
integral components of manufacturing processes and
that use controlled flame combustion to accomplish
recovery of materials or energy: cement kilns, lime
kilns, aggregate kilns (including asphalt kilns), phos-
phate kilns, coke ovens, blast furnaces, smelting fur-
naces, refining furnaces, titanium dioxide chloride
process oxidation reactors, methane reforming fur-
naces, pulping liquor recovery furnaces, combustion
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National Park Service
Label
devices used in the recovery of sulfur values from spent
sulfuric acid, and other devices as the Administrator of
EPA may add to this list.
means any written, printed, or graphic material, dis-
played on or affixed to containers of hazardous chemi-
cals.
Liver Atrophy
Mutagenicity
Mixture
a decreasing in size or wasting away of the liver.
the property of a chemical that causes the genetic char-
acteristics of an organism to change in such a way that
future generations are permanently affected.
means any combination of two or more chemicals if the
combination is not, in whole or in part, the result of a
chemical reaction.
Off-specification used oil fuel
Organic peroxide
Oxidizer
Physical hazard
Pyrophoric
means used oil fuel that does not meet the specification
provided under 40 CFR 279.11.
means an organic compound that contains the bivalent
-0-0-structure and which may be considered to be a
structural derivative of hydrogen peroxide where one
or both of the hydrogen atoms has been replaced by an
organic radical.
means a chemical other than a blasting agent or explo-
sive as defined in §1910.109(a), that initiates or pro-
motes combustion in other material thereby causing
combustion either of itself or through the release of
oxygen or other gases.
means a chemical for which there is scientifically valid
evidence that it is a combustible liquid, a compressed
gas, explosive, flammable, an organic peroxide, an oxi-
dizer, pyrophoric, unstable (reactive) or water-reactive.
means a chemical that will ignite spontaneously in air
at a temperature of 130°F (54.4°C) or below.
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Environmental Resource Manual
Recycling
means if a material is used, reused, or reclaimed (40
CFR 261.1(c)(7)).
Source reduction
Storage
Teratogenicity
means any activity that reduces or eliminates the gen-
eration of hazardous or solid waste at the source, usu-
ally within a process (e.g., product substitution,
process changes, housekeeping).
means the holding of hazardous waste for a temporary
period, at the end of which the hazardous waste is
treated, disposed of, or stored elsewhere.
a state, or relating to, causing developmental malfor-
mations and monstrosities.
Transportation
Transporter
Treatment
means the movement of hazardous waste by air, rail,
highway, or water.
means a person engaged in the off-site transportation
of hazardous waste by air, rail, highway, or water.
means any method, technique, or process, including
neutralization, designed to change the physical, chem-
ical, or biological character or composition of any haz-
ardous waste so as to neutralize such waste, or so as to
recover energy or material resources from the waste, or
so as to render such waste nonhazardous, or less haz-
ardous; safer to transport, store or dispose of; or
amenable for recovery, amenable for storage, or
reduced in volume. Such term includes any activity or
processing designed to change the physical form or
composition of hazardous waste so as to render it non-
hazardous.
Trade secret
means any confidential formula, patent, process,
device, information or compilation of information that
is used in an employer's business, and that gives the
employer an opportunity to obtain an advantage over
competitors who do not know or use it.
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National Park Service
Used oil
means any oil that has been refined from crude oil, or
any synthetic oil, that has been used, and as a result of
such use, is contaminated by physical or chemical
impurities.
Unstable (reactive)
means that a chemical which in the pure state, or as
produced or transported, will vigorously polymerize,
decompose, condense, or will become self-reactive
under conditions of shocks, pressure, or temperature.
Waste minimization
means the reduction, to the extent feasible, of haz-
ardous waste that is generated or subsequently treat-
ed, stored or disposed of. It includes any source reduc-
tion or recycling activity undertaken by a generator
that results in either:
(i) the reduction of total volume or quantity of
hazardous waste; or
(ii) the reduction of toxicity of the hazardous
waste, or both, so long as such reduction is con-
sistent with the goal of minimizing present and
future threats to human health and the environ-
ment.
Water-reactive
means a chemical that reacts with water to release a
gas that is either flammable or presents a health haz-
ard.
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Environmental Resource Manual
Abbreviations and Acronym©
AD
Estimated average electric demand
AD
area x depth
ANSI
American National Safety Institute
ASTM
American Society of Testing and Materials
BLM
Bureau of Land Management
BMP
Best management practices
Btu
British thermal unit
Ci
Conversion factor: 0.03413 therms per kWh
CAA
Clean Air Act
CAS
Chemical Abstract Service
CERCLA
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation
and Liability Act
CESQG
Conditionally-Exempt Small Quantity Generator
CFC
Chlorofluorocarbon
CES
Community Energy Services Recycling, Riverton, Wyoming
CFR
Code of Federal Regulations
csu
Colorado State University
CWA
Clean Water Act
DEQ
Department of Environmental Quality
DOT
United States Department of Transportation
ECS
Energy cost savings
EFFe
Efficiency of existing electric heater
EFFg
Efficiency of gas-fired heater
EMS
Environmental Management System
EPA
United States Environmental Protection Agency
EPCRA
Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-know Act
FIFRA
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act
HazCom
OSHA Hazard Communication
HMTC
Hazardous Materials Transportation Act
ICM
Integrated Crop Management
IPM
Integrated Pest Management
kW
kilowatt (1,000 watts)
kWh
kilowatt-hours
lb/A
pounds per acre
IUPAC
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemists
LED
Light emitting diode
LEPA
low-energy precision application
LEPC
Local Emergency Planning Committee
no
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National Park Service
LQG
Large Quantity Generator
M
Mega (one million)
MM Btu
Million Btu
MSDS
Material Safety Data Sheet
N
Nitrogen
NAAQS
National Ambient Air Quality Standards
NESHAP
National Emission Standard for Hazardous Air Pollutant
NFPA
National Fire Protection Association
NOg
Nitrogen Oxide
NPDES
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
NRCS
National Resource Conservation Society
OSHA
Occupational Safety and health Administration
PCB
Polychlorinated biphenyl
POTW
Public Owned Treatment Works
PPm
Parts per million
psi
Pounds per square inch
Q
Estimated heating load in kWh per year
QT
flow x time
RCRA
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
PPA
Pollution Prevention Act
SDWA
Safe Drinking Water Act
SERC
State Emergency Response Commission
SIC
Standard Industrial Classification Code
SIP
State Implementation Plan
SPCC
Spill Prevention, Control and Countermeasure Plan
SQG
Small Quantity Generator
TSCA
Toxic Substance Control Act
TQM
Total Quality Management
UCD
Average electric demand rate (dollars per kW)
UCE
Average electric energy rate per kWh (in dollars)
UCG
Average gas rate (in dollars per therm)
UL™
Underwriter's Laboratory
USD A
United States Department of Agriculture
UST
Underground Storage Tank
VOC
Volatile organic compound
WQDP
Water Quality Demonstration Project
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Environmental Resource Manual
Pollution Prevention and Environmental Assistance
This Environmental Management tool kit was prepared espe-
cially for those national parks within the National Park
Service Intermountain Field Area. Please see the other sup-
porting document for an integrated approach to your envi-
ronmental management program and the achievement of the
goals of Park Environment 2OOO Ini-tia-tive!
G.NVie.
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National Park Service
There are many sources for -technics
compliance, and financial assistance
Use them "to your advantage!
Pollution prevention contacts at EPA's regional offices
Professional and trade associations
Trade journals and environmental publications
Local and regional universities specializing
in pollution prevention.
Technical consultants and non-profit assistance.
Department of Energy and Small Business Administration.
Federal, state, and special topic pollution prevention
clearinghouses and on-line databases.
Your best source-for all forms of assistance and refer-
ral are pollution prevention programs at the local,
state, and federal level. They are -there -to assist you in
decreasing your environmental footprint. U se them!
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Environmental Resource Manual
For more information, contact...
Recom Applied Solutions, Incorporated
2919 West 17th Street, Suite 207
Longmont, Colorado 80503
(303) 678-9603
(303) 678-9606 FAX
e-maii: recomjce@tesser.com
Recom is a small business that has been advancing the concept of pollution prevention since the
.1980s. Recom works with organizations of all sizes, from all industries, offering pollution preven-
tion programs, environmental management systems, and technical assistance. As a part of an inte-
grated outreach program, Recom offers federal and state agency policy development and program
integration, as well as training.
This environmental management "tool
kit is a part of a series -that has been
prepared for a variety of organiza-
tions and is available to support
local, state, and federal source
reduction programs.
Reproduced on paper containing at
least 20% post consumer waste.
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