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WATER POLLUTION PREVENTION AND CONTROL
PROt^0
OIL AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS PROGRAM SERIES OHM 73-06-001
OIL SPILL, LONG ISLAND SOUND
MARCH 21, 1972
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF WATER PROGRAM OPERATIONS
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OIL SPILL, LONG ISLAND SOUND
MARCH 21, 1972
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
FINAL REPORT
Division of Oil and Hazardous Materials
Office of Water Program Operations
Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D.C. 20460
and
Region I
Environmental Protection Agency
Boston, Massachusetts 02203
Order No. 001
Contract No. 68-01-0044
January IS73
For sale by ttio Superintendent o( Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price $2.10
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EPA Review Notice
This report has been reviewed by the Office of
Water Programs, EPA, and approved for publica-
tion. Approval does not signify that the con-
tents necessarily reflect the views and policies
of the Environmental Protection Agency, nor does
mention of trade names or commercial products
constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
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FOREWORD
All spills of oil and hazardous materials have one thing in ccrrmon
their uniqueness. Each spill is different. The start of the chain of
events leading to the cause of the spill can vary from a mcmentary lapse
in human judgement to deliberate long term neglect of proper maintenance or
prevention measures. The stress on the environment frran a spill is also
highly variable. The type of oil or hazardous material spilled, the
weather and water movement patterns at the time of the spill, the shoreline
geography and geology, the abundance and quality of biological activity,
the effectiveness and timeliness of spill containment and cleanup, and
quantity of pollutant spilled all play a key role in determining the resultant
environmental impact.
This report is one of a continuing series of emergency response
investigations by the Environmental Protection Agency into selected rajor
spills. One of the principal objectives of this series by the EPA Division
of Oil and Hazardous .'aterials is to develop a better understanding of the
investigative tools and techniques available for assessing environmental
damage and, from this understanding, be in an improved position for
establishing environmental priorities in spill response and cleanup. These
studies are not intended to be research and should not be compared to long
term research projects. The investigations are specific in scope with
emphasis on determining physical and biological effects and assessing the
effectiveness of cleanup measures used in responding to the spill. This
report of a major oil spill has been prepared by Vast, Inc., an EPA con-
tractor, and includes the results of the contractor's surveys and analyses
as well as information obtained by EPA, the State of Connecticut, and the
U.S. Coast Guard.
Carl Eidam
Environmental Protection Agency
Region I
Boston, ilassacnusetts
Harold J. Snyder, Jr.
Environmental Protection Agency
Div. of Oil and Hazardous Materials
Office of VJater Program Operations
Washington, D. C.
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ABSTRACT
This study was principally undertaken to determine the
effects of a No. 2 fuel oil spill on the benthic com-
munities of Niantic Bay, on the Northern shore of Long
Island Sound. Three benthic stations were chosen within
the bay, and a control station was selected to the west
of Black Point. Stations were analyzed for density and
diversity of species as an indicator of stress. Sedi-
ments and selected biota were analyzed for fuel oil by
gas chromatography. Results show that only the mid-bay
station was definitely contaminated, which may have
caused the loss of the amphipods. The hermit crab,
Pagurus, may also be sensitive to the oil. Concentra-
tion of the pollutant in its tissues appears to make it
a good indicator for low levels of residual oil. The
bay was spared severe contamination by a storm which
dissipated and weathered the oil. Ultimate disposition
of residual oil was determined by the currents of the
area rather than movement of the surface slick immedi-
ately following the spill.
iii
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CONTENTS
Page
Conclusions 1
Recommendations 3
Introduction 5
The Accident 5
Purpose of the Study 5
Physical Oceanography of Niantic
Bay and Adjacent Regions 8
Movement of Oil 10
Federal and Local Response 12
Containment and Cleanup Operations 12
Immediate Effects on Biota 13
Methods 16
Field Methods 16
Prime Stations 17
Beach Stations 18
Laboratory Methods 18
Chemical Methods 19
Discussion of Field Results 21
Benthic Infaunal Communities 31
Epibenthic Communities 40
Community Structure 41
Finfish 43
Chromatographic Results 44
Chromatograms of No. 2 Fuel Oil 44
Chromatograms of Prime Stations 47
Chromatograms of Beach Stations 7 3
Synthesis of Results 73
Acknowledgement 84
References 85
Glossary 86
Appendix 89
v
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FIGURES
No. Page
1. Area of the F. L. Hayes Oil Spill, Long
Island Sound, 21 March 1972 6
2. Position of the F. L. Hayes (1) When Grounded,
(2) When Anchored. Hypothesized Current
Movements 7
3. Location of Sampling Stations 9
4. Benthic Sediment Profile - Control Station ... 23
5. Benthic Sediment Profile - Station A 24
6. Benthic Sediment Profile - Station B 25
7. Benthic Sediment Profile - Station C 26
8. Photographs of Bottom at Control Station .... 27
9. Photograph of Bottom at Station A 2 8
10. Photographs of Bottom at Station B 29
11. Photograph of Bottom at Station C 30
2
12. Number of Species Per 0.36m of Bottom
Station A 32
2
13. Number of Species Per 0.36m of Bottom
Station B 33
2
14. Number of Species Per 0.36m of Bottom
Station C 34
2
15. Number of Species Per 0.36m of Bottom
Control Station 35
2
16. Number of Individual Animals Per 0.32m
of Bottom Station A 36
2
17. Number of Individual Animals Per 0.32m
of Bottom Station B 37
2
18. Number of Individual Animals Per 0.32m
of Bottom Station C 38
vi
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No. Page
2
19. Number of Individual Animals Per 0.32m
of Bottom Control Station 39
20. Community Profiles 4^
21. Chromatogram of #2 Fuel Oil - A Standard
From WHOI 45
22. Chromatogram of #2 Fuel Oil From
F. L. Hayes 46
23. Chromatogram of Sediment From
Station A, Survey I 48
24. Cromatogram of Sediment From
Station A, Survey II 49
25. Chromatogram of Sediment From
Station A, Survey III 50
26. Chromatogram of Sediment From
Station A, Survey IV 51
27. Chromatogram of Water, Station A,
Survey I, Bottom 52
28. Chromatogram of Water, Station A,
Survey I, Mid-depth 53
29. Chromatogram of Water, Station A,
Survey II, Surface 54
30. Chromatogram of Water, Station A,
Survey II, Mid-depth 55
31. Chromatogram of Meroenaria mevcenaria,
Station A, Survey I 56
32. Chromatogram of Pagurus longicarpus
Station A, Survey II 5 7
33. Chromatogram of Sediment, Station B, Survey I. . 59
34. Chromatogram of Sediment, Station Bf Survey III. 60
35. Chromatogram of Pagurus, Station B, Survey I . . 61
vii
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No. Page
36. Chromatogram of Lobster, Station B,
Survey II 6 2
37. Chromatogram of Pagurus3 Station B,
Survey III 6 4
38. Chromatogram of whelk, Station B, Survey VI . . . 6 5
39. Chromatogram of Sediment, Station C, Survey I. . 6 6
40. Chromatogram of Sediment, Station C, Survey IV . 6 7
41. Chromatogram of Pagurus3 Station C, Survey II. . 6 8
42. Chromatogram of Sediment, Control, Survey I. . . 69
43. Chromatogram of Sediment, Control, Survey III. . 70
44. Chromatogram of Mercenarias Control,
Survey I 71
45. Chromatogram of Flounder, Survey III 72
46. Chromatogram of Beach Sand, Station X 74
47. Chromatogram of Beach Sand, Station X 75
48. Chromatogram of Beach Sand, Station Y 76
49. Chromatogram of Beach Sand, Station Y 77
50. Chromatogram of Beach Sand, Station Y 7 8
51. Chromatogram of Beach Sand, Station Y 79
52. Chromatogram of Beach Sand, Station Z 80
53. Chromatogram of Beach Sand, Station Z 81
A-l Beach Sediment Profile, Station X,
Low Tide, 0-10cm 90
A-2 Beach Sediment Profile, Station X,
Low Tide, 10-20cm 91
A-3 Beach Sediment Profile, Station X,
High Tide, 0-10cm 9 2
viii
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No. Page
A-4 Beach Sediment Profile, Station X,
High Tide, 10-20cm 9 3
A-5 Beach Sediment Profile, Station X,
High Tide, 20-30cm 94
A-6 Beach Sediment Profile, Station Y,
Low Tide, 0-10cm 9 5
A-7 Beach Sediment Profile, Station Y,
Low Tide, 10-20cm 96
A-8 Beach Sediment Profile, Station Y,
Low Tide, 20-30cm 9 7
A-9 Beach Sediment Profile, Station Y,
Low Tide, 30-4Ocm 9 8
A-10 Beach Sediment Profile, Station Y,
High Tide, 0-10cm . 99
A-11 Beach Sediment Profile, Station Y,
High Tide, 10-20cm 100
A-12 Beach Sediment Profile, Station Y,
High Tide, 20-30cm 101
A-13 Beach Sediment Profile, Station Z,
Low Tide, 0-10cm 102
A-14 Beach Sediment Profile, Station Z,
Low Tide, 10-20cm 103
A-15 Beach Sediment Profile, Station Z,
Low Tide, 20-30cm 104
A-16 Beach Sediment Profile, Station Z,
High Tide, 0-10cm 105
A-17 Beach Sediment Profile, Station Z,
High Tide, 10-20cm 106
A-18 Beach Sediment Profile, Station Z,
High Tide, 20-30cm 107
ix
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TABLES
No. Page
A-l Salinity Data 10 8
2
A-2 Organisms Present Per 0.36m at Station A . . .109
2
A-3 Organisms Present Per 0.36m at Station B . . .111
2
A-4 Organisms Present Per 0.36m at Station C . . .113
2
A-5 Organisms Present Per 0.36m at
Control Station 116
A-6 Epibenthic Species 118
A-7 Fin Fish Survey 122
A-8 Divers Survey I 126
A-9 Divers Survey II 128
A-10 Divers Survey III
A-11 Divers Survey IV 2.31
A-12 Divers Survey V .133
A-13 Divers Survey VI .^3 5
x
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SECTION I
CONCLUSIONS
(1) The effect of the Bartlett Reef oil spill on the
Niantic Bay area was not one of immediate or total
kill of the subtidal biota as occurred in the West
Falmouth Spill (Blumer, 1972). Intertidal kill was
confined to discrete areas of heavy contamination.
(2) The oil was apparently dispersed by the strong cur-
rents and short flushing times characteristic of
the bay area. The current system scours the in-
shore areas of coarse sand and cobbles and forms
a gyre, resulting in a depositional area of fine
silt in mid-bay. Accumulation of oil at this mid-
bay station was apparently by sediment transport.
(3) Heavy winds and seas which developed within three
(3) days of the spill enhanced the weathering and
dissolution of the oil.
(4) There was definitive chromatographic evidence of
fuel oil in the sediments on only one station,
Station B. This did not coincide with the visual
reports of heavy contamination at Station A dir-
ectly following the spill. However, at Station B,
which was dominated by an infaunal soft-bottom
community of worms and small bivalves intimately
associated with the sediments, the expected amphi-
pod component was missing. Amphipods are highly
sensitive to petroleum pollutants and their ab-
sence supported the conclusion that this station
was contaminated.
(5) There was no evidence of contamination of quahogs,
lobsters, whelk or flounder from the Niantic Bay
area, but hermit crabs apparently concentrated the
fuel oil in their tissues and may be a good indi-
cator of low levels of the pollutant.
(6) There was evidence for a hydrocarbon background in
the sediments which was reflected in the animal tis-
sues for each area. These background profiles dif-
fered between stations and were not wholly accounted
for by biosynthetic processes. They could reflect
earlier contamination or highly weathered remnants
of this spill.
1
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(7) There was no evidence of fuel oil at the beach sta-
tions sixteen (16) days after the spill. The beaches
sampled were comprised of coarse sands and exposed
to wave action.
(8) There were no indications for gross long-term effects
from these results except for the loss of the amphipod
community at Station B. The importance of the amphi-
pod community would be difficult to quantify, as it
includes their role in the breakdown of detritus
and stabilization of sediments in addition to their
being a food source for other invertebrates and
fishes. A short-term study of this type does not
assess possible reproductive damage to adults, loss
of recruitment of new individuals through contamina-
tion of the substrate, or accumulation of hydro-
carbons in the food chain. Any oil spilled in the
area will contribute to a background of chronic
hydrocarbon pollution. The gradual accumulation
of small amounts of petroleum pollutants is poten-
tially more hazardous than occasional large and
spectacular spills because it can go unnoticed and
eventually reach levels where it affects community
structure and contaminates the food supply.
2
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SECTION II
RECOMMENDATIONS
(1) Our best information for the assessment of the long-
term effects of hydrocarbon pollution was derived
from the chromatographic analyses and the study of
density and diversity of sessile organisms. We
therefore suggest that future field work be fo-
cussed on the benthic infaunal and epifaunal com-
munities and that the pelagic components of water,
plankton, and finfish be omitted.
(2) Based on the results of this study, further monitor-
ing of the effects of this spill do not appear to be
justified; however, since a hydrocarbon background
of non-biogenetic origin appeared at all stations
sampled, it is suggested that a library of back-
ground data be established for the Long Island Sound
area. These data would provide a baseline for the
study of future spills and would also indicate the
level of contamination from other sources. Key
stations for such a general survey should be coor-
dinated to include the major current systems and
major biotic communities.
3
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SECTION III
INTRODUCTION
The Accident:
On 21 March 1972 the tanker F. L. Hayes, en route from
Bayonne, New Jersey to Norwich, Connecticut, with a cargo
of 596,757 gal. No. 2 fuel oil, grounded on Bartlett Reef
in Long Island Sound at a position between Twotree Island
Channel Buoy CI and Bartlett Reef (Figs. 1 & 2). The
grounding caused the rupture of her No. 1 port and star-
board tanks and her No. 2 port tank causing an estimated
80,000 gal. of oil to be spilled.
The accident occurred at 0310 hrs. At 0345 the Coast
Guard Station at New Haven was notified and by 0415 the
Coast Guard commenced arrangements for a barge and tug
to offload the vessel. By 0615 the tug Groton and the
barge Seaboard Connecticut were dispatched to offload
the tanker but could not get alongside due to the draft
of the tug. They left a containment boom which was
deployed by the Coast Guard at 0815 hrs but was ineffec-
tive due to the currents in the area. At 1220 hrs the
tug Phoenix and the barge Poling Bros. No. 23 arrived
on the scene and began offloading.
At 1418 the tanker was refloated on the high tide and
anchored west of Bartlett Reef 3/4 - 1 mi north of the
Bartlett Reef Light to complete offloading (Fig. 2).
By 2000 hrs with offloading completed, the tanker de-
parted for Bayonne, New Jersey, and containment devices
were removed from the area.
Purpose of the Study:
This short-term (3 1/2 months) field study was undertaken
for the purpose of providing the EPA with information and
assessment in the following categories:
1. Effectiveness of prevention and cleanup measures
taken immediately after the accident to keep the
damage to the environment at a minimum.
2. Evidence of immedidE and acute damage to the biota
of the affected area and indications for long-range
effects.
3. Data on the fate and effects of an oil spill in a
specific location under specific conditions for use
5
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FIGURE 1
Area of the F. L. Hayes Oil Spill, Long Island Sound, 21 March 1972.
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Positions of the F. L.
intrusions
Hayes (1) when grounded, (2) when anchored. Normal maximum
on flood (solid arrows) and ebb (dashed arrows).
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in the EPA's long-term program to develop a general-
ized predictive capacity for oil spills and their
potential dangers under various conditions of weather,
tidal currents and emergency response.
This survey was not intended as a comprehensive research ef-
fort on sublethal or long-term effects such as the loss of
reproductive capacity in survivors of the spill or rendering
of the substrate unsuitable for the recruitment of young stages.
Physical Oceanography of Niantic Bay and Adjacent Regions:
Niantic Bay is a coastal embayment on the northern shore
of Long Island Sound. Fresh water enters Niantic Bay from
the watershed of the Niantic River. The average fresh wa-
ter runoff from this watershed is small and is on the order
of 10 ft /sec, however, this runoff does affect the salin-
ity distribution of Niantic Bay, especially during periods
of high runoff in the spring and fall (Kollmeyer, 1971).
Salinity data collected during the surveys (Appendix, Table
A-1) shows that the river water runs out along the western
shore in a well-mixed layer extending to the bottom. At mid-
bay the fresher water tends to be restricted to the surface
layer with a more stable salt wedge below. On the eastern
shore salinities are generally highest showing the least
contribution from river flow with some stratification occurring.
Normal tidal currents off Millstone Point reach speeds in the
east-west direction of 1.5 to 1.8 knots. Slack periods are
of very short duration, on the order of 15-25 min at most.
The flood tide enters Niantic Bay from the east through Two-
tree Island Channel which separates Bartlett Reef from the
Connecticut shore. Dye studies conducted in the region by
VAST, Inc. for the Millstone Point Nuclear Power Station in-
dicate that on a flood tide the currents dip into the bay
and continue west past Black Point. When the currents re-
verse, the ebb also flows into the bay but to a lesser extent,
bringing some of the same water which passed on the previous
flood. Renewal rate estimates, based on dye and salinity
studies and on tidal prism calculations, indicate that the
renewal time for the water of Niantic Bay is on the order
of 5-6 days. However, the magnitude of both the renewal
rate and the tidal intrusions depend upon the strength of
the wind such that severe weather conditions can be a more
significant factor than the usual tidal processes.
The sediments in the nearshore areas in the outer portion
of the bay (Fig. 3, A and C) are coarse sands, while a
depositional bottom of fine silt occurs at mid-bay (B) .
8
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FIGURE 3
Location of Sampling Stations
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Our divers reported that bottom sediments at A bore pro-
minent east-west ripple marks 5-7 cm in amplitude and 20-
30 cm in wave length, evidence that currents there were
oriented north and south. Bottom currents at C also ran
north and south, while those in the mid-bay area ran east
and west.
Thus, the semicircular embayment at Niantic might be
characterized somewhat as a gyre (Fig. 2). Currents were
stronger close to shore and net transport greater there
also, occurred in a counter-clockwise direction. While
the flood waters tended to scour the bottom near shore
well into the bay (solid arrows), the ebb did not intrude
as deeply (dashed arrows).
Movement of Oil:
The tanker grounded on 21 March at 0258 hrs, approximately
1/2 hr after high slack water. Therefore, the oil was
initially moved eastward, away from the Niantic Bay area
for 5 1/2 hrs by the ebbing tide. Thus the first over-
flight revealed oil spreading eastward from the site of
grounding to the northwest tip of Fishers Island and the
Dumplings (Fig. 1). By afternoon, flood waters (high tide
at 1420 hrs) brought the oil ashore in Connecticut with
reports of oil 150 yds off the beach at Millstone Point.
At 1450 hrs the Coast Guard reported that the slick
covered an area of about 10 mi^ (16 km2). Residents
of the Black Point and Attawan Beach areas and Connecti-
cut State DEP observers reported heavy concentrations of
oil along the western shore of Niantic Bay from Wigwam
Rock to the southern tip of Black Point. Oil still re-
mained to the east in the area of North Hill, Fishers
Island, Black Ledge, and the Dumplings.
At 1522, during the second ebb, a flight over the Bart-
lett Reef region was made by VAST personnel, covering
an area from Millstone Point to Trumbull Airport in
Groton, Connecticut. The oil slick extended past the
ship's containment device north through Twotree Island
Channel into Niantic Bay. To the east of Bartlett Reef
the slick widened, reaching the shore east of Goshen
Point, and crossing the mouth of the Thames River where
one band extended easterly to Trumbull Airport. A second
band spread southeast to North Hill Point on Fishers
Island. The wind at this time was from the east southeast.
On the third day (23 March 1972), visual surveys from the
Connecticut River to the Pawcatuck River indicated that
10
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the western shore of Niantic Bay was the most severely
affected area. The Niantic River was apparently free
of oil as were public beaches other than the western bay
beaches. On this day the wind picked up to 30-40 knots,
gusting higher, from the south. Seas were 4--5 ft and
there was intermittent rain. Adverse weather conditions
severely limited containment operations but accelerated
dispersal.
By Day 4 (24 March 19 72) aerial, water, and land sur-
veys indicated no new areas contaminated by spilled oil.
Most visible oil on the waters of Long Island Sound had
dispersed. Some fingers of oil remained in Fishers Is-
land Sound. A film could still be seen on the western
side of Niantic Bay and in the marshlands at Bakers
Cove and Jupiter Point (Fig. 1). Water samples collected
by the Coast Guard in Fishers Island Sound and in the
area between the Thames River and Pataguanset River
showed no visible evidence of oil.
Inspection of the Jupiter Point Marsh by VAST personnel
on the same day indicated oil upwelling from the grass
mat as it was flooded by waves. There was accumulation
of oil on the lee side with several highly iridescent
patches along the eastern shore. To the east of Niantic
Bay observations in Watts Island marsh revealed an oily
scum on the surface of marsh creeks and pools behind the
protective beach. Oil had collected to a greater extent
in the sheltered rock pools at the western end of this
beach. Black Point was clear except for a slick along
the eastern shore extending out off the point.
On Day 5 (25 March 1972) , VAST personnel inspected the
Watts Island and Jupiter Point marshes. Although some oil
was collected in the tide pools of the breakwater south
of Watts Island, there was no visible oil along the beach
edge or in the marsh area. At Jupiter Point, however,
oil was concentrated along the edges of the point and in
the seaweeds and grasses.
By Day 6 (26 March 1972), there was no evidence of oil in
the open waters of Long Island Sound or Fishers Island
Sound except a slick in western Niantic Bay off Crescent
Beach. The wind on this day was NW at 20 knots with seas
NW of about 1 ft. VAST personnel observed no visible oil
on the water surface at Trumbull Airport, but the marsh
smelled of oil.
On Day 7 (27 March) and Day 12 (3 April), aerial recon-
naissance revealed no evidence of oil in open waters of
11
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the area with the exception of the small slick in western
Niantic Bay, a light sheen in the marsh areas behind
Crescent Beach and another light sheen leaching from
the kelp at Jupiter Point.
The evidence over the twelve (12) days following the
spill thus indicated that heavy visual concentrations
of oil occurred during the first three (3) days on the
western shore of Niantic Bay, on North Point in Fishers
Island, and in the marshes at Jupiter Point. Heavy winds
and seas on Day 3 dispersed the main slick. The only
major visual evidence remaining after the storm occurred
off marshy areas or areas of heavy seaweed, indicating a
leaching effect.
Federal and Local Response:
On 21 March 1972 the Coast Guard was notified of the ground-
ing of the F. L. Hayes at 0345 hrs. The Coast Guard immedi-
ately notified officials at the Spentonbush Fuel Transpor-
tation Company, dispatchers of the tanker, activated a tug
and barge, and monitored offloading of the tanker.
At 1400 hrs the Regional Response Team (RRT) was activated
for the purpose of coordinating control and cleanup
activities for the oil spill. The RRT consisted of EPA
and the US Coast Guard and was assisted by the Connecticut
State Department of Fnvironmental Protection.
On Day 2 (22 March 1972), the RRT met with the port cap-
tain, the legal counsel, and the port engineer of the
Spentonbush Fuel Transportation Company. The EPA acti-
vated VAST Inc.'s contract to study the effects of spilled
oil on bottom organisms in Niantic Bay, and remained in
the area until 3 April 1972 coordinating cleanup and re-
connaissance activities. The EPA put two reconnaissance
teams in the field, one on Fishers Island one on the
Connecticut shoreline. The State of Connecticut responded
with wildlife, shellfish, and sportfisheries representatives
to assess the immediate damage to shorelines and biota.
Containment and Cleanup Operations:
The first ship's boom was deployed at 0815 hrs on 21 March
1972, 5 hrs after initiation of the spill. It was appar-
ently ineffective in containing the oil due to currents
12
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in the area of the reef. After removal of the ship to an
area west of Bartlett Reef, booms were still ineffective
although seas were relatively calm.
On Day 2 (22 March 1972) the tanker departed and all con-
tainment gear was removed. At 1230 hrs on 23 March 1972
a boom was placed across the entrance to the Niantic River
and adsorbing booms were deployed by NEPCO to beach areas
near Black Point. The complete closing of the river ap-
pears to have been effective, as no oil was reported beyond
the boomed area. The booms along the beach area were much
less effective in the intertidal areas where wave action
was high. The adverse weather conditions on this date
severely limited the containment and removal operations
in contaminated areas.
On 24 March 1972 NEPCO deployed adsorbent booms and bags
in the Niantic Bay and Bakers Cove areas, and on 25 March,
150 modified sea serpent logs were placed on the public
beach in Niantic. Cleanup of the oil in marshlands behind
Crescent Beach was started using both adsorbents and a
vacuum haul. Eight boats swept western Niantic Bay with
adsorbent logs. Twenty-five (25) sea serpents were added
to contain the leaching oil at Jupiter Point and the
marshland on the west side of Bakers Cove, bringing the
number of logs to one hundred (100) then in place. One
hundred (100) adsorbent pillows were also used. Five (5)
boats continued to sweep Niantic Bay until 26 March 1972
when the Niantic River was reopened to traffic and sweep-
ing operations were discontinued.
Cleanup continued on the beaches along the western shore
of Niantic Bay and at Jupiter Point. Adsorbent material
was deployed in the marsh at Niantic and hand-skimmed on
3 April 1972. By 3 April, operations were reduced to
minor cleanup as patches of oil were sighted.
Immediate Effects on Biota:
Some effects were observed on intertidal life within the
first 3-5 days after the accident. EPA reconnaissance
teams reported heavy intertidal mortalities of polychaetes,
snails and amphipods at North Point on Fishers Island, an
area heavily contaminated with oil. Four other areas on
Fishers Island showed either light contamination or no
13
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oil, and the intertidal life was reported normal. Subse-
quent chromatographic analyses performed by the EPA labo-
ratory in Needham, Massachusetts confirmed the presence
of No. 2 fuel oil from the F. L. Hayes in the water and
intertidal seaweeds at North Point, but water from the
Coast Guard Station on the island remained clean.
In the Jupiter Point - Bakers Cove area, dead or dis-
tressed polychaetes and amphipods were found in heavy
oil contamination. Along the edge of the marsh the Fuaus
was oil-coated and dead. Spawning polychaetes (Nereis vivens)
were observed washing ashore, and small fish, amphipods
and shrimp were found dead or dying at the mouth of the
Poquonnock River. Again, EPA analyses confirmed the pre-
sence of oil in the intertidal sediments at Avery Point
and the Poquonnock River area, in seaweeds and mussels
at Avery Point, and in mussels from the Poquonnock River.
However, they did not find the oil in water samples from
these areas.
In the Niantic Bay area, a few clams and 5-6 small lobsters
were reported to be washed ashore on the western side of
the bay. This could have been a normal effect of the storm.
Spawning Nereis in dead or moribund condition came ashore
on the beach at Black Point, but there was no visible ef-
fect on intertidal biota in the Black Point area. Oil was
found by chromatographic analyses in the water and inter-
tidal sediments at Black Point and Crescent Beach, but not
in those of the Watts Island marsh. Clams from Black Point
and Crescent Beach were contaminated but clams and mussels
from the Watts Island marsh were not. Both snails and water
from the Niantic River Bridge were free of oil. A diving
survey of subtidal life by VAST personnel at Bay Point in
the Niantic Bay area revealed a well-diversified community
with no immediate visible effects from the oil.
All samples taken by the EPA for chromatographic analysis
were from intertidal areas within three (3) days after the
spill. They were compared with control samples of oysters
from Bridgeport and Great Island which were found uncon-
taminated.
On 3 April VAST personnel responded to a report of lobster
mortality at Bob's Fish Market in Niantic. Samples of
dead lobsters were autopsied and analysed for Gaffya homari
virus. No gross abnormalities were found, and other fish
markets were checked for mortalities with negative results.
14
-------
It was later learned that the dead lobsters had been sub-
jected to detergents spilled into the hold in the lobster
boat.
On 23 March 1972, state wildlife and conservation officers
discovered twenty-five (25) waterfowl dead or oil contami-
nated. A bird-cleaning station was established. On 24
March a total of twenty-eight (28) dead birds was reported
(assumed cumulative total).
Thus, it appears that the immediate effects of the oil on
beaches and biota were limited to small areas of heavy oil
concentration within the first three days of the spill.
Potentially greater damage appears to have been mitigated
by the strong tidal currents of the region and the for-
tuitous circumstances of the storm on 23 March which broke
up the heavy concentrations of oil.
The problem remained, however, to determine whether there
were further effects on the area. The main thrust of
this study by VAST was to determine whether the oil af-
fected the subtidal communities of the Niantic Bay area.
The method employed was a study of the benthic organisms
using the features of density and diversity to determine
whether a major stress was affecting the area. Samples
of sediments and key organisms were analyzed by gas
chromatography to determine whether such stress could be
caused by the presence of No. 2 fuel oil.
15
-------
METHODS
Field Methods:
The field surveys were designed to measure possible con-
tinuing effects of No. 2 fuel oil on the local marine
organisms. Six surveys were conducted according to the
following schedule:
Survey I
Survey II
Survey III
Survey IV
Survey V
Survey VI
April 1-7, 1972
April 13-18, 1972
May 16-22, 1972
June 4-13 , 1972
June 26-28, 1972
July 12-17, 1972
Samples were taken of the benthos, epibenthos and water
column from three prime stations in Niantic Bay. A fourth
prime station was established as a control to the west of
Black Point. These stations were sampled in six field sur-
veys spaced approximately two weeks apart from April to
July, 1972. All samples were collected in duplicate and
labelled and logged in the field, initialled by two invest-
igators, and stored on ice for return to the laboratory.
A chain of custody procedure was followed such that each
sample contained its survey number in Roman numerals (I-VI)
and a sample number in Arabic numbers. When subsamples
were drawn they received the entire complement of fore-
going numbers and letters, and an additional digit indi-
cating the subsample number. All original labels were
filed. Example: A label bearing I-3-A-2 would indicate
that it came from Survey I, sample 3, and had undergone
two subsampling procedures, one in which it was designated
subsample A of Sample 3, and one in which it was desig-
nated subsample 2 of subsample A. Upon return from the
field, biological samples were frozen. Water and sediment
samples were refrigerated in the dark at 4°C.
Glass bottles were used for all water and sediment sam-
ples and were cleaned according to procedures designated
by the Edison Laboratory. New bottles were first washed
with detergent, and rinsed in steam distilled water
(APHA spec.). The bottles were rinsed sequentially with
acetone, methanol and pentane (all nanograde), dried and
capped. Bottles that were reused in subsequent field
trips were washed with distilled water and flushed with
pentane (nanograde).
16
-------
Prime Stations:
Water samples were taken by divers from just beneath the
surface and from middepth. On the first, third and sixth
surveys, samples of bottom water were also taken. Chemi-
cally clean and capped amber bottles were taken to the
desired depth, uncapped to obtain an uncontaminated sam-
ple, then capped for return to the surface. On deck the
cap was lined with aluminum foil. Use of divers instead
of Van Dorn bottles to collect water samples proved high-
ly satisfactory. Interdepth contamination of the open,
descending Van Dorn bottle was avoided as well as the ne-
cessity for development of both laboratory and on board
methods for cleaning the Van Dorn sampler. Temperature
measurements at the surface and bottom were made by boat
crew and divers respectively using a mercury thermometer.
Epibenthic sampling was initially attempted using a modi-
fied scallop dredge towed over a measured transect. The
dredge failed to capture small shrimp and amphipods even
when lined with a small mesh bag; and it was difficult to
determine actual fishing time on the bottom. For the
second survey, a small epibenthic sled was substituted for
the scallop dredge and was deployed by a diver on the end
of a 50-meter line and carried to the bottom. As the boat
crew hauled in the dredge,a diver followed to assess its
trapping powers. Although better than the scallop dredge,
this sled missed many of the animals. By the third sur-
vey, a method was developed whereby a hand-held sampling
net, attached to a rigid frame, was carried by a diver
along a representative transect of the bottom. The 1 mm
net, 50 cm wide x 20 cm high, was pushed over the bottom
at approximately 1/2 knot for one minute upcurrent and
1 minute downcurrent. The mouth of the net was closed
at the end of the transect and contents brought to the
surface. This method yielded satisfactory quantitative
and qualitative results and was adopted for the remaining
surveys. Only results from the final method were used for
the quantitative comparisons.
Four benthic samples were taken by divers from each station.
The area was measured off with a meter stick (30 cm x 30
cm x 10-15 cm) and the sediment and infauna scooped into a
plastic bag. Two samples were taken at each prime sta-
tion for the first two surveys. They contained so few
organisms that four samples were taken at each station
on subsequent surveys.
Photographs were taken of the bottom communities and a
diver survey collection of prominent fauna and flora was
made to supplement the epibenthic sample.
17
-------
Finfish were sampled by making three separate traverses
of the Niantic Bay transect with a 3-foot otter trawl.
Counts of individuals and volume displacements were made
for each species. Samples of the winter flounder were
retained for gas chromatographic analysis.
Beach Stations:
Three beach stations were established along the western
shore of Niantic Bay and sampled at each of the six (6)
field surveys. Samples of sand were collected at 10 cm
increments to a depth of 30 cm. Each sample was placed
in a chemically clean, labelled, glass bottle and capped
with aluminum foil under the lid. Samples were collected
at both the high and the low tide line at each of the
three stations.
Laboratory Methods:
Benthic and epibenthic samples were analyzed for species
diversity and numbers of individuals per square meter of
bottom. Representative samples of each species were ana-
lyzed for dry weight per unit, wet weight or per unit
volume to provide a conversion factor for relating labo-
ratory results to field concentrations.
Benthic organisms were separated by screening the samples
using fresh water. Unscreened subsamples of the sediment
from each station were refrigerated for chemical analyses
The screened fractions were frozen until sorting when the
organisms were counted, speciated, and preserved in 5%
Formalin.
Individual animals were identified to the species level
wherever possible. The worms from the screened samples
were often in poor condition from the processing, but
frequently could be matched to good specimens at least
to the level of the genus. The amphipods are known for
identification problems. We, therefore, followed the
precedent of Sanders (1956) and identified type specimens
by letter, accepting the possibility that we might lump
closely allied congeners. Hopefully, since all stations
were treated alike, and since we used the same investi-
gator for all amphipod identification, we have a fair
comparative appraisal between stations. Type samples
18
-------
have been saved for all specimens.
Epibenthic organisms were handled by the same method as
the benthic samples except that aliquots of the original
samples were used for determining the numbers and diver-
sity for the smaller organisms. Diver survey samples
were speciated and recorded qualitatively as simply the
presence or absence of species at a given station over
time.
The original plan called for chromatographic analysis of
plankton. Plankton hauls were made, but their processing
was deferred on the recommendation of WHOI to provide
time for a more thorough analysis of the benthic samples.
Blumer et a_l (1972) advocates the close correlation of
benthic infauna with hydrocarbon pollution. Since the
sediments act as a sink for the pollutant, the continuing
impact of an oil spill to an area can best be measured
by its effect on the sessile infauna rather than on pelagic
members of the community.
Chemical Methods:
The analytical methods used to determine the presence of
No. 2 fuel oil were those developed at Woods Hole Oceano-
graphic Institute, (Blumer, 1970). At the beginning of
the program, a visit was made to Dr. John Farrington and
Dr. Max Blumer at Woods Hole to try to implement the
latest developments in the chemical procedure. Additional
visits were made during the program to refine our proce-
dures and evaluate our technique.
For the extraction of total lipid components, samples of
benthic and beach sediments weighing approximately 200 gm
were placed directly in Soxhlet thimbles. Shellfish were
shucked and the animal plus its fluids were homogenized
in a commercial blender before placement in a thimble.
Whole finfish were also homogenized and a portion of the
homogenate analyzed. Wet weights were taken, then the
samples were Soxhlet-extracted for a minimum of 2 0 hrs
with redistilled, reagent-grade, anhydrous methanol. The
extracted thimbles were dried at 110°C overnight and re-
weighed to obtain the dry weight of the sample. The
lipid portion in the methanol extract was filtered to
remove solids, and the filters were washed three times
with pentane. The methanol extracts were transferred to
separatory funnels, where the lipids were extracted with
four treatments of 50 ml pentane. Aqueous solutions of
NaCl were added to enhance separation of pentane from the
19
-------
methanol. The pentane extracts were dried with anhydrous
Na SO that had previously been Soxhlet-extracted for 20
2 4
hrs in methanol. The pentane was evaporated from the lipid
extract on a rotary evaporator under vacuum, and the weight
of the residue was recorded as total lipid content of the
samples.
The extracted lipids were re-dissolved in a minimum volume
of pentane. Hydrocarbons were separated from the remaining
lipid fraction by column chromatography. The column,
packed in pentane, consisted of three parts silica gel
(Davison Grade 923, 100-200 mesh) and two parts alumina
(Matheson, Coleman and Bell Chromatographic Grades 80-200
mesh). The silica gel was activated at 120°C and the
alumina, at 250°C, then both were deactivated by addition
of 5% by weight of water. The silica gel was packed in a
lower layer with the alumina over it. The columns were
washed with pentane, and the eluate was passed through a
column packed with precipitated copper to remove sulfur.
The hydrocarbon residue from the column chromatography
was evaporated to dryness under vacuum then taken up in
100 pi of CS2 for gas chromatography. A Varian Aerograph
2860 Gas Chromatograph with linear temperature programmer
and a 1 mv recorder was used. The columns used were ten-
foot, eighth-inch outside diameter, packed with three per-
cent Apiezon L in chromosorb W, 80 to 100 mesh, acid
washed. The column was cooled to 80°C for injection then
programmed for a rise from 80°C to 290°C at 6°C/min.
The temperature at the detector was 320°C, that at the
injection port was 230°C.
In order to evaluate our laboratory procedure, we weighed
samples of No. 2 fuel oil and carried them through our
entire laboratory procedure. We found no weathering or
loss of fingerprint. We also ran reagent blanks through
the entire procedure and found no contamination. Our
recovery rate of fuel oil hydrocarbons was 53%. This
recovery rate, related to the size of original sample,
the concentration of the final sample and the chromatogram
of our control sample, indicated that a strong fuel oil
fingerprint would have been seen if concentrations at least
as low as 1.58 mg fuel oil/100 gm dry weight of sediment
samples.
20
-------
Discussion of Field Results:
The locations of our Prime Stations are given in Figure 3.
Sediment profiles of subtidal stations A, B, C, and the
control station are given in Figures 4 through 7. Stations
A and C were roughly comparable, being composed of coarse
sand and cobbles, while Station B and the Control Station
were similar in having soft bottoms of fine silt. The
general type and location descriptions are summarized in
Table 1.
Control Station (Fig. 8):
This station, located in 5 meters of water, sustained tidal
currents of about 1 knot in a NW-SE direction. Its bottom
was mud with a high silt fraction. There were irregular
depression areas (1-2 meters dia.) with a hard, compact
surface. Patch areas over this hard bottom consisted of
soft, non-compacted silt, 15-20 cm deep, deposited between
numerous amphipod cases and polychaete tubes. Assorted
detritus and crustacean casts were accumulated at the
banks and in the depressions between these elevated, soft
patches. Amphipod cases became more exposed and less in-
flated later in the spring.
Station A - Crescent Beach (Fig. 9):
This station was located in 3 meters of water. The bot-
tom type comprised coarse sand with prominent east-west
ripple zones (5-7 cm amplitude and 20-30 cm wave length).
It was a comparatively unstable bottom. Shoreward were
deposits of cobble (10-15 cm diameter) with coarse sand
interspaced. The sand became highly compacted at 5-7 cm
depth and contained abundant shell fragments.
Station B - Mid-Bay (Fig. 10):
This station was located in 6.5 - 7.5 meters of water with
a 1 - 1.5 knot tidal current running in an east-west
orientation. The bottom was a flat, featureless, mud-silt
depositional basin, similar to the Control Station. An
algal film covered the entire bottom during the first three
(3) months of the survey (March - May). The algal film
disappeared later in the spring.
21
-------
TABLE 1
DESCRIPTION OF PRIME STATIONS
CONTROL
LOCATION:
DEPTH:
SALINITY:
Lat. 4117'41"
5 m MLW
26.5-28 PPt
Long. 72 14'00"
SUBSTRATE: Fine mud and hardpacked sand.
Uneven bottom with mud banks
approximately five inches high
with shell fragments, many
amphipod tubes, Diopatra tubes.
STATION A LOCATION:
REPTH:
SALINITY:
SUBSTRATE:
STATION B LOCATION:
DEPTH:
SALINITY:
SUBSTRATE:
STATION C LOCATION:
DEPTH:
SALINITY:
SUBSTRATE:
Lat. 41°18134" Long. 72°13'58"
3 meters MLW
27.0-27.5 ppt
Coarse sand with shell fragments,
large and small cobbles with
boulders; Diopatra cases.
Long. 72 11'13"
Lat. 4118134"
7 meters MLW
26.5-28 ppt
Mud, amphipod tubes, worm cases,
small shell fragments.
Lat. 41°18134" Long. 72°10'30"
6 meters MLW
27-28 ppt
Mud and sand with rocks; shell
fragments, Diopatra cases.
22
-------
FIGURE 4
Benthic Sediment Profiles (gm retained per 100 gm of sample)
CONTROL
Grams
100
90
80
70
cp 60
£ 50
V
0)
¦h 40
(d
¦P
-------
FIGURE 5
Benthic Sediment Profiles (gin retained per 100 gm of sample)
e
'O
a>
c
¦H
nj
+j
« 3=
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
STATION A
S"
I
s
1
1
X
1
X
i
[
X
r-r-_
¦s
I
>1
1
l
|
Pan 250 500 710 1 2
y jj y mm mm
Sieve Size
24
-------
FIGURE 6
Benthic Sediment Profiles (gm retained per 100 gm of sample)
STATION B
Pan 250 500 710 1
y y y mm
Sieve Size
25
-------
FIGURE 7
Benthic Sediment Profiles (gm retained per 100 gm of sample)
100
90
80
70
60
-p
0) E c A
c Cn 50
H Vw"'
(0
-p
0) -P A ri
& 5 40
30
20
10
Grams
STATION C
Pan 250 500 710 1 2
y y y mm mm
Sieve Size
26
-------
FIGURE 8
Control (April) - Edge of Silt and Amphipod Patch Area
Control (June)-silt & Amphipod Patch Area, later in the
season-- silt has been eroded away from tubes.
27
-------
FIGURE 9
Station A - Benthos (June) Coarse Sand and Shell Fragments
28
-------
FIGURE 10
A. Station B - Benthos (April) Algal Mat Covering Fine Silt
B. Station B - Benthos (June) Worm Tubes and Fine Silt,
Algal Mat has Disappeared.
29
-------
FIGURE 11
Station C - Benthos (June) Coarse Sand and Shell Fragments
with Nassarius and Pagurus.
30
-------
Station C - Bay Point Area (Fig. 11):
This station was located in 6.5 - 7.5 meters of water with
a 1--2 knot north-south current. The bottom featured rock
outcroppings from the shore with adjacent boulder and
gravel glacial till. Coarse sand graded toward the mud-
silt bottom proceeding east to west into Niantic Bay.
The poorly sorted sediments contained all fractions of
gravel, sand and silt.
Benthic Infaunal Communities:
The major effort of our biological investigation was to
couple surveys of species density and diversity with chemi-
cal analysis for the presence of oil in the sediments and
in significant members of the biological community.
Blumer and Sass (1972) and Sanders et al. (1972), who have
recently completed concurrent biological and chemical
studies of the West Falmouth Oil Spill, have demonstrated
the power of such complementary efforts, 1) for assessing
both short and long term effects of stress, and (2) for
establishing causality between the oil and those effects,
using sessile bottom animals which are closely associated
with the sediments and cannot escape the contaminant.
The numbers of organisms present as infauna per unit area
for each station were summed in terms of both species and
phylogenetic groupings. The raw data are tabulated in
the Appendix, Tables A-2 through A--5. Summary histograms
for species diversity at the stations are given in Figures
12 through 15. These histograms show a small general in-
crease in total numbers of species present at all stations
but no consistent trends within the phylogenetic group-
ings of crustaceans, molluscs and polychaetes. Some
increase would be expected as the water warmed between
Survey I (March) and Survey VI (July).
Summary histograms for numbers of individual animals at
each station are given in Figures 16 through 19.
Despite the large variability among stations at a single
survey and between surveys at a single station, certain
trends were evident. There was a general increase over
time in total numbers of individuals of all phylogenetic
groups except at Station A. Such increases would be ex-
pected as the water warmed with the normal seasonal
advance.
31
-------
BENTHIC SAMPLES - SPECIES
NUMBER
16 T
14 ..
12
10
8 ..
6 --
4 ..
2 --
CMP
SURVEY NO.: I
DATE: anr i
CMP
II
7.pr. 13
CMP
C M P
IV
III
"av 16 June 7
"STATION A
CMP
V
June 29
KEY:
C = Crustaceans
M = Molluscs
P = Polychaetes
I]
CMP
VI
Jul 17
NUMBER OF SPECIES PER 0.36 METER BOTTOM
FIGURE 12
-------
BENTHIC SAMPLES - SPECIES
00
u>
NUMBER
14 ..
12 ¦-
10 ..
8
6 ..
4 ..
II
II
KEY:
C = Crustaceans
M = Molluscs
P = Polychaetes
CMP CMP CMP CMP CMP CMP
SURVEY NO.: J II III IV V VI
DATE: Apr. 1 Apr. 13 May 16 June 7 June 29 Jul 17
STATION B
NUMBER OF SPECIES PER 0.36 METER2 BOTTOM
FIGURE 13
-------
BENTHIC SAMPLES - SPECIES
NUMBER
w
14
12
10
8
6 ..
CMP CMP CMP CMP CMP CMP
SURVEY NO.: I II III IV V VI
naTF- Anr, ] Anr, 13 Mav 16 June 7 June 29 Jul 17
STATION C
NUMBER OF SPECIES PER 0.36 METER2 BOTTOM
FIGURE 14
KEY:
C = Crustaceans
M = Molluscs
P = Polychaetes
-------
BENTHIC SAMPLES - SPECIES
oo
ui
NUMBER
16 "
14 "
12
10 "
8 "
SURVEY NO,
DATE :
CMP CMP CMP CMP CMP
I II III IV V
Apr. 1 Apr. 13 May 16 June 7 June 2S
CONTROL STATION
NUMBER OF SPECIES PER 0.36 METER2 BOTTOM
FIGURE 15
KEY:
C = Crustaceans
M = Molluscs
P = Polychaetes
CMP
VI
Jul 17
-------
650
600
500 ¦
400 ¦
300
200 ¦
100
50
0
URVE
ATE:
BENTHIC SAMPLES - INDIVIDUALS
KEY:
C = Crustaceans
M = Molluscs
P = Polychaetes
H
n.
CMP
n
CMP
CMP
III
n ii
CMP
CMP
V
~_
C M P
VI
NO. : I II HI IV
Apr. 1 Apr. 13 May 16 June 7 June 29 Jul 17
STATION A
NUMBER OF INDIVIDUAL ANIMALS PER 0.36 METER2 BOTTOM
FIGURE 16
-------
BENTHIC SAMPLES - INDIVIDUALS
NUMBER
1272
1137
937
520
500
400
300
200
100
XL
a
C M P
C M P
CMP
CMP
n
CMP
CwP
KEY:
C = Crustaceans
>1 = Molluscs
P = Polychaetes
SURVEY NO.: I II ill IV V VI
DATE: Apr. 1 Apr. 13 May 16 June 7 June 29 Jul 17
STATION B
NUMBER OF INDIVIDUAL ANIMALS PER 0.36 METER2 BOTTOM
FIGURE 17
-------
NUMBER
u>
CO
600
500
400
300
200
100
C M P
BENTHIC SAMPLES - INDIVIDUALS
HD 1
CMP
SURVEY NO.: I II
DATE: Apr. 1 Apr. 13
H
CMP CMP
III IV
May 16 June 7
STATION C
XI
n
CMP
V
June 29
KEY:
C = Crustaceans
M = Molluscs
P = Polychaetes
£L
CMP
VI
Jul 17
NUMBER OF INDIVIDUAL ANIMALS PER 0.36 METER 2 BOTTOM
FIGURE 18
-------
CMP
SURVEY NO. : I
DATE: Apr. 1
BENTHIC SAMPLES - INDIVIDUALS
n
a
CMP
II
CMP
III
CMP
IV
Apr. 13 Kay 16 June 7
CONTROL STATION
C M P
V
June 29
KEY:
C = Crustaceans
M = Molluscs
P = Polychaetes
C M P
VI
Jul 17
NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS PER 0.36 METER2 BOTTOM
FIGURE 19
-------
Since the species composition of infaunal communities is
closely retlated to the sediment type and its size frequency
distribution, the logical comparison is between Stations A
and C and between B and the Control. Station A was poorer
than Station C, both in species diversity (Figs. 12 and 14)
and numbers of individuals (Figs. 16 and 18). This could
correlate with the higher concentrations of oil sighted along
the western shore of the Bay shortly after the spill, but there
is no baseline data to imply causality. This area is swept by
stronger currents and the bottom is less stable than the Bay
Point area which could account for the low numbers of organisms
Station B compared favorably with the Control in terms of
both numbers of species (Figs. 13 and 15) and numbers of
individuals (Figs. 17 and 19), but the species composition
was quite different. An amphipod community dominated Con-
trol while a Nuoula community dominated Station B. Nuoula
proximo, is a lamellibranch ubiquitous to soft sediments in
Long Island Sound (Sanders, 1956). Its density can change
sharply with changes in the silt-clay fraction of the sedi-
ment. Our finest fraction was that which passed a 0.250
screen, and we would not have been able to differentiate
the silt-clay fraction from very fine sand as Sanders did.
Thus, the ten-fold difference in Nuoula density could be due
to differences in the sediment. The amphipod community, how-
ever, undergoes replacement of one species by another with
gradations in sediment size. There is, therefore, no expla-
nation for the 100-fold differences in amphipod concentrations
between Station B and the Control. Sanders et al^ (19 72) found
that amphipods were a very sensitive indicator of fuel oil
contamination. The almost total absence of amphipods at
Station B might therefore indicate contamination of these
sediments.
Epibenthic Communities:
Quantitative sampling of the epibenthic communities com-
menced with Survey III (See METHODS). These are reported
in the Appendix Table A-6 as numbers of individuals per
12 m which was the total area sampled. Comparing the simi-
lar stations (A with C and B with Control), these results
are similar to those for the infaunal communities. The
Pagurus- small gastropod community at A was repeated at C,
but as an amphipod -Pagurus-small gastropod community. The
Nuoula- small gastropod community at B was also found at
the Control, but it was an amphipod -Nuoula - small gastropod
community. In both cases, the amphipods would be expected
but were absent in areas suspected of contamination.
The numbers of species in the epibenthic communities
40
-------
were variable with no consistent trends between stations
or among surveys at the same station. Thus, the hermit
crabs, Pagurus spp. were very scarce at Station B until
Survey VI. This may be significant in the light of the
chromatographic analyses as discussed in a later section.
Numbers of individuals within species varied sharply be-
tween stations. The small molluscs, especially Nucula
and Nassarius,rose very sharply at Station B compared with
the Control. A species increase such as this might be an
indication of stress in the manner of the population ex-
plosion by Capitella aapitatain the affected areas in Fal-
mouth (Sanders et al, 1972). The number of amphipods at
Station B was very low compared with the Control. This
is consistent with the results of the infaunal census and
could reflect fuel oil contamination. Amphipods were
sparse also at Station A as compared with Station C, but
this could reflect the instability of the sediments at
Station A, since there is a trend toward more individuals
in all categories at Station C than at Station A except
for the species Pagurus and Cvangon. The results of a diver
survey at each of the stations throughout the six (6) sur-
veys are given in Appendix Table A-8 through A-13. The
diver survey was a qualitative collection to provide a
general sampling of the epibenthic community at Stations
A, B and C, and an intensive search at the control station
to find species corresponding to those at the three (3)
different communities within the Bay. Station C supported
a greater number of large carnivores such as whelks and
crabs(Busyoon and Cancel than did Station A. During the
first two surveys, Station B appeared to harbor a greater
number of large, highly mobile, carnivores and omnivores
kJallineates, Cancer, Busyaon, etc.) , but after the second
survey, the trend reversed to a degree.
Community Structure:
We used the three (3) types of surveys to form a general
picture of community structure at the four (4) sampling
stations (Fig. 20). Thus, Station A is generally charac-
terized as one where a sparse epibenthic community domi-
nates. Plankton and macro-algae probably provide the
chief energetic source. Station B is primarily an in-
faunal community with migrant scavenger-type epifauna,
utilizing both the detrital and planktonic energy base.
41
-------
FIGURE 20
Community Profiles for Each of the Prime Stations.
Station A: Coarse, gravel, cobble bottom - Epibenthic community dominates
Algae y Crangon, Nassarius Lobsters
Plankton-) Diopatra, Meraenaria, Sponge^Busyaon, Nassarius ^Crabs
Starfish
Station B: Mud, fine silt, mid channel very little algae, amphipods not as apparent
as Control
Plankton jDiopatra, Mya, Nucula fBusyaon, Nassarius
Detritus 1 Scavengers, Pagurus, Gammarus, Cancer, Crangon
Station C: Sand and boulders, finer than Station A
Algae ? Littorina, Crangon
Plankton^Diopatra, Cliono. Busyaon 7 Crabs
Meraenaria, Anadara Nassarius Lobsters
Control Station: Mud and fine silt, amphipod - polychaete community
Algae ^ Crangon, amphipods, Nassarius
Plankton-r Meraenaria, Anadara ^ Busyaon, N as s arius~^Z^^> Lobsters
Detritus^Worms , Amphipods > Crangon, Pagurus S* Crabs
> Starfish
-------
Station C is a well diversified community of both epi-
benthic and infaunal filter feeders and grazers, utili-
zing primary production as their energy source. The
control station, also, appears to be an infaunal and
epibenthic community, utilizing the macroalgal planktonic
and detrital food chains. If these trophic relationships
are correct, it could be assumed that the infaunal com-
munity of Station B is the one most intimately associated
with sediments. It would, therefore, be highly vulnerable
to contamination of the sediments by fuel oil, especially
with regard to a sensitive species such as amphipods.
The amphipod community contributes directly as a food
source for benthic fishes and invertebrates. Indirectly
it accelerates the cycling of detrital energy by breaking
down detritus into small particles (fecal pellets) which
are enriched by bacteria and high in nutrients for copro-
phagous members of the community. In fine sediments, the
tube-dwelling amphipods tend to stabilize the bottom.
Finfish:
The results of the finfish survey are given in the Appen-
dix, Table A-7. The finfish were so highly mobile and
their numbers so variable, that they were not useful in
determining immediate effects of the pollutant. Long-
term studies might yield information concerning the ac-
cumulation of hydrocarbons at the top of the food web.
43
-------
CHROMATOGRAPHIC RESULTS
Chromatograms of No. 2 Fuel Oil:
The detection of No. 2 fuel oil in the environment by
gas chromatography depends upon the interpretation of a
number of features. Figure 21 gives the chromatogram of
a standard sample of No. 2 fuel oil from WHOI. No. 2 fuel
oil is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons consisting of
straight-chain n-alkanes, branched alkanes, aromatics and
cycloalkanes. The boiling point range is between 170°and
370°C, but most of the oil boils between 200° and 300°.
The distinguishing features used for identification of the
oil are the homologous series of n-alkanes comprising the
progression of tall peaks in Figure 21. These start at
C-10 or C-ll; the tallest peak is at C-14 or C-15, and the
peaks taper to C-22 or C-23. Interspersed among these
peaks is a complex of shorter peaks, the most prominent
of these comprising a regular homologous series of isoprenoids,
a branched isomer. Beneath the peaks is a large unresolved
hump or aromatic and cycloalkane compounds called the aromatic
envelope which starts at about C-12 and ends at about C-20
or C-21. This aromatic envelope is very stable and does not
occur in the natural environment. Its position in the boiling
point spectrum distinguishes the No. 2 distillate from
other fuel oil mixtures.
Apart from the overall composite picture, several distin-
guishing characteristics are used to detect the fuel oil
when it is mixed with the naturally occurring hydrocarbons
from the environment.
The isoprenoid peaks between C-16 and C-18 are highly
important. The most prominent one is pristane (C-19) ,
distinguishable on the leading side of the C-17 peak.
Next is phytane (C-20) which is poorly resolved and seen
only as a wedge on the leading edge of C-18, and lowest is
the C-18 homologue which stands alone between C-16 and C-17.
The constancy of these features between different batches
of No. 2 fuel oil can be seen by comparing Figure 21 with
Figure 22, a sample from the F.L. Hayes. Weathering
(dissolution and evaporation) causes the lower boiling
portions below n-C-14 to disappear, thus truncating the
44
-------
FIGURE 21
Chromatogram of No.2 fuel oil-a standard
from WHO I
-------
FIGURE 22
Chromatogram of No. 2 fuel oil from F.L. Hayes
-------
leading edge of the envelope. Bacterial . and chemical
degradation causes a lowering of the peaks. The n-alkanes
disappear most rapidly, but regularly across the entire
boiling range. The isoprenoids disappear more slowly so
that this series becomes larger relative to the n-alkanes.
The aromatics and cyclo-alkanes disappear only slowly so
that the aromatic envelope remains quite stable. Thus,
it is a composite of characteristics which are used to
determine the presence of the No. 2 fuel oil within the
background of natural hydrocarbons.
Chromatograms at Prime Stations:
Figures 23 through 2 6 are chromatograms of sediments at
Station A on Surveys I, III, IV and VI respectively.
Survey I (Fig. 23) showed no evidence of fuel oil. The
prominent peak between n-C-16 and n-C-17 was probably
of biosynthetic origin and could have been from benthic
algae (Youngblood et al 1971). By Survey III (Fig. 24)
there was an increase in the unresolved complex mixture
which could have been No. 2 fuel oil. If so, the oil was
severely water-washed and/or evaporated with loss of the
lower boiling components. The prominent peaks of n-C-17
to n-c-21 could have been contributed by biological input
such as decaying algae. The chromatogram of Survey IV
(Fig. 25) is similar to Survey III but reflected greater
input of the fraction which could be considered weathered
oil as well as the biological hydrocarbons. Survey VI
(Fig. 26) showed a similar picture to Surveys III and IV.
The prominent biogenic peaks dominated the mixture and
occluded any distinguishing fuel oil characteristics.
The spike at C-14 is a tracer injected with the sample,
not a part of the natural background.
Chromatograms of water samples at Station A during Surveys
I and III (Figs. 27 through 30) failed to show any traces
of the fuel oil. The samples chosen for detecting the
biological uptake of fuel oil at Station A included the
quahog, Meroenavia mercenaria from Survey I (Fig. 31)
taken eleven (11) days following the spill, and the hermit
crab, Paguvus longioavpus from Survey II (Fig. 32) taken
fourteen (14) days after the spill. The quahog is a
filter feeder which would take in material from the water
column, but it also lives in close contact with the sedi-
ments. The hermit crab is a scavenger which would take
in detrital particles mixed with sediment. The quahog
(Fig. 31) showed a large peak between n-C-16 and n-C-17f
47
-------
FIGURE 23
Chromatogram of sediment from Station A
Survey I
-------
FIGURE 2 4
Chromatogram of sediment sample from
Station A
Survey III
-------
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Chromatogram of sediment sample from
Station A
Survey IV
-------
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Chromatogram of a sediment sample from
Station A
Survey VI
-------
FIGURE 27
Chromatograra of water sample, Station A,
bottom
Survey I
-------
FIGURE 28
Chromatogram of water sample, Station A,
middepth
Survey I
-------
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FIGURE 29
Chromatogram of water sample, Station A
surface
Survey II
-------
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FIGURE 30
Chromatogram of water sample, Station A
middepth
Survey II
-------
U1
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FIGURE 31
Chromatograms of Meroenaria meraenariai
Station A
Survey I
-------
*?V
U1
-J
FIGURE 32
Chromatogram of Pagurus longiaarpus
from Station A
Survey II
-------
reflecting the biogenic peak found in the sediments of
Station A at that time. The other large isolated peaks
are typical of biogenic hydrocarbons. There was no de-
finitive evidence for the presence of fuel oil in this
sample. The hydrocarbon content of the hermit crab (Fig. 32)
also showed no definitive evidence for the fuel oil. It
lacked the complex series between n-C-16 and n-C-18. The
apparent envelope between n-C-14 and n-C-18 was an arti-
fact of the low attenuation setting which was raised be-
tween C-18 and C-19 and brought the baseline back to normal.
Hydrocarbon profiles of Station B were made for Survey I
(Fig. 33) and Survey III (Fig. 34). The hydrocarbon en-
velope for Survey I (Fig. 33), eleven (11) days after the
spill, was at a boiling range too high to represent No. 2
fuel oil. On Survey III (Fig. 34), however, six (6) weeks
after the spill, there was a strong hint of fuel oil con-
tamination, since the aromatic envelope developed sooner
than in Fig. 33, and the characteristic n-C-17/pristane
complex was present. As at Station A, the hydrocarbon
content appeared to increase with time, but any fuel oil
component is highly weathered (C-17/pristane ratio is less
than 1), especially over the lower boiling points. The
large peaks at n-C-19 and above were probably biogenic,
possibly the 21:5 and 21:6 components of the Laminavia
which w.-is abundant there during Survey III.
Chromatographic analysis of water samples was discontinued
after the uniformly negative results at Station A where
water column contamination was considered most significant.
The biological samples analyzed from Station B included the
hermit crab, Paguvus , from Surveys I and III (Figs. 35
and 37), a lobster, Homarus americanus , from Survey II
(Fig. 36) , and a whelk, Busy con, from Survey VI (Fig. 37) .
The hermit crab taken in Survey I (Fig. 35) was strongly
contaminated with No. 2 fuel oil, indicated by the aroma-
tic envelope and typical complex series of n-alkanes and
isoprenoids. The oil was chemically degraded (C-17/pris-
tane ratio less than 1), but low boilers were still pre-
sent (C-ll to C-14).
The lobster taken during Survey II showed a complex back-
ground of hydrocarbons, but little to indicate contamina-
tion by No. 2 fuel oil. The single large peaks in the low
boiling range and the large peak preceding C-17 were typi-
cal of biogenic sources. There was little aromatic en-
velope. The large peak before C-17 was not pristane, and
there was no indication of the C-19 isomer between n-C-16
58
-------
FIGURE 33
Chromatogram of sediment sample from Station E
SURVEY I
-------
FIGURE 34
Chromatogram of a sediment sample from
Station B
Survey III
Redrawn to facilitate interpretation of right-to-left strip chart record.
-------
FIGURE 35
Chromatogram of Paguvus from Station B, Survey- I
-------
FIGURE 3 6
Chromatogram of Lobster from Station B, Survey II
-------
and n-C-17.
The hermit crabs taken during Survey III (Fig. 37) appeared
to be contaminated with No. 2 fuel oil which was chemically
weathered but still exhibited a C-17/pristane ratio greater
than 1. The definition of peaks was not so sharp as that
in Survey I, but the aromatic envelope was still present
in the C-ll to C-14 range indicating chemical degradation.
The whelk taken during Survey VI (Fig. 38) did not appear
to contain fuel oil. The aromatic envelope was shallow and
only apparent from about C-14 and the peaks from C-16 and
C-18 did not follow the complex identifiable as No. 2 fuel
oil, especially the single peak at C-17.
In chromatograms of the sediments at Station C during
Survey I (Fig. 39) and Survey IV (Fig. 40), most of the
hydrocarbons boiled above the range of No. 2 fuel oil
and could have been biogenic or of other petroleum ori-
gin. The rising baseline in Fig. 40 was due to column
bleed.
The chromatogram of the hermit crab, Pagurus, however,
taken during Survey II (Fig. 41), indicated a hydrocarbon
envelope in the low-boiling range (from n-C-14) ;
another in the higher range reflected the sediment back-
ground. The complex of peaks from C-16 through C-18
could have been No. 2 fuel oil both weathered and highly
degraded chemically (C-17/pristane ratio less than 1).
The spike at C-14 was a standard coinjected with the
sample and the C-18 peak was apparently a naturally-
occurring hydrocarbon in Pagurus.
Both chromatographic profiles for the Control Station
(Figs. 42 and 4 3) showed a large hydrocarbon content
above the boiling point range of No. 2 fuel oil. The
C-19 peak for Survey I (Fig. 42) was probably biogenic.
The existence of a background envelope truncated below
C-14, and low C-17/pristane and C-18/phytane ratios,
make it highly probable that the Control Station received
a small dose of highly weathered and chemically degraded
fuel oil.
The tracing of a chromatogram from Survey III (Fig. 43)
also showed degraded peaks. The n-C-14 spike was a co-
injected standard. The quahog, Mevcenaria mevoenaria,
collected during Survey I (Fig. 44) reflected a hydro-
carbon background, but this could not be identified as
No. 2 fuel oil.
63
-------
FIGURE 37
Chromatogram of fagurus from Station B, Survey III
-------
FIGURE 38
Chromatogram of Whelk, Busy con from Station B, Survey VI
-------
FIGURE 39
Chromatogram of sediment sample, Station C
Survey I
-------
Chromatogram
FIGURE 40
of sediment
Survey IV
from Station C
-------
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- -i .1: ! 1 .!
1:
:-l-
. i
1: :
¦i !:-1-i-'
- 1 i .
i
Iflu'i
k,J.,
iiLu Li-lL-: < : - i r - < : ¦ M ¦
» ' e
mIiii
.-:L ri:-
FIGURE 41
Chromatogram of Pagurus longioarpus
from Station C
Survey II
-------
-------
-------
FIGURE 44
Chromatograms of Mercenaria meraenaria:
Control Station
Survey I
-------
. 1 ..
t*-
.
1 ' r ¦
* :
)&~u>
<
. . ..
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u 1
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! i ¦! 1 !v
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r i'
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r
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i
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1i ij19i) >j ¦, 3 0 0 3 9 q - * ¦> - 119393 i^jaaajjia^oaai 1* 111111111 <
FIGURE 45
Chromatogram of biological sample,
flounder from Niantic Bay
Survey III
-------
A sample of the flounder, Pseudopleuroneates amerioanus}
from Survey III (Fig. 45) showed no trace of No. 2 fuel
oil. The spike at n-C-14 was a coinjected standard. The
large spikes high in the boiling range are typical of
biogenic hydrocarbons.
Chromatograms at Beach Stations:
Samples of beach sands from three (3) stations on the
Western Shore of Niantic Bay (Fig.v 3) were analyzed by
gas chromatography. At Station X, situated farthest
north, neither the high tide nor the low tide sands
within the first 10 cm of the surface bore signs of the
No. 2 fuel oil (Figs. 46 and 47). At Station Y, in the
vicinity of subtidal Station A, chromatograms of the top
10 cm of sand at both high tide (Fig. 48) and low tide
(Fig. 49) showed no evidence of No. 2 fuel oil. Samples
were analyzed from the high tide zone at Station Y, 20-
30 cm below the surface (Fig. 50) and the low tide at
Station Y, 10-20 cm below the surface (Fig. 51). If any
No. 2 fuel oil was present, it was highly weathered and
chemically degraded, with severe truncations of the lower
boilers and chemically altered peaks. The dominant
hydrocarbons were most probably biogenic. The peaks at
n-C-14 were from the coinjection of a standard. At Sta-
tion Z, high-tide samples 0-10 cm deep (Fig. 52) and low-
tide samples 20-30 cm deep (Fig. 53) showed no definitive
evidence of the fuel oil.
The beach sands along the western shore of Niantic Bay were
very coarse. The coarsest sands occurred at Station Y, in
the low tide area, which is a section of Crescent Beach
which appeared to be most heavily contaminated with oil.
Profiles for the sand grain size are included in the Appendix,
Figures A-l to A-18. All three of these beach areas were
well exposed to wave action, and the oil was apparently
washed away by the time these samples were taken sixteen
(16) days after the spill.
Synthesis of Results:
The location of residual No. 2 fuel oil in the Niantic
Bay area did not coincide with the visual sightings of
oil concentrations made on the water surface and shore-
lines during the first few days following the spill. At
that time the western shore of Niantic Bay was believed
to be the most heavily contaminated area. The stormy
73
-------
FIGURE 46
Chromatogram of beach sand, Station X,
high tide, surface
Survey I
-------
Redrawn to facilitate interpretation of right-to-left strip chart record.
FIGURE 47
Chromatogram of beach sand, Station X, low tide,
surface
Survey I
-------
FIGURE 48
Chromatograms of beach sand, Station Y,
high tide, surface
Survey I
-------
FIGURE 4 9
Chromatograms of beach sand, Station
low tide, surface
Survey I
-------
Chromatogram of beach sand, Station Y,
high tide, 20-30 cm deep
Spiked with C-14
Survey; I _
-------
-------
-------
FIGURE 53
Chromatogram of beach sand,
low tide, 20 - 30 cm
Survey I
-------
weather which occurred within 48 hrs. of the spill was
observed to break up and dissipate the heavy concentra-
tions of oil on the surface waters (See Movement of Oil).
Coarse sand on both the beaches of the western shore and
in the subtidal sediments of the near-shore stations at
A and C resulted not only in weathering, but in flushing
the fuel oil from the near-shore areas.
The area of greatest residual contamination from the spill
was the mid-bay station. This was apparently a result of
the current system in the Bay which scoured the shorelines
and formed a gyre resulting in a depositional area in mid-
bay .
Since we could find no fuel oil in the water column on
the first two (2) surveys, yet the hydrocarbon build-up
in the sediments continued over the first three (3) sur-
veys, it appeared that the mechanism for continued con-
tamination of Station B was through leaching of intertidal
areas and sediment transport. Therefore, the movement
of water currents appeared to have ultimately determined
the residual concentrations of the pollutant, whereas
visual sightings reflected only the immediate effects of
the wind.
The severe storm which fortuitously occurred so soon after
the spill undoubtedly spared the Niantic Bay area from
greater contamination. Although the booms employed to
contain the oil and absorbent logs were relatively inef-
fective, heavy winds and seas dissipated the heavy con-
centrations of oil. Some heavy intertidal kills were
reported immediately after the spill (see Immediate
Effects). These coincided with isolated areas of heavy
intertidal pollution. There was apparently no ubiquitous
uptake of oil in the tissues of the biota of the area.
A limited bacteriological survey by a University of Rhode
Island group revealed no build-up of oil decomposing
bacteria (Cundell, 1972).
The results of the density and diversity studies conducted
at the prime stations agreed with the chromatographic re-
sults in that only at Station B was there a suspected loss
of species (amphipods) attributable to the toxic effects
of No. 2 fuel oil. Furthermore, it was apparent from the
chromatographic analyses that all organisms did not in-
corporate No. 2 fuel oil in their tissues to the same
degree. Pagurus tended to concentrate the oil to a greater
extent than Busy con, Homarus or Mercenaria, and since the
presence of the oil was more apparent in the hermit crab
tissues than in the sediments, it suggested that this crab
would be a good indicator species to detect low levels of
pollution by No. 2 fuel oil. The stress of the No. 2 fuel
82
-------
oil may have been the cause of the depleted numbers of her-
mit crabs in the Epibenthic Survey at Station B during
Surveys III, IV and V.
83
-------
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We are most grateful to Dr. John Farrington and
Dr. Max Blumer of WHOI for their assistance with
our chromatographic techniques, and to Carl Eidam,
EPA field coordinator, Region I, for guidance
throughout the study.
84
-------
REFERENCES
Blumer, M., G. Souza and J. Sass, 1970. Hydrocarbon
pollution of edible shellfish by an oil spill.
Mar. Biol. 5:195-202.
Blumer, M. and J. Sass. 1972. The West Falmouth oil spill.
II. Chemistry. WHOI Tech. Rept. 72-19.
Burns, K.A. and J. Teal. 1971. Hydrocarbon incorporation
into the salt marsh ecosystem from the West Falmouth
oil spill. WHOI Tech. Rept. 71-69.
Cundell, A.M. 1972. A report on the status of oil decom-
posing bacteria in Niantic Bay, Connecticut. Unpub. ms.
Kollmeyer, Ronald C. 1972. A study of the Niantic River
Estuary, Niantic, Connecticut. ONR Rept. #RDCGA 18.
Sanders, H. 1956. Oceanography of Long Island Sound 1952-
1954. X. The biology of marine bottom communities.
Bull. Bing. Oceanogr. Coll. XV:345-414.
Sanders, H., J. F. Grassle and G. R. Hampson. 1972.
The West Falmouth oil spill. I. Biology. WHOI
Tech. Rept. 72-20.
Youngblood, W.W., M. Blumer, R. L. Guillard, F. Fiore.
1971. Saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons in
marine benthic algae. Mar. Biol. 8:190-201.
85
-------
GLOSSARY
ALGAE
Asaophy Hum nodosum
Chondrus arispus
Codium fragile
Fuaus sp.
Laminaria sp.
Ulva laetuea
ANNELIDA
Nereis virens
ARTHROPODA
Balanus sp.
Callineates sapidus
Cancer irroratus
Crangon septemspinosa
Homarus amerioanus
Libinia sp.
Ovalipes ooellatus
Pagurus sp.
CHORDATA
Anguilla rostrata
Brevoortia tyrannus
Cithariehthys sordidus
Gadas oallavias
Common Name
Knotted Wrack
Irish Moss
Codium
Rockweed
Kelp
Sea Lettuce
Clam Worm
Barnacles
Blue Crab
Rock Crab
Sand Shrimp
American Lobster
Spider Crab
Lady CraB
Hermit Crab
Common Eel
Menhaden
Sand Dab
Cod Fish
86
-------
Glossary - Page 2
Chordata - continued
Common Name
Sculpin
Fluke
Rock Eel
Butterfish
Sea Robin
Hippoglos soides plates soides
Paraliahtys denatus
Pholis gunellus
Poronotus triaanthus
Pvionotus earolinus
Pseudospleuroneates americanus Winter Flounder
Raja erinaaea Skate
Stenotomus ohry sops Northern Porgy
Tautoga onitis Black Fish
Tantogolabrus odspersus Cunner
COELENTERATA
Cyanea aapillata
ECHINODERMATA
Asterias forbesi
MOLLUSCA
Anadava ovalis
Astavte aastanea
Busycon sp.
Crepidula sp.
Ensis direotus
Eupleura oaudata
Pink Jellyfish
Common Starfish
Blood Ark
Astarte
We lk
Slipper Shell
Jackknife Clam
Thick Lipped Drill
87
-------
Glossary - Page 3
Mollusaa - continued
Littorina sp.
Loligo peale i
Meveenaria meroenaria
Mitvella lunata
Mytilus edulis
Mya arenavia
Nas sarius trivi-ttatus
Nuoula proximo.
Pitar morrhuana
Poliniaes sp.
Retusa aanalioulata
Tellina versicolor
Solemya velum
Urosalpinx ainereus
PORIFERA
Haliolona loosanoffi
Cliona aetata
Common Name
Periwinkles
Squid
Quahog
Lunar Dove-Shell
Blue Mussel
Soft Shell Clam
New England Nassa
Atlantic Nut Clam
Morrhua Venus
Moon Shell
Channeled Bubble Barrel
Dwarf Tellin
Common Atlantic Awning
Clam
Oyster Drill
Sponge
Boring Sponge
88
-------
APPENDIX
89
-------
FIGURE A-l
Beach Sediment Profiles (gm retained per 100 gm of sample)
STATION X
Pan .250 .500 .710 1.0 2.0
Mesh Size (mm)
Depth: Low Tide 0-10 cm
90
-------
FIGURE A-2
Beach Sediment Profiles (gm retained per 100 gm of sample)
STATION X
50
45
40
e
3 35
-C
5 30
-------
FIGURE A-3
Beach Sediment Profiles (gm retained per 100 gm of sample)
STATION X
+J
A
tr>
H
a)
s
-------
Beach Sediment
FIGURE a-4
Profiles (gin retained per 100 gm of sample)
STATION X
Pan .250 .500 .710 1.0 2.0
Mesh Size (mm)
Depth High Tide 10-20 cm
93
-------
FIGURE A-5
Beach Sediment Profiles (gin retained per 100 gm of sample)
STATION X
PH
Ttr
if
;h"
m
m
¦y\
Pan .250 .500 .710 1.0 2.0
Mesh Size (mm)
Depth: High Tide 20-30 cm
94
-------
FIGURE A-6
Beach Sediment Profiles (gm retained per 100 gm of sample)
STATION Y
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
Pan .250 .500 .710 1.0 2.0
Mesh Size (mm)
Depth: Low Tide 0-10 cm
95
-------
FIGURE A-7
Beach Sediment Profiles (gm retained per 100 gm of sample)
STATION Y
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
Tit 17
till!
I
W
o -
^ t
mi
rrr
IT
!! t
lji|
i 11 *
T*
Hi!
rnr
X
? !
r+t--
>*!!
V'
Hi!
X.
i.
id
?! i!
/
; /
*¦-
K
¦M
ft
Pan .250 .500 .710 1.0 2.0
Mesh Size (mm)
Depth: Low Tide 10-20 cm
96
-------
FIGURE a-8
Beach Sediment Profiles (gm retained per 100 gm of sample)
STATION Y
Mesh Size (mm)
Depth: 20-30 cm Low Tide
97
-------
FIGURE A-9
Beach Sediment Profiles (gm retained per 3 00 gm of sample)
STATION Y
0 li
Pan .250 .500 .710 1.0 2.0
Mesh Size (mm)
Depth: 3 0-4 0 cm Low Tide
98
-------
figure a-10
Beach Sediment Profiles (gm retained per 100 gm of sample)
STATION Y
-P
x:
Cr
a)
5
no
CD
C
H
fC
+J
.aj
6
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
Pan .250 .500 .710 1.0 2.0
Mesh Size (mm)
Depth: High Tide 0-10 cm
99
-------
FIGURE A-ll
Beach Sediment Profiles (gm retained per 100 gm of sample)
STATION Y
~
^
s :
-~S
; **
*C
W
tt
kii
K5
m
*=?
i-fi!
Jf
Pan .250 .500 .710 1.0 2.0
Mesh Size (mm)
Depth: High Tide 10-20 cm
100
-------
FIGURE A-12
Beach Sediment Profiles (gm retained per 100 gm of sample)
STATION Y
50
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
TT
iil
TIT
i :
f~\
*
¦H* 1
ft
¦f
I?
-1
k
f?
iiSSi
r?r
..ff
-it
pff
m-
"₯-
a:
>1"
1
*3"
IH
: i!
i
II
::::
Pan .250 .500 .710 1.0 2.0
Mesh Size (nun)
Depth: High Tide 20-30 cm
101
-------
FIGURE A-13
Beach Sediment Profiles (gm retained per 100 gm of sample)
STATION Z
-p
tn
H
0)
s
0)
G
H
n3
-P
CD
Pi
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
i ::
iii:
:!:
tarn
i-i
!::
[::
'#
**)
*
£*i
r
~f
rl"
lit
wf
Pan .250 .500 .71C 1.0 2.0
Mesh Size (mm)
Depth: Low Tide 0--10 cm
102
-------
FIGURE A-14
Beach Sediment Profiles (girt retained per 100 gm of sample)
STATION Z
:{it
Hi
I
in t
m
i t
i;i!
H++
im
tit i
Hi
: ill
m
jiil
'Ml
ft J
;it;
i 11
umw
++-
H
;-t
i;ii
r?T
¦ t
K i
-f
rr
?
&
' t
.141
it
: K
kLi
i
iib-n
\#\
M
¦ if
*T!
j+rr
Pan .250 .500 .710 1.0 2.0
Mesh Size (mm)
Depth: Low Tide 10-20 cm
103
-------
FIGURE a15
Beach Sediment Profiles (gm retained per 100 gm of sample)
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
STATION Z
:::
i?
3?
J*
**
i r I t 1 r t-
¦fr\
ii£.
: <
ia
Pan ,250 .500 ,710 1.0 2.0
Mesh Size (mm)
Depth: 20-30 cm Low Tide
104
-------
FIGURE A_i6
Beach Sediment Profiles (gm retained per 100 gm of sample)
STATION Z
in
;:n
: vj.
::i
1
iti
rtt
H{i
ii
:n:
rl:
;;
M
liJ]
mini
trf
iiii
K
&
x ¦
ikil
r;it i
;l!r
frt
i:::
rtn
Hi
ii:,
ill'
-r
i!
n :i
:ir
W
Ii
Hi
HH
!i:
*
u
I
i'r.
v.?
1:
¦?T
I
I! Ji:
rr
rr?
rr
;pr
kt
IS,
:: fit
r.
1
V>:
ii
:t;
yif it
m
tr.
Iff
vtf"
Pan .250 .500 .710 1.0 2.0
Mesh Size (pn)
Depth: High Tide 0-10 cm
105
-------
FIGURE A-17
Beach Sediment Profiles (gm retained per 100 gm of sample)
STATION Z
HI1
ttp.
11 li-
nt -¦
iiii
'HI
rrrf
j!
m
tin
H-f+
uu
ifr
It:;
444-
' H !
HI
+44-
u
t;;t
nr.
41
ill
44-U
rrr
tTTT
n
Ik
m
i i i * .1
pth
&
¦ \*
it
jr
m
\A
>P
3?
rt;
m
wl
m
m
iptS
m
Pan .250 .500 .710 1.0 2.0
Mesh Size (mm)
Depth: High Tide 10-20 cm
106
-------
FIGURE a-18
Beach Sediment Profiles (gm retained per 100 gm of sample)
STATION Z
Pan .250 .500 .710
Mesh Size (mm)
1.0
Depth: 20-30 cm High Tide
107
-------
TABLE A-l
Temperature and Salinity Measurements at the Prime Stations
Survey
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
Station
Control
Surface
°C
4.5
4.5
11.0
13.8
17.8
20.2
°/oo
26.5
28.0
26.5
25.1
Bottom
°c
3.9
4.5
8.4
12.2
15.6
18.3
o/oo
27.5
27.5
25.3
25.0
Station
A
Surface
°c
4.5
4.5
11.8
14.2
20.0
23.0
°/oo
27.5
27.0
23.0
25.1
Bottom
°c
4.2
4.5
8.4
12.8
16.7
18.9
°/oo
27.5
27.0
24.8
25.2
Station
B
Surface
°c
4.5
4.0
10.0
15.0
16.9
21.7
°/oo
26.5
28.0
24.5
25.2
Bottom
°c
4.5
4.5
8.3
12.0
15.6
17.2
°/oo
28.0
28.0
25.2
25.3
Station
C
Surface
°c
5.3
5.0
11.0
15.5
16.7
22.0
°/oo
27.0
28.0
25.5
25.2
Bottom
°c
5.0
4.5
8.9
15.0
17.8
°/oo
28.0
28.0
26.7
25.3
-------
TABLE A' - 2
BENTHIC SURVEY
ORGANISMS PRESENT PER 0.36 m2 AT STATION A
Survey No.: I II III IV V VI
CRUSTACEA
Amphipod A 10 1 56 4
B 2 10
C 15
D 10 2 3 13
G 2 12
Libinia emarginata 1
Pagurus longicarpus 20 8 8 7
TOTAL 40 10 3 26 101 4
NO. OF SPECIES 3 2 2 5 5 1_
MOLLUSCA
Astarte bovealis 2
Astavte aastanea 2
Bittium alternatum 2 15
Ensis direotus 3 2 1
Eupleura aaudata 2
Maaoma tent a 1
Meraenaria meroenavia 14 1
Mitrella lunata 2
Nassarius trivittatus 2 111
Nuoula proxima 6 14
Polinieee triseriata 2 1 1
109
-------
Survey No.:
Solemya velum
Urosalpinx aineveus
II
III
IV
V
4
VI
1
TOTAL
NO. OF SPECIES
12
5
24
4
3
3
6
4
26
7
2
2
POLYCHAETA
Civratulus oivvatus
Clymenella tovquata
Eteone sp
Nepthys picta
Nepthys sp
Nereis grayi
Pectinaria gouldii
Phyllodoaid sp
Platynereis dumevilii
Scaled worm
Unknown species
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
4
4
5
2
1
1
TOTAL
NO. OF SPECIES
4
4
7
3
6
4
19
8
110
-------
TABLE -V-3
BENTI-IIC SURVEY
ORGANISMS PRESENT PER 0.3 6 m2 AT STATION B
Survey No.: I II III IV V VI
CRUSTACEA
Amphipod A 2 12 11
B 2 2 10 6
C 8
D 8 2 5 1
G 2
Paguvus longiaarpus 2 _1 1_
TOTAL 20 6 1 2 19 9
NO. OF SPECIES 4 3 1 1 5 4_
MOLLUSCA
Bittium altevnatum 60 190 44 60 41 26
Crepidula fornieata 2
Cvepidula plana
1
Maooma tenta 6 4 3 4 4
Meroenaria meroenaria 8 3 1
Nassarius trivittatus 1
Nuoula proxima 224 326 210 1,204 1,065 886
Poliniees duplioata 1
Potiniaes triseri-ata 1 2
Retusa oanaliaulata 1 3
Tellina versicolor 3 4
Yoldia lima tula 8 4 2 17 11
111
-------
Survey No.:
MOLLUSCA
TOTAL
NO. OF SPECIES
II
III
IV
V
VI
306 520 258 1,272 1,137 937
4 3 3 7 8 9
POLYCKAETA
Clymenella torquata
Eteone sp
Lepidonotus squamatus
Lumbpineri s tenuis
Myrioohele heevi
Eeveis
Nepthys inoisa
Nepthys piata
Nepthys
Phyllodoaid sp
Platynerjis sp
SabeI lid-unknown
Unknown sp
TOTAL
NO. OF SPECIES
4 15
75 108 150
4
7 11
1
1
23 33 31
7
12 34 108 151 187
4 5 5 6 5
112
-------
TABLE A-4
BENTHIC SURVEY
ORGANISMS PRESENT
PER
0.36
AT
STATION
C
Survey No.:
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
CRUSTACEA
Amphipod A
2
12
10
82
51
174
B
4
2
11
51
14
C
1
19
25
11
D
8
2
10
11
G
30
48
9
11
28
6
Crangon septemspinosa
2
Isopod
Libinia dubia
Pzgupus tongioavpus
4
2
1
1
2
1
7
TOTAL
50
66
31
125
174
205
NO. OF SPECIES
6
5
5
5
7
4
MOLLUSCA
Anadava oval-is
1
2
2
Astarte eastanea
2
1
1
3
Bittium alternatum
4
2
1
2
Crepidula sp
1
Ens-is direotus
2
2
3
Eupleuva oaudata
2
1
1
Littorina obtusata
2
Macoma tenia
4
2
4
Meraenaria meroenaria
1
1
Nassarius obsoletus
1
113
-------
Survey No,: I II III iy v VI
Nas sarins trivittatus 2 11
Nuaula proxima 18
Polinioes duplicatus 2 1
Polinices triseriata 1 1
Tellina versicolor 2
Urosalpinx ainereus 6 2 1
Yoldia limatula 10
TOTAL 42 4 9 11 12 19
NO. OF SPECIES 6 2 5 8 8 10
POLYCHAETA
Clymenella torquata 1 4 19
Diopatra ouprea 2 1
Drilonereis longa 2
Eteorie laetea 1 1
C-lyaera sp 6
Lumbrineri s acuta 2
Lumbrineris tenuis 16
Lumbrineris sp 1 1
Myrioahele heeri ]_
Nereis sp 12
Nepthys incisa 1 1 3 ]_5
Nepthys piota 1 21
Nicolea venustuta 2
Peotinaria gouldii 13 7 2
Pherusa affinis 3
Platyrereis dumerilii 1
114
-------
Survey No. :
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
Bamboo sp
8
Unknown annelid
1
1
2
TOTAL
13
8
26
100
NO. OF. SPECIES
6
6
8
15
115
-------
TABLE A- 5
BENTHIC SURVEY
ORGANISMS PRESENT PER 0.36 m AT STATION CONTROL
Survey No. :
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
CRUSTACEA
Amphipod A
16
4
12
58
39
402
B
4
1
13
43
72
C
64
46
52
D
1872
86
485
920
13
18
G
2
6
7
109
Cranqon septemspinosa
20
TOTAL
1914
96
498 1
,055
148
653
NO. OF SPECIES
5
3
3
4
5
5
MOLLUSCA
Bittium alternatum
4
1
11
11
5
Maooma tenta
1
3
Mereenaria meroenaria
1
MitvetZa lunata
3
Nassarius trivittatus
2
1
2
2
Nuoula proximo.
330
118
112
375
229
471
Pitar morrhuana
1
Retusa aanalioulata
2
2
1
9
TelZ-ina vevsiaoZov
1
Yoldia limatula
4
4
4
6
19
TOTAL
342
118
119
394
254
508
NO. OF SPECIES
5
1
4
5
j8_
6
116
-------
Survey No.: I II III IV V VI
POLYCHAETA
Ctymenelta torquata 178 46 122 323 32 164
Diopatra cuprea 2 1
Glycera sp 2
Lumbvineris fragilis 1
Lumbrineris tenuis 4 1
Nepthys inaisa 11 77 16 41
Nepthys piata 4 14
Nepthys sp 20 7 1
Ninoe nigripes 2
Terebellid sp 12
Unknown sp i
TOTAL 200 50 140 425 50 208
NO. OF SPECIES 3 2 5 7 4 4
117
-------
TABLE A-6
EPIBENTHIC SURVEY
STATION A
Numbers of Individuals Per Transect (12m )
SURVEY NO.
5^1 (all in 1972) 5?" IV V VI
16 6/7 6/29 7/17
SPECIES
MOLLUSCS
Crepidula fornicata 48 145 91
Crepidula plana 7
Eupleura caudata 7 7
Littorina obtusata 55 7
Rissoa sp. 11 14
Retusa canaliculata 18 2
Unidentified gastropods 5 2 7
POLYCHAETES 4
CRUSTACEANS
Crangon septemspinosus 105 29
Ovalipes ocellatus 3
Pagurus longicarpus 529 751 16
Pagurus pollicaris 4
Amphipod sp. 13 15
Isopod sp. 10 5
ECHINODERMS
Asterias forbesi 5
TOTALS: 733 941 754
118
-------
TABLE A-6
EPIBENTHIC SURVEY
STATION B
Numbers of Individuals Per Transect (12m )
SURVEY NO. Ill IV V VI
DATE (all in 1972) 5/16 6/7 6/29 7/17
SPECIES
MOLLUSCS
Bittium alternatum
Busycon sp.
Crepidula fornicata
Eupleura caudata
Mitrella lunata
Nassarius trivittatus
Rissoa sp.
Retusa canaliculata
Urosalpinx cinerea
Unidentified gastropods
Nucula proxima
Yoldia sp.
POLYCHAETES
68
4
1
5
21
2
5
2
490
412
435
2520
95
161
189
1596
1
8
20
4480
1673
2039
1575
45
12
9
CRUSTACEANS
Crangon septemspinosus
Libinia sp.
Pagurus longicarpus
Pagurus pollicaris
Amphipod sp.
166
5
1
5
1
5
369
1
42
43
TOTALS:
5280
2296 3058
5869
119
-------
TABLE A-6
EPIBENTHIC SURVEY
STATION C
Numbers of Individuals Per Transect (12m )
SURVEY NO.
DATE: (all in 19 72)
III
5/16
IV
6/7
V
6/29
VI
7/17
SPECIES
MOLLUSCS
Busycon sp.
Crepidula fornicata
Crepidula sp.
Eupleura caudata
Littorina obtusata
Mitrella lunata
Nassarius trivittatus
Rissoa sp.
Urosalpinx cinerea
Anadara ovalis
Nucula proxima
Yoldia sp.
Unidentified bivalves
109
47
314
1
16
3
39
11
11
160
60
57
50
37
311
8
1
237
2
1
60
7
77
280
231
8
8
POLYCHAETES
CRUSTACEANS
Crangon septemspinosus
Libinia sp.
Ovalipes ocellatus
Pagurus longicarpus
Pagurus pollicaris
Amphipod sp.
Isopod sp.
ECHINODERMS
Asterias forbesi
16
66
16 3
33
4
1
8
78
59
52
85
3
21
22
49
274
54
3
1
11
15
TOTALS:
592
527
1297
751
120
-------
TABLE A-6
EPIBENTHIC SURVEY
STATION CONTROL
Numbers of Individuals Per Transect (12irr)
SURVEY NO.
DATE: (all in 19 72)
SPECIES
III
5/16
IV
6/7
V
6/29
VI
7/17
MOLLUSCS
Crepidula fornicata
Littorina obtusata
Mitrella lunata
Nassarius trivittatus
Rissoa sp.
Retusa canaliculata
Unidentified gastropods
Nucula proxima
Yoldia sp.
Unidentified bivalves
POLYCHAETES
CRUSTACEANS
Crangon septemspinosus
Ovalipes ocellatus
Pagurus longicarpus
Pagurus pollicares
Amphipod sp.
Isopod sp.
4
6
2
3
4
1
253
43
142
11
121
182
425
114
128
19
3413
88
1322
266
62
285
1
28
2
48
3253
87
276
91
2
5150
140
283
19
39
7
3693
TOTALS:
7217
6427
2172 4177
121
-------
TABLE A-7
Species
ARTHROPODA
Caltinectes sapidus
Cancer i rroratus
Homarus ameriaanus
Lib-Ln-ia emargi-nata
Pag-urus longicarpus
Pagurus polliaaris
FIN FISH SURVEYS
Number Caught and Volume Displaced
I (4/5/72)
#
vol. (£)
II (4/14/72)
# vol. (JJ,)
7
3
2
III (5/19/72)
Vol. U)
CHORDATA
Anguilla v ostvata
Brevoortia tyrannus
Paralichthys dentatus
Gadus e allarias
Scopthalnus aquosus
Pariliohthys dentatus
3 (sm. ) 2.25
6(Ig.)
0.13
1
1
4
1
0. 5
15 lbs,
3
32
6. 67
-------
Fin Fish SurveysNumber Caught and Volume Displaced
Species
ARTHROPODA
Callineotes sapidus
Canaer irroratus
Homarus americanus
Libinia emarginata
Pagurus longioarpus
Pagurus pollicaris
IV (6/4/72)
Vol. U)
1
2
51
V <6/28/72)
Vol. U)
4
9
VI (7/12/72)
# Vol. (Z)
11
CHORDATA
Anguilla rostrata
Gadus callar-Las
Hippoglossoides platesoides
Paraliohthys dentatus 1
Brevoortia tyrannus
0. 25
0. 33
0. 5
-------
Fin Fish SurveysNumber Caught and Volume Displaced
Species I (4/5/72) II (4/14/72) III. (5/19/72)
# Vol. (£) # Vol. (£) # Vol. U)
Chordata - continued
Poronotus tricanthus
Prionotus oarolinus 0.33
Pseudopleuroneates amer. 38(sm.) 4 27 2.13 100 5.5
5(lg.) 5 31
Raja evinaoea 2 1 1 0.25 5 3.25
Tautoga onztis
Tantogolabrus adspersus 4 1.45
ECHINODERMATA
Asterias forbesi 2
MOLLUSCA
Busycon aanaliaulum 1
Busycon aarioa
Loligo Veatei
-------
Fin Fish SurveysNumber Caught and Volume Displaced
IV (6/4/72) V (6/28/72)
VI (7/12/72)
Species
4
Vol
. (£)
r
f
vol. a)
Vo 1. (I)
Ckordata ~ continued
Poronotus triaanthus
3
Pi>iono±us caToti,nus
2
16
Q.45
1
Pseudopleuroneetes amer.
144
10
( sm)
dg)
9.0
7. 0
125
1
6. 7 5
3. 0
216
1
5. 75
Raja erinacea
5
2.75
1
0. 25
1
0. 5
Tautoga on-iiis
j
2
Tantogolabrus adspersus
25
3. 6
12
2. 25
6
0. 25
ECHINODERMATA
Astevias forbesi.
1
3
5
MOLLUSCA
Busyeon aanaliauium
1
Busycon carioa
1
Loligo peale-L
7
0.5
2
4
-------
SPECIES
ALGAE
Chondvus avispus
Codium fragile
Laminaria agardhii
PORIFERA
Cliona aelata
Halialona loosanoffi
MOLLUSCA
Anadara ovalis
Busy con canalieulatum
Busycon aariaa
Crepidula eonvexa
Crepidula f orni cata
Cvepidula plana
Littorina littovea
Littovina obtusata
Me rcenari a mevcenavia
Mya arenaria
N as s avius trivittatus
Nucula proxima
Yoldia limatula
Yoldia sapotilla
TABLE A-8
DIVERS SURVEY I
April 1, 1972
A B
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
c
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
CONTROL
X
X
X
126
-------
SURVEY I
SPECIES ABC CONTROL
ECHINODERMATA
As terias forbesx X X
ARTHROPODA
Batanus arenatus XXX
Calline otes sapidus X
Canoer irvoratus X X
Cvangon septemspinosa XXX X
Gammavus sp XX
L-ibinia emarginata X
Pagurus longiaarpus XXX X
Pagurus polliaaris XXX
127
-------
SPECIES
ALGAE
Utva laotuaa
MOLLUSCA
Busy con canali culatum
Busycon cavioa
Littorina lit tore a
Littorina obtusata
Nuaula proximo.
Yoldia s apotilla
ECHINODERMATA
As terias forbesi
ARTHROPODA
Balanus arenatus
Callineates sapidus
Canoer irroratus
Crangon septemspinosa
Gammavus
Homavus americanus
Libinia emarginata
Pagurus longieavpus
TABLE A-9
DIVERS SURVEY II
April 13, 1972
A B
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
CONTROL
X
128
-------
TABLE A-10
DIVERS SURVEY II
May 16, 1972
SPECIES A a
ALGAE
Ascophyllum nodosum
Chondrus orispus X
Green alga A X
Green alga B
(Enteromorpha-type)
Red alga A X
Ulva laotuoa X
MOLLUSCA
Busycon aanaliculatum X
Busycon earioa X X
Crepidula plana X
Littorina obtusata
Meraenaria meroenaria X
N as s arius trivittatus
Nuaula pvoxima X
Urosatpinx aineveus X
ECHINODERMATA
Asterias forbesi X
ARTHROPODA
Amphipod A X
Balanus sp
129
-------
SURVEY
III
SPECIES ABC CONTROL
Callineotes sapidus X
Canoer i rroratus X
Homavus ameriaanus X
Libinia emarginata XXX X
Pagurus longicarpus XX X
Pagurus pollioaris XX X
ANNELIDA
Lepidonotus squamatus X
130
-------
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
TABLE A-11
DIVERS SURVEY IV
June 7, 19 72
SPECIES A B
ALGAE
Brown filamentous alga
Chondrus orispus X
Green filamentous alga
Laminavia aga.rd.hii
Red alga
Ulva laotuoa
MOLLUSCA
Anadara ovalis
Busyaon aanaliaulatum
Busyaon aariaa
Crepidula convexa
Cvedidula plana
Eurpleura aaudata
Illex illeaebrosus
Me roenari a meroenari a
N as s arius tvivittatus X X
Nucula proxima X
Polinices duplicatus
Retusa aanalicutatus X
ECHINODERMATA
Asterias forbesi X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
CONTROL
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
131
-------
SURVEY IV
SPECIES ABC CONTROL
ARTHROPODA
Amphipod sp %
Callineotes sapidus X
Cancer -irroratus X X
Libinia emarginata XX X
PaguT'ts longi a arpus XX X
Pagurus polliearis XXX X
ANNELIDA
Lepidonotus sq
EGG CASES
Busyaon oariaa
Nassarius tviv
Polinices dupl
uamatus XXX X
X
ittatus X X
icates X X
132
-------
SPECIES
ALGAE
Chondrus orispus
Green filamentous alga
Laminaria agardhii
Porphyra sp
Red alga
Red filamentous alga
Ulva laotuoa
TABLE A-12
DIVERS SURVEY V
June 29 , 19 72
A B
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
ARTHROPODA
Balanus erenateu s XXX
Libinia emarginata X
Pagurus longi carpus XXX
Pagurus polliaaris X X
ANNELIDA
Lepidonotus squamatus X X
ECHINODERMATA
Astevias forbesi XXX
MOLLUSCA
Anadara ovalis X
Astarte oastanea x
Busyoon oanaliautatum X X
CONTROL
I
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
133
-------
SPECIES
Busyoon oaviaa
Crepidula forni cata
Crepidula plana
Eurpleura aaudata
Littorina obtus ata
Meraenaria meraenaria
Nassar-ius trivittatus
Uvosalpinx oineveus
PORIFERA
H ali olona loosanoffi
TABLE
A
X
B
X
X
X
X
c
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
CONTROL
X
X
X
X
134
-------
TABLE A-13
DIVERS SURVEY
July 17, 1972
SPECIES A B
ALGAE
Chondrus crispus
X
X
Green filamentous
Laminaria aga.rd.hii
X
X
Red filamentous
Red Alga
X
Viva laotuoa
X
ANNELIDA
Lepidonotus squamatus
X
X
ARTHROPODA
Amphipod A
Callinectes sapidus
Canoer ivvovatus
X
Libinia emarginata
X
X
Pagurus long-i eavpus
X
X
Pagurus pollicaris
X
X
ECHINODERMATA
Asterias forbesi
X
X
MOLLUSCA
Anadava oval-is
Astarte castanea
Busyaon oanaliaulatum
X
135
-------
SPECIES
Busycon aarica
Crepidula convexa
Cvepidula forni aata
Crepidula plana
Ensis direatus
Euplenia candata
Littorina obtusata
Meraenari a me raenari a
Mytilus edulis
Nassavius tv-ivittatus
Polinices duplicatus
Urosalpinx ainereus
EGG CciSGS
Poliniaes sp
Thais sp
Urosalpinx sp
SURVEY VI
ABC CONTROL
XI X
XXX
XX X
XXX X
X
X
XX X
XXX X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
136
------- |