Summary of Research on Protective
Materials for Agricultural Pesticide Uses
M. Botiden
J. Cioffi
V. Fong
M. McLaughlin
S. Russell
January 1983
MTR-82W179
SPONSOR:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
CONTRACT NO.:
68-01-5944
s
I
The MITRE Corporation
Metrek Division
1820 Dolley Madison Boulevard
McLean, Virginia 22102
-------
ABSTRACT
This task requires MITRE to sut^uarize approximately 180
open-literatu«:e and confidential reports on protective clothing. It
also requires MITRE to contact researchers to determine the focus and
results of ongoing research. The information will be used by OPP to
determine the effectiveness of current pesticide labelling regulations.
ill
-------
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors gratefully acknowledge the suggestions and assistance
of Mr. Aram Beloin, Dr. Richard Moraski, and Mr. Alan Neilsen of the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
iv
-------
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
LIST OF TABLES vi
L.O INTRODUCTION 1-1
1.1 Scope 1-1
1.2 Approach 1-2
2.0 SUMMARIES OF PAST AND CURRENT RESEARCH IN PROTECTIVE
CLOTHING AND RELATED AREAS 2-1
3.0 RESEARCH NEEDS 3-1
3.1 Standardization of Test Methods 3-1
3.2 Effect of Clothing Design on Protective Capability 3-7
3.3 Effect of Material Durability and Degradation on
Protective Capability 3-7
3.4 Consolidation and Dissemination of Information 3-8
3.5 Worker's Acceptance of Protective Clothing 3-9
3.6 Quantification of Worker Exposure under Various
Use Conditions 3-10
APPENDIX A LIST OF KEY WORDS A-l
APPENDIX B BIBLIOGRAPHY B-l
APPENDIX C CONTACTS
v
-------
LIST OF TABLES
Table Number
LISTING OF ABSTRACTS BY TYPE OF STUDY 2-3
OF DOCUMENT
LISTING OF ABSTRACTS BY SUBJECT HEADING 2-5
vi
-------
1.0 INTRODUCTION
In 1981, a Protective Clothing Working Group within the Office of
Pesticide Programs (OPP), EPA, was formed to.assess current protective
clothing technology and to make recommendations on the use of such
information in the OPP regulatory process* This report was prepared
in support of the Protective Clothing Working Group and represents a
preliminary investigation into the nature and extent of past and
current research relevant to the development of clothing designed to
protect workers from exposure to pesticides.
1.1 Scope
Currently, the Working Group's primary objective is to evaluate
protective clothing technology as it pertains to dermal exposure
resulting from farm-related peBticide uses.
The scope of this group's activities specifically excludes
examination of operations involving pesticide use in enclosed areas
such as greenhouses, grain elevators and ship holds or for personnel
involved in the manufacture, formulation or transportation of pesti-
cides. Protective measures for nondermal routes of exposure, such as
respirators are also excluded, and dermal protection provided by means
other than clothing such as closed systems, are given a lower priority.
Therefore, while the research materials collected and summarized for
this report are rather disparate and often address issues or situations
outside the Working Group's central concern, the categorization of paBt
research and the discussion of future research needs presented in this
report emphasize dermal protection for outdoor farm workers.
1-1
-------
Approximately 225 summaries of documents or studies related to
protective clothing research constitute the major portion of this
report. The summaries or abstracts include the author, title, purpose
of the study, materials or methods used, and results and comments. A
list of key words is provided as a cross reference. Abstracts are
also listed by type of document or study summarized and by major areas
of research. Finally, a brief discussion of where future research may
be directed is offered.
1.2 Approach
The work for this project was divided into 3 phases with the
major effort expended in Phase I. In Phase I, the Protective Clothing
Working Group conducted a search of the published literature and
identified 180 documents on protective clothing which were forwarded
to The MITRE Corporation. Included among these documents, were ten
technical reports supplied to EPA as confidential business information.
The MITRE staff developed a format to summarize the findings of these
documents and the major portion of the projects resources went into
the preparation of the abstracts.
Phase II Involved an investigation to determine what type of
research is currently being conducted or has been recently completed
in the assessme it of protective clothing or gear. Approximately 100
persons were interviewed to obtain information nn projects currently
underway, and on data published too recently to have appeared through
the literature search in Phase I. The contacts were Identified from:
1-2
-------
the literature search in Phase I; attendance lists for the Protective
Clothing Conference at Hershey, Pennsylvania in 1980 and other
meetings; the publication Who's Who in Agricultural Health and Safety
(prepared by the Agricultural Safety and Health Committee, American
Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienist, 1978); and contacts
previously identified during the development of the Catalog of
Protective Clothing /Safety Equipment for the Pesticide Applicator,
and from referrals. Universities, formulators, protective clothing
manufacturers, associations and Federal and state government offices
or research centers were contacted. A member of the MITRE staff also
attended the American Industrial Hygiene Conference In Cincinnati,
where several papers were presented by investigators that have been
involved in research of interest to this project.
A simple format was used to describe each ongoing project related
to protective clothing research for pesticide workers. These summaries
include the principal contact for the research project, the sponsor,
and a brief description of the nature of the project. These summaries
are also indexed according t) the key words used in Phase I. During
Phase II, MITRE also receivec from several of the individuals contacted
a number of recently published papers (or in press drafts) reporting
project results not included in the summaries under Phase 1.
The third and final phase of the project consisted of the
development of research Issues and the identification of data needs
which became evident from an examination of past and current research.
1-3
-------
Phase III Is not intended to provide a detailed critique of major
areas of research performed to date, but rather to indicate general
areas where future research as a whole might be directed.
1-4
-------
2.0 SUMMARIES OF PAST AND CURRENT RESEARCH IN PROTECTIVE CLOTHING AND
RELATED AREAS
The Protective Clothing Working Group in the Office of Pesticide
Programs conducted a literature search and Identified 180 research
items related to clothing designed to protect individuals from
exposure to hazardous environments. The research items Include a wide
assortment of papers ranging from formal presentations of the results
of laboratory studies to news articles. In addition, areas of current
research, not represented In the literature, were Identified by
contact with individuals and organizations known to have been involved
In such efforts in the past, such as chemical manufacturers,
universities, and regional offices of EPA and USDA. Each document or
study was summarized in an abstract and assigned an identification
number. Numbers identifying documents located through the literature
search are preceded by the letters PC; numbers labelling more recent
projects of researchers are preceded by the letters CR. The
distribution of abstracts by type of study or document summarized is
as follows:
® laboratory studies (75)
o field studies (63)
o expert opinion/recommendations (37)
© surveys/summaries (25)
© news articles/recounts/notices (15)
e letters/memos/mlnutes (7)
2-1
-------
e standards/regulations (5)
e case studies (2)
a proposals (1)
o abstracts (1)
A listing of the abstracts grouped under these ten headings is
provided in Table 1. In a few cases, abstracts may be listed under
more than one heading; for example, If an abstract is a report
summarizing the results of both field and laboratory studies, its
identification number will appear under both headings.
In order to give an idea of 'che types of research carried out In
the past or currently underway, and to provide a means of identifying
those abstracts which address similar areas of research, it was felt
useful to also categorize the abstracts under 12 subject headings.
The headings and the number of abstracts listed under each heading Is
as follows:
® chemical toxicity, fate (30)
© dermal exposure, absorption (61)
e type of operation (61)
» material, fabric comparison (81)
o clothing design/use factors (68)
e costs/economic Impacts (7)
e training/education (10)
e regulations/standards/programs (36)
e testing design, standardization, methods (23)
2-2
-------
tABUt 1
UST1MG Or ABSTBACTS BT TTP8 0» STODI OGt DOCUfSHt
Meld 8tudlc» (63)
PC 5
PC 14
PC
16, 16a
PC 18
PC 32
PC 40
PC 41
PC 49
PC 53
PC 59
PC
64
PC 69
PC 70
PC 78
PC 92
PC 96
PC 105
PC 114
PC
116
PC 117
PC 118
PC 122
PC 123
PC 125
PC 153
PC 168
PC
169
PC 170
PC 177
PC 178
PC 179
ca 2
CB 6
CQ 7
en
8
CR 10
CR 13
CR 14
CR 20
CR 21
CR 24
CE 25
CR
26
CR 27
CR 28
CR 30
CR 31
ca 38
CR 45
CR 47
CR
48
Laboratory 8tudl«i (75)
PC 11
PC 17
PC
19
PC
28
PC 29
PC
30
PC
35
PC 36
PC 43
PC 46
PC
48
PC
58
PC 60
PC
61
PC
63
PC 66
PC 74
PC 75
PC
76
PC
77
PC 96
PC
97
PC
103
PC 104
PC 109
PC 113
PC
121
PC
122
PC 124
PC
126
PC
128
PC 131
PC 137
PC 138
PC
140
PC
141
PC 142
PC
143
PC
145
PC 149
PC 136
PC 160
PC
162
PC
167
PC 171
PC
172
PC
175
PC 180
CR 15
CR 16
CR
17
CR
18
CR 19
CR
32
CR
34
CQ 33
CR 39
CR 40
CR
41
CR
42
CR 46
Survya/Sucaarlct (2))
PC 2
PC 9
PC
15
PC
31
PC 39
PC
42
PC
54
PC
57
PC 81
PC 84
PC
83
PC
96
PC 119
PC
120
PC
155
PC
174
CR 19
CR 29
CR
33
CR
42
CR 49
Expert Opialop/ttdcoigwmdntloa* (37)
PC
1
PC 3
PC
8
PC 10
PC 12
PC
13
PC
37
PC 38
PC
56
PC 62
PC
67
PC 73
PC 80
PC
82
PC
83
PC 83
PC
91
PC 93
PC
94
PC 99
PC 108
PC
111
PC
113
PC 127
PC
139
PC 150
PC
137
PC 158
PC 159
PC
163
PC
173
Cooe Studloo (2)
PC 86 PC 176
Stttadordo/Boftulatlotto (3)
PC 20 PC 23 PC 10? PC 147 PC 146
Propo—!• (1)
PC 22
Abetrocto (1)
pc 33
Lottoro/Hoaoq/Klnaf > (7)
PC 4 PC 33 PC 87 PC 93 PC 101 PC 110 PC 113
Mcwa Articloa/ftocouPto/Boilcco (15)
PC 6 PC 7 PC 21 PC 24 PC 25 PC 26 PC 27 PC 34
PC 129 PC 146 PC 164 PC 163 PC 166
PC
31
PC 32
PC
98
PC 100
PC
144
PC 132
CR 3
CR 5
CR 22
CR 23
CR 43
CR U
PC 43
PC
44
PC 68
PC
71
PC 106
PC
107, 107a
PC 132
PC
133
PC 151
PC
154
CR 4
CR
9
CR 36
CR
37
PC 63
PC
72
CR 1
CR
9
PC 47
PC
50
PC 69
PC
90
PC 130
PC
136
PC 79
PC
112
2-3
-------
e respirators/respiratory exposure (56)
e oral exposure (2)
e closed mixing/loading systems (10)
An abstract vas Included under a topic heading if a relatively large
part of the research or discussion «ras devrced to 'he subject matter.
However, the listing of an abstract undei: a particular heading is not
intended to imply ~¦.hat it constitutes a major contribution to that
area of research. In fact, the information presented in some of the
abstracts is quite sketchy. Others may be more complete, but are of a
qualitative or subjective nature.
An abstract may be listed under more than one topic heading. For
example, a field study in vhlch dermal and respiratory exposures to a
pesticide are measured for mixer/loaders and application may be listed
under Field Studies; Dermal Exposure; Absorption; Type of Operation
(both mixing/loading and application subheadlngn); and Respirators/
Respiratory Exposure. The subject listing is presented in Table 2.
2-4
-------
TABLE 2
LISTING OF ABSTRACTS BY SUBJECT HEADING
CHEMICAL TOXICITY/FATE (30)
Abat-.racts Hated under this heading describe the tonicity of
pesticioea in terns of exposure or reentry liaita, present poisoning
case studies, and ©xaraine the effect on exposure of formulation type
and rate of pesticide degradation in the environaent*
Exposure Limits/Reentry Limits (4)
PC 6 PC 24 PC 26 PC 79
Forculatlon Type/Cor.ccatration (6)
PC 8 PC 42 PC 68 PC 95 PC 115 PC 169
Poisoning/logic Sy.^ptoaa, Bffacts (9)
PC 21 PC 54 PC 56 PC 57 PC 59 PC 86 PC 129
PC 176 CR 29
FollaRe, Environment!I Raaiduea/Photodegradatlon (14)
PC 16, 16a
PC
23
PC
39
PC 42
PC
52
PC 59
PC 69
PC
78
PC
86
PC 92
PC
123
CR 13
CR 14
CR
15
2-5
-------
E38MAL KXP03U22, ABS08PTI0S (61)
Abstracts liotod uadar this heading include a mater of field and
laboratory studies deaignad to asaeura levels of poatlcldeo to which
warfare are eipoaod aa wall as aaounts absorbed through the akin.
Several attoapt to raasuro daraol espoauro or absorption aa a function
of body location*
General (48)
PC s
PC 8
PC
14
PC
16, 16a
PC
18
PC
19
PC 42
PC 49
PC
31
PC
70
PC
73
PC
76
PC 98
PC 100
PC
104
PC
103
PC
110
PC
116
PC 117
PC 128
PC
144
PC
132
PC
168
PC
177
PC 170
PC 179
cn
2
cn
4
cn
6
ca
7
CB 8
CB 10
ca
12
ca
14
ca
20
ca
22
C& 23
C& 24
ca
23
ca
26
ca
27
ca
28
ca 31
ca 38
CB
43
ca
44
ca
43
ca
46
Body Location (24)
PC 16,
16a PC 19
PC
43
PC 31
PC
33
PC
64
PC 72
PC 74
PC
77
PC 78
PC
99
PC
114
PC 133
PC 168
PC
169
PC 170
PC
178
PC
179
ca 2i
C& 24
ca
23
ca 26
ca
27
ca
28
CTPB 0? OPEBATIOH (61)
Abetrects listed under this beading generally addressed
differences la exposure dua to typo of worker activity. Only the
throe operations specified in the Protective Clothing Group's "A Scope
of Work" under ~Issueo to ba Addressed" era included aa aubhoadiaga.
Hislna/toadlnn (34)
PC 3
PC 8
PC
13
PC
18
PC 38
PC 49
PC
33
PC 34
PC 36
PC
62
PC
64
PC 63
PC 72
PC
86
PC 93
PC 102
PC
103
PC
114
PC 139
PC 144
PC
1S2
PC 170
PC 177
PC
178
CR
10
ca 20
CB 23
ca
24
ca 23
ca 26
ca
27
CB
28
ca 31
CB 44
ca 43
Application (38)
PC 3
PC 8
PC
13
PC
16,
16a PC
18
PC
32
PC 37
PC 38
PC
43
PC
49
PC
31
PC
33
PC 36
PC 64
PC
63
PC
69
PC
70
PC
72
PC 78
PC 86
PC
92
PC
93
PC
96
PC
98
PC 99
PC 102
PC
103
PC
114
PC
113
PC
117
PC 139
PC 144
PC
132
PC
133
PC
169
PC
170
PC 173
PC 174
PC
176
PC
177
PC
178
PC
179
CB 2
Ctt 7
ca
10
CB
12
ca
14
CB
20
ca 21
ca 22
ca
23
CR
24
ca
23
ca
26
CB 27
ca 28
ca
31
ca
38
Reentry/Harvest (16)
PC 6
PC 7
PC
14
PC
23
PC
27
PC
32
PC 37
PC 39
PC
72
PC
86
PC
123
PC
125
PC 168
PC 170
ca
13
CB
14
2-6
-------
MATERIAL, FABRIC COMPARISONS (81)
Abstracts included under this heading examine differences In
clothing fabrics and glov? materials with respect to permeability,
launderablllty, and wear factors. Abstracts which are not limited to
general discussions, but compare specific fabrics, glove materials or
treated and untreated conditions, are listed under separate
subheadings.
General (16)
PC 2
PC 15
PC
80
PC
83
PC
120
PC
150
P<
PC 159
PC 163
PC
165
PC
169
CR
2
CR
3
C]
CR 10
CR 14
Fabric Type (AO)
PC 3
PC 11
PC
1A
PC
28
PC
32
PC
33
PC 43
PC A5
PC
46
PC
51
PC
55
PC
60
PC 6/
PC 68
FC
71
PC
75
PC
96
PC
103
PC 105
PC 106
PC
107,
107a
PC
108
PC
110
PC
113
PC 121
PC 123
PC
12A
PC
125
PC
132
PC
133
PC 136
PC 1A3
PC
151
PC
175
CR
32
CR
33
CR 35
CR 36
CR
39
CR
42
Treated/Untreated (26)
PC 5
PC 11
PC
32
PC
35
PC
43
PC
48
PC 58
PC 63
PC 66
PC
67
PC
71
PC
75
PC
96
PC 105
PC 118
PC 121
PC
122
PC
123
PC
136
PC
138
PC 162
PC 175
CR 9
CR
32
CR
33
CR
35
Glove Materials (26)
PC 3
PC 13
PC
19
PC
29
PC
30
PC
33
PC 35
PC 36
PC A1
PC
44
PC
61
PC
97
PC
115
PC 126
PC 128
PC 137
PC
138
PC
140
PC
153
PC
154
PC 160
PC 163
PC 171
PC
172
PC
180
CR
45
2-7
-------
CLOTHING DESIGN/USE FACTORS (68)
Abstracts included under this heading discuss design factors or
features which may affect exposure such as seam construction, one-piece
versus two-piece suits, and use factors that affect the protective
capability of clothing such as frequency of use, age of fabric, amount
of wear. Laundering studies which examine differences in laundry
procedures and removal of pesticides through laundering have been
grouped together tinder a separate subheading. Studies comparing
clothing comfort are also listed under a separate subheading.
Design Factors (General) (16)
PC 1
PC 3
PC
5
PC
6
PC 8
PC 34
PC 84
PC 96
PC
99
PC
107, 107a
PC 127
PC 128
PC 134
PC 155
PC 166
CR
9
Use Factors (General) (34)
PC 1
PC 3
PC
8
PC 20
PC
38
PC
40
PC 42
PC 58
PC
63
PC 82
PC
84
PC
96
PC 99
PC 107,
107a
PC
108
PC 119
PC
120
PC
121
PC 134
PC 137
PC
138
PC 146
PC 150
PC
157
PC 158
PC 159
PC
163
PC 173
CR 9
CR
19
CR 33
CR 35
CR
39
CR 40
Laundering (23)
PC 15
PC 45
PC
46
PC
48 PC
66
PC
67
PC
PC 103
PC 123
PC
124
PC
123 Pr
143
PC
156
PC
PC 167
CR 9
CR
16
CR
17 CR
18
CR
19
CR
CR 35
CR 37
Comfort
(16)
PC 14
PC 31
PC
43
PC
96 PC
105
PC
107,107a
PC 120
PC 127
PC
131
PC
135 PC
141
PC
155
PC 159
CR 9
CR
32
CR
41
2-8
-------
COSTS/ECONOMIC IMPACTS (7)
Abstracts listed under this heading discuss costs of pesticide
use and prices of individual pieces of protective clothing.
PC 10 PC 43 PC 65 PC 130 PC 138 CR 14 CR 32
TRAINING/EDUCATION (10)
Abstracts listed under this heading describe or discuss the need
for established training and education prograas for pesticide workers.
PC 37 PC 54 PC 57 PC 82 PC 89 PC 119 PC 134
PC 146 PC 155 CR 1
REGULATIONS/STANDARDS/PROGRAMS (36)
Abstracts listed under thiB heading refer to regulations,
standards, or programs related Ic protective clo'.hing use vhich have
been developed by Federal and state agencies, nou-governnental
organizations, or in other countries•
General (6)
PC 8 PC 12 PC 37 PC 102 PC 108 PC 109
EPA (8)
PC 6 PC 7 PC 39 PC 52 PC 79 PC 152 CR 7
CR 44
OSHA (11)
PC 20 PC 21 PC 23 PC 24 PC 25 PC 26 PC 27
PC 39 PC 89 PC 112 PC 146
USDA (4)
CR 2 CR 11 CR 12 CR 14
State (5)
PC 23 PC 39 PC 52 PC 54 PC 129
Other Countries (3)
PC 9 PC 164 C.1 10
Noil-Government Agencies (2)
PC 147 PC 148
2-9
-------
TESTING DESIGN, STANDARDIZATION, METHODS (23)
Abstracts listed under this heading present descriptions of test
designs and methods or discuss shortcomings, modifications, and the
need for standardization of tests«
Patch Tests (2)
PC 175 CR 30
Permeation Test? (12)
PC 2 PC 97 PC 108 IC 109 PC 126 132 PC 142
PC 145 PC 147 PC 148 1'C 149 PC 151
Laundering Tests (1)
PC 15
Comfort/Stress Tests (2)
PC 84 PC 127
Measuring, Monitoring Devices, or Methods (6)
PC 50 PC 51 PC 98 PC 105 PC 111 PC 135
2-10
-------
RESPIRATORS/RESPIRATORY EXPOSURE (56)
Abstracts Included under this heading summarize information on
respirator selection and fit and report results of studies designed to
measure
exposure
to and
absorption
of pesticides through
inhalation<
1
PC 9
PC 13
PC
17
PC
.'.0
PC 31
PC
42
PC
47
PC 53
PC 64
PC
69
PC
70
PC 72
PC
73
PC
78
PC 81
PC 85
PC
87
PC
89
PC 90
PC
91
PC
93
PC 94
PC 95
PC
98
PC
99
PC 100
PC
102
PC
105
PC 114
PC 116
PC
117
PC
127
PC 131
PC
146
PC
152
PC 153
PC 157
PC
168
PC
169
PC 170
PC
177
PC
178
PC 179
CR 7
CR
8
CR
11
CR 20
CR
21
CR
24
CR 25
CR 26
CR
27
CR
28
CR 31
CR
38
ORAL EXPOSURE (2)
Abstracts included under this heading discuss the exposure of
workers to pesticides by Ingestion.
PC 42 PC 73
CLOSED SYSTEMS (10)
Abstracts included under this heading address closed systems used
in the mixing and loading of pesticides.
PC 49 PC 53 PC 54 PC 62 PC 79 PC 114 PC 177
CR 23 CR 44 CR 45
2-11
-------
Title:
Special Panel on Protective Clothing, Goggles, Gloves and Foot
Covering-their Value during Handling and Use of Pesticldeo
Undated (PC 1)
Authors: Andresen, W.V., C.R.E. Merkle, N.S. Colehower, and M.F. Shields
Purpose of
Study: This paper describes the nature and utility of protective clothing.
Materials and
Methods: Not applicable.
Results and
Comments: Many types of protective clothings are available to protect
operators from splash or spray liquids: woven fabrics such as
nylon, cotton or rayon coated vlth rubber, neoprene and PVC. The
most available garments used by the sprayers are as follows:
o the double coated garment consisting of a jacket or parka and
pants, vlth or vithout glove-ring adaptation
o the open-back apron
9 the double coated coverall equipped with an air feed system
a the self-contained coverall equipped trlth an air bottle and
breatMng apparatus.
Unsupported rubber or latex gloves offer good dexterity and
flexibility. They are available in different thickness depending on
the hazard and job requirement. Gloves with cotton linings are also
available. Boots made from rubber or plastic should be used and
their lengths should depend on the length of the protective clothing.
Eye protection is also very Important because certain pesticides can
cause visual disturbance and damage to the optic nerves. There are
several devices which provide eye protection while manufacturing,
foroulatlng, mixing and applying pesticides:
o full faceplece respirators
o full faceplece gas masks
o hoods wlch windows
o faceshields
© goggles which are generally used with half mask respirators.
The authors provided a list of requirements for goggle selection.
All the protecting clothing should be laundered before use while
boots and goggles should be decontaminated daily. Gloves should be
changed frequently. Canisters and filters in respirators should
also be changed frequently.
2-12
-------
PC 1 (Concluded)
Other than providing workers with protective clothing and gear, a
mandatory personal hygiene program is also necessary. No food or
tobacco is allowed in the work area* Workers should wash their
hands before eating, smoking or going to the bathroom. A shower is
required at the end of the day. Furthermore, good housekeeping,
periodic blood tests, routine equipment inspection and employee
education are also Important parts of a successful protection
program.
Key Words: Glove, Coverall, Jacket, Pants, Footwear, Respirator, Face mask,
Goggles, Apron, Rubber, Polyvinyl, Applicator, Dermal, Respiratory,
Oral
2-13
-------
Title:
Author:
Purpose of
Study:
Materials and
Methods:
Factors Affecting the Penetration of Fabrics by Pesticide
Sprays (1980) (PC 2)
D. Branson
The purpose of this review article was to summarize the wetting
characteristics and wettability of fibers and fabrics subjected
to liquid pesticide formulations.
"Wetting of a solid surface refers to the condition resulting
from its contact with a specified liquid under specified
conditions," while "wettability refers to the potential of a
surface to Interact with a liquid*" Three major factors which
affect wetting are contact angle, the work of adhesion, and the
surface energy of the fiber. These factors are discussed in
relation to smooth solid horizontal surfaces; however,
additional complications are encountered with fabrics held at an
angle.
The contact angle is defined by the plane of the surface
contacting a liquid drop and the tangent to the drop at the
The size of the contact angle results from the independent
interfaclal tensions between air, solid, and liquid: if two
solids are wetted with the same liquid, a smaller contact angle
will indicate the solid with the greater attraction for the
liquid. The work of adhesion is the total attraction per unit
area between the liquid and the fiber. The lower the
interfaclal tension between the liquid and the fiber, the
stronger is the attractive force between the liquid and fiber.
However, since a liquid is also attracted to itself, measured as
the work of cohesion of the liquid, the wetting effects result
from the difference between the work of adhesion and the work of
cohesion.
The surface free energy of a fiber Is a measure of the ability
of a fiber to adhere tc itself. Fibers have a lower surface
energy than water, and a fiber can more easily be wetted when
2-14
-------
FC 2 (Concluded)
lta surface free energy is closer to that of water. The
kinetics of the penetration of liquids into fabrics can be
understood if the fabric fibers are considered to represent an
assembly of capillaries, which act as wicks. Factors which
Influence vlcking Include the radius of the capillary, the
viscosity of the liquid, the surface tension of the liquid, the
fabric type, the yarn construction, and the finish applied to
the fabric. To minimize penetrations of a fabric by a liquid,
capillary action must be minimized by proper choice of fibers,
yarnB, and fabrics.
Key Words: Wetting, Wettability, Permeation
2-15
-------
Title:
Authors:
Development of Performance Criteria for Protective Clothing Used
Against Carcinogenic Liquids 1978 (PC 3)
Coletta, G.C., A.D. Schwope, I.J. \rons, J.W. King, A. Slvak
Purpose of
Study:
This report Is a guideline document to assist In the manufacture,
selection, and testing of protective clothing materials and
garments which are U3ed to prevent dermal contact with carcinogenic
liquids.
Materials and
Methods:
Results and
Comments:
Not applicable.
This Is a comprehensive report which addresses three principal
topics:
• industrial operations with potential occupational exposure to
carcinogenic liquid
e performance criteria of protective clothing materials for use
against carcinogenic liquids
0 permeation test method for evaluating protective clothing
materials.
Of particular Interest in this report are the results of the
permeation experiments. In these experiments, protective clothing
materials were evaluated as barriers to several Industrially
Important chemicals suspected of being carcinogenic (e.g., benzene
trlchloroethylene, and f)-propionlactone). Breakthrough times,
steady state fluxes (It is the (mass flux g/cm2/mln) when steady
state permeation is reached), and chemical solubilities were
measured. Examples of the types of information available in the
document are given in the table on the next page.
To protect against widely used carcinogenic liquids, the authors
recommended that breakthrough time of 60 minutes be adopted for
general purpose clothing. For clothing designed for use In
emergency situations (e.g., spills or equipment failure) and
planned, long-term exposure, they recommended a breakthrough time
of eight hours. Based on this guideline, none of the protective
clothing materials listed In the above table would be acceptable
for the use of carcinogenic liquids. This document also provided
permeation results for seven other compounds: eplchlorohydrin,
coal-tar creosote, 4,4'-methylene(bia)2-chloroanlline,
ethyleneimlne, 1,1-dimethylhydrazinc, 2-nitropropanc, and
hexa me t hylphospho ramid e.
2-16
-------
PC 3 (Continued)
Solubility In end Permeation through Selected Clothing Materials
Protective Clothing
Materlal/Chealcal
Solubility
(at 22°C g/g)
Thickness
(en)
Breakthrough
Tlag
(minutes)
Steady State
Flux
(g/ca2/ola)
Nitrlle rubber
-military specification
sheet
Benzene
Trlchloroethylene
1.1
2.17
0.041
0.09A
S
10-15
50 x 10"5
6.0 x 10~5
Neoprene rubber
-military specification
sheet
Benzene
Trlchloroethylene
0.9
1.18
0.076
0.079
24.S
10-15
23 x 10-5
5.3 x 10"5
Polyvinyl alcohol
-cast film
Benzene
Trlchloroethylene
0.03
0.008
0.009
3
<15
3.9 x 10-5
0.8 x 10"5
Natural rubber
-glove aaterlal
Benzene
p-proplonlactone
3.2
0.09
0.028
0.030
2
15-20
50 x 10"5
0.43 x 10~5
Polyethylene
-glove material
Benzene
p-proplonlactone
0.3
0.18
0.006
0.006
10-30
35 x 10-5
0.12 x 10"5
Polyurethane-coated
nylon
-outerwear material
Benzene
0-proplonlactone
0.6
1.85
0.02
0.003
1.5
<5
11 x 10-5
83.0 x 10"5
2-17
-------
PC 3 (Concluded)
Based on the perneation results obtained, the authors concluded
that workers handling carcinogenic liquids might not be protected
by currently recommended clothing. However, protection could be
substantially improved if comprehensive clothing performance
profiles were generated and made available for the design and
specification of protective clothing. Furthermore, the authors
recommended that protective clothing evaluations should be
performed over the range of anticipated exposure conditions*
Besides permeation tests, clothing performance should also be
evaluated for factors such as strength, chemical dexterity/
flexibility, cleanablllty, and aging resistance.
Key Words: Carcinogen, Rubber, Polyvinyl, Dermal, Permeation, Performance
criteria, Neopreae, Permeability, Nitrile, Polyethylene,
Polyurethane, Wettability
2-18
-------
Title:
A Letter from J.E. Davies of University o* Miami to E.L. Johnson of
EPA 1980 (PC A)
Author: J.E. Davies
Purpose of
Study: This is a letter summarising the results of a study (PC 5) which was
performed to demonstrate the protective potential of 100Z
cotton/denim coveralls• The workers studied ware mixers and
applicators of ethion in a Florida citrus grove.
Materials and
Methods: See "Results and Comments".
Results and
Comments: This study had three phases in which the workers involved wore
different types of clothing: workers' own clothing, workers' own
clothing plus a respirator, and clean 100Z cotton/denim coveralls,
half treated with Scotchgard and half not.
Eight mixers and five applicators were included In this study.
Urine samples were collected periodically for the analysis of DBF
(Identity unspecified). In addition, percent penetration of ethion
yaa also measured (no details given). The results (mean values) are
numaarlsed in the following table:
Type sf Clothing
Mixer
Percent Urinary DEP
Penetration Concentration*
Applicator
Percent Urinary DEP
Penetration Concentration**
Worker own
Workers own plus
respirator
Coveralls
Treated
Untreated
1 1.05
1 27,6
0.89
4.0 0.68
3.6 0.69
0.66
. 16.5
0.64
0.7 0.31
0.6 0.36
*Unit was not given.
Key Words: Coverall, Respirator, Dermal, Respiratory, Ethion, Cotton, Denim,
I.ixer/ Loader
2-19
-------
Title:
Exposure Assessment, Minimizing Occupational Exposure to Pesti-
cides, Epidemiologic Overview 1978 (PC 5)
Authors:
Purpose of
Study:
Davles, John E. H.D., M.P.H., and Freed, Virgil H-, Ph.D.
This study was undertaken to compare the degree of worker exposure
to a pesticide while subjects were wearing, (1) normal working
clothes, (2) normal working clothes and respirator, (3) treated or
untreated 100Z cotton-denim coveralls.
Materials and
Methods:
Results and
Comments:
The subjects were mixers and applicators treating citrus groves In
Central Florida with the insecticide ethlon. Alpha cellulose pads
attached to the inside and outside of the workers' shirts were used
to measure the amount of penetration of ethlon through the clothing
material. The concentration of an ethlon metabolite, DEP, was
measured in the urine to determine uptake. Pads and urine were
collected dally. The material vith which the coveralls were
treated was not identified, nor was the pesticide application
method specified.
The results were presented for a two week period. Ethlon pene-
tration to workers wearing normal working clothes was significantly
higher than pesticide penetration when new coveralls were worn.
There was no statistical difference between results with untreated
and treated coveralls. The mean percentage penetrations for:
o mixers wearing their own clothing, untreated uniforms, and
treated uniforms were 27.6, 4.0, and 3.6 respectively.
e applicators w^arir.^ their own clothing, untreated uniforms, and
treated uniforms were 16.5, 0.7, and 0.6 respectively.
Urinary DEP concentrations for workers wearing normal working
clothes with or without a respirator were significantly higher than
those observed when new coveralls were worn whether treated or
untreated. The respirator did not significantly lower average DEP
concentration values. The mean urinary DEP concentrations for:
o mixers wearing their own clothing, own clothing with respirator,
untreated uniforms, and treated uniforms were 1.0S, 0.89, 0.68,
and 0.69 mg/ml respectively.
o applicators wearing their own clothing, own clothing with
respirator, untreated uniforms, and treated uniforms were 0.66,
0.64, 0.31, and 0.36 mg/ml .respectively.
2-20
-------
PC 5 (Concluded)
When Che results for applicators and mixers wre compared, appli-
cators had a lower, though not statistically significant, DEP
concentration than the mixers, regardless of type of clothing
worn. However, the percent of ethion penetration through the
workers regular clothing Has 111 higher for mixers than for
applicators. The author concluded that the Hearing cl protective
clothing (coveralls) is a suitable and acceptable way of minimizing
worker exposure at least for the set of conditions prevailing in
this study. The author also expressed the need for further studies
involving the occupational exposure of workers to a multiple of
pesticides.
Key Words: Coverall, Shirt, Respirator, Penetration retardant, Cotton, Denim,
Applicator, Mixer/Loader, Formulator, Dermal, Ethion, Citrus crops,
Cellulose pads, Organophosphorous pesticide, Urine excretion, Patch
study
2-21
-------
Title:
Author:
Purpose of
Study:
Materials and
Methods:
Farm Workers Dealing With Pesticides
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
1974
(PC 6)
In this Federal Register notice EPA proposes health and safety
standards for farm workers dealing vlth pesticides.
Net applicable.
Results and
Comments: This notice restates "existing and enforceable" harvest entry
standards and other requirements for the handling of pesticide
products which have been on the label of pesticide products for
many years.
As summarised In tht notice, requirements and precautions for
proper pesticide us&, including farmer reentry times, are Included
on a number of pesticide labels registered vlth EPA. Under FIFRA
as amended, EI A is mandated to protect man and the environment frost
unreasonable adverse effects of pesticides. Accordingly, EPA
determined to revise and expand Its standards relating to
protection of farm workers. The notice s';a';es that planned
research projects will provide data to establish appropriate
standards. Proposed standards tre included in this notice to
solicit comment on the entry issue. General standards included are:
o Pesticides are not to be applied if persons not directly
involved in the application remain In the field or in such a way
that persons not in the field are exposed directly or through
drift.
o The term protective clothing is defined as "at least a clean hat
vlth a brim, a clean long sleeved shirt, and long legged
trousers or a coverall type garment all of closely woven fabric
covering the body, including arms and legs, shoes to entirely
cover both feet, clean socks and clean fingerless gloves
covering the back and front of hands and wrists." Workers not
wearing protective clothing should not be allowed to enter any
part of the field treated with any pesticide until the
expiration of 12 hours from the time of last application in that
part of the field (The notice stipulates a longer
post-application time of 48 hours for the following pesticides:
ethyl parathlon, methyl parathlon, Guthlon, Demeton, Ozodrln,
Phosalone, Carbophenothlon, Metasystox-R, EPN, Bidrln,
Calecron/Fundal, Endrln, and Ethion.) A similar requirement for
preharvest-entry restricts any workers not wearing protective
clothing from entering the field during preharvest time if there
is to be contact time with any foliage for aore than one- half
hour. Finally, workers not wearing protective clothings are not
to enter the field before expiration of the harvest entry times
which are specified by type of pesticide anc crop in the notice;
they range from 2 days to 50 days.
2-22
-------
PC 6 (Concluded)
It should be noted that some of the standards proposed in this
notice were liter changed based on public and Industry comments.
See PC 7.
Key Words: Coverall, Shirt, Pants, Socks, Footwear, Coat/Jacket, Reentry» Field
worker, Applicator, Standards
2-23
-------
Title:
Fart 170 Worker Protection Standards for Agricultural Pesticides.
Restatement of Certain Existing Standards 1974 (PC 7)
Author:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Purpose of
Study:
This Federal Register notice updates information provided in an
earlier notice (see PC 6) on proposed health and safety standards.
Materials and
Methods:
Mot applicable.
Results and
Comments:
EPA received over 1000 comments on the notice of proposed rulemaking
published in the Federal Register on March 11, 1974 (summarized in
PC 6). Following a discussion of the comments received by EPA, this
notice proposed the following revised standards:
o Pesticides are not to be applied In a manner which would expose
workers or other persons (except those knowingly involved in the
application) directly or through drift.
o Protective clothing Is defined as "at least a hat or ether
suitable head covering, a long-sleeved shirt and long-legged
trousers or a coverall-type garment (all of closely woven fabric
covering the body including arms and legs), shoes and socks."
Workers not wearing protective clothing are not to be allowed to
enter a field treated with pesticides until sprays have dried or
dust has settled. [Longer reentry times are specified for ethyl
parathion, methyl parathion, Demetron, Azodrin, Carbophenothion,
Metasystox-R, Bidrin, and Endrin (all 48 hours); and Guthion,
Phosalone, EPN, and Ethion (24 hours).]
Other requirements in the notice pertain to exemptions for certin
types of pesticide use, requirements for posted or oral warnings to
workers about to enter fields, and acknowledgement of stricter
standards that may be set by state governments or of more stringent
restrictions appearing on labels.
Key Words: Hat, Shirt, Pants, Socks, Footwear, Coverall, Field worker, Reentry
2-24
-------
Title:
Proceedings of the National Conference on Protective Clothing and
Safety Equipment for Pestlclda Workers 1972 (PC 8)
Author:
Purpose of
Study:
Materials and
Methods:
Results and
Cosaents:
Center for Disease Control
"The purpose of this conference was to assess the current levels of
significance, technology, regulations and acceptance regarding
protective clothing and safety equlpasnt for protection agalnat
harmful effects of pesticides."
Not applicable.
This conference was sponsored by the Federal Working Group on Pest
Management. Titles of the papers presented are given below:
"Effects of Different Kinds of Exposures on Man as Deternlned
Through laboratory Testing"
"Protection of Individuals Who Mlz or Apply Pesticides In the Field"
"Percutaneous Penetration of Pesticides Through Hasan Skin"
"Protective Clothing, Goggles, Gloves and Foot Coverings - Their
Value During Handling"
"Effectiveness of Respirators and Similar Gear for Protection
Against Inhaling Pesticides"
Ventilation and Dust Control Systems to Protect Horkera la Enclosed
Areas"
"Innovations in Pesticide Application Equlpaent That Protect
Uorkero From Exposure to Pesticides"
"Occupational Health and Safety Standards That Apply to Pesticide
Exposure Situations Where Protective Clothing and Safety Equipment
are Needed"
"Regulations Governing Hazardous Chemicals In Loading and
Transportation Operations Where Protective Clothing and Safety
Equipcent Must be Available"
"Rules for Workers in Warehouses Where Storage of Hazardous
Chemicals Necessitates Availability and Use of Protective Clothing
and Safety Equipment"
"Attitudes and Practices of Pesticide Applicatcro Regarding
Necessary Use of Protective Clothing and Safety Equlpaent*
"Pesticide Worker Accidents - What's Happening"
"The Acceptance of Safety Programs"
"The Concern of the Federal Government for the Safety and
Protection of Workers Exposed to Potentially Hazardous Situations"
2-25
-------
PC 8 (Concluded)
Key Words: Glove, Coverall, Shirt, Pants, Socks, Footwear, Coat/Jacket, Head
covering raincoat, Respirator, Particle mask, Face mask, Protective
cream, Penetration retardant, Self-contained suit, Apron, Goggles,
Underwear, Performance criteria, Protection factor, Cotton, Denim,
Rubber, Paper, Applicator, Mixer/Loader, Flagger, Pilot, Field,
Formulator, Factory worker, Dermal, Respiratory, Oral, Parathion,
DDT, Aerial, Air blast, Ultra Low-volume spray, Seed treatment,
Manufacturing/Formulating, Interior use, Spray EC, Spray UP, Dust,
Granular, Fumlgant, Aerosol, Flowable concentrate, Open system,
Closed system, Drift, Celluose pads
2-26
-------
Title: Modern Concepts of Respiratory Protection 1976 (PC 9)
Author: R.N.T. Barraclough
Purpose of
Report: This is a reviev of two methods used to evaluate and select
respiratory protective equipment*
Materials and
Methods: Mot applicable since this is a review article.
Results and
Comments: Two selection methods were examined: the nominal protection
factor method and the filter efficiency method. These methods
differ in the way that equipment effectiveness Is measured.
The nominal protection factor is defined as the ratio of the
concentration of a contaminant present In the ambient
atmosphere to the calculated concentration in the air inhaled
by the wearer of respiratory protective equipment at the
maximum allowed inward leakage. The imnrd leakage occurs at
places such as the facepiece, exhalation valves, and filters.
In order to calculate the nominal protection factor, the
following Information is required for each airborne contaminant:
o concentration and its duration
e maximum permissible concentration (Note: It is not clear
how this information is used.)
In general, the following three types of equipment have the
highest nominal protection factors and are approved for use
against asbestos under the British Asbestos Regulation 1969:
s continuous flow compressed air line breathing apparatus
a fresh air hose breathing apparatus combined with a blower
c positive pressure self contained compressed air breathing
apparatus.
The third type is also very effective for protecting against
dust if a high efficiency filter in employed.
The filter efficiency selection method rates a respirator
according to the efficiency of the filter, or filters, against
specific classes of substances. For example, the Federal
German Comuittee for Respiratory Protective Equipment bases
2-27
-------
PC 9 (Concluded)
Its approval of particulate respirators on the following three
classes of filters, which are specified in terms of Inhalation
resistance and penetration by test aerosols:
• class 2a filters, tested against a fine quartz dust with a
number median diameter of C.79 ^m, provide protection
against those inert aerosols defined according to the
MAK-value list (the definition of the MAK-value was not
given in this article)
e class 2b filters, tested against a paraffin oil mist with a
number median diameter of 0.36 |jim, provide protection
against those dusts defined as "harmful" or "irritant",
having a MAK-value <0.1 mg/m^ or containing asbestos
a class 2c filters, tested against a radioactive tagged
aerosol with a number median diameter of 0.12 jan, provide
protection against those dusts defined as toxic, having a
MAK-value <0.1 mg/m^, or being carcinogenic, radioactive, or
biological.
Compared to the nominal protection factor method the filter
efficiency method has the advantage of demanding less
competence and expense in environmental evaluation. In
addition, the wearer can check whether the respirator is
appropriate for use against the substance to be encountered.
No matter which approach is used, elements such as lightness,
comfort, and freedom of movement allowed to the wearer, should
also be considered when choosing between different equipment of
equivalent performance.
Key Words: Respirator, Protection factor, Respiratory, Dust, Aerosol
2-28
-------
Title: Social and Environmental Costs in Relation to Pesticides
(Undated) (PC 10)
Author: Virgil H. Freed
Purpose of
Study: This paper was intended to enumerate the "external" costs of
pesticide use. No publication name, or audience for the paper,
could be determined.
Materials and
Methods: Not applicable.
Results and
Comments: This paper outlines some of the "external" or Indirect costs
associated with use of pesticides, Including both social and
environmental costs. These indirect costs can result from
alterations in environmental quality or exposure to humans.
The author gives examples. Social costs Include: costs associated
vith acute and chronic toxic effects on nan; social concern of
individuals for their health if exposed to a pesticide chemical; the
time, effort and money expended to resolve the conflicts between
social groups who favor institution of stringent pesticide
regulation and, on the other hand, groups and individuals who
believe that the benefits derived from proper use outweigh the
risks. The author points out that attempts to resolve these issues
have also resulted in Improvement of investigative techniques and
research methods.
There are also social costs resulting from development of resistance
in target organisms, which may have consequences both in food
production and health protection.
Environmental costs are exemplified by such phenomena as
bioaccumulatlon when certain pesticides residues are passed up
through the food chain. In some wildlife species this may cause
distress, for example, lowered reproductive rates.
The author also gives examples of social and environmental costs
resulting from not using pesticides. Without herbicides, poisonous
black nightshade flourishes among pea crops, and the small
nightshade berry, about the size and shape of a pea, could be
harvested and canned along with the peas. In other instances,
insect attack may allow growth of fungi that produce mycotoxlns
poisonous to humans.
The author concludes that there are two distinct types of issues in
considering the costs and regulation of pesticides, namely the
scientific and the soclopolltic. He suggests the two should be
carefully distinguished when determining a course of action on the
use and regulation of pesticides.
Key Words: Costs, Social costs, Environmental costs
2-29
-------
Title:
Repellency and Penetrability of Treated Textiles to Pesticide
Sprays (Undated) (PC 11)
Authors: Freed, V.H., J.E. Davies, L.J. Peters, and F. Parveen
Purpose of
Study: This study was conducted to determine the pesticide repellency of
common textiles which were treated with fluoroallphatic resins and
Scotchgard®. The penetration of a pesticide spray through
textiles treated with Scotchgard®was also studied. A nonwoven
plastic material and a rainwear cloth were sometimes tested for
comparison.
Materials and
Methods: The fabrics used primarily in this study were 100Z cotton and
65/35Z polyester/cotton denim. They were treated with six aqueous
based and five solvent (1,1,1 trichloroethane) based fluoroall-
phatic resins provided by the 3M Company. Scotchgard® treated and
untreated fabrics were used as reference standards. The repel-
lency of treated and untreated fabrics was tested in several
different experiments against cloropyrifos (dursban), dinoseb,
chlorpropham, and pentachlorophenol. The experiments were
designed to determine differences due to type of fabric and
treatment chemical.
Results and
Comments: In general, the aqueous-based formulations provided better
repellency than the solvent-based formulations. The most
effective formulation, an aqueous-based compound named L-1976,
imparted 74Z repellency to cloth against chloropyrifos as compared
to untreated cloth. Scotchgard imparted 63% repellency, which
was not exceeded by any remaining formulation. The experimental
data ranged as follows:
o aqueous based formulations applied to cloth allowed deposits of
2.3-5.8 |ig/cm2 (with a mean value of 3.9) compared to 8.8
pg/cm- on the untreated cloth
e solvent based formulations applied to cloth and air dried
allowed deposits of 9.7-16.1 pg/cm^ (with a mean value of 13.1)
compared to 22.6 pg/cm^ on the untreated cloth
e solvent based formulations applied to cloth and heat-cured
allowed deposits of 9.7-13.7 (with a mean value of 11.8)
compared to 22.6 pg/cm^ on the untreated cloth.
In a study of the effectiveness of Scotchgard®in repelling
different pesticide emulsions (chloropyrifos, dinoseb,
chlorpropham, and pentachlorophenol), treated cloth was more
effective Chan untreated cloth in repelling the pesticides in all
cases except when chlorpropham was used.
2-30
-------
PC 11 (Concluded)
Scotchgarcf^ treatment not only reduced the amount of deposit of
chemical, but very substantially reduced penetration through cloth
sprayed with chemicals, as measured by the amount of chemical
trapped in alpha-celluose pads. The reduction in penetration
ranged from less than 50 percent for chlorpropham (penetration
through polyester was 1.17 and 0.88 fig/cm2, untreated and treated,
respectively) to an over 1,000-fold reduction for pentachloro-
phenol (penetration through polyester was 10.91 and 0.008 pg/cm^,
untreated and treated, respectively). Equally good results were
obtained in an experiment where chemicals were applied to the
cloth in droplets.
In all of the experiments, it was apparent that the penetration of
chemicals was less with 100% cotton fabrics than with the 65/352
blend for all the chemicals used. However, when the fabrics were
r.reated with the various resins they all had nearly the same
repellent properties for each compound.
Key Words: Cotton, Denim, Polyester/Cotton, Spray EC, Penetration retardant,
Permeability
2-31
-------
Title:
Author:
Purpose of
Study:
Minutes frca the 44th meeting of the Federal tforklng Croup oa Peat
Management, April 18, 1973 (PC 12)
Federal Working Group oa Pest Management (FHGPM)
The purpose of this Beeting was to present recommendations
regarding the protection of workers from pesticides.
Materials and
Methods:
Results and
Consents:
Hot applicable.
These olnutes describe eight reconme.-idatlons resulting from the
National Conference on Protective Clcthlng and Safety Equlpaeat
for Pesticide Workers* Comments on t.'ie racomzendatlona were also
provided by the EPA member of the working group.
A suaaary of each specific recommendation and coamtat Is given
belov. The EPA oeaber nade a general consent that since the
recoanendatIons are focused primarily on agricultural pesticides,
additional consideration should be given to Institutional,
dosestic, industrial and commercial use. It was also eaphasized
that protective clothing and safety equipment are secondary to the
proper use and selection of pesticides.
1. Conduct studies on the effectiveness of barrier creams to
reduce hazards of pesticide users.
2. Develop and widely disseminate literature and other training
aids on safety, hazards of use, protective equipment, etc.,
for persons exposed to [estlcideo during production or use.
(It was noted that the listructions and guidelines for safety
equipment and protective clothing is provided by the
manufacturer through the registration process.)
3. Develop a test, evaluation and research program on available
protective clothing and safety equipment designed for
pesticide workers. Recommend that this become a high
priority for N10SH. Encourage Industry to study formulations
that are effective and yet do not penetrate the skin.
4. Conduct a study to determine if safety gear could be
standardized to permit greater Interchange of parte, provide
easier maintenance and repair, and be widely available.
5. Study the feasibility of providing farm wjrkers facilities
for whole-body washing and for change of clothing Immediately
following application of pesticides.
6. Study the need for establishing federal standards for storage
and warehousing of pesticides and publish a manual on their
safe handling.
7. Develop local pesticide disaster teams under official
auspices (such as Civil Defense or fire departments) to
handle emergencies posing a hazard to health or to the
environment.
2-32
-------
PC 12 (Concluded)
8. Re-establish a Cask group to develop a coordinated pesticide
accident and Incident reporting system.
Finally, the members of the Working Group suggested that these
recommendations be sent to appropriate agencies.
Key Words: Protection guidelines
2-33
-------
Title:
Author
Precautions for Handling Galecron® 1978 (PC 13)
Ciba-Geigy Corporation
Purpose of
Study: This Is a Ciba-Geigy publication to inform Galecron®users of the
safe handling procedures and the proper protective measures required.
Materials and
Methods: Hot applicable.
Results and
Comments: Descriptions of the protective clothing and gear recommended by
Ciba-Geigy for Galecron®users are summarized in the following table.
Type of Operation
Protective Clothing and Gear Required
Unloading from delivery
tanker to storage tank
Rubber gloves, respirator1, one-piece
worksuit, cloth o p, rubber apron, and
rubber boots2*
Loading the aircraft
Neoprene gloves, standard vorksuii
and cap, and leather workboots or
rubber boots2.
Cleaning operation
(aircraft, storage
tank, etc.)
Rubber gloves, respirator1, rubberized
rainsuit and hat, and rubber boots2.
Piloting the plane
Leather gloves, respirator1, standard
uorksuit and leather workboots.
(8)
Working around Galecron9
Leather or heavy-duty fabric gloves;
heavy-duty, long-sleeved one-piece work-
suit; underwear; cloth cap; socka; and
heavy-duty, waterproofed workboots-.
Application
Heavy-duty, rubber or neoprene gloves;
respirator1, and waterproofed,
rubberized rainhat, rainsuit and boots2.
^¦Approved pesticide respirator such as Wilson 1200 faceplece equipped
with Wilson R-21 cartridges and R-15 filters.
^Slip-on, lcnee-length, and waterproof.
In addition to proper protective measures, special equipment, as
summarized in the following, should be used for transporting,
applying, and storing of Galecroi^.
2-34
-------
PC 13 (Concluded)
(3)
o Galecron^ must be transported, transferred, and mixed using
closed system equlpaent. A closed system is defined as
appropriate connections, meters, pumps, and plumbing designed to
eliminate human contact. Do not use open mixing vats or tanks,
or open pouring.
e All plumbing connections must be sufficiently tight to prevent
leakage.
e Uae hoses constructed of chemically resistant, heavy-duty,
reinforced materials. Avoid excessive pressures to minimize the
possibility of rupture. If any sign of weakness appears, flush
the hose thoroughly with clean water and replace the hose
immediately.
o Transport and storage vessels, and transfer equipment must be
equipped with dry-break valves.
e Any equipment which has been contaminated with Galecron® must be
thoroughly cleaned and flushed with clean water prior to
maintenance or use for other purposes. Hear appropriate
protective clothing when performing equipment maintenance
operations.
® Aircraft muse be equipped with low drift nozzles.
Furthermore, Ciba-Geigy made the following two recommendations
concernirg application and reentry:
o Do not apply near any person or dwelling. This restriction
eliminates the use of flagmen for marking the spray pattern.
e Do not enter treated fields for at least one day after
application.
Key Words: Galecron®, Glove, Coverall, Socks, Footwear, Head covering,
Respirator, Face mask, Apron, Rubber, Applicator, Pilot,
Mixer/Loader, Field worker
2-35
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Title:
Authors:
Purpose of
Study:
Protective Clothing as a Means of Reducing Nicotine Absorption in
Tobacco Harvesters 1979 (PC 14)
Gehibach, S.H., W.A. Williams, and T.T. Freeman
This study was conducted to determine whether protective clothing
would decrease nicotine absorption and prevent the green tobacco
-sickness syndrome in tobacco harvesters.
Materials and
Methods:
Ten non-smoking male and two female volunteers were separated
into two groups, and picked tobacco on two harvest days. On the
first harvest day, group one wore rubberized nylon rain suits
from 7:00 a.m. until the time when moisture was no longer visible
on the tobacco leaves. The remaining time until the conclusion
of the.days' work at noon, the workers in group one wore the same
conventional clothing as those in group two. The conventional
clothing included long-sleeved shirts and pants of
cotton/polyester blends. On the second harvest day, the pattern
of dress was reversed between the two groups.
Urine samples were collected periodically before, during and
after the harvest. Cotinlne, a major urinary metabolite of
nicotine, was measured by a radioimmunoassay technique. Moisture
on the tobacco leaves was collected with a clean cotton cloth
which was then measured for nicotine content by radioimmunoassay.
Results and
Comments:
The results of this study are summarized in the following:
« nicotine content in tobacco leaf moisture ranged from 13 to
17 fig/ml
o workers without protective clothing had a dramat.'c rise in
cotlnine excretion, beginning the night of the harvest and
peaking durlug the 12-hour collection the next day
e workers with protective clothing showed insignificant amount
of cotinlne excretion
o the cotinlne level varied considerably among workers. The
"protection index," defined as the percentage of cotlnine
reduction with the use of protective clothing, ranged from 0
to 78X. The rainsuit failed to protect one of the harvesters
participating in this study
® none of the workers developed symptoms of tobacco sickness.
The authors concluded that the ralnsults were effective In
reducing nicotine absorption. In addition, the results also
demonstrated that dermal absorption was a major route of nicotine
accumulation. The waterproof ralnsults caused discomfort to
2-36
-------
PC 14 (Concluded)
workers, therefore, the authors recommended that the use of
protective clothing be discontinued for tobacco harvesters when
the tobacco leaves had dried or when it became too warm.
Key Words: Rubber, Cotton, Polyester/Cottor., Coverall, Nicotine, Field
worker, Urine excretion, Nylon
2-37
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Title:
Cotton Quality Study III: Resistance to Soiling 1955
(PC 15)
Author: N.F. Getchell
Purpose of
Study: This Is a review of the nature and mechanisms of the textile
(cotton, especially) soiling process, methods for evaluating
textile soiling characteristics, technologies for textile
soil-resistant treatment, and future research needs.
Materials and
Methods: Hot applicable since this Is a review article.
Results and
Comments: In general, soli accumulated by clothing and household fabric
is a mixture1 of two components: fluid and solid components.
The fluid component, usually an oil or grease, may come from
sources such as unburned liquid fuels, vaporized cooking oil,
lubricating oils, food fats and human skin excretions. Oil
levels reported on domestic personnel items ranged froa 0.25Z
for cotton shirts to 1.2Z for linen collars, based on the
fabric weight. The solid component In fabric soil is made up
of small, generally inert particles which would cause textile
dulling and discoloration when combined with the fluid
component. Dust is a common source of fabric soil. The mass
median diameter of atmospheric dust particles was reported to
be close to IP. For cotton,- only those particles with size
ranging from 0.013 to 0.121* would cause severe laundering
problems. Therefore, the naturally occurring dirt contributes
Insignificantly to fabric soiling under most conditions.
Two mechanisms are Involved In the fabric soiling process:
impingement and retention. Impingement brings the fluid and
solid components together and retention causes then to stay
together as a stable unit. Impingement may result froa forces
such as mechanical, thermal, electrostatic, and gravity.
Retention forces Involved are mechanical entrapment, adhesion,
chemical bonding, electrostatic forces and oil bonding.
Methods for evaluating the soiling and soil-resistant
characteristics of a textile material are the following:
o Detergency evaluation
o Rotary-disk method
o Chopped-flber method
• Particle-count method
o Blower test
o Floor soiling test
e Tumbler test
a Collar test
2-30
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PC 15 (Concluded)
The last four methods were proposed by the AATCC (Association
.of American Textile Chemists and Colorists).
To Impart soil-resistant properties onto the fabric, the
following methods have been used:
o altering color design and fabric construction
e modifying textile fibers by chemical means such as
mercerization, and partial acetylation and carboxymethylatlon
e treating textile surfaces by using additives such as starch,
carboxymethylcellulose, water-repellent chemicals, plastic
coating compounds and crease-resistant formulations. In
addition, presoiling the fabric with colorless fine
particles is also used.
As discussed above, many areas have been investigated in the
ileld of improving textile soil-resistancy. However, for
future research, the following areas should receive more
attention:
o fiber selection and breeding
9 soil-resistancy tests
o fiber modification by chemical means
o textile finishing by using additives
Key Words: Cotton, Soil-resistancy
2-39
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Title:
Personnel Safety and Foliage Residue in An Orchard Spray Program
Using Guthlon and Captan 1978 (PC 16 & 16A)
Authors: Hansen, J.D., B.A. Schneider, B.M. Olive, and J.J. Bates
P rpose of
Study The study was conducted to assess the exposure levels of the
sprayman and other personnel to Guthion (Azinphosmethyl) and
Captan during the spraying operation. In addition, build-up of
these two substances in the foliage after spraying was also
examined.
Materials and
Methods: This study was performed in an eight-acre orchard of apple and
peach trees. A high-pressure piston-type sprayer was used. Three
workers wearing patches of heavy blotter paper, placed both
outside and underneath the protective clothing, were Involved
during the spraying operation. Spraying was generally carried out
from 8 a.m. to noon, six to ten times per season. The protective
clothing and equipment worn by workers included a single unit
denim coverall, a cloth hat, rubber gloves, goggles, and ;•
respirator. Guthion and Captan residues levels were determined
for the paper patches, respirator cartridge filter pads, and
foliage samples. Urine samples were also collected and analyred
to determine the presence of five Guthion metabolites.
Results and
Comments: Dermal and Inhalation exposure levels to Guthion and Captan were
estimated based on the residue levels on paper patch and respira-
tor cartridge filter pad samples. Average dermal exposures for
all workers, without protective clothing, were 1.74 mg/man/hr
(calculated on the basis of 245.7 ^g/patch and total exposure
time) for Guthion and 1.9C mg/man/hr (276.0 jig/patch) Captan.
With protective clothing, the dermal exposures werr Delow
detection (levels unspecified). Average inhalation exposures were
0.024 mg/man/hr and 0.033 mg/man/hr, for Guthion and Captan,
respectively.
Although the exposure levels reported for unprotected workers were
relatively low, the use of protective clothing and a respirator
was still recommended by the authors. In addition, the authors
recommended that exposed skin be washed with soap and water as
soon as possible following exposure.
From the foliage sample analyses, apple foliage had higher levels
of Guthion and Captan residues than did peach foliage. No
significant pesticide build-up in the foliage was observed. By
the tenth day post-application, Guthion residue had been reduced
by 693! and Captan by 50%.
2-40
-------
PC 16 and 16A (Concluded)
Some detailed analysis results are summarized in the following
tables:
Dermal Exposure Level Without Protective Clothing
Type of Worker
Pesticide
Dermal Exposure
mg/man/hr
(ig/patch
Sprayman
Guthion
2.1
300
Captan
2.1
300
Truck driver
Guthion
1.3
186
Captan
1.7
252
Dermal Exposure of A Sprayman at Various Parts of The Body
Pesticide
Parts of Body
/ Dermal Exposure
mg/man/hr
fjg/patch
Guthion
Center back
1.8
258
Shoulders
2.3
327
Thighs
1.0
152
Captan
Center back
2.1
300
Shoulders
2.1
300
Thighs
1.6
228
Pesticide Residue Levels in Foliage After Spraying
Pesticide Level in Foliage, ppm
Time After
Spraying
Guthion
Captan
4 hours
75
80
3 days
43
77
days
24
42
10 days
23
40
In addition, the Guthion metabolite levels in the urine samples
were found to be below the sensitivity level of the analysis
method, 0.0S ppm.
Key Words: Respirator, Coverall, Gloves, Goggles, Denim, Applicator,
Mixer/Loader, Driver, Field worker, Dermal, Respiratory,
High-pressure handgun, Guthion, Captan, Patch study, Paper pads
2-41
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Title:
Respirator Protection Factors 1975 (PC 17)
Author:
Purpose of
Report:
Materials and
Methods:
Results and
Comments:
Edwin C. Hyatt
This study determined tha performance of self-contained breathing
apparatus; full-facepiece, high-efficiency filter respirators;
half-mask high-efficiency filter respirators; and quarter-mask
dust respirators. The report also recommends protection factors
for all types of respirators and gives procedures for applying
them. A protection factor is defined as the ratio of the
concentration of the contaminant in the ambient atmosphere to that
inside the facepiece.
The performance of respirators was determined using quantitative
man tests which measure the average penetration of dloctyl
phthalate (a sodium chloride aerosol was used for tests on
single-use or quarter-mask dust respirators) during five basic
exercises chosen to simulate a wearer's head and facial
movements: (1) normal breathing, (2) deep breathing, (3) turning
head slowly from side to side, (4) moving head up and down,
(5) talking. Anthropometrically selected panels representative of
approximately 95 percent of the U.S. working population consti-
tuted the test subjects on which the respirators were tested.
The report summarizes results of the respirator man-test data and
gives the follow recomendatlons:
o a PF of 10,000 for self-contained breathing apparatus used with
a full facepiece in pressure-demand mode
e a PF of 50 for self-contained breathing apparatus In demand mode
o a PF of 50 for full-facepiece high-efficiency filter respirators
o a PF of 10 for half-mask high-efficiency filter respirators
o a PF of 5 for quarter-mask dust respirators
® a PF of 5 for single-use dust respirators.
Recommendations are also made for a number of respirators for
which there are no performance data; however, the author empha-
sizes that this is an interim method and should only be used until
adequate quantitative data are available for each type of device.
2-42
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PC 17 (Concluded)
A respirator can be selected by knowing the contaminant TLV and
the ambient air concentration. For example, if the ambient air
concentration Is 10 times the TLV, then a respirator with a PF of
10 may be used. Limitations on the use of PFs are noted. The PF
should not be applied if the wearer cannot obtain a satisfactory
facepiece-to-face fit. It is also critical that the respirator be
properly maintained.
Key Words: Protection factor, Respirator, Performance criteria, Respiratory,
Face mask
2-43
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Title:
Author:
Determination of 2,4-D Exposure Received by Forestry
Applicators 1980 (PC 18)
T.L. Lavy (Principal Investigator)
Purpose of
Study:
The purpose of this study was to provide quantitative data to
determine the extent of exposure and dose of 2,4-D to forest
pesticide applicators and other workers under field conditions.
Materials and
Methods:
Results and
Comments:
Each of three helicopter crews participated In two 1-day studies.
In the first study (Ti), ordinary precautions were observed.
Crews followed label Instructions and other legal regulations but
received no additional guidance from research personnel. In the
second test (T2), pilots wore disposable coveralls, normal flying
gloves, and their usual headgear. Mechanics, batchman-loaders,
and supervisors wore disposable coveralls, chemically Impervious
gloves and boots, and clean hats. Observers wore disposable
coveralls, cotton or rubber gloves, and clean hats. Total times
for loading and spraying 100 acres (1,000 gal. of spray) ranged
from 41 to 78 minutes. Denim patches and battery-powered air
samplers were attached to each worker. Total urine output, from
two days before to five days after spraying, was collected.
Dermal Exposure:
(Tj) - the ^.itlmated dermal exposure for the 18 workers ranged
from "not detected* (<0.0037) 08/^8 to C.0911 mg/kg with an
average of 0.0115 mg/kg.
(T2) - the estimated dermal exposure In the second test ranged
from "not detected" to 0.0216 mg/kg with an average of
0.0035 mg/kg.
Inhalation Exposure:
Only two workers In showed detectable amounts of Inhalation
exposure as measured by their air samplers (0.0001 and 0.0003
mg/kg worker) No worker in T2 showed any Inhalation exposure.
Urine Samples:
(T^) - the quanlty of 2,4-D excreted ranged from "not detected"
to 0.0557 mg/kg with an average of 0.0084 mg/kg.
(T2) - the quanlty of 2,4-D excreted range from "not detected"
to 0.0237 mg/kg with an average of 0.0045 mg/kg.
Since the "no observed effects level (NOEL)" for reproductive
toxicity for 2,4-D Is 24 mg/kg, the safety factor for even the
most exposed worker was over 1,000, even under T^ conditions.
Key Words: 2,4-D, Forestry, Mixer/Loader, Pilot, Field worker, Aerial, Dermal
Respiratory, Patch study, Denim pads
2-44
-------
Title: Systemic Absorption of Pesticides through the Skin of Man
1974 (PC 19)
Authors: Malhuch, H.I., and R. Feldman
Purpose of
Study: This study waa conducted to determine how the systevlc
absorption (or penetration) of pesticides through skin vmld be
affected by factors such as surface concentration, anatomic
variation, duration of occlusion, damaged skin, use of gloves
and barrier crean, skin color, and cleaning after exposure.
Materials and
Methods: Acetone solutions of labelled pesticides were applied onto
the skin of six men, at a dose of 4 ^g/cm? except in the
concentration studies. The systemic absorption was determined
by analysis of the urine samples collected. The eajor
pesticides studied Included parathlon, malathlon, and
carbaryl. Gloves studied Included rubber, canvas and cotton
ones.
Results and
Comments: The results and recommendations of this study are summarized In
the following:
o thirteen pesticides were studied to determine their
penetration potentials (or abaorption). Dlquat had the
least penetration, 0.4Z of the applied dose, while carbaryl
had the highest, 73.9Z
o parathlon and lindane were used to study the pesticide
concentration effect, in the dose range of 4 to 2000
jig/cm^, the penetratlop (or absorption) of parathlon (i.e.,
the quantity of parathlon absorbed) increased almost
linearly with the dose, while the percent of the applied
dose absorbed remained fairly constant. Lindane also shows
an increased penetratlou versus dose relationship, however,
the percent absorption actually decreased
o thirteen anatomic regions were studied for parathlon
absorption, and nine were studied for malathlon and
carbaryl. Enormous differences existed In pesticide
absorption among sites. The forearm showed the least
absorption, while the scrotum showed the highest, almost
twelve-fold as much as the absorption into the forearm
o nine pesticides were studied for the effect of occlusion of
exposed area on absorption through skin. Saran wrap was
used as the occluding device. The results showed that
occlusion Increased the skin absorption from a minimum of
three-fold for diquat to a maximum of ten-fold for
malathlon, dleldrln, and lindane. In addition, skin
absorption Increased with the duration of occlusion,
doubling In two hours, tripling in four hours, and quadrup-
ling in eight hours. This result suggested that the
duration of occlusion (use of protective clothing) should be
decreased if the skin had been contaminated by pesticides
2-45
-------
o seven pesticides were examined In the study of skin
absorption, while the skin is damaged. The skin was damaged
by removing the outerlayers with a cellophane tape. Onder
the damaged condition, absorption Increased from four- to
ten-fold as compared to the undamaged skin. This result
suggested that workers with damaged skin should receive more
careful instructions in protection than those with undamaged
skin
o parathlon and malathlon were involved in the skin color
study. Absorption results showed no correlation with the
skin color of the worker
e parathlon and baygon were used to study the absorption
effect of the use of gloves when the skin is contaminated.
Cloves of rubber, canvas and cotton uaterials were examined.
The results showed that cotton gloves allowed the least
absorption, 111 of the applied dose in the case of baygon
o eight pesticides were Involved In the "washing" study.
Washed locally with either Boap and water or rubbing
alcohol, the skin absorption did not show significant
decrease. Washing studies were also conducted for xylene
solutions of pesticides. The results showed that it was
more difficult to remove the pesticide when applied as a
xylene solution. In addition, absorption results also
showed that showering was no more effective than local
washing with soap and watir
© three barrier creams, one petrolatum and two silicone
formulations, were examined to determine their protection
effectiveness. Nona of these shoved significant protection
against pesticide penetration.
Gloves, Cotton, Rubber, Protective cream, Absorption, Dermal,
Pamthlon, Malathlon, Carbaryl, Urine excretion, Diquat,
Lindane, Baygon, Penetration factor
2-46
-------
Tide:
Author:
NIOSH/CSHA Draft Technical Standard and Support Documentation for
Chlorinated Camphene undated (PC 20)
NIOSH/OSHA
Purpose of
Study:
This Is a draft standard concerning the safe use and handling of
camphene. Major topics covered include the following:
(1) measurement of worker exposure; (2) respiratory protection;
(3) dermal and eye protection; (4) spills; and (5) training, medical
surveillance, and record keeping. Only items (2) and (3) will be
covered in this summary.
Materials
and Methods: Not applicable.
Results and
Comments: The table on the following page summarizes the respiratory
protective equipment required in this draft standard for the
handling and use of chlorinated camphene.
For dermal exposure, workers should use impervious clothing, gloves,
face shields (8 inch minimum) and other appropriate protective
clothing necessary to prevent slcin contact to chlorinated camphene.
Clothing contaminated with chlorinated camphene should be properly
stored until laundering.
For eye protection, employees should use splash-proof safety goggles
(cup-cover type dust and splash safety goggles).
Key Words: Chlorinated camphene, Respiratory, Dermal, Respirator, Goggles, Face
mask, Particle mask, Gloves, Standards
2-47
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PC 20 (Concluded)
Table 1
Respiratory Protection Requirement
For Chlorinated Camphene
Dust or Mist
Concentration
Permissible Respiratory
Protection
< 5 mg/m3
Cartridge and dust and mist filter, any
supplied-alr respirator.
£ 25 agfn?
Organic vapor cartridge and high efficiency
filter. A gas mask with a chin style or
front or back mounted organic vapor canister
with high efficiency filter. Any
supplied-alr respirator with a full
faceplece, helmet or hood. Any
self-contained breathing apparatus with a
full faceplece.
S 500 mg/m^
Organic vapor cartridge and high efficiency
particulate filter. A type C (Type C was
not specified) supplied-alr respirator with
a full faceplece operated In pressure-demand
or other positive pressure mode or with a
full faceplece, hood, or helmet operated In
continuous flow mode.
> 500 mg/rn^
or entry and
escape from unknown
concentrations
A combination respirator which includes a
Type C supplied-demand or other positive
pressure or continuous flow node and an
auxiliary self-contained air supply operated
In presmire-demand or other positive
pressure mode.
Fire fighting
Conditions
Self-contained breathing apparatus with a
faceplece operated in pressure-demand or
other positive pressure mode.
2-48
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Title:
(1) Equal Opportunity Guidelines Proposed on Excluding Women from
Hazardous Jobs; (2) Labor, Religious Groups to Combat Cyanamid
Policy on Women Workers; (3) $10,000 Fine Proposed for American
Cyanamid in Sterilization Case 1980 (PC 21)
Author:
Occupational Health and Safety Letter
Purpose of
Study:
These three articles are brief news items concerning women workers
working in hazardous jobs*
Materials and
Methods:
Mot applicable.
Results and
Contents:
Article (1)
The Labor Department had proposed regulations to enforce equal
employment opportunity laws for jobs involving exposure to hazardous
substance. Under the guidelines, employer had to consider the
mutagenic effects in male workers as well as the teratogenic effects
in females in their employment and placement policies. This article
gave a summary of the guidelines.
Articles (2) and (3)
American Cyanamid Co. had been charged by OS HA, and labor and
religious organizations for adopting an exclusionary policy
requiring women to undergo sterilization in order to retain their
produceion-llne jobs Involving high lead exposure. 0SHA had
proposed a $10,000 penalty against the company. The religious and
labor organizations were pressing the company to review its
exclusionary policy and to list current and former employees who
were affected by the policy. These two articles gave the history
and the present status of the case.
Key Words: Lead, Equal Employment Opportunity
2-49
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Title: Reduction of Dermal Exposure of the Operator In Pesticide
Application Through the Development of Functional Apparel 1979
(PC 22)
Authors: Orlando, J., A. Hewitt, and G. Ayers
This is a technical proposal. See PC 96 for the results of the
study.
2-50
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Title:
Emergency Temporary Standard for Exposure to Organophosphorus
Pesticides 1973 (PC 23)
Author:
Federal Register, May 1, 1973 pp. 10715-10720
Purpose of
Study:
This proposed OSHA standard (See Title), which ms subsequently
revised (See PC 24), covers the areas of (1) application, (2) field
reentry, (3) warnings, (4) use and care of protective clothing and
equipment, (5) sanitation, and (6) medical services and first-aid.
There is also a section describing and reporting the approval of
the California state plan for enforcement of state standards.
Materials and
Methods: Not applicable.
Results and
Comments: This summary will only cover field reentry and the use and care of
protective clothing and equipment.
Table 1 gives the field reentry Intervals in days for crops treated
with organophosphorous pesticide. Employees may be permitted to
enter a field before the expiration of the field reentry safety
interval prescribed in Table 1, provided the employees are
protected with suitable protective clothing and equipment, as given
in Table 2.
2-51
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PC 23 (Continued)
Table 1
Field Reentry Safety Intervals In Days for Crops
Treated with Organophosphorous Pesticides
Oranges,
Lesont
, and
Peaches
Crapes
Tobacco
Apples
Grapefruits
Dry
Wet
Dry
Wet
Dry
Wet
Dry
Wet
Dry
Wet
Area
Area*-
Area
Area1
Area
Area1
Area
Area1
Area
Area1
Aslnphosnethyl
(Guthlon)
14
5
10
5
14
5
5
5
5
5
Carbophenothlon
(Trltlon)
14
5
14
5
14
5
-
-
5
5
Deaetoo (Systox)
S
5
5
S
5
5
-
-
5
5
Diaslnon
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
Dlaethoate (Cygon)
2
2
-
-
-
-
2
2
2
2
Dloxathlon (Delnav)
2
2
2
22
2
2
2
2
Dlsulfoton
(DISyston)
-
-
-
-
3
3
-
-
-
-
EPN
14
5
10
5
10
5
-
-
5
5
Ethlon
14
5
8
5
8
5
-
-
5
• 5
Imldan (Prolate)
-
-
2
2
2
2
-
-
2
2
Malathlon
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
Methyl psrathlon
-
-
10
5
14
5
5
5
5
5
Mevlnphos
(Phosdrln)
5
5
5
5
5
5
-
-
5
5
Monocrotophos
(Azodrln)
-
-
-
-
-
-
5
5
-
-
Naled (Dibroa)
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
-
-
Oxydemethonaethyl
(Meta-Systox R)
5
5
5
5
5
5
-
-
-
-
Psrathlon
14
5
10
5
14
5
7A2
5A2
5B3
5
5
Phoealone (Zolone)
-
-
-
-
10
5
-
-
S
5
Phosphamldon
(Dloecron)
14
5
-
-
-
-
-
-
5
5
TEPP
3
3
3
3
-
-
-
-
3
3
Trlchlorofon
(Dylox)
2
2
•
1An area where moderate rainfall has occurred, or a moderate wash has been applied
after pesticide application.
- Plant bed toba<*co«
3B - Field tobacco.
2-52
-------
PC 23 (Concluded)
Table 2
Hi ill mum Protection fox Employees Entering Fields Prior to the
Expiration of Field Reentry Safety Intervals Specified in Table 1
If the principal route of
exposure to the employee
is expected to be by:
Inhalation and/or
ingestion
Skin
The employee shall be required to wear
and shall be given instructions for the
proper use of:
Approved reusable or single use duat
respirator;1 or approved chemical
cartridge respirator or gas mask.!>2
Coveralls or other whole body coverings
gloves, hat, and impermeable shoe
covering.^
^-Respirators approved by the U.S. Department of Health, Education, and
Welfare (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health) and U.S.
Depart-Jient of Interior (Bureau of Mines), under the provisions of 30 CFR
Part 11).
^To be used where the pesticides disulfoton, parathlon, TEPP, and methyl
parathion are eucountered.
3The protective clothing provided shall be a washable, closely woven fabric
to prevent contact with the pesticide.
Key Words: Organophosphorous pesticides, Standards, Reentry, Dermal,
Respiratory, Fruit crop, Tobacco
2-53
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Title:
Emergency Temporary Standard for Exposure to Organophosphorus
Pesticides 1973 (PC 24)
Author: (Federal Register, June 29, 1973 pp 17214-17216)
Purpose of
Study: This article reports:
• The results of a reconsideration of the stated standard,
published on May 1, 1973, (See PC 23) as a consequence of
comments received from the public. The general findings of this
reconsideration Here (1) that certain pesticides listed in the
standard are not necessarily highly toxic and (2) that the
published standard was broader than necessary as it applied to
those pesticides which are not considered highly toxic and In
the manner In which it attempted to protect workers from
pesticides which are considered highly toxic.
o Major differences between the original standard and the new
version of this standard.
o The test of the revised emergency temporary standard for
exposure to organophosphorus pesticides.
Key Words: Organophosphorus pesticides, Standards
2-54
-------
Title:
OSHA Standards Cover Protective Clothing for Farm Workers
1973 (PC 25)
Author:
Purpose of
Study:
Key Words:
(Pesticide Chemical News, May 2, 1973)
This brief note reports the OSHA Emergency Temporary Standard for
worker. exposed to organophosphorus pesticides published May 1,
1973. (See PC 23 and PC 24). This standard vas significantly
modified in June 1973.
Organophosphorus pesticides, Standards
2-55
-------
Title:
Occupational Health Units Giving Closer Scrutiny to Toxic
Chemicals 1973 (PC 26)
Author:
Pesticide Chemical Nevs
Purpose of
Study:
Materials and
Methods:
Results and
Comments:
This Is a brief nevs article concerning the responsibility of
NIOSH under the Occupational Safety and Health Act.
Not applicable-
Under the Occupational Safety and Health Act, NIOSH recommends
standards to OSHA which may subsequently publish and enforce
regulations developed from NIOSH recommendations.
In 1973 (the article was dated In 1973), NIOSH was proceeding to
propose to the Department of Labor new standards regarding toxic
chemicals and protective clothing. Prior to passage of the Act,
NIOSH developed voluntary standards for chemical Threshold Limit
Values (TLV), which were Intended for long-term exposure. They
were adopted and enforced by OSHA after the law was enacted.
However, as pointed out in this article, "at TLV levels, some 30Z
of the chemicals were Irritants and 7Z were.covered as matters of
good housekeeping, rather than as health hazards."
Key Words:
Threshold Limit Values (TLV), NIOSH
2-56
-------
Title:
Author:
Purpose of
Study:
None given 1973 (PC 27)
Pesticide Chemical News
This la a brief news Item concerning the responsibility of NIOSH
towards the development of protective clothing standards.
Materials and
Methods:
Results and
Comments:
Not applicable.
Since this is a
below:
brief article,
it Is reproduced
in its entirety
"NIOSH (National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health) has
decided it will take governmental leadership on development of
standards for protective clothing for pesticide applicators. The
standards assume crucial importance in the light of efforts by
both EPA and the Labor Department's Occupational Safety and
Health Administration to require such clothing when workers must
enter fields before reentry periods have elapsed."
Key Words: NIOSH, Reentry, Standards
2-57
-------
Title:
The Permeability of Protective Clothing Materials to Benzene
Vapor 1980 (PC 28)
Authors:
Purpose of
Study:
Sansone, E.B., and Y.B. Tevari
Tills study was performed to determine the permeability coeffi-
cients of protective clothing materials to benzene vapor.
Materials and
Methods:
Benzene vapor was generated by the controlled passage of
pre-dried air over the liquid surface* The desired vapor
concentration was obtained by diluting the vapor-laden air with
an auxiliary air source.
The protective clothing materials tested were neoprene, nitrile,
polyethylene, PVC, natural rubber, neoprene plus natural rubber,
and butyl rubber. All were latex-dipped except polyethylene.
A diagram of the permeability test apparatus is given in this
article. It was made from stainless steel with the protective
clothing material as the partition membrane. One side of the
membrane was exposed to an air stream (10 cm^/min) containing a
known concentration of benzene. The benzene vapor which
penetrated the membrane was continuously removed by an air
stream. The benzene vapor was condensed and collected by
the air stream through n-octane at 5°C and followed by GC
analysis.
The permeability coefficient was calculated by multiplying the
diffusion coefficient and the solubility coefficient. The
diffusion coefficient was determined according to an equation
given in this article, using data such as the amount of vapor
wnlch penetrated, thickness of the membrane and time. The
solubility coefficient was calculated by dividing mass of the
vapor dissolved in the membrane at equilibrium by the mass of the
vapor free membrane. The former quantity was obtained by
weighing the membrane periodically during the test until a
constant weight had been achieved.
Results and
Comments:
The diffusion coefficients (D) and solubility coefficient (S) for
the protective clothing materials were reported for two ."-¦-it
benzene concentrations: 0.032 fxg/cm^ (10 ppm) and 360 jig,
(—1200 ppm). The permeability coefficients (P) were then
calculated by multiplying D and S. At 0.032 ^e/cm^ (10 ppm),
butyl rubber, with a P val'.e of 4.4 X 10~*2 cm^/sec was superior
to other protective clothxng materials for which P ranged from
4.5 X 10-J-1 to 5.5 X 10"10 cm2/sec.
The authors, In this article, also explained how to use D and S
to estimate exposure to benzene vapor when a worker wore
2-58
-------
PC 28 (Concluded)
protective clothing. The cutaneous exposure can be estimated by.
using the following formula:
total exposure in pig ¦» S«D<^C«A*t/£
where
S ¦* solubility coefficient, g/g
D = diffusion coefficient, cm^/sec
C » concentration gradient
2 ambient concentration, pg/cm^
(Note: The authors used mol/cm^ for AC, however, It Is
more convenient to use jig/cm^ here because no unit
conversion would be involved* In addition, the In the
formula vas left cut In the article.)
A » surface area of worker, 1.8 X 10^ ca?/person
t ¦ total exposure time, sec
2 » thickness of protective clothing, cm
Natural rubber, one of most permeable membranes tested in this
study, had a D value of 3 X 10~8 cm2/sec and an S value of 1.4 X
10"2 g/g at an ambient benzene concentration of 0.032 lig/ca^. If
the worker were wearing a 10 mil (0.0254 cm) thick suit for a
full 8-hour shift (2.88 X 10* sec), the total benzene exposure
would be 0.3 ^g. The same worker, without respirator protective
equipment, would be exposed through inhalation to 0.16g of
beaezene if the breathing rate was assumed to be 15 min~l and a
tidal volume cf to be 700 cm^. This suggested that, at low vapor
concentrations, exposure via the respiratory tract is likely to
be of more importance than exposure via the skin if the worker
were suitably clothed. (Note: this article left out "2" (the
membrane thickness) at several places in the text.)
Key Words: Penetration factor, Rubber, Polyvinyl, Dermal, Benzene, Permeability,
Polyethylene, Nitrlle, Neoprene
2-59
-------
Title:
Authors:
Purpose of
Study:
The Permeability of Laboratory Gloves to Selected Solvents
1978 (PC 29)
Sansone, E.B. and Y.B. Tewari
This study was conducted to determine the permeability of
commercial gloves to several common solvents.
Materials and
Methods:
The commercial gloves examined in this study Included materials
such as natural rubber, PVC, polyvinyl alcohol, nitrile, neoprene,
and a mixture of neoprene and natural rubber. Twenty-three
commonly used solvents were tested. None were pesticides.
The permeation cell was made from glass o-ring joints with the
glove material partitioning than into two compartments: one con-
tained double-distilled delonlzed water, and the other contained
the solvent tested, i.e., the permeant. Samples were extracted
periodically from the water side with a microsyringe, and were
analyzed by a gas chroaatograph.
Results and
Comments:
The results and conclusions of this study are summarized in the
following:
e overall, the polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) glove material gave the
best performance, and the PVC material gave the worst. For PVA,
only four solvents out of the twenty-three tested had more than
10% penetrated half an hour after assembling the permeation
cell. For PVC, there were seventeen solvents. (Note: The
investigators did not standardize the rubber thickness in this
test; PVA had a thickness of 0.4 mn while PVC had 0.2 mm.)
o for the alcohols tested, neoprene and nitrile gloves gave the
best performance
o the performance of gloves for protecting against solvents
Improved with the increasing thickness of the glove material
o when working with hazardous materials, gloves should be
discarded immediately after overt contamination, and should not
be reused.
Key Words: Glove, Rubber, Polyvinyl, Solvent, Penetration factor, Nitrile,
Neoprene, Permeability
2-60
-------
Title:
Penetration of Protective Clothing Materials by
l,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane, Ethylene Dlbromide, and
Acrylonitrite 1978 (PC 30)
Authors:
Sanson, E.B., and Y.B. levari
Purpose of
Study:
This study was conducted to determine the penetrability of six
commercial glove materials by three potential carcinogens. Only
a brief summary is given in this article.
Materials and
Methods: The glove materials tested were 0.4 am nztvral rubber, 0.4 mm
neoprene, 0.5 mm mixture of natural rubber and neoprene, 0.2 ¦
PVC, 0.4 mm polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and 0.4 mm nitrlle. The
three chemicals tested were l,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP),
ethylene dlbromide (EDB), and acrylonitrlle (AN).
The description of the penetration test apparatus was not given
in this article.
Results and
Comments:
Key Words:
Except for AN, the results shoved that measurable penetration
(about 10-6 volume percent in the collection medium) usually
occurred after five minuteB. After four huurs, substantial
penetration through the glove aaterlals wav observed for all
three chemicals, from 10-4 t0 several volume percent.
The chemicals tested could be absorbed through the skin readily.
The authors recommended that gloves aad protective clothing ba
discarded immediately after they oecama contaminated. Further-
store, they also cautioned that these glove materials would be
unsuitable if these chemicals were carcinogenic.
Clove, Rubber, Polyvinyl, Penetration factor, Permeability,
Neoprene, Nitrlle
2-61
-------
Title: The Industrial Environment—Its Evaluation and Control
Chapter 36: Personal Protective Devices 1973 (PC 31)
Author: Harry F. Schulte
Purpose of
Study: This Is a review article describing various types of personal
protective devices and the conditions under which they should be
used in industrial envirouments.
Results and
Comments: This review article is «» summary of information found in 20
references. The section headings are as follows:
o General Philosophy
e Protection Agalust Inhalation Hazards
- Where Used
- Approval Systems and Schedules
- Particle-Removing Air Purifying Respirators
Applications and Functions
Limitations
Facepleces
Filters
Special Purpose Respirators
- Gas and Vapor-Removing Air Purifying Respirators
Applications
limitations
Facepleces
Sorbents
Types
- Atmosphere Supplying Respirators
Applications
Facepleces
Hose Types
Self-contained Breathing Apparatus
Combination Types
Sources of Air or Oxygen
Maintenance
Special Topics
Worker Acceptance Factors
Training
Heat Problems
Communications
Codes and Sources of Information
2-62
-------
PC 31 (Concluded)
- A Respirator Program for Industry
Determination of Need
Selection of Equipment
Training
Supervision and Enforcement
Inspection
Maintenance
Storage
Management Interest
• Protection Against Noise
- Air Plugs or Insert Devices
- Ear Muffs
- Plugs or Muffs?
- Evaluation
o Protection of Skin and Body
- Protection Against Contamination
- Protection Against Corrosive Chemicals
- Protection Against Skin Penetration
- Protection Against Heat and Cold
e Emergencies
o Standards and information
o References
Keys Words: Respirator, Self-contained 9uit, Ear protection
2-63
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Title:
Some Factors Influencing the Design of Fabrics for Protective
Garments for Pesticide Field Workers Undated (PC 32)
Authors: Serat, W.F. and A.J. Van Loon
Purpose of:
Study:
Materials and
Methods:
This study was performed to determine the penetration of pesticide
sprays through cotton or cotton/polyester materials.
Fabrics examined in this study included the following:
• Treated cotton (by fluorocarbon polymers) ar.d 1:1
cotton/polyester, either woven or knitted Jersey.
• Untreated cotton and 1:1 cotton/polyester, either woven or
knitted jersey.
o Unwoven fabrics such as perforated spun bonded polypropylene by
du Pont, nylon reinforced paper by Kimberly Clark and olefinic
fiber-tissue laminate by Crown Zellerbach.
Patches of these fabrics, 10.16 cm squares were underlaid with
cheese cloth, aluminum foil, paper and another layer of foil.
These patches were attached to a board which was then placed between
orange trees, two rows over from the spray applicator, during ethyl
parathlon and Kelthane® (l,l-bls(p-chlorophenyl-
2,2,2-trichloroethanol) application. Some of these patches were
further exposed to dislodged foliar residues 24 hours after
pesticide application. This was accomplished by placing the patches
under randomly selected trees and shaking the branches to simulate
worker exposure to pesticide residues on foliage.
The pesticide-contaminated patches were then analyzed for ethyl
parathlon, ethyl paraoxon (photodegradation product of ethyl
parathlon), and Kelthane®.
Results and
Comments: The findings of this study are summarized in the following:
« Parathlon residues from spray application disappeared rapidly
from fabrics by either evaporation or photochemical process,
while Kelthane® appeared more firmly bound to the fabric.
o The fabrics of tighter construction such as woven
cotton/polyester, showed higher parathlon penetration rhan the
fabrics of looser construction such as knitted or woven cotton,
and knitted cotton/polyester. The authors demonstrated that
parathlon penetration was related to the fabric and,
consequently, the degree of capillary transport of liquids.
• Treated cotton fabrics showed less parathlon penetration than
untreated ones. However, treated woven cotton/polyester fabrics
showed an increased parathlon penetration as compared to the.
untreated ones.
2-64
-------
PC 32 (Continued)
(3)
o Kelthane sprays showed very little penetration, presumably
because the pesticide would bind to the fabrics. Fluorocarbon
treatment would further reduce the penetration*
o In general, the penetration by dislodged pesticide residues from
foliage, related directly to the &ir permeability of the fabric.
The following tables summarize some of the penetration results
presented in this article:
Table 1 Mean Values of Penetration by Percent of Sprayed Parathion
and Kelthane?® Through Knitted and Woven Fabrics
Treated
Fabric
Untreated
Parathion Kelthane®
FC
Parathion
210*
Kelthao^®
FC 218*
Parathion Kelthane^*
Cotton jersey
17
0.9
20
0.1
38
0.3
Cotton-
polyester
source 1
source 2
39
34
2.0
2.4
28
36
0.2
0.3
38
36
0.5
C.6
Cotton
20
1.6
18
0.4
11
0.3
Polyester
crosstuck
jersey
28
0.6
5
0.2
14
0.3
1
Average
28
1.5
21
0.2
27
0.4
j, —
Fluorocarbon polyisera produced by 3M.
2-65
-------
PC 32 (Concluded)
Table 2 Mean Values of Percent of Penetration by Foliar Residues of
Parathlon and Kelthane Through Knitted and Uoven Fabrics
'
Treated
Fabric
Untreated
Parathlon Kelthane^
FC 210*
Parathlon Kelthane®
FC 218«
Parathlon Kelthane^
Cotton
jersey
39
32
24
26
32
35
Cotton-
polyester
source 1
source 2
21
37
8
30
9
31
6
26
16
27
14
24
Cotton
42
25
10
8
23
19
Polyester
crosstuck
Jersey
36
14
25
27
32
28
Average
35
20
19
26
24
Fluorocarbon polymers produced by 3H.
Table 3 Mean values of Percent of Penetration by Parathlon and Kelthand®
Through Nonwoven Fabrics
Percent
Penetration
Fabric
Spray
Parathlon
Foliar Residue
Spray
Kelthan^®
Foliar Besldue
Oleflolc flber-tlsoue
laminate, by DuPont
Type 1
Type 2
4
19
1.9
7.1
0.05
0.30
1.7
4.0
Paper based, nylon
reinforced, by
Kloberly Clark
6
1.8
0.10
1.4
Spun bonded polypro-
pylene, by Crown
Zellerbach
Type 1
Type 2
15
62
lot
given
43.0
0.50
1.00
3.5
35.0
Key Words: Ethyl parathlon, Exposure residue values, Penetration, Cotton,
Polyester/Cotton, Air blast, Kelthane®, Fabric finish, Patch study
2-66
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Title:
Personnel Protective Equipment for l,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane
(DBCP) 1978 (PC 33)
Author:
B.J. Skowronskl
Purpose of
Study:
This is an internal letter of Low Chemical, summarizing the results
of permeation of DBCP through various protective clothing
materials* DBCP is used as a soil fumigant.
Materials
Methods:
and
The author provided two sets of dala on DBCP permeation through
various protective clothing materials. The first set of data ware
recent permeation results for seven protective clothing materials •
The data in the second set were permeation rate results obtained in
1957 by the Plasties Technical Service Laboratory of Dow Chemical.
Three types of boots, two types of gloves, and two clothing
materials were tested against DBCP, in both liquid and vapor forms.
Results and
Comments:
From the data given in the first set, protection against DBCP in
decreasing order is given in the following table:
Protective Clothing
Penetration Time Minute
Permeation mg/in^
Edmont-Wllson
Wet wear
400-2 layer
67
19.4
Polyamlnated
Tyvek Durafab
P-2120
60
1.32
Spunbound
Olefin
Durafab
60
1.75
Edmont-Wllson
Wet wear 400
67
3.25
PVC Coated
cloth J0MAC
67
19.4
The PVC JOMAC #312 Glove har* a penetration of 0.1 mg/ln^ after 4
hours of exposure. The PV. Servus #61203 Boot hal no detectable
penetration after 4 hours. (Note: The author did not provide any
Information on the thickness of these materials.)
2-67
-------
FC 33 (Concluded)
The data In the second set are summarized in the following table:
Protective Clothing
Thickness, mil
Permeation Rate, mg/mln/ln'
Vapor
Liquid
Boots
Red boot by
39-42
0.009
0.004
National Safety
Product
B.iack boot
13-13.5
0.01
0.14
Blue vinyl boot
8.0-8.5
0.04
0.76
Cloves
U.S. rubber glove
28-30
0-004
0.32
Wash right glove
15-18
0.02
0.90
Clothing Materials
Polyethylene S00 G
39-41
0.001
0.003
Saran A517
2.2
0.001
0.007.
(Note: These materials all had different thlcknessou.)
The author further commented on Saranex IS (4 mil thick) and
polyethylene (3 mil thick). Saranex IS was found to be nuch
superior to polyethylene. Saranex IS required more than S hours for
penetration of 0.01 mg/in? DBCP and 19 hours for 0.0S mg/ln^, while
polyethylene allowed 0.05 mg/in^ penetration in 10 minutes.
For respiratory protection, the author indicated thac any organic
vapor canister should be adequate for one day during the application
of DBCP as a soil fumigant.
Ke/ Words: Dibromochloropropane (DBCP), Dermal, Reaplrtory, Glove, Footwear,
Respirator, Polyvinyl, Rubber, Applicator, Permeability
2-68
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Title:
U.S. Army Natick R&D Command Makes Protective Clothing for EPA
1979 (PC 34)
Author:
Pest Control
Purpose of
Study:
This is a nevs article to introduce a new protective clothing system
which was designed for EPA spill response personnel.
Materials and
Methods: Not applicable.
Results and
Comments: EPA asked NARADCOM (U.S. Army Natick Research and Development
Command) to design a protective clothing system which could protect
EPA personnel even in the most toxic environment. The resulting
light weight and compact protective suit vas made of butyl rubber,
and completely encapsulated the vearer. This suit had the following
two major features:
e undershirt, cap, and the suit had water channels connected to a
heat exchanger in which cool water circulated to keep the wearer
cool
e a rebreather unit on the front of the suit removed carbon dioxide
from exhaled air and supplemented it with fresh oxygen. This
unit was good for 45 minutes.
Under this EPA contract, 11 prototype suits were made. This
protective clothing system would be useful to both military and
industry where personnel might be exposed to toxic substances
through dermal or respiratory routes.
Key Words: Self-contained suit, Rubber
2-69
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Title:
Authors:
Purpose of
Study:
Permeation of Protective Garment Material by Liquid Benzene
1979 (PC 35)
Weeks, R.W. and Mia J. McLeod
The purpose of this study was to determine the resistance of
various samples of glove material to liquid benzene.
Materials and
Methods:
Samples of 30 different materials were subjected to the following
experiments:
A - Sample weight change: Each sample was weighed, submerged in
benzene at 23°C for seven days, removed, blotted dry, and
reweighed.
B - Sample volume change: The change in volume of (sample +
solvent) was measured. The solvent vas then decanted and the
change in sample volume recorded.
Submersion times ranged from 1 to 24 hours.
C - Permeation of benzene through sample: Each sample separated a
temperature-controlled compartment of benzene from one of
water. The amount of benzene In water was determined as a
function of time by UV spectrophotometry.
Results and
Comments:
Experiment A - Materials tested fell into one of three categories,
viz.:
(1) net weight loss: vinyl
(2) net weight gaiis<10X: Vlton, polyethylene, Teflon, and Tyvek®
(white)
(3) net weight gain <30Z: nltrile, natural latex, chlorinated
latex, neoprene, butyl, and composite materials
Experiment B -
(1) volume change of (sample + solvent) was negligible (<2%)
(2) coated/bonded materials all increased <1002. Non-bonded
materials all increased 100Z with the exception of
polyethylene, Teflon, and Viton. Vinyl (PVC) was the only
material to decrease (-18Z) in volume. All data above refer
to immersion for 24 hot>rs.
Experiment C - breakthrough times per mil of thickness, as
measured by a concentration of 0.5 ppo benzene in
water, ranged from 0.028 coin (natural latex) to
>10 min (Teflon).
Key Words: Clove, Permeation, Benzene
2-70
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Title:
Permeation of Glove Materials by Physiologically Harmful
Chemicals 1979 (PC 36)
Author:
J.R. Williams
Purpose of
Study:
Thin study was conducted to determine the permeation rates and
breakthrough times of four chemicals through several glove materials.
Materials and
Methods: The permeation rates and breakthrough times through 11 commercially
available gloves were determined for benzene, l,4-dichloro-2-butene
(DCB), carbon tetrachloride, and chloroprene. The glove materials
tested included neoprene, PVC, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and a
copolymer of acrylonitrile and butadiene (NBR), either unsupported
or as a coating supported on a cloth backing*
The test cell was composed of two 1-inch pipe stub ends of stainless
steel with a section of the glove material used as the partitioning
membrane* The test liquid was located in the top compartment, while
the bottom compartment was constantly purged with an inert carrier
gas. The exiting carrier gas was continually monitored for the test
chemicals
Four methods of breakthrough detection were evaluated: charcoal
tube gravimetric analysis, halogen leak detector, Drager gas
detector tubes, and inline GC analysis. A detailed description of
each method was glveu in this article.
Results and
Comments: The findings of this study are sinnmarizbd in the following:
o the breakthrough tim-3 as measured by the four methods were all
within +6 seconds
a for the same glove material, the breakthrough time Increased with
thickness but the pliability of the gloves decreased
• In general, the longer the breakthrough time was, the lower the
permeation rate was (Note: The permeation rate is expressed as
^ig/mln/cm^ in which the thickness of the membrane is not
considered.)
0 PVA had the highest breakthrough times for dichlorobutene
(>5,000 min), benzene (>2,000 min) and chloroprene (>1,000 tain).
Also, the permeation rates for these three chemicals through PVA
were all 0 ^g/oin/cm^. For carbon tetrachloride, NBR and PVA had
the highest breakthrou times, both were >200 min. They also
had the lowest perinea:..on rates, 9 (ig/min/cm^ for PVA and
3 |ig/min/cm2 for NBR.
® repeated contact with chemicals can change the protection
afforded by some of the glove materials. For example, the PVC
coated glove showed a reduction In breakthrough time, after
repeated exposure to dichlorobutene, from 30 minutes to two
2-71
-------
PC ?*> (Concluded)
minutes and the material became stiff. For neoprene, the physical
properties did not change after repeated exposure, and the
breakthrough time, on the contrary, actually Increased.
From the results of this study, the author Indicated that complete
testing of a proposed glove was necessary to detenrlne the period of
adequate protection.
Key Words: Glove, Rubber, Polyvinyl, Penetration factor, Protective factcr,
Permeability, Neoprene
2-72
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Title: Pesticide Residue Hazards to Farm Workers 1976 (PC 37)
This is a summary of six papers presented in a workshop sponsored
by NXOSH. Original articles were not provided. Each paper is
summarized separately below.
Hllby, Thomas H., "Pesticide Residue Hazards to Farm Workers Overview and
Perspective"
This overview outlined historically the growing concern of the
effects of pesticides, especially organophosphorous compounds, on
workers. As early as 1958, percutaneous absorption was thought to
be the primary route of entry of the toxicant. Worker protection
had been sought through the following three types of efforts:
« limiting the application of parathion (an organophosphorous
pesticide) to certain crops
e establishing safe reentry intervals through regulation of all
organophosphorous compounds
e studying the effects of organophosphorous residues on foliage
on the workers health.
Wolfe. Homer R., "Early History cf Farm Worker Crop Reentry Illness and
Research in the Pacific Northwest Area"
Exposures of field workers to parathion were determined by
measuring deposits on absorbent pads worn on the body and filter
pads in respirators. The results are summarized in the following:
a forehead, hands, and face-neck areas had the most deposit of
parathion
o water-wettable powder formulations caused more dermal and
respiratory exposures than the emulsifiable formulations.
However, the residue levels on leaveB were the same for these
two formulations
e the highest exposure levels occurred within 24 hours of
parathion application
The author recommended the use of absorbent pads affixed to the
skin under garments as a way of testing the effectiveness of
protective clothing.
Kahn, Ephraim, "Pesticide Residue Hazards to Farm Workers"
Occupational illness had been under-reported among farm workers.
A top priority for studying this problem, according to the author,
was to obtain a good estimate on the incidences of
pesticide-related Illness. The second priority would be to
2-73
-------
PC 37 (Continued)
develop the techniques and principles to perform re-entry field
studies. The third priority was to elucidate the basic factors
involved in the hazards of pesticide residue exposure•
Serat, William P.. "Calculating Reentry Times from Kinetic Data"
Reentry times can be calculated by using the following established
relationships:
• enzyme (blood chollnesterase) activity loss is of first order
to pesticide concentration
« the rate of pesticide residue loss on foliage is generally of
first o^der to the residue concentration.
From these two relationships, the reentry time can be calculated
before individuals can be permitted back into treated fields.
Warnlck, Stephen, "Research Needs In Connection With Pesticide Residue Hazards
to Farm Workers"
The author suggested the following research needs in the area of
pesticide residue hazards:
» develop dose-response relationships by using chemical testing,
physiological testing, and psychological testing methods
• study the effect of multiple exposures
o Implement methods of collecting pesticide-related injury
information through legislation
® establish programs to educate farmers regarding the proper use
of pesticides
o Investigate the possibility of including the safety and reentry
data of a particular pesticide on the label.
Spencer. W.F., "Soil Pesticide Residues In Relation to Farm Worker Hazards"
The following information was presented:
® pesticides were more resistant on a dry surface than on a moist
surface, and most acute poisoning incidents in California had
occurred during the summer months
o the ratio of paraoxon (more toxic than parathlon) to parathlon
in the soil was greater in the row middle than at the drlpline
probably due to the greater amount of sunlight reaching the row
alddle
2-74
-------
PC 37 (Concluded)
0 concentration of paraoxon increased in both dust and soil when
there was no rain; however, it decreased when it rained. Froo
this fact, wetting the soil would lessen the hazard from
parathion to paraoxon in the dust on the soil surface
o the effect of soil dust on a potential source of toxicant to
field workers should be further studied.
Key Words: Field worker, Exposure residue values, Spray EC, Spray WP,
Parathion, Field workers, Dermal, Reentry
2-75
-------
Title:
Author:
Purpose of
Study:
Materials and
Methods:
Results and
Comments:
The World of Agricultural Aviation
National Agricultural Aviation
1976
(PC 38)
Key Words:
This Is an Information pamphlet for the ground crews of aerial
applications. It provided Information on the safe handling of
pesticide chemicals.
Not applicable.
When working around pesticide chemicals, the ground crew of an
aerial application team should take the following precautions:
0 do not smoke or eat, and wash hands Immediately after loading
o do not carry cigarettes or food because they absorb chemical
fumes
e dispose of empty containers properly
o stand on upward side of chemical-containing equipment
o wear protective equipment such as respirator, mask, gloves,
footwear, and clean protective clothing
During the cleaning of aircraft or equipment, a worker should
remember the following thingB:
o wear clean protective clothing
o have plenty of ventilation and adequate water run-off drainage
o keep away from steam, splash, and vapor
e bathe after washing equipment and then change clothes
In addition to the above information, this pamphlet also provided
safety suggestions for drivers and flagmen. Furthermore,
information was also available on what to do after an aircraft
crash.
Aerial Application, Mixer/Loader, Flagger, .'Hot
2-76
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Title:
Authors:
Purpose of
Study:
Minimising Occupational Exposure to Pesticides: Federal Reentry
Standards for Farm Workers (Present and Proposed) 1980
(PC 39}
Zweig, C., J.D. Adams, and J.Blondell
This paper reviews the development of Federal reentry standards for
the protection of farm workers entering areas that have been treated
with toxic pesticides.
Materials and
Methods:
Results and
Comments:
Not applicable•
The first reentry standards wer.~ proposed by OSHA on May 1, 1973 for
21 organophoephate insecticides. These standards included five
crop i (citrus, peaches, grapes, tobacco, >.nd apples). However, the
OSB; standards were susperseded by abbreviated minimum standards
pr'j mlgated by the EPA in 1974. The EPA standards proposed to
establish post application times before which no person could enter
a treated area without protective clothing. A 48 hour reentry
Interval was set for seven toxic organophosphorus insecticides and
endrln. A shorter reentry time, 24 hours, was set for four other
highly volatile organophosphorous insecticides. In addition, the
EPA standards urged states to set additional restrictions as
required by use practices and climatic conditions as appropriate.
In this paper, the authors Indicated that EPA was to propose new
data requirements for registrants of pesticides for which reentry
data had to be established. The EPA and university scientists had
proposed various methods, for example, the "nondetectable residue "
approach, and the "minimal risk" residual approach. All methods
would Involve residue dissipation studies, toxicologlcal studies,
.nd exposure assessment. The authors also stressed that all of
:iese proposed methods should be field monitored to determine
.h.ether calculated dates for reentry were realistic and protective
i the reentering workers.
Key Words:
..aentry, Standards, Fruit crop, Tobacco
2-77
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Title:
Wear and Aging Tests with Permethrin-treated Cotton/Polyester
Fabric 1980 (PC 40)
Authors:
Schreck, C.E., D.A. Carlson, D.E. Weidhaas, K. Posey, and
D. Smith
Purpose of
Study:
Materials and
Methods:
This study was conducted to examine the wear and aging
characteristics of a cotton/polyester fabric treated with
permethrin. The treated fabric can be used as protective
clothing from bites of blood feeding arthropods
The cloth used was bleached military fatigue uniform fabric
composed of 50Z cotton and 50% polyester. Separate treatments
of permethrin and benzyl benzoate were applied at a rate of
0.125 and 0.25 mg/cm2, respectively. The treated patches were
air dried and then worn on the lower leg below the knee of each
of four people. Samples from these patches were taken
periodically for bioassay and GC analysis.
Results and
Comments:
Key Words:
The findings of thiB study are summarized in the following:
• the rate of permethrin loss for the worn patches was 0.0065
ag/cm2/day for the first 10 days. The rate decreased to
0.002-0.003 mg/cm2/day from day 10 to day 30
a the biological activity of the worn patchss changed
significantly for the first 6 days, little or not at all
from day 6 to day 26, and again substantially from 26 to day
30
o no major degradation products of permethrin were observed
fo** the worn patches during analysis
e loss of permethrin from the worn patches was largely due to
mechanical means, e.g. abrasion and rubbing
o the amount of permethrin that remained after 2 weeks to 1
month of wear was 0.033 to 0.06/mg/cm2 which was still
sufficient for protecting against arthropods.
Cotton, Polyester/Cotton, Wear and Aging
2-78
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Title:
Permeability of Protective Glove Materials to Tetraethyllead
and Ethylene Bromide 1946 (PC 41)
Authors:
Galingaert, G. and Hymin Shapiro
Purpose of
Study:
This study was conducted to determine the permeabilities of
various types of protective glove materials and rubber gloves
to tetraethyllead and ethylene bromide.
Materials and
Methods: Forty different types of protective glove materials and two
types of gloves were tested for their permeabilities to
tetraethyllead (TEL) and ethylene bromide (EB). For glove
materials, two test methods were used: a swelling test and s
disk diffusion test. The gloves were also tested by a
diffusion method, but tho test results from the swelling test
were not reported in this article.
Results and
Comments: Findings of this study are summarized in the following:
o for the two chemicals tested (TEL and EB), low permeabili-
ties were observed for glove materials such as the
cellophanes, the nylons, polyvinyl alcohol, Compar A-699,
Dunnflex, the Methocels, the Carboxymethocels and Saran
X-366. Comparatively, these materials were about 10 to 1000
times as impermeable to TEL and EB as a good grade of
neoprene
e high permeabilities were observed for materials such as
leather, pvc, polyvinyl butyral, Plygarb, several synthetic
rubbers, Patapar, nitrocellulose, the thiokols, the
koroseals, Saran B-115, Pliofilm, and Vinyl chloride-
vlnylacetate copolymer
e of the two types of gloves tested, nylon gloves had a lower
permeability to an equlmolar nixture of TEL and EB than the
nylone-neoprene type did.
The authors commented that glove materials, other than having
low permeabilities to chemicals, should also be flexible and
stretchable, reasonably durable, economical, and comfortable.
Therefore, in selecting a suitable protective glove material,
compromises had to be made sometimes between permeability and
all other elements.
Key Words: Glove, Rubber, Polyvl yl, Leather, Nylon, Cellophane,
PermeaMllty, Penetration factor
2-79
-------
Title:
Author:
Purpose of
Study:
Materials and
Methods:
Results and
Comments:
Field Exposure to Airborne Pesticides 1976 (PC 42)
H.R. Wolfe
This article is a chapter from a book titled "Air Pollution from
Pesticides and Agricultural Processes.*' The article gives an
overview on sources of airborne pesticides, sampling methods,
worker exposure to pesticides, and protective measures.
Not applicable.
This is an excellent review article which gives extensive
discussions on the following topics:
o human exposure at or near sources of airborne particles
e sampling methodology and analysis for estimating human
exposure to airborne pesticides in the field
o protection of workers from exposure to airborne pesticides.
The following summary only addresses the first and the last
topics since they are more relevant to EPA1a use.
Four types of people, as given in the following, are exposed to
airborne pesticides at or near the pesticide sources:
o pesticide applicators
• workers in pesticide formulating plants
• workers working with pesticide treated crops
o residents near a pesticide application source.
Pesticide applications are accomplished by either ground
equipment or aircraft. Ground equipment ranges from boom
sprayer to mist blowers, air blast sprayers, or hand-held
sprayers. Ground dusters are also used; however, their use is
decreasing in significance. Application of pesticide by ground
equipment generally results In relatively heavy exposure of the
sprayer operators. Potential exposure is usually higher when
boom sprayers are used. Aircraft application Is often carried
out by a helicopter or a fixed-wing aircraft. The pilot, the
mixer, the loader, and the flagger are potentially exposed
2-80
-------
(PC 42 Continued)
during pesticide application. The loader's exposure can be high
when the pesticide Is loaded. Exposure levels can vary widely
depending on the work activity and the pesticide used. Table 1
In this article gives an extensive summary of exposure levels
reported in the literature (Note: Table 1 is not included la
this summary because of its length.)
The second type of worker exposed to airborne pesticide is In
pesticide formulating plants. In general, workers at the
bagging and mixing stations have the highest exposures. The
exposure levels at the bagging station in a DDT formulating
plant were reported to be 524.5 ng/hr dermal and 14.1 ng/hr
respiratory. Additional exposure data was given on other
pesticides.
Crop workers can be exposed ti pesticides which may be
dislodged from treated foliage. A study shoved that, where
water-wettable powder formulations had been applied, potential
dermal and respiratory exposure of workers was greater than
where the emulslflable concentrate formulation was used.
Residents who are near the pesticide application site may
potentially be exposed to pesticide drift. A study reported
that pesticide levels in the air at breathing height were
sufficient to constitute a respiratory hazard as far as 80
meters from the dusting source.
In addition to the above types of exposures, Indirect exposure
may result from contamination of cigarettes or food items
carried by workers during application. Spray drift
contamination of cigarettes was measured ft up to 2.3 tig per
cigarette in an opened pack carried In the shirt pocket during
spray operations. Furthermore, exposure may occur when
pesticide containers are burned; levelB as high as 7.9 ng/m^ of
parathion were tound in the breathing zone of a worker close-by.
There are three routes of pesticide exposure: dermal,
respiratory and oral. The dermal route of exposure is the most
important route for most application situations in the field.
Respiratory exposure is Important when application is In a
confined space. Oral exposure can occur when pesticide is
accidentally splashed into the mouth.
2-81
-------
PC 42 (Concluded)
For dermal exposure, the author recommended the following
protective oeasures:
o Waterproof footwear, vide-brimmed hat, trousers, and jacket
(or raincoat) should be worn during peetic5.de application.
In formulating plants, instead of waterproof Jackets and
trousers, workers should wear waterproof aprons.
o If waterproof clothing becomes too uncomfortable for spray
operators, a long-sleeved cloth Jacket, coverall, or tightly
woven heavy grade shirt should be used. Disposable paper
Jackets are suitable when heavy wetting does not occur.
0 Clothing should be changed and laundered daily.
o Gloves should be worn and kept clean on the inside. Unlined
rubber gaunlet gloveJ provide the best protection.
a Goggles should be worn to protect the eye area.
To protect against respiratory exposure, cartridge-type
respirators or, in certain cases, gas masks with special
cannisters are usually adequate. Pilots should use a face mask
equipped with a filter cannisr.er. When applying highly toxic
pesticides in confined spaces, workers should use a respirator
with a special compressed air supply tank. The face piece of a
respirator should be washed with soap and water periodically.
The filter cartridge should be replaced frequently.
One effective measure to prevent oral exposure is the use of a
face mask respirator which coveij the mouth-nose area.
Key Words: Applicator, Mixer/I-c-dci, Flagger, Pilot, Field worker,
Formulator, Factory worker, Dermal, Respiratory, Oral, Ground
boom, Aerial, Air blast, High-pressure handgun, Exposure,
Glove, Coverall, Footwear, Coat/Jacket, Head covering,
Respirator, Apron, Face mask, Cotton, Rubber, Paper
>-82
-------
Title:
Protective Clothing Studies Reveal Wearer Preferences
1981 (PC 43)
Author:
Agricultural Age (no specifics were given)
Purpose of
Sl'udy:
This is a summary report of two studies which were performed by
Michigan State University and Kansas Institute for Environ-
mental Research. They examined the thermal comfort and
pesticide penetration of protective coveralls made of different
fabrics*
Materials and
Methods:
Six fabrics were studied at Michigan State University: 100%
cotton chambray, 100% cotton chambray treated with Scotchgar<^§>,
Tyvek® by DuPont, Crowntex®, and two varieties of Gore-tex®
fabric. At Kansas Institute, two types of Tyvel^®, two weights
of Evolution (by Kimberley-Clark) and washed and unwashed 65%
polyester/35% cotton coveralls were tested. The thermal
comfort test involved 54 male students at Michigan State and 32
at Kansas Institute. These students performed exercises that
simulated che work required to spray trees or bushes. Thermal
comfort, was determined by volunteers' skin and rectal tempera-
tures, and their preferences. No specifics were given on the
penetration tests.
Results and
Comments:
Among the six fabrics tested by Michigan State University, the
following results for thermal comfort were observed:
9 chambray, most comfortable
o Gore-tex®, acceptable
o Tyvek®, least comfortable
The pesticide penetration test revealed the following results
(no specific data were given):
o Gore-tex®, Tyvek® and Crowntex® were "protective"
e Scotchgard®-treated chambray was much less protective
e untreated chambray was leaet protective
In addition, the Michigan State University researchers
discovered, through UV f'iotography and colorimetric analysis,
that the front of a sprayer's body showed a higher rate of
pesticide deposition than the back during air blast spraying,
even In wind recordings under 2 mph.
Among the six fabrics tested by Kansas Institute, Tyvek®
garments were the most comfortable under conditions of 86°F and
80% or 40% humidity.
2-83
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PC 43 (Concluded)
The materials tested In these studies, Tyvek®, Crovnte*®, and
Evolution were all disposable types* Protective clothing made
from Gore-tej^® was estimated at $100 an outfit (1981 cost)«
't.ny Words: Coverall, Penetration, Dermal, Field worker, Cotton, Gore-tex®,
Crownteaw), Tyvek®, Polyester/Cotton, Air blast, Comfort,
Physiological effect
2-84
-------
Permeation of Mathanollc Aromatic Amine Solutlona through
Commercially Available Glove Materials 1977 (PC 44)
Weeks, R.U. and B.T. Dean
This study Has performed to determine the permeation of
methanol solutlono of aromatic amines through commercial glove
materials.
Sections of material from commercially available gloves were
used as membranes In a permeation test cell. Eight glove
materials were studied: natural latex, hypalon/neoprene,
hypalon, neoprene, butyl, polyethylene (PE), nltrlle, and PVC.
Five amines were tested for permeation. They were aniline,
p-chloroanlllne, p-toluldlne, 4,4'~methylenedlanlllne (MDA),
and methylene bls(2-chloroanlllne) (MOCA).
The permeation test cell had two compartments: saline solution
on one side of the membrane to simulate perspiring hands Inside
a glove, and the amine solution of Interest on the other side.
Samples of the saline solution were taken periodically for
amine analysis. Permeation was measured by a parameter called
"breakthrough" time which was defined is the tine obtained by
extrapolating the curve of amine concentration vs. time to zero
concentration.
At an amine concentration of 500 pg/ml of methanol, the
breakthrough time was found primarily to be a function of glove
material. The breakthrough time h-.t each amine was summarized
In the following (higher breakthrough time means better
protection):
o for aniline and p-chloroanlllne; natural latex (>45 hra)
>hypalon/neoprene, hypalon, PVC, and neoprene (15-26 hrs)
>butyl, PE, and nltrlle (1-4 hrs)
o for p-toluldlne and MDA; PVC (>55 hrs) ^natural latex
(45 hrs) >hypalon/neoprene, hypalon, neoprene (14-26 hrs)
butyl, PE, and nltrlle (1-4 hrs)
o for M0C\; PVC (51 hrs) >natural latex (35 hrs) (Note:
Information on other glove materials was not given.)
At 1Z concentration of HOCA, natural latex had a breakthrough
time of 2 hours, I.e. roughly one quarter of a typical work
shift. All other glove materials tested gave breakthrough
times of 1 hour.
The permeation rates for MDA through various glove materials
were calculated and normalized with respect to glove
thickness. The results showed that butyl rubber had the
highest rate, while natural latex and PVC had the lowest.
Glove, Rubber, Polyvinyl, Penetration factor, Permeability,
Polyethylene, Nltrlle, Neoprene
2-85
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Title:
Methyl Par«thlon Removal From Denim Fabrics by Selected Laundry
Procedures 1979 (PC 45)
Authors: Easley, C.B., J.M. Laughlln, R.C. Gold, and D.R. Tupy
Purpose of
Study: The purpose of th«s study was to determine the effects of fiber
composition, methyl parathlon (MeP) formulations, and selected
laundry procedures on removing MeP residues from contaminated
fabrics*
Materials and
Methods:
Results snd
Comments:
Pesticide: A 1.23X solution of MeP was prepared from
(1) an emulslflable concentrate (EC), (2) an encapsulated (ENC)
formulation, and (3) a wettable powder (WP).
Fabrics: Denim fabrics were either all cotton or SO/SO
cotton/polyester. Sixty-four cm* swatches were "saturated" In the
pesticide solution then dried In air.
Lau.«dry procedures:
I - pre-rlnse (2 nln., 49°C), then wash (12 mln., 60°C) with
phosphate detergent (AATCC '124), then rinse (3 mln., 49°C),
then rinse again (5 mln., 49°C).
II - Same as I , but without the pre-rlnse cycle.
Ill - Same as II, but with the addition of 3.5 to 4Z ammonia in the
wash cycle.
IV - Same ao II, but with the addition of 5.25X sodium
hypochlorite In the wash cycle.
Analysis consisted of an acetone extraction followed by gas
chromatography.
The results of the study are summarized In the following table:
Mean Percent MeP Removed by Laundering*
Formulation/Fabric
Treatment
I II III IV
EC/c
87.8 84.5 80.6 88.8
EC/c-p
88.2 84.6 83.7 86.3
ENC/c
98.4 98.1 92.9 97.8
ENC/c-p
98. ¦: 96.8 92.5 92.9
WP/c
99.1 93.3 93.6 93.8
VP/c-p
99.9 95.7 96.3 96.3
~Starting concentrations ranged from 0.S58 to
0.839 ag/crn?.
2-C6
-------
?C 45 (Concluded)
The general conclusions are that the pre-rlnse metnod (1) Is
significantly better than the others (P<0.05) and that emulslflable
concentrate, which Is oil-based, Is more persistent (P<0.01) than
other formulations -
Key Words: Methyl parathlon, Laundering, Cotton, Polyester/Cotton
2-87
-------
Ee.*
tors:
>090 Of
ly:
Methyl Parathlon Transfer from Contaminated Fabrics to Subsequent
Laundry and to Laundry Equipment 1981 (PC 46)
Laughlln, J.H., C.B. Kasley, R.R. Gold, and D.R. tUpy
Thia study was undertaken to determine the amount of methyl
parathlon picked up by a load of clean fabric laundered after a
similar load of contaminated fabric•
srlals and
nods:
A 1.25X solution of methyl parathlon vsa prepared using (1) an
emulalflabla concentrate, (2) an encapsulated, or (3) a lettable
powder formulation*
The contaminated fabric una either an all cotton denla or a 50/50
cotton-polyester fabric saturated In the pesticide solution. The
starting contamination residues vero 0.56 to 0.66 mg/cm2. The
transfer fabric Mas an all cotton batiste.
Laundering was dona by a modified version of AATCC method 61-1975
using AATCC detergent 124. Residues vere analysed by extraction
and gas chromatography. Bloassaya vere done using German
cockroachee.
alts and
aents:
The amount of transferred pesticide ranged from 3.58 to
13.00 ng/cm2. There was a significant correlation between the
amount of pesticide on the contaminated fabric and the amount
transferred to the clean fabric. A significant negative
correlation use found between the amount of pesticide on the
laundered contaminated fabric and the laundered clean fabric. The
percentage of methyl parathlon picked up by the clean fabric
ranged from 0.00061 to 0.00181X of that uhlch was on the
contaminated fabric. The uettable powder formulation transferred
significantly more pesticide than the other types of formulations.
The bloasaays showed no mortality from the transferred residues
after 24 or 48 hours.
s Words] Kithyl parathlon, Laundering, Cotton, Polyester/Cotton
2-88
-------
.e: Respiratory Devices - II 1977 (PC 47)
lor: National Peat Control Association, Inc.
>ose of
y: This article is a technical bulletin describing the use and
maintenance of cartridge, canister, and atmosphere-supplying
respirators.
its and
ents: This review article is a summary of information regarding the use
and maintenance of respirators.
The topics covered are outlined below:
USE OF RESPIRATORS
a Achieving a proper fit
- positive pressure test
- negative pressure test
e Conditions affecting a proper fit
e Communications
o Respirator Use in Low and High Temperatures
MAINTENANCE OF RESPIRATORS
© Reopirator Inspection
- Field Inspection
facepiece
headstrap
exhalation vaXue
air-purifying elements
breathing tube
harness
air-supply syotem (if any)
6 Inspection During Cleaning
o Cleaning and Disinfection
© Repair
o Respirator Storage
ords: Respirator
2-89
-------
Oil-Repellent Finish for Cotton Based on Fluorinated Amines
1969 (PC 48)
Ellzey, S.E., W.J. Coifnick, G.L. Drake, and W.A. Reeves
> of
This study was performed to examine the oil-repellency, water
repellency and soiling characteristics of cotton treated with an
emulsion containing a polyfluorinated compound. This compound
was made by reacting 1,1-dihydroperfluorooctylamine (POA) with
tetrakis(hydroxymethyl) phosphonium chloride (THPC).
The POA-THPC product ^pulsion was prepared by adding POA to an
aqueous solution containing THPC and an emulsifier. This mixture
was stirred for about a minute, and was then ready for use.
The fabric used was a desized, scoured, and bleached cotton print
cloth weighing about 3.2 oz/yd^. This cloth was padded with the
emulsion to 90-100 percent wet pick-up, and then waB cured,
washed, and line-dried. Different curing processes were
investigated in this study.
The soiling process was simulated by padding carbon black on the
fabric. The degree of soiling was measured by the reflectance of
the fabric.
Standard tests were used for determining oil vepellency, water
repellency, strength, and many other factors.
i and
:8: Fabrics treated with POA-THPC were found to have the following
characteristics:
e when cured with gaseous ammonia (3 minutes) and then heat
(80°C), the fabric had Improved strength and finish
durability, as compared to non-chemical cured fabric. The
oil-repellency was durable to home laundering but not to
perchloroethylene extraction.
e the POA-THPC emulsions remained stable even after a month.
a the treated fabric, as compared to untreated, showed a
decrease in abrasion strength, tearing strength, stiffness,
and air permeability, >.hile breaking strength and hand showed
Improvement.
a water repellency of the treated fabric Increased slightly when
the emulsion concentration Increased from 2.5 percent to S.O
percent. However, at the highe : concentration, the fabric
showed less breaking strength o? chlorination and scorching,
and a slight discoloration in light.
ils and
s:
2-90
-------
C 48 (Concluded)
o the FOA-THPC finish was as effective as three other commercial
finishes tested for the aqueous soli release and redeposltlon
properties. In addition, the POA-THPC finish had a greater
oily soli repellency and better oily soil release
characteristics*
e the POA-THPC formulation was found compatible with a
widely-used permanent-press agent. The combined finish, when
compared to the POA-THPC finish, behaved somewhat poorer in
oily soil redeposltlon tests; however, it showed improved
tearing strength and abrasion resistance.
ey Words: Fabric finish, Laundering
2-91
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le: Monitoring of Potential Exposures of Mixer-loaders, Pilots, and
Flaggers Daring Application of Tributyl phosphorotrithioate (DEF)
and Tributyl phosphorotrithioite (Folex) to Cotton Fields in the San
Joaquin Valley of California in 1979 1979 (PC 49)
hors: Peoples, S.A*, K. Maddy, P.R. Datta, L. Johnston, C. Smith, D.
Conrad, and C. Cooper
pose of
jys This study was performed to determine worker's Inhalation and dermal
exposure during aerial application of cotton defoliants, DEF and
Folex, in the San Joaquin Valley of California*
•rials and
lods: Two aerial application firms were employed in this study* Firm
No* 1 used the Massey Aviation closed system for mixing, diluting,
transferring and rinsing of Folex* Firm No* 2 used two closed
systems: The Goodwin system, and the Strong steel system. The
Strong steel system used was similar to the Massey system with one
exception - it was not permanently fixed, and therefore, relied on
operator to puncture the container*
Workers examined in this study included mixer-loaders, p'lots, and
flaggers* Mixer-loaders wore rubber boots, socks, shirt, pantB and
a washable cap. They would use neoprene gloves for hooking up,
loading, and washing the aircraft. Pilots wore shoes and socks, a
helmet, long-sleeved shirts and long-legged cloth pants. The
flagger wore cloth coveralls (long-sleeved and long-legged) and
washable caps. The clothing used by these workers was changed daily.
In this study, potential inhalation was measured by placing an air
sampling device close to the lapel of the worker's coveralls.
Potential dermal exposure was measured by placing cloth patches
outside end inside of the worker's clothing. The dimensions of the
patches used were 42 cm2 for back of neck; 82 cm^ front of neck; 32
cm^ face; and 79 cm^ leg.
tits and
lents: The Inhalation and dermal exposure results from this study based on
a 7 hour work day are summarized in the following:
¦ype
Inhalation
Dermal Exposure.
of
Exposure
With Long-sleeved Shirt
With
Short-sleeved Shirt
irker
ppb
and Long-legged Pants
and
Short-legged Pants
.lots
0.4-12.1
2.8-16.7
4.6-18.3
xer-loaders
0-13.3
3.1-32.3
9.7-116.3
aggers
1.2-14.8
1.2-23.6
9.8-29.9
2-92
-------
PC 49 (Concluded)
The no-observed-effect-level (NOEL) of DEF for delayed neu."toxicity
la chickens was found to be 0.1 mg/kg of body weight/day for chronic
exposure• If one used this NOEL level for human chronic exposure
and an assumption of 10Z of the dermal exposure being absorbed, then
the nargin of safety for these workers, would be much less than the
desirable 100-fold safety factor proposed by EPA.
Key Words: Dermal, Respiratory, Folex (tributyl phosphorotrithiolte), DEF
(trlbutyl phosphorotrithioate), Exposure residue values, NOEL
(no-observed-effect-level), Mixer/Loader, Flagger, Pilot, Aerial
2-93
-------
Title:
Author:
Purpose of
Study:
Materials and
Methods:
Results and
Comments:
Laboratory Note: Personal Monitoring
M. Merino
1981
(PC 50)
This article is an overview of the development and the present
status of personal monitoring technology*
Not applicable*
Personal monitoring for gases and vapors was pioneered by NIOSH.
One type of sampling device, now well known, is directly
attached to the employee whose exposure to certain gases and
vapors is determined by drawing a known quantity of air through
an activated charcoal tube. The vapors absorbed on charcoal are
then desorbed and analyzed by gas chromatography. The major
disadvantages of this monitoring system are the amount of
maintenance, calibration, and cost Involved.
At present, the most "sophisticated" (as claimed by the author)
and highly accurate personal monitor is simply a
sorbent-contalning badge clipped onto a worker's collar. This
type of monitor operates on the principle of diffusion with the
driving force being the concentration gradient between the face
of the monitor and the sorbent layer inside the monitor. The
first diffusion type was the mercury vapor monitor developed by
3V.. The mercury vapor diffuses through the wind screen; is
absorbed onto a gold film, and changes the electrical
conductivity of the gold. After use, this monitor is sealed and
sent to the 3M laboratory for mercury analysis. 3M also
developed an organic vapor monitor which is capable of measuring
more than 100 organic compounds, e.g. benzene, toluene, acetone,
xylene and methyl ethyl ketone. More recently, 3M Introduced
three more personal monitors: ethylene oxide, formaldehyde, and
carbon monoxide. The carbon monoxide monitor is a direct reading
monitor requiring no further analysis.
Other than being easy to use, the diffusion monitors have
exhibited excellent accuracy and high precision, which sometimes
even exceeds OSHA's accuracy requirements.
Key Words: Personal monitoring
2-94
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Title:
A Comparison of Direct and Indirect Methods of Estimating Dermal
Exposure to Guthion in Orchard Workers Undated (FC 51)
Authors: Franklin, C.A., R.A. Fenske, R. Creenhalgh, L. Mathieu, H.V.
Denley, J.T. Leffingvell and R.C. Spear
Purpose of
Study: This study was performed to determine loaders and applicators
exposure to Guthion by two monitoring methods. One method was the
direct "patch" method. The other was the indirect method which
measured cholinesterase level in blood and Guthion metabolite in
urine.
The patch method Involved attaching patches to workers clothing
(underneath to determine actual amount penetrated) during appli-
cation of VP Guthion by ultra-low volume air blast equipment. All
workers were Issued standardized cotton shirts, trousers, and
long-sleeved coveralls. All wore half-face respirators, gloves,
boots, and hats. Some wore additional rubberized protective
clothing. In addition to the patch method, exposure was also
measured by the cholinesterase level in blood samples and Guthion
metabolites In urine samples.
Results and
Comments: The table below is a summary of the results obtained in this atudy:
Cuthlon (or Cgthlon Equivalent) Levalo
Total Aoouat
Sprayed
kg a.l.
0a Patch
Underneath Clothing
ng/cnVkg •~!.*
Total Darns! Expoauro
Baaad on Pateh Data
pf/ka «.i.
Vfk ..1 |i. . aVjh 1|*>b
Chollnaateraoe
Percent Chaago
Applicator Kisbar/
Type of Clothing
Tocoi neteooutes
In UrlM
kB
tod Blood
Call
Sams
Rubberised Coat
and paato
1
1.42
131
2
3
1.07
4.34
89
183
.-20 to +21
r4 to +10
4
1.98
6.>-16.6
38.0
394
Rubberised Coot
5
3.40
4.1
9.0
343
6
7
2.33
2.27
1.8-10.6
43.1
101
133
-23 to +21
M to +6
8
1.70
6.0
13.1
317
No Rubberised
Clothing
9
4.76
10
4.34
2.0-3,0
11.6
333
11
3.40
2.V6.3
19.3
Sasplo loat
12
13
2.83
1.70
J.1-3.6
10.4
103
304
-12 to +24
r8 to +6
U
1.70
7.1
9.1
69
13
1.42
4.3
14.9
83
16
1.42
-
-
112
- Maine below detection*
ang of Cuthlon found per co* of patch for each kg of Gut>-«on applied.
2-95
-------
PC 51 (Concluded)
From Che results on the table, the authors made the following
conclusions:
o principal exposure was to the face, hands and neck; therefore,
use of rubberized clothing did not provide more protection than
the regular work clothing based on urinary metabolites results
o a 48-hour urine collection was found to be a minimum for
estimating total dermal absorption of the organophosphates, the
effects of individual variability in excretion rate were greatly
reduced after 48 hours
o the variation of chollncsterase levels in applicator's blood
sample did not exceed the variation observed in the control
group (Note: Variation was not given for the control group.)
o there was a significant correlation between urinary metabolite
excretion and the total amount sprayed. Therefore, total amount
sprayed was a more reliable index of exposure than total time
sprayed, as used by other investigators.
Key Words: Guthion, Dermal, Exposure residue values, Penetration factor,
Rubber, Cotton, Coat/Jacket, Air blast, Applicator, Spray WP, Patch
study, Urinary excretion
2-96
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Title: Pesticide Use Observations in Kent County, Delaware 1976
(PC 52)
Author: national Enforcement Investigations Center
Purpose of
Study: The purposes of this study were to:
« investigate storage, handling, application, and disposal of
pesticides
e assess methods and criteria needed to scientifically document
environmental hazards associated with the use of pesticides
a determine the most appropriate type of EPA action which should be
initiated to minimize risks, from pesticides, to human health and
to the environment.
Materials
Methods*
and
Results and
Comments:
A potato field (16 ha) was observed during June 2 to 7, 1976.
Aerial application of Dlthane (M-45) and Guthlon (2-S) began on
June 4, 1976. Twenty-three sampling stations were established:
nine on the field, 12 off the field, and two in a nearby creek. Air
samples were taken at the land stations. Water and sediment were
collected from the creek. Drift of pesticide droplets was measured
by d<4i'Osltlon on Mylar sheets and magnesium oxide slides. In
addition, storage, handling, and disposal of pest.'.cides was observed.
The investigators summarized their observations as follows:
1. The Delaware study revealed "exemplary" pesticide storage and
application practices. It also revealed some deficiencies,
viz., safety apparel was not worn by all personnel and
non-company personnel were allowed into the mixing area without
protective clothing.
2. The most valuable observational techniques were:
» on-site observation by trained observers
o tracer dye studies, and
© droplet size characterization (MgO slides).
3. Study results indicated an immediate need for the EPA and State
officials to:
Key Words:
® enforce use of protective equipment and apparel, and
® establish environmentally safe dump sites for excess
pesticide and used pesticide containere.
Dithane, Guthlon, Aerial, Field worker
2-97
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Title:
A Summary of Studies in California During 1978 and 1979 Concerning
the Potential Hazard to Applicators and Other Persons
During Field Applications of Ethylene Dibromide (EDB) 1979
(PC 53)
Authors:
Maddy, K.T., B. Cusick, A.S. Frcdrickson, D. Richmond, M. Mazza,
and R. Beall
Purpose of
Study:
The purpose of this study was to determine the potential exposure
of tractor driver applicators and loaders to EDB as this chemical
is injected into the soil prior to planting certain crops.
Materials and
Methods: This study consisted of surprise visits to EDB use sites where
standard shank injection equipment was operated by licensed pest
control operators. Closed-systems were used for the transfer of
EDB into the tractor tanks. Air samples were collected at
24 hours and at 48 hours after application, using charcoal tubes.
These samples were taken at midfleld (size of field not specified),
edge of field, and 100 feet downwind of application site. During
application, air samples were collected from Inside and outside
tractor cabs, and inside and outside half and full-face
respirators. Exposure to the hands was measured by collecting
washings of the tractor drivers' hands before and after the work
period.
Results and
Comments: The EDB levels in samples taken at midfleld, edge of field, and
100 feet downwind were all below the NIOSH TWA of 130 ppb. The
highest value, taken at midfleld, was 88 ppb. Levels were found
to decrease with time and distance from the field. In many cases,
EDB levels in the tractor cab were above the TWA, ranging as high
as 618 ppb. With only one exception, EDB levels inside the
respirator faceplece were below the TWA for all three of the
respirators tested (MSA full-face, MSA half-face pesticide, and 3M
powered air purlfer). The data also showed that:
a The highest EDB level found inside a respirator was 22 ppb.
o The full-face respirator and the 3M powered air purifier
demonstrated a protection factor of 24.
o The average protection factor for the half-face respirator was
14.
o Any of the respirators r-sted would reduce the largest
concentration measured ./28.S ppb) to well below the TWA.
e Use of respirators by persons entering the field after
treatment is not necessary t»^meet the TWA (130 ppb).
o Dermal exposure to workers' hands ranged from 0.52 fig to
30.9 fig (as determined by handwashing).
2-98
-------
PC 53 (Concluded)
The authors concluded with recommendations for restrictions In the
use of EDB.
Key Words: Respirator, Applicator, Mixer/Loader, Dermal, Respiratory, Soil
injection, Flowable concentrate, Drift, Protection factor
2-99
-------
.e:
tors:
Occupational Illnesses of Mlxerj and Loaders of Pesticide? In
California as Reported by Physicians lr 1978 1979
(PC 54)
Maddy, K.T. and B. Lsrish
io se of
ly:
The purpose of this 9tudy was to assess the trend, from 1976 to
19/8, of pesticide-related Illness of mixers and loaders. It was
hoped that the incidence of such Illnesses would have decreased
over this period due to the establishment of a "closed-system"
regulation for handling liquid formulations of toxicity category
one pesticides.
:rlals and
iod:
Its and
tents:
Data on 142 cases of pesticide-related Illness, as reported by
physicians, were t.nalyzed and categorised by pesticide, type of
Illness, use of a closed-system, and days lost from work. A
distinction was also drawr. between aerial and ground application.
For pesticides requiring a closed-system, there was no apparent
trend established regarding number of reported cases of illness.
For all pesticides, days lost through illness decreased steadily
from 1976 to 1978, but days of hospitalization increased steadily
over the same period. The distinction mentioned above regarding
aerial vs. ground applications cannot be evaluated from the data
given since nowhere do the authors indicate the relative frequency
of aerial vs. ground operations per ae. The authors conclude that
poor supervision and lack of training may be the reason for the
absence of any evident improvement in worker safety.
Words:
Closed system, Mixer/Loader, Occupational illness
2-100
-------
dot
thori
rpooo of
udy:
terlals and
thode:
oulto and
mental
Protective Clothing Not So Good
Pualon Power
1979
(PC 35)
t Words:
This la a brief abstract of a N10SH report concerning the
offectlveneos of protective clothing materials.
Not applicable.
NIOSH studied the permeation rates of nine liquid carcinogens,
Including trlchloroethylene, bensone, and 2-nltropropane,
through eleven commonly preacrlbed protective clothing
materials. The results ehotrod that trlchloroethylene broke
through all tha test materials in 13 minutes at 22°C> Neopreno
rubber, widely recommended for bensena protection prevented
bensene breakthrough for Just more than 10 ninutee. According to
NIOSH, safe protective clothing should resist permeation for at
least 60 minutes.
Note: Part of I*C 55 lo the same as PC 113.
Rubber, Pem-.utlon, Naoprene
2-101
-------
le:
Pesticide Safety, Guidelines for Personnel Protection 1980
(PC 56)
\or:
lose of
ly:
riala and
lods:
.Its and
«nts:
J. Singer
This publication provides information for the safe use of pesticides
while they are being handled, stored, and applied in the field*
Not applicable.
The emphasis in this manual Is on protecting forestry personnel •
during pesticide applications* The first chapter raises issues to
be considered in developing a safety plan. Subsequent chapters
provide safety measures related to the various activities that occur
during a pesticide application project: storing, handling, and
mixing pesticides; applying them; and cleaning up and disposing of
pesticides after application. The final two chapters provide
information on recognizing symptoms of pesticide poisoning and
providing first aid to victims of poisoning. Only those sections
directly related to the use of protective clothing are summarized.
Personnel handling pesticides should observe those precautions
specified on the label by the pesticide manufacturer. The pesticide
label specifies the kind of protection needed for the manner in
which It will be applied. General guidelines are given In Table 1.
The labels for Category I pesticides usually carry the words
"Danger-Poison"; Category II pesticides carry "Warning"; and
Category III pesticides carry "Caution." Refer to the original
publication for a list of commonly used pesticides in each category.
2-102
-------
6 (Concluded)
Table 1
Suggested Protective Articles to Be Used With Pesticides
pe of Hazard
Pesticide Toxicity
Category I & 11
Pesticide Toxicity
Category III
Nixing and
Loading
Application
Mixing and
Loading
Application
contact harmful,
I, irritating,
ging or poisonous
A, B, C,
G, H, R
B, C
G, H, R
B, C
F, G, H
C, H
rial readily
rbed through skin
A, B, C,
F, G, H
B, C,
F, G, U
A, B, C,
F, G, H
C, F,
G, B
:ontact harmful,
L, irritating,
}ing or poisonous
?
F
F
P
, mist, or vapor
:ul, fatal,
rating, damaging or
>nous
R
R
R
R
ipron (liquids oaly)-rubber or synthetic, waterproof,
loots-rubber or synthetic, waterproof.
Coveralls or clean outer clothing; rainsuit if wetting occurs.
''aceshield or goggles-faceshield when handling liquid, goggles when handling
lust, lettable powder, or granule.
iloves-rubber or synthetic, waterproof.
lat-vaterproof, washable hard hat.
lespirator; however, if the label specifies that a canister-type cas mask is needed,
i respirator la not adequate.
fords: Mixer/Loader, Applicator, Glove, Coverall, Footwear, Head covering,
Respirator, Apron, Goggles
2-103
-------
e:
ors:
ose of
y:
rials and
ods:
Its and
ents:
Exposure to Insecticides In Quebec
Jegier, Z. and T. Brodeur
1968
(PC 57)
This study was conducted to determine the health hazard caused by
insecticide spraying operations.
University of Montreal conducted surveys in apple and peach
orchards around Montreal In 1964, 1965, and 1966 during and
Immediately after the Insecticide spraying season* With a
questionnaire, medical students gathered data on symptoms and
complalits from the spraying operators and their family members.
The results from the survey are summarized-in the following:
e apple growers generally used higher Insecticide spray
concentrations than those recommended by Canadian Federal
Department of Agriculture.
o the farm workers usually wore hats and ordinary overalls, and
washed their hands after handling insecticides.
o only a bare majority of the farm workers surveyed took wiud
direction into consideration during spraying
e the insecticides used were normally stored in a shed
containing other items for everday use. About 80Z of the
farmers stored the insecticides for a period of days, weeks,
or even months. Only 20Z followed the practice of non-storage
e in nearly all communities surveyed, the children can go Into
the orchards during or after spraying
o the most common complaints among apple orchard spraying
operators were, by order of decreasing frequency: Irritation
of eyes, headaches, nausea, dizziness, dermatitis, abdominal
cramps, weakness, fatigue, numbness, and tingling sensation in
the finger tips, anorexia, vomiting, chest pains and nervous-
ness. However, no correlation could be found from the survey
results between the dosage of the Insecticides used for
spraying and the presence or absence of various symptoms.
Similarly, the frequency of complaints reported was not
correlated with the lack of taking adequate precautions.
The authors Indicated that the farm workers surveyed did not use
insecticides wholeheartedly, and were willing to attribute any
subjective symptoms they felt to the use of insecticides.
Therefore, in order to get more reliable information on the
health of i.ne farm workers, thorough medical examination results
should be used. The authors concluded that based on the survey
results and previous exposure measurements, the occurrence of
2-104
-------
(Concluded)
insecticide poisoning during spraying operations might be due to
the complete lack of adequate precautionary measures taken by
farm workers. Through education programs, the authors suggested,
the Horkers might become more aware of the potential toxicity of
Insecticides and, thus, might take more precautions.
ords: Fruit crop, Field worker, Applicator
2-105
-------
i: Perfluoro Ester-Aziridiaa Oil Repellent Finish for Co eton
1966 (PC 58)
irs: Moraau, J.P., 3.B. Ellzey Jr., and G.L. Drake Jr.
>se of
r: The study vao conducted to examine the uso of a polymeric
perfluoroacyl azirldlne compound as a eottoa oil-repallant
finish.
rials and
ids: The compounds need for synthesizing the perfluoroacyl azirldlne
vera ethyl perfluorooctanoata (EPO) and ethylealoine (EI). The
reaction was followed by IB. spectroscopy.
A cotton fabric, dssizsd, scoured, and bleached with a weight
about 3.2 oz/ydS was padded with the polymer to about 85Z vet
pick up. It was dried and cured in an electric forced-draft
oven, and finally washed in hot running water for 30 sinutes.
This treated cotton fabric was then tested for the following
properties: oil repellency, soiling, tetr strength, breaking
strength, flex abrasion moisture content and regain, air
permeability, wrinkle recovery stiffness, spray rating,
bleaching, scorching, and soil burial.
.ts and
mts: The results and recommendations of this study are summarized la
the following:
s the reaction between EI and EPO reached completion at a
molar ratio of 3-1
e the cotton fabric, created with the polymeric perfluoroacyl
azlrtdina solution in either acetone or
3,3-dlmeehylforaamide, had a reported wacer repelloncy less
than 50 according co the spray test
o tho treated fabric shoved yellowing when cured at
temperatures above 120°C because of polymer decomposition
• the treated fabric, dried at 80°C, remained vhite vlth an
excellent oll-repellency and a good hand
© durability of the finish oo tha treated fabric fell off
significantly when the "add-on" (definition was not given in
this article) level was leas than 6Z, aa compared to an
untreated fabric
e tha treated fabric discolored significantly after chlorine
bleaching and scorching
o the treated fabric shoved a slight decreaco la tear strength
and flex abrasion resistance, an increase la break strength
and moisture content and regain, and ao change la stiffness
aad wrinkle recovery
2-106
-------
o
the air permeability of the treated fabric decreased about
20-302 compared to untreated fabric
o at an "add-on" level of 0.2-7Z range, the soiling
characterictics of the treated fabric stayed unchanged when
an aqueous soiling agent was used. However, the treated
fabric soiled more, as compared to an untreated fabric, when
an oi]y soiling agent was applied
o the treated fabric, with an "add-on" level of 3.3Z,
disintegrated mlcroblologically within 13 days In the rot
beds*
Cotton, Fabric finish
2-107
-------
Title:
taithor:
Purpose of
Study:
Pesticide Residues in the Atmosphere
Z. Jegier
1969
(PC 59)
This is a review of the pesticide residue levels present la the
atmosphere during spraying operations in Quebec, Canada. In
addition, pesticide levels in rain water and the general
atmosphere from other areas in the world were also reported.
Materials and
iethods:
Results and
Momenta:
Not applicable.
Tho farmers Involved in the Quebec study generally used
air-blast equipment in their apple orchards and high-pressure,
hand operated sprayers in vegetable fields. The types of
equipment used at other locations was not specified. The
Information presented in this article Is summarized in the
following:
9 atmospheric concentrations for 11 pesticides were reported
for various cpraylng operations in Quebec. The mean
concentrations reported ranged from 0 to 9.1*3 mg/m^
e the Percent Toxic Dose (PTD) (Mote: the definition for PT9
Is not given in this article.); a inspiratory and dermal
exposure lndex/developed by Durham and Wolfe, was derived
for nine pesticides Involved In the Quebec study. The
Indices ranged from 1.43 for Systox and 0.002 for malathlon
e apple growers and their families In 13 communities In Quebec
were interviewed during and Immediately after the spraying.
About 30Z of the people Interviewed complained about some
illness and discomfort such as eye Irritation, fatigue, and
headache, at a duration of 6 hours to 7 days
a the air samples collected in residential areas of Quebec,
1000 to 2000 feet from the orchards, vere found to contain
pesticides up to 0.3 mg/m^
e the Bonltorlng results of ten agricultural communities la
the U.S. showed that DDT levals In the. air ranged from below
detection to 23 ng/m^ for the agricultural towns and from
below detection to 8000 ng/m^ for the coamunltlos near
lnsact-control application sltas
a the mean concentrations of r-BHC (benzena hexachlorlde) and
dleldrln in rain water collected In central England wore,
97 ppo and 28 ppm from April to October 1964, 100 ppm and
20 ppm from November 1964 to November 1965, and 93 ppm and
9 ppm in January and March 1965
• rain water samples from three areas of Ohio showed a mean
concentration of 0.07-0.34 ppc for 0DT, 0.005-0.03 ppe for
ODE, and 0.006-0.05 ppt for SHC
2-103
-------
e organochlorine pesticides such as DDE, DDT, BHC and dleldrln
were also found In air samples collected in London. The
highest concentration found vas dieldrin 18 and 21 ppb,
depending on vhich gas-liquid chromatography column vas used
o presence of DDT in air samples collected from four
California cities ranged from less than 0.5 ng/m^ up to
19.0 ng/m^.
Field worker, Respiratory, Dermal, Fruit crop, Vegetable crop.
High-pressure handgun, Air blast, Exposure residue values
2-109
-------
Title:
Author:
Purpose of
Study:
Materials and
Methods:
Results and
Comments:
Permeability of Rubber to Organic Liquids
U.J. Mueller
1957
(PC 60)
This study was conducted to determine the permeability rates of
organic liquids in rubber vessels under various conditions.
Seven organic liquids were tested: dilsobutylene, SR-6, methyl
alcohol, methyl ethyl ketone, carbon tetrachloride, ethyl
acetate, and benzene. Five types of rubber were tested:
styrene rubber, thlokol, paracril 18, paracril 35, and neoprene.
Permeability studies were performed based on ASTM Test method
D-814-55, entitled "permeability of vulcanized rubber or
synthetic elastomers to volatile liquids."
The findings of this study are summarized in the following:
a specific permeability of rubber to an organic liquid
increased logrlthmlcally with the reciprocal of temperature
o specific permeability of rubber to an organic liquid was
found to be linearly proportional to the.square of the
solubility of the liquid in the rubber
o for all of the rubber types tested, permeabilities to methyl
alcohol and dilsobutylene were the lowest. Benzene had the
highest permeability for four out of the five types of
rubber, and was a close second on the fifth type
c thlokol was found to be the most resistant rubber type to
liquid permeation. It had the lowest permeability rates for
six out of the seven liquids
a when the rubber and liquid were of like polarity, the
permeability rate was high. For example, non-polar
liquids-carbon tetrachloride, SR-6, dilsobutylene, and
benzene—had the highest permeability rates through the
non-polar styrene rubber. On the other hand, the three
polar liquids—methyl alcohol, ethyl acetate and methl ethyl
ketone—had the greatest permeability rates through the
polar paracil 18 or 35
o the author recommended that future research should focus on
the effect of aromatic content, lead content, and the use of
additives on the permeability of gasoline stored in rubber
vessels. Furthermore, vapor permeation through rubber would
also require further study.
fey Words: Rubber, Permeation, Permeability, Neoprene
2-110
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Title:
Authors:
Purpose of
Study:
Methods and
Materials:
Results and
Comments:
Glove Permeation by Organic Solvents 1980 (PC 61)
Nelson, G.O., B.Y. Lad, G.J. Carlson, C.M. Wong and J.S. Johnson
This study was performed to determine the permeation characteristics
of common laboratory solvents toward commercial protective gloves.
Twenty-eight commercial protective gloves were tested in this
study: 2 polyethylene, 4 PVC, 3 vinyl, 3 latex, 1 latex/neoprene, 7
neoprene, L* 3una-N, 1 acrylonltrile, 2 natural rubber, and 1 nitrile
rubber. Stitue of them had Interior liners.
Twenty-nine solvents were used in this study. They all vere common
laboratory solvents, such as acetone, benzene, chloroform, carbon
tetrachloride, ethanol, methylene chloride, toluene, and xylene.
The permeation cell consisted of two compartments with the glove
material a:; the partitioning membrane. The top compartment was
34 mm i.d. r.tid 22 mm deep, while the bottom one was 34 mm i.d. and
The test solvent (10 ml) was added to the top
and purified air continually passed through the bottom
The existing gas-solvent mixture was monitored by an
50 mm deep*
compartment
compartmen
infrared g
:n?.lyzer.
Key Words:
Five types i' penetration behaviors, based on permeation rate vs.
time curves were discovered in this study. The most typical one
occurred v\\-n the glove remained physically unchanged during the
test. Aft'- reaching the breakthrough time, the permeation rate of
a solvent ..cugh a glove material would Increase until a maximum
rate M was stained. The rate then stabilized at this value. Other
types of b viors had different shapes of the permeation rate vs.
time curve
Four perme. on tests were conducted on gloves of various
thicknesse Results showed that the permeation rate was inversely
proportion, to 3love thickness. However, the authors noted that
glove mate ;j.Is from different production sources yielded
inconslstG '. penaaation rate/thickness results. This might have
been due t'. :-he differences in starting material, processes and
curing tic. . In addition, solvent mixtures were found to have
large posi find synergistic permeation rates.
Penetratio- Sector, Rubber, Polyvinyl, Glove, Permeation,
Permeabili-. , Polyethylene, Neoprene
2-111
-------
Title:
Closed Systems for Mixing and Loading 1980 (PC 62)
Author:
Purpose of
Study:
Materials and
Methods:
Results and
Cooaents:
W.W. Jacob
This lo an overview article about various closed systems for mixing
and loading pesticides.
Not applicable.
Closed mixing and loading systems perform the following operations:
emptying shipping containers of liquid pesticides, measuring
pesticide volume, rinsing emptied containers, mixing pesticide
solution and loading pesticide Into the application equipuant.
Closed systems nay empty shipping containers by gravity or under
positive or negative pressure. Negative pressure Is generally
preferred to positive pressure because most of the containers now In
use for liquid pesticide formulations are not designed to withstand the
significant pressure changes associated with positive pressure
systems. There are two principal means of entering containers to
remove their contents: container destruction and entry through an
orifice which la part of the closure mechanism. Destruction
systems, generally capable of handling containers up to 5 to 6
gallons, disallow the reseallng of partially emptied containers.
When entry Is done through the closure orifice, pesticides may be
removed by gravity or through the use of external or built-in probes.
Measurement Is critical for obtaining proper mixing and dilution of
pesticides. It is achieved, In closed systems, through the use of
the following equipment: an Intermediate holding tank equipped with
a sight gauge, a metering pump, or a calibrated external probe.
Large closed systems generally use the lnteroedlate holding tank
which adds bulk and complexity to the system. In addition, the
sight gauge can develop leaks. The performance of metering pumps
can vary from good to poor; consequently, they are not always
reliable. Calibrated probes are simple and relatively accurate.
Containers to be used with such probes should have volume
demarcation points.
The emptied containers need to be rinsed before being withdrawn from
the system. In a typical system, the rinse water Is Jetted through-
out the container, and is then transferred to the mix tank as part
of the pesticide mixture.
Mixing can be accomplished in the mix tank by serial or simultaneous
Introduction of different formulations. Some elaborate systems can
introduce llquidB from three or more containers simultaneously, or
even add dry chenlcals into the mixing tank.
Loading, In most cases, is accomplished under posltlvo pressure,
minimize exposure, dry-break connectors are used to attach the
loading lines to the application equipment.
To
2-112
-------
62 (Concluded)
Problems encountered In the use of closed systems are generally
relat.d to the equipment, formulation, containers, and human
factors* The equipment problems generally Involve leaks,
wearing-out parts, pump failures, and malfunctions of metering
system* Formulation which are viscous, or dry would generally cause
transferring problems* The problems associated with pesticide
containers concern the compatibility of the containers (which are
of many different types and sizes) and the closed system* Human
problems are generally caused by complicated use directions of the
system, worker's negligence, and insufficient training for the
operators*
After reviewing all aspects of the closed mixing and loading svstem,
the author recommended that the effectiveness and the performance of
such systems be studied further. He proposed designs for such
studies* Furthermore, he reviewed several published exposure
studies on worker's exposure during pesticide mixing and loading
operations. The following table summarizes the results of one of
the studies reviewed. Other studies are not summarized here becanso
they contain little quantitative Information.
Exposure to Hevinphos During Mixing and Loading Operations
Type of
Transfer
System Used
Number of
Workers
Studied
Average Airborne
Mevlnphos Concentration
Open
Hand pour
2
9.1
g/m3
Seal-closed
Swampmate
Protect-0
probe
*
X
6.2
g/m2
Semi-closed
Swampmate
vith Non-
rinsing probe
1
11.3
g/m3
Closed
Soil Serv
4
2.2
g/m3
Words: Mixer/Loader, Closed system
2-113
-------
Hydrophlllcity la Fluorochemlcal Stain Release Polymers
1971 (PC 63)
:s: Pittman, H.G., T.N. Roitmen, and D. Sharp
le of
This study wan conducted to determine the efficacy of carboxylic
acid groups vs. ethylene oxide units as hydrophlles In polymeric
fluorlnated .and nonfluorinated soil release agents.
Lais and
Is: The following flourlnated and nonfluorinated polymers were used
in this study:
e copolymer of butyl aerylate and acrylic add, designated as A
e copolymer of heptafluorobutyl aerylate and acrylic acid, B
e copolymer of butyl acrylate and methyl carbltol acrylate
(acrylate of monomethylether of dlethylene glycol), C
e copolymer of heptafluorobutyl acrylate and methyl carbltol
acrylate, D
Copolymers A and B were prepared by solution polymerisation, and
C and D by free radical polymerisation. The M.W. of these
polymers ranged from 48,000 to 63,000. The polymers were
utilised In fabric treatments as 2X solutions in either acetone
or bensotrifluorlde.
Two types of trl-blend fabrics were employed: a 50/40/10 blend
of wool/cotton/nylon and a 33/33/33/ blend of
wool/rayon/polyester. These fabrics were treated to 80Z wet
pickup and then cured at 120°C for 5 minutes. Fabric samples
were than stained with mineral oil and tested for stain release
ability by AATCC (Association of American Textile Chemists and
Colorlsts) test method 130.
s and
ts: Results from this study are summarised in the following:
o for the acrylic acid containing copolymers, A&B, little or no
soil release properties were observed until the molar
concentration of acrylic add in polymers exceeded 50%
© for the etheracrylate containing copolymers, C&D, the soil
release properties Increased almost linearly with the molar
concentration of methyl carbltol acrylate In polymers
© fluorine-containing polymers BSD gave higher soil release
ratings than non-fluorinated polymers A&C
e polymers containing ethylene oxide units (C&D), and carboxyllc
units (A&D) were equally effective as soil release agents.
UouBver, the former type gave fabrics a better hand than the
latter one.
2-114
-------
Concluded)
In addition, two other fluorinated polyethatb were examined for
oil repellency and soil release properties. The results showed
that the ether oxygen in a polyether backbone could either be
hydrophllic or non-hydrophllic, depending on its availability at
the polymer/air interface.
The authors also gave a general overview on the hydrophilicity of
fluoridated polymers. Factors contributing to hydrophilicity
discussed in the article Included contact angle, hydrogen
bonding, van der Waals force, and surface energy.
Is: Fabric finish. Laundering
2-115
-------
.e: Dermal and Respiratory Ezosure of Orchard Alrblast Sprayer
Operators to Benomyl, Mancozeb and Ethylene Thiourea During
Loading and Spraying. (cover letter dated 1981) (PC 64)
lor: Kenneth D. Hickey
iose of
!y: The purpose of this study was to determine potential dermal and
respiratory exposure of orchard alrblast sprayer operators to
benomyl, mancozeb, and ethylene thiourea (ETU) during loading
and spraying in a commercial apple orchard*
rials and
:ods: jtenouyl and mancozeb (ETU is a breakdown product of mancozeb)
were applied with two types of air blast sprayers, a
conventional orchard air blast sprayer and a mist-type low
volume sprayer. An operator was assigned to each machine and
performed both the weighing/loading aad spraying operations.
Exposure was determined for each operation separately. Each
applicator wore a semi-disposable jacket and pants when handling
benomyl. Standard cotton overalls were worn over cotton work
shirts and pants while handling mancozeb. Squares of
alpha-cellulose absorbent material were attached to the jacket
or coveralls at the following body locations: the top of both
shoulders, the back of the neck, the upper chest, and the top
and back of each forearm. Light weight cotton gloves were worn
on the hands. For the mancozeb tests, pads were also attached
in approximately the same body locations to the shirt worn under
the cotton coveralls in order to measure the protectiveness of
the coveralls. Measurements of respiratory exposure were made
with a single unit respirator filtered with a gauze surgical
sponge. Absorption rates of the pesticides onto alpha cellulose
pads, gloves, and gauze spcnges were determined after extraction
with a spectrophotometer or a gas chromatograph.
Its and
ents: Deposits of pesticide residues on pads, gloves, and gauze
sponges during weighing/loading and spraying operations are
summarized in the following cable.
2-116
-------
-r\> *rn vvumiiiuea)
Orchard Operation
Sprayer
Type
Benomyl
Mean Std.
Error
Mancozeb
Mean Std.
Error
Ethylene Thiourea
Mean Std.
Error
Dermal Exposure uft/cm
2/hr
Weigh and Loading
Operator No.l
Low volume
60.29
-
999.5
_
10.64
Operator No.2
Conventional
72.45
-
1609.7
-
67.55
-
Spraying
Operator No.l
Low volume
8.06
-
23.66
_
1.07
Operator No.2
Conventional
10.68
-
38.58
-
1.40
-
Respiratory Expo
sure iift/hr
Weigh and Loading
Operator No.l
Low volume
197.9
36.2
713.2
642.3
27.0
2.7
Operator No.2
Conventional
237.2
49.1
1537.4
283.8
54.6
9.4
Spraying
Operator No.l
Low volume
19.9
6.4
50.8
13.6
4.3
0.8
Operator No.2
Conventional
6.7
1.5
12.4
7.2
2.1
1.2
-------
oncluded)
Other findings included:
o Dermal exposure to all three compounds «as generally greater on
hands than on forearms, face, and neck.
6 Potential total dermal exposure to exposed body areas during
spraying with low volume and conventional sprayers was 3.5 and
5.7 mg/hr (benomyl), 9.3 and 17.7 mg/hr (mancozeb), and 0.40 and
0.56 mg/hr (ETU), respectively.
e Both respiratory and dermal exposure to hands and forearms were
greater during the weighing and loading operation than during
spraying.
a There was no significant difference in dermal exposure to the
two operators during spraying. There was significantly more
respiratory exposure to benomyl to the low volume sprayer
operator, but this was not found for mancozeb and ETU.
a Cotton overalls provided excellent protection against mancozeb
and ETU.
Glove, Coverall, Respirator, Cotton, Applicator, Mixed/Loader,
Dermal, Respiratory, Benomyl, Mancozeb, Ethylene thiourea, Orchard,
Mr blast, Low-volume spray, Cellulose pads, Gauze sponges
2-118
-------
Catalog of Protective Clothing/Safety Equipment for the Pesticide
Applicator 1981 (PC 65)
>r: L.S. Russell
>se of
r: The purpose of this report is to catalog protective clothing and
equipment available to pesticide applicators and related workers
which reduce exposure hazards related to the handling of agricultural
pesticides during mixing and application operations.
rials and
>ds: Not applicable*
Its ?.ud
sn'-;.; The catalog is arranged in three sections. The first section
includes
-------
Textile Characteristics Affecting the Release of Soil During
Laundering Part II: Fluorochemlcal Soil-Release Textile
Finishes 1969 (PC 66)
)rs:
>se of
r:
rials and
>ds:
.ts and
:nts:
Sherman, P.O., S. Smith and B. Johannessen
This study was performed to examine the behavior of fluorochemlcal
surface finishing agents on textiles.
Fabrics used in this study were scoured cotton print cloth,
polyester staple plain weave, 50/50 polyester/cotton gabardine, and
65/35 polyester/cotton poplins. These fabrics were padded with
aqueous finishing agent solution to about 50% wet pick up, and then
cured at 166°C for 15 minutes. The treated fabrics were then
tested for various properties, e.g., launderabillty and
cleanability. The test procedures used were described in this
article.
Fluorochemlcal textile finishes generally coataln both
fluorochemlcal (F) and hydrophillc (H) segments. F segments supply
fluorlnated surfaces on textile to repel stain in air. H segments
have polar groups capable of interacting with water; therefore,
provide soil release properties to textiles. Launderabillty tests
showed that textiles treated with F-H-F type polymers performed
better than those treated with H-type polymers.
Textiles treated with polymers containing the following two groups
showed spontaneous release of stain (simulated by the use of
mineral oil) In the launderabillty and cleanability tests:
Such oil-release characteristics involve the "rolling-up" of the
oil from the yarn surfaces. The authors provided photomicrographs
to Illustrate this phenomenon. The rate of oil-release from
textiles during laundering seems to be affected by geometric
factors, with smooth fiber surfaces favoring core rapid release.
The following table summarizes the cleanability ratings of finished
and unfinished textiles after laundering at 60°C using 104g Tide
detergent:
(A)
C00C2H4N(CH3)02SC8F17
and
HSCH2CH(CH3)HC00(C2H40 k70C(CH3)HCH2SH
0
(B)
2-120
-------
66 (Concluded)
Cleanabillcy Ratings of Textiles After Laundering
Number of Laundering Cycles
Fabric and Finish
One
Two
Three
Five
Cotton, no finish
3.5
4.5
5
5
Cotton + rest.i, odtalyst,
builder, softener, and
A-B type copolymer
5
5
5
5
Polyester, no finish
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
Polyester + A-B type
copolymer
4.5
5
5
5
Words: Fabric finish, Cotton, Polyester/Cotton, Laundering
2-121
-------
itle:
uthors:
urpose of
tudy:
aterials and
ethods:
esults and
omments:
Textile Characteristics Affecting the Release of Soil during
Laundering Part 1: A Reviev and Theoretical Consideration of
the Effects of Fiber Surface Energy and Fabric Construction on
Soil Release 1969 (PC 67)
Smith, S. and P.O. Sherman
This Is a review article. Refer to the "title" for the purpose
of study.
Not applicable.
Three types of fabric soils are generally of primary concern:
fluid stains, dry particulate matter, and a combination of both.
The manner in which these soils are distributed within the fabric
and interact with the contacting fibers varies considerably, and
therefore, so does the mode in which the soiled fibers normally
respond to the laundering process.
The distribution of fluids in fiber is mainly governed by two
parameters: capillary pressure and rate of capillary penetration
of the fluid. They are expressed by the following two equations:
capillary pressure a p ¦ 2VCos 8' (1)
r
where
Y ¦* surface tension
6'a = advancing contact angle of fluid on the yarn surface
r - average radius of the "cylinders" of air separating the
fibers within the yarn,
rate of capillary penetration ¦=¦ d£ •> 2YCos 0a r (2)
dt SnF
where
6a = apparent advancing contact angle of fluid on the yarn
surface
£ - distance traversed by the fluid in the capillary
t «¦ time
¦1 = viscosity of the fluid
If 6'a value is <90°, the capillary pressure is positive
(equation 1), and therefore, the fluid may penetrate the fiber to
cause staining. From the consideration of equation 2, a more
viscous fluid would advance into the fiber more slowly. In
addition, stained fabrics become more difficult to clean with the
increased passage of time between staining and laundering. In
the case of fabrics containing a suitable fluorochemical finish
(B'a >90° for the stain on the yarn), capillary pressure is
negative, and there Is no driving force for the stain to diffuse
into fine fiber capillaries. Therefore, Increased passage of
time between staining and laundering is of no consequence.
2-122
-------
C 67 (Concluded)
The cleaning process in laundering involves a "rolling-up" of the
fluid soil film from the fiber surface by an aqueous detergent
solution. This process is controlled by (1) the detergent used
and its concentration, and (2) the polarity of the fiber.
Consequently, for untreated fabrics, cellulose materials are more
easily cleaned than the hydrophobic nylon or polyester.
Soiling by dry particulate matter can occur by the following two
mechanisms:
e micro-occlusion, in which soil particles become entrapped in
crevices of fibers
« macro-occlusion, in which soil particles become entrapped
between fibers in the yarn and between yarns In the weave.
The first soiling mechanism is more important for the highly
textured natural fibers such as cotton, silk and wool, while
nylon fabrics are soiled mainly through the second mechanism.
Studies had shown that a hard finish on cotton could eliminate
surface crevices, thus, preventing "micro-occlusion" of dry
particles.
For the composite fluid/particle soils, the fluid may act as the
carrier or cement for the particle to give rise to "sorptlve"
bonding to the textile. It has been suggested that the major
problem for removing such soils is removing the fluid carrier.
In addition to the above discussions on fabric/soil interactions,
the authors also reviewed the effects of fiber topography and
fabric construction on soil retention. Theories proposed by
various investigators were briefly summarized in this article.
Key Words: Fabric finish, Laundering
2-123
-------
Title:
Liquid vs. Vapor Permeation Through Polymer Films 1963
(PC 68)
Authors: Stannett, V. and H. Yasuda
Purpose of
Study: The purpose of this study was to measure the permeability of
selected polymer films to organic liquids and their vapors.
Specifically, the authors wished to determine whether there was
any difference between polymer permeability to a liquid and to its
saturated vapor.
Materials and
Methods: Polyethylene (0.035 mm) and vulcanized natural rubber (0.35 mm)
were used. The organic liquids were benzene and cyclohexane, in
the case of polyethylene, and acetone and acetonltrile, in the
case of rubber. The apparatus was described in a separate
publication. The values recorded were equilibrium values and, as
such, say nothing about the rate of permeation.
Results and
Commentj: Polyethylene:
The permeability of polyethylene is a smooth function of
relative vapor pressure (relative to saturated vapor). The
curves, at both 0°C and 20°C, have almost constant slopes.
There was a significant difference in permeability the first
time a film was exposed to vapor. A subsequent run gave
consistently higher values. This is probably due to permanent
structural changes in the film caused by permeation. On the
second run, there was no difference in permeability between the
liquid and its saturated vapor.
Rubber:
The rubber was vulcanized and thus, as expected, there were no
differences in the first and subsequent runs. In all cases,
permeability was a smooth function of relative vapor pressure.
The liquid and its saturated vapor had identical permeabilities.
tey Hords: Rubber, Polyethylene, Permeation
2-12A
-------
Title:
Authors:
Purpose of
Study:
Materials and
Methods:
Results and
Coasents:
A Study of the Posolble Exposure Hazards to Horkero Associated with
the Application of Sodlua Arsenlte to Grape Vineyards 1979
(PC 69)
Peoples, S.A., K.T. Hnddy, C. Kahn, and P. Conrad
Thle study was conducted to determine the hazards of using Bodlim
arsenlte spray on grape vines•
Pour vineyards were involved In this study. Three of thaae had been
sprayed with sodlua arsenlte annually, and one, used aa a control,
had not been sprayed for at least the previous three years*
The oodlua arsenlte concentrate used contained 42.3X sodlua arsenlto
which wao then diluted by odxlng 1 1/2 gallons of the product with
200 gallons of water per acre. This arsenlte solution (Bote: the
concentration Is about 0.3Z) was applied onto dormant grape vines
with a boos spray rig at two vlneyurds and with a speed sprayer at
one vineyard.
The applicators wore respirators and waterproof rain suits and
boots. Respiratory exposure Has measured by analytlng respirator
cartridge pada. Dermal exposure was aeasured by analysing patches
worn by workers.
Soil and hark saaples were taken before, during, and after the
spraying operation. Leaf, grape, and twig samples were taken at
harvest time.
The results, conclusions and recommendations of this study are
suaaarlzed In the following:
o the high-speed sprayer produced the highest respiratory arsenic
e the full-face double cartridge respiratory failed to protect the
high-speed spray operator, probably due to the rapid cartridge
saturation. However, the boos spray operators were shown to be
adequately protected by the use of respirators
o the dermal arsenic exposure without protective clothing ranged
from below detection (0.002 jig/cm^) to 0.041 fig/ca^. With
protective clothing, the dermal exposure was usually below
detection
o an hour after spraying, the arsenic level In soil was found to
range from 58 to 88 ppm. It fell rapidly after days 16 to 24 to
about 15 ppm at day 60, and reached the control level 8 to
11 ppm for the remainder of the study
o the spraying did not produce a measurable arsenic residue in the
grapes or new sten growth, and the leaves did not have levels
above normal control values.
those of the boom sprayer,
2-125
-------
PC 69 (Concluded)
From the results obtained in this study, the authors made the
fo1lowing recommendatIons:
• employees should be Informed about the potential carcinogenic
hazard of arsenic
e employees should wear protective clothing Including boots,
full-length pants, coat, gloves and hat all made of neoprene or
similarly Impervious jiaterlal. A respirator with cartridges or
canisters, approved by N10SH, should also be used
« employees should be provided with a place to change and wash
o employers should be responsible for the handling of contaminated
clothing and equipment
o for 60 days subsequent to spraying, employees entering a treated
vineyard should wear neoprene boots
« spraying should be done during the dormant season
o use of speed sprayers cannot be approved for the use of spraying
sodium arsenlte onto grape vines•
Keys Words: Flowable concentrate, Boom spray, Dermal, Respiratory, Applicator,
Field worker, Rubber, Glove, Pants, Coat/Jacket, Respirator,
Raincoat, Exposure residue values, Sodium arsenlte, Fruit crop
2-126
-------
Title:
Authors:
Purpose of
Study:
Absorption and Excretion of Parathlon by Spraymen
1972 (PC 70)
Durham, W.F., and H.R. Wolfe
This study was conducted to determine the relative Importance of
dermal versus respiratory exposure routes for parathlon spraymen.
Materials and
methods:
This study was performed in two parts.
Part 1 Involved the participation of spraymen from 16 fruit orchards
in which parathlon application was done by power air blast spray
equipment. The liquid parathlon used was prepared by mixing 1 lb of
25% water-wettable powder with 100 gallons of water (concentration
0.33Z). The spraymen kept a complete record of their activities
throughout the study.
Part 2 was a controlled study to compare dermal and respiratory
exposure of three parathlon spraymen wearing different types of
clothing. One Individual was completely covered with rubber and
plastic clothing to allow only respiratory exposure. A second
spraymen wore ordinary clothing but breathed pure compressed air.
The third person wore ordinary clothing without either dermal or
respiratory protection.
During this study period, all the spraymen collected their urine
which was then analyzed for p-nltrophenol, a parathlon metabolite.
The dermal exposure oi these men was estimated by using the
absorbent pad technique. Respiratory exposure was not measured;
however, a previously reported level of 0.020 m^/hr was used instead.
Results and
Comments: The findings from part 1 of this study are Jummarlzed In the
following:
o On the average, the highest p-nltrophenol excretion occurred
about six hours after the last exposure.
© Approximately two days after the last exposure, excretion was
insignificant during late night and early morning hours, but
reached higher levels during midday.
« Bathing after exposure decreased p-nitrophenol excretion
significantly.
2-127
-------
'0 (Continued)
The results from part 2 of this study are summarized In the
following table*
Subject
Protective
Equipment
Exposure
Route
Potential
Dermal .
Exposure
(mg/in )
Set 1 Set 2
Total
p-nittophenol
Excretion
(mg)
Set 1 Set 2
1
Plastic and
Respiratory
0.0311 0.020
0.088 0.006
rubber
only
clothing
2
Pure air
Dermal
0.029 0.019
0.6662 0.*97
supply
only
3
None
Respiratory
0.017 Not
0.4332 Not
and dermal
given
given
2Note: Subject 3, without any protection, had less excretion than subject 2,
which had respiratory protection.
The following table summarizes the results obtained by using the
Smyth technique (also see PC 98) to calculate dermal absorption of
the spraymen:
Calculated Dermal Absorption
]ect
Total
Urinary
Parathion
Excretion
(mg)
Total
Respiratory
Exposure
(mg)
Total
Dermal
Exposure
(mg)
Total
Dermal
Absorption
(mg)
Percent
of
Total
Excretion
Percent
of Dermal
Exposure
L
0.67
0.13
8^.0
0.54
80.5
0.63
>
1.50
0.15
102.2
1.36
90.7
1.33
I
1.49
0.16
94.5
1.34
89.9
1.41
i
1.35
0.16
73.6
1.20
88.2
1.63
>
0.51
0.10
102.0
0.41
80.4
0.40
>
7.91
0.76
366.6*
7.15
90.2
1.95*
:e: These two numbers were not clear from the copies provided by EPA.
2-128
-------
70 (Concluded)
Concluding from the above result g, the spraysan using liquid
parathlon vlth air blast type of opray equlpoent, would have higher
absorption Urea the dermal route than froa the respiratory route.
Houovor, thlo conclusion oay not bo valid for other coapoundo
because the absorption characteristics could be different for
different compounds.
y Words: Parathlon, Air blast, Dorsal, Rosplratory, Exposure residue values,
Spray BP, Coverall, Respirator, Rubber, Applicator
2-129
-------
le: Penetration of Soil Dust Through Woven and Nonwoven Fabrics
1978 (PC 71)
hors: Kawar, N.S., F.A. Gunther, W.F. Serat and Y. Iwata
pose of
dy: This study was conducted to evaluate several types of untreated and
treated fabrics to determine their effectiveness in protecting
workers from pesticide-laden dust.
erials and
hods: Fabrics vere tested in the laboratory by stretching samples over the
opening of the inner portion of a ground-glass joint which was then
' attached to the outer portion of the joint. This gave an exposed
fabric area of 28 cm?. Two grams of soil dust ( 100 mesh) and one
gran of small carborundum boiling chips were placed in the inner
joint side of the fabric. Having closed both ends with aluminum
foil, the test apparatus was then agitated mechanically. The dust
which passed through the fabric into the outer joint was weighed and
then screened to determine particle site distribution.
The dust used was collected both from a cultivated area near a
citrus grove and from orange leaves in the grove.
Fabrics tested included knitted jersey and two woven fabrics of 1:1
cotton polyester, and one woven fabric and one knitted jersey of
100Z cotton. Each of these fabrics was tested untreated and treated
with each of two fluorocarbon polymers which were applied by the 3M
Company. Two disposable nonwoven fabrics were also tested (a paper
and a paper over polypropylene net fabric).
To determine the pesticide residue levels as a function of particle
size, the soil dust was mixed with various parathion preparations,
spread as films on glass plates, and exposed to sunlight and ambient
oxidants In the air for 1 to 3 weeks. The samples were extracted
with a mixture of acetone and hexane and analyzed with gas
chromatography.
ults and
ments: The treated and untreated knitted fabrics allowed soil dust
penetrations ranging from 87 to 96 percent while the woven fabrics
allowed 0.3 to 5.8 percent penetration. Treatment of the woven
fabrics resulted in penetration reductions of 54 to 78 percent over
untreated fabrics. The nonwoven disposable fabrics allowed 0.4 and
0.1 percent dust penetration, for paper and paper over
polypropylene, respectively.
The levels of parathion and paraoxon (a degradation product of
parathion) were found to be gr. atest with the smaller soil dust
particles (on a unit weight basis).. A total range of 180 to 690 ppm
of parathion residue was found for all sizes after one week and 140
to 540 ppm after 3 weeks. Data indicated that the
parathion/paraoxon ratio was independent of dust particle size.
Paraoxon residues ranged from as low 12 ppm after the first week to
as high as 260 ppm after the third week.
2-130
-------
C 71 (Concluded)
The authors note that these values for residue levels are reasonable
values for quantities that vorkers nay encounter, and are in
agreement with other reports* They conclude that the finer dust
particles penetrating workers clothing will carry in more toxicants
per unit Height of dust than the coarser dust particles; but for
either,the percentage of the pesticide as the oxon will be identical.
ey Words: Cotton, Paper, Field worker, Parathion, Dust, Penetration factor
2-131
-------
.e:
tors:
>ose of
ly:
The Use of Protective Clothing and Equipment for Prevention of
Exposure to Pesticides 1972 (PC 72)
Wolfe, H.R., J.F. Armstrong, D.C. Staiff, and S.W. Comer
This study determined the extent of use of pesticide equipment and
provided an overview of appropriate measures for protecting workers
against pesticide exposure. Also see PC 99.
rials and
tods:
ilts and
tents:
Not applicable«
This article overlaps with PC 99; therefore, only the Information
not covered by PC 99 is summarized in the following:
« based on a survey of workers operating air-blast spray machines
for applying parathlon in fruit orchards, 30.2Z of the workers
wore respirators while spraying during the cooler period, and
24.5% during the warmer periods. However, when spraying with
pesticides less toxic than parathlon, respirators were rarely
worn. Workers in pesticide formulating plants were found to use
respirators in a similar way. However, the formulators were
found to be more faithful In changing the respirator pads than
the spraymen
e in a study of 24 pilots, 20 wore respirators during aerial
dusting applications of organophosphorous pesticides, but only 13
wore respirators when applying liquid sprays. Analyses of saliva
samples from four pilots showed that the two pilots with respira-
tors had undetectable amounts of parathlon, while the two pilots
without respirators had 23.5 ng and 17.7 ng of parathlon.
(Note: The authors did not give the size of the saliva samples.)
a flaggers and loaders generally wore respirators during pesticide
application operations
o fruit thinners rarely wore respirators or dust masks. The
parathlon level was found to be 0.049 mg/m^ in the air near the
breathing zone of a thinner working in the orchard 72 hours after
parathlon application. The calculated respiratory exposure for a
thinner would be 0.085 mg/hr which was about four times as much
as the exposure of spraymen. Therefore, the authors recommended
that thinners should wear respirators unless 72 hours had elapsed
since the pesticide application (Note: The authors did not
determine the exposure levels after 72 hours; therefore, the data
presented here were Inadequate for supporting the recommendations
made by the authors.)
e the potential respiratory exposure to parathlon was found to be
0.16 mg/hr for operators of tractor-mounted dusters. The workers
reported that they changed respirator pads each day
2-132
-------
72 (Concluded)
e the potential deraal exposures to parathlon for operators of
high-volume dilute air-blast equipment were: forearms 9.5 og/hr,
face 4.9 mg/hr, hands 3.9 tng/hr, back of neck 0.7 tng/hr, and
front of neck "V" of chest 0.4 mg/hr. These results demonstrated
the need of long sleeved protective clothing and the use of hats
and gloves.
Words: Parathlon, Applicator, Dermal, Respiratory, Oral, Pilot, Pormulator
flagger, Aerial, Air blast, Ground boom, Dust, Exposure residue
values, Respirator, Head covering, Glove
2-133
-------
Tide:
Author:
Protection of Individuals who Mix or Apply Pesticides In the Field
1972 (PC 73)
H.S. Wolfe
Purpose of
Study:
This article given on overview of measures for protecting against
pesticide during spraying operations. Also see PC 99.
Materials and
Methods:
Results and
Consents:
Not applicable.
This fer*lcle Is very similar to PC 99. Therefore, the Information
covered by PC 99 Is not Included In this sumaary.
Workers who mix or apply pesticides In the field are exposed to
such compounds through four routes: dermal, respiratory, oral, and
cut8 or abrasions in the skin. (Note: For discussions on dermal,
respiratory, and oral exposures, aloo see PC 99.)
Cuts and abrasions may allow a direct route of pesticide entry Into
the blood stresa. They usually occur on worker's hands which nre
In contact with pesticide concentrates most often. The author
reported two pesticide poisoning cases as examples.
Stacking pestlclde-ccntamlnated cigarettes by spraysen Is another
potential route of respiratory exposure. The author reported some
cigarette contamination results from previous studies. The
following table suaaarlxes the pesticide levels on cigarettes which
had been contaminated by worker's hands:
Pesticide
Condition ofi
Hands
l«vel
mg/Clgaretteo
endrln
hands wet with
dilute spray
0.002
parathlon
dry hands contaminated
during air blast
0.003-0.005
parathlon
wet hands from dilute
spray during air blast
0.020-0.050
parathlon
hands wet with 45Z
eeulslflable concentrate
thea wiped dry
0.235
Although these values do not seen to reflect great hazards, two
points should be kept in alnd, an pointed out by the author
(verbatim): (1) pesticide entering by the respiratory route Is
practically 100Z absorbed and (2) there Is no assurance that a more
toxic breakdown product will not be formed and Inhaled as the high
temperature of a burning cigarette reaches the contaminated areas
rather than complete destruction of the compound by burning.
2-134
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PC 73 (Concluded)
Several Isolated facts were reported In this paper as having been
reported In previous studies. They are:
o Ninety percent of pesticide exposure Is dermal exposure*
o For orchard spraymen, there Is 950 times as much dermal exposure
as respiratory exposure.
e The greatest potential exposure for sprayers Is to upper back,
shoulders, and forer.rms.
o For air blast machines, when the pesticide concentration is
increased by a factor of eight, the respiratory exposure
increases by a factor of three.
o Average oral exposure via contaminated lunches was measured as
0.103 tog (parathion) per lunch.
The author also recommended that contaminated skin be cleaned as
quickly and as thoroughly as possible with soap and water* Eyes
should be thoroughly flushed with water for at least five minutes
if pesticide gets into the eyes. Furthermore, a worker should stop
work and get medical attention if he should feel ill while working
with pesticide.
Key Words: Dermal, Respiratory, Oral, Applicator, Protective clothing (general)
2-135
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Title:
Regional Variation In Percutaneous Penetration In Man
1971 (PC 74)
Authors:
Purpose of
Study:
Malbach, H. I., R.J. Feldmann, T.H. Milby, and W.F. Serat
This study was designed to measure the dermal absorption of
various pesticides and the differences in absorption for
different locations on the body.
Materials and
Methods:
Results and
Comments:
The pesticides used were parathlon and malathion and, to a lesser
extent, carbaryl. These compounds were labeled with carbon-14.
For each experlement (one pesticide at one location) six male
volunteers were used. The pesticide, in acetone, was applied to
a marked site with a mlcropipette. The site was left unwashed
for 24 hours. The dose was always 4 fig/cm2. Urine samples were
collected at various times up to five days after application.
Corrections were made for Incomplete urinary recovery.
Parathlon:
Thirteen locations were tested. After five days, the amount
of C-14 recovered, expressed as a percent of applied dose,
ranged from 8.621Z (forearm) to 101.570Z (scrotum), with an
average of 34.642Z (st. dev. » 25.200Z).
Malathion:
Seven locations were tested. The percent recoveries ranged
from 5.828Z (palm) to 28.662Z (axilla), with an average of
13.305Z (st. dev. = 9.034Z).
Carbaryl:
Two locations were tested. The results were 73.91Z (forearm)
and 69.91Z (jaw angle).
Key Words: Dermal, Parathlon, Malathion, Carbaryl, Urine excretion
2-136
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'itle:
Instruments for Exposure Assessment of the Pesticide Worker and the
Role of Protective Clothing 1979 (PC 75)
oithors: Davies, J.E., V.B Freed, and H.F. Enos
"urpose of
¦tudy: This paper first describes some of the known acute and chronic
effects of pesticide exposure and discusses techniques used to
measure exposure. The authors also report results of laboratory
studies they have conducted to determine repellency of treated and
untreated fabrics used for protective clothing. (Only this portion
of the paper is summarized below.) Finally, this paper summarizes
results of field studies on penetration and absorption of protective
clothing; the latter results were originally reported in another
paper (See Summary for PC 105).
A number of treated and untreated fabric types were sprayed with red
dye-xylene emulsion at 30 psi, 9 inches away from the fabric.
Fabrics tested were: 100% cotton denim, 100Z cotton coarse cloth
(white and black), single knit 100Z cotton, 50/50 polyester cotton
gingham, and 50/50 polyester/cotton denim.
The treated and untreated fabrics were also compared for the
retention of dye residues after laundering. The change in
repellency of the Scotchgarc^-treated cloth was evaluated after:
(1) three successive sprays of dye emulsion with no washing between
sprayings and (2) after alternate washing and spraying with dye
emulsion.
No other details on the methods used were given.
•suits and
Moments: The amount of chemical found on the treated fabrics after spraying
ranged from 0.11 to 0.360 jig/cm^ (or 75 to 29 percent repellency of
treated cloth compared to untreated cloth) for 100Z cotton denim and
single knit 100Z cotton, respectively.
Repellency decreased on Scotchgar^-treated cloth after successive
spraying with dye emulsion. This decrease was smallest in 100%
cotton denim (75 to 61 percent repellency) and greatest In 50/50
polyester/cotton denim 56 to 32 percent. The authors noted that
treated 100Z cotton denim can repel almost as much dye emulsion
after being sprayed three times as can 50/50 polyester/cotton denim
freshly treated with Scotchgard®.
Results of alternate spraying with dye and washing indicated that
Scotchgaro® may be removed with laundering. After being sprayed,
washed, and sprayed again, repellency In 100Z cotton denim decreased
from 75 to 35 percent and from 56 to 13 percent In 50/50
polyester/cotton denim.
The authors suggest that 100Z cotton denim treated with Scotchgard®
would be the best choice for making overalls for pesticide appli-
cators and that the treatment would be effective up to two washings,
aterlals and
ethods:
2-137
-------
PC 75 (Concluded)
after which the fabric should be treated again. However, it is not
clear from the data why up to two washings was selected as an
effective limit for protection.
Key Uords: Coveralls, Cotton, Denim, Applicator, Field worker, Dermal,
Respiratory, Kepellency, Polyester/Cotton, Penetration retardant,
Laundering
2-138
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Title: Percutaneous Penetration of Some Pesticides and Herbicides in
Man 1974 (PC 76)
Authors: Feldnan, R.J., and U.I. Malhach
Purpose of
Study:
Materials and
Methods:
This study vas conducted to determine the absorption of pesticides
through dermal exposure. Also see PC 19.
Acetone solutions of ^^C-labelled pesticides were applied onto the
forearms of six men, at a dose of 4 pg/cn^. The absorption vas
determined by l^C analysis of the urine samples collected. The
pesticides studied Included axodrin, ethion, guthlon, malathlon,
parathlon, baygon, carbaryl, aldrin, dleldrin, lindane, 2,4-D, and
dlquat.
Results and
Comments:
The following table gives the percent of applied dose excreted la
five days after application. In addition, the standard deviation is
also given for each compound.
Total Excretion In 5 Days
Pesticide
Mean Percent of
Applied Dose
Standard
Deviation
Azodrln
14.7
7.1
Ethion
3.3
1.1
Guthlon
15.9
7.9
Malathlon
8.2
2.7
Parathlon
9.7
5.9
Baygon
19.6
5.2
Carbaryl
73.9
21.0
Aldrin
7.8
2.9
Dleldrin
7.7
3.2
Lindane
9.3
3.7
2,4-D
5.8
2.4
Dlquat
0.3
0.1
The above results showed that dlquat was the least absorbed pesti-
cide and carbaryl was the most absorbed. In addition, the author
indicated that differences in absorption among individuals con-
tributed to the high standard deviations of these absorption values.
Key Words: Dermal, Urine Excretion, Azodrln, Ethion, Guthlon, Malathlon,
Parathlon, Baygon, Carbaryl, Aldrin, Dleldrin, Lindane, 2,4-D, Dlquat
2-139
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Title:
Authors:
Purpose of
Study:
The Epidermal Barrier—A Comparison Between Scrotal and Abdominal
Skin 1961 (PC 77)
Smith, J. Graham, R W. Fischer, and H. Blank
The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not there
are significant differences in the penetrability of the epidermis
of scrotal vs. abdominal skin.
Materials and
Methods:
Results and
Comments:
Six experiments were carried out. The procedures were as follows:
o The penetrability to lldocaine solution was measured using five
male volunteers (ages 20-30).
o Sections of epidermis were tested in vitro to determine
permeability to water.
0 Sections of epidermis were tested in vitro to determine
permeability to salicylic acid.
• Sections of epidermis were tested in vitro to determine
permeability to hydrogen sulfide gas.
• The thickness and strength of the stratum corneum was measured
in vivo by stripping with cellulose tape.
o Sections of epidermis were examined by polarized micrography
and microradiography.
Experiment #1 - the scrotal epidermis was 9 to 24 times more
permeable than the abdominal epidermis.
Experiment 02 - water diffused an average of 7.4 times faster
through scrotal epidermis.
Experiment 83 - salicylic acid penetrated the scrotal epidermis in
15 minutes. Abdominal epidermis was never penetrated in less than
two hours.
Experiment 74 - over eight minutes, hydrogen sulfide penetrated
the scrotal epidermis much more than the abdominal epidermis as
measured with lead acetate paper (picture provided).
Experiment 05 - for the scrotum, 1 to 5 strips of tape were needed
to remove the stratum corneum as compared to 15 or more for the
abdomen.
Experiment t6 - no significant histological differences were
observed.
2-140
-------
PC 77 (Concluded)
In addition to the above results, the authors report that the
buccal mucosa was tested In experiment #1 and found to be even
more permeable than the scrotal epidermis.
Key Words: Dermal, Penetration factor
2-141
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le: A Study in Southern California In July 1979 of the Potential
Dermal and Inhalation Exposure of Applicators and Other Persons
Who Might Later Enter or Occupy Areas Treated with Chlordane Used
Against Subterranean Termites Under Houses 1979 (PC 78)
tors: Maddy, K.T., L. Johnston, B. Cuslck, E. Schneider, T. Jackson, C.
Cooper, and A.S. Frederickson
pose of
Jy: See Title,
erials and
hods: Chlordane treatment was applied to six houses, three with crawl
spaces and three with slab foundations• The chlordane was applied
as a 1% solution in quantities ranging from 30 to 125 gallons.
Exposure was measured by monitoring the concentration of chlordane
in the applicator's breathing zone and by attaching cloth patches
to the applicator's coveralls. Air was monitored Inside the
houses during and after application. Samples of the treated soil
were also analyzed.
alts and
Bents:
Nearly all the air samples were negative (no chlordane detected).
The highest concentration found was 0.020 mg/m^ (3.9 ppb). Levels
in the cloth patches were generally less than 1 ng/cm* except when
the applicator had accidentally sprayed himself or when he had
crawled through a treated area. In such cases, levels as high as
2.9 )jig/cm2 were recorded. Twenty-four hours after application,
topsoil concentrations were 6 to 122 ppm. For slab houses, this
value increased over time to approximately 1000 ppm.
Uords:
Chlordane, Applicator, Residents, Respirrtory, Dermal
2-142
-------
riele:
Tok Cancellation or Suspension Che Expected EPA and California
Decision 1980 (PC 79)
tuthor:
Pesticide and Toxic Chemicals News
*urpoae of
itudy:
laterlals and
lethods:
lesults and
loanaents:
This Is a brief news article*
Not applicable.
EPA Indicated that Tok (nitrofen) had been grossly misused on
crops for which tolerances had not been established. In
addition, the tetratogenlc and oncogenic risks of TOK were also
of major concern to EPA. EPA officials stated that these
problems ware not likely to be eliminated by exposure reduction,
or the use of closed systems and protective clothing;
consequently, EPA indicated that they might ban the use of Tok
(nitrofen). However, EPA decided to reevaluate the situation
after Rotan and Ha&s presented to EPA some exposure data shoving
that Tok (nitrofen) could be safely handled by using protective
clothing, a closed system, and water soluble bags.
ey Words:
Tok, Nitrofen
2-143
-------
e:
or:
38e of
/:
Its and
:nts:
lords:
2-144
An Introduction to Permeation 1980 (PC 80)
Schlatter, C.N.
This article was written to call attention to the Importance of
permeation as an exposure route through protective clothing.
This article may be considered as a primer in permeation, the
author defines permeation as:
o Absorption of molecules of a liquid on the outside of a
material.
0 Diffusion of the absorbed molecules through the material.
o Desorption of the molecules from the inside of the material.
The author calls attention to his company's work in developing
permeation data and announces a forthcoming paper.
Permeation
-------
e: Respiratory Protective Devices 1978 (PC 81)
or: D.D. Douglas
ose of
y: This is an overview article about protective respiratory devices.
The subjects include types, capabilities, and selection criteria of
respirators.
rials and
ods: Not applicable.
Its and
ents: In general, there are two types of respirators: air-purifying and
air-supplying. For the air-purifying type, there are two main
categories: povered and nonpowered. The air-supply type consists
of an air line supply and self-contained supply respirators.
The povered air-purifying respirators have positive pressure
facepleces (i.e., the pressure within the facepiece is greater than
the pressure outside), while the nonpowered respirators have
negative pressure facepleces. The following table summarizes the
characteristics of the air-purifying type respirators:
Type of Respirator
Characteristics
Powered air-purifying
Tight fitting
Full face piece, half, or
quarter mask with air-purifying
element A, B, or C.
Loose fitting
Air supplied hood with
air-purifying element A, B, or C.
Nonpowered respirators
Tight fitting with a full
facepiece, half or quarter
mask, or a mouth piece with
air-purifying element A, B, or C.
A " Gas and vapor sorption element.
B «• Aerosol filter element.
C o Combination of A and B.
The three types of air-purifying elements available are the gas and
vapor sorption type (A), the aerosol filter (B), and a combination
of these two (C). Type A captures gases and vapors by passing them
through a bed of activated carbon, silica gel, or molecular sieves.
Type B filters aerosol through fibrous media, and is presently
produced In four classes: dust, dust and mist, fume, and high
efficiency. The C type filtering element combines the capabilities
of types A and B, and is used to protect workers from respiratory
exposures to pesticide.
2-145
-------
L (Concluded)
The characteristics of the air-supply type respirators are
summarized in the following table:
Type of
Respirator
Facepiece Pressure
Characteristics
Air line supply
Loose fitting
Positive
Hood, blouse, or suit
with a continuous
airflow.
Tight fitting
Positive or negative
Full facepiece, half or
quarter mask or mouth
piece with an air-supply
mode*
Self-contained
supply
Close circuit
system
Negative
Tight fitting respirator
with full facepiece, half
or quarter mask or a
mouthpiece with an oxygen
supply mode.
Open circuit
system
Positive or negative
Tight fitting respirator
with a full facepiece,
half or quarter mask with
an air-supply mode.
The author gave brief descriptions for all types of respirators, and
provided performance data on some of then. In addition, the author
proposed a respirator selection guide vhich was presented in a flow
chart format. Furthermore, training and maintenance requirements,
and potential problems associated with the use of respirators were
also discussed in this article*
>rds: Respirator
2-146
-------
e: Tips for Gaining Acceptance of a Personal Protective Equipment
Program (1976) (PC 82)
tor: K.E. Barenklau
>ose of
ly: This Is an overview article describing the need for sound
planning, managerial and worker support, and efficient role
enforcement when Implementing a protective equipment program*
irials and
iods: Not applicable.
lit 8 and
tents: The first vital step for a safety manager in any personal
protective equipment (PPE) program is to determine if personal
protection is really needed. The second consideration is the
feasibility of controlling hazards by engineering or
administrative means.
If PPE Is required, methodical strategy planning is needed. The
prime consideration in strategy planning is acceptance by the
worker, since the bulk of the work force must be convinced that a
problem exists and that a PPE program would be beneficial. Top
management approval is also critical to the program, and
matiagement needs to know the problem, the possible solutions, the
recommended solution, and the strategy for implementation. With
strategy planning and management approval completed, the safety
manager initiates a promotion campaign, using statistics and
media aids, to define a hazard and to convince workers of the
need for PPE. The support of general management is then needed
to set an example, and the support of labor leaders is needed to
make the implementation step easier. Implementation requires
that sufficient equipment is available, the equipment is properly
fitted, and the equipment is used; however, a "wear-in" period
may be preferable to requiring immediate 100% compliance. After
implementation, the PPE should be maintained by enforcement,
recognition of safe behavior and continuous promotion.
Words: Protection program
2-147
-------
:le:
:hor:
•pose of
idy:
erlals and
hods:
ults and
meats:
Safety Clothing - A Matter of Personal Protection 1976
M.R. Berger
(PC 83)
This article gives an overview on the fabric requirement of
protective clothing in various types of working environments.
Mot applicable.
There are two basic types of fabrics used for personal protective
clothing: natural and manmade (synthetic). The organic fabrics are
wool (naturally flame retardant), cotton, and rayon.
Cotton, the most widely used organic fabric, retains no heat after
the heat source is removed. Safety characterlcs can be Imparted by
various treatments: flame retardance, rot- and mildew-resistance,
antistatic treatment, bacteriostatic treatment, shrinkage control,
and water repellency.
Synthetic fabrics have one major drawback: they retain heat after
the heat source is removed. However, synthetics are much more
chemical-resistant than cotton, whether the cotton is treated or not.
The end usage of a safety garment determines the type of fabric and
treatment required, as well as the design and construction of the
clothing. The following table summarizes some general guidelines
for the selection of safety garments in various working environments.
Type of Environment
Antistatic
Volatile and explosive
materials
Molten Metal environment
Comments
Any type of fabric with antistatic
characteristics is applicable.
Garment should not include pockets,
cuffs, or other additions where duot
could build up.
Protective garment must be anti-
static, bacteriostatic, and flamo
retardant.
Both synthetic and organic fabrics
are available with these
characteristics.
The best protection could be achieved
by using clothing of alumlnlsed
fabric, worn over a suit of flame-
retardant-treated cotton.
2-148
-------
C 83 (Concluded)
Chemical environment
Plash fire environment
Contamlnable environment
Welding area
Hot environment
o Synthetics generally outlast cottons.
e Flame-retardant cotton is
superior to synthetics.
» Clothing has to be absorptive with
good soil-release properties.
• Flame-retardant cotton clothing plus
a flame-retardant cotton apron and
sleeves are preferable.
o Fabrics that reflect heat should be
used.
Wet environment
Hot and cold environment
Working with or around
machinery
In addition, the author also
approach a compliance check,
y Words: Cotton, Synthetic material
o Fabric selection should depend on
the nature and degree of heat.
e Fabric selection depends on whether
it is a hot or a cold environment.
o Layered and easily-removed clothing
should be used.
o Clothing should be body conforming
with hair and beard restrained.
gave some suggestions on how to
and where to seek help.
2-149
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Title: Stresses Involved In Wearing PVC Air-Supplied Suits: A Review
1979 (PC 84)
Authors: Raven, P.B., A. Dodson and T.O. Davis
Purpose of
Study: See PC 127.
2-150
-------
Title:
The Physiological Consequences of Hearing Industrial Respirators:
A Review 1979 (PC 85)
Authors:
Raven, P.B., A.T. Dodson, and T.O. Davis
Purpose of
Study:
This review was undertaken to meet the need for an In-depth
evaluation of the available data on the psychophysiological
stresses resulting from Industrial respirator use.
Results and
Comments:
This report preoents results, derived froa numerous studies,
applicable to all kinds of respirators. The section headings are
as follows:
o Introduction
o Maximal and Suboaxlmal Work Performance
o Resistance to Air Flow
• Increased Respiratory Dead Space
• Cardiovascular and Metabolic Adjustoente
e Thermoregulatory Responses
o Psychological Considerations
o Conclusions
o References
The authors conclude that most previous work has dealt with tho
aspect of breathing against Increased inspiratory or expiratory
resistance. The reealnlng areas of investigation (see above) have
received less attention. The authors conclude that 90S of a
normal population will not be adversely affected by reoplrator use
If the total expiratory "work." Is less than 0.17 kg m/llter.
The paper concluded with the following recomaendatlons for further
study:
o the development of a physiologically sound, medical-screening
examination for the Industrial physician to use In determining
the capability of a worker to uoe a respirator
o the development of a simple "psychological inventory" for
determining individual suitability to waarlng a respirator
e further investigations Into the effect of respirators upon
blood pressure and cardiac work
o the development of a dynamic flow-resistance calibration device
o further investigation of the shifts in metabolic pathways for
energy production, I.e., from aerobic to anaerobic
o an evaluation of all respiratory devices for aspects of thersal
comfort.
This review contains both theoretical and field data, and Is a
summary of AO studies.
Key Words: Respirator, Physiological effect, Comfort
2-151
-------
tie:
thors:
rpose of
udy:
Public Health Hazards Involved in the Use of Organic Phosphorous
Insecticides, in Cotton Culture in the Delta Area of Mississippi
1958 (PC 86)
Qulnby, G.E., K.C. Walker and W.F. Durham
This retrospective study was performed to investigate the hazards
associated with the use of phosphorous-containing insecticides for
the control of boll weevil on cotton in the Mississippi delta area.
terials and
thods:
The insecticides used in the delta area were malathion, parathion,
methyl parathion, and Guthion. They were applied either as spray or
dust by ground or aerial application.
One hundred cases of suspected insecticide poisoning were studied,
including 11 cases Involving airplane crashes or disturbances of
pilot's performance. Clinical records were examined to determine
whether individuals were actually poisoned. Furthermore, the blood
cholinesterase activity values were measured for 92 workers who were
exposed to methyl parathion and 32 workers exposed to Cuthion. The
workers surveyed included loaders, applicators, warehousemen,
pilots, experimental entomologists, checkers, choppers, flagmen,
irrigators, field supervisors, and residents.
The decay rate of methyl malathion and Cuthion were determined by
analyzing leaf samples collected periodically after spraying.
Respiratory exposure of cotton checkers was determined by the
respirator pad method. Dermal exposure was measured by analyzing
the residues collected on a worker's clothing such as gloves,
sleeves, and T-shirt. Insecticides measured for the exposure study
were methyl malathion and Guthion.
jults and
tents:
The clinical Investigation of the 100 suspect poisoning cattes
yielded the following results:
e twelve cases were found to be related to phosphorous-containing
insecticides, while 78 cases were unrelated
o nine cases did not have adequate information for evaluation
o one fatal case was related to endrin
e of the 11 cases involving pilots, only one case was demonstrated
to be related to the use of Insecticides.
From the chollnesterase study, all of the 92 persons with methyl
parathion exposure had values within the normal range except for two
loaders and one chopper. For the Guthion exposed group, only one
person had an abnormal chollnesterase level.
2-152
-------
PC 86 (Concluded)
From the decay rate study, the half life of methyl parathlon on
cotton leaves vas found to be less than one hour, while the half
life of Guthlon ranged from 2 to 4 days.
From the dermal exposure study, the gloves accounted for the
majority of the Insecticide residue recovered from the clothing of
cotton checkers. The cotton sleeves and the T-shirts picked up
lesser amounts. For methyl parathlon, no detectable quantity was
found on the respirator pads, while for Guthlon, only one pad had
detectable amounts (Mote: The authors did not specify how many
samples were taken in the exposure study.)
Key Words: Guthlon, Malathion, Methyl parathlon, Parathlon, Dermal,
Respiratory, Exposure residue values, Dust, Aerial, Field worker,
Cotton, Respirator, Shirt, Glove, Pilot, Loader, Applicator,
Flagger, Organophosphorous Insecticide
2-153
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title: Minutes from the American National Standards Institute Z-88
Subcommittee on Pesticide Respirators, November 12 and 13,
1975 (PC 87)
Author: C. Rose
Summary: The attendees were R. Barghini (Chairman), A. Gudeman, W. Miller, C.
Rose, R. Russell, W. Steffan, T. Torkelson, and R. Haters
o A letter was received requesting that the subcommittee consider
recommending only high efficiency filters with an organic vapor
sorbent for both gas mask and chemical cartridge respirators for
protection against all pesticides. There was disagreement, but
it was suggested that data were necessary to determine whether
this was necessary.
e The members discussed the need to establish EPA recommendations
for respiratory protection on pesticide labels, especially
fumlgants. The types of fumigation application were reviewed and
it was indicated where respirators were needed, it was agreed
that specific recommendations for respirators should be made on a
product by product basis, based on the specific fumigant and the
application situation.
e A draft table specifying minimum requirements for selection of
respirator protective equipment against particles (excluding
fumlgants) was discussed (a copy is enclosed In the minutes).
This table was based on definitions for high and low exposure
risk, which also appear In the minutes. The subcommittee members
were asked to discuss the table with appropriate experts and t'3
obtain written comments and rec;' tendations.
Key Words: Respirator, Fumigant
2-154
-------
Title: Letters from R.J. Barghini, Chairman of ANSI Z88 Subcommittee on
Pesticide Respirators, to Subcommittee Members 1976 (PC 88)
Author: R.J. Barghini
These letters are not summarized because they do not provide any
information on protective equipment.
2-155
-------
a: Respiratory Devices - III 1977 (PC 89)
3T: National Pest Control Association, Inc.
>se of
jr: Ttils article details the elements which comprise respiratory
program administration, including required written standard
operating procedures.
Lts and
ants: This technical release covers ths following areas:
• Guidelines for compliance with OSHA requirements concerning
- program administration
- program surveillance
- program evaluation
o Useful background information on the respiratory approval
process and approving agencies
o Information on voiding an approval
tords: Respirator, Protection program
2-156
-------
tie: Respirators 1975 (PC 90 end 91)
thor: J. Kennedy (USDA)
rpose of
udy: This article to a section of a report which apparently deals with
various aapecto of fumigation operations. This section gives an
overview of the types, capabilities, limitations and uses of
different respirators available.
terlals and
thods: Not applicable'
suits and
omenta: The types of respirators selected depend on the working environment
they Include the following:
o pressure-demand self-contained breathing apparatus, which should
be used when the working atnospheres are immediately dangerous to
health,
o air purifying respirators (gas masks) with either a full-face
mask or a half-face mask, which should be selected for
contaminated atmosphere not immediately dangerous to health,
o dust masks, which should be worn when particulate matter such as
dust, Insect scalep, aerosols, spray or other particles of low c*
moderate toxicity*
The capabilities and limitations of these three types of respirators
are summarized In the following table.
The author also discussed the various aspects of the use of
respirators; e.g., emergency and routine uses, use in dangerous
atmospheres, facia-piece fit tests, and monitoring of air
contaminants. In addition, problems associated with the use of
respirators were also discussed, such as the use of eyeglasses and
goggles, environments with low or high temperatures, and difficulties
of communication. Furthermore, the author, in this article,
provided come recommendations for the maintenance and care of
respirators.
Words: Respirator, Face, mask, Particle mask, Fit test, Respiratory,
Applicator
2-157
-------
90 and 91 (Concluded)
Type of Respirator
Capabilities
Limitations
ilf-contalned breaching
The wearer carries
It is limited by the amount of
iparatus
his own breathing
air in the tank.
air.
It is bulky and heavy, and
It Is used in atmo-
requires training and regular
spheres Immediately
maintenance.
dangerous to health.
It has limited service life.
It has a warning
device to indicate
It does not protect against
when the air supply
skin-irritants; therefore,
is low.
protective clothing J •
required.
It is effective in
oxygen-deficient
areas.
is and vapor-removing
Canisters can be
They are not effective in
ispirators
selected for specific
oxygen deficient areas.
irticulate-removing
ispirators
gas or vapor
protection.
They are light and
simple to use.
They can be used to
protect against non-
volatile particles.
They do not protect against
skln-lrrltants or particulate
contaminant.
They will not provide full
protection if the masks are
not properly fitted.
Most canisters are only effec-
tive for one toxicant.
Combination respirators com-
bining a chemical and mechani-
cal filtering systems must be
used for dual or multiple
exposures to dust and vapors.
2-158
-------
tie:
The Tractor Cab as a Protective Device during Pesticide
Applications 1973 (PC 92)
thor:
D.L. Mick
rpose of
udy:
terlals and
thods:
suits and
mments:
The purpose of this study was to determine the protection factor
of tractor cabs during spraying.
Two 8 oz. jars were filled with gauze and placed Inside and
outside the tractor cab at the height of the breathing zone. The
jars were left In place for 2 to 44 hours, then extracted. Gas
chromatography was used to analyze for pesticide residues.
The total amounts of pesticide collected outside the cab ranged
from 0.017 to 223 jig. The amounts inside ranged from 0.007 to
93 pg. In general, the exterior/interior concentration ratio was
approximately 2-3. In one case, it was 15. One experiment was
carried out with Dyfonate pesticide, with anomalous results: the
ratio found in this case was 212. (This was the 44 hour sample.)
This study appears, to this reviewer, to be replete with
confounding factors and its results should be considered only
preliminary ac best. For example, in only one case was there any
attempt to measure the exposure gradient Inside the cab by
positioning one Jar above and one Jar below the breathing zone.
This was done with a pesticide (Dyfonate) which was not tested in
any other experiment. Also, the time of testing in this case was
far longer (44 hrs) than in any other test.
y Words:
Tractor cab, Protection factor, Applicator, Respiratory
2-159
-------
:le: Respirators Approved for Pesticide Use 1976 (PC 93)
hor California Department of Food and Agriculture
¦pose of
idy: This package contains six memos which were addressed to California
county agricultural commissioners and other Interested persons
concerning the safe use of pesticides. Only the first memo
discussed protective equipment; therefore, it is the only one
summarized.
erials and
hods: Not applicable,
ults and
ments: A respirator which has been approved by NIOSH and Bureau of Mines is
given an approval number starting with the letters "TO." This
number should appear on the respirator package and on respirator
parts.
Respirators which had been approved as of July 1975 include the
following:
Standard chemical cartridge respirators
o MSA No. 45920 Respirator with 459519 Cartridge, Approval No.
TC-23C-45, Mine Safety Appliances Company
o Willson AGR1-T0X-2 Respirator, 1200 Series Respirator with R21
Chemical Cartridges, R15 Filters and R683 Filter Retainers,
Approval No. TC-23C-54, Willson Products Division, ESB Inc.
o Welsh 7549 Respirator with 7500-21 Cartridges and 7500-23
Filters, Approval No. TC-23C-75, Welsh, A Textron Company
o MSA 448843 Respirator with 448847 Cartridges, Approval No.
TC-23C-79, Mine Safety Appliances Company
Powered air purifying respirators
o 3MW262 and W263 Powered Purifying Respirators with W2114
Cartridge and W2031 Filter, Approval No. TC-23C-78, 3M Company
Gas masks
o MSA Clearview or Ultraview Chin Style Gas Mask Systems with
pesticide approved canisters Nos. 448943, 338944, 448945, and
448946. Canister alone is 448972, Approval No. TC-14G-86, Mine
Safety Appliances Company.
2-160
-------
?C 93 (Concluded)
When using a respirator, the following precautions should be taken:
o make sure that valves, filters, and cartridges are properly
positioned and sealed
• fit respirator on face tightly yet comfortably
® change filters twice a day or more if respirators are under heavy
use
9 replace cartridges every eight hours of actual use or more often
if the pesticide can be detected by taste or smell, or if
extremely toxic pesticides are used
a wash, rinse and dry the faceplece after use
o store the respiratory equipment In a tightly closed paper or
plastic bag
o wear necessary protective clothing if the chemical can be
absorbed through the Bkin.
ey Word8: Respirator, Face mask, Particle mask
2-161
-------
!itle:
tuchor:
A Guide to Industrial Respiratory Protection 1976 (PC 94)
J. Pritchard
urpose of
tudy:
lateriols and
lethods:
ey Words:
This report provides technical guidelines for the establishment and
maintenance of industrial respiratory protection programs* It is
written for use by the occupational safety and health professional.
The guide is written to describe methods for meeting OSHA respirator
requirements• Chapters on the history of respirators and on the
basic mechanics and metabolism of the human respiratory system are
followed by chapters containing numerous tables, graphs, and
illustrations with text on the following subjects:
o specific respiratory hazards, their effects on the body and
methods for evaluating them
o classes and specific types of respirators, with detailed
descriptions of the characteristics of each type
a explanation and use of respirator protection factors
o limitations of respirators (by type of respirator); proper
supervision of users; respirator use under special conditions
e training methods, fitting procedures including detailed
descriptions of quantitative and qualitative fit testing
e respirator Inspection, cleaning, maintenance and storage
e physiological and psychological limitations on respiratory use.
Respirator, Particle mask, Face mask. Respiratory, Self-contained
suit, Guidelines
2-162
-------
PC 95 CONFIDENTIAL
2-163
-------
Title:
The Development and Evaluation of Protective Apparel for Pesticide
Applicators 1980 (PC 96)
Vuthors: Orlando, J., D. Branson and M. Henry
'urpose of
>tudy: This study was performed to develop "functionally designed" apparel
with an acceptable thermal comfort level for pesticide applicators.
laterials and
lethods: This study Included the investigation of the following factors
which were essential to the development of "functionally designed"
apparel:
© users perceptions of protective clothing
0 penetration of pesticide through fabric
o deposition patterns of pesticide on clothing
e thermal comfort of fabric
The first factor was studied by conducting a survey of 500
certified pesticide applicators in Michigan. They were divided
Into three groups: (1) those growing only field and/or vegetable
crops, (2) those raising livestock and/or dairy cattle with or
without field and/or vegetable crops, and (3) those growing fruit
with or without other crops, livestock, or dairy cattle.
In the penetration study, six types of fabrics were tested: 100Z
cotton woven chambray with or without Scotchgard® treatment
Tyvek®, Crowntei^®, and two variations of Gore-tex®. Patches of
these fabrics were sprayed with 0.5Z of 2-SC Guthion formulation.
The patch and the underneath foil and gauze were analyzed for
Guthion to determine penetration.
In the pesticide deposition study, patterns of deposition were
determined by having the applicators spraying a fluorescent dye
with low or regular volume air blast sprayers in a test plot. The
applicators wore white hooded jumpsuits made of Gore-tei^® fabric.
Three fabrics were examined in the thermal comfort study:
chambray, Tyvek®, and Gore-tex®. Three apparel designs were used:
coverall, coverall with a 100Z cotton ventilating panel, and a
shirt and Jeans. Fifty-four male subjects participated in this
study. They were asked to walk up and down the steps while their
rectal and skin temperatures were monitored. In addition, their
pre-test and post-test body weights were measured.
esults and
omments: From ihe survey, the following correlations were found concerning
farmers perceptions about protective clothing:
o fruit farmers and field and/or vegetable farmers were most
positive and most willing to try protective clothing, and the
dairy and/or livestock farmers were the least
2-164
-------
PC 96 (Concluded)
e farmers with larger acreage were less positive In their
perceived needs of protective clothing during pesticide use
c farmers, aged 65 and over had a more positive attitude towards
trying protective clothing than those under 35 years of age
a farmers with a high school education were significantly more
positive in their response than those with college or less than
high school educations*
Results from the penetration study showed that Gore-tex®, Tyvek®
and Crowntex® gave 25 times more protection than Scotchgard®
treated chambray, whereas treated chambray gave only 1.2 times more
protection than untreated chambray.
The deposition study revealed that maximum deposition occurred In
the arm (In both back and front), the hood, and the front leg.
Maximum deposits were 55.25 (ag/cm^ for regular volume spray and
12.27 |ig/cm^ for low volume spray.
The results of the thermal comfort study showed that using Tyvek®
resulted in higher skin and rectal temperatures than either
chambray or Gore-tex®. In addition, no statistical differences on
thermal comfort existed for the three apparel designs.
-------
Title:
Author:
How Well Do Gloves Protect Hands - Against Solvents?
(PC 97)
D.R. McFee
1J6*
Purpose of
Study:
This study was undertaken to determine the resistance of several
kinds of gloves to selected solvents.
Materials and
Me thods:
The gloves selected were:
o natural rubber, surgical (7.mil)
e neoprene-natural rubber, general purpose (12 mil)
e neoprene (milled), industrial (12 mil)
e neoprene (milled, industrial (7 mil)
e neoprene (milled), industrial (20 oil)
« neoprene (nylon barrier), industrial (20-30 mil)
e Buna-n (milled), industrial (10 mil)
e PVC, industrial (20-27 mil)
o polyvinyl alcohol, industrial (19 oil)
o vinyl, disposable (6 mil)
o polyethylene, disposable (2 mil)
The solvents selected were:
e water
o acetone
o 1,1,1-trichloroethane
o toluene
o alkyl glycidyl ether
o phenyl glycidyl ether
Each glove was turned inside out, filled with about 350 cc of
solvent, clamped shut for 24 hours, then emptied, dried, and
examined. The loss in solvent was recorded as veil as the loss in
weight of the glove Itself. Shrinkage and any other physical
changes in the glove were noted.
Results and This paper gives six tables of results. Using these, the author
Comments presents the following qualitative conclusions:
• No type of glove was resistant to all of the solvents tested.
e Disposable gloves were unacceptable except for protection
cgalnst water.
9 Natural rubber, neoprene, Buna-n, and PVC were found to be too
permeable to most solvents (except water).
e The best overall performance was achieved with butyl rubber
gloves.
o Polyvinyl alcohol gloves were second best. They were useless,
however, against water and acetone.
2-166
-------
H7 (Concluded)
e Comparison of results with manufacturers' recommendations point
up tne lack of a uniform standard for judging toe suitability of
specific gloves in specific applications.
ley Words: Ulove, Performance criteria, Rubber, Neoprene, Polyvinyl, Polyethylene
2-167
-------
Title:
An Additional Note Regarding Measurement of the Exposure of
Workers to Pesticides 1963 (PC 98)
Authors:
Durham, W.F. and H.R. Wolfe
Purpose of
Study:
This study was conducted to demonstrate a method, proposed by
H.F. Smyth, Jr. of the Mellon Institute, for estimating worker's
exposure to pesticides.
Materials and
Methods: The data used for exposure calculation In this article were from
a previous survey study. In that study, the exposures of ten
.pesticide spraymen were determined during an air blast spray of
parathion. The respiratory exposure was measured using
respirator pads, and the dermal exposure by cellulose pad
technique. Urine samples were collected periodically for the
determination of body absorption.
The procedures for the Smyth method Involved estimating total
body absorption of a chemical from measuring the chemical or its
biotransformation product (or products) in the urine.
Respiratory absorption was assumed to be equivalent to
respiratory exposure which was calculated based on chemical
concentration in air, tidal volume (definition not given),
respiratory rate and exposure time. The dermal absorption was
calculated by the difference between total absorption and
respiratory absorption.
Results and
Comments:
The following table summarizes results reported for parathion
exposure of spraymen:
Total urinary parathion excretion,* mg
Total respiratory exposure, mg
Total dermal exposure, mg
Calculated dermal absorption, mg
(excretion minus respiratory
exposure)
Portion of total excretion
attributed to dermal, 7.
Range
Mean
0.34 - 2.35
1.09
0.17 - 0.37
0.23
24.30 - 1455.45
356.52
0.28 - 2.06
0.86
59.5 - 90.8
77.4
*Note: Did not Include biotransformation products.
From the above results, the dermal exposure only represented a
small portion (range 0.1Z-2.8Z; mean 0.9Z) of the dermal exposure.
2-168
-------
FC 98 (Concluded)
The authors considered the Smyth method being biased in favor of
respiratory absorption. However, the results obatined through
use of the Smyth method should represent a minimal value of
dermal absorption excluding the possiblity of oral ingestion.
Therefore, this method could potentially be useful in defining
the relative importance of respiratory and ~anrf dermal absorp-
tion, and thus permitting the selection of appropriate protective
measures.
Key Words: Parathlon, Air blast, Dermal, Respiratory, Exposure residue
values, Urinary excretion
2-169
-------
Title:
Author:
Workers Should B« Protected Fran Pesticide Exposure
(PC 99)
H.R. Wolfe
1973
Purpose of
Study:
Materials and
Methods:
Results and
laments:
This article gives an overview of appropriate eetaurea for
protecting against poetlcldoe during spraying operations.
Not applicable.
In this article, the author discussed the potential exposure
routes for pesticide sprayers, and reccoaended various measures
for protecting against respiratory, denial, and oral exposures.
Results froa previous pesticide esposura studies had shorn that
dermal esposura accounted for sore than 97.71 of tha total
exposure of a sprayer. Further studies demonstrated that
greatest dermal absorption on can occurred at tha actotua aioa,
where aloost 100X of the applied dose was absorbed. Absorption
through ear canal waa also relatively efficient (66.6Z).
Furthermore, the head-neck area waa found to have higher
absorption than the arns or hando (also See PC 19).
To protect against dermsl exposure, the following measures were
recommended by the author:
e waterproof footwear, vlde-brlimed hat, and a Jacket (or
raincoat) should bo worn during pesticide application. White
or light yellow waterproof Jacketa could bo IP to 10°P cooler
than black ones because of heat reflection.
o If waterproof clothing becoatea too uncoofortable for the
worker, a long-sleeved cloth jacket, overall or tightly woven
heavy grade ahlrt ahould be uaed.
e clothing ahould be changed and laundered dally
e gloves ehould be worn and kept clean on the Inside. Cloth
linings are undesirable. Unllned rubber gauntlet gloves
provide the best protection
e disposable paper jackets are suitable when heavy wetting does
not occur.
To protect against respiratory exposure, cartridge type
reoplracors could be adequate for nost typea of outdoor pesticide
application. However, In certain cases, a gas mask type with
special canisters ahould be usti. Respiratory protection waa
deeoed especially Important when:
• toxic duats and vapors, or vary saall spray dropleta were
prevalent
• pesticides were applied In confined spaces.
2-170
-------
9 (Concluded)
Oral exposuro might occur by oplashlng liquid concentrate Into
the worker's south while pouring and aoasurlng pesticides. In
addition, oral exposura could be brought about by licking the
lips, rubbing the mouth with contaminated arms or hands, and
other careleso actions. Workers should bo advlaod to wash their
hands before eating or smoking.
Words: Applicator, Dermal, Respiratory, Oral
2-171
-------
Itle:
The Exposure of Workers During Seed Potato Treatment wlt-.h Captan:
Preliminary Report 1980 (PC 100)
ithors:
Davlea, J.E. and E.R. Stevens
irpose of
:udy:
iterials and
ithods:
esults and
omaents:
ey Words:
The purpose of thla study was to deteralne dermal and Inhalation
exposure to captan dust for workers Involved In cutting and
planting seed potatoes*
The fungicide studied was SZ Captan Seed Protectants To collect
dust, gauze pads were used, for both dermal and respiratory
exposure. Also, an alcohol hand rinse was used for hand
exposure. The methods used were referenced but not described.
The percent recovery from control pads was found to be 97.7*2.7Z.
However, no studies were done to estimate the efficiency of dust
pick-up by these pads nor the amount of degradation occurring
during storage of pad extract. These toluene extracts wore stored
at 10°C for 5 to 7 montha before aa.lysis by gas chromatography.
Slnco the weather is rather cold when potatoes are planted, the
only likely deraal exposure will be to face and neck (Workers do
not normally wear respirators, although they do wear gloves.)
Assuming an exposed body area of 910 cm? (face and neck), the
potential dermal exposure for dusting machine fillers Is 1.86*
1.65 mg/hr. Adding In hand exposure gives a total of 3.08±
3.21 mg/hr for these (most exposed) workers. Inhalation exposure
Is 0.285± 0.265 mg/hr for these same workers.
For the remaining workers, exposuro Is aa follows:
Dermal Respiratory
Tractor driver 0.371 mg/hr 0.0373 mg/hr
Cutting machlng operator 0.522 mg/hr 0.0389 mg/hr
Observer 0.325 mg/hr 0.0273 mg/hr
The exposure for the 'average" worker Is 0.890 mg/hr (dermal) and
0.0717 mg/hr (respiratory).
The dlscuaalon section of the paper Includes a detailed
description of the working environment for seed potato treatment.
Captan, Vegetable crop, Dermal, Respiratory, Applicator, Patch
study
2-172
-------
Manual Section - Respirators 1975 (PC 101)
B.C. Lee
This Is a USDA Internal meoo referring to a "proposed manual section
on respirators•" The author was requesting comments. No other
Information was given. (Note: This meno may be related to PC 90
and 91 •)
2-173
-------
Itle:
Draft Proposals for Poisonous Subatancea In Agricultural
Regulations - Consultative Document Issued by the Health and
Safety Commission 1980 (PC 102)
ithor:
International Environment Reporter
irpose of
:udy:
This proposal is to replace the Health and Safety (Agriculture
Poisonous Substances) Regulations 1975 with regulations which
will do the following (Note: It Is unclear which organliation
generated the Health and Safety Regulations):
o adopt a new and siapllfled wording
a exclude those substances listed In the 1975 Regulations
vhlch are no longer available in this country
o Incorporate new substances developed since the 197S
Regulations
e take account of the widening range of protective clothing now
available
o Introduce changes in protective clothing requirements for
ground markers
o remedy anomalies which have become apparent elnco the 1975
Regulations
terlala and
chodo:
Not applicable.
suits and
amenta:
i Words:
The sections vhlch are related to protective clothing in this
proposal are summarized in the attached tables.
Mixer/Loader, Applicator, Flagger, Field worker, Clove,
Coverall, Footwear, Apron, Rooplrator, Face mask, Rubber
2-174
-------
1. Except where Items 2,3, or 4
hereof apply or where the speci-
fied substance Is In capsule
form:
(a) opening a container contain-
ing a specified substance:
(b) diluting or mixing a
specified substance, or
transferring it from
one container to another
(c) adjusting apparatus after
filling the chemical tank
or hopper with a specified
substance; or
(d) washing out of containers
which have held a speci-
fied substance
Chloroplcrin
Any substance mentioned in
Table 2
Any substance mentioned In
Table 3
Rubber gloves, rubber boots,
approved respiratory protec-
tive equipment, a coverall and
a rubber apron
Rubber gloves, rubber boots, a
faceshleld or faceshleld with
hood a coverall and a rubber
apron
A coverall, rubber gloves and
a faceshleld or faceshleld
hood
2» When the substance Is used
exclusively as an Insecticide
DKOC
A coverall, rubber gloves and
faceshleld with hood
T. (1) Opening a container
containing a specified substance
In granular form or transferring
the contents from one container
to another; or
(2) Adjusting apparatus after
filling the chemical tank or
hopper tilth a specified substance
In granular form
(3) Dealing with spillage and
residues of a specified substance
In granular fora
Any substance mentioned in
Tables 2 and 3
A coverall, rubber gauntlet
gloves and either:
(a) a faceshleld or faceshleld
with hood; or
(b) goggles and approved
respiratory protective
equipment
-------
Description of Scheduled Operations
4. Opening a container containing Nicotine Rubber gloves
ftnote sbreda or a aaoke-generator
which contains not dore than 40
per cent by weight of nicotine
transferring the contents from one
container to another
5. Hashing or cleansing spraying
apparatus, soil-application
apparatus, or granule placeaent
apparatus which has been used
with a specified substance,
including apparatus used in
connection witu spraying froa
aircraft, such aircraft theoselves
and their chemical tank hoppers
Any substance mentioned in
Table 2
A coverall and rubber apron,
rubber boots, rubber gloves
and either a faceshleld
or faceshleld vitb hood
6. Uashlng and cleansing soil
injection apparatus which has
been used with a specified
substance
Chloroplcrin
A coverall and rubber apron
rubber gloves, rubber boots
and approved respiratory
protective equipment
7. Spraying any crop other than
bushes, climbing plants or
trees except where carried out;
(a) froa aircraft; or (b) in a
greenhouse
Any substance mentioned
in Table 2
A coverall, hood, rubber
gloves, rubber boots, and
faceshleld or faceshleld with
hood
8. Spraying bushes, climbing
plants or trees
Any substance mentioned
in Table 2
A rubber coat, rubber gloves,
rubber boots, a bou*wester
and a faceshleld or face-
shield with hood
9. Spraying in a greenhouse
(except where as aerosol
dispenser, smoke-generator
or smcke shreds are used)
Any substance nentloned
in Table 2
A coverall, rubber gloves,
rubber boots, hood and face-
shield with hood
-------
where an aerosol dispenser,
smoke-generator or smoke
shreds are used
11. Spraying in a livestock
bouse where ao aerosol dispenser,
smoke-generator or smoke
shreds are used
12. Granule placement by hand
or by means of hand-operated
granule placement apparatus
14. Handling hops which have
been sprayed
(a) within the previous 24 hours
(b) within the previous 4 days
15. Acting as a ground-marker
in connection with spraying
from aircraft
in Tables 2 and 3
Any substance mentioned
in Tables 2 and 3
Any substance mentioned
in Table 2
Kevinphos
Any substance mentioned in
Table 2
Any substance usntioned
in Table 3 (other than fentln
hydroxide)
Fentln acetate and fentln
hydroxide
gloves and approved
respiratory protective
equipment
A coverall, a hood, rubber
gloves and approved
respiratory protective
equipment
Rub ber gauntlet gloves and
coverall
A coverall
Rubber gloves
A coverall
A coverall, rubber boots, hood
and faceshield or faceshleld
with hood
13. Granule place (except Any substance mentioned
where carried out from aircraft in Table 2
by means of granule placement
apparatus operated otuerwiee than
by hand, or, where such apparatus
is being used for the purpose
mounted on or drawn either
directly by a tractor, operating
any other apparatus mounted on or
so drawn by (.he tractor
-------
16. Acting as a ground-narker
in connection with granule
placement from aircraft
Any substance sectioned In
Table 2
A coverall, bead protection
and either a faceshleld or
approved respiratory
protective equipment and
goggles. Alternatively, a
coverall and one piece face-
shleld with hood
17. Soli application (other
than In a greenhouse) when
carried out by:
(a) the driver of -
- tractor-mounted aoil-
appllcatlon apparatus; or
- tractor-drawn soil-
application apparatus (If
the driver Is unaccompanied);
(b) any operator on foot (Including
a person principally engaged as a
tractor-driver while not engaged
In tractor-driving)
Any substance nentloned
In Table 2
A coverall, rubber gloves and
rubber boots
A coverall, a rubber apron,
rubber gloves, and rubber
boots
18. Soll-appllcatlon In a
greenhouse
Any substance centloned
Table 2
A coverall, a rubber apron
rubber gloves and rubber boots
19. Bulb dlpp'sg, bulb steeping,
handling bulbs when wet froa
dipping or steeping, disposing
of the solution and washing the
apparatus used for dipping or
steeping
Thlonasin
A coverall, a rubber apron,
rubber gauntlet gloves and
rubber boots
20. Soll-lnjectlon (other than
in a greenhouse) fahen carried
out by:
(a) the driver of -
- tractor-mounted soll-
lnjectlon apparatus or
- tractor-drawn soil
Injection apparatus (if
the driver is unaccompanied
Chloroplcrin
A coverall and rubber boots
-------
(b) any operator on foot Chloroplcrln A coverall, rubber gloves and
(Including a person principally rubber boots
engaged as a tractor-driver
while cot engaged in tractor-
driving)
21. Soil-injection in a
greenhouse
Chloroplcrln
A coverall, rubber gloves,
rubber boots, and approved
respiratory protective
equipment
22. Removing the sheeting after Chloroplcrln
soil-injection outdpors
A coverall, rubber gloves and
rubber boots
23. Removing the sheeting after Chloroplcrln
soil-injection in a greenhouse
A coverall, rubber gloves,
rubber boots, and approved
respiratory protective
equlpoent
24. Applying a specified
substance to roosts, perches
dad other surfaces in a live-
stock house
Nicotine
A coverall, rubber gloves and
a faceshleld or faceshleld
with hood
-------
PC 102 (Concluded)
Table 2
Specified Substances In the Regulation
Aldlcarb
Carbofuran
Cyclohexlmide
Dlallfos
Dlnoseb
Dinoterb
Dlsulfoton
DNOC
Endooulfan
Bndothal
Endrln
Fluoroacetamide
Fonofos
Mephosfolan
Methomyl
Mevinphos
Oxamyl
Parathlon
Phorate
Sulfotep
Thlofanox
Thlonazin
Table 3
Specified Substances in the Regulation
Amltraz
Aslnphos-oethyl
Chlorofenvlnphoa
Deltaoethrin
Demephion
Deaeton-S-oethyl
Demetou-S-oethyl sulphone
Dichlorvos
Dloxathion
Draxosolon
Gthlon
Fenanlnosulf
Fenazaflor
Fentin acetate
Fentin hydroxide
Hecarbaa
Nothidathion
Nicotine
Omethoate
Oxydemeton-oothy1
Phosphamidon
Plrlmlphos-ethyl
Thloaeton
Trlasophos
Viaidothion
2-180
-------
Effectiveness of Chlorine Bleach in Removal of Selected Pesticides
from Two Work Clothing Fabrics 1978 (PC 103)
rs: Urry, F.M., J.W. Southwick, D. Hilden, L. Thomas, and J. Baxter
)e of
: The purpose of this study was to investigate two laundering
techniques to determine a reliable and practical method for
removing pesticides from clothing so that it could be worn again
without jeopardizing health.
Lais and
is: A det of 16 experiments was done in triplicate. The experiments
used a combination of four pesticides (parathion, diazlnon,
lindane, and caibofuran), two fabrics (100% cotton denim and
50/50 cotton-polyester), and two laundering techniques (bleach
soak (1 hr) and bleach soak (24 hrs), each followed by a rinse).
The fabric was cut into patches 10 cm square and contaminated with
100 mg of pesticide. After drying, each patch was soaked in 1,250
ml of bleach containing 0.05% chlorine (final concentration).
Each patch was then rinsed with 2 X 500 ml of water and dried.
Analyses vere done by extraction and gas chromatography. Recovery
was essentially 100% complete.
cs and
its: The percent pesticide removed by the treatments described is
summarized In the following two tables:
Percent Pesticide
Removed
From Cotton
Denim
Pesticide
Soak
Time
Parathion
Dlazinon
Lindane
Carbofuran
1
24
hr
hr
• 44.3
• 76.3
49.8
93.6
21.3\*
16.5 J
30.9
95.5
^Difference not statistically significant.
Percent Pesticide Removed From 50/50 Cotton-Polyester
Pesticide
The authors carried out statistical tests on the data and they
discuss, at some length, the significance of various differences.
However, they Jo not comment upon the apparently anomalous
behavior of lindane between 1 and 24 hours. The authors state
2-181
-------
C 103 (Concluded)
th/it the greater ease of removal of pesticides fron polyester
fabrics Is not statistically significant. Several other
Investigators, however, have made the same observation.
ey Words; Parathion, Dlazinon, Lindane, Carbofuran, Laundering, Cotton,
Denim, Polyester
2-182
-------
tie:
Percutaneous Absorption of Toxicants 1971 (PC 104)
tnors:
rpose of
udy:
Serat
, W.F., R.J. Feldmann, and H.I. Malbach
The purpose of this study was to assess the permeability of skin
to selected.compounds. Also examined, to some extent, was the
efficacy of washing to inhibit absorption.
terials and
thods:
Initial experiments were carried out with hydrocortisone. The
dose was 4 (j.g/-.m2 applied to various locations with and without
abrasion or covering (occlusion). The hydrocortisone was labeled
with carbon-14. Urine samples were analyzed to determine
absorption. The experiments were repeated with ten pesticides:
Diquat, Sevin, Baygon, DDT, Parathion, Aldrin, Dieldrin, Lindane,
Malathion, and 2,4-D. Finally, the effects of washing, at
different times following application, and of changing doses was
measured.
suits and
mmerts:
Five days after application, the average percent of pesticide
dose recovered was 24.2%. The average standard deviation for
this value was 8.5%. The percent recovered ranged f"om 0.4% to
101%. For many pesticides, binding to skin takes p.'ace within 15
minutes and the efficacy of washing, after this period, is low.
Absorption was found to be approximately proportional ti dose, up
to a dose of 2000 jig/rm^.
y Words:
Dermal, Penetration factr , Urine excretion, DDT, D quat, Sevin,
Baygon, Parathion, Aldri.i, Dieldrin, Lindane, Malat'.iian, 2,4-D
2-183
-------
rule:
Reduction of Pesticide Exposure with Protective Clothing
(Undated) (PC 105)
Vuthoro: Davles, J.E., V.H. Froed, H.F. Bnoa, A. Barquet, C. Morgade, L.J.
Peters, and J.X. Danauskas
Purposo of
Study: This study was conducted to quantify the protection afforded to
pesticide appllcatoro and mixers by wearing 1001 cotton coveralls,
and to compare two oxposure assessment techniques.
(aterlals and
Methods: Patch and urinary metabolite studies were conducted with 13 cltrua
grove workers employed by two companies applying ethlon dally. The
pesticide was applied using air blast sprayers; 17 minutes were
roqulred to spray 300 gallons of a 0.1 percent ethlon solution on
approximately 1 1/4 acrea. Tha mixer-loader mixed 6 percent ethlon
In 300 gallons of water and then positioned himself for the next
loading. The participants wore tholr own clothing the first week:
their own clothing and a respirator the second week; and during the
third week, they wore new, elx-tlnes washed 100X cotton denim
coveralls which were Issued clean dally (no respirator was worn the
third week). During the third week one half of the group wore
untreated coveralls and the other half woro coveralls protreated
with Scotchgard^.
Alpha-cellulose patches were used Inside and outside the coveralls
to determine the percentage penetration (Inside to outside). Timed
urine voldlngs were analysed for excretion of diethyl phosphates
(DSP) using the Shaflk and Peopleo modified method.
teaults and
Comments i a Penetration Studios - For the eight mixers, the mean percent
penetration of ethlon during the first 2 weeks was 27.6 coopered
to 4 and 3.6 during tho third week when treated and untreated
protective clothing was worn, respectively. The mean percent
penetration of ethlon for tho applicators was 16.S during the
first 2 weexs and 0.7 and 0.6 during the third week, for
untreated and treated clothing, respectively.
e Absorption Studies - Average DEP concentratlona for th-~. mlxera
was 1.05 ks/b! when they wore their own clothing and J.89 tig/ml
the second week when a respirator waa also worn. With the
protective clothing the mean fell to 0.68 tig/ml (untreated) and
0.69 (treated). A similar trend waa observed for the applicators.
Mean DBF excretion was 0.66 ns/ml the flrat week, 0.64 ng/ml the
second week and 0.31 and 0.36 the third week, with untreated and
treated clothing, respectively.
For both studies less exposure occurred with the applicators than
the mixers*
The authors noted that although earlier studies showed reduced
penetrability In fabrics treated with Scotchard^, its use did not
significantly Increase protection of the workers In these field
studies. Nor did the use of a respirator significantly reduce DEP
excretion, suggesting that exposure Is predominantly dermal.
2-184
-------
(Concluded)
lc was observed that the workers found the 100% cotton protective
clothing to be cooler than their own clothing.
Finally, the authors note Chat statistical analysis shoved
"excellent comparability" of an exposure assessment measured by a
direct method (with patches) compared to that seasured indirectly
(by SEP alteration).
trie: Coveralls, Respirator, Cotton, Applicator, Mixer/Loader, Cental,
Respiratory, Air blast, Cellulose pads, Urine excretion, Patch
study, Ethlon
2-185
-------
e: Permeation of Protective Garment Material by Liquid Halogenated
Ethanes and a Polychlorlnated Blphenyl 1980 (PC 106 and PC 161)
ors: Weeks, R.W., Jr. and M.J. McLeod
ose of
y: This study was performed to determine the permeation of liquid
halogenated ethanes (1,2-dichloroethane, 1,1,1-trlchloroethane, and
1,1,2-trichloroethane), and a PCB, (Aroclor 125'>), through
commercial protective garment materials.
rials and
ods: Sections of material from commercially available protective
garments were used as membranes in a permeation test cell. The
permeation test cell had two compartments: water on one side of
the membrane, and the test liquid on the other side. Samples of
the aqueous solution were taken periodically for analysts.
Permeation was determined by the "breakthrough" time. In addition,
volume and weight changes of garment materials were measured when
materials were Immersed In the test liquids.
The protective garment materials evaluated In this study Included
butyl rubber, milled nitrile rubber, neoprene rubber latex, nitrile
rubber, latex, polyethylene, polyvinyl alcohol, surgical rubber
latex, Tefloiroand Viton®elastomer. In addition, composite or
multllayered (coated/bonded) materials were also evaluated, such as
butyl-coated nylon, polyethylene-coated Tyvek®, polyurethane-coated
nylon, and PVC-coated nylon.
ilt s and
tents: The results obtained In this study are summarised in the three
tables on the following pages.
2-186
-------
PC 106 and PC 161 (Continued)
Breakthrough Tltaen for Various Protective Garment Materials
Exposed to Selected Hazardous Liquids
Type of Material
Thickness, Mils
Test Beagent, Minutes
1,2-Dlchloroethone
1,1,1-Trlchloroethane 1
1,2-Trlchloroethane
PCB
Hoosganeous, Honbonded Materials
Butyl rubber
22
140
60
50
2.5
Neopreno rubber latex
23
20
45
7
0.5
Nltrile rubber lctm
8
2.5
30
2
1.0
Hltrllo rubber sallied
12
2.5
Polyethylene, (tacdlics density)
2
2.3
3
3.5
0.8
Poly(vinyl alcohol).
IS
22.0
—
15
0.6
unsupported
Surgical rubber latex
8
1.5
4
1.0
0.3
Tefloir*, crumpled and
2
90
_
175
noneruopled
2
14404-
—
14404-
Vltoir* elastomer
10
820
1440+
14404-
60.0
Coated/Bonded Koterlola
Butyl-coated nylon
IS
70
25
45
3
Polyettoylene-cooted TyveJc®
5
Tyvel^toward HjO
—
10
___
polyethylene toward H2O
—-
12
-
Polyurethane-coated nylon
4
2
<1
0.5
Poly(vlnvl chloride)-coated
10
—
3
0.5
nylon
— Testing *?as °°c per forced.
-------
*C 106 (Continued)
WRIGHT CWW1 or PtOTICTTVl gabmxnt katoul
rOlXOWlNQ DMDLfllON t> VAAI0U6 LIQUIDS
Nrttat Uolght Chinf *
rolycMorlaotod Mpheoyl
l,2*01chloroetbone 1,1,1-Trlchloroothono l(1.2-TrlchloroethaM (Aroclor 1234)
im
166 h
24J1
166 h
14J1
166 h
£U&
166 h
2.)
14
4
.1
27
14
16
.3
1.3
0
14.)
13.7
1).7
-3
-3
-3
.2
0.6
1
b
b
b
0
0
22
b
b
b
•6.3
-3.3
•ll.fi
*Arlthaetlc won of tvo laplti.
hStaple disintegrated.
2-188
-------
106 and PC 161 (Concluded)
From Che results on the tables, the authors made the following
conclusions t
e For 1,2-dichloroethane, Viton® elastomer, butyl rubber, and
noncruapled Tefloci® offered the best protection. However,
Teflon vaa likely to crumple during actual uae and butyl rubber
had lot-to-lot variations In properties, Vltori® was, thuo,
identified to bo the soot suitable material for protecting
against 1,2-dichloroethano•
o For 1,1,1- and 1,1,2-trichloroethaneo, Vitori® elastomer was
Identified to be the moot suitable material for the use as a
protective garasat.
® For the PCB compound, Viton woo tho only material tested that
might afford an cppreclable degree of protection.
o For nonbonded clothing materials, tho breakthrough times wore
found to be correlated with their equilibrium weight changes
following icaarolon in the toot liquids.
« M'-at protective clothing materials currently used in the U.S.
might be Inadequate for protecting uorkero against the
halogenntod athanoe and the PCB used In this atudy.
f Wordsi Rubber, Polyvinyl, Vitor^, Tyvel^, PVC, Polyurethano, Polyethylene,
Poroeatlon, Teflo«$v, Neoprene, Nylon, Nitrlle, Lotos, Permeability
2-189
-------
Title:
Evaluation of Various Clothing Materials for Protection and Worker
Acceptability during Application of Pesticides 1981
(PC 107 and 107a)
Authors:
Purpose of
Study:
Material and
Methods:
Results and
Comments:
Stalff, D.C., J.E. Davis and E.R. Stevens
This study was performed to determine tha adequacy of protective
clothing uaterlals against dermal exposure to concentrated pesticide
formulations as well as drifting sprays. In addition, a static
temperature test was developed to predict She relative worker
acceptability of protective clothing.
Seven different protective clothing materials were tested: 10 oz.
cotton drill (denim), vinyl coated nylon, rubberised cotton, regular
white spunbonded olefin (SBO), white and yellow SBO coated with
polyethylene, perforated SBO, and water resistant "disposable"
cellulostlc material. Swatches of these materials were secured over
alpha-cellulose pads on plywood sheets, and were then repeatedly
subjected to spray applications of parathion, methyl parathlon,
guthion, and endosulfan. This test was intended to simulate air
blast applications of pesticides orchards. The cellulose pads were
then analyzed to determine the amount of pesticide penetrated.
In addition to the penetration test, the authors also conducted a
static temperature test. Protective garments of various colors and
materials were worn in bright sunlight while three temperatures were
recorded every five minutes for thirty minutes: ambient temperature,
temperature of the air space between the subject and the garment,
and the inside surface temperature of the garment. Furthermore, the
subject also kept a record of their impressions concerning the
relative comfort of the garments.
The following table summarizes the mean concentrations of pesticides
penetrated when applied as either light or heavy drift.
Garment Material Mean Penetration*
Rubberized cotton
Spunbonded olefin (SBO)
White polyethylene coated SBO
Cellulostlc material
10 oz. cotton drill
Yellow polyethylene coated SBO
Perforated SBO
0.067
0.55
0.63
0.76
0.95
1.0
1.5
*Note: It's not clear whether these numbers represent the
total mean penetration of all four pesticides.
2-190
-------
PC 107 and 107a (Concluded)
Except for the low penetration of "rubberized" cotton, the authors
indicated that generalized conclusions could not be drawn for the
protective quality of the other clothing materials. They also
mentioned that penetration seemed to depend on active ingredient,
formulation or application regimen of the pesticides. However,
data to support this observation were not presented.
In another penetration test, the white polyethylene coated SBO and
rubberised cotton shoved excellent protection against 45%
enulsiflable parathion concentrate. This test Has intended to
simulate splashes of the pesticide concentrate on worker's garments.
Ten different garments were tested for static temperatures* The
garments are listed in the order of decreasing airspace and inside
garment surface temperatures: black rubberised cotton raincoat,
dark green rubberised cotton raincoat >white cellulostic jacket
>grey cotton drill overall >yellov polyethylene coated SBO Jacket,
yellow vinyl coated nylon raincoat >SB0 jacket with aluminum back
>white perforated SBO jacket, white SBO jacket, white polyethylene
coated SBO jacket.
White SBO,' yellow polyethylene coated SBO and white cellulostic
jackets were distributed to orchard applicators for evaluation
during actual use. Nearly all the applicators commented that they
felt these Jackets provided adequate protection and were
comfortable. In every case where a worker did not feel protected,
leakaga through the seams was the reason. In addition, the
cellulostic Jackets were found to tear too easily for use in
orchards while the SBO Jackets were found durable.
From the results obtained, the authors made the following
recommendations:
e Protective garments fabricated with rubberised fabric should be
worn whenever temperature permits. In hot weather, light
colored and light weight garments are acceptable to workers.
The comfort of a protective garment could not be judged by
airspace and inside garment surface temperatures only.
o Applicators could wear protective garments fabricated from any
of the garment materials. Light weight materials could not
provide adequate protection when pesticide concentrates are
handled. When temperature permits, garments fabricated from
rubberized fabric should be wnrn.
o The present design and construction of the lightweight
protective garments should be improved to Increase worker
acceptability and safety.
Key Words: Raincoat, Coat/Jacket, Vinyl, Rubber, Cot-ton, Denim, Nylon,
Applicator, Field worker, Patch study, Spray EC, Parathion, Methyl
parathion, Guthion, Endosulfan
2-191
-------
¦"itles
A Summary of the Record of the NIOSH Open Meetlag on Chemical
Protective Clothing 1981 (PC 108)
Author: NIOSH
Materials and
Methods: Not applicable.
Results and
Commeuts: The June 3, 1981 open meeting on chemical protective clothing was
held by NIOSH to discuss the possible ineffectiveness of protective
clothing to prevent worker exposure to toxic chemicals. Two reports
were cited which demonstrated that chemical protective clothing
materials may not afford worker protection against certain
chemicals, specifically carcinogenic chemicals. They were Henry and
Schlatter, The Development of a Standard Method for Evaluating
Chemical Protective Clothing to Permeation by Hazardous Liquids:
American Industrial Hygiene Journal, 42:202-207 (1981), which
reported breakthrough and permeation rates of toluene and
N,N-dloethylformamlde through neoprene, butyl rubber/Nomex araaid
and polyvinyl alcohol; and Weeks and McLeod, Permeation of
Protective Garment Material by Liquid Halogenated Ethanes and a
Polychlorlnated B1phenyl: DHHS (NIOSH) Publication 81-110, which
reported tests on several protective clothing materials against 3
halogenated ethanes and a polychlorlnated blphenyl-trlchlorobeasene
mixture and which found penetration of most materials by these
chemicals in a matter of minutes.
Sr. Jon May of NIOSH Introduced the meeting and briefly reviewed the
current problems with chemical protective clothing as indicated by
the studies cited above. He said that NIOSH was holding the meeting
to bring together the people who are interested in this area in the
hope that a combined effort could be undertaken to deal with the
problems of chemical protective clothing. Dr. May pointed out that
use of personal protective equipment of all kinds would probably
increase as emphasis shifts from engineering controls to personal
protective equipment.
Dr. Robert W. Weeks, Jr., of Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory
(LASL), discussed the results of his work on protective clothing and
suggested that much work Is needed to Improve the permeation
resistance of protectivs clothing materials. He also stated that
exposure to solvent studies should be performed on the feasibility
of reusing gloves following exposure to solvent and that better
mathematical models should be developed to predict permeation rates.
2-192
-------
PC 108 (Continued)
Mr. Norman W. Henry, III, of Haskell Laboratories, DuPont, reviewed
the results of his copyrighted AIHA Journal paper cited above.
Included in his presentation was a discussion of the ASTM F-23
Committee efforts to develop standard methods for testing protective
clothing; a review of the definitions applicable to testing of
chemical protective clothing; a description of apparatus currently
used in testing the permeation of chemical protective clothing and
the procedures used by DuPont in conducting such tests; and the
results of preliminary round robin tests conducted by two DuPont
laboratories.
!!r. Hark Spence of Dow Chemical Company, distributed copies of two
papers. One was a paper prepared for presentation at the 1981
American Industrial Hygiene Conference, Portland, Oregon, May 25-29,
1981, titled Chemical Permeation Through Protective Clothing
Material: An""Bvaluatlon of Several Critical Variables. The second
paper, Perspectives on Permeation Data Interpretation, was prepared
for presentation at this meeting. His oral presentation was a
summation of his written material, plus a review of the factors
which he felt should be included in the overall picture of selecting
adequate protective clothing. He included permeation effects, the
degree of skin absorption, the type and severity of direct skin
effects, the presence of other toxic materials, the durability of
the protective material, e.g., puncture and tear resistance., ind the
mode of material use, i.e., disposable or reusable.
Mr. Dale Druyor of the U.S. Army Chemical Systems Laboratory,
described a disposable self-contained protective suit. A supplement
to Mr. Druyor'e presentation was made by Mr. James McDonald of tho
U.S. Army Materials Readiness Command who discussed the logistics of
full suit use, maintenance and disposal, and the military'a need for
more flexible gloves.
Dr. Stephen P. Berardinelli reviewed NIOSH's present activities in
chemical protective clothing research and said that N10SH is
preaeatly studying permeation of glove materials by carcinogens or
suspect carcinogens by contract efforts c.d an interagency agreement
with LASL. NIOSU is also collecting data concerning chemical and
physical test methods which are relevant to chemical protective
clothing, identifying persons working in the area of chemical
protective clothing, identifying persons working in the area of
chemical protective clothing, developing a permeation data base,
responding to requests for permeation information, and collecting
Information on skin modelling.
2-193
-------
PC 108 (Concluded)
Dr. Berardlnelll was asked how far NIOSU Intends to extend the glove
work to other protective clothing and what chemicals NIOSH Intends
to study. Dr. Berardlnelll replied that although the present work
in being done on gloves, it is expected that ".he results would be
applicable to other protective gear. Also, NIOSH is presently
looking at carcinogens only.
It was added that a better index of priority would be the number of
exposed workers rather than the toxicity of the chemical.
It was also asked If NIOSH intended to certify self-contained or
supplied-air suits. Dr. Berardlnelll said that certification of the
chemical resistance of suits is remote.
One attendee expressed concern that NIOSH would disseminate
information on permeation only, and the other factors of glove
selection, i.e., material, flexibility, dexterity, comfort, abrasion
resistance, tear resistance, and design, would be overlooked. Dr.
Berardlnelll agreed that such factors should be considered and added
the need to know exactly what workers are doing while wearing
chemical protective clothing.
The next speaker, Mr. Michael Roder of NIOSH, talked about NIOSH's
future plans for chemical protective clothing research and reported
that NIOSH expects to use the results of their work on ASTM
validation testing in the areas of reuse and decontamination of
chemical protective clothing. NIOSH hopes to define how chemical
protective clothing is used in industry and to develop a simple
permeation test system for use by Industry, thus rapidly expanding
the volume of useful permeation data. NIOSH also expects, through
both lnhouse and contract work, to develop physical as well as
permeation tests for chemical protective clothing. Mr. Boder stated
that, in his opinion, the ultimate NIOSH research product would be a
useful compendium of available Information on chemical protective
clothing. Basically, NIOSH hopes, from this meeting and subsequent
discussions, to be able to set up working groups with other
Interested persons and organizations who are working in the area and
address some of the problems.
In conclusion, there was some discussion about research funding and
the role of chemical protective clothing manufacturers in testing of
the products.
Key Words: Protection (general), Permeation
^-19A
-------
Title:
The Development of a Standard Method for Evaluating Chemical
Protective Clothlag to Peraeatlon by Hazardous Liquids
1981 (PC 109)
Authors:
Henry, N.W. Ill and C.N. Schlatter
Purpose of
Study:
This study was conducted to develop a standard ASTM method of
determining quantitatively the permeation of hazardous liquids
through protective clothing materials under continuous contact.
Materials and
Methods:
Since this article deals with the development of a testing
method, Information on "Materials and Methods" Is Included In
"Results and Comments."
Results and
Comments: To conduct a peraeatlon test, the following apparatus are
required:
a a micrometer caliper, capable of measuring thickness to the
nearest 0.01 mm
o an analytical balance accurate to ±0.5 Rg
o the permeation test cell, constructed from two sections of
straight glass pipe, each normally slsed to 5 mm diameter.
The two compartments are separated by a membrane which is a
section from the protective clothing material tested. The
challenge chamber, containing the testing liquid, Is 22 am
long and has an Inlet port fitted with a stopcock. The
sampling chamber, containing a collecting medium, is 35 mm
long and has inlet and outlet ports with stopcocks. In
addition, this chamber also has a sampling port that is
Interchangeable with a glass rod stirrer. The collecting
medium can either be a liquid or a gas in which the test
liquid Is soluble to a concentration of 0.5Z by weight.
Where suitable, water is preferred to simulate perspira-
tion. Nitrogen or helium are also good collecting media to
simulate sir on the inside surface of the clothing
material. The following description applies to a liquid
collecting medium only.
The test procedure Is summarlted la the following:
e measure the thickness and determine the weight per unit area
for the clothing specimen
o mount the membrane, assemble the test cell, and fill the two
chambers with respective liquids
• sample the sampling chamber and then replenish the
collecting medium according to a predetermined schedule
o discontinue sampling after a steady state permeation rate
has been established: usually an 8-hour working day is a
practical time limit
2—195
-------
o repeat the above procedure for a nlninuo of three random
sections from each clothing material tested
e analyse the samples and calculate the parmeatlon rate la
lig/mln/co?.
In order to verify tho practicability of this method, two
Independent laboratories were used. Three protective clothing
materials—>eoprene, butyl niber/Noaex® aramld, and polyvinyl
alcohol were tested against two solvents-toluene and
N.N-dlmethyl formaalde (EMP). The collection media uoed were
lsopropsnol, water, and nitrogen* One laboratory used
ultraviolet spectroscopy, gas chrooatography and infrared
spectroscopy for analyses while the other one used only gaa
chromatography The permeation rates and breakthrough tloes
obtalcid had a fair amount of variation between the two
laboratories. Therefore, the authors recommended additional
testing to determine the expected variability In
lnterlaboratory usq of this teat method.
Permeation, Teat method, Permeability
2-196
-------
PC 110 CONFIDENTIAL
2-197
-------
tie:
Minimising Occupational Exposure to Pesticides: Personnel
Monitoring 1980 (PC ill)
ithor: J.E« Davieb
irpose of
:udy: TMs is a review article describing the proper procedure for
carrying out an exposure study. Each section Is a description of
the protocols the author believes to be essential for a good
study. An abbreviated table of contents Is given below.
1. Introduction
2. Preparation for the Field Study
Selection of Methodology
Validation of Methodology
Dermal Exposure Pad Location
Selection of Study Subjects
Briefing Study Subjects
3> field Operations
Selection of Operational Site
Attachment of Dermal Exposure Pads
Field Data Collection
Duration of Exposure
Processing Exposed Monitoring Media
4. Exposure Assessment
Calculation of Dermal Exposure
Calculation of Reepiratory Exposure
Presentation of Results
5. Summary
6. References
tey Words; Field worker, Dermal, Respiratory
2-198
-------
Occupational Safety and Health Personal Protective Devices — Notice
of Public Hearing 1974 (PC 112)
Federal Register
This article was a notice for a public hearing which was held on
July 18, 1974. The purpose of this hearing was to receive comments
on the certification program of NXOSH for personal occupational
protective devices*
2-199
-------
.e:
tor:
10 se of
ly:
:rial8 and
tods:
ilts and
tents:
Words:
Protective Clothing (A letter to the editors of C&B News)
1979 (PC 113)
A.D. Schwope
This was a letter to clarify an earlier C&E News report
pertaining to the effectiveness of protective clothing against
liquid carcinogens.
Not ajplicable.
This letter stated that Neoprene was not found to be the best
material for use against benzene*
Rubber, Neoprane
2-200
-------
e:
ors:
Operator Exposure Measurements During Application of the Herbicide
Diallate 19Z1 (PC 114)
Dubelman, S., R. Lauer, D.A. Arras, and S.A. Adams
>086 of
ys
This study vaa conducted to determine the dermal and Inhalation
exposures of field operators during application of the herbicide
diallate used as a pr©emergent for sugar beets.
trials and
lods:
Inhalation exposure was measured by trapping diallate on
polyurethane foam plugs while sampling the air around the operator's
face. Dermal deposition was determined by attaching gauze pads to
the operator's clothing, at five body locations, and to cotton
gloves on the hands.
Two types of herbicide application equipment were used:
spray/harrow apparatus and the boom spray. The spray/harrov
apparatus consisted of a multiweeder fitted tilth a spray boom. The
spray/harrov plot was 20 acres and the boom spray plot was 10
acres. Both required 1 hour for application at a rate of 1.25 lb
diallate per acre. The pesticide was Incorporated to a depth of
about 2 inches, by using a multiveeder. Treatment was done by
tractors with cab and comfort control systems.
Three commercially available closed transfer systems vere used for
filling spray-tanlcs. A conventional tank-filling method (not
specified by the authors) was also used for comparison.
ults and
ments:
The inhalation and dermal exposure measurements are summarized in
the following table:
Operation
Total Operator Exposure
» K8/ks
-
Dermal
Inhalation
Face/Neck
Hands
Tank-fill, conventional
0.006
4.5
973
Tank-fill, closed
0.001-0.004
<0.007
<0.8
systems
Boom-spray, inside cab
0.106
0.70
1.50
Spray/harrov, inside
cab .
0.547
1.61
8.20
Incorporation, inside
cab
0.256-0.516
1.16-1.71
1.50-3.28
2-201
-------
PC 114 (Concluded)
Dermal exposure was the main contributor to the total operator
exposure, four-to fifteen-fold higher than inhalation exposure• In
the case of conventional tank-fill, dermal deposition on the hands
contributed >99X of the total exposure.
Inhalation exposure during application and Incorporation operations
were seventeen to nlnetyfold higher than during tank fills. This
was probably due to longer exposure times and herbicide carrying
particles being stirred up by the agricultural implements.
From the results of this study, the authors strongly recommended the
use of neoprene gloves and a closet ""stem for tank-fill operations.
Key Words: Spray boom, Dlallate, Dermal, Respiratory, Applicator, Mixer/Loader,
Glove, Exposure residue values, Patch study
2-202
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Title:
The Use of Chemicals In the Forestry Commission 1979
(PC 115)
Author: O.N. Blatchford (editor)
Purpose of
Study: This report deals with the use of pesticides in the forest and
forest nursery. Its purpose is to enable users to select, and
advisers to recommend appropriate pesticides for crop protection
and to discourage the use of unsatisfactory products.
Materials and
Methods: Not applicable.
Results and
Comments: In thU report, common forest insects, pests, diseases, weeds, and
animals are listed in alphabetical order by their common nanss
together with pesticides recommended for their control. In
addition, dosage rates, application methods, and safety
considerations of pesticides use are also given.
Routl>i>; <>ri>c>uit Ions a worker should take are given in this report
for storage, handling, mixing, application, and post application
operations of pesticides. They are not summarized here.
This report also makes recommendations on protective clothing for
eleven groups of pesticides which are listed in the following table.
2-203
-------
PC 115 (Continued)
Group
Designation
Type of
Application
Pesticides
A
Granule
dlchlobenll, chlorthlamid,
propyzamide, atrazlne, and
dalapon/dlchlobenll
B
70-150 (in
droplet
asulam, 2,3,5-T, 2,4-D and
glyphoaate
C
250-300 jam
droplet
atrazlne, 2,4,5-T, 2,4-D
glyphosate, and propyzanlde
D-l
D-2
Medium volume*
Low volume*
atrazlne, "velpar," and
propyzamide in water
B
Medium volume*
glyphoaate in water
P
Medium volume*
paraquat in water
G-l
G-2
Medium volumes-
Low volume*
asulam, 2,4,5-T, 2,4-D, and
2,4,5-T/2,4-D in water
H
Medium volumes-
2,4,5-T in paraffin
I
Tree injection
2,4,5-T, 2,4-D, paraffin, and
ammonium sulphamate
J
Medium volume*
sodium chlorate, atrazlne,
dlphenamld, simazine, nitrofen,
paraquat, and propyzamide for
nurseries only
K
Medlua volume*
paraquat
^Medium volume — applied by knapsack sprayer, live reel sprayer or
tractor-mounted sprayer* Low volume — applied by mistblower.
The protective clothing recommended for the above eleven groups of
pesticides are summarized in the following table*
2-204
-------
PC 115 (Continued)
Pesticide Groupl
Protective Clothing
A
B
C
D-l
D-2
E
P
G-l
G-2
H
I
J
K
Boots, Wellington, waterproof or
oil resistant; gloves, oil and
chemical resistant
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
B
E
E
E
E
Trousers or leggings, thornproof,
waterproof, or.oil resistant^
D
D
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
E
D
0
Jacket, thornproof, waterproof,
or oil resistant^
-
-
D
D
E
D
D
D
E
E
D
-
-
Face shield or goggles
D
E
-
E
E
D
E
D
E
D
D
D
E
Orl-nasal mask or paper face mask
for filling operation
D
E
-
E
E
-
-
-
E
D
-
-
-
Hat or hood, waterproof or oil
resistant^
-
-
-
-
E
-
-
-
E
D
-
-
-
Ultra low volume spraying suit
-
E
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1e ¦» essential
D ™ discretionary; these Items are not necessary for protection but should be made available If
requested by the operator.
^Selection of waterproof or ollproof clothing should be made according to the pesticides being
sprayed.
-------
PC 115 (Concluded)
Key Words: Protection (general), Glove, Coat/Jacket, Goggle, Mask,
Backpack/Knapsack, Granular, Applicator, Mixer/Loader, Footwear,
Forestry worker, Safety precaution
2-206
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Title:
Authors:
Purpose of
Study:
Exposure of Pesticide Formulating Plant Workers to
Parathion 1978 (PC 116)
Wolfe, H.R., D.C. Staiff, and T.F. Armstrong
This study was conducted to gather data on potential worker's
dermal and respiratory exposure to parathion during formulation
activities*
Materials and
Methods:
Results and
Comments:
Exposure studies were conducted in two plants formulating 25X
water-wettable powder parathion. Workers sampled Included
mixers, baggers, mixers-baggers (those who worked alternately
as mixers and baggers), and stackers-sealers-carton packers
(workers with multiple functions)• Exposure tests were carried
out during work periods of 30 minutes to 1 hour.
Dermal exposure to parathion was determined by analysing
layered gauze pads attached to workers clothing. Respiratory
exposure vas estimated by analyzing filter pads which were
covered with funnels with a specific aperture size to simulate
the aerodynamics of airflow through nostrils.
Calculations on potential exposure were based on the use of
minimum protection-no respirator, sl.irt with short sleeves and
open collar, no hat and no gloves.
The calculated mean dermal and respiratory exposure levels in
parathion formulating plants are summarized in the following:
© all workers; dermal 67.3 mg/hr and respiratory 0.62 mg/hr
o mixers; dermal 38.4 mg/hr and respiratory 0.55 mg/hr
o baggers; dermal 82.1 mg/hr and respiratory 0.69 mg/hr
o mi.ters-baggers; dermal 183.7 mg/hr and respiratory
0.93 mg/hr
o stackers-sealers-carton packers; dermal 34.0 mg/hr and
respiratory 0.50 mg/hr.
Surprisingly, mixers-baggers had the highest exposure levels,
much higher than those of either the mixers or the baggers.
The Investigators or u. ;tu?y were unable to determine the
reason. In addition, as compared to the exposures reported for
orchard sprayers (19 mg/hr dermal and 0.02 mg/hr respiratory)
in a related study (PC 117), workers in the parathion
formulating plant had much higher exposures (67.3 mg/hr dermal
and 0.62 mg/hr respiratory).
2-207
-------
PC 116 (Concluded)
The authors, In conclusion, recommended that workers In
pesticide formulating plants should adhere to all safety
precautions without even allowing minor lapses.
Key Words: Parathion, Foraulator, Factory worker, Dermal, Respiratory,
Exposure residue values, Manufacturing/Formulating, Spray HP,
Patch study
2-208
-------
Title:
Exposure Co the Herbicide, Paraquat
(Undated) (PC 117)
Authors:
Purpose of
Study:
Materials and
Methods:
Results and
Comments:
Staiff, D.C., S.W. Coeav, J.P. Armstrong, and H.R. Wolfe
Thla study wis conducted to determine the field workers' exposure
to paraquat during spraying operations.
Pield exposure tests were perforasd on workers operating
tractor-mounted low-booa spray equipment in orchards• Paraquat
was applied at a rate of 2 quarto per 100 gallons of water per
acre at a pressure of 35 pel. Exposure tests for yard and garden
applications were performed on volunteers who, using pressurised
hand dispensers, applied 0.44 percent paraquat as spot
application to weeds and gloves.
Dermal exposures were simulated by having the workers wear pads
at various parts of the body during spray operations, tiorkar
exposures were determined by measuring paraquat levels in the
pads, hand rinse water, and respirator filter cartridge pads.
Urine sonples were also collected to determine the body
absorption.
Potential oral exposure to paraquat for snail children may occur
whan onr places the noszlc of the garden-use paraquat dlspencer
Into the couth. This potential esposure was deterained by
discharging the dispenser into a Jar of water which was then
analyzed for paraquat.
The results of thla stuH.y arc summarized In the following:
o the exposures were mlnlaal for paraquat applicators. The
potential tsaan dermal and respiratory exposures for field
paraquat applicators, without protective equipment, uere
0.40 mg/hr and <0.001 ng/hr, respectively. For yard and
garden applicators, the exposure levelB were 0.29 mg/hr and
<0.001 ng/hr, respectively.
o paraquat levels In the urine samples were below detection
(<0.02 ppo), therefore, body absorption of paraquat was
minimal.
Key Words:
o the highest value of potential exposure from the nozzle of a
pressurized hand dispenser was 0.25 og of paraquat. The
highest value for a brief nozzle discharge (pressing and
releasing the nozzle as quickly as possible) was 0.53 og, and
for the one-second discharge, the value was 1.74 og of
paraquat. Even "emptied" paraquat dispenser containers would
poso potential hazard to children. Results showed that empty
containers had mean valueo of 0.07 mg of nozzle contamination,
and 0.04 og and 0.14 mg, respectively, for brief and
one-second nozzle discharges.
Paraquat, Field worker, Applicator, tow-ground boom,
Hig!'.-p'.-assure handgun, Dermal, Exposure residue values. Patch
stud). Respiratory
2-209
-------
Title:
Authors:
Purpose of
Study:
Materials and
Methods:
Permethrin-treated Jacketa Versus Repollent-troated Jackets and
Hoods ior Personal Protection Against Black Fltea and Mosquitoes
1978 (PC 118)
Lindsay, I.S. and J.M. McAndlees
This study was performed to compare the efficacy of three
repellent-treated Jackets and hoods for protecting against black
flies and mosquitoes•
Three Insect repellents were examined in this study i pernethrln,
deet (H,N-dlethyl-n-tolusalde), and tetrahydrofurfuryl octanoate
(THFO)• Jackets and hoods ware treated by repellent solutions and
air dried overnight. These treated garaeats were then evaluated at
sites infested with black flies and cosquitoea*
Six sen veailng either the treated or untreated clothing aat in
prearranged pairs at the teat site for a designated period. Bach
man recorded the number of insect landings on the face, Jacket,
frout, and hands of his partner by using two hand-held counters.
An efficacy rating was calculated for each piece of
repellent-treated clothing by using the following fomulai
Efficacy Eating
where
[(He - Hi)/Nc] X 100
Results and
Consents:
Nc ¦ average landlr* count per control subject wearing an
untreated Item
Ml ¦ average landing count jwr subject wearing a treated Ites
The findings of this study are summarized in the following:
e insect landing count for a subject wearing a persethrln-treated
Jacket decreased rapidly after the first 10- to 20-olnute exposure.
e deet-treated Jackets and THFO-created Jackets were equally
effective In repelling black flies and oosqultoes
e permethrin-treated jackets had several advantages over deet- and
THFO-treeted items. The peraethrln-t^aated ones required a
smaller dose, had less odor, and had a natural, non-greaay feel.
2-210
-------
PC US (Concluded)
th« following to Mo sivoo a auemry of efficacy mioge of thoso
repellent-ttonted Jockotes
tToataont
Average landing Couato Per Subject
Efficacy Bating
Face
Jacket Pront
Heads
Total
feeo
Baad«
Porcachrlo
32
46
SO
7a
78
KG
TH?0
13
m
67
80
92
83
Be«t
24
NG
104
128
83
74
NC ¦> Mot givsn.
R«y Variet Pennethrin, U^c, Totrahydtofurfuryl octanoate
:-2U
-------
le: Factors Affecting the Usage of Inaecticides and Fungicides on Fruit
and Vegetable Crops la Great Britain: II. Earner-Specific Factors
1970 (PC 119)
lors: E.J. Tait
pose of
ly: Thlo study vas conducted to explore the effect of some
farmer-specific variables, e.g., age, ownership status and
education, on the use of pesticide*
erials and
hods: Data on insecticide and fungicide usafe were collected by
Interviewing fruit and vegetable farmers. A standardised
questionnaire was used. Each of the fifteen farmer-specific
variables examined vas assigned certain scores, and its effect on
pesticide usage uas studied by multiple regression analysis.
ults and
stents: Fifteen variables were examined In this study and each one of them
is discussed In the following:
Source of Advice
A list of possible sources of advice was presented to each farmer.
For coding, they were classified as "official" and "commercial"
sources. Since the government was recently reorganised in Britain,
seeking advice from an "official" source would require greater
effort on the part of the farmer.
The results ars summarized in the following for vegetable and fruit
farmers:
o "commercial" source as primary, 62Z for both types of farmers
» "official" source as primary, 28Z and 25Z, respectively
e "commerlcal" and "official" sources as equal, 10Z and 131,
respectively for vegetable and fruit farmers.
In addition, from regression analysis, there vas no evidence that
the pesticide usage was affected by the source of advice.
Innovatlveness
Farmers were asked how often they wuld try new pesticides. The
results showed that the more innovative farmers had a tendency to
use more pesticides.
2-212
-------
(Concluded)
Status, Age, Farming Background, and Education
Neither status (manager, tenant, or landowner) or education bus
found to have any Impact on pesticide usage. However, the analysis
on the "age" variable showed that older farmers used less
pesticides than younger ones. Furthermore, farcers who ware
brought up on a farm when compared to those who were not used less
pesticides on vegetable crops but more on fruit crops.
Size of Enterprise and Commitment
Size of enterprise was determined by the acreage of farm. The
larger farms used more pesticides than smaller farms. "Coesiitment"
was measured by the ratio of acreage devoted to cereals and
livestock to total acreage of fruit or vegetable crops. The more
committed vegetable farmers used more pesticides (insecticides,
specifically); hovever, the reverse trend was found for fruit
growers, probably because fruit growers were more sophisticated In
their approach to pest control.
Who Applies Sprays, Use of Protective Clothing, Food Residue
Hazard, Environment-related Interests, and Disposal Hasard
No significant relationships existed between the amount of
pesticide usage and whether the farmer applied pesticide
themselves, or used protective clothing regularly. In addition,
the concern for pesticide residues on either vegetables or fruits
had no Impact on how much the pesticides were used. However,
vegetable farmers with environmental-related concerns were found to
use less than average pesticides, and were more careful with the
disposal of empty pesticide containers.
Willingness to Pay for Less Toxic Chemicals and Willingness to Pay
for Selective Chemicals
Results showed that fruit farmers were more willing to pay for less
toxic chemicals; however, they also used more than average amounts
of pesticides. Furthermore, both vegetable and fruit farmers were
found to be more willing to pay for pesticides which were selective
against a particular pest than to pay for thopf: pesticides which
were less toxic to sprayers.
In conclusion, the stw*y suggested that factors related to
profitability were most likely to affect farmers pest control
decision-making.
rds: Vegetable crop, Fruit crop, Field worker
2-213
-------
Ltle:
Keeping Warm and Dry on a Mountain 1980 (PC 120)
ithor:
M. Gelsow
jrpose of
tudy:
This article gave a review of the types of protective clothing
available for mountaineers. Detailed discussions were given
for the Gore-tex®fabric.
aterials and
ethods:
Not applicable.
esults and
omments:
Early mountaineers wore clothing made from natural fibers-wool
for warmth and linen for keeping out the wind. After the
development of synthetic polymers, three fabrics became popular
for waterproofing: nylon or polyester coated with several
films of polyurethane, neoprene bonded to woven nylon, end
cotton coated with PVC. One major disadvantage of these three
materials was their impermeability to moisture vapor, and
therefore, perspiration.
A recently developed material, called Gore-tex®, is a laminated
fabric with protective outer layers of macroporous nylon (pore
diameter >100 inn) sandwiching a thin membrane of expanded
polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). Gore-tex®has a very high
"water entry pressure (WEP)" of 65 lb/ln^, while materials with
HEP higher than 25 lb/ln^ are considered to be effectively
waterproof. WEP is the pressure needed to make a waterproof
material fail. Ventlle, a tightly woven cotton fabric, has a
WEP value of only 2, and PVC coated cotton has a value about
150. In addition, Gore-tex®fabric has a vapor transmission
rate of 11,000 g/m^/day when wet. while polyurethane coated
nylon only has a value of 74 g/m^/day. An average water loss
for a person is about 400-600 g/mfyday when sitting still.
Therefore, the polyurethane coated nylon material, although
waterproof, can be extremely uncomfortable.
Insulation materials were also discussed in this article. Wool
fiber (several cm thick), down, and the new 3M synthetic fiber
have thermal resistance of 0.9, 1, and 1.8 clo, respectively.
Clo is a unit used by the clothing industry for thermal
resistance; for equal weights of tested material, a higher
number indicates greater insulating ability. Thus, to give the
same warmth, the synthetic microfiber would weigh less.
Furthermore, both wool fiber and down are biodegradable and can
rapidly deteriorate when wet, while the synthetic fiber
materials are biologically stable.
Cey Words:
Gore-tex®, Raincoat
2-214
-------
Durability of Permethrin as a Potential Clothing Treatment to
Protect Against Blood-Feeding Arthropods 1978 (PC 121)
Schreck, C.E., K. Posey and D. Smith
This study was conducted to determine the durability of
permethrin treated clothing, for protecting against arthropods,
after repeated Bashing and prolonged weathering*
Is and
: The arthropod «-.
-------
C 121 (Concluded)
o the treated 100Z cotton fabric shoved strong resistance to
(feathering. It remained effective after a one month
exposure to outdoor weathering. From the above results, the
authors concluded that a permethrln concentration in the
range of 0.125-0.25 mg/cm* would be quick acting agaiast
most of the species when there was only momentary contact.
Note: Tests on the treated 50Z cotton-50X polyester fabric
without any washlng/rlnslng were not performed. Furthermore,
the trashing/rinsing tests were not conducted for the treated
100Z cotton fabric. Therefore, the data presented were
Inadequate for supporting the conclusions drawn by the authors
in the article.
ey Words: Permethrln, Cotton, Polyester/Cotton, Laundering
2-216
-------
Title:
Authors:
Purpose of
Study:
Repellents vs. Toxicants as Clothing Treatments for Protection from
Mosqr-itoea and Other Biting Flies 1978 (PC 122)
Sehreck, C.E., N. Smith, D. Weidhaas, K. Posey, and D. Smith
This study was performed to determine the relative protection from
bloodsucking arthropods, with or without repellent applied to
exposed skin areas, when a subject wore clothing treated with
repellents or with a synthetic pyrethroid.
Materials and
Methods:
Military fatigue uniforms were used in the study. They were treated
with acetone solutions of two repellents, deet and M-1960; and two
synthetic pyrethrolds, permethrin and resmethrln.
This study was conducted in two phases: laboratory tests and field
tests. In the laboratory tests, subjects wearing treated and
untreated uniforms were exposed to a set number of yellow fever
mosquitoes and stable flies in a screened cage. Periodically, the
subjects made count of the total number of insects seen landing and
biting on skir and clothing. In the field study, subjects wore
treated uniforms and their arms were treated with repellents.
Landing and biting counts were recorded.
Results and
Comments:
The findings of this study are summarized in the following:
e the landings of mosquitoes on cloth was reduced by more than 982
by both repellent (M-1960 and deet) treatments
e M-1960 and deet reduced the number of landings of stable flies on
cloth by 88 and 102, respectively
o resmethrln was more effective against mosquitoes than against
flies
q when clothing was treated with resmethrln, the number of
mosquitoes landing on exposed skin was significantly less than
that on exposed skin with untreated or repellent-treated
clothing. With flies, the number of landings with resmethrln was
less than that with untreated clothing, but comparable to that
with repellent-treated clothing
o although the resmetnrin treatment increased the degres of
protection, the authors concluded that the protection was still
inadequate
o in the field Btudy, subjects whose arms were treated with a deet
solution obtained an average of 50% longer protection times when
they were wearing permethrin-treated uniforms than when they were
wearing untreated or M-1960 treated uniforms
2-217
-------
PC 122 (Concluded)
o on the basis of these data, the combination of toxicant-treated
clothing with deet-treated exposed skin night give the most
protection against arthropods.
Keys Words: Deet, M-1960, Resnethrin, Permethrin
2-218
-------
Titles
Authors:
Purpose of
Study:
DDT and Methyl Parathlon Residues Found In Cotton and
Cotton/Polyester Fabrics Worn in Cotton Fields 1969
(PC 123)
Finley, E.L., and J.R.B. Rogillio
The purpose of this study vas to determine whether DDT and methyl
parathlon residues were picked up by work clothes In the field
and the effectiveness of laundering to remove any such residues.
Materials and
Me thods:
Five fabrics were used. These were: cotton/polyester in blends
of 35/65, 50/50, and 65/35, cotton/polyester (65/35) containing a
soil release agent, and 1002 cotton, mercerised and sanforized.
A control study was performed on eight samples of each fabric to
assess percent recovery of pesticide by the chosen extraction
technique. In the field study, patches were pinned above the
knee and worn for one day, the day following application of
DDT/methyl parathlon mixtures. Laundering was done by AATCC
method 124-1967. Analysis was performed by acetonltrlle
extraction and gas chromatography.
Results and
Comments:
Key Words:
In the control study, the average percent recoveries were 65.92
for methyl parathlon and 73.2% for DDT. Recovery Increased with
increasing polyester content. In the field studies, the average
residues of DDT and methyl parathlon were 81.8 ppm and 7.7 ppm,
respectively. However, the authors did not state what the
application concentrations were. After one laundering, DDT and
methyl parathlon residues were 24.9 ppm and 0.2 ppm,
respectively. Increased cotton content gave higher residues.
Cotton, Polyester/Cotton, DDT, Methyl parathlon, Laundering,
Field worker, Patch study
2-219
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Title;
Authors:
Purpose of
Study;
Efficacy of Home Laundering In Removal of DDT, Methyl Parathion
ard Toxaphene Residues from Contaminated Fabrics 1974
(PC 124)
Flnley, E..L., G.I. Metcalfe, F.G. McDermott, J.B. Graves. P.E.
Schilling, and F.L. Bonner
The purpose of this study wag to:
e Test the effectiveness of a series of washings to remove
residues from cotton and 'polyester/cotton fabrics contaminated
with methyl parathion and a mixture of toxaphene-DDT-methyl
parathion
« Determine If washing contaminated fabrics with clean fabrics
would result in contamination of the clean fabrics
Materials and
Method*:
Results and
Comments:
Key Words;
One cotton fabric and one 50/50 polyester./cotton fabric were each
cut up Into 60 pieces of approximately 0.29m*. Insecticide
solutions were: (a) 6.02 methyl paratblon, and (b) a mixture of
12.0, 6.0, and 3.01 of toxaphene, DDT, and methyl parathion,
respectively. Samples were "saturated" with either A. or B and
washed from zero to three times. Residue analysis was done by
extraction and gas chromatography. Bioassays were carried out
with Drosophila.
Vlth methyl parathion alone, at least 60? is removed with one
washing. After three washings, less than IX remains. The
percentage of pesticide removed with each washing is decreased
when methyl parathion is part of mixture B. Toxaphene and DDT
residues decrease by about 60Z after one trashing and further
washings have little effect. There was little difference between
cotton and polyester/cotton. All residues remained biologically
active. When contaminated fsbrlcs were laundered with dean ones,
the clean fabric was significantly contaminated with insecticide
by transfer. In the case of polyester/cotton, toxaphene became
almost equally partitioned between contaminated and clean samples*
The authors do not state that the fabrics used In this study were
typical of work clothes. In fact, since they were "white fabrics
with no finishes" they were probably atypical.
The contaminated samples were "thoroughly saturated" with insecti-
cide. Since, even In the first hour after Bpraylns, field workers
"pick up" only about 3 mg of methyl parathion, home laundering
efficiencies are apt to be much lower than those reported in this
paper.
Cotton, Polyester/Cotton, Methyl parathion, DDT, Toxaphene,
Laundering
2-220
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Title:
Reduction of Methyl Parathlon Residues by Delayed Field Re-entry
and Laundering 1979 (PC 125)
Authors: Finley, E.L., J.B. Graves, F.C. Hewitt, N.F., Morris, C.W. Harmon,
F.A. Iddlngs, O.E. Schilling, and K.L. Koonce
Purpose of
Study: The purpose of this study was to:
e determine the amount of methyl parathlon residues accumulated
by clothing worn in treated cotton fields, and
o develop an efficient laundering method for removing methyl
parathlon residues from clothing.
Materials and
Methods: To determine the amount of methyl parathlon picked up by field
vorkers, two methods were used:
• Workers wore garments (50/50 polyester/cotton pants and
long-sleeved shirts) supplied by the investigators for one day
at three different times, viz., during June prior to
application, during late June after one application, and In
late July or August after several applications. These garments
were analyzed by extraction and gas chromatography. Bloassaya
were carried out with Drosophlla.
o Swatches of fabric were pinned (double layer) around the leg
above the knee. Simulated work, involving walking through
5610 m of sprayed cotton, was then carried out. Analyses were
performed as described above.
To evaluate laundering, methyl parathlon was labeled with
carbon-14 and applied to samples of fabric at 40 ppm (by
weight). The fabric, in these cases, was either cotton or
50/50 polyester/cotton, bleached and unfinished. These samples
were laundered to determine percent loss and degree of transfer
to uncontominated fabric.
Results and
Comments: Field Study #1
o Prior to application, the amount of methyl parathlon picked up
was less than 0.05 ppm. After one application, this value rose
to 6.82 ppm, and to 16.24 ppm after several applications. The
percent lost upon laundering once was approximately 75Z.
Field Study #2
o Reentry on the first day after spraying (1.12 kg/ha) resulting
in residues averaging 30-40 ppm. After another day, this value
fell to about 3 ppm and to about 0.3 on the following day.
Drosophlla mortality, for corresponding samples, went from 100%
to 40-602 to 0-2Z.
2-221
-------
PC 125 (Concluded)
Labeled Methyl Parathion Study
© One washing reduced residues on cotton 75.7Z and, on
polyester/cotton, 91.2X. Clean test fabrics, laundered with
fabrics contaminated with labeled methyl parathion, came out
Just as radioactive as the contaminated samples* (This is
inconsistent with the authors' statement in PC-124 that only
10Z of methyl parathion is transferred during washing.)
Key Words: Cotton, Polyester/Cotton, Methyl parathion, Laundering, Field
worker, Reentry, Patch study
2-222
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Title:
Differenced In the Extent of Solvent Penetration through Natural
Rubber and Nltrlle Cloves from Various Manufacturers 1980
(PC 126)
Authors:
Sanaone, E.B. and Y.B. Teuari
Purpose of
Study:
This study vaa performed to determine the penetration of solvents
through the same glove materials from different manufacturers.
Materials and
Methods:
Results and
Consents:
Seven varieties of natural rubber gloves rare tested against
acetone, aniline and dimethyl formaolde. In addition, five
varieties of nltrlle gloves were tested for penetration of methanol,
dlsethyl sulfoxide and tetrachloroethylene.
The permeation test apparatus and collecting medium used were not
specified in this article. Samples were taken periodically from the
collecting medium and were then analysed by gas chromatography.
Data from this study were analyzed In the form of the multiplication
product of the solvent concentration In the collecting medium and
the thickness of the glove material. In most cases, there ware
significant differences In performance between the eaaa glove
materials from different aources. Such difference ranged froa two
to forty-eight fold, as shown In the table for different penetration
periods: This difference night have resulted from minor formulation
variations among glove manufacturers.
Ratios of (Solvent Concentration X Sample Thickness) for those Glove
Materials which Least and Most Resisted Penetration
Natural Rubber
Nltrlle
Time
(hours)
Acetone
Aniline
Dimethyl
Formamlde
Dimethyl
Sulfoxide
Methanol
Tetrachloro-
Ethylene
0.5
7
1
2
2
2
4
31
9
4
2
2
10
8 NS*
3
48
6
2
2 NS
7
7
3
8
8
2
2 NS
8
3
3
6
NS " No significant differences were found.
•Note: The authors did not explain why there was no significant difference at this
ratio.
2-223
-------
C 126 (Concluded)
Proa the teot resulto, the authors recocoended that glove saaples froo
several suppliers should be tested against the solvents Intended to be
used vhen assessing the protective potential of a glove entorial.
ey Words: Glove, Rubber, Nitrile, Solvent, Peraeatlon, Permeability
2-224
-------
Streasea Involved la Vaarfnft WC Air-Supplied Sultai A Rovlev
IM» (KM4 U7)
Baveo, P.8., A. todeoo and T.O. Davis
Thla la a ravltv of tho physiological reactloaa «hlch result froa
vesting o ?VC elr-euppUed suit. The ultia3to a is of the authors
me to to able to cako recesaaedot lotto (or otaadarlaed teotlag o(
avtcb eoito.
Hoc applicable^
A ispereoable PVC wit provides proteetloa agaloet boo tile
oavlromcate. ttswovec, bsceuee of Ita inpervlouaneea to vapor flow
and coavectlve and radiative bast transfers, the PVC ouit oddo heat
stress to the Individual vMlo votblng (uhlcb could be dcterolncd by
the iBcreoofce el rectal toapetaturo and twurt rate). Thla could
cause reduction In worfc efCieioocy eed tolerance. la thl« article,
the authors presented heat aereae rooults froa itn previous atudlao
concerning tho um of oooveatilotcd and partially ventilated PVC
suite. for esnopie, the following labia dussarlsea the physi-
ological re*poo»«a ot aia subject a perforator JO olautoa of work in
ventilated and nooveatilated PVC «uite.
Typo of
Average Silo
Averogo Uaart Rate Average Sweat
Suit
Teiepernture °C
Beata/NlQ. Lose, kg/hr*
Ventilated
34. Q
109 )JJ
Neavent Hated
33,9
IH> 916
sKoYe7 YhTo uoit eanwit "Ki correct'. It preTwWy'alwwId bo grass.
Vertea air (a refrigerated air mwa produced by the vertea tube) h«a
recently b«,-.a aaed aa a theroal protective device to reduce the talcs
air teaperaiuro ut a eolf'coataltwd auit. StaauUo had show that, with
vofios «if coiiUnji, »ho heat atreoa of «ho oult wearer vae reduced
algalflcainty <
The authoi-.i dUo a^ve a cuaaary of the Bevlaode thermal balance foreula
and thonwi strops lades rating ecalo. (Hotel Defictltioa of thla
ladee ua tut o^ua clear in thU article.) In addition, the author
also reviewed eh# phyaiological retuireoeata (or ventilated preaaure
suite. Tht* me suaaartred lo tho following
I, To aati^fv cKs reapiratary 0.9144 to 1.JJ4 n? of air/aio
oaads oi ch« wearer (3 to % ft'/aia) ia required,
preferably at *Q°c or leas, Light to
eoderato uork can be uadertakcQ under
these conditions.
iltlot
Authoroi
Purpose of
Studyi
ttatarlalo and
tothedsi
Boaulta aad
Cooaoatsi
2-225
-------
FC 84 & 127 (Concluded)
2.
To provide sufficient
evaporative capacity
for the removal of sweat
3.
To provide a thermally
comfortable micro-
climate in which the
bulk of heat is
removed as sensible
heat.
2.1336 to 7.9248 m3 of air/min
(7 to 26 ft^/min) of fairly dry
air is required, depending on
anticipated sweat rate. Upper
limits for work environment
corresponds to 7 kcal/min and 35°C
dry bulb temperature.
10.9728 to 15.24 m3 of air/min
(36 to 50 ft3/min) at 15° to 20°C.
Cooling equipment will be required
at higher ambient temperatures.
Based on the information reviewed in this article, the author made
the following recommendation pertaining to the construction of a
standardised test for evaluating PVC air-supplied suits:
o suits should be evaluated over a work load range of 300 kcal/hr
to 900 kcal/hr, and over an ambient temperature range of 20° to
50°C
e an index of evaporative cooling, based on total sweat rate and
sweat evaporated, should be used as a criterion index. This
index should be verified by comparing with Rowlands thermal index
o suits should have variable air supplies ranging from 1.52 o^/mln
to 10.66 m3/mln (5 ftVmin to 35 ft^/min) along with the capacity
of vortex cooling
o manufacturers specifications should include the above information
and cooling power at which thermal comfort can be expected,
irrespective of workload.
Key Words: Self-contained suit, PVC, Comfort, Physiological effect
2-226
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Title:
Skin Absorption and Protective Gloves in Dynamite Work
(PC 128)
1980
Authors:
Purpose of
Study:
Materials and
Methods:
Hogstedt, C. and R. Stahl
Ethylene glycol dinitrate (EGDN) In dynamite manufacturing had been
found to result in acute adverse health effects such as headache,
dizziness, and sometimes sudden death. More recent studies revealed
that long-time dynamite work, had been associated with an excess
mortality from chronic cardio-cerebrovascular diseases. This study
was conducted to determine workers' skin absorption of EGDN In
dynamite plants. In addition, the protection potential against EGDN
was tested for rubber gloves with or without the use of inner cotton
gloves.
The apparatus used In this test was a glass box with two apertures
for the hands. The cuffs of the tested rubber gloves were sealed
around the apertures to prevent vapor leaks. In the experiments,
the subjects' hands were exposed, with or without gloves, to either
the vapor or the solid phase of dynamite. Blood samples were taken
from the cubital veins in both arms periodically and were then
analyzed for EGDN. In addition, the exhaled air of the exposed
subject was also sampled periodically to determine the presence of
EGDN.
Results and
Comments: Results from this study are summarized in the following:
o When 1.5g of dynamite was smeared onto the subject's bare hands,
the subject was close to fainting after two hours of exposure
e When the subject was exposed to the vapors of O.lg of dynamite
with or without gloves (air concentrations varied from 2.3 mg/m^
to 22.4 mg/m^), the blood samples showed a considerable EGDN
up-take. However, the use of rubber gloves plus inner cotton
gloves did not seem to reduce the exposure as compared to the use
of rubber gloves alone
o When the subject was exposed to a test tube smeared with O.lg of
dynamite, the rubber gloves plus inner cotton gloves seemed to
slow down the EGDN absorption for the first two hours, as
compared to the use of cotton gloves only
e No major differences in EGDN absorption per unit area existed
among gloves from different manufacturers
e The EGDN concentration in blood.samples correlated poorly with
air concentrations. Therefore, the blood samples are not good
indicators for exposure determination.
2-227
-------
PC 128 (Concluded)
Froa this study, the authors recommended the use of rubber gloves
plus Inner cotton gloves for dynamite workers. However, they should
be changed and disposed of as frequently as once or twice an hour to
diminish the skin absorption.
Key Words: Glove, Rubber, Cotton, Dynamite, Dermal
2-228
-------
Title:
Authors:
Purpose of
Study:
Clothing-Borne Epidemic 1963 (PC 129)
Warren, H.C., J.P. Conrad, J.J. Bocian, and M. Hayes
This article reported an epidemic of organic phosphate poisoning
among children in Fresno, California, in the fall of 1961*
Materials and
Methods: Not applicable.
Results and
Comments: Six children In Fresno, California were poisoned by searing
unwashed jeans that had been contaminated by an organic phosphate
Insecticide (phosdrin) while In shipment eight months earlier. Two
cases are presented in detail, Including symptoms, diagonals, and
treatment.
The first case involved an 8-year-old boy who developed the
following symptcma; muscle twitches, diarrhea, abdominal pain,
vomiting, confusion, semiconsciousness, and rapid, Irregular
breathing. The patient had leukocytosis and a positive urine sugar
test, in addition, his plasma and erythrocyte cholinesterase
levels uere depressed. The treatment included atropine and
pralldoxlme chloride.
The second case also involved an 8-year-old boy who was diagnosed
as having an "acute rheumatic fever" by his private physician.
When taken to the hospital he was in a comatose state with flaccid
muscles. Laboratory studies had similar results as in the first
case. The therapy administered was also atropine and pralldoxlme
chloride•
The California Public Health Department recovered the rest of the
contaminated jeans promptly. Furthermore, the California
Legislature introduced a bill to prohibit the transportation of
dangerous chemicals with food or clothing.
Key Words: Phosdrin, Poisoning
2-229
-------
Title:
Author:
Purpose of
Study:
Materials and
Methods:
Results and
Comments:
Worker Safety, an Industrial Viewpoint
F.A. Gunther
1980 (PC 130)
This article is a brief summary of a paper presented in a conference
and workshop on "minimi zing occupational exposure to pesticides."
Mot applicable.
Since the summary given in this article is brief, the complete
version is given here.
"The costs of safety precautions to minimize exposure of field
workers to pesticides is dependent upon the specific set of
circumstances such as the physical and toxic properties of the
specific pesticide, the job being performed, the experience level of
the workers Involved, and weather conditions during the operations.
The manufacturer carries out a large number of research studies to
determine the properties of the pesticide and its formulations. An
appreciable fraction of this work is used to provide information on
safe handling and use of the material. The Information is supplied
on labels and in technical bulletins and product brochures.
Only the visible benefits of safe work practices, such as avoidance
of lost work day8 due to Injury or illness, can be assessed. We
have no way to quantify the personal burden of Illness or Injury
even on a short-term basis.
The essential elements of the employer's responsibility are worker
education and training, protective equipment, and developing safe
work practices. The worker is responsible for recognition of the
possible hazards, the practice of prescribed safe work procedures,
and personal hygiene."
Key Words: Protection (general)
2-230
-------
Title:
Authors:
Purpose of
Study:
Materials and
Methods:
A Comparison of Reactions to Industrial Protective Clothing
1976 (PC 131)
Thomas, N.T., J. Spencer, and B.T. Davis
This study was conducted to assess the effects of waring protective
clothing in warm environments. The ultimate aim of this study was
to determine the time required for workers to recover from the
physiological and psychological effects of carrying out specified
work under specified conditions.
Six young males participated in this study. They wore five
different types of clothing on separate days to perform tasks for
five cycles, 20-mlnute work and a 5-minute rest. The following are
the five types of clothing examined:
Type H ('Hat')
Paper hat/cap; normal underclothes and socks; normal shoes and
cotton overshoes; polyester/cotton coverall (0.8 kg); rubber
gloves.
Type V ('Visor')
Visor (0.2 kg); underclothes, nylon socks and polyethylene socks;
rubber boots (2.0 to 2.2 kg); polyester/cotton overall; rubber
gloves; PVC oversult (1.3 kg), PVC balaclava/hood.
Type P ('Powered respirator1)
Powered respirator (positive pressure and high efficiency filter)
(3.3 kg); paper underclothes, nylon socks and (polyethylene)
socks; rubber boots; polyester/cotton coverall; rubber gloves
under cotton gloves; PVC oversult; PVC balaclava/hood.
Type N ('Non-powered respirator')
Non-powered respirator (full face, high efficiency) (0.7 kg)
(breathing resistance approximately SO N/m?); paper underclothes,
nylon socks and polyethylene socks; rubber boots;
polyester/cotton overall; rubber gloves; PVC oversult; PVC
balaclava/hood•
Type C ('Compressed-air suit')
Compressed-air suit top including valve controlled at belt
(2.2 kg); paper underclothes, nylon socks and polyethylene socks;
rubber boots; polyester/cotton overall; rubber gloves; PVC
trousers (1*2 kg); air line hose with 3.3 o supported by the
subject, who adjusted the airflow to suit himself above 141./mln.
Type 0 ('Ordinary clothes')
Normal outerclothes (shirt and trousers); normal underclothes and
socks; normal shoes.
At the end of each experiment, a questionnaire was filled out and
temperature and heart rate readings were taken for each subject.
2-231
-------
PC 131 (Concluded)
Results and
Comments: The physiological' and psychological effects of simulated Industrial
work In each of five protective clothing assemblies were compared
with those in normal clothing. The results and summarized in the
following table:
Parameter
Relative Effect of Clothing
Assembly Type at Increasing
the Stated Parameter
Relative heart rate during
bench job
N>V,P>H,C>0
Relative heart rate
during stepping
N>V, P>H,O0
Heart rate recovery
after experiment
0>H>C2P,V,N
increase of aural
temperature during
experiment
N5V>P>OH>0
Subjective comfort rating
after experiment
0>H>OV,N,P
Length of working time
recommended after all
experiments
0>H>C>V>P>N
Length of recovery tine
after all experiments
P>C>V,N>0,H
The largest Increases in physiological responses were found with
three of the protective assemblies covering the head and body: the
non-powered respirator, powered respirator, and visor combinations.
Therefore, the authors concluded that the physiological and
psychological effects of working in clothing assemblies can be
summarized in increasing order of magnitude (also in increasing
order of relaxation allowance) as the following:
Type 0< Types H and C< Types P,V and N
Key Words: Comfort, Physiological effect
2-232
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Title:
The Penetration of Formulated Guthion Through Selected Fabrics
1981 (PC 132)
Authors:
Orlando, J., D. Branson, G. Ayers, and R. Leavitt
Purpose of
Study:
The purpose of this study was to determine the penetration of a
selected pesticide spray through selected fabrics under controlled,
reproducible conditions.
Materials and
Methods: The pesticide solution was prepared by dissolving 3.75 ml of guthion
(formulation 2-S ) in 750 ml of Hater. A specially constructed
apparatus sprayed a 0.5 ml aliquot onto fabric in 9 seconds.
The fabrics tested were:
A - 100Z cotton chambray
B - fabric A plus Scotchgard®
C - Tyvek®
D - Crowntex®
B, F - two variations of Gore-tejs®
The chosen fabric (9 in. square) was backed by U layers of gauze
followed by foil, then placed in an embroidery hoop (6 in. diam.)
for spraying.
Sample analysis was done by acetone extraction followed by gas
chromatography.
Results and
Comments: The average amount of guthion (tig/cm?) found on the inner gauze
layers for the different outer fabrics is given in the following
Outer Fabric
Guthion (|J.g/cm2)
A
0.564
B
0.460
C
0.014
D
0.023
E
0.018
F
0.018
Fabrics C-F were not significantly different from each other.
Fabrics A and B were significantly different both from each other
and from fabrics C-F.
The authors note that this study attempted only to develop a method
for comparison of fabrics. This method does not necessarily
reproduce field evaluations.
Key Words: Guthion, Penetration factor. Dermal, Cotton, Tyvek®, Crowntex®,
Gore-tex®
2-233
-------
Title:
Author:
Purpose of
Study:
Materials and
Methods:
Key Words:
Chemical Permeation of Protective Clothing
J.R. Williams
1980
(PC 133)
This study was conducted to determine the permeation rates and
breakthrough times of l,4-dichloro-2-butene through 15 commercially
available protective clothing materials.
The permeation test cell was composed of two 1-inch pipe stub ends
of stainless steel with a section of the clothing material used as
the partitioning membrane. The test liquid, 1,4-dichloro-2-butene,
uas located in the top compartment, vhlle the bottom compartment
was constantly purged with helium. The exiting helium was
continually monitored for the test chemical.
The protective clothing materials tested in this study included PVC,
PVC on nylon, PVC on cotton, nitrlle on nylon, chlorinated
polyethylene, neoprene, polyethylene on Santar^, butyl on nylon,
polyethylene, polyethylene on Tyvek®, polyvlnylidene chloride on
Tyvek®, and Viton(® on fiberglass.
Permeation, Polyvinyl, Nylon, Tyvek®, Viton®, Heoprene, Polyethylene,
Permeability, Rubber
2-234
-------
2 133 (Concluded )
sBults and
Jtmaeuts: The following table summarizes the permeation results of
l,4-dlchloro-2-butene through protective clothing materials:
Material
Thickness, mm
Breakthrough
Time, Minutes
Permeation Bate
fig/mln/cm2
PVC on nylon
0.24
1.4
430
Nitrile on nylon
0.30
2.5
330
pvc
0.35
0.50
2.00
3.0
5.8
172.0
370
380
144
Chlorinated
polyethylene
0.49
35.0
400
PVC on cotton
0.28
0.24
0.52
3.6
5.5
7.9
400
250
330
Neoprene
1.40
1.33
1.30
83.0
58.0
74.0
80
80
121
Polyethylene on
Santara®
0.27
2.5
33
Butyl on nylon
0.68
>24 hrs.
-
Polyethylene
0.10
>24 hrs.
-
Polyethylene on
Tyvek®
0.13
>24 hrs.
-
Polyvlnylldene
chloride on Tyvek®
0.15
>24 hrs.
-
Vlton® on fiberglass
0.23
>24 hrs.
-
Among the clothing materials tested, polyethylene, polyvlnylldene
chloride, Vlton®, and butyl rubber were found to be the most
effective materials for protecting against l,4-dichloro-2-butene.
However, the permeation result is for initial screening only
because the relative protection of materials may change due to
aging, weathering, and abrasion in actual use.
2-235
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Title:
Protective Clothing-Responsibilities of the Industrial Hygienlst
1966 (PC 134)
Author:
J.J. Croley
Purpose of
Study:
This is a review article discussing the concerns related to
protective clothing that must be considered by the industrial
hygienlst.
Material and
Methods:
Results and
Comments:
Not applicable.
This article was written by an industrial hygienlst at the Savannah
River Nuclear Power Plant. The following points are discussed:
e the author lists a number of questions that should be aslced by
the industrial hygienlst In establishing the needs for protective
clothing, for example, what are the limitations of the clothing
against a potential hazard; and is it more practical to
eliminate the hazard by modifying the facility than to continue
protective clothing requirements?
• specific problems encountered during administration of the
program at the Savannah River Plant are described. Air-supplied
suits are used to protect against tritium oxide; when it was
discovered that trichlorethylene accelerated the penetration
rate of the tritium oxide through the suit material, the
permissible exposure time was changed. Resistance of several
films to penetration was tested, Including Saran®, polyethylene
and Mylar®. Heat stress for persons wearing plastic suits was
alleviated using a vortex tube to supply cool air. Inhalation
of toxic fumes produced during welding of radioactively-
contaminated objects or metals such as cadmium or lead was
minimized by designing a special air-supplied plastic jacket
equipped with a modified welder's helmet which supplies body and
respiratory protection.
o the author recommends that specifications and requirements for a
specific facility must be adopted and all new protective
clothing should be tested and/or Inspected to assure compliance.
All personnel must be instructed in the proper use of the
clothing (including fit requirements, definition of hazards,
limitations of the clothing and identification of damaged
clothing.
Key Words: Self-contained suit, Penetration, Face mask, Polyvinyl,
Polyethylene, Rubber, Dermal, Respiratory
2-236
-------
Title:
The Use of An Acoustic Test to Predict Fabric Comfort Properties
1976 (PC 135)
Authors:
Fahny, S.M.A. and K. Slater
Purpose of
Study:
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of acoustic
absorption as a predictor of parameters related to the comfort of
selected fabrics•
Materials and
Methods: Sixty-seven different fabrics (not specified) were tested. A
specially designed acoustical apparatus (not described) was
employed. The phyoical parameters of interest were aa follows:
A - weight (per unit area)
B - thickness
C - air permeability
D - moisture vapor permeability
E - liquid water impact penetration
P - thermal resistance
How these Riz variables were measured was not described. However,
the authors do state that accurate determination of these properties
is difficult and the results somewhat unsatisfactory. A linear
regression equation was used to attempt a correlation between
percent loss in sound energy with each of the listed properties.
Results and
Comments: The coefficient of determination (r?) for each of the six linear
regressions is given in the following table:
Property
r2
A
0.32
B
0.10
C
0.72
D
0.85 (9 points)
E
0.41
F
0.08
This paper has at least one serious conceptual flaw. Since the
author : admit that determinations of properties A-P are often
"imprecise" and, since regression adds an error of ite own, it would
appear that estimating "comfort" from acoustic behavior ie even less
valid than measuring the listed properties directly. Given the low
values of r? found, the reported results appear to be of little use.
Key Words: Comfort
2-237
-------
Title:
Protective Clothing la the Context of Health Protection Against
Toxic Chealcals 1976 (PC 136)
Author:
Purpose of
Study:
Materlalo and
Methods:
Results and
Consents:
Key Words;
C.R. Oxley
Thlo Is an overview artlcla about protective clothing used In
cbealcol process and other Industrial envlroomnta.
Not applicable.
The use of protective clothing should be seen as ono factor In a
cosprehenolve schema (or health protection of vorkcro. Protective
clothing can be considered In throe groupsi work clothing, trosted
garaente and proofed fabric garosnt*
Work clothing la for goooral wear by process operators. Cotton Is
norosily the cholco for underwear* The selection of outer garaonta
depends on the particular hstard of the aatsrlals handled* Slnca
the work clothing Is laundered everyday, the fsbrlco selected needs
to be durable and shrink resistant• A 70/30 terylane-cotton
fulflllo both requlresents.
The troated fabric garaant provides protection against accldontal
splashing, and Is generally liquid repellent. These gsrasots are
usually used as laboratory coats, coveralls, and aprons* The fabric
aaterlalo which can be used for this purpose Include nsopreas-, 7SC-
or fluorocarbon polyasr-treated cotton, nylon, toryleao, and acrylic*
A recent developaent In protective clothing for allltary
applications, the so called "gas cloth", consists of nylon fibers
uhlch ore bonded with polychloropreao and coated with finely divided
activated carbon. The outer surface li treated with fluorocarbon to
reolot tretting.
Proofed fabric garaente are used In severely hsssrdouo conditions
when laperssable and non-absorbent fabrics are required* Tha basic
flbsr for proofed fabrics Is usually cotton or terylens* Terylans
has greater strength. The proofing tutorials used are neoprene sod
PVC. Neoprene hso very good all-around resistance to ehealcal
attack, but PVC Is superior In protecting sgslast certain
substances. However, PVC becoaes stiff at low tesperstures. Other
proofing aatsrlals include polyurothane, polychlorobutylene, and
acrylonltrlle-butadleae-etyrenecopolynor (ABS).
An exaaple of the proof fabric garaent la the plus pressure Mirk VII
air supylled suit by &.P.D* Halted v Thlo suit Is aads of olthor
neoprene- or PVC-proofed teryleae fabric. It hso helsst, boots, and
gloves with sir distributed Inside tho suit for respiration and
cooling- Thl* suit can alco be equipped with an eoergoncy oxygen
bottle, o oafety harness and a vortex tube for separating heated sod
cooled air streaoa.
Protection (general), Self-contained suit, Cotton, Neoprene,
Polyvinyl, Nylon, Dermal, Aeoplratory
2-238
-------
TUUi Tho Permeability of Laboratory Gloves to Selected Nitroseelnoa
Undated (PC 13?)
Authors! Sansona, 8.B. and t.B. Tewari.
Purpose of
Studyi This study wan conducted to «iaaino tho portability of various
laboratory Rlovea to savers solvents and aitroeaolooa.
tutorials And
Hethoda ?tvo typos of coossrclally avallablo gloves vers tootedt natural
rubber {O.Asa and 0.3 ess), PVC (O.fcno), nitrllo (0.4aaj), esoprono
(0.4ca), And a alature of neopreoo end natural rubbor (O.kaa).
Solvents eaaolacd in tho pareaobillty study included acetoas,
ethanol, dichloresothano and trltiated water. Severn nltroaetalneo
ware ueedi dltraihyl-(tajMA), ethylQQathyl-(NRMA), dlothyl-((NDS&),
n-butyiBethyl-(HQiA), dl-n-propyl"(KBPA), dl-"ieopropyl-(BOiPA) cod
di-oflc-butyl-(KOaBA) nltroeaalaeo.
The peraoation cell was oado (root glass o-rina Jointo, partitioned
Into iffl cc^artaeota with portions of tho glove oaterlal. One
eosparta«^K contained oollne water, and tho othor contained the
liquid tested, i.e, the pereooat, Sos^leo were astracted
periodically frca the vater side vltb a alcrooyrlngo end ears
analysed by » gas chroaatogroph,
Results and
Cosoentai fox the four solvents tooted, the authoro provided ponssation rates
vs. tlss cucvas for all glove mater lala, Baoed on theso curvoo, tho
authors svoda the following obsorvottani 'Dlchlorosetheno rapidly
penetrated ail glove materials tootodi acetone and othanol
penetrated Iros rapidly) and trltiated «ater quite slowly. In
general, the rate of penetration for a solvent appeared to bo
Inversely proportional to the thickness of the oaterlal teetod."
Other findings of this study are ausaa rltcd in the f oil wing i
a Higher eoJeculor wight nltrooaalnen penetrated less rapidly than
lowsr ooltfcular Height ones. Mo gloves were found suitable for
prococdni; against any solutions of oitroeasUnsa in
dlchlocus4than£. for echenol solutions, Q.4 e®n nitrile and
0.4 na iw<~>preoe glovee performed the boat. Por solutions of
nltroaatalivaa In acetone, 0.4 era natural rubber and 0.) msa
naopccue »nd natural rubber perforesd better than the other
8loves- The following table gives the aaslaua concentrations of
nitroeaoUrtea penetrated into the saline water coopartoent after
expoair^ the glove material for 6*8 hours to 0,136 M solutions of
nit royalties in dlchlorosethaneI
J-i 3«J
-------
PC 137 (Concluded)
Glove Material
Hltroaoalne
Nltrlle
(0.4 oa)
Neoprene
(0.4 ED)
Natural Rubber Natural Bubber
(0.4 o) (0.2 on)
Neoprene + Natural
Rubber (0.3 aa)
PVC
(0.2 d)
NOMA
38.0
34.3
33.8
34.3
NT"
ii.i
KEHA
20.7
14.4
12.3
11.3
NT
9.9
HDEA
4.3
3.8
4.1
NT
4.3
4.3
HBHA
4.1
2.1
1.2
1.4
3.1
1.5
HDPA
b
0.2
0.3
NT
0.3
0.8
ND1PA
1.4
0.5
0.3
HT
0.4
1.6
NDsBA
2.0
0.2
0.2
NT
0.2
0.3
JSiT - Mot tasted.
Clove failed.
In Boat caeea, oaxlaua penetration via reached In four hours or leas.
Similar data on nltroeaaloo oolutlona to ethanol, acetone and water are given In
thla article.
e When water waa uaed as the solvent, higher aolecular weight
nltrosanlnea penetrated faster than lower aolecular weight
onea. The nltrlle glove gavo the best protection.
e Two 0.2 oa natural rubber glovea provided better protection
agalnet nltrosanlnea than ono 0.4 oa glove, probably becauao of
the Increased resistance to nasa transfer lsipoaed by the air
apace.
e Clove saapleo which had bean exposed to ethanol and a
alerosaolne solution In ethanol, showed significant structural
differences In electron photoalcrograph.
Proa the above resulta, the authors recooaended that gloves be
dlocarded 1mediately following overt contamination, or completion
of an operation. Cloves ahould not be reused. In addition, tho
authors cautioned that cotmonly uaod laboratory glovea did not
provide adequate protection against potentially haroful materials.
Key Horde: Rubber, Polyvinyl, Glove, Peoetratlon factor, Osraal, Permeation,
Feroeablllty
2-240
-------
Title:
Limitations to the Protective Effect of Rubber Gloves for
Handling Hitrosamines Undated (PC 138)
Authors:
Walker, E.A., M. Castegnaro, L. Garren, and B. Plgnatelll
Purpose of
Study:
Materials and
Methods:
Results and
Comments:
This study was performed to determine the diffusion rates of
nitrosamines through latex surgical gloves.
A single finger from a protective glove was filled with 10 ml of
either methylene chloride or saline solution. This finger was
then suspended In a beaker containing equal volume of a
methylene chloride solution containing nitrosamines. The
methylene chloride or saline solution inside the finger Has
periodically sampled to determine the amounts of nitrosamines
penetrated. Three brands of latex surgical gloves were tested
in this study. Seven nitrosamines were examined:
nltro&odlcethylaolne (NEMA), nltrosodiethylamine (NDEA),
nltrosopyrrolldlne (NPYR), nitrosoplperldine (NPIP),
nltrosodlpropylamine (NDPA), nitrosodibutylamine (NDBA), and
nitrosomethyl pentylanine (NMPA).
The findings of this study are summarized in the attached
tables. From the results in Table 2 the authors concluded that
the use of double layers of surgical gloves could provide
adequate protection against nitrosamine penetration. More
protection could be obtained if the inner glove is dusted with
talc or smeared with protective cream. In addition, gloves
should be replaced frequently when they are a permanent fixture
in glove boxes used in industrial operations.
Key Words:
Glove, Latex, Protective creata, Permeation
2-241
-------
PC 138 (Continued)
Table 1
Diffusion of NOMA and NDEA Through
Latex Surgical Gloves*
Z diffusion
Time,
Minutes
NEMA
NDEA
10%
2.5
3.3
15Z
5.6
7.0
20Z
9.5
11.3
25Z
15
16.5
*These numbers were read from the diffusion curves provided in
this article. The Interior liquid used was methylene chloride.
The exterior solution was 10 ppm NDMA and 10 ppa NDEA.
2-242
-------
PC 138 (Concluded)
TABLE 2
Diffusion of Different Nitrosamines Through
Single or Double Layer Gloves from a 10 ppm
Nitrosamine Solution Into Physiological Saline
(Time in
Minutes)
Glove
Type
NOMA
NDEA
Z of Nitrosamine Diffused
NDPA NMPH NDBA NPIP
NPYR
(2)
Single layer
2.3
0.3
ND
ND
ND
0.2
0.7
Double layer
0.3
0.4
-
-
-
-
-
Double layer
with talc in
between
0.1
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Double layer
with cream
in between
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
(12)
Single layer
8.7
1.8
0.3
0.3
ND
1.0
3.0
Double layer
3.0
0.8
-
-
-
-
-
Double layer
with talc in
between (at
15 minutes)
2.3
0.4
ND
ND
ND
0.15
0.3
Double layer
with cream
in between
0.7
0.15
ND
ND
ND
ND
0.2
(20)
Single layer
Double layer
11.8
6.0
2.0
1.0
0.3
0.4
ND
1.0
4.4
Double layer
with talc in
between
2.5
0.4
ND
ND
ND
0.2
0.4
Double layer
with cream
in between
1.1
0.25
ND
ND
ND
ND
0.45
ND » Not detected
- » Not given
2-243
-------
Title:
Author:
Purpose of
Study
Materials and
Methods:
Results and
Comnents:
Engineering Aspects of Vector Control Operations 1977
(PC 139)
World Health Organization (WHO)
This Is a report from the WHO expert committee on vector biology
and control
Not applicable.
This report has discussions on the following topics:
o Selection, evaluation, purchasing, training and management of
pesticide application equipment.
o Problems and progress of various types of pesticide
application equipment.
• Biological and environmental vector control measures.
o Safety considerations for chemical vector control measures,
o Safety consideration for non-chemical measures,
o Transportation of vector control equipment.
• WHO's recommendations.
In this summary, only the second and fourth topic will be
covered.
There are four types of vector control equipment currently in
use:
• hand compression sprayers
o motorized knapsack mist blowers
o aerosol generators
o aircraft equipment
The main fault of hand compression sprayers is the decrease in
pressure at the nozzle during spraying. Improvement should be
made to the spray efficiency and also to reduce operator
contamination.
2-244
-------
PC 139 (Continued)
Motorized knapsack mist blowers are suitable for low-volume and
ultra-low-volume (ULV) applications of insecticides whenever the
droplets have to be projected away from the operator. The
equipment can also be modified for dust and granule
application* This type of machine has been used extensively in
crop protection, tsetse fly and mosquito control operations.
For the ULV applications, poor engine reliability Is a major
problem. Poor engine maintenance has been associated with the
difficulties in starting and overheating. In addition, some
models are heavy and tire the operator quickly. Furthermore,
machines can develop leaks at the insecticide and fuel taps.
Aerosol application equipment is for space treatments against
adult mosquitoes and other flying insects. Vehicle-mounted
models are useful in urban and suburban areas with adequate
access roads. This arrangement can also be used In combination
with knapsack and hand-carried aerosol generators in areas which
cannot be fully covered by vehicle-mounted machines. WHO made
several recommendations on the design and the capacity of
aerocol application equipment in this report. In addition, they
also recommended operators wear ear protectors because of the
noise level of this type of equipment.
Aircraft application has an Important role In vector control
programs, especially in an event of an epidemic of vector-borne
disease. WHO suggested that equipment should be developed for
aerosol1 production from helicopters which are more readily
available than fixed-wing aircraft in emergencies.
From field experience, spraymen who are also ln^rolved In mixing
are subject to higher pesticide exposure than ocher types of
workers in vector control operations. One survey revealed that
60Z of all workers showing signs of significant pesticide
absorption were mixers. Therefore, wherever possible,
semi-automatic or closed mixing systems should be used. In
addition, WHO recommended the following measures to reduce
worker exposure:
e Use pre-packed containers which contain enough pesticide for
a single tank charge. This measure could eliminate the need
of pesticide weighing in the field; therefore, it reduces
spillage and waste.
® Multipurpose nozzles, requiring manual charge to modify spray
patterns, should not be used to apply highly toxic pesticides
2-245
-------
PC 139 (Concluded)
e Application equipment should be properly maintained.
o During Indoor spraying operations, the norzles should be
directed away from the operator. In addition, hydraulic
nozzles should be operated at pressures above 6.5 kPa to
minimize the possibility of droplets bouncing back froa the
wall.
o Adequate training should be provided for ULV operators.
o Workers should wear protective clothing: overall or
long-sleeved shirt and long trousers and gloves. The
clothing should be cleaned as soon as spraying Is completed.
Key Words: Dermal, Aerial, High-pressure handgun, Backpack/Knapsack,
Ultra-lov-volume spray, Coverall, Glove, Shirt, Pants,
Applicator, Pilot, Field worker, Mixer/Loader
2-246
-------
Title:
Authors:
Purpose of
Study:
Diffusion of NitrosanL as Through Protective Gloves (Undated)
(PC 140)
Gough, T.A., K.S. Webb, and M.P. Mcphall
This study was conducted to determine the permeability of
nitrosamines through protective gloves.
Materials and
Methods:
Two types of commonly used protective gloves were tested: rubber
and PVC gloves. Nitrosamines exaained included:
N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDHA), N-nltrosodiethylamlne (NDEA),
N-nitrosodipropylamlne (NDPA), N-nitrosodibutylamine (NDBA),
N-nitrosopiperidlne (NPIP), and M-nitrosopyrrolidlne (NPYR).
In the permeation tests conducted, the concentrations of
nitrosamines used were all 1 ppm (by volume) in heaane (1 of
nitrosamine per £ of hexane).
The procedure used for this test Involved turning a glove inside
out and introducing 1 ml of an 1 ppm nitrosamine solution into
each of the four fingers. The glove was then suspended over a
beaker, and was washed periodically. The wash water collected in
the beaker was then analyzed for the nitrosamine.
Results and
Comments:
The authors provided permeation curves of "2 of nitrosamine
diffused through glove vs. time" for both types of gloves. The
following table summarizes the permeation results which were read
from the given curves:
Nitrosamine
60 mln 2 hr
Rubber Glove
60 mln
PVC Glove*
NDBA
1%
2%
not given
NDPA
12%
172
37%
NDHA
202
23%
12%
NDEA
24 %
32%
27%
NPIP
31%
40%
30%
NPYR
44%
59%
46%
*PVC gloves were not tested after 1 hour.
The above results showed that of all nitrosamines, NPYR
permeated both rubber and PVC gloves most rapidly and to the
greatest extent. The authors concluded that PVC and rubber
gloves could not provide adequate protection of the hands
against nitrosamine9.
Key Words: Gloves, Polyvinyl, Rubber, Penetration factor, Permeation,
Permeability
2-247
-------
Title:
Thermal Strain Resulting From Protective Clothing of An Armored
Vehicle Crev In Warm Conditions 1979 (PC 141)
Authors: Henane, Rv, J. Bit tie, K. Viret, and S. Morino
Purpose of
Study: This study was performed to develop a method of evaluating
physiological strain resulting from protective garments worn in
warm conditions by an armored vehicle crev.
Materials and
Methods: The methods consisted of simulating the energy expenditure of an
armored vehicle crew, exposed to a controlled warm climate in a
climate chamber. Thermal strain was calculated from the continuous
measurement of heat storage, sweat evaporation, cardiac frequency
and body temperatures such as rectal (Tre), typamlc (Tty) and skin
Tgfc). (Note: Tty was not used in any of the calculations.)
Two typical assemblies of protective clothing were tested for
armored vehicle crew. Assembly 1, weighing 5.9 kg, was standard
French Army combat clothing worn with two long-sleeved underwears
(cotton underwear and fire protective underwear with cowl), combat
boots, cotton socks and a combat helmet. Assembly 2, weighing
7.5 kg, Included Assembly 1 plus a heavy protective overgarment,
and rubber gloves and boots. These assemblies were worn with tight
closing of openings at neck and wrist.
2-248
-------
PC 141 (Continued)
Results and
Consents: The following table suaoarlres the physiological responses of
subjects In nude and clothed conditions:
Clothed Conditions
Physiological
Variable
Nude
Assenbly
1
Asseably
2
Evaporation (E), g/hr
483.8
378.4
281.0
Sweat output (SW), g/hr
493.0
775.0
1005.0
Evaporative rate, E/SH
0.98
0.49
0.28
Hater Permeability, Iff
E (clothed)
E (nude)
"
0.78
0.58
ATre, °C
40.55
40.86
+1.36
AT8lt, °C
-0.62
4-2.01
4-2.55
Body heat content,
kj/kg
1.06
3.81
5.56
Tolerance time, hr
8.00
1.92
1.35
Heart rate, bpa
122
134
153
Froa the above resulto, the nuthorn made the following conclusions:
e The total amount of sweat produced during the experiment
Increased significantly with Assemblies 16 2.
e The wearing of Aeoeablleo 1 & 2 significantly reduced the
steady-state evaporative rate. Evaporation was reduced by 22Z
with Asseably 1 end by 42% with Assembly 2, when compared vith
free evaporation In the nude subject*
o The body temperature Increased significantly for Asoenblleo
16 2. In addition, the inability to achieve thermal balance
resulted In the increase of heat storage and the shortening of
tolerance tlse observed in conditions 1 & 2.
o Iw, water peroeabillfy, represented the ratio of real skin
evaporation through clothing barrier to total evaporation In
free conditions (nude conditions). This index could be useful
for classifying and ranking the different physiological strains
due to the effects of wearing special clothing. Furthermore, It
2-249
-------
PC 141 (Concluded)
could be useful In defining the tactical implications of reduced
tolerance time of crews involved in military operations in
different climatic conditions.
Key Words: Comfort, Physiological effect, Combat clothing
2-250
-------
Title:
Transient Permeation of Organic Vapor through Elastomeric Membrane
1973 (PC 142)
Authors:
Curry, J.E. and M.D. Mckinley
Purpose of
Study:
This study was performed to evaluate the Frish time-lag theory (see
original paper for the relevant equations) to analyze permeation
data in systems characterized by concentration dependence•
Materials and
Methods: Natural rubber membranes were used throughout this study. The
permeation equipment used was of standard design; however, the
authors did not provide any specifics. Two penetrant? were
studied: benzene and acetone.
The inlet face of the membrane was exposed to the penetrant (benzene
or acetone) at a constant pressure. The transport of the penetrant
across the membrane was monitored by reading the pressure (Pv) rise
as a function of time (t) in a known volume on the other Bide of the
membrane.
Results and
Comments:
Key Words:
The zero concentration diffusion coefficient Do was obtained by the
early-time method which was to plot In t^/^(dPv/dt) versus j/t, and
Do could then be calculated as follows:
Do - £2/4(8i0pC)
where I is the thickness of the membrane, and Do is the correct
diffusion coefficient In the concentration independent permeation
system.
In the concentration dependent system, the Frish time-lag equation
was utilized (see original paper for the equation) to define the
concentration dependence of the diffusion coefficient D. At low
entering penetrant pressure, Do is the mechanistically correct
diffusion coefficient, and the results of the benzene penetration
experiment supported this conclusion. At higher entering penetrant
pressure, the diffusion mechanism may be dictated by the swelling
tendency of the penetrant toward rubber. Benzene had the greater
tendency to swell rubber (as compared to acetone); therefore, it was
associated with a more drastic Increase in permeability before the
emergence of the dependence of diffusion on penetrant concentration
(i.e. inlet pressure). From results obtained, diffusion coefficients
obtained at steady state at higher inlet pressure tended to be
larger than the diffusion coefficients derived from the time-lag
method (see original paper for theoretical discussion).
Permeation, Rubber, Permeability
2-251
-------
Title: The Evaluation of Fabrlco In Relation to Their Uoo as Protective
Garments In Nursing and Surgery 111. Wot Poootrotlon and
Contact Tranafor of Particles through Clothing 1980
(PC 143)
Authors: Mackintosh, C.A. and O.M. Lldwell
Purpose of
Study: Penetration of bacteria during contact between medical paraonnol
and patient is an important means of Infection transfer. Thlo
study was thus performed to devise a method for determining the
resistance of fabrics to penetration of water under condltona of
rubbing contact* In addition, a procedure was also devised for
simulating transfer of dry particulate material through
protective garments.
Materials and
Methods: Resistance to Penetration by Fluids
Two cellulose sponge disks were placed in a Petri dloh and
wetted with tap water or other aqueous liquid. The test fabric,
with a ploce of clean white cotton sheeting on top, wao then
placed on the Petri dish. These were held In place by tho lid
of the Petri dish and positioned on a rotating table by spring
clips. The machine was then set In motion so that the uppor
surface of the cotton sheeting was rubbed under a pressure of
44g. Periodically the machine was stopped and the cotton
sheeting was weighed to determine the amount of water which
penetrated through the fabric. Teets were done with tap water,
with an 0.5X aqueous solution of "Teepol" (British Drug House)
and with eerum. The cotton materials wore also tested after
laundering.
Penetration of Dry Particles
A cotton pouch containing fluorescent particles was fastened
onto an apron. A "target", designed to simulate a clothed body,
was made of foam rubber encased In a polythylene tubing, In a
bolster form. Onto this, a piece of teat fabric was taped to
form the targeting area. The experimenter, wearing the apron
with the pouch attached, stood and rubbed the target area,
vertically ten times and then horizontally ten times; and
repeated this sequence five times. The test fabric and
polythylene surface were then sampled by suction using an open
faced filter holder with a Whatman No. 4/fllter paper.
Eleven fabrics were tested in these two studies) white sheeting,
nylon taffeta, balloon cotton, Utopia plus, featherproof.cotton,
Johnson 4 Johnson "450", Johnson & Johnson Dexter, Tyvek8 144],
"Ceramic" terylene 8085, Vent tie "LJ4", and Quarpel-proofed Pima
cotton.
Results and
Comments: The results of this study are summarised In the following tablet
J-252
-------
PC 143 (Contlnuod)
Tiae for Penetration of 0.3s of
Fluid, Minutee
Fabric
Tap
Water
0.3X Tcepol
Scrua
White cheating. unwaohcd
0.13
0.09
0.13
Nylon taffeta, unwaehod
0.17
0.09-0.10
0.13
Utopia pluo
unvaohod
vaahed once and ironed
0.9
0.46
0.23
0.13
*¦»
O u
1
**
Balloon cotton
froa hospital
rewaohed and ironod
0.17-0.18
0.22
0.21
0.14
m
0.4-0.7
Featherproof eotton
unvaohod
washed ooco aod ironed
0.7-0.9
1.2
1.4-1.6
0.3
3.2
3.3
"Ceraaie" Terylene
unvaohed
washed once and Ironed
0.7-0.8
0.7
0.9
1.3
0.3
0.3-0.a
Johnson 4 Johnson "430"
ao oupplled
11-32
1.3-1.4
6.1-6.2
Johnaon 4 Johnson Dealer
ao supplied
NP*
2.5-2.a
NP*
Tyvet^
ao supplied
MP«"24
2.1-3.8
5.1-7.4
Vent I la U4*»
ao supplied
washed once, tronod
and awtoe laved
waahed three tloee,
Ironod and autoclave^
NP
U
a
6-16
2.1
1.9
MP
30
7
Quarpel-proofed Pl»a**
aq supplied
washed once
washed three times arvl
Ironod
NP*
45
55
HP*
5—25
V
W**a
'OO
MP*
••Proofed cotton fabctca.
•••Penetration tloe greater than 60 alnutes, 4 trace o( penetration observed within
30-45 nlnutea.
.'-253
-------
PC 143 (Concluded)
From Che above results, the authors drew the following conclusions:
o Laundering increased th® rate cf water penetration.
o Penetration by the "Teepol" solution was generally more rapid than by
water*
e For all the fabrics containing cotton, except sheeting, the
penetration of serum was slower than that of water>
Penetration by Dry Particles
The results of the study are summarised in the following table:
Total Number of Particles
Test Fabric
Penetrated Through Test Fabric
Nylon taffeta
200,000
Balloon cotton
170,000
Johnson & Johnson 450
138,000
Utopia plus
91,000
Featherproof Cotton
2,400
Johnson & Johnson Dexter
155
"Ceramic" terylene
28
Pima cotton
17
Ventile L34
Tyvek.®
12
8
PVC sheet
5
Key Words: Penetration factor. Cotton, Nylon, Terylene, Tyvek
2-254
-------
Title:
Authors:
Purpose of
Study:
Materials and
Methods:
Results and
Comments:
Linking Applicator Exposure to Pesticides 1982
Lavy, T., J. Mattice, R. Fynn, and M. Davis
(PC 144)
The purpose of this study was to determine exposure to workers In
the field during actual spraying operations and to evaluate
techniques for limiting exposure.
Actual field crevs were monitored during the application of
2,4,5-T, 2,4-D, paraquat, MSKA, EPM, and methyl ycathion-
Pesticide concentrations were measured in the breathing cone of
the workers, on patches attached to clothing, in hand rinses, and
in the urine. Dermal exposure was estimated from the patch
data. Other than the use of a battery-powered pump to pull air
through a trapping medium, specific equipment and analytical
procedures wore not indicated. Urine samples were used as
indicators of the dose of pesticide entering the body.
The data for the studies conducted on the six pesticides indicate
that:
o average urine levels of helicopter, mlot blower, and backpack
sprayer crews applying 2,4,5-T ranged front 0.062 mg/kg for
mixers to 0.001 mg/kg for flagman
e protective clothing (Tyvek^coveralls, clean hats, rubber
gloves, boots, and goggles) reduced helicopter crew exposura
to 2,4,D by factor of two
o average dermal exposure to tho four remaining pesticides
varied widely, as Indicated In the table below. (Number of
workers are In parenthesis).
Worker Duty
Averano Dermal Exposure to Itorkers In mg/kg for Each Pesticide
Paraquat
Mi'MA
EPN
Methyl
Parathlon
Mixer-loader
Mr plant pilot
Tractor driver
Push sprayer
Average
0.002 (6)
0.015 (6)
0.009
0.053 (5)
0.023 (3)
0.140 (4)
0.074
0.050 (6)
0.001 (3)
0.014 (3)
0.029
0.165 (21)
0.001 (14)
0.010 (9)
0.081
2-255
-------
Overall, the results Indicated that the level of exposure is
related to worker duty, with mixers receiving the highest
concentration and flaggers receiving the lowest. As a whole,
aerial application crews received lower concentrations then
ground crews. Using average values of all workers in each
study, the concentration of pesticide received by the workers
ranged from 69 (for EPN) to 24,600 (MSMA) times less than the
no observable effect level (NOEL) in animals.
Coverall, Gloves, Head covering, Boots, Goggles, Applicator,
Mixer/Loader, Flagger, Pilot, Field worker, Dermal, Aerial,
Backpack/Knapsack, Tyvek®, 2,4-D, 2,4,5-T, Urine excretion
2-256
-------
Title:
Improved Instrument for Measuring the Air Permeability of
Fabrics 1942 (PC 145)
Authors:
Schiefer, H.F. and P.M. Boyland
Purpose of
Study:
Materials and
Methods:
Results and
Comments:
The purpose of this study is to describe a new model of an
Instrument for measuring the air permeability of fabrics. The
calibration and operation of the instrument are also discussed.
The Instrument consists, chiefly, of a cylinder approximately 5 in.
in diameter and 12 in. long. It has a 3 in. orifice at one end, a
variable, narrow oriflce/flow-meter in the middle, and a fan at the
other end. The fan creates a pressure drop across the fabric of
about one torr. The central flov-meter measures the air
permeability of the fabric, reported as cu. ft./tain per square foot.
The instrument was tested on three parachute fabrics and three
blankets with the following results:
Parachute Cloth
Blanket
I II III
IV V VI
Avg. permeability
(cu. ft./mln.
88.6 82.6 114.1
65.0 145 271
per sq. ft.)
The sampling error on this instrument Is 5% In 9 out of
10 trials.
Key Words:
Permeation, Teat method, Permeabllly
2-257
-------
Title:
Author:
Purpose of
Study:
Personal Protective Equipment (1971) (PC 146)
This is a notice In the Federal Register of May 29, 1971
This notice presents general and specific OSHA requirements for
eye and face protectors, respirators, and head and foot
protectors•
Materials and
Methods: Mot applicable*
Results and
Comments: "Protective eye and face equipment shall be required where there
Is a reasonable probability of injury that can be prevented by
such equipment*" Protectors shall provide adequate protection,
be reasonably comfortable, fit smigly and not Interfere with the
wearer's movements, be durable, be easily cleanable And capable
of being disinfected, and be kept clean and in good repair.
When effective engineering controls are not feasible, or while
they are being Instituted, appropriate respirators shall be
used..." The applicable suitable respirators shall be provided
by the employer, the employee shall use the respirators in
accordance with instructions and training; the respirators shall
be regularly cleaned and disinfected, cleanly stored, and
routinely inspected; the work area conditions shall be
aproprlately surveyed; the effectiveness of the program shall be
regularly evaluated; persons should not be assignc. to taska
requiring respirators unless they are physically able; and
approved or accepted respirators shall be used when they are
available.
The remaining information on respirators concerns further detail
on the specifications, safety devices, procedures for use,
training, and maintenance. Additionally, the colors for gas mask
canisters are given for various atmospheric contaminants (not
specifically for pesticides); however, it is stated that the
primary means of identifying a canister shall be by means of
properly worded labels.
The lrformatlon presented in this notice for head and foot
protection is brief, and concerna impact and electrical hazards.
Key Words: Footwear, Head covering, Respirator, Face mask, Protection
(general)
2-258
-------
Title:
Determining Permeability of Thermoplastic Containers
(PC 147)
1973
Author:
Purpose of
Study:
American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM)
This article is the published version of ASTM test D2684-73. The
purpose of this test is to determine the extent of leakage of
liquids through thermoplastic materials.
Materials and
Methods:
The test consists of filling a jar, made of the chosen plastic, with
the liquid of interest, sealing the jar, and periodically veighing
thlo assembly, vhlch is kept for at leaet 28 days at either 23°C or
50°C.
Iho test has two variations. In procedure (A), a Jar of specified
design la uaed. In procedure (B), any jar stay be used aa long as it
is capable of positive closure.
Permeability la recorded as percentage Height loss (or gain) after a
given exposure time.
Key Words: Thermoplastic, Permeation, Tost method, Permeability
2-259
-------
Title:
Permeability of Vulcanized Rubber to Volatile Liquids 1971
(PC 148)
Author:
Purpose of
Study:
Materials and
Methods:
Key Words:
American Society for Testing and Materials
This article is the published ~ersion of ASTM Test D814-55. The
purpose of the test is to determine the permeability of rubber
sheet, of thickness not exceeding 1/8 inch, to volatile liquids.
The test consists of adding 200 ml of the chosen liquid to a
half-pint Jar with a screw cap, the top of whch has been mostly
removed. The rubber sheet is used as a liner to this cap. By
sealing, weighing, and inverting this assembly, the permeability of
the rubber (fluid ounces per 24 hr per square foot of wetted area)
can be determined by periodic weighing.
Permeation, Rubber, Test method, Permeability
2-260
-------
Title:
Transient Permeation of Organic Vapors Through Polymer Membranes
1965 (PC 149)
Author:
Purpose of
Study:
P. Meares
This study was performed to develop a method for analyzing
permeation data of a vapor through a membrane when the diffusion was
known to be Ficklan (Note: This means that the diffusion through the
membrane follows Fick's second law). This method would allow the
diffusion coefficient D, its variation with concentration, and the
solubility coefficient to be determined from Just one single
experiment.
Materials
and Methods:
To demonstrate this method, two permeation tests were conducted:
n-butane through natural rubber, and allyl chloride through
polyvinyl acetate. No specifics were given in this paper about the
permeation cell used-and the procedures involved.
Results and
Comments:
Key Words)
If diffusion is Fickian, the diffusion coefficient is equal to Do
(the zero concentration diffusion coefficient), and can be obtained
from the results of one single experiment (see PC 142).
Do. and the solubility coefficient are determined from the slope and
the intercept, respectively, by plotting In [t 1/2 (dP/dt)] vs. 1/t
(see PC 142 for definition of parameters).
For the cases of non-Flckian diffusions, two or three permeation
experiments are required to give sufficient information to
characterize the'concentration dependence of the diffusion
coefficient D. (Note: See the original article for detailed data
analysla and theoretical discussions.)
Permeation, Permeability, Rubber
2-261
-------
Title:
Fibres, Fabrics and Finishes for FR Workwear in Europe 1980
(PC 150)
Authors: Chapman, A.C. and G. Miller
Purpose of
Study: This article gives an overview on fibers, fabrics and textile
finishes used In the construction of flame retardant garments.
Materials and
Methods: Not applicable•
Results and
Comments: The fabric used to construct flace retardant garments for workwear
should fulfill the following functions:
e A, the fabric should remain Intact when exposed to a high radiant
flux, a direct flame, or the Impact of molten metal* Under these
situations, the fabric should not melt, shrink, ignite, or become
sticky.
o B, the fabric should provide thermal protection*
o C, in the case of molten metal splash, the metal should not stick
to the fabric.
o D, the fabric should be comfortable and capable of withstanding
both the working conditions and the laundering requirements.
The following table summarises the advantages and disadvantages of
several fibers, and whether they are suitable for flame retardant
workwear:
Fiber
Advantages
Disadvantages
Suitability for
Flame Retardant
Work Hear
Wood
Meets
A, B,
functions
and C
Falls function D
Not suitable
Aramld
Fiber
(Nomex)
Meets
A, B,
functions
and C
Falls function D
Not suitable
Modacryllca
Meets
B and
of A
functions
C, and part
Material would shrink
under high tenperature
conditions
Not suitable
Flame retardant
rayon
No Comments Clven
Polyester/
cotton
Meets function
D, low coat
Fallo functions
A, B and C
Unsuitable, but
widely used in
Europe
Flame retardant
cotton
Meets all four
functions
None
Most suitable
2-262
-------
PC 150 (Concluded)
Fabric construction Is also important in determining suitability of
a fabric for different workwear end-use applications. The following
table summarizes the authors' recommendations for various hot
environments where flame retardant workwear would be required.
Environment
Fabric*
Direct flame
150-250 gsm
flame retardant
cotton sateen
Fuel installations,
(e.g. oil refineries,
chemical plants, etc.)
250-320 gsm
flame retardant
cotton drill
Welding shop
320-400 gsm
flame retardant cotton
with a raised twill or
beaverteen
Molten metal^
900 gsm flame retardant
cotton
1Xhe authors did not clarify gsm. It probably m/iana grams
per square meter.
^This does not apply to molten aluminium because it has a
tendency to stick to cotton.
The principal finish used for flame retardant cotton workwear in
Europe is the ammonia cured THPC precondensate system (Proban).
In this article, the authors also reviewed relevant performance
standards for flame retardant workwear in Great Britain.
Key Words: Flame retardant, Performance criteria, Cotton, Polyester/Cotton
2-263
-------
Title:
Author:
Purpose <.£
Study:
The Measurement of the Air Permeability of Fabrics 1935
(PC 151)
F.C. Clayton
This study reports the construction of an instrument for measuring
the air permeability of fabrics. (An improved version is described
in PC 145.) Test results for several fabrics are also provided.
Materials and
Methods:
The instrument described is essentially the same as that described
In PC 145 except that the present instrument is more complicated and
less convenient to use. Also, the present Instrument seals the
cloth edges with rubber gaskets or mercury, something the never
instrument does not do.
The authors report air permeability as cm3/8 per 100 cm2 fabric per
cm of water pressure drop across the fabric. Since PC 145 uses a
constant pressure drop of 0.5 In. of water, and units of cu.
ft./mln. per sq. ft., test results will be shown below in the latter
units.
Results and
Comments:
Fifteen fabrics were tested for air permeability,
as follows:
The results are
Fabric (cu.
Air Permeability
ft./mln. per sq. ft.)
Canvas 01
0.47
Canvas #2
4.0
Canvas 03
9.5
Sateen (schrelnered)
1.3
Sateen (unschrelnered)
40
Poplin
24
Flannelette
55
Organdie
4225
Gabardine
23
Wood (union twill)
550
Umbrella fabric
50
Grenfell cloth
5.4
Florentine drill (grey)
138
Knitted cotton stockings
1237
Vacuum cleaner bag fabric
23
In addition, permeability is compared for fabrics having different
weave characteristics, weights, thicknesses, layers, and moisture
contents.
Key Words: Permeation, Test method, Permeability
2-264
-------
PC 152 CONFIDENTIAL
2-265
-------
PC 153 CONFIDENTIAL
2-.'66
-------
Titlo i
Authorsi
Purpose of
Studyi
feaatratlon of frotactlvo Cloves by AUsrgsea and Irritants
Wi (PC IW)
Mourotdoa, rt.T. and 0. fober
The purpoas o( this atudy was to asssso tha penetrability ot varlouo
bratula of plastic on rubtor aloveo to oalactod alloraeoo sod
Irritants,
Hatsrlalo and
Methods)
In vtvo tests w>a(« carried out e» IS patient*, referred (or oeseaa,
So 71) fTowa I
Substance Tested
Niabsi o( (
Nlcbal auHete
17
Poroaldehyde
1
Fotasalua dlchrroate
2
T\ir pontine peronlde*
2
ttooaycln
1
Hethylparabea
1
Toluanedtaatae
2
Aalaoatobonicoe
1
Potaah eoap \
8
Beniallonliua chloride/
L ;•»« loots were sensitive to the substance teeted on thca• All
u-i.i wura "At#" patch testa evaluated according to the rceorascoda-
ii -uj »f the International Contact DsroAtltla Beoearch Croup<
i. (••randa of gloves tested worst
Iro#
lie Opett
Car IBs
itarlo Cold
Southern Croat
Trlflex
fcdlcon
Playtsa
Dluet te
(rubber, Snaland)
(rvtbbar, Sweden)
(rubber, Ccechoalovotila)
(rubber, England)
(neoprene, Australia)
(fVC, England)
(polyethylene, Penaark)
(rubber, USA)
(neoprtne, USA)
Bosulta and
Coaasntai
Irt ct.e nickel sulfat* teste, consistent results waro shown only by
i: t »> t ii», Bluet to, TrtUe*, and Hsdlcan gloves, Cor PUytos (yellow)
k\oy£h, posltlva reactions U4ro seen to 4 out of A patients tested>
Ml iUatia patients had negative reactions with Playte* (blue) and
JUuttti gloves. trifle* and ted Icon gloves gave negative result*
roc all but 3 out of 1) patterns.
r thu remaining allergens .uiile«l, all (he gloves were penetrated
b? at luaat two allergens, to pattern was evident,
tkitti Urltante gave ugatlve reactions (or all gloves 00 all
palInnt 0.
Key Uords:
Clo vo. Rubber, Polyvinyl, Polyethylene, Penetration
-------
ii Trltlua Protective Clothing 1979 (PC 1)3)
-------
PC 133 (Concluded)
• In gonoral, single place oulta aro mora offoctlvo than two pleco
suits, because chore are fawor openings for the hasardous
notorial to onter. Exposure aloo varton with tho type of
closure used. Zippers have poor barrier qualities) elastic
v
-------
lot
horei
pooo of
idyj
The effects of Water Toaperaturo on Decontaalnatlon of Poatlctda
Applicator Clothing 1980 (PC 136)
LUlle, T.H., H.A. Hamilton, and J.K. Livingston
Thla otudy wa« conducted to coapera quantltleo of pestlcldo rosldua
remaining In contaminated clothing after weehlng In cold (30°C),
warn (43°C), or hot (60°C) water.
;ertala and
hodai
Cloth oaaploa. 3 X 3 cm, were taken from a cotton coverall, and ware
treated separately with 1 nl of concentrated peatlcldoei oalathlon
(91.JX), broaacil (21.W), dlaalnon (47.IX), chlordane (71.3X), and
propoxur (13.91). Dilute solutions of 0.3X dlailnon, 1.0X
chlordane, and i.lX propoxur woro also used. Those peetlcldo-
treated samples wore waahed togothor In a one-speed Whirlpool
washing machine operating at 68 agitations per alnuto. The wash
cycle laatod 33 olnuteo with a 14-mlnute wash followed by two
rlneoe. Nonphoophoroua detergent was used. The waehed eaoplea woro
dried In a Whirlpool dryer for 30 minutes, and were than analysed
for peatlclde reslduea.
lulta and
uientai
The reoulta of thla otudy are aumaarUed In the following table In
which the percentages of peatlclde reslduea recovered from cloth
samples were presented for waehea In cold, vara and hot vatori
Percent
Reaoved
by Wash
Pesticide
Peatlclde
Concentration. (X)
Cold
Warm
Hot
Dlaslnoa
47.3
83.3
a
96.1
0.3
68.2
79.1
99,4
Propomr
13.9
81.9
99.6
ND
1.1
ND
ND
ND
Chlwrdane
71.3
99.9
96.2
97.9
1.0
63.0
51.7
36.0
Broaacil
21.9
90.4
96.6
99.9:
Halathlon
91.3
93.0
93.4
97.1
ND * Not detected.
2-210
-------
PC 156 (Concluded)
Othor than chlordano, the amount of roslduo removed lncreaaod with
tho waohwator temperature* Therefore, the authors recommended that
postlclde-contamlnated clothing should be washed in washvater with a
Ccmporature of 2 60°C (140°F).
Key Wordsi Cotton, Laundering, Nalathlon, Brooacil, Chlordano, Propoxur,
Dlaslnon
2-n\
-------
Tltlot
Authoroi
Purpose of
9tudyi
Hatorlala and
Methodai
Results and
Commentsi
Reoplratora and Protective Clothing
Hyatt, B.C. and J.H. White
1967
(PC 137)
This publication la a manual to aid In tha solectlon of raeplratore
and protective clothing whan radioactive tutorials are handled.
Not applicable.
The typco and chara'cterlatlce of respirators and protective clothing
dlecuoaed In thla manual are ounmarlted In the following table*
Protective Equipment
Protective Equipment for the
Respiratory Syatea
e Mr purifying respirators
- Particulate removing type
Cas and vapor-removing
(chemical filter) type
Characteristics
Combination of the above
two types
Protects agalnat tonic or Irritant
particulates. Depends on a mechanical
filter. Hay bo Inadequate to protect
against wall particles.
Should never be used In an oaygen-
deficient atmosphere* Contains an
aorbent filter. Otten la unsuitable for
protecting agalnat more than one con-
taminant. Protects only within limited
concentrations.
Removes both particulates and gaa or
vapor.
o Hose-type supplied air respirators
- Continuoua-flow type
- Demand type
e Self-contained breathing apparatus
- Demand type
Recirculation type
Protective Equipment for the Head
e Caps or hats
Can be used regardleas of the kind,
physical state, and concentration of
the contaminant.
la used mainly when the air supply
must be conserved. Only permits air
flow when the wearer inhales.
la portable and can protect against
any concentration of contaminants In
the breathing air.
Same as demand-type In tha hose-type
supplied air respirators.
Often are made of light cotton twill,
plastic or paper.
2-272
-------
PC 157 (Continued)
e Safety holmct#
o Face shioldo
a Bye protection
Protective Equipment for tho Arao
and Hands
• Clovea (Burgeons rubber, heavy
duty rubbor, heavy duty work
gloves, and roll-on plastic)
• Arm protection (glovo with
ehoulder-longth sleeve, glove-box,
and contamination glove and oleevo
protection)
Protective Equipment for the Lega and
Feet
o Safety shoes (low ohoeo with ateel
toee and miner'a safety boots)
o Rubber boots (calf or knee height,
and hip wadere)
o Shoe bags or covers (cotton,
plaatlc, and unllned galaahee)
Protective Equipment tor the Body
o Cotton clothing (under clothing,
shirt and trouaero, coveralls,
laboratory coat, and parka)
e Plastic or rubber clothipg
(apron; coveralls combination of
Jacket, trouaera, boots, heliaet or
hood gloves; frog ault, and
lead-filled rubber
Are oads from molded plastic reinforced
with fiberglass.
Aro generally uaed vhon corrosive acldo
or othor dangerous chemicals are
handled.
Safoty glasses or goggles should be
selected baoed on Che hazard presents
Selection of glovos la baoed on the use,
espected life, Individual preference,
etc.
Same as slovee.
Unllned boots and ohoes should be
selected because thoy are easier to
clean and decontaminate•
Are slippery on pollahed or
oiled floors.
The selection of clothing depends on
climate, availability and use.
Articles are very hot to wear when tho
ambient temperature is more than 2S°C;
therefore, heat stress may be a problem.
• Five-fightlna aulta
Are difficult to decontaminate.
2-273
-------
PC 137 (Concluded)
Support Equipment
Cooling dovlcea (vortex tuba, and
Insulated nir-supply hooos
Breathing air compressors
- Electric motor coaprossor-dlter,
(or 2 men (demand) or (or 2-3
men (continuous (low)
- Central large unit (or oeveral
laboratories located near oach
other
Communication systems, and respirator
maintenance and testing (aclllty
The vortex tubo muet be supplied
with air at more than 6 kg/cm2
(>80 lb/in?) to ooorate properly.
Care must be taken to ensure that the
air is (ree of all types o( contaminants,
particularly CO and oil mists.
(No comments given)
Key Wordsi
The second hal( of this manual deals specifically with how the
protective equipment should bo used when radioactive materials ore
handled. Therefore, It ia not summarised hore.
Respirator, Respiratory, Clove, Coverall, Footwear, Dead covering,
Sel(-contained ault, Apron, Cogglee, Cotton, Rubber, Polyvinyl, Paper
-------
Title:
The Rola of Disposable Produces in Protective Clothing 1974
(PC 158)
Author:
Purpose of
Study:
Industrial Safety
This is a short overview article dascrlbiag the general uses and
advantages of disposable protective clothing* The use of such
clothing to protect persons from pesticides is not discussed in
the urticlo.
tetorlals and
Methods:
Results and
Comments:
Not applicable<
The article indicates that protective materlalo are changing froa
high-coat long-life artlclos to low-cost limited-life articles.
This is due, at laaot in part, to fast changing needs ae well ao
to the coots and hasards associated with the laundering of
contaminated reusablo artlclos. The evolving and specialised
nueds of Industry aro now being met by low coot disposable
products which protect humans froa hootilo working environments
ua well ao froa the decay of natural body secretions, and prevont
the spread of contamination to othorB.
The use of disposable oversults, which are worn over air pressure
sulta, 1s especially noteworthy since the contaminated oversults
can be discarded before the usual assistance is needed to remove
the air presoure suits. As a reeult, risk to the assistant Is
reduced to a minimum, and coats are reduced by 25X ao compared to
the use of conventional plastic oversults.
Other useful disposable articles Include boots, which can be
changed as often as required and which can also be worn inside
protective footgear to control fungal infections: overalls, which
aro designed for especially dirty Jobs; and hacterlaclde
Impregnated cloths, which can be used to decontaminate articles
ouch as respirators. These bacterlacldal cloths can also be used
for cleaning instruments and hands; howevctr, the article provided
no further Information.
Key Words:
Cuvorall, Footwear, Self-contained suit, Disposable clothing
J-J75
-------
Title:
Author:
Purpose of
Study:
Materials and
Kothods:
Raaulto »r>'.
Coobbc .u •:.
Protective Clothing - A Survey: Wool (Undated)
N.T. Freeman
(PC 139)
Thle la a short ovorvlew article describing the general uses and
advantages of wool protective clothing. The use of such clothing
to protect persons froo postlcldoo Is not dlscusood In the
article.
Not applicable.
Tho characteristics of wool may be disadvantageous or
advantageous with ragard to protective clothing. Undesirable
characteristics include euaceptablllty to attack by moths,
alkali, and sulfuric acid; a tendency for the surface fibers to
collect soil and for the entire garment to shrink when laundered;
and discomfort to tho wearer due to heat. One of the important
advantages of wool la high moisture regain, which means that
light corrosive splashes will be repelled while heavier splashes
will bo absorbed. This prevents tho corrosive material from
penetrating the akin or undergarments of the wearer, even though
the contaminated fibers may degrade. Wool aloo protects tho
wearer from radiated heat, and, If properly processed or treated
can also protect against flamee and acldo (other than oulfurlc).
Wool fabrics are used by British stoelworkere to protect agalnat
metal aplaahea, flamea, and heat; however, the garments do break
down under continuous radiant heat. Modern methods of fabric
treatment have Improved resistance to shrinkage, and other
materials developments Indicate that wool protective clothing
could assume increased Importance.
Key Uordai
Wool, Jackets, Pants, Shirts
2-2 76
-------
Title)
Authors:
Purpose of
Study:
Permeation of Halogenated Solvento through Drybox Gloves
1971 (PC 160)
Johnson, T.C. and W.D. Mercies
The purpose of this study was to determine the permeability of
drybos gloveo to several halogenated solvents and their saturated
vapors*
Materials an
Methods<
The test method wao an adaptation of ASTM mathod E96-66 for water
permeation. Essentially, the toot consists of measuring weight loos
with time from a container sealed with the glove material of
intereot.
Five glove materials ware tested • They verot
I - Neoprene (13 all)
II - Neopreno (30 oil)
III - Neopreno (33 oil)
IV - Leaded neopreno (34 mil)
V - Hypalon - coated leaded neopreno (33 oil)
Six tso 1 vents ware teotod, via.i
A - Methylene chlorido
B - Trichloroethyleno
C - Carbon tetrachloride
0 - Mothyl chloroform
B - Porchloroethylene
F - Trichlorotrifluoroethane
Results and
Commentsi
The table below gives the permeation rates found for all
combinations of gloves/solvents* The rates for permeation of
saturated vapor are in parenthosos; the rest are for liquid solvents
Permeation rate (ma/cm hr)
Solvent/Katorlal
I
II
111
IV
V
A
97 (69)
140 (33)
120 (46)
100 (47)
120 (42)
B
44 (31)
82 (22)
33 (19)
38 (18)
61 (20)
C
86 (17)
42 (14)
39 (16)
34 (12)
24 (10)
D
80 (18)
44 (13)
30 (14)
28 (10)
33 (10)
B
11 (12)
28 (6.2)
23 (6.2)
22 (3.3)
18 (3.6)
P
1.1 (1.4)
0.4 (0.46)
0.22 (0.23)
0.26 (0.34)
0.099 (0.12)
Key Wordsi Permeation, Clove, Permeability
2-277
-------
Tltlo: Permeation of Protective Garment Material by Liquid Halogenated
Ethanes and a Polychlorlnated Blphenyl 1980 (PC 161)
Authors: Weeks, R.W., Jr. and M.J. McLeod
Purpose of
Study: See PC 106.
2-278
-------
Title:
Author:
Purpose of
Study:
Materials and
Methods:
Haskell Laboratory Report No. 969-80 1980 (PC 162)
E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company
The purpose of this study was to evaluate two coated Tyvel^®
materials for permeability to a Lannat^l concentrate.
Two coated materials (Saranex®and polyethylene coated Tyvek®)
were exposed to Lannate®L in a prototype ASTM glass permeation
test cell. The permeability was measured In ng/mln/ca^ at 0,
0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, and 8.0 hours. Breakthrough was
determined when a detectable amount of Lannate^L was. found
permeating Into a water collecting medium on the inside surface
of the materials. Aliquats of the collecting medium were
analyzed to determine Launate®contact using reversed phase
liquid chromatography and a variable wave length ultraviolet
detector.
Results and:
Comments:
Key Words:
Both of the coated materials showed breakthrough times of leaa
than 15 minutes. Permeation rates were 3.2 and 5.0 ng/min/cm^
for polyethylene coated Tyvel^® and Saranexf§> coated Tyvek® ,
respectively. The concentration of LannatcK*1 permeating the
polyethylene coated Tyvels^ increased as a function of time, (up
to aboi& 3,500 ng/ml in 8 hours) while the concentration of
Lannate®permeating the Saranesf® coated Tyveli® Increased to a
relatively constant level of about 1,500 ng/ml.
The authors point out that only nanogram amounts wore found on
the Inside surface of the samples after continuous liquid contact
for 8 hours and that this indicates favorable resistance
properties under a worst case situation. They also note that
only industrial hyglenists aware of the Intended uae and of the
hazards associated with Lannate® exposure should oelec: these
materials for protection against Lannate®.
Tyvek®, Permeability, Lannate®, Permeability
2-279
-------
Title:
Author:
Purpooo of
Study:
Methods and
Materials:
Results and
Comments:
"Hand Protection" 1981 (PC 163)
David C. Bennett
This Is a British article vhlch reviews the different types of
gloves available for workers.
Not applicable•
This article describes the different types of materials used to
sake glovee that are available In Great Britain, how they are made,
and, very generally, In vhlch work situations each type Is
appropriate. The types discussed include:
• Leather Cloves — Most industrial leathor gloves are manu-
factured froa chrome tanned splits* Hideo are spilt by a band
knife machine Into three or mora layers| the top layer, called
"grain hide" provides the leathers which have sore wear
resistance and are leas water absorbent on the grain surface
than loathevs cut from the Inner and under layers. Leather can
be specifically treated to bo heat resistant up to about 200°C.
• Asbestos Gloves — Due to the toxic concerns of using asbestos,
manufacturers have introduced neoprene-coatod asbestos gloves
vhlch, In addition to having an almost Immeasurably low dust
level, are oil and water resistant. Cince asbeatos does not
have the sam wear resistance as leather, heat-resistant leather
is often used In conjunction with asbestos to Impart durability.
• Rubber and Plastic — There are four main groups: natural
rubber, which has high tear resistance and protects against
certain substances (for example, acetone and alcohols); neoprene
(chloropreno), a synthetic rubber which resists moot organic and
Inorganic acids, oils, greases ond other substances which cause
the breakdown of natural rubber; nltrlle (polyacrylonltrlle),
another typo of synthetic rubber which resists solvents and
other aubstancea that neither natural nor chloroprene rubber can
withstand; and PVC, a plastic vhlch can be used up to 100°C,
that has a high abrasion resistance, and la resistant to a vide
range of Industrial substances.
2-280
-------
PC 163 (Concluded)
o Fabric Gloves — Natural and synthetic fabrics are normally
either woven (e.g., cotton drill and Bedford cord) or knitted
(e.g., cotton interlock) or, in the case of wool, formed into a
felt. Two new products developed by DuPont include Nomex, a
type of nylon (polyamlde) which has the hard-wearing
characteristics of nylon, offers good resistance to many
chemicals, and can be used up to 350°C; Noaex is also light and
comfortable to wear. Kevlar is a new fibre which is inherently
flame resistant and does not melt. With the appropriate lining,
Kevlar gloves will withstand limited exposure up to S00°C.
Kevlar alao has the highest specific tensile strength of any
commercially available fiber.
The author also describes types of glove construction and how they
effect the protection afforded to the wearer.
Finally, the development of one new method of manufacture, namely,
knitting spun yarn directly into a glove shape, is noted. This
method has two advantages over conventional products: the gloves
are seamless and interchangeable (they can be worn on either hand).
These facts not only Increase glove life, but contribute to safety
as well.
Key Words: Clove, Cotton, Leather, Rubber, Polyvinyl, Namex, Kevlar, Asbestos,
Neoprene, Nltrlle, Nylon, Flame retardant
2-281
-------
Title:
Author:
Purpose of
Study:
Materials and
Methods:
Results and
Comments:
No title 1980 (PC 164)
Plastics and Rubber Weekly
Not applicable.
Not applicable.
This news item reports on a fabric used in protective clothing to
protect workers against cuttiug tools. This fabric is called
Fothergill and Harvey D235 aramid fibre fabric; it has been tested
by the British Forestry Commission, which has approved the
Incorporation of four layers of D235/283 in protective clothing for
forestry workers. (The nature of the fibre referred to as D235/283
was not specified.) D235 has also been approved by the Finnish
State Research Institute of Engineering in Agriculture and Forestry
and is being incorporated into mitts, trousers and leg shields by
leading UK protective clothing manufacturers.
Key Words:
Gloves, Pants, Forestry workers
2-282
-------
Title:
Author:
Purpose of
Study:
Materials and
Methods:
Results and
Comments:
Key Words:
Mo title given 1981 (PC 165)
Plastics and Rubber Weekly
Not applicable.
Not applicable*
This is a brief news item announcing introduction of a protective
suit for North Sea oil workers. The suit ia Neoprene-coated nylon
and protects against hypothermia with a winter survival time of 12
to 15 hours. The suit also allows the wearer to float face upwards
and to survive fire temperatures of up to 800°C.
Neoprene, Rubber, Nylon
2-283
-------
Title:
Author:
Materials and
Methods:
Results and
Comments:
"Safety: It's a Healthy Market" 1980 (PC 166)
Plastics and Rubber Weekly
Not applicable•
This news Item reports on the first Health and Safety at Work
Exhibition, held In Great Britain. Companies exhibited new Ideas
for use of plastics and rubber weight-reducing components,
especially In masks and breathing gear. One company demonstrated
safety shoes which were mode of polyurethane soles to reduce weight
and improve toughness. Other products exhibited were nltrlle
rubber gloves; disposable safety masks made of p'lystyrene and
polypropylene; and scratch-proof, polycarbonate lenses In safety
glasses and goggles.
Key Words:
Gloves, Footwear, Respirator, Face mask, Goggles, Rubber, Nltrlle
2-284
-------
Title:
Laundry Procedures for Removal of 2,4-D Ester and Amine
Herbicide from Contaminated Fabrics 1982 (PC 167)
Authors: Easley, C.B., J.M. Laughlin, R.E. Gold, and D.R. Tupy
Purpose of
Study: The purpose of this study was to Investigate the effects of
various procedures on the' removal of pesticides from work
clothes and the transfer of pesticides from contaminated clothea
to other laundry items.
Materials and
Methods: Two types of fabrics were used: (1) denim fabrics represented
pesticide-contaminated clothing laundered in a home laundry
situation, (2) transfer fabrics of double knit represented
textile Items laundered in the same load with contaminated
pieces. Either 2,4-D ester or 2,4-D amine at a 1.23 percent
solution, commonly used for agricultural applications, was used
to contaminate denim swatches. The laundering conditions which
were varied in the experimental design were:
a temperature of laundering: either at a 60°C (hot) water wash
and 49°C (warm) water rinse, or a 30°C (cold) water wash and
30°C rinse.
e pre-rlnse: a 2-mlnute pre rinse in 49°C water for the 60°C
water wash, in 30°C water for the 30°C water wash, or no
pre-rlnse.
o detergent: either a heavy duty non-phosphate liquid detergent
or a phosphate detergent.
e laundry additive: fabrics were laundered with ammonia added
to the wash cycle or without ammonia.
o repeated washing: fabrics were laundered oither once or twice.
The amount of pesticide extracted from the fabrics was measured
with a gas chromatography The resulte were expressed In
percentages of pesticides removed from contaminated fabric end
percentages transferred to noncontemiiutted fabrics.
Results and
Comments: The mean percents of 2,4-D ester formulation removed r&ngad from
28.86* to 44.992; amounts transferred ranged from 1.0SX to 2.03X
of the baseline contamination. The low residue removal was
attributed to the insolubility of 2,4-D ootar in water<
Significant differences were obtained for the conditions of
water temperature, detergent type and repeated tfaching. No
significant differencee resulted from pre-rlnao or an ammonia
additive.
2-285
-------
PC 167 (Concluded)
'x'he mean percents of 2,4-D amine formulation removed ranged from
99.17 to 99.65Z; amounts transferred ranged from 0.02Z to 0.26Z
of the baseline contamination. The high residue removal was
attributed to the extreme solubility of the amine formulation.
Significant differences were obtained for the conditions of
detergent type and repeated washing. No significant differences
resulted from water temperature, pre-rinse, and ammonia
additives. Again, since 2,4-D amine is water soluble, it was
effectively removed regardless of water temperature.
Results for conditions resulting in significant differences are
presented below:
Treatments
Mean Z Removed
Mean Z Transferred
2,4-D Eatet
water temperature
60°C
30°C
44.99+11.88
26.03+ 7.40
2.1440.75
1.05+0.34
detergent
nonphosphate
phosphate
39.80+13.67
31.22+12.32
not significant
not significant
repeated washings
1 wash
2 wash
32.08+10.56
40.59+13.09
1.8940.89
1.28+0.48
2,4-D Amine
detergent
nonphosphate
phosphate
99.65+0.29
99.24+0.81
not significant
not significant
repeated washings
1 wash
2 wash
99.39+0.38
99.63+0.42
0.26+0.11
0.02+0.14
Key Words:
Denim, Dermal, 2,4-D, Laundering
2-286
-------
Title: Exposure of Rand Harvesters to MH during Tobacco Harvest
1980 (PC 168)
Author: T.J. Sheets
Purpose of
Study: This study was performed to determine both dermal and respirator
exposure of harvesters to MH (l,2-dihydro-3,6-pyrldazlnedlone)
during hand harvesting of tobacco treated with the growth regulator.
Materials and
Methods: Four individuals hand harvested tobacco for 2-hour periods on two
different occasions afcer an application of 2.5 kg/ha active
ingredient of MH. Each of them wore a long-sleeved cotton shirt
onto which was pinned 10 X 10 cm adsorbent pads situated on the
forearms, shoulders, rib areas and thighs. In addition, each wore a
Ulllson Respirator No. 2D Dustite model which was modified to fit a
filter and funnel on the front of the mask. Samples from worker's
clothing pads and respirator filters were collected for MH
analysis. In addition, hand rinse water, urine and tobacco leaf
samples were nlso taken for MH analysis.
Results and
Comments: The results of this study are summarised in the following tables:
Total Amount of MH Found on Respirator Pads and Clothing Pads
Sample
First Harvest
Second Harvest
Respirator pad
Hg/pad
10
7
Forearms, ng/cm2
1.44
0.48
Shoulders, ng/cm2
0.30
0.38
Left rib outside
shirt, |ig/cm2
1.23
0.49
Right rib outside
shirt, (jig/cm2
0.82
0.22
Left rib lneido
ehlrt, p-rjcm2
0.79
0.48
Right rib inside
shirt, fig/cm2
0.52
0.22
Thighs, (jg/cm2
1.88
0.43
2-287
-------
PC 168 (Concluded)
Summary of MH Amounts in Samples Collected
Sample
First Harvest
Second Harvest
Green tobacco,
average, jig/g
13.2
11.4
Hand rinse water
jig/sample
41.3-101.8
708.6-1021.5
Urine, 24-48
hours after
harvesting,
^g/sample
Below detection
4.1-52.8
From the above data, the author made the following conclusions:
o During the first exposure when the tobacco was wet, (Note: The
author did not specify why the tobacco was wet.) greater amounts
of MH accumulated on rib-area pads on the outside of shircB than
those inside of shirts. This difference was not apparent for the
second exposure when the tobacco was dry during harvest
o For all but one pad position, the amount of MH found was less for
the second exposure than for the first one
o MH was not detected in urine excreted after the first harvest
when the tobacco was wet during the entire exposure time
e MH amount in hand rinse water was far greater after the second
exposure than after the first one. However, the MH residue
concentration was somewhat less on the green tobacco collected
uurlng the second harvest than those collected during the first
one. Therefore, If the hands represent the site of greatest
exposure, then harvesting when tobacco was wet might result in
less total exposure.
Key Words: Dermal, Respiratory, Tobacco, MH (l,2-dihydro-3,6-pyrldazinedlone)
Field worker, Cotton, Shirt, Patch study, Urine excretion
2-288
-------
Title:
Exposure of Agricultural Labor to Paraquat and Chlorobenzilate
1981 (PC 169)
Authors:
Nigg, H.N. and J.F. Price
Purpose of
Study:
Materials
and Methods:
This study was performed to determine workers' dermal and
respiratory exposures and body absorption during the application
of paraquat, diquat and chlorobenzilate.
For the paraquat and diquat study, workers were monitored with
a-cellulose pads attached to ten body locations and with
personal air monitors. All workers wore long or short sleeved
shirts, long trousers, socks, and heavy shoes or boots. Most
workers wore hats. Only one worker consistently wore gloves.
The spray equipment used and number of workers surveyed are
summarized in the following table:
Type of
Field Sprayed
Tomatoes
Citrus
Water hyacinths
Hydrllla
No. of Workers
Concentration
0.05% paraquat
O.OSZ paraquat
0.07Z paraquat
Q.11Z paraquat
0.07Z paraquat
1.76% diquat
4.41% dtquat
Spray Equipment
tractor- (with open
canopy) drawn
protected drop boom
tractor- (with
enclosed cab) drawn
protected drop boom
tractor- (with high
clearance) drawn
protected drop boom
traotor- (open) drawn
shielded boom spray
same as above
hand spray on an
alrboat
direct injection into
water
2-289
-------
PC 169 (Continued)
For the chlorobenzllate study, Tour applicators, two loaders and
two supervisors were surveyed. For the first week, loaders and
applicators wore NIOSH approved pesticide respirators, and
applicators also wore disposable coveralls. The second week no
respirators were worn, but the disposable coveralls were
retained. In the third week, the workers wore their normal
clothing: long-sleeved shirt, long pants, wide-brimmed hat,
leather shoes or boots, and canvas gloves. In addition, loaders
also wore heavy-duty rubber apron and cloth-lined rubber
gloves. The two supervisors wore normal work clothing
throughout the study.
Chlorobenzllate was applied at a concentration of approximately
0.12Z with air blast sprayers pulled by canopied tractors.
Urine samples were collected periodically to determine body
absorption.
Results and
Comments: For the paraquat and dlquat study, the findings are summarized
in the following: (Note: Table 1 In this report was missing;
therefore, quantitative data were unavailable.)
0 Exposure to paraquat applied to tomatoes was greatest for a
regular open tractor, of Intermediate levels for an enclosed
cab tractor, and lowest for high-clearance tractor.
• Hand and arm exposure generally accounted for SOX or more of
the estimated total body dose. Exposure to paraquat of
citrus applicators averaged 28.5 mg/hr and 12.2 mg/hr with
concentrations of 0.11Z and 0.07X, respectively. Respiratory
exposure ranged from 0-0.70 mg/hr which was 0.11! of the total
body exposure.
o Dlquat applicators received little dermal exposure. The
applicator generally had higher exposure than the boat driver.
From the above results, the authors recommended the use of
disposable coveralls and impermeable gloves to reduce pesticide
exposure.
The results of the chlorobenzllate study are summarized In the
following table:
2-290
-------
PC 169 (Continued)
Exposure in ng/cra^/hr
Exposure
Loaders
Applicators
Back
0.09
0.47
Chest
0.19
1.13
Shoulders
0.15
1.68
Wrist
0.45
3.82
Shin
0.66
1.46
Forearm (inside protective
clothing)
-
0.09
Forearm (outside protective
clothing)
-
1.44
Thigh (inside protective
clothing)
-
0.03
Thigh (outside protective
clothing)
""
4.05
Exposure in mg/hr
Respiratory, mg/hr
0.008
0.011
Hand, mg/hr
1.0
2.1
Estimated Body Exposure In mg/hr
Total Body
Week 1
6
31
Week 2
5
49
Week 3
14
18
Average
8.3
32.8
No exposure results were reported for supervisors.
From the above results, the authors made the following
conclusions:
o Respiratory exposure was low and applicators received more
exposure than loaders did.
o Dl^ponble converall9 afforded about 30% reduction Iri
exposure.
2-291
-------
PC 169 (Concluded)
» For both applicators and loaders, hand and wrist oxpoauro woa
comparatively high; therefore, hand protection covering the
wrist and disposable coveralls would provide practical
protection (or these workers.
• Use of respirator nay reduco exposure by about
Key Words: Paraquat, Dlquat, Chlorobensllate, Dermal, Respiratory, Air blaot,
Cround boon, Hlgh-pressuro handgun, Coverall, Apron, Clove,
Exposure residue values. Absorption
2-292
-------
PC 170 COOTIDENTIAL
2-293
-------
PC 171 CONFIDENTIAL
2-294
-------
PC 172 CONFIDENTIAL
2-295
-------
Title:
Safe Use of Pesticide? as Related to Human Health
(PC 173)
1968
Author:
Purpose of
Study:
Materials and
Methods:
Results and
Comments:
H.R. Wolfe
This article gives an overview on the safe handling and use of
pesticides*
Not applicable.
The following safety precautions should be observed when pesticides
are used:
General
o keep pesticide storage place locked
e inform your coworker of pesticide hazard
o do not work alone if help cannot be received promptly In case of
an accident
e keep personal physician Informed about the type of pesticides
used.
Before Application
o read the label each time
o avoid inhaling dust and fumes, and avoid skin contamination
e remove contaminated clothing and wash contaminated area thoroughly
o mix and apply pesticide at the recommended rate
o do not smoke, chew tobacco, or eat while mixing or applying
pesticide.
Daring Application
o wear water-repellent protective clothing such as goggles, gloves,
aprons, respirators, and masks
o change respirator and mask filters frequently
• keep children away from the applied area for at least 48 hours
o remove pesticide-contaminated soil In areas where children may
play
• do not spray into the wind
e If Indoors, work in a well ventilated area
o allow adequate time between pesticide application and crop
harvesting.
After Application
e dispose of used pesticide containers properly
o wash hands thoroughly
o change clothing and wash after daily operation.
2-296
-------
PC 173 (Concluded)
In a coition to the precautions mentioned, every worker should watch
for poisoning symptoms. In this article, the author also
recommended measures vhlch should be taken In case of poisoning*
Key Words: Safety precaution
2-297
-------
Title:
Authors:
Purpose of
Study:
Materials and
Methods:
Results and
Comments:
Manual of Pesticide Application Equipment 1972 (PC 174)
Deutsch, A.E. and A.P. Poole
See "Results and Comments."
Not applicable•
Only the "Table of Contents" vas provided for this manual.
Apparently* this manual has information on various types of
pesticide application equipment, e.g., sprayers, dust applicators,
granular chemical applicators, booms, etc. In addition, some
information vas given on operator safety equipment (Mote: pages
119-124 from this manual were given). This information is
summarized in the following table.
Key Words:
Respirator, Face mask, Goggles
2-298
-------
PC 174 (Concluded)
Equipment
Manufacturer
Characterlatlce
Rubber frame
goggles
Drednant
respirator
AO Protectocote
clothing
American optical
Corp.
American Optical
Corp.
American Optical
Corp.
• They are made of acid- and oll-reeletant
neoprene rubber,
o They prevent akin Irritation,
e A gas-tight model la available.
o It Includes both goggles and respirator.
Materials such as rubber, neoprene
coated cotton, and nylon are available
for coats, Jackets, overalls, and hats.
Seams are double stitched and coated.
B1CAPA
Beaplrator
Model 294
Flex-A-Foam
dust mask
PVC-coated
gloves
Blrger Carlson o It Is a half-face respirator with
and Co..AS charcoal cartridge filter.
o It also contains a colloidal filter.
Flexo Products,
Inc.
Jomac Products,
O The fraae Is made-of polyethylene,
o The filter element is forced of whipped
foam latex with a honeycomb construction.
o They are coated with PVC with an Inter-
locking liner,
o Both gauntlet and knltvrlst styles are
available.
PVC Protective
clothing
Jooac Products,
Inc.
o It Is highly resistant to abrasion and Is
lightweight,
o Both sides of the garsant are coated with
PVC.
Martlndale
protective mask
Filtered Air
Helmet system
(Note: Can't
read the first
dord.)
Agricultural
respirator
Chemical goggles
ACRI-TOX
respirator
Martlndale o The frama Is alumlnus.
Electric Co. o Filters could be cotton or reusable foaa.
o It Is not effective against vapors or
gases or certain toxic dusts.
Personal Environ-
ment Systems, Inc.
Pulmosan
Safety Equipment
Corp.
Pulmosan Safety
Equipment Corp.
Ulllson Products
Division
The system consists of a face shield, a
respirator and a hat.
An electric motor drives an air cleaner
and an air pump.
o Contains a chemical cartridge protecting
vapors, mists, and sprays.
'they are large enough to be worn over
prescription eye glasses.
This is a dual cartridge respirator for
protecting against dusts, sprays, mlsti
and vapors.
2-299
-------
Title:
Loss of Pesticides from Patches Used In the Field as Pesticides
Collectors 1982 (PC 175)
Authors: Serat, W.F., A.J. Van Loon, and W.H. Serat
Purpose of
Study: This study was performed to examine the rellabllllty of patches as
collectors of Impinging pesticide sprays or dislodged foliar
residues.
Materials and
Methods: The following fabrics, either treated or untreated by
fluorocarbons, were used as tested patch materials in this study:
e woven fabrics including a cotton (SR-C), 1:1 cotton/polyester
(SR-CP), and another cotton/polyester with a closer weave
(CI-CP)
o knitted fabrics including a cotton jersey (CI-J) and a 1:1
cotton/polyester crosstuck jersey (SR-PTJ).
Pesticides in this study included ethyl parathion, and dicofol
(kelthan^). Patches of the test materials (10.2 cm squares) with
gauze backings were suspended on a horizontal string "clothes
line." They were grouped in two sets—one set received by
oicrosyringe, 10 jil of the spray emulsion and the other 50 jil of
the spray emulsion. These volumes were equivalent to 10 and 50 ng
of parathion or 4.8 and 24 fig of dicofol.
In addition, patches were also attached to a plywood sheet which
received mechanically dislodged debris from 12 orange trees. The
trees had been sprayed by a ground spray rig with parathion alone
or with dicofol followed by a parathlon-malathion mixture.
All pesticide treated patches were transported from the field in
storage at -80°C and kept in the laboratory at -18°C until
analysis. Generally, four to six hours would elapse between the
time of treatment and storage at -80°C. This time period was
representative of how long patches were worn on worker's clothing
whJ.le being used as pesticide collectors.
2-300
-------
PC 175 (Continued)
Results and
Comments: Mean values for the percent recovery of parathion and dlcofol from
fabrics after pesticide treatment are summarized in the following
table:
Fabric3
Treated with Fluorocarbon
Parathion
Dlcofol
Cl-J
56
78
+FC-210
57
71
fFC-218
42
60
CI-CP
24
74
+FC-210
50
82
+FC-218
44
77
SR-CP
27
76
+FC-210
67
82
+FC-218
54
77
SR-C
46
77
+FC-210
34
80
+FC-218
14
78
SR-PTJ
18
82
+FC-210
33
72
+FC-218
30
70
aFabrics with pesticides were exposed 4 to 6 hours to
ambient conditions before processings Controls
without ambient exposure showed virtually no loss of
pesticide.
Results from the above table indicated that a large amount of
parathion was lost, and therefore, these fabric materials were
unsuitable to be used as parathion collectors. With dlcofol,
recoveries from knitted or woven fabrics were quite consistent at
about 75Z of the added pesticide, and therefore, could function
satisfactorily as dlcofol collectors.
Losses of parathion and dlcofol from fabrics resulted mainly from
volatlzation. The mechanism of photodegradatlon was a minor cause
since only small amounts of photodegradatlon products were found
during analyses of the fabric samples.
2-301
-------
PC 175 (Concluded)
The following Cable summarizes the mean values (micrograms) of
total deposited foliar pesticide residues on patches.
Parathlon
'¦
First
Second
Fabric
Experiment
Experiment
Malathion
Dlcofol
Cl-J
14
48
49
34
+FC-210
17
40
40
22
+FC-218
10
40
41
21
CI-CP
7
25
22
14
+FC-210
10
28
26
13
+FC-218
6
15
14
10
SR-CP
13
30
28
19
+FC-210
16
32
28
16
+FC-218
8
29
27
18
SR-C
12
31
31
21
+FC-210
12
42
44
28
+FC-218
8
27
26
16
SR-PTJ
16
60
56
34
+FC-210
16
42
37
20
+FC-218
16
66
61
36
The 1:1 cotton/polyester fabric of the tightest weave (CI-CP),
especially if treated with finish FC-218, retained less deposited
residue than other patch materials. Alternately, a jersey of
comparable yarn structure, SR-PTJ, retained the most deposited
residue. The authors attributed the difference of particle
retention to air flux and the electrostatic charge of each fabric.
Durham and Wolfe, in their earlier work, presumed that 2-cellulose
pads, when used as collectors of pesticide aerosol retained all the
spray impinged upon them. The findings from this study did not
support this assumption.
Key Words: Exposure residue values, Patch study, Dlcofol, Parathlon, Dermal,
Polyester/Cotton, Cotton
2-302
-------
Title:
Occupational Illnesses and Injuries of Mixers and loaders of
Pesticides in California as Reported by Physicians in 1980
1991 (PC 176)
Authors:
Purpose of
Study:
Maduy, K.T., C.R. Smith, and S.L. Kilgore
This report is a collection of 116 case studies which are related to
occupational illnesses and injuries of workers involved in the
mixing and/or loading of pesticides in the state of California*
Materials and
methods:
Results and
Comments:
Not applicable*
In 1980, California physicians reported 116 occupational illnesses
and Injuries of persons involved in the mixing and/or loading of
pesticides. Out of these 116 cases, 52 were related to ground
applications, 60 were related to aerial applications, and the
remaining 4 cases were unspecified in relation to application
method* Mevlnphos and methomyl were responsible for almost 40X of
the 46 cases involving systemic illness. Thirty-two cases resulted
in eye injuries in which Sulfur and Ziram were responsible for 25%.
In addition, Omlte was responsible for half of the 31 skin injury
cases. Thirteen of the 116 cases reported required hospitalization.
The following two tables summarise the 116 cases studies reported in
this report.
Key Words:
Occupational illness, Mixer/Loader
2-303
-------
PC 176 (Continued)
Type of
Pesticide^
Type of Illness
and/or Injury
Number of Cases for Each Type of
Application
Aerial
Ground
Undetermined
Category one
Systemic illness
17
8
1
organophosphates
Eye injury
1
0
0
and carbamates
Skin injury
1
7
0
Eye/ukin injury
0
0
0
Category one
Systemic illness
1
1
0
other pesticides
Eye injury
1
1
0
Skin injury
9
0
1
Eye/skin Injury
0
1
0
Category two
Systemic illness
0
3
0
Eye injury
1
5
0
Skin injury
0
1
0
Eye/skin injury
0
1
0
Category three
Systemic illness
4
1
c
Eye injury
5
14
0
Skin injury
5
2
0
Eye/skin
0
1
0
Undetermined
Systemic Illness
11
2
0
Eye injury
0
2
2
Skin injury
4
1
0
Eye/skin injury
0
1
0
^Based on pesticide clcdslflcatlon used in California. Definition is not
given in this report.
2-304
-------
PC 176 (Concluded)
Pesticides Causing Three or More Illnesses In Mixer/Loaders In California In 1980
Pesticide
Total
Systemic
Eye
Skin
Skin and Eye
Omite
16
0
1
14
1
Phosdrln
11
11
0
0
0
Sulfur
9
i
5
3
0
Methomyl
8
6
1
1
0
Ziram
5
1
3
1
0
Roundup
4
0
2
1
1
Carbaryl
3
2
1
0
0
Dlnlcro
3
1
2
0
0
Paraquat
3
1
0
2
0
Parathion
3
3
0
0
0
2-305
-------
Title:
Authors:
Purpose of
Study:
Materials and
Methods:
Results and
Comments:
Monitoring of Potential Exposure of Mixer/Loaders, Pilots, and
Flaggers During Application of Phosdrin (Mevinphos) In Imperial
County in 1981 1982 (PC 177)
Maddy, K.T., C. Winter, S. Cepello, and A.S. Fredrlckson
This study was performed to determine worker's inhalation and dorsal
exposure to phoodrin (mevinphos) during routine aerial applications
in Imperial County of California.
In this study, worker's exposure to phosdrin was determined by
analysing the following sanpleo:
air saaples froa worker's breathing aone
cloth pads attached to the outside of the worker's clothing at
nine locations
hand wash water after application
blood saaples before and after application
Key Words:
The types of workers monitored Included pilota, oixar/loadora, and
flaggers. Pilots wore long panta and long-aleevcd ehlrte.
Mixer/loaders wore shirts and panta under clean long-oleoved and
long-legged cloth coveralls, heavy rubber gloves, and rubber boots.
Flaggers wore overalls and long-aleev)d shirts.
Fixed-wing airplanes were used in this otudy. Mixing and loadlrg
operations took place every 30 to 40 minutes and were done by a
closed, manually operated probe a/atca.
The following table summarises the exposure results reported in this
study.
Froa the exposure results reported, alxer/loaders showed the hlgheot
median exposure and greatest cholinesteraae depression. For an
average 70-kg man, this median exposure level, 0.861 og/day,
represented a dally dosage of 0.012 mg/kg/day which corresponded to
48Z of the oral NOEL (No Observed Bffect Level). Furthermore, the
depression of chollnesterase level In blood was below the estimated
20 to 25Z decrease necessary to cause a toxic reaction.
In conclusion, the authors indicated that the use of closed mixing
and loading systems and careful work practices could allow the use
of toxic products without the r.eed fjv bulky Impervious protective
clothing.
Patch study, Dermal, Respiratory, Phosdrin, Glove, Coverall, Shirt,
Pants, Pilot, Flagger, Loader/Mixer, Exposure residue valuea
2-306
-------
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t(l> • i deL*cted
-------
PC 178 CONFIDENTIAL
2-308
-------
PC 179 CONFIDENTIAL
2-309
-------
PC 180 CONFIDENTIAL
2-310
-------
Contact:
Sam S. Fluker, Pesticide Information Coordinator, University of
Florida (904) 392-4721 (CR 1)
Sponsor:
U.K. "jpartiaent of Agriculture, Extension Service and U.S
E-ivo-r omental Protection Agency
Nature of
Project:
The objectives of this study are the following
o to develop a basic pesticide safety curriculum for fara
laborers, and farm owners in both English and Spanish languages
e to develop printed materials and audio-visuals to supplement the
basic curriculum to train people who come into contact with
pesticides.
The proposed completion date of this project will be June 1983.
Materials will be available to farm workers by November 1982.
Key Words: Training, Field worker
2-311
-------
Contact:
Sponsor:
Nature of
Project:
Key Words:
Dr. Arthur Englehard, Plant Pathologist, Bradenton Agricultural
Research and Education Center, University of Florida (813) 855-1568
(CR 2)
National Pesticide Impact Assessment Program, DSDA
Exposure of applicators using Captan in chrysanthemum fields was
monitored using conventlonsl patch methods. The workers wore
either polyester/cotton overalls or Gore-tei® suits. All workers
wore hats, and approved respirator and gloves. Methods of spraying
were either ground spraying or with tractor-driven sprayer
equipment. The analytical lab work is in progress and results will
be published in early 1983.
(ft
Captan, Polyester/Cotton, Gore-tex, Applicator, Patch study
2-312
-------
Contact:
Sponsor:
Nature of
Project:
Key Words:
Dr. Stephen Levine, Department of Environmental and
Industrial Health, School of Public Health, University
of Michigan (313) 764-2594 (CR 3)
University of Michigan
This pilot project will involve development of a
protocol and field testing of protective clothing that
could be worn for chealcal spill clean-up. The
clothing tested will probably be Class A suits with
breathing apparatus. This project will begin in the
fall of 1982 and will be completed in early aurater of
1983.
Self-contained suit. Testing protocol
2-313
-------
Contact:
Sponsor:
Nature of
Project:
Key Words:
Or* Bernie Schwetz, Lab Director, Toxicology Research Lab, Dow
Chemical Company (517) 636-0231 (CR 4)
Dow Chemical, Midland, Michigan
Dow is conducting dermal absorption studies using whole animals,
humans, and in vitro skin to develop methods which can be used to
predict actual dose to the body. This would allow more accurate
determination of safety margins. Tests are conducted on several
chemicals, including some pesticides. The data will be published
in the near future.
Dermal
2-314
-------
Contact:
Sponsor:
Nature of
Project:
Key Words:
Dr. Bernit Schvetz, Lab Director, Toxicology Research Lab, Dow
Chemical Company (517) 636-0231 (CR S)
Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan
Dow la testing to obtain data on effectiveness of various
protective equipment, beyond that supplied by the manufacturers and
under specific end-uae conditions encountered by workers at Dow.
Teats are conducted on many chemicals including some pesticides•
Testing
2-315
-------
Contact:
Sponsor:
Nature of
Project:
Key Words:
H.N. Nigg, Agricultural Research and Education Center, University
of Florida, Lake Alfred (813) 956-1151 (CR 6)
University of Florida and outside funding as available.
To deteroine exposure of pickers of citrus crops. Data for urine
excretion and dermal exposure (using patch measurements) will be
compared to similar data collected in California. (Heather
conditions and other factors affecting residue levels differ
between California and Florida. For example, there is generally
less dust in Florida). This project will continue indefinitely as
funding is available.
Coveralls, Respirator, Dermal, Respiratory, Citrus crops, Cellulose
pads, Urine excretion. Patch study, Field worker
2-316
-------
Contact:
H.N. Nigg, Agricultural Research and Education Center, University of
Florida, Lake Alfred (813) 956-1151 (CR 7)
Sponsor:
U.S. EPA (Grant No R-806474) and the Clba-Gelgy Company
Nature of
Project:
Key Words:
This project was carried out In the spring of 1982. The purpose was
to determine exposure of applicators and supply workera to
chlorobenzllate applied with air blast equipment In citrus groves.
Urine metabolite data end alpha patch measurements were collected
under the following conditions. The first week workers wore
protective garments made of Tyvel@ and respirators (NIOSH approved
pesticide cartridges manufactured by the Wilson Company)* The
second week the respirators were removed. The third week the
protective garment was removed. Weather conditions were about 71°F
with low humidity. Results will be published showing that there was
little reduction (approximately 5 percent) in the amounts of
metabolites found in urine when respirators were used (that Is,
differences measured for the first and second week). However, In
the third week, when the workers were not wearing coveralls, roughly
25 percent more metabolites were found In their urine than during
the first and second week when coveralls were worn. Patch studies
showed that there was as much as 95 percent reduction in dermal
exposure if coveralls were worn.
Chlorobenzllate, Coverall, respirator, Tyvek®, Air blast, Citrus
crops, Applicators, Mixer/Loader, Patch study, Cellulose pads, Urine
excretion
2-317
-------
Contact: Will Nixon, Senior Environmental Specialist, Agricultural Division
Ciba-Geigy Agricultural Chemicals, Greensboro, North Carolina
(800) 334-9481 (CR 8)
Sponsor:
Ciba-Geigy Company
Nature of
Project:
Ciba-Geigy is generating limited data on direct exposure of workers
using various fungicides and insecticides. Air monitoring and
patch studies are conducted under typical field conditions.
Several sets of data will probably be released to EPA in the fall
of 1982. Penetration through uormal clothing is being estimated
using patches and urine excretion measurements. Effects of dust
masks to reduce exposure to certain herbicides is also being
determined.
Ciba-Geigy has also produced voluminous amounts of data on
GalecronS(chlordimeform) which have been submitted to EPA. Most
of the data represent urine monitoring of applicators and field
workers.
Ciba-Geigy has worked with other researchers, including H. Nlgg at
the University of Florida in Calnesv'lle (See CR 7).
Key Words: Galecron®, Applicator, Field worker, Patch Btudy, Urine excretion,
Dermal, Respiratory
2-318
-------
Contact: Dr. Billie G. Oakland, Professor and Chairman of Protective
Clothing and Textiles, University of North Carolina, Greensboro
(919) 379-5250 (CR 9)
Sponsor:
North Carolina Agricultural Research Service
Nature of
Project:
Key Words:
The goal of this project is to test the effectiveness of several
barrier finishes on non-woven materials used in protective clothing.
The Investigators have developed techniques for testing and will
apply the barrier finishes to the fabric (rather than having a
manufacturer do it). Functional design of garments vi.ll also be
developed. The goal of the project is to determine which types of
effective protective clothing workers will not be reluctant to wear
due to discomfort in hot weather or other causes. Finishes that
allow the garments to breathe will be tested. Farmers in the state
of North Carolina will be surveyed to characterise typical
pesticide application practices and workers clothing. This will be
a 5-year project (it began in October 1981). Funding is
approximately $30,000 per year.
Coverall, Shirt, Coat, Jacket, Penetration retardant, Nonwovens,
Fabric finish
2-319
-------
Contact:
Dr. R. Grover, Agrlculturo Canada Research Scattoa Roglrui,
Saskatchewan (306) 583-0253 (CR 10)
Sponsor: Agriculture Canada and Health and Welfare Canada (both within tho
Government of Canada)
Nature of
Project: The goal of this project lo to determine worker exposure daring
ground application of 2,4-D on cereal crops. Measureaeat of derael
and Inhalation exposure *>111 be done with patches and with feast
plugs,* respectively. The frequency of application required in
fields per day will also be observed. Workers wearing uniform
clothing (cotton overalls) will be sonitored. This study follows a
similar effort carried out last year; however, more data is needed
because of the variability in workers and la methods used during
application. This year's effort should provide coaplote data by
the end of 1982.
Also a paper is to be published within a few souths oa results of
their atudlea over tho past 3 years on worker exposure during
application of 2,4-D lso-octyl ester. Data toe obtained oa:
differences in exposure for different types of crew ssabars
applying the chealcal by air, and on denial deposits while wearing
cotton clothing (inside and outside deposit data was given).
Key Words: Dernal, Respiratory, 2,4-D, (or full nase of chcalcal pesticide).
Coveralls, Cotton, Patch study, Applicator
*It was noted that the authors have published a paper describing aathods of using
foaa plugs to measure Inhalation exposure. See Journal of Snvlrosoental Science
and Health (NY) Series B., Vol. 16, No. 1, pp 39-66, 1991.
2-320
-------
Contact!
Sponsori
Nature of
Projectt
Roy ttordsi
Bon Soli and Jay Haitian, Science and Education Administration,
U8&,'., Tfahloa, Washington (JOS) 973-3877 (Cfi 11}
U.S. Bapartsont of Agriculture end possibly the Washington State
Apple Coonl colon
Tt»i& U8DA Group la currently studying tho fumigation of insocts,
vfctch oust bo destroyed on apples bafora export to Japan. K
?urn!to# lo available, thia wort Bill include inhalation eapoeuro
studios on workers applying estbyl bro&lde or pfcoophena. Roughly 2
years would to required for this study.
Tualaant, Inspiratory, Applicator
2-321
-------
Contact:
Sponsor:
Nature of
Project:
Key Words:
Ron Sell and Jay Maitlen, Science and Education Administration,
USDA, Yakima, Washington (509) 575-5877 (CR 12)
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Some preliminary work has been done by these investigators on the
quantities of 2»4-D excreted in human perspiration (or metabolites
of 2,4-D). Perspiration was extracted from absorbent clothing (for
example, thermal underwear) worn by the workers during application.
The data results will be published.
Perspiration excretion, Applicator
2-322
-------
Contact:
Sponsor:
Hature ">f
Project:
Key Words:
John McCarthy, Agrcultural Chemical Division, R&D, FMC, Philadelphia
(215) 299-6000 (CR 13)
FMC, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
FMC conducts studies to measure dislodgeable residues of selected
insecticides as a function of time. Residue measurements are used
in exposure modeling (for example Popendorf's model) and related to
toxicity data to estimate safe reentry times for workers. FMC has
worked with F. Gunther at the University of California in Riverside
and H. Nlgg at the University of Florida.
Reentry
2-323
-------
Contact:
Mlklos Faust, USDA, Beltsville, Maryland, Fruit Laboratory
(301) 344-3567 (CR 14)
Sponsor:
Nature of
Project:
Key Words:
U.S. Department of Agriculture
This Is a pilot project designed to determine how such pesticide
use and exposure can be reduced by changing tree types In orchards.
The research will be carried out In a semi-commercial setting In
four locations (Maryland, Pennsylvania, New York and Massachusetts).
In each of these areas, apple trees have been planted which, when
mature will reach a height of 6-7 feet. The studies will begin
when the trees produce their first harvests (estimated to be within
the next 2 years). Field studies will Include determination of
pesticide exposure to workers. With the shorter trees, differences
in worker movements and quantities of pesticides required will be
observed. For example, In existing orchards workers must climb up
into the trees with ladders, which would probably not be required
with the shorter trees. Applicators must overapray the pesticides
up to 7-8 times in order to reach the top portions of the trees
with spray.
This project will also provide Information on:
o changes in the cost of pesticide use due to treatment of smaller
trees
o changes in pesticide quantities found in the environment around
the orchard
o changes in the quality of the fruit.
Disposable clothing may also be tested.
Applicator, Fruit crop, Disposable clothing
2-324
-------
Contact:
Dr. James Flseker, Department of Biochemistry, North Dakota State,
Fargo, North Dakota (701) 237-7679 (CR 15)
Sponsor:
Pending
Nature of
Project:
Dr. James Fleeker has done some preliminary work on the
photochemistry of pesticides. Chlorothalomll Has applied to fabric
with one of three different dyes and the fabric uas exposed to
sunlight. The pesticide was then extracted with solvent and
analyzed with thin layer chroaotography to determine if any
chemical change had occurred due to exposure to sunlight. Analysis
did show that there were chemical degradation products, which he
hopes to identify. If funding were available this work would be
continued to test other pesticide chemicals and to identify any
chemical degradation products resulting from exposure to sunlight.
Key tiords:
Photodegradatlon
2-325
-------
Contact:
Dr. Joan Laughlln, Associate Professor, Textiles, Clothing and
Design, University of Nebraska, Lincoln (402) 472-2920 (CR 16)
Sponsor: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (Grant #S007 20001) and
University of Nebraska
Nature of
Project:
Key Words:
This project entitled "Pesticide Removal by Selected Laundry
Procedures from Work-Weight Fabrics," was completed in June 1982.
This was a continuation of work which was reported in papers
summarized in PC 45 and PC 46. The goal of this project uas to
determine whether commercially available detergents are as
effective In "hot" water washing, or If the lowered, but more
commonly used washing temperature of "warm" or "cold" washing
affects ease of removal of methyl parathlon (MeP) from work-freight
fabrics. Also, the researchers Investigated:
e effectiveness of removing MeP residues using laundry products,
such as ammonia, In pre-rlnse solutions
e the liquet of MeP solutions of various concentrations on the
ease and completeness of pesticide residue removal from
work-weight fabric
o the effect of repeated laundering on MeP removal from fabrics.
Finally there was an objective to develop training materials which
would describe laundering procedures to be used in Pesticide
Certification efforts. Some of the result? of this work will be
published in the Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and
Toxicology as "Laundry Factors Influencing MeP Removal from
Contaminated Denim Fabric" (Easley, C.B., J.M. Laughlln, R.E. Gold
and R. Hill).
Methyl parathlon, Cotton, Polyester/Cotton, Laundering, Training
2-326
-------
Contact:
Dr. Joan Laughlin, Associate Professor, Textiles, Clothing and
Design, University of Nebraska, Lincoln (402) 472-2920 (CR 17)
Sponsor:
National Pesticide Impact Assessment Program, U.S. Department of
Agriculture Project Mo. 170
Nature of
Project:
This project entitled "Fabric Parameters and Pesticide
Characteristics: Dermal Exposure of Applicators," will continue
work that has beeu done at the University of Nebraska on
penetration, wlckabillty and launderabllity of commonly used
fabrics worn by pesticide workers. Nebraska has conducted other
studies testing methyl parathlon and 2,4-D; this project will
involve parathlon, and possibly DDVP. In the proposal, the
investigators point out that current research has focused on
penetration of pesticides impelled by blast sprayers and the
effectiveness of laundering fabrics contaminated by these
pesticides. This study will investigate the diffusion of pesticide
mixtures through a fabric (tricking), and raovesent of pesticide
mixtures through the capillary spaces in fiber, In the interstitial
spaces of the yarn, and through an underlying fabric layer or to a
dermal surface. They Hill also determine whether laundering is
effective in removing pesticide chemicals that have migrated
through the fabric by wlcking and wetting. Finally, recommenda-
tions would be made on methods that would reduce human exposure to
pesticides through proper selection, treatment, and laundering of
clothing used during application of pesticides.
Key Words: Parathlon, Laundering, Cotton, Polyester/Cotton, Penetration
factor, Wlckabillty, Wettability
2-327
-------
Contact:
Dr. Joan Laughlln, Associate Professor, Department of Textiles,
Clothing and Design, University of Nebraska, Lincoln (402) 472-2920
(CR 18)
Sponsor:
National Pesticide Impact Assessment Program, U.S. Department of
Agriculture Project No. 144
Nature of
Project:
Key Words:
This project was completed In February 1982. The Investigators
»"¦
-------
Contact: Barbara Reagan, Department of Clothing, Textiles and Interior
Design, Kansas State University, Manhattan (913) 532-6993 (CR 19)
Sponsor: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Cooperative State Research Service
Nature of
Project: This Regional Research Project, entitled "Limiting Pesticide
Exposure through Textile Cleaning Procedures and Selection of
Clothing," will end in 1987.
There are a number of studies which will be conducted in nine
different states. The objectives of the overall project are:
o to determine the effectiveness of laundering in pesticide removal
from apparel fabric
o to determine if pesticide residue in fabric is biologically
active after laundering
o to survey practices and attitudes of farm workers toward
selection, use, and care of apparel used for pesticide
application
e to evaluate the effects of pesticides on the physical and
chemical properties of textiles and the colorfastness of dyes.
Funding and approval for this project is pending. Specific
procedures for each study are given in the "North Central Regional
Project Outline," a proposal submitted to USDA.
Key Words: Laundering, Cotton, Polyester/Cotton, Carbaryl, Denim, Gore-Tex®,
Fonofos, Alachlor, Lannate®, Carbofuran, Dlmethoate, Methyl
parathion, Paraquat, Aldicarb, Nylon, Acrylic, Wool, Fabric
degradation
2-329
-------
Contact: T.L. Lavy, Department of Agronomy, Althelmer Laboratory, University
of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas (501) 575-3955 (CR 20)
Sponsor:
National Forest Products Association
Nature of
Project:
National Forest Products Association Funded two studies which have
been completed and published. The titles of these two publications
are given below:
a Exposure Measurement of Applicators Spraying 2,4,5-T In the
Forest
• 2,4-D Exposure Received by Aerial Application Crews during
Forest Spray Operations
Abstracts of these two publications are presented below.
In the 2,4,5-T study, external dermal and respiratory exposures
were measured, and the total Intake of 2,4,5-T was determined from
the total urine collected from each worker. Analyses by gas chroma-
tography showed that degree of exposure was related to worker's
job. Greatest amounts were detected In mixers of the compound and
least amounts in helicopter flagmen. Exposure to 2,4,5-T averaged
0.0005, 0.586, and 0.033 mg/kg body weight for Inhalation, patch,
and Internal measurements, respectively. These measurements
Indicate that the worker excreting the highest amount of 2,4,5-T
received exposure levels below those toxic to laboratory animals.
In the 2,4-D study, forest workers were monitored in three
hellcoptor spray operations. Levels of 2,4-D were measured in air
near the breathing zone, on denim patches to estimate dermal
exposure, and in the urine excreted for 2 days before and 5 days
after the spraying to determine Internal dose. Each crew made two
applications about 1 week apart to compare exposure from crew
members wearing customary clothing and following normal precautions
(T-i) with that of the same crew members wearing protective apparel
and following special hygienic practices (T-2). External exposure
was low with the highest level at 0.0911 mg/kg of body weight for a
batchnan in T-l. The total Internal dose determined by urine
analyses ranged from nondetectable to 0.0557 (in T-l) or 0.0237 (in
T-2) mg/kg of body weight. Those crewmen working most closely with
the spray concentrate or handling spray equipment (pilots,
mechanics, and batchaan-loaders) showed the highest doses.
Protective clothing and good hygienic practices limited exposure.
On the basis of analyses of toxic levels of 2,4-D in laboratory
animals, human exposure levels in these tests were well below that
which might endanger health.
Key Words: 2,4-D, 2,4,5-T, Dermal, Respiratory, Pilot, Applicator, Aerial
denim pads, Urine excretion, Patch study
2-330
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Contact: T.L. Lavy, Department of Agronomy Altbeimer Laboratory, University
of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas (501) 575-3955 (CE 21)
Sponsor: U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Pesticide Impact
Assessment Program, Southern Region
Nature of
Project: Three studies were completed in 1981. Their results have been
published in one paper titled "Limiting Applicator Exposure to
Pesticides," which was presented in an American Society of
Agricultural Engineer's meeting.
In the first study, several Arkansas commercial grape growers
operating tractor-mounted low-boon vineyard spray rigs were
monitored for potential dermal, respiratory and internal exposure
to paraquat during the 1980 and 1981 growing seasons. Workers
followed their usual mixing and spraying routines with as little
influence as possible from the test* Analyses by colorimetrlc
methods revealed very low levels of paraquat exposure. Greatest
dermal exposure levels were detected on persons operating the spray
rig, averaging .015 tag paraquat/kg body weight. Respiratory
exposure was minimal and there was no paraquat detected in any of
the urine samples collected from each worker. Those persons
receiving the highest levels of paraquat exposure had measurements
which were well below those found to be toxic to laboratory animals.
Hazards from using this material by this method of application
should be low when used in accordance with label directions and
precautions.
In the second study, spray teams were monitored for exposure to
MSMA (mono8odium methanearsonate) during its application to turf as
a postemergence herbicide for control of crabgrass during the
summer of 1981. Two means of application were used: meter-misers
and a tractor-mounted boom sprayer. Workers collected both
pra- and post-spray urine samples. Patches, air samples, and hand
rinnes were also collected. Exposure to MSMA was highest for
workers using the push sprayer. These Individuals routinely
received higher exposure levels on their feet and ankles. The
average exposure level for MSNA was higher than that of other
compounds evaluated. The application method plays a key role in
determining how much exposure occurs.
The third study gathered data on worker exposure to EPN
(o-ethyl-(4-ni tropbenyl)phenylphosphonothloate). Applicators,
loaders, and field workers were monitored during cotton spray
operations in South Central Arkansas. Participants used either
aerial or tractor-drawn spraying equipment. Denim-backed gauze
patches attached to workers' clothing were used t"0 provide
estimates of EPN exposure to bare skin areas. Ethanol hand rinses
provided direct measurements of exposure to the hands. Laboratory
analyses of the combined patch and handrinse samples showed a range
of estimated dermal exposure from 0.25 to 238 (Jg/kg body weight for
a pilot and loader, respectively. Pilots received less exposure
than tractor drivers, loaders, and mixers, who as a group received
up to 44 times the amounts received by the pilots. This study shows
2-331
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CR 21 (Concluded)
that those working directly with the spray concentrate receive the
greatest exposure* These data may be helpful in studies to deter-
mine toxic levels of dermal exposure to applicators* Exposure
could be lessened by use of protective clothing and careful handling
of the concentrate*
Key Words: Fruit crop, Cotton, Low ground boom, Applicator, Respiratory,
Dermal, Urine excretion, Mixer/Loader, Field worker, Pilot,
Paraquat, MSMA (Monosodium methanearsonate), EPN
( o-ethy l-o ( 4-ni tr opheny 1) phenylphosphonothloate )
2-332
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Contact:
Sponsor:
T.L. Lavy, Department of Agronomy, Althelmer Laboratory, University
of Arkansas, Fayettevllle, Arkansas (501) 575-3955 (CR 22)
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Foreat Service
Nature of
Project:
Key Words:
The objective of this study is to determine the dosage received by
applicators of 2,4-D using conventional practices vs. special
procedures and protective gear during four different kin*a of
applications: Hypo-Hatchet®, hack-and-squirt, tubular Injection
bar and backpack foliar spray. The amount of 2,4-D that is
excreted in urine la being measured for each worker as a
determination of exposure.
This study is being conducted In the foresta of Arkansas and
Mississippi and workers are monitored during two separate ground
application tests. During the first test application crews work
for one day making a specified application using their normal
procedures and wearing their normal clothing, for the next five
days the workers are not involved tn 2,4-D applications. At this
point the second test begins. During the second test, workera wear
clothing that has been laundered according to specific Instructions,
protective gloves, and new vinyl vorkboots, and receive special
instructions concerning pesticide handling and proper application
methodology which may reduce exposure. After this one day of work,
the crews are not Involved in further applications of 2,4-D for 4
days. Throughout both teBt periods, all the urine voided by each
participant la collected In 24-hr intervals beginning one day
before the application day, on the application day and continuing
for four days following.
The field aspects of this study began in May 1982. Applications
should be completed by December 1982. Chemical analyses have been
ongoing as samples are collected for the various application
methods and should be completed by February 1983. A final report
should be completed by July 31, 1983.
2,4-D, Urine excretion, Cloves, Vinyl, Footwear, Applicator
2-333
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Contact:
T.L. Lavy, Department of Agronomy, Althelmer Laboratory, University
of Arkansas, Fayettevllle, Arkansas (SOI) 375-3933 (CR 23)
Sponsor:
Nature of
Project:
Key Words:
U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Pesticide Impact
Assessment Program, Southern Region
This study has two objectives:
e to compare the pesticide itxposure received by applicators using
conventional mixing and leading methods with that received wteon
closed systems are used
• to compare the protection derived from using protective clothing
with tho protection derived from using closed systems of
pesticide application•
Pesticide apllcatlon methods are being evaluated according to the
amount of pesticide coming Into contact with exposed skin areae, as
measured by patches and hand rinses, and the aoount found In the
ambient air which a worker breathes, as measured by battery-powered
air pumps. Urine Is also being sampled*
Crews operating both fixed-wing aircraft and tractor-drawn opray
equipment were monitored In cotton fields during eethyl parathlon
application In the summer of 1981* Additional samples are
collected during the summer and fall of 1982*
The merits of protective coveralls and normal clothing ire being
evaluated through the use of patches attached both on the Inalde
and outside of the clothings Several different dosed transfer
systems have been used. Preliminary evldenco suggests that
exposure can be minimised with protective clothing such aa
disposable coveralls and rubber gloves and that closed transfer
systems can aloo be effective In minimising exposure to workers. A
completion date Is set for February 1983*
Mixer/Loader, Closed system, Patch study, Dermal, Respirator, Urine
excretion, Aerial, Methyl parathlon, Rubber, Applicator
2-334
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Coatacti ft hod a Uaog, Staff YoalcoloQUt, Worfcor Health and Safe ty Unit,
Dtvtatoa of Paet ttmttgtsoat, Btwlconocntal Ptotoetloa a&d ttortier
Safety, CaltforaU Beparteont of ?ood &ad Agriculture (916) 443-0476
(Cft 24)
Spoooori California tapartesat of Pood ced Agriculture
Rsturo of
?toJo«c i
Tho ebjoctlvo of this project le to datorelita tbo dorsal, hand, and
roapiratory oapoourca of atsor/loAdore, ead applicators to
haylotoo. A coapleclon data is oat for Daceaber 1992. Ho other
details aro available.
Key Vordoi
Deraal, ttoeplratory, Bay1«too, ttlior/loader, AppllcAtor
M3*
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Contact:
Sponsor:
Nature of
Project:
Key Words:
Karl Jacobs, Environmental Hazards Specialist, Worker Health and
Safety Unit, Division of Pest Management, Environmental Protection
and Worker Safety, California Department of Food and Agriculture
(916) 445-8474 (CK 25)
California Department of Food and Agriculture
The objective of this project is to determine the dermal, hand, and
respiratory exposures of mixer/loaders, and applicators to
Neoacur. The completion date is set for December 1982 • No other
details are available.
Dermal, Respiratory, Mixer/Loader, Applicator, Nemacur
2-336
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Contact:
Sponsor:
Nature of
Project:
Key Words:
Frank Schneider, Environmental Hazards Specialist, Worker Health
and Safety Unit, Division of Pest Management, Environmental
Protection and Worker Safety, California Department of Food and
Agriculture (916) 445-8474 (CK 26)
California Department of Food and Agriculture
This study examines worker exposure to BOB (Ethylene Dlbromide)
when used as a pre-plant nemat icicle. Dermal, hand, and respiratory
exposures are determined for mixer/loaders, and applicators. The
completion date Is set for June 1985• No other details are
available.
Ethylene Dlbromide (EDB), Dermal, Respiratory, Mixer/Loader,
Applicator
2-337
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Contact:
Sponsor:
Mature of
Project:
Key Words:
Frank Schneider, Environmental Hazards Speclalst, Worker Health
and Safety Unit, Division of Pest Management, Environmental
Protection and Worker Safety, California Department of Food and
Agriculture (916) 445-8474 (CR 27)
California Department of Food and Agriculture
The objective of this study Is to determine dermal, hand, and
respiratory exposures to Lasst^ of mixer/loaders and applicators.
The completion date is set for December 1982. No other details are
given.
Dermal, Respiratory, Lasso®, Mixer/Loader, Applicator
2-338
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Contact:
Sponeor:
Nature of
Project:
Key tfords:
Dennis Gibbons, Environmental Hazards Specialist, Worker Health
and Safety Unit, Division of Pest Management, Environmental
Protection and Worker Safety, California Department of Food and
Agriculture (916) 445-8474 (CR 28)
California Department of Food and Agriculture
This study examines worker exposure to chlordlmeforu when applied
to cotton in Imperial County, California. Dermal, hand, and
respiratory exposures are determined for flaggers, mixer/loaders,
pilots, and cotton scouts. In addition, urine was collected and
analyzed. The completion date is set for March 1983. No other
details are available.
Chlordiaeform, Dermal, Respiratory, Flagger, Mixer/Loader, Pilot,
Field worker, Urine excretion
2-339
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Contact:
Sponsor:
Nature of
Project:
Key Words:
Carl Winter, Environmental Hazards Specialist, Worker Health and
Safety Unit, Division of Pest Management, Environmental Protection
and Worker Safety, California Department of Food and Agriculture
(916) 445-8474 (CR 29)
California Department of Food and Agriculture
The objective of this study Is to Investigate uhlch factors
Influence the skin rash susceptability of grape workers.
Statistical data from various sources are used. The completion
date Is set for March 1983. No other details are available.
Occupational illness, Field worker, Fruit crop
2-340
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Contact:
Sponsor:
Nature of
Project:
Key Words:
Carl Winter, Environmental Hazards Specialist, Worker Health and
Safety Unit, Division of Pest Management, Environmental Protection
and Worker Safety, California Department of Food and Agriculture
(916) 445-8474
-------
Contact: Keith T. Maddy, Staff Toxicologlst, Worker Health and Safety Unit,
Division of Pest Management, Environmental Protection and Worker
Safety, California Department of Food and Agriculture (916) 445-8474
(CR 31)
Sponsor: California Department of Food and Agriculture
Nature of
Project: Numerous projects were conducted between 1979-1981. Titles of the
resulting publications are listed in the following:
o Monitoring of Potential Occupational Exposures of Mixer/Loaders
and Pilots During Application of Phosdrln (Mevinphos) in
Monterey County in 1981
• a Study of Potential Occupational Exposure of a Ground
Applicator During Mixing, Loading, and Application of Parathlon
in Tulare County In June 1981
• Potential Inhalation Exposure of Forkllft Operators Involved in
the Unloading and Loading of Fruit Fumigated with Ethylene
Dibroalde (EDB)
e Recent Studies and Evaluations by the California Department of
Food and Agriculture on EDB as Used in Fumigation of Fruit,
Progress Reports 1, 2, 3, and 4
• Monitoring During Fumigation Chamber Operations Using Ethylene
Dlbromlde (EDB)
« A Study of the Degradation of Chlorobenzilate When Applied as a
Foliar Spray to Lemon Orchards in Ventura and Santa Barbara
Counties in 1981
a A Survey of the Fertility Experience of Applicators of
Chlorobensllate in Ventura and San Diego Counties of California
in 1981
p A Study of Dermal and Inhalation Exposure of Mixer/Loaders,
Applicators, and Flaggers to Bolero (Benthlocarb) in Colusa
County in California
• Monitoring During Experimental Uoe of Ethylene Dibroalde (EDB)
to Fumigate California Produce for Mediterranean Fruit Fly
Control
• A Study of Dermal and Inhalation Exposure of Mixer/Loaders and
Applicators to Nitrofen in Monterey and Santa Barbara Counties
of California
• Monitoring of Potential Exposures of Mixer/Loaders, Pilots, and
Flaggers During Application of Tributyl Phosphorotrithloate
(DEF) and Tributyl Phosphorotrithlolte (FOLEX) to Cotton Fields
in the San Joaquin Valley of California in 1979 (PC 49)
2-342
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C& 31 (Concluded)
o A Summary of Studies in California during 1978 and 1979
Concerning the Potential Hazard to Applicators and Other Persons
Exposed During Field Applications of Ethylene Dlbromide (EDB)
(PC 53)
o Monitoring of Potential Occupational Exposure of Mixer/Loaders,
Pilots, ->nd Flaggers taring Application of Phosdrln (Mevinphos)
in Irperial County in 1981 (PC 177)
o A Study of Dermal and Inhalation Exposure of Mixer/Loaders,
Applicators, and Flaggers to Bolero (Benthiocarb) in Colusa
County in California
Key Words: Dermal, Respiratory, Mixer/Loader, Pilot, Applicator, Parathlon,
Flagger, Ethylene Dibromide, Chlorobenzilate, DEF, Folex, Cotton,
Phosdrln
2-343
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Contact: K. Blna McLellan, School of Home Economics, Louisiana State
University (504) 388-2281 (CR 32)
Sponsor: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Louisiana Agricultural Experiment
Station, Southern Regional Project
Mature of
Project:
The objectives of this study are to study the following factors
related to textiles:
• comfort
« moisture transmission
o penetration of pesticides
o economic factors and energy utilization
The comfort aspects of treated fabrics will be determined for 100Z
cotton, 100Z polyester, and selected polyester/cotton blends.
Laboratory tests would Include physiological characteristics, wear
studies and fabric hand evaluations. This task would Involve USDA
Agricultural Experiment Stations in Arkansas, Louisiana and
Tennessee•
Moisture transmission study involves comparing control fabrics with
fabrics treated with agents capable of imparting durable press, soil
release and hydrophilic characteristics. Effects of laundering and
release of by-product would also be examined. Six USDA Experiment
Stations will participate: Alabama, California, Louisiana,
Maryland, New York, and Wisconsin.
Pesticide penetration of treated fabric will be studied for fabrics
with finishes of durable press, soil release, flame retardant, and
water repellent characteristics. Four USDA Experimental Stations
are involved in this study: Louisiana, Nebraska, North Carolina,
and Tennessee.
In addition to the above three tasks, economic models will be
developed to evaluate gains and losses to consumers from the
purchases of garments made of finished fabrics. Factors considered
would be gains or losses in comfort protection, and time, monetary
costs, energy requirements of maintenance procedures, and
serviceability of fabrics. Three USDA Agricultural Experiment
Stations would participate in this task: Maryland, North Carolina,
and Ohio.-
The completion date for this project is set at September 30, 1986.
Key Words: Comfort, Physiological effect, Fabric finish, Cotton, Polyester,
Polyester/Cotton, Costs, Penetration, Permeation, Laundering,
Soil-resiBtancy
2-344
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Contact: K. Rinn McLellan, School of Home Economics Louisiana State
University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana (504) 388-2281 (CR 33)
Sponsor: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Louisiana Agricultural Experiment
Station, Southern Regional Project
Nature of
Project:
A questionnaire surrey of licensed field consultants in Louisiana
was conducted in the spraying of 1982. The objectives of this study
were: (1) to develop a profile of field consultants and work habits
relating to insecticide exposure; (2) to develop a profile of
garment and fabric types worn by field consultants into
insecticide-treated fields; and (3) to determine care and cleaning
practices used by the field consultants for insecticide-contaminated
work clothing.
Results of the study are summarized in the following:
e over 50Z of the respondants were unaware of the availability of
disposable protective clothing
o about 85Z indicated that they never wore any type of protective
clothing
o short-sleeved and woven shirts are worn more often than
long-sleeved'or sleeveless knit shirts
e coveralls are worn more frequently than overalls
o denia or khaki pants are used more often than other.types
e about 26Z of the respondents indicated that contaminated clothing
was washed with family laundry within two days after exposure.
Key Words: Field worker, Laundering, Cotton, Denim, Shirt, Pants
2-345
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Contact:
Sponsor:
Nature of
Project:
Key Words:
Jacquelyn Orlando DeJonge, Textile, Merchandising and Design
Department of tiome Economics, University of Tennessee, Knoxvllle,
Tenne-see (615) 974-2141 (CR 34)
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Pesticide Impact Assessment Program,
Southern Region
J.O. DeJonge had recently completed a study in which the penetration
of Guthlon®spray through five selected fabrics was examined. The
technique Involved passing fabric swatches through a controlled
spray system and measuring the pesticide residue transferring on and
through the tested fabric. The results showed that Core-te^B>,
Tyvel&y, and Crowntesf® were the least penetrable. Scotchgard®
treated chambray followed, and untreated chambray was the most
penetrable.
The results of this study were published in Journal of Science and
Environmental Health in 1981 (B16;(5). pp 617-628).
Gore-tex^ Tyvekf®, Crowntex®, Cotton, Penetration factor,
Penetration, Laundering
2-345
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Contact:
Jacquelyn Orlando DeJonge, Textile, Merchandising and Design
Department of Home Economics, University of Tennessee, Knoxvllle,
Tennessee (615) 974-2141 (CR 35)
Sponsor: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Pesticide Impact Assessment Program,
Southern Region
Nature of
Project: The objectives of this study are: (1) to develop a predictive model
for pesticide penetration through fabrics; (2) to predict
decontamination by evaluating the launderabillty of pesticide
contaminated fabrics.
The proposed research to accomplish the first objective Is to
evaluate the penetration effects of organophosphate and chlorinated
hydrocarbon pesticides through fabrics varying in fiber content,
fabric weight, and finish. The types of formulations to be tested
are emulsiflable concentrates and vettable powders.
The second objective of this study would Involve evaluating the
following:
o rate of pesticide removal through laundering as a function of
water temperature
o effect of weathering conditions (sunlight, heat, and humidity) on
pesticide decontamination and subsequent penetration
o effect of aging on pesticide decontamination.
In a proposal to EPA in 1981, J.O. DeJonge proposed the development
of "functionally-designed apparel" based on the consideration of
protective efficacy, comfort and ease of decontamination of fabrics
(See PC 96 for a similar previous study.) This project was not
funded.
Key Words: Laundering, 'frgnnophosphorouB pesticides, Chlorinated hydrocarbons,
Model
2-347
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Contact: Roy W. Both, Fiber and Fabric Technology Branch, US Array Hat let
Research and Development Laboratories, Natlch, Massachusetts
(617) 651-4184
-------
Cootoett Dr. C.J. Kla, Departaent of Teatlleo and Clothlag, Dopartam of
Food and Nutrition. Iowa State University, Aeoo, (SIS) 294-2914
<« 37)
9ponoori
love Stats University
Nature of
Project t
Dr. Kla to cenduetlng rosaarch on decontaalnetloa of clothing worn
during peetlclda applications* A paper woe recently published oo
r&aulta to date and will be available In the Mar future* ("Boaoval
of Pesticide Reoldueo Ae Affected by laundering Variables," C.J.
Kla, J,P. St006, nod C.E. Slaer, Bulletin Bnvlronsantal
Contamination and tontcology. 29, 95-100, i982). tte and hla
covortars will contlauo thlo area of research.
Dr. Kla osplatne la hie paper that a literature search did not
revoal any research boiag dooe en the reaeval of pestlcldee cemonly
used with cent and soybeans* Hla roeearch focused, therefore cn
determining whether waehwator teoperature, uee of detergent* and
itsrsudiacy of vaulting after contaolnation affect reaovol of fen^foo
auvi Atachlor frost 100 percent cotton deals* ueod in faro clothing.
Key Word»i laucutorlog, Deals, fooefoa, Alachlor
l-US
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Contact:
Dr. Michael I. Harverty, Research Entomologist and Project Leader,
Insecticide Evaluation Project, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range
Experiment Station, Forest Service, U.S.D.A. Berkeley, California
(415) 486-3372 (CR 38)
Sponsor:
Nature of
Projecti
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service
A project was recently coapleted to compare two different spray
systems uoed to treat plneo with an Insecticide spray. The results
will be reportod In the Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and
Toxicology la a paper entitled "Comparison of Drift and Applicator
Exposure Resulting from Two Methods of Applying Insecticides to Pine
Bark for Prevention of Bark Beetle Attacks."
The experlnento wore designed to compare the quantity of insecticide
impinging on the insecticide applicator and on the soil surface
surrounding trees treatod with either a high-pressure hydraulic
sprayer from the ground or a low-presouro hoae-and-garden tank
connected to a telescoping pole. A carbaryl spray was used and the
applicators wore waterproof suits, hard hats and face shields, a
respirator, rubber gloves and boots. It was assxmed that
operational applications will be made with similar protective
clothing, however, waterproof coveralls are not required. Rather,
clean, cotton coveralls are usually supplied to applicators.
Results showed that soil surface depoalte of the Insectlclda spray
did not differ significantly between application sethods at any
distance from the tree. However, insecticide deposits on the
applicators resulting from the two spray tochnlquos was significantly
different, even though there were dramatic differs .ces between
replications of applications with either technique. The telescoping
pole application resulted In greater applicator contamination than
the ground applications with high-pressure hydraulic sprays.
Detailed results will be reported In the paper.
Key Uordsi Carbaryl, High-pressure spray, Low-pressure spray, Respirator,
Cloves, Heaa covering, Pace nuelt, Coveralls, Waterproof
:nj50
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Contactt
Dr. Donna H. BransonSpecialist, Department of Hunan Environment
and Design, Michigan State University, East Lanelng (403) 624-5034
(CE 39)
Sponsor: North Central Region, National Pesticide Iapact Aasesoaent Program,
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Nature of
Project: This project, entitled "Effectiveness of Prototype Applicator
Clothing to Reduce Dermal Exposure Under Sioulatod Field
Conditions," hao tho objective to determlno the effectiveness of
selected work fabrics, which have been subjected to varloua degrees
of wear, oo barriers to penetration of known volusee of selected
chealcals over tlae.
Tho reeearchero are conducting laboratory tests on five fabrics
(bottom weight denlo, Tyveli®, and three Coro-tes® variatione) each
with three levels of wear. No current data exist on sooe of these
fabrics. Three levels of Application volume will be specified. The
pesticide used in these tests will bo Guthion .
Key Words: Weer and Aging, Penetration, Core-tes®, Tyvok®, Danlm, Guthion
*Dr. Branson has recently accepted a faculty position at Oklahoaa State University,
Department of Clothing, Textiles and Merchandising, in Stillwater. She will be
joining the staff there in October 1982. No. Ann Slocum will be continuing her work
at Michigan State University.
2-351
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Contact: Dr. Barbara Reagan, Department of Clothing, Textiles and Interior
Design, Kansas State University, Manhattan (913) 532-6993 (CR 40)
Sponsor:
State Agricultural Experiment Station (AES)
Nature of
Project:
Key Words:
Under an ongoing project entitled "The Effects of Microwaves on
Textiles As A Non-chemical Means of Insect Control," Dr. Reagan Is
Investigating the effects of selected pesticides on fiber degradation
and the degradation of dyes. Fifteen different pesticides,
including organoclilorlnea, organophsophates, hydrocarbons and
carbamldes, are being tested. Most of the formulations are of the
type used in homes or museums; several are types that are also used
in higher concentrations for agricultural applications.
Fabric degradation, Organophosphorous pesticides, Hydrocarbons,
Carbamldes, Organochlorlne pesticides
2-352
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Contact: Dr. F.H. Rohles, Jr., Director, Institute for Environmental
Research, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas (913) 532-6011
(CR 41)
Sponsor:
Kansas State University
Mature of
Projects:
This institute conducts several studies, a number of which are to
test the effect of climate and temperature on the comfort of
clothing. Many of the projects are to test clothing for hot,
industrial environments. The institute is equipped vith five
environmental chambers, similar to those at the Amy Natick
Laboratories used for human testing (See C& 36). Also the
Department of Clothing, Textiles and Interior Design at Kansas State
has copper mannequins for anlaysing heat exchange and other
variables; in some caaae thie allows prediction of human response
while avoiding the expense associated with human testing.
A bibliography of the numerous projects carried out at Kansao State
on protective clothing and other subjects related to enviromental
research le available.
Key Words:
Comfort, Factory worker, Personal monitoring, Physiological effect
2-353
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Contact: Wendal Ward, Industrial Hygiene Staff, American Petroleum Institute,
Washington, D.C. (202) 457-7196 (CR 42)
Sponsor:
Not determined, probably API
Nature of
Project:
API has proposed to oupport some research on permeability of heavy
petroleum fractions through generic materials used in protective
clothings The project would begin with an extensive review of the
literature, followed by planning for permeability testing of
materials that have not been previously studied. It Is not certain
which petroleum fractions will be used, but candidates are still
bottoms, synthetic fuels, and coal liquids* Ultimately the goal
would be to suggest performance standards for clothing materials
worn by workers handling these chemicals^
Key Words:
Permeability
2-154
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Contact: Dr. Clair Franklin, Chief, Peotlcldes Division, Health and Welfare,
Government of Canada, Ottawa (613) 995-2658 (CR 43)
Sponsor:
Nature of
Project:
Government of Canada
The Health and Welfare Department is conducting several exposure
studies to quantify dermal exposure under typical field conditions.
While these studies are not specifically designed to test protective
clothing, a large amount of the data collected indicates the degree
of effectiveness for different types of clothing. The workers are
issued standard coveralls and other clothing. About one-half of the
workers also choose to wear rubberized clothing over the issued
clothing. All workers are asked to wear reoplrators. The sane
protocol le used for each test situation. Methods include patch
tests, and urinary metabolite end blood chollneaterase monitoring,
as well as personal sampling to measure inhalation exposure. A
questionnaire is ueed to determine the nature and extent of previous
exposure to pesticides for each worker and what kind of clothing
they routinely wear during use of tho pesticides.
To date, three areas of testing are complete or In progress:
e exposuro of orchard workers to aslnphosaethyl in three different
areas of Canada. Results for toato in British Columbia have been
reported. Results for teste In Ontario and Nova Scotia will be
reported sometime late In 1983
exposure of workers to 2,4-0 during both aerial and ground
application for brush control In Saskatchewan. Results will
reported late In 1983
be
exposure of workers during forestry application for spruce
budworm, using fenitrothlon In Quebec. Results will be reported
In 1984.
Health and Welfare also conducts laboratory studies for
determination of daraal penetration of pesticides using animal
modols and human tooting and to validate the animal models-monkeys,
rats, and rabbits. The human testing la done at Howard Maibach Co.
In California on contract.
Key Wards: Aslnphosoethyl, Fenitrothlon, 2,4-D, Dermal, rubber, Cotton,
Respirator, Aerial
2-355
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Contact: Dr. N.B. Akesson, Professor, Agricultural Engineering Department,
University of California, Davia (916) 752-1439 (CR 44)
Sponsor: State of California
The Agricultural Engineering Department at University of California,
Davis, conducts a number of projects to test systems which are used
to mix/load, and apply chemical pesticides. Major emphasis Is oa
systems vhlch will minimize human exposure and environmental
contamination, and much of their work is on closed systems.
This department was also funded under an RPAR/USDA project to
determine exposure of workers to paraquat used for cotton
defoliation. They conducted patch studies under normal field
conditions, as well as urine and blood cholinesterase monitoring.
Types of workers included applicators, mixers, pilots, and flaggers.
A report on the results was submitted to USDA in 1932, and will be
available in the near future.
Key Words: Paraquat, Patch studies, Mixer/Loaders, Applicator, Flagger, Closed
system
2-336
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Contact:
Dr. Dexter Sharp, Environmental Chemistry, Monsanto Co., St. Loola
(314) 694-5024 (CR 45)
Sponsor:
Monsanto Co.
Nature of
Projects:
Monsanto Co. conducts several field/applicator exposure studies on
various chemicals. Recently published was a paper on exposure of
field operators during application of the herbicide dlallate
preeoergent to sugar beets. The results shoved that the use of
closed system chemical transfer and neoprene gloves during tank
fills reduced total exposure to dlallate by about two orders of
magnitude. These and other results are reported in; "Operator
Exposure Measurements during Application of the Herbicide Dlallate,'
S. Dubelaan, R. Lauer, D.Axras, and S. Adams, Journal of
Agricultural and good Chemiotry, 1982, 30:528.
Key Words:
Dlallate, Neoprene, Gloves
2-357
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Contact:
R.A. Fenske, School of Public Health, University of California
Richmond Field Station, California. (415) 642-1681 (CR 46)
Sponsor:
Nature of
Project:
National Institute of Occupation Safety and Health;
Environmental Protection Agency, pending.
Dr. Fenske is developing a new method for measurement of skin
exposure to pesticides using fluorescent whitening agents as
indicators. The fluorescent material is mixed with the pesticide.
Following exposure to the pesticide, the amount of material
deposited on the skin is quantified using a videl Image proces-
sing system. This method will be used to determine the amount
of pesticide which penetrates protective clothing.
Initial field studies to test the method will begin in December
1982, and some preliminary data may be available by the middle
of 1983.
Key Words:
Test method, Dermal, Penetration
2-358
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Contact:
Terry Spittler, Chemist, New York Agricultural Experiment
Station, Pesticide Residue Laboratory, Cornell University,
Geneva, New York (315) 787-2283 (CR 47)
Sponsor: National Pesticide Impact Assessment Program, U.S. Department
of Agriculture
Nature of
Project: Projects have been funded since 1980 to determine exposure and
environmental fate of pesticides used on different crops.
Dermal exposure was determined using patches, and the effects
of using protective clothing, Including coveralls and gloves,
were evaluated.
1980: Efforts this year were concentrated on exposure of workers
in apple orchards. The effects of pesticide disposal systems
on exposure were measured, as well as the effect of using spray
cabs during application. An internal report was submitted to
N?IAP summarizing the results of this project.
1981: A variety of exposure situations were assessed in dry land
field crops. Data was collected on exposure, glove use, including
the change in exposure to mixer/loaders who were given white
cotton gloves. Some workers were also Issued synthetic fiber
coveralls; preliminary results show that use of the coveralls
and gloves by mixer/loaders did result in less exposure.
1982: Studies similar to those described above are being conducted
in tnuckland crops, including cabbage and onion crops.
1983: Exposure and environmental fate data will be collected in
no-till corn crops.
1984: Pending availability
carried out in grape fields
and pruners.
Key Words: Field worker, Mixer/Loader,
Dermal
of funding, studies this year will be
to determine exposure of harvesters
Applicator, Air blast, Patch study.
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Contact: Lt. A. Sincali, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Coast
Guard, Washington, D.C. (202) 426-1023 (CR 48)
Sponsor: Office of Research and Development, U.S. Coast Guard
Nature of
Projects: This office is conducting a program to develop equipment and
methods for responding to discharges of hazardous chemicals
into U.S. waters. There are six project areas under this
program, one of which is to develop protective clothing, life
support systems and personnel monitors for personnel responding
to chemical discharges.
There are three phases to this project. Under Phase I, existing
equipment and methods were identified and demonstration exercises
were conducted. In a survey entitled Survey of Personnel Pro-
toctlve Clothing and Respiratory Apparatus for Use by Coast Guard
Personnel In Response to Discharges of Hazardous Chemicals (Report
No. CG-D-89-75), thirty-seven protective suits were identified
(23 designed for toxicity protection and 14 for fire protection).
These suits were also evaluated for applicability to Coast Guard
requirements. A subsequent study under Phase I involved evaluation
of two primary candidate toxicity protective suits that had been
identified in the survey. Also, a literature search was conducted
to determine all of the currently available data/information con-
cerning the chemical compatibility of butyl rubber suits and poly-
carbonate visor materials with chemicals that would be handled
by Coast Guard personnel.
Under Phase II, results of Phase I were evaluated and compiled into
a formal document for management review and planning. Phase III,
entitled "Hardware Development", invixves materials development,
environmental control unit development, and monitor development.
Publications to date include:
Material Development Study for Near-Term Application to the
HCPCO (MSA Research Corporation, Report No. CG-D-58-80)
Feasibility Study of a Self-Contained Environmental Control
Unit (CG-D-04-79)
Development of a Self-Contained Environmental Control Unit
Joint U.S. Coast Guard and Chemical Systems Laboratory, U.S.
Army R&D Command, MIPR No. Z-70099-8-855634-A)
Feasibility Study of the State-of-the-Art of Personnel Monitors
(Report No. CG-D-30-79)
On going and future efforts will Involve finding and testing alternative
materials to fill the butyl rubber and polycarbonate compatibility gaps;
2-360
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CR 48 (Concluded)
to design and build a disposable protective outergarment from the
alternative materials, and to incorporate various personnel
monitors, cooling garments and suitable respiratory apparatus.
Human stress and endurance tests will be conducted, and protection
factors for ensembles will be determined. Finally, specifications
vill be developed for an Operations and Maintenance Manual for
the ensembles. These efforts will be completed by FY 84. An inter-
im report was published in November 1982 entitled Development of A
Hazardous Chemical Protective Ensemble (R. Algera, ILC Dover,
Frederics, Delaware).
Key Words: Permeability, Personal monitoring, Protection guidelines, Protection
program, Protection factor, Synthetic material
2-361
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THIS PAGE 1NTKNTI0NALI.Y HUNK
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).0 RKilKA&GM NK803
Baeed on the references provided by SPA on protective clothing
and on contacts with oajor researchers tn the (told, the following
topleo are t dent ((ted a# areas requiring further studyi
e at.vutardlm ton of teat methods
e cJfcet of clothing design on protective capability
o ©C(«ct of oAtcrlal durability and degradation en protective
crti'iJblHty
e cooaolldatIon and dlseestnatlon of Information
o w-jflivr'o acceptance of protective clothing
o qu.iojlf teat Ion of worker eipooure under vattous m« condition#
Each re»iv*rrh area la dUeussed ueparatsly belowi
Ill 5U a rutj filiation of Teat Methods
Mni-h ot the research to date has been directed toward oeeeurlna
amount o( peeltcldoa to which wrbore die exposed and the effective*
mat u; fabric or glove material to reduce that eapooure. Nwaecow#
{not have heen developed that vary froo researcher to
reacdt- In order to derive aa«tama benefit from these studies*
tho ti>- • i Oiuroaelveo should bo standardised,
T la witlch require etdaAardltat too are patch tests, permitton
and p* -uuton teats, tlecpntomtBAClon (laundering) teat*, And physi-
ologic... effect testa, Patch teats are used to determine ahln ><«ppot-
cton or ^bttcldea on workers. Permeation tost# cuaatne the molecular
diffusion uf chenlcals through clothing aaterlal, Penetration testa
attempt to o^aayre chemical (pavement through micro and oacro openings
1-1
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In tho tutorial. laundering teat* assess the variable* affecting
decontamination of clothing material** Physiological effects tssts
Involve monitoring worker's physiological responses when protective
clothing oml gear are used«
tho patch teat involve* attaching patches either to workor'a
clothing (both outside and inside tho clothing), to tho akin, to the
outface of a tractor, or to a board which i* exposed to peatlcides
during actual or eloulated application operation** The procedure*
designed by Durham and Wolfe have been uaed quite sateaslvely, but a
stsodardlied aathod to unavailable at present. A etandardtaed patch
teat is thus required and tho following factor* need to be addreaeedt
o conatructlon of the patch
- tutorials
- number of layers
- olio
o location of the patch
- undarnoaih and/or over clothing
- outside
-------
s calculation and presentation of data
- conversion o( patch expoauro to total body doreal exposure
- data presented, o.g., e/cal, body velght, g/hr. g/day.
Aa boted In a recent paper (Yoahlda and Karkhaa 4902), tho patch
eat hod tao drawbacks. for exaaplo, It io possible that the patch say
(ond to retain more dust than ehln wouldj also, body eoveaonta n»y
result In displacement of tho patch to ?reaa other than thooe Intended
(or sampling. Researcher? euch aa Yoahlda and Ha/hhaa are attooptlng
to devolop sor« reliable cethodo of oeaeurlng works* exposure In the
field.
The second teat which need* standardisation le the parses.Ion
teat. Centrally, the pereeatl^n cell conslata of two coapartoenta
with the tooled clothing outorto I uaed «a the partitioning oeebrano.
A atandardUed XSiTH permeation teat la available (PC 109)( howavar,
eoat invest(gators have uaed different p« rasatton tost apperatuo. If
design of laboratory permeation teato Is needed to ault tho needs of
poatlclde testing, the following factors should be considered)
e ccivutruct Ion of the penoeatlon cell apparatus
" materials
« Ulaenolons of the two compartments and the teat oaterlal
• confIgurattone of the cell eef-up, Including connections to
peopling and oonltortng devlcoa
» types of collecting oedtusn, e.g., Inert gases, water, eal|f»
solution, solvent, etc,
e aenoltlvlty of the analytical methods and GMterlalo,
especially against chealcala which have low solubility In
water or which have very low vapor pressures
e typea of data collected, e.g., breakthrough ttoo, peroeatlon
rate, oeobrane (material) thickness, effect of prolonged and
repeated enpooures, and effect of temperature
1-1
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Whtlo permeation of selected organic solvents hoe been studied| very
little data Nave been reported (or permeation of postlcidoe. To
obtain data (or all marketed pesticides and saterlalo would bo an
enormous tashi criteria should bo developed (or selecting which
pesticides and materials should bo tested (trot or, If surrogate
chemicals can be used (or testing similar pesticides. Specialised
permeation studies which also noed further testing and standardisation
are those that eaamlno the resistance of protective clothing when
splash«d with a liquid pesticide formulation or when In contact with a
peetlclde aerosol. Belited studies on penetration of pesticides,
particularly dry formulations, should also be standarlsed. An ASTM
standard Is In the process of being developed (or penetration teats.
Results of these toste could have an Impact on the developoent of
pesticide formulations (since preliminary (ladings Indicate that
penetration may be a function of particle else) and on the development
of clothing finishes, further, elnce dermal eipopure la often the
highest on the hands and forearms of a worker, efforts to determine
the efficacy of protective materials used In gloves and ana coverings
should be a major part of the research, with emphasis on testing
pesticides.
The third type of teat utlllted by different protective clothing
researchers are decontamination tests. Researchers at the Universities
of Iowa. Nebraska, and Tennessee and other centers, have pointed out
that store work la needed to develop anil provide recommendations for
removal of pesticides from workers' clothing by laundering. This
1-4
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Issue le particularly critical In geographic areas whore
molsture-lapanetrablo fabrics would not be acceptable becauoo of high
anblent teaporaturo or other comfort factors; in these areas, it Is
probable that washable fabrics such as cotton and cotton blends will
bo used (or some tloo.
A number of studies have been conducted on the lauodoraMllty of
fabrics contaminated with specific pesticides. A Halted asount of
work has alto baen coaploted on the laundcrablllty of different
foraulatlona and/or concentrations of the ease peotlclde.
However, thore are many pesticides In widespread use which have not
been tooted. Nor have there been any adequate attempts to dotorralae
whether one type of chemical can be equated with another for purpoeea
of determining safe decontamination procedures (See CR 19).
Laundering studios to date have focused on fabrics coasonly worn
by workers, I.e. cotton and cotton/blends. Uhlle TyvohJ®, Core-Tex®
and other synthetic fabrics have labels Indicating that the garments
can be washed, more testing may be required to determine If repeated
washings are possible without degradation of the fabric to an eatent
which would Increase pesticide exposure.
It should be noted that these and other laundering loauee have
been briefly suau&arlted In a recent proposal for projects In the North
Central Region (See CR 19). finally, there la a need to develop
standardized laundering teat procedures for peatlclde-°coi\taialnated
clqchlng, or to encourage universal use of entant test mathoda, auch
as those Issued by the American Association of Textile Chemists and
J-3
-------
Colorlsto (AATCC). Tcata conducted In lh« pact have considered ootac
of iho following variables, but have used different methods)
o preparation of the contaalnated clothing samples
- also of clothing material aaoplo
- amount of pesticide applied
- drying procedures
o laundering condition*
- water temperature
- length of waah/rlnae eye loo
- typo of detergent, or othor cleaning agent
• drying conditions
- effects of repeated washings en fabric characteristics
- amount of croaa^contaelnatlon to othor garments In the
laundry
The physiological effocta and coafort charactorletlcs associated
with the use of pronttlve clothing have been studied by several inves-
tlgatoro. Aa ulth other testing, researchers Meed widely varying pro™
cedurea and monitored different physiological parameter#. Standardisa-
tion of physiological tests, should consider the following factors)
o eanple sl*e, I.e., the nunbor of participants
o type of simulated work, e.g.. stepping, lifting, hanserlng,
etc.
e length of work/rest cycle
o physiological parameters monitored, e.g., heart rate, ekln
teoporature, rectal temperature, weight lose, etc,
o questionnaire for the participants after each test
o analysis and presentation of data
- interpretation of the monitoring results
- statistical analysis of questionnaire results
- comfort rating system for clothing material
3-6
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Sa a final notes, It la iaportant to ostabllsh standard methods (or
tasting characteristics of protective clothing materials and deoigno
which will not bo cost-prohibitive. Since, (or Qxasple, permeation
testing aay require several teoto p«r chealcal and pot material in
ordar to obtain statistically raaningful results, coots to conduct
those teste could ba very largo.
3.3 Bffact of Clothing Design on Protective Capability
It appears frost the literature review that further study into the
effects of clothing design ere warranted.* Initial etudleo have dsoon-
stratcd that factors such as eeaa construction, featenere, and number
of articles of clothing (e.g. cowmile versus shirt and pants) nay
account for significant differences In the total amount of peetlcido
to which the skin Is espoaed. Standardised teste which vary design
factors but control for fabric type and use conditions could pinpoint
design features requiring oodlfteat loo. The significance of design
features nay be even greater for glovea than for ether protective
gan&enta because of the greater quantities of peatlcldca to uhlch the
hands are potentially exposed.
1.3 Effect of Material Durability and Degradation on Protective
c^aMlnV
Increaoud research should be directed toward asaaselng the
strength of protective clothing materials in teros of resistance
againsti
4 At Tea at two aroupe of researchers have proposed sooe work In thts
«rea (Sua CB 9 and CB 35).
3-7
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•
tearing
e
aging
0
weathering
•
laundering
•
obroolon
•
degradation duo
to body movements
0
degradation du«
to fit of garment
Of particular Importance la the need to retoot tho permeability
of gloves and other clothing which have undergone) prior testing to
determine efficacy with wear and repeated chemical contact•
J.4 Consolidation and Dissemination of Information
Mechanisms are needed to consolidate, update, and dleeealaate
protective clothing data on a continuing basis, Although recent
of forts on the part of KPA, N1C3II, and USDA have resulted In progress
In this area, continuing emphasis should b« toi
o Improve coordination between varloua agencies (particularly
Federal and state agencies) and companies Involved In the
regulation or development of protective clothing. Pesticide
manufacturers and foroulators generally conduct In-house tests
on tho effectiveness of protective clothing and gear to deter-
mine how their plant workers should he protected. However,
due to legal concerns, this Information Is generally not
available to peatlclde users outside the company; Effort Is
needed to establish mechanism# which encourage companies to
publish or otherwise release this type of Information,
Manufacturers often describe the performance of protective
clothing aod gloves qualitatively. There Is a need to
encourage aanufacturere to conduct quantitative testa and to
release the resulting data,
e conduct ongoing reviews of research performed In similar
areas, for example, permeation 01 absorption studies, to
determine If any conclusions can be drawn from the research
conducted to date and where research may be redirected.
3-8
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• develop automatod systems to ensure both easy retrieval and
entry of data. Such systems could eventually bo expanded to
Include tho establishment of information centers and the
generation of newsletter*) for dissemination to lncercotcd
partloe.
o publish handbooks which provide specific Information to
peeticldo users on protactlvo clothing. Bach handbook night
bo aimed at a particular user audience or dlocuos individual
uoo conditions. Thoso handbooks could bo updated periodically
to roflect new developments in the field.
e develop training and educational programs doalgned and lnotl-
tuted to overcome tho following factors:
- improper handling and use of protective clothing (e.g.
inadequate etorago and laundering techniques; Improper
roooval of contaminated garments causing lncreaaed
exposure) uoo of worn or degraded clothing)
- overconfldence in the protection afforded by protective
clothing
- misuse and/or mishandling of poaticides by applicators and
olxer/loaders
- unnecessary expoeuro of field workers
- literacy and language factors which roquiro sore carefully
platmod training methods and prograaa
- the effect of traaaleat labor. I.e., migrant workers.
Training prograaa are usually designed to educate portaanont
workers who can be instructed and monitored as necessary.
Training of migrant workers aay be coat" or
time-prohibitive.
3.5 Worker's Acctptance of Protective Clothlna
Many studies have been conducted to determine the efficacy of
- protective clothing. However, to sake the clothing truly effective,
workers oust use the clothing regularly. Although acme surveys of
farmer practices are underway (Sea CR 19), few studies to date have
addressed the Isaue of how well field workers accept the use of
protective clothing, and what (actors affect the worker's attitude
toward such use, e.g., dlscoafort, aesthetics, and inconvenience.
1-9
-------
A focused attempt la needed toi
e determine what clothing would be acceptable, and therefore,
used routinely
e evaluate tradeoffs, o.g., the workers' willingness to wear one
type of clothing which le lese protectlvo vs. the unwillingness
to wear another type of clothing that to sore protective, but
aay not be worn routinely or nay be worn only with constant
supervision
o evaluate tho coat lleltatlona of businesses to purchase
protective clothing. A particular fabric type or clothing
design oay be effective, but prohibitively expensive.
3.6 Quantification of Worker Exposure under Various Uao Condittone
Overriding any research needs In the area of protectlvo clothing
for pesticide workers, 1s the continuing prerequisite for accurate
baseline exposure data. It ia difficult to ascertain tho level of
protection needed If the degree of exposure wtthout protection Is
unknown.
In nany of the eiposure studies reported to date, too many
variables were manipulated in one study to determine what affect each
variable had on worker eipoaure. Factors which may have an affect on
worker eipoaure, such as pesticide toraulatlon type or application
method, should be essoined individually under carefully controlled
(tela conditions. For exaaple, for a particuUr pesticide, worker
expoaure night be measured when different pesticide formulations ai'4
uaed. Other experimental conditions ehould reouln unchanged, I.e.,
number of participants, application oethod and rate, wo^ir's
clothing, and length of exposure. Alternately, for a particular
3-10
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pesticide formulation, worker exposure might bo determined when
different mixing/loading systems and application methods ara employed,
but other experimental conditions remain unchanged*
Such studies should provide a quantification of relative worker
exposure under various uae conditions and an aaoeoosenc of the degree
to which Individual factors aay Influence exposure. An understanding
of expoaure factors will aid In deciding the optimal control nethod to
protect the worker under a particular use condition. The control
method need not always be protective clothing. For example, tho use
of a dry granular lnaectlclde could be applied Into the soil and could
poae leaa exposure risk than a epray. k spray not only saturates the
ttoll, but aluo produces aooe aslat which way constitute a significant
exposure to tho worker. Even If protective clothing lo worn, exposure
may be greater with the llt^uld spray than It would be with a dry
produce. This hypothetical example demonstrates that for some pesti-
cides and methods of application, there may U> a greater need to
develop proper formulations. Improved agricultural practices or other
engineering controls to minimize exposure, than to develop protective
clothla£ measures. Initially, however, studies may be needed to weigh
these approaches, I.e., to determine vhe.'e research is not needed on
protective clothing, but Is needed to develop other methods of
minimising exposure risk. Investigations Involving poisoning case
studies or epidemiological studies may help Identify groups of people,
activities, or particular conditions for which the relative risk of
-------
pesticide use lo high. Once high risk situations aro Identified, a
determination could then be made of whether the uso of protective
clothing, othor controls or oven procedural changes nay best reduce
that risk. Case studies or records maintained on accidental pesticide
poisonings tony help to quantify the situations where protection is
needed against the acute effects of postlcloes. Epidemiological
studies which track Individuals over several years could be initiated
to doterolno which pesticides may be responsible for chronic effects.
Research to determine the effectiveness of othor control methods
should continue concurrently with baseline exposure and protective
elithing research. In particular, clooed mixing and loading systems
okay significantly reduce exposure of mlxera and loaders to pesticide
concentratas. The effectiveness of barrier creams In reducing pesti-
cide absorption Into the akin should be tested, with and without the
use of gloves. Very little research has been specifically targeted
for this area. While some creams have been tested with typical
organic solvents, the potential extrapolation of these test results to
pesticide tormuUt Ions should be explored.
j-i:
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Contact:
Sponaor:
Nature of
Project:
Sam S. Fluker, Pesticide Information Coordinator, University of
Florida (904) 392-4721 (CR 1)
U.S. department of Agriculture, Extension Service and U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency
The objectives of this study are the following:
a to develop a basic pesticide safety curriculum for farm
laborers, and farm owners in both English and Spanish languages
a to develop printed materials and audio-visuals to supplement the
basic curriculum to train people who come into contact with
pesticides.
The proposed completion date of this project was June 1982.
Materials will be available to farm vorkers by November 1982.
Key Word3:
Training, Field worker
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Contact:
Sponsor:
Nature of
Project:
Dr. Arthur Englehard, Plane Pathologist, Bradenton Agricultural
Research and Education Center, University of Florida (813) 855-1568
(CR 2)
National Pesticide Impact Assessment Program, USDA
Exposure of applicators using Captan In chrysa&theaua fields was
monitored using conventional patch methods* ~Tha workers wore
either polyester/cotton overalls or Gore-tex® suits. All workers
wore hats, and approved respirator and gloves. Methods of spraying
were either ground spraying or with tractor-driven sprayer
equlpseut. The analytical lab work is in progress and results will
be published In early 1983.
Key Words:
Captan, Polyester/Cottou, Core-tex™, Applicator, Patch study
3-14
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Contact<
Sponsor:
Mature of
Projects
Ray Wordoi
Dr. Stephen Levine, Department of Environmental and
Industrial Health, School of Public Health, University
of Michigan (313) 764-2594 (CR 3)
University of Michigan
This pilot project will Involve development of a
protocol and field testing of protective clothing that
could ba worn for chemical spill clean-up. The
clothing tested will probably be Class A suits with
broathlng apparatuo. This project will begin in the
fell of 1982 and will be coopleted in early sunacsr of
1983.
Self-contained suit, Testing protocol
3-15
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Contact:
Sponsor:
Nature of
Project:
Key Words:
Dr. Bernle Schwetx, Lab Director, Toxicology Research Lab, Dow
Chemical Company (517) 636-0231 (CR 4)
Dow Chemical, Midland, Michigan
Dow is conducting dermal absorption studies using whole animals,
humans, and JLn vitro skin to develop methods which can be used to
predict actual dose to the body. This would allow more accurate
determination of safety margins. Tests are conducted on several
chemicals, including some pesticides. The data will be published
in the near future.
Dermal
3-16
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Contact:
Sponsor:
Nature of
Project:
Key Words:
Dr. Bernie Schwett, Lab Director, Toxicology Research Lab, Dow
Chemical Company (517) 636-0231 (CR 5)
Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan
Dow Is testing to obtain data on effectiveness of various
protective equipment, beyond that supplied by the manufacturers and
under specific end-use conditions encountered by workers at Dow.
Tests are conducted on many chemicals Including come pesticides*
Testing
3-17
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Contact:
Sponsor:
Nature of
Project:
Key Words:
H.N. Nigg, Agricultural Research and Education Center, University
of Florida, Lake Alfred (813) 956-1151 (C& 6)
University of Florida and outside funding as available•
To determine exposure of pickers of citrus crops. Data for urine
excretion and dermal exposure (using patch measurements) will be
compared to similar data collected in California. (Heather
conditions and other factors affecting residue levels differ
between California and Florida. For example, there is generally
less dust in Florida). This project will continue indefinitely as
funding is available.
Coveralls, Respirator, Dermal, Respiratory, Citrus crops, Cellulose
pads, Urine excretion, Patch study, Field vorker
3-18
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Contact:
H.N. Nigs, Agricultural Research and Education Center, Univeroity of
Florida, Lake Alfred (813) 956-1151 (CR 7)
Sponsor:
Nature of
Project:
U.S. SPA (Grant No R-806474) and the Ciba-Gelgy Cotapany
Thla project was carried out in the spring of 1982. The purpose vas
to determine exposure of applicators and supply workers to
chlorobenzilate applied with air blast equipment in citrus grovea-
Urlna metabolite data and alpha patch measurements were collected
under the following lrst waek workers wore
pesticide cartridges manufactured by the Wilson Company). The
second week the respirators were removed. The third week the
protective garment was removed. Weather conditions uaro about 71°?
with low humidity. Results will be published showing that there was
little reduction (approximately 5 percent) In the amounts of
metabolites found in urine when respirators ware used (that Is,
differences saasured for the first and second c&ek). However, in
the third week, when the workers were not wearing coveralls, roughly
25 percent more metabolites were found in their urine than during
the first and second week when coveralls ware worn. Patch studies
showed that there was as touch as 95 percent reduction in dermal
exposure if coveralls ware worn.
Chlorobensllate, Coverall, reoplrator, Tyvek®, Air blast, Citrus
crops, Applicators, Mixer/Loader, Patch study, Cellulose pads, Urine
excretion
protective garments
respirators (NIOSH approved
3-19
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Contact: Will Nixon, Senior Environmental Specialist, Agricultural Division
Ciba-Geigy Agricultural Chemicals, Greensboro, North Carolina
(800) 334-9481 (CR 8)
Sponsor:
Ciba-Geigy Company
Nature of
Project:
Ciba-Geigy is generating limited data on direct exposure of workers
using various fungicides and insecticides. Air monitoring and
patch studies are conducted under typical field conditions*
Several sets of data will probably Ir released to EPA in the fall
of 1982• Penetration through normal clothing is being estimated
using patches and urine excretion measurements. Effects of dust
masks to reduce exposure to certain herbicides is also being
determined•
Ciba-Geigy has also produced volu'oinoua asounts of data on
Galecron®(chlordimeform) which have been submitted to EPA. Host
of the data represent urine monitoring of applicators and field
workars.
Ciba-Geigy has worked with »ther researchers, including H. Nlgg at
the University of Florida in Galueovllla (See CR 7).
Key Words: Galecron®, Applicator, Field worker, Patch study, Urine excretion,
Dermal, Respiratory
3-20
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Contact: Dr. Blllle G. Oakland, Professor and Chairman of Protective
Clothing and Textiles, University of North Carolina, Greensboro
(91?) 379-5250 (CR 9)
Sponsor:
North Carolina Agricultural Research Service
Nature of
Project:
The goal of this project is to test the effectiveness of several
barrier finishes on non-woven materials used in protective clothing*
The investigators have developed techniques for testing and will
apply the barrier finishes to the fabric (rather than having a
manufacturer do it). Functional design of garments will also be
developed. The goal of the project is to determine which types of
effective protective clothing workers will not be reluctant to wear
due to discomfort in hot weather or other cauoes. Finishes that
allow the garments to breathe will be tested. Farmers in the state
of North Carolina will be surveyed to characterise typical
pesticide application practices and workers clothing. This will be
a 5-year project (it began in October 1981). Funding is
approximately $30,000 per year.
Key Words: Coverall, Shirt, Coat, Jacket, Penetration retardant, Nonwovene,
Fabric finish
3-21
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Contact:
Dr. R. Grover, Agriculture Cauda Research Station Regina,
Saskatchewan (306) 585-0255 (CR 10)
Sponsor: Agriculture Canada and Health and Welfare Canada (both vithln the
Government of Canada)
Mature of
Project: The goal of this project is to determine worker exposure during
ground application of 2,4-D on cereal crops. Measurement of dermal
and Inhalation exposure will be done with patches and with foam
plugsrespectively* The frequency of application required in
fields per day will also be observed. Workers wearing uniform
clothing (cotton overalls) will be monitored. This study follows a
similar effort carried out last year; however, more data is needed
because of the variability in workers and in methods used during
application. This year's effort should provide complete data by
the end of 1982.
Also a paper is to be published within a few months on results of
their studies over the past 3 years on worker exposure during
application of 2,4-D lso-octyl ester. Data was obtained on:
differences in exposure for different types of crew members
applying the chemical by air, and on dermal deposits while wearing
cotton clothing (inside and outside deposit data was given).
Key Words: Dermal, Respiratory, 2,4-D, (or full name of chemical pesticide),
Coveralls, Cotton, Patch study, Applicator
*It was noted that the authors have published a paper describing methods of using
foam plugs to measure Inhalation exposure. See Journal of Environmental Science
and Health (NY) Series B., Vol. 16, No. 1, pp 59-66, 1981.
3-22
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Contact:
Sponsor:
Nature of
Project:
Key Words:
Ron Sell and Jay Maitlen, Science and Education Administration,
USDA, Yakima, Washington (509) 575-5877 (CR 11)
U.S. Department of Agriculture and possibly the Washington Ststa
Apple Commission
This USDA Group Is currently studying the fumigation of Insects,
which must be destroyed on apples before export to Japan. If
funding Is available, this work will Include inhalation exposure
studies on workers applying methyl bromide or phosphene. Roughly 2
years would be required for this study.
Fualgant, Respiratory, Applicator
3-23
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Contact:
Sponsor:
Nature of
Project:
Key Words:
Ron Sell and Jay Maitlen, Science and Education Administration,
USDA, Yakima, Washington (509) 575-5877 (CR 12)
U.S. Depart-.ent of Agriculture
Some preliminary work has been done by these Investigators on the
quantities of 2»4-D excreted In human perspiration (or metabolites
of 2,4-D). Perspiration was extracted from absorbent clothing (for
example, thermal underwear) worn by the workers during application.
The data results will be published.
Perspirator excretion, Applicator
3-24
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Contact:
Sponsor:
Nature of
Project:
Key Words:
John McCarthy, Agrcultural Chemical Division, R&D, FMC, Philadelphia
(215) 299-6000 (CE 13)
FMC, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
FMC conducts studies to measure dislodgeable residues of selected
insecticides as a function of time. Residue measurements are used
in exposure modeling (for example Popendorf's model) and related to
toxicity data to estimate safe reentry times for writers. FMC has
worked with F. Gunther at the University of California in Riverside
and 3. Nigg at the University of Florida.
Reentry
3-25
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Contact:
Hlkloa Faust, USDA, Beltsvlllo, Maryland, Prulc Laboratory
(301) 344-3367 (CR 14)
Sponsor:
Nature of
Project:
Key Wordst
U.S. Departaent of Agriculture
This lo a pilot project designed to determine how such pesticide
use and exposure can to reduced by changing tree typeo in orchards.
Th* research will be carried out in a fteai-cosmerclal setting in
four locations (Maryland, Pennsylvania, Hew Tork and Massachusetts).
In each of these areas, apple trees have been planted which, when
nature vill reach a height of 6-7 feet* The studies will begin
when the trees produce their first harvests (eotiaated to ba within
the next 2 yeara). Field studies vill include dateralnation of
pesticide exposure to workers. With tho shorter treoe, differences
in worker aoveoents and quantities of pesticides required vill be
observed. For exaaplo, in existing orchards vectors Bust cllab up
into the trees with ladders, which would probably not bo required
with the shorter trees. Applicators oust overspray the peaticidea
up to 7-8 ttaes In order to reach the top portlois of the treea
with spray.
This project will also provide lnforsation on:
o changes in the cost of pesticide use due to treatsent of smaller
trees
® changes in pesticide quantities found In the anvlronsent around
the orchard
o changes In the quality of the fruit.
Disposable clothing may also be tested.
Applicator, Fruit crop, Disposable clothing
3-26
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Contact i
Or. Joneo Plaahor, Department of Blochcalotry, North Dakota 3teto,
Pergo, North Dakota (701} 237-7679 (CB 13)
Spoasort
fending
Nature of
Project t
Dr. Janes Plaaker has dona ooso preliminary work oa the
photochealotry of peetlcldeo* Chlorothalosll vaa applied to fabric
with ona of throe different dye a and tha fabric vae exposed to
ounllght. Tfca pesticide ttao than extractod with solvent and
onalysod with thin layer chroaotography to doteralne If any
chcalcol change had occurred dvia to espocuro to sunlight* Analyols
did aho« that there vote chealcal degradation products, which he
hopes to Identify. Zf funding vera available this work would to
continued to tost other pesticide chcalc&lo and to Identify &ay
chealcel degradation products resulting trca ospoeure to ounllght*
Key Hordet
Fhotodoiiradatlon
3-27
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Contact :
Sponsor:
Nature of
Project:
Dr. Joan Laughlln, Associate Profesoor, Textiles, Clothing and
Design, University of Nebraska, Lincoln (402) 472-2920 (CR 16)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (Grant 0SOO7 20001) and
University of Nebraska
This project entitled "Pesticide Removal by Selected Laundry
Procedures from Wort,-Weight Fabrics," was completed In June 1982.
This was a continuation of work which was reported In papers
summarised In PC 45 and PC 46. The goal of this project was to
determine whether commercially available detergents are as
effective in "hot" water washing, or if the lowered, but rare
commonly used trashing teaperature of "warn" or "cold" washing
affects ease of removal of methyl parathlon (MeP) froa vork-velght
fabrics. Also, the researchers Investigated:
o effectiveness of removing KeP residues UBing laundry products,
such as ammonia, In pre-rinsa solutions
o the Impact of HeP solutions of various concentrations on the
ease and completeness of pesticide residua removal from
vork-veight fabric
o tha effect of rapaated laundering on MeP removal from fabrics.
Finally there was on objective to develop training materials which
would describe laundering procedures to ba used in Pesticide
Certificated efforts. Some of the results of this work will be
publlohed in the Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and
Toxicology as "Laundry Factors Influencing HeP Removal from
Contaminated Denim Fabric" (Basley, C.B., J.M. Laughlln, R.B. Gold
and R. Hill).
Key Words:
Methyl parathlon, Cotton, Polyester/Cotton, Laundering, Training
3-28
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Contact:
Dr. Joan laughlin, Associate Professor, Textiles, Clothing and
Design, University of Nebraska, Lincoln (402) 472-2920 (CR 17)
Sponsor: National Pesticide Impact Aosessoent Prog rata, U.S. Department of
Agriculture Project No* 170
Nature of
Project:
Key Words:
This project entitled "Fabric Parameters and Pesticide
Characteristics: Dermal Exposure of Applicators," will continue
work that has been done at the University of Nebraska on
penetration, wlckabllity and launderabllity of cocmonly used
fabrics worn by pesticide workers. Nebraska has conducted other
studies tasting methyl parathion and 2,4-D; this project will
Involve parathion, and possibly DDVP. In the proposal, the
investigators point out that current research has focused on
penetration of peaticldea impelled by blast sprayers and the
effectiveness of laundering fabrics contaminated by these
pesticides. This study will investigate the diffusion of peBtlcide
mixtures through a fabric (wlcklng), and aovessent of pesticide
mixtures through the capillary spaces In fiber, in the Interstitial
spaces of the yarn, and through an underlying fabric layer or to a
dermal surface. They will also determine whether laundering is
effective in removing pesticide chemicals that have migrated
through the fabric by vieking and vetting. Finally, recommenda-
tions would be made on methods that would reduce human exposure to
pesticides through proper selection, treatment, and laundering of
clothing used during application of pesticides.
Parathion, LaunJering, Cotton, Polyester/Cotton, Penetration
factor, Wlckabllity, Wettability
3-29
-------
Contact: Dr. Joan Laughlin, Associate Professor, Department of Textiles,
Clothing and Design, University of Nebraska, Lincoln (402) 472-2920
(CR 18)
Sponsor: National Pesticide Impact Assessment Program, U.S. Department of
Agriculture Project Mo. 144
Nature of
Project:
Key Words:
This project was completed in February 1982. The investigators
examined several variables related to decontamination of denim
fabrics contaminated with 2,4-D ester and 2,4-D amine formulations.
The effects of formulation type, temperature, pre-rinse conditions,
detergents, ammonia additive and number of washings were examined
to study laundering procedures, and to evaluate the potential for
dermal exposure following laundering. The fabrics tested were
80Z cotton-20Z polyester blend denim as well as a 50Z cotton-SOZ
polyester double knit: the latter representing the transfer fabric
used to determine cross-contamination potential and the former
representing pesticide contaminated clothing. The conclusions
will be reported In "Laundering Procedures for Removal of
2,4-Dicb1-rophenosy Acetic Acid and Amine Herbicides from
Contaminated Fabric," C.E. Easley, J.M. laughlin, R.B. Gold, and
D.R. Tupy, Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,
Issue 11, No. 6, 1983.
2,4-D, Denim,- Cotton, Polyester/Cotton, Laundering, Wickability,
Wettability
3-30
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Barbara Reagan, Department of Clothing, Textiles and Interior
Design, Kansas State University, Manhattan (913) 532-6993 (CR 19)
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Cooperative State Research Service
This Regiuudi. Research Project, entitled "Limiting Pesticide
Exposure through Textile Cleaning Procedures and Selection of
Clothing," will end in 1987.
There are a number of studies which will be conducted in nine
different states. The objectives of the overall project are:
e to determine the effectiveness of laundering in pesticide removal
from apparel fabric
© to determine if pesticide residue in fabric is biologically
active after laundering
o to survey practices and attitudes of farm workers toward
selection, use, and care of apparel used for pesticide
application
o to evaluate the effects of pesticides on the physical and
chemical properties of textiles and the colorfastness of dyes.
Funding and approval for this project is pending. Specific
procedures for each study are given in the "North Central Regional
Project Outline," a proposal submitted to USDA.
Laundering, Cotton, Polyester/Cotton, Carbaryl, Denim, Gore-Tex®,
Fonofos, Alachlor, Lannate®, Carbofuran, Dimethoate, Methyl
parathion, Paraquat, Aldicarb, Nylon, Acrylic, Wool, Fabric
degradation
3-31
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Contact:
Sponsor:
Nature of
Project:
Key Words:
T.L. Lavy, Department of Agronomy, Althelmer Laboratory, University
of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas (501) 575-3955 (CR 20)
National Forest Products Association
National Forest Products Association Funded two studies which have
been completed and published. The titles of these two publications
are given below:
e Exposure Measurement of Applicators Spraying 2,4,5-T in the
Forest
« 2,4-D Exposure Received by Aerial Application Crews during
Forest Spray Operations
Abstracts of these two publications are presented below.
In the 2,4,5-T study, external dermal and respiratory exposures
were measured, and the total Intake of 2,4,5-T was determined from
the total urine collected from each worker. Analyses by gas chroma-
tography showed that degree of exposure was related to worker's
job. Greatest amounts were detested in mixers of the compound and
least amounts in helicopter flagnen. Exposure to 2,4,5-T averaged
0.0005, 0.586, and 0.033 tng/kg body weight for inhalation, patch,
and internal measurements, respectively. These measurements
indicate that the worker excreting the highest amount of 2,4,5-T
received exposure levels below those toxic to laboratory animals.
In the 2,4-D study, forest workers were monitored in three
helicoptor spray operations. Levels of 2,4-D were measured in air
near the breathing cone, on denim patches to estimate dermal
exposure, and In the urine excreted for 2 days before and 5 days
after the spraying to determine internal dose. Each crew made two
applications about 1 week apart to compare exposure from crew
members wearing customary clothing and following normal precautions
(T-I) with that of the same crew members wearing protective apparel
and following special hygienic practices (T-2). External exposure
was low with the highest level at 0.0911 mg/kg of body weight for a
batchman In T-l. The total internal dose determined by urine
analyses ranged from nondetectable to 0.0557 (in T-l) or 0.0237 (In
T-2) mg/kg of body weight. Those crewmen working most closely with
the spray concentrate or handling spray equipment (pilots,
mechanics, and batchoan-loaders) showed the highest doses.
Protective clothing and good hygienic practices limited exposure.
On the basis of analyses of tnxlc levels of 2,4-D in laboratory
animals, human exposure levels In these tests were well below that
which might endanger health.
2,4-D, 2,4,5-T, Dermal, Respiratory, Pilot, Applicator, Aerial
denim pads, Urine excretion, Patch study
3-32
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Contact: T.L. Lavy, Department of Agronomy Althelmer Laboratory, University
of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas (501) 575-3955 (CR 21)
Sponsor: U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Pesticide Impact
Assessment Program, Southern Region
Nature of
Project: Three studies were completed in 1981. Their results have been
published in one paper titled "Limiting Applicator Exposure to
Pesticides," which was presented in an American Society of
Agricultural Engineer's meeting.
In the first study, several Arkansas commercial grape growers
operating tractor-mounted low-boom vineyard spray rigs were
monitored for potential dermal, respiratory and Internal exposure
to paraquat during the 1980 and 1981 growing seasons. Workers
followed their usual mixing and spraying routines with as little
influence as possible from the test. Analyses by colorimetric
methods revealed very low levels of paraquat exposure. Greatest
dermal exposure levels were detected on persons operating the spray
rig, averaging .015 mg paraquat/kg body weight. Respiratory
exposure was minimal and there was no paraquat detected in any of
the urine samples collected from each worker. Those persons
receiving the highest levels of paraquat exposure had measurements
which were well belov those found to be toxic to laboratory animals.
Hazards from using this material by this method of application
should be low when used in accordance tilth label directions and
precautions.
In the second study, spray teams vere monitored for exposure to
MSMA (mono8odium methanearsonate) during Its application to turf as
a postemergence herbicide for control of crabgrass during the
summer of 1981. Two means of application were used: meter-misers
and a tractor-mounted boom sprayer. Workers collected both
pre- and post-spray urine samples. Patches, air samples, and hand
rinpes were also collected. Exposure to MSMA was highest for
workers using the push sprayer. These individuals routinely
received higher exposure levels on their feet and ankles. The
average exposure level for MSMA was higher than that of other
compounds evaluated. The application method plays a key role in
determining how much exposure occurs.
The third study gathered data on worker exposure to EPN
(o-ethyl-(4-nitrophenyl)phenylphosphouothloate). Applicators,
loaders, and field workers were monitored during cotton spray
operations in South Central Arkansas. Participants used either
aerial or tractor-drawn spriylng equipment. Denlm-backed gauze
patches attached to workers' clothing were used to provide
estimates of EPN exposure to bare skin areas. Ethanol hand rinses
provided direct measurements of exposure to the hands. Laboratory
analyses of the combined patch and handrinse samples showed a range
of estimated dermal exposure from 0.25 to 238 Hg/kg body weight for
a pilot and loader, respectively. Pilots received less exposure
than tractor drivers, loaders, and mixers, who as a group received
up to 44 times the amounts received by the pilots. This study shows
3-33
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CR 21 (Concluded)
Chat those working directly with the spray concentrate receive the
greatest exposure* These data may be helpful In studies to deter-
mine toxic levels of dermal exposure to applicators. Exposure
could be lessened by use of protective clothing and careful handling
of the concentrate*
Key Words: Fruit crop, Cotton, Low ground boom, Applicator, Respiratory,
Dermal, Urine excretion, Mixer/Loader, Field worker, Pilot,
Paraquat, MSMA (Monosodium methanearsonate), BPN
(o-ethyl-o(4-nltrophenyl)phenylphosphonothioate)
• 3-34
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Contact:
T.L. Lavy, Department of Agronomy, Altheimer Laboratory, University
of Arkansas, Fayettevilla, Arkansas (501) 575-3955 (CE 22)
Sponsor:
Nature of
Project:
Key Words:
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service
The objective of this study is to determine the dosage received by
applicators of 2,4-D using conventional practices vs. special
procedures and protective gear during four different kinds of
applications: Hypo-Hatchet®, hack-and-squirt, tubular injection
bar and backpack foliar spray. The amount of 2,4-D that is
excreted in urine is being measured for each vorker as a
determination of exposure.
This study is being conducted in the forests of Arkansas and
Mississippi and workers are monitored during two separate ground
application tests. During the first test application, crews work
for one day making a specified application using their normal
procedures and rearing their nomal clothing. For the nest five
days the workers are not involved in 2,4-D applications. At this
point the second test begins. During the second test, workers wear
clothing that has been laundered according to specific instructions,
protective gloves, and new vinyl vorkboots, and receive special
instructions concerning pesticide handling and proper application
methodology vhich may reduce exposure. After this one day of work,
the crewo are not Involved in further applications of 2,4-D for 4
days. Throughout both test periods, all the urine voided by each
participant Is collected in 24-hr intervals beginning ote day
before the application day, on the application day and continuing
for four days following.
The field aspects of this study began in Hay 1982. Applications
should be completed by December 1982. Chemical analyses have been
ongoing as samples are collected for the various application
methods and should be completed by February 1983. A final report
should ba completed by July 31, 1983.
2,4-D, Urine excretion, Gloves, Vinyl, Footwear, Applicator
3-35
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Contact: T.L. Lavy, Department of Agronomy, Altheimer Laboratory, University
of Arkansas, Fayettevllle, Arkansas (501) 575-3955 (CR 23)
Sponsor: U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Pesticide Impact
Assessment Program, Southern Region
Nature of
Project:
Key Words:
This study has two objectives:
o to compare the pesticide exposure received by applicators using
conventional mixing and loading methods with that received when
closed systems are used
• to compare the protection derived from using protective clothing
with the protection derived from using closed systems of
pesticide application.
Pesticide apllcation methods ire being evaluated according to the
amount of pesticide coming into contact with exposed skin areas, as
measured by patches and hand rinses, and the amount found in the
ambient air which a worker breathes, as measured by battery-powered
air pumps. Urine is also be.4.ng sampled.
Crews operating both flxed-wlng aircraft and tractor-drawn spray
equipment were monitored in cotton fields during methyl parathion
application In the summer of 1981. Additional samples are
collected during the summer and fall of 1982.
The merits of protective coveralls and normal clothing are being
evaluated through the use of patches attached both on the inside
and outside of the clothing. Several different closed transfer
systems have been used. Preliminary evidence suggests that
exposure can be minimized with protective clothing such as
disposable coveralls and rubber gloves and that closed transfer
systems can also be effective in minimizing exposure to workers. A
completion date is set for February 1983.
Mixer/Loader, Closed system, Patch study, Dermal, Respirator, Urine
excretion, Aerial, Methyl parathion, Rubber, Applicator
3-36
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Contact:
Sponsor:
Mature of
Project:
Key Words:
Rhoda Wang, Staff Toxlcologist, Worker Health and Safety Unit,
Division of Pest Management, Environmental Protection and Worker
Safety, California Department of Food and Agriculture (916) 445-8474
(CR 24)
California Department of Food and Agriculture
The objective of this project is to determine the dermal, hand, and
respiratory exposures of mixer/loaders, and applicators to
bayleton. A completion date is set for Decenbar 1982 • No other
details are available.
Dr.nsal, Respiratory, Bayleton, Mixer/Loader, Applicator
3-37
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Contact: Karl Jacobs, Environmental Hazards Specialist, Worker Health and
Safety Unit, Division of Pest Management, Environmental Protection
and Worker Safety, California Department of Food and Agriculture
(916) 445-8474 (CR 25)
Sponsor:
California Department of Food and Agriculture
Nature of
Project:
The objective of this project is to determine the dermal, hand, and
respiratory exposures of mixer/loaders, and applicators to
Neaacur. The completion date is set for December 1982. No other
details are available.
Key Words:
Dermal, Respiratory, Mixer/Loader, Applicator, Nemacur
3-38
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Contact:
Sponsor:
Nature of
Project:
Key Words:
Frank Schneider, Environmental Hazards Specialist, Worker Health
and Safety Unit, Division of Pest Management, Environmental
Protection and Horker Safety, California Department of Food and
Agriculture (916) 445-8474 (CR 26)
California Department of Food and Agriculture
This study examines worker exposure to EDB (Ethylene Dlbromide)
when used as a pre-plant nematiclde. Dermalt hand, and respiratory
exposures are determined for mixer/loaders, and applicators. The
completion date is set for June 1985. Mo other details are
available.
Ethylene Dlbromide (EDB), Dermal, Respiratory, Mixer/Loader,
Applicator
3-39
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Contact:
Sponsor:
Nature of
Project:
Key Words:
Frank Schneider, Environmental Hazards Speclalst, Worker Health
and Safety Unit, Division of Pest Management, Environmental
Protection and Worker Safety, California Department of Food and
Agriculture (916) 445-8474 (CR 27)
California Department of Food and Agriculture
The objective of this study la to determine dermal, hand, and
respiratory exposures to LasscfS* of mixer/loaders and applicators*
The completion d-te Is set for December 1982. No othor details are
glven>
Dermal, Respiratory, Lasso®, Mixer/Loader, Applicator
3-40
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Contacti
Sponsori
Katuro of
Projacti
Key ttordoi
Bonnie Gibbons, tatvlronsontal Hesarda Specialist, Marker Health
and Safety Unit, Dlwlaioa of Poet Management, Bnvlrooaantal
Protection and ttorkor 8afoty, California Dopartaant of Pood and
Agriculture (916) 443-4474 (C& 28)
California tspartosot of Food and Agriculture
This study aaaalcao worker ospoeure to chlordioaforQ whan applied
to cotton In Inparial County, California* Dareal, hand, end
rooplmtory ospocuroo ere datorainsd for flAggoro, Qloor/loodors,
pilots, and cotton scouts* In addition, urins uaa collected and
oaalyied. the coaptation data Is eat for March 1983* Ko other
dotalla are avallabia.
Chlopdioaforo, Daroal, Inspiratory, Plagjar, tUser/toader, Pilot,
Piald workor, Urlna oscrotlon
3-41
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Contact:
Sponsor:
Nature of
Project:
Key Words:
Carl Winter, Environmental Hazards Specialist, Worker Health and
Safety Unit, Division of Pest Management, Environmental Protection
and Worker Safety, California Department of Food and Agriculture
(916) 445-8474 (CR 29)
California Department of Food and Agriculture
The objective of this study is to investigate vhlch factors
influence the skin rash acceptability of grape workers.
S^tistical data from various sources are used* The completion
date is set for Harch 1983. Mo other details are available.
Occupational Illness, Field worker, Fruit crop
3-42
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Contact:
Sponsor:
Nature of
Project:
Key Words:
Carl tflnter, Environmental Hasards Specialist, Worker Health and
Safety Unit, Division of Pest Management, Environmental Protection
and Worker Safety, California Department of Food and Agriculture
(916) 445-8474 (CR 30)
California Department of Food and Agriculture and University of
California
The objective of this study la to validate the current techniques
employed in determining dermal exposure of agricultural workers to
pesticidee. Dermal patch test and hand exposure test are
examined. The completion date is set for March 1983•
Patch study, Dermal, Test method
3-43
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Contact:
Sponsor:
Nature of
Project:
Keith T. Haddy, Staff Toxicologist, Worker Health and Safety Unit,
Division of Pest Management, Environmental Protection and Worker
Safety, California Department of Food and Agriculture (916) 445-8474
(CR 31)
California Department of Pood and Agriculture
Numerous projects were conducted between 1979-1981. Titles of the
resulting publications are listed' in the following:
o Monitoring of Potential Occupational Exposures of Mixer/Loaders
and Pilots During Application of Phosdrin (Mevlnphoa) In
Monterey County in 1981
• a Study of Potential Occupational Exposure of a Ground
Applicator During Mixing, Loading, and Application of Parathlon
in Tulare County in June 1981
e Potential Inhalation Exposure of Forkllft Operators Involved In
the Unloading and Loading of Fruit Fumigated with Ethylene
Dlbromlde (EDB)
o Recent Studies and Evaluations by the California Department of
Food and Agriculture on EDB as Used in Fumigation of Fruit,
Progress Reports 1, 2, 3, and 4
o Monitoring During Fumigation Chamber Operations Using Ethylene
Dlbromlde (EDB)
o A Study of the Degradation of Chlorobensllate When Applied as a
Foliar Spray to Lemon Orchards in Ventura and Santa Barbara
Counties in 1981
o A Survey of the Fertility Experience of Applicators of
Chlorobeuzilate In Ventura and San Diego Counties of California
in 1981
9 A Study of Dermal and Inhalation Exposure of Mixer/Loaders,
-Applicators, and Flaggers to-Bolero(Benthiocarb) in Colusa
County in California
o Monitoring During Experimental Use of Ethylene Dlbromlde (EDB)
to Fumigate California Produce for Mediterranean Fruit Fly
Control
o A Study of Dermal and Inhale.ion Exposure of Mixer/Loaders and
Applicators to Nitrofen in Monterey and Santa Barbara Counties
of California
» Monitoring of Potential Exposures of Mixer/Loaders, Pilots, and
Flaggers During Application of Tributyl Phosphorotrithloate
(DBF) and Tributyl Phosphorotrlthloite (FOLEX) to Cotton Fields
in the San Joaquin Valley of California in 1979 (PC 49)
3-44
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CR 31 (Concluded)
® A Summary of Studies in California during 1978 and 1979
Concerning the Potential Hazard to Applicators and Other Persons
Eyr^o" . (1 During Field Applications of Ethylene Dibromlde (EDB)
V)
o Monitoring of Potential Occupational Exposure of Mixer/Loaders,
Pilots, and Flaggera During Application of Phoedrln (Mevinphos)
in Imperial County In 1981 (PC 177)
a A Study of Denial and Inhalation Exposure of Mixer/Loadera,
Applicators, and Flaggers to Bolero (Benthiocarb) In Colusa
County in California
Key Kords: Dermal, Respiratory, Mixer/Loader, Pilot, Applicator, Parathion,
Flagger, Ethylene Dibromlde, Chlorobensilate, DEF, Folex, Cotton,
Phosdrln
3-A5
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Contact:
K. Rlnn McLellan, School of Home Economics, Louisiana State
University (504) 388-2281 (C& 32)
Sponsor: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Louisiana Agricultural Experiment
Station, Southern Regional Project
Nature of
Project: The objectives of this study are to study the following factors
related to textiles:
o comfort
o moisture transmission
e penetration of pesticides
o economic factors and energy utilisation
The comfort aspects of treated fabrics will be determined for 100Z
cotton, 1002 polyester, and selected polyester/cotton blends*
Laboratory tests would include physiological characteristics, wear
studies and fabric hand evaluations. This task vould involve DSDA
Agricultural Experiment Stations in Arkansas, Louisiana and
Tennessee.
Moisture transmission study involves comparing control fabrics with
fabrics treated with agents capable of imparting durable press, soil
release and hydrophllic characteristics* Effects of laundering and
release of by-product would also be examined* Six USDA Experiment
Stations will participate: Alabama, California, Louisiana,
Maryland, New York, and Wisconsin.
Pesticide penetration of treated fabric will be studied for fabrics
with finishes of durable press, soil release, flame retardant, and
water repellent characteristics. Four USDA Experimental Stations
are involved In this study: Louisiana, Nebraska, North Carolina,
and Tennessee.
In addition to the above three tasks, economic models will be
developed to evaluate gains and losses to consumers from the
purchases of garments made of finished fabrics. Factors considered
would be gains or loasco in comfort protection, and time, utonnutty
costs, energy requirements of maintenance procedures, and
serviceability of fabrics. Three USDA Agricultural Experiment
Stations would participate in this task: Maryland, North Carolina,
and Ohio.
The completion date for this project is set at September 30, 1986.
Key Words: Comfort, Physiological effect, Fabric finish, Cotton, Polyester,
Polyester/Cotton, Costs, Penetration, Permeation, Laundering,
Soll-resistancy
3-46
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Contact: K. Rlnn McLellan, School of Hone Economics Louisiana State
University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana (504) 388-2281 (CR 33)
Sponsor: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Louisiana Agricultural Experiment
Station, Southern Regional Project
Nature of
Project: A questionnaire survey of licensed field consultants in Louisiana
vas conducted in the spraying of 1982. The objectives of this study
rare: (1) to develop a profile of field consultants and work habits
relating to insecticide exposure; (2) to develop a profile of
garment and fabric types worn by field consultants Into
insectlclde-treated fields; and (3) to determine care and cleaning
practices used by the field consultants for insecticide-contaminated
work clothing.
Results of the study are summarized in the following:
• over 50Z of the respondents were unaware of the availability of
disposable protective clothing
© about 8SZ indicated that they never wore any type of protective
clothing
o short-sleeved and wovan shirts are worn sore often than
long-sleeved or sleeveless knit shirts
« coveralls are worn more frequently than overalls
o denim or khaki pants are used more often than other types
o about 26Z of the respondents indicated that contaminated clothing
was washed with family laundry within two days after exposure.
Key Words: Field worker, Laundering, Cotton, Denim, Shirt, Pants
3-47
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Contact:
Sponsor:
Nature of
Project:
Key Words:
Jacquelyn Orlando DeJonge, Textile, Merchandising and Design
Department of Home Economics, University of Tennessee, Knoxville,
Tennessee (615) 974-2141 (CR 34)
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Pesticide Impact Assessment Program,
Southern Region
J>0. DeJonge had recently completed a study in which the penetration
of Guthion®spray through five selected fabrics was examined. The
technique involved passing fabric swatches through a controlled
spray system and measuring the pesticide residue transferring on and
through the tested fabric. The results showed that Gore-tex®,
TyveK$, and Crowntex® were the least penetrable. Scotchgard®
treated chambray followed, and untreated chambray was the most
penetrable.
The results of this study were published in Journal of Science and
Environmental Health in 1981 (B16:(5). pp 617-628).
Gore-tex®> TyveW®, Crowntex®, Cotton, Penetration factor,
Penetration, Laundering
3-48
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Contact:
Jacquelyn Orlando DeJonge, Textile, Merchandising and Design
Department of Home Bconomlcs, University of Tennessee, Knoxville,
Tennessee (615) 974-2141 (CR 35)
Sponsor: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Pesticide Impact Assessment Program,
Southern Region
Nature of
Project: The objectives of this study are: (1) to develop a predictive model
for pesticide penetration through fabrics; (2) to predict
decontamination by evaluating the launderabillty of pesticide
contaminated fabrics.
The proposed research to accomplish the first objective Is to
evaluate the penetration effects of organophosphate and chlorinated
hydrocarbon pesticides through fabrics varying in fiber content,
fabric weight, and finish. The types of formulations to be tested
are emulaifiable concentrates and lettable powders.
The second objective of this study would involve evaluating the
following:
e rate of pesticide removal through laundering as a function of
water temperature
9 affect of weathering conditions (sunlight, heat, and humidity) on
pesticide decontamination and subsequent penetration
e effect of aging on pesticide decontamination.
In a proposal to EPA in 1981, J.O., DeJonge proposed the development
of "functionally-designed apparel" based on the consideration of
protective efficacy, comfort and ea9e of decontamination of fabrics
(See PC 96 for a similar previous study.) This project was not
funded.
Key Words: Laundering, Organophosphorous pesticides, Chlorinated hydrocarbons,
Model
3-49
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Contact:
Sponsor:
Nature of
Project:
Key Words:
Roy W. Roth, Fiber and Fabric Technology Branch, US Array Natlck
Research and Development Laboratories, Natlck, Massachusetts
(617) 651-4184 (CR. 36)
US Array
The Army Natlck Lab is involved In the development of materials for
chemical protective clothing. Three broad areas, as listed in the
following, are currently being pursued:
o materials containing activated carbon
© materials capable of decomposing chemical agents encountered
o semi-permeable materials permeable for water vapor but not for
chemical agents*
The first type of material is more traditional and utilizes carbon
in many forms such as powder and fiber. The primary disadvantage of
carbon-containing materials is the lack of strength, difficulty of
incorporating carbon in other matrices without losing available
sorptive sites, and the costs involved.
Limited information is available for the other two areas. However,
Mr. Roth did indicate that the third type of material (semi-permeable
materials) would have a better growth potential in the future.
Combat clothing
3-50
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Contact: Dr. C.J. Kin, Department of Textiles and Clothing, Department of
Food and Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, (515) 294-2914
(CR 37)
Sponsor:
Iowa State University
Nature of
Project:
Dr. Kin is conducting research on decontamination of clothing worn
during pesticide applications. A paper vas recently published on
results to date and will be available In the near future. ("Removal
of Pesticide Residues As Affected by Laundering Variables," C.J*
Rim, J.F. Stone, and C.E. Sizer, Bulletin Environmental
Contamination and Toxicology, 29, 95-100, 1982). He and his
coworkers will continue this area of research.
Dr. Rim explains lu his paper that a literature search did not
reveal any research being done on the removal of pesticides comaonly
used with corn and soybeans. His research focused, therefore on
determining whether washwater temperature, use of detergent, and
immediacy of washing after contamination affect removal of fonofos
and alachlor from 100 percent cotton denims used in farm clothing.
Key Words: Laundering, Denim, Fonofos, Alachlor
3-51
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Contact: Dr. Michael I. Harverty, Research Entomologist and Project Leader,
Insecticide Evaluation Project, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range
Experiment Station, Forest Service, U.S.D.A. Berkeley, California
(415) 486-3372 (CR 38)
Sponsor:
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service
Nature of
Project:
A project was recently completed to compare two different spray
systems used to treat pines with an lcdecticlde spray. The results
will be reported In the Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and
Toxicology in a paper entitled "Comparison of Drift and Applicator
Exposure Resulting from Two Methods of Applying Insecticides to Pine
Bark for Prevention of Bark Beetle Attacks."
The experiments were designed to compare the quantity of insecticide
impinging on the insecticide applicator and on the soil surface
surrounding trees treated with either a high-pressure hydraulic
sprayer from the ground or a low-pressure home-and-garden tank
connected to a telescoping pole. A carbaryl spray was used and the
applicators wore waterproof suits, hard hats and face shields, a
respirator, rubber gloves and boots. It was assumed that
operational applications will be made with similar protective
clothing, however, waterproof coveralls are not required. Rather,
clean, cotton coveralls are usually supplied to applicators.
Results shewed that soil surface deposits of the insecticide spray
did not differ significantly between application methods at any
distance from the tree. However, insecticide deposits on the
applicators resulting from the two spray techniques was significantly
different, even though there were dramatic differences between
replications of applications with either technique. The telescoping
pole application resulted in greater applicator contamination than
the ground applications with high-pressure hydraulic sprays.
Detailed results will be reported In the paper.
Key %ords: Carbaryl, High-pressure spray, Low-pressure spray, Respirator,
Cloves, Head covering, Face mask, Coveralls, Waterproof
3-52
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Contact:
Dr. Donna H. Branson,* Specialist, Department of Human Environment
and Design, Michigan Stats University, East Lansing (405) 624-5034
(CR 39)
Sponsor: North Central Region, National Pesticide Impact Assessment Progran,
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Nature of
Project: This project, entitled "Effectiveness of Prototype Applic&f.or
Clothing to Reduce Dermal Exposure Under Simulated Field
Conditions," has the objective to determine the effectiveness of
selected work fabrics, Jhich have been subjected to various degrees
of wear, as barriers to penetration of knows volumes of selected
chemicals over time.
The researchers are conducting laboratory taote on five fabrics
(bottom ueight denim, TyveK®, and three Gore-tan® variations) each
with three levels of war. No current data exist on some of these
fabrics* Three levels of application volusa will be specified. The
pesticide used in these tests will be Guthlon .
Key Words: Wear and Aging, Penetration, Gore-tex®, Tyvek®, Denim, Guthlon
*Dr. Branson has recently accepted a faculty position at Oklahoma State University,
Department of Clothing, Textiles and Merchandising, in Stillwater. She Hill bs
joining the staff there in October 1982. Ms. Ann Slocum will be continuing her work
at Michigan State University.
3-53
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Contact:
Dr. Barbara Reagan, Department of Clothing, Textiles and Interior
Design, Kansas State University, Manhattan (913) 332-6993 (CX 40)
Sponsor:
State Agricultural Experiment Station (AES)
Mature of
Project: Under an ongoing project entitled "The Effects of Microwaves on
Textiles As A Non-chemical Means of Insect Control," Dr. Reagan is
investigating the effects of selected pesticides on fiber degradation
and the degradation of dyes. Fifteen different pesticides,
including organochlorlnes, organophsophatea, hydrocarbons and
carbauides, are being tested. Host of the formulations aro of tho
type used in homes or museums; several are types that ar« aloo used
In higher concentrations for agricultural applications.
Key Words: Fabric degradation, Organophosphorous pesticides. Hydrocarbons,
Carbamides, Organochlorine pesticides
3-54
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Contacti
Or* f.U. Rohlee, Jr., D1 roctor, Institute tot Eavlroaaontal
ttoo««rch, ttaneae State University, Manhattan, SUoMe (913) S32-4011
(C& 41)
Sposeori Kcn&se State University
Nature of
Projects* TMs l«t;sUuto conducts several etudleo, a mrabor of which are to
t0ot tba effect of clioste and temperature oa the coofort of
closhlag. Kan? of the projects are to test clothing for hot,
Industrial envlronaente. The institute lo equipped with five
co7tf<&n;iootol cheaters, slollar to thosa at the Aray Hatlch
laboratories used for human tenting (See C8 36). Also the
Depam>*nt of Clothing, Te&tlloo and Interior Deolga at Kansas State
has cojipar oannequlno for anlayalag heat exchange and other
variables; In oese cases this allows prediction of hvaan reopenae
while avoiding the oapaose associated with husan teeting*
A bibliography of the nwseroue projects carried out at Kaneao State
on protective clothing and other aubjacto related to envlroosntal
raoairdt Is available.
Key Wordei Comfort, Factory worker, Personal sonltoriug, Physiological effect
1-55
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Contact: Wendal Ward, Industrial Hygiene Staff, American Petroleum Institute,
Washington, D.C. (202) 457-7196 (CR 42)
Sponsor:
Not determined, probably API
Nature of
Project:
API has proposed to support some research on permeability of heavy
petroleum fractions through generic materials used in protective
clothing. The project would begin with an extensive review of the
literature, followed by planning for permeability testing of
materials that bavs not been previously studied. It Is not certain
which petroleum fractions will be used, but candidates are still
bottoms, synthetic fuels, and coal liquids. Ultimately the goal
would be to suggest performance standards for clothing materials
worn by workers handling these chemicals.
Key Words:
Permeability
3-56
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Contact: Dr. Clair Franklin, Chief, Pesticides Division, Health and Welfare,
Government of Canada, Ottawa (613) 995-2658 (CR 43)
Sponsor: Government of Canada
Mature of
Project: The Health and Welfare Department is conducting several exposure
studies to quantify dermal exposure under typical field conditions.
While these studies are not specifically designed to test protective
clothing, a large amount of the data collected indicates the degree
of effectiveness for different types of clothing. The workers are
Issued standard coveralls and other clothing. About one-half of the
workers also choose to wear rubberized clothing over the Issued
clothing. All workers are asked to wear respirators. The sase
protocol is used for each test situation. Methods include patch
tests, and urinary metabolite and blood chollnesterase monitoring,
as veil as personal sampling to measure inhalation exposure. A
questionnaire is used to determine the nature and extent of previous
exposure to pesticides for each worker and what kind of clothing
they routinely wear during use of the pesticides.
To date, three areas of testing are complete or in progress:
o exposure of orchard workers to azinphosmethyl in three different
areas of Canada. Results for tests in British Columbia have been
reported. Results for tests in Ontario and Nova Scotia will be
reported sometime late in 1983
o exposure of workers to 2,4-D during both aerial and ground
application for brush control in Saskatchewan. Results will be
reported late in 1983
« exposure of workers during forestry application for spruce
budworm, using fenltrothion in Quebec. Results will be reported
in 1984.
Health and Welfare also conducts laboratory studies for
determination of dermal penetration of pesticides using animal
models and human testing and to validate the animal models-monkeys,
rats, and rabbits. The human testing is done at Howard Maibach Co.
In California on contract.
Key Words: Azinphosmethyl, Fenltrothion, 2,4-D, Dermal, rubber, Cotton,
Respirator, Aerial
3-57
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Contact: Dr. N.B. Akesson, Professor, Agricultural Engineering Department,
University of California, Davis (916) 752-1439 (CR 44)
Sponsor: State of California
The Agricultural Engineering Department at University of California,
Davis, conducts a number of projects to test systems which are uded
to nix/load, and apply chemical pesticides. Major emphasis is on
systems which will minimize human exposure and environmental
contamination, and much of their work is on closed systems•
This department was also funded under an RPAR/OSDA project to
determine exposure of workers to paraquat used for cotton
defoliation. They conducted patch studies under normal field
conditions, as well as urine and blood cholinesterase monitoring.
Types of workers included applicators, mixers, pilots, and flaggers.
A report on the results was submitted to DSDA in 1982, and will be
available in the near future.
Key Uords: Paraquat, Patch studies, Mixer/Loaders, Applicator, Flagger, Closed
system
3-58
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Contact:
Dr. Dexter Sharp, Environmental Chealstry, Monsanto Co., St. Louis
(314) 694-5024 (CR 45)
Sponsor:
Monsanto Co.
Nature of
Projects:
Monsanto Co. conducts several fleld/appllcator exposure studies on
various chemicals. Recently published was a paper on exposure of
field operators during application of the herbicide dlallate
preemergent to sugar beets. The results shooed that the use of
closed system chenlcal transfer and neoprene gloves during tank
fills reduced total exposure to dlallate by about two orders of
magnitude. These and other results are reported In; "Operator
Exposure Measurements during Application of the Herbicide Dlallate,'
S. Dubelman, R. Lauer, D.Arras, and S. Adams, Journal of
Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 1982, 30;528.
Key Words*
Dlallate, Neoprene, Gloves
3-59
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Contact:
R.A. Fenske, School of Public Health, University of California
Richmond Field Station, California. (415) 642-1681 (CR 46)
Sponsor:
Nature of
Project:
National Institute of Occupation Safety and Health;
Environmental Protection Agency, pending.
Dr. Fenske is developing a new method for measurement of skin
exposure to pesticides using fluorescent whitening agents as
indicators. The fluorescent material is mixed with the pesticide.
Following exposure to the pesticide, the amount of material
deposited on the skin is quantified using a videl image proces-
sing system. This method will be used to determine the amount
of pesticide which penetrates protective clothing.
Initial field Btudles to test the method will begin In December
1982, and some preliminary data may be available by the middle
of 1983.
Key Words:
Test method, Dermal, Penetration
3-60
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Contact:
Terry Spittler, Chemist, New York Agricultural Experiment
Station, Pesticide Residue Laboratory, Cornell University,
Geneva, New York (315) 787-2283 (CR 47)
Sponsor: National Pesticide Impact Assessment Program, U.S. Department
of Agriculture
Nature of
Project: Projects have been funded since 1980 to determine exposure and
environmental fate of pesticides used on different crops.
Dermal exposure was determined using patches, and the effects
of using protective clothing, including coveralls and gloves,
were evaluated.
1980: Efforts this year were concentrated on exposure of vorkers
in apple orchards. The effects of pesticide disposal systems
on exposure were measured, as well as the effect of using spray
cabs during application. An internal report was submitted to
NPIAP summarizing the results of this project.
1981: A variety of exposure situations were assessed in dry land
field crops. Data was collected on exposure, glove use, including
the change in exposure to mixer/loaders who were given white
cotton gloves. Some workers were also issued synthetic fiber
coveralls; preliminary results show that use of the coveralls
and gloves by mixer/loaders did result in less exposure.
1982: Studies similar to those described above are being conducted
in rouckland crops, including cabbage and onion crops.
1983: Exposure and environmental fate data will be collected in
no-till corn crops.
1984: Pending availability of funding, studies this year will be
carried out in grape fields to determine exposure of harvesters
and pruners.
Key Words: Field worker, Mixer/Loader, Applicator, Air blast, Patch study,
Dermal
3-61
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Contact: Lt. A. Sincali, Office of Research and Development, D.S. Coast
Guard, Washington, D.C. (202) 426-1023 (CR 48)
Sponsor: Office of Research and Development, U.S. Coast Guard
Nature of
Projects: This office is conducting a program to develop equipment and
methods for responding to discharges of hazardous chemicals
into U.S. vaters. There are six project areas under this
program, one of which is to develop protective clothing, life
support systems and personnel monitors for personnel responding
to chemical discharges.
There are -"hree phases to this project. Under Phase I, existing
equipment and methods were identified and demonstration exercises
were conducted. In a survey entitled Survey of Personnel Pro-
tective Clothing and Respiratory Apparatus for Use by Coast Guard
Personnel In Response to Discharges of Hazardous Chemicals (Report
No. CG-D-89-75), thirty-seven protective suits were identified
(23 designed for toxicity protection and 14 for fire protection).
These suits were also evaluated for applicability to Coast Guard
requirements. A subsequent study under Phase I involved evaluation
of two primary candidate toxicity protective suits that had been
identified in the survey. Also, a literature search was conducted
to determine all of the currently available data/information con-
cerning the chemical compatibility of butyl rubber suits and poly-
carbonate visor materials with chenicals that would be handled
by Coast Guard personnel.
Under Phase II, results of Phase I were evaluated and compiled Into
a formal document for management review and planning. Phase III,
entitled "Hardware Development", involves materials development,
environmental control unit development, and monitor development.
Publications to date include:
Material Development Study for Near-Term Application to the
HCPCO (MSA Research Corporation, Report No. CG-D-58-80)
Feasibility Study of a Self-Contalned Environmental Control
Unir (CG-D-04-79)
Development of a Self-Contained Environmental Control Unit
Joint U.S. Coast Guard and Chemical Systems Laboratory, U.S.
Army R&D Command, MIPR No. Z-70099-8-855634-A)
Feasibility Study of the State-of-the-Art of Personnel Monitors
(Report No. CG-D-30-79)
On going and future efforts will involve finding and testing alternative
materials to fill the butyl rubber and polycarbonate compatibility gaps;
3-62
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CR 48 (Concluded)
to design and build a disposable protective outergarment from the
alternative materials, and to Incorporate various personnel
monitors, cooling garments and suitable respiratory apparatus.
Human stress and endurance tests will be conducted, and protection
factors for ensembles will be determined. Finally, specifications
will be developed for an Operations and Maintenance Manual for
the ensembles. These efforts will be completed by FY 84. An inter-
im report was published in November 1982 entitled Development of A
Hazardous Chemical Protective Ensemble (R. Algera, ILC Dover,
Frederica, Delaware).
Key Words: Permeability, Personal monitoring, Protection Guidelines, Protection
program, Protection factor, Synthetic material.
3-63
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THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY BLANK
-------
APPENDIX A
LIST OF KEY WORDS
A-l
-------
LIST OF KEY WORDS
Acrylic
Aerial
Aerosol
Air blast
Alachlor
Aldicarb
Aldrin
Applicator
Apron
Arsenlcals
Asbestos
Azinphosmethyl
Azodrln
Backpack/Knapsack
Baygon
Bayleton
Benomyl
Benzene
Bromocli
Captan
Carbaryl
Carbamldes
Carbofuran
Cellophane
Cellulose pads
Chlordane
Chlordimeform
Chlorinated camphene
Chlorinated hydrocarbons
Chlorobenzllate
Citrus crop
Closed system
Clothing practices
Coat/Jacket
Combat clothing
Comfort
Compressed air tank spray
Costs
Cotton
Coverall
Crowntex®
2,4-D
2,4,5-T
DDT
Deet
DEF(tributyl phosphorotrithloate)
A-2
-------
Denim
Denim pads
Dermal
Diallate
Diazinon
Dicofol
Dleldrln
Dimethoate
Disposable clothing
Dithane
Dlquat
Drift
Driver
Dust
Ear protection
Encapsulated
Endosulfan
Environmental costs
Ethlon
Ethyl parathion
Ethylene dibromide
Ethylene thiourea
Equal Employment Opportunity
Exposure residue values
Fabric degradation
Fabric finish
Face mask
Factory votker
Fenltrothion
Field worker
Fit test
Flagger
Flame retardant
Flowable cone ntrate
Folex
Fonofos
Footwear
Forestry worker
Formulator
Fruit crop
Fumigant
Galecron®
Gauze sponges
Glove
Goggles
Gore-tex®
Granular
Guidelines
A-3
-------
Guthlon
Head covering
Hexachlorobnzene
Hexachlorodlbenzodloxin
High ground boom
High-pressure handgun
High-pressure spray
Hoelon®
Hydrocarbons
Impregnated product
Interior use
Kelthane®
Kelvar
Lannate®
Lasso®
Latex
Laundering
Lead
Leather
Lindane
Low ground boom
Low-pressure spray
M-1960
Malathlon
Mancozeb
MH(1,2-dlhydro-3,6-pyrldaslnedlone)
Manufacturing/Formulation
Methyl parathlon
Mixer/Loader
Model
Nemacur
Neoprene
Nicotine
NIOSH
Nltrlle
NOEL (no-observed-effect-level)
Nomex
Nonwoven
Nylon
Occupational lllr.eas
Open system
Oral
Organochlorlne pesticides
Organophosphorous pesticides
Pant j
Paper
Paper pads
Paraquat
A-4
-------
Parathion
Particle
Patch study
Penetration factor
Penatratloa ratardant
Pentachlorophanol
Performance criteria
Paratability
Pa reflation
Penðrln
Paraooel B&nltorlng
Psrapiratlon eseratloo
Pilot
Phoadrin
Phatodagradation
Physiological affect
Polconing
Polyaatar/Cotton
Poly«thylan«
Polyurethana
Polyvinyl
Preharveat intervale
Propesue
Protection (general)
Protective creasa
Protection facto?
Protection auideiJ-nee
Protection
Raincoat
Reentry
Residents
Raeoethrin
Respirator
Respiratory
Rubber
Safety precaution
Seed treatewnt
Self-contained ttuit
Savin
Shirt
Social coete
Socba
Sediua areenlte
Soil injection
SoU'reeiataney
Spray EC
Spray WP
Seandarda
A-5
-------
Suit
Synthetic material
Teflon
Testing
Terylene
Teat method
Testing protocol
Tetrahydrofurfuryl octanoate
Thermoplastic
Threshold Limit Values (TLV)
Tobacco
Tok oAtrofen
Toxaphene
Tractor cab
Training
Tyvek.®
Ultra low-volume spray
Underwear
Urine excretion
Vegetable crop
Viton
Waterproof
Hear and Aging
Wettability
Wickability
Wool
-------
APPENDIX B
BIBLIOGRAPHY
B-l
-------
Adams, J.D. PC 39 "Minimizing Occupational Exposure to Pesticides:
Federal Reentry Standards for Far* Workers, (present and proposed)."
Adams, S.A. PC 114 "Operator Exposure Measurements during Applica-
tion of the Herbicide Diallate."
Agricultural Age. PC 43 "Protecting Clothing Studies Reveal.Wearer
Preferences."
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). PC 147
"Determining Permeability of Thermoplastic Containers."
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). PC 148
"Permeability of Vulcanised Rubber to Volatile Liquids."
Andresen, W.V., C.R.E. Merkle, W.S. Colehower, and M.F. Shields
PC 1 "Special Panel on Protective Clothing, Goggles, and Foot
Covering—Their Value during Handling and Use of Pesticides."
Armstrong, J.F. PC 72 "The Use of Protective Clothing and Equipment
for Prevention of Exposure to Pesticides."
Armstrong, J.F. PC 116 "Exposure of Pesticide Formulating Plant
Workers to Parathlon."
Armstrong, J.F. PC 117 "Exposure to the Herbicide, Paraquat."
Arons, I.T. PC 3 "Development of Performance Criteria for Protective
Clothing Used Against Carcinogenic Liquids."
Arras, D.D. PC 179 "Applicator Exposure Study vith Lasso ME under
Actual Field Conditions."
Arras, D.D. PC 114 "Operator Exposure Measurements during Applica-
tion of the Herbicide Diallate."
Arras, D.D. PC 170 "Aerial and Ground Applicator Exposure Studies
with Lasso Herbicide."
Ayers, G. PC 132 "The Penetrations of Formulated Guthlon through
Selected Fabrics."
Ayers, G. PC 22 "Reduction of Dermal Exposure of the Operator In
Pesticide Application through the Development of Functional
Approach."
Barenklau, K.E. PC 82 "Tips for Gaining Acceptance of A Personal
Protective Equipment Program."
B-2
-------
Barghinl, R.J. PC 88 "Letters from R.J. Barghini, Chairman of ANSI
Z88 Subcommittee oo Pesticide Respirators, to Subcommittee Members."
Barish, B. PC 54 "Occupational Illnesses of Mixers and Loeders of
Pesticides in California as Reported by Physicians in 1978."
Barquet, A. "Reduction of Pesticide Exposure with Protective
Clothing."
Barraclough, R.N.T. PC 9 "Modern Concepts of Respiratory
Protection."
Bates, J.J. PC 16 & 16A "Personnel Safety and Foliage in An Orchard
Spray Program Using Guthion and Captan."
Baxter, J. PC 103 "Effectiveness of Chlorine Bleach in Removal of
Selected Pesticides from Two Work Clothing Fabrics."
Beall, R. PC 53 "Stannary of Studies In California during 1978 and
1979 Concerning the Potential Hazard to Applicators and Other
Persons Exposed during Field Applications of Ethylene Dlbroolde
(EDB)."
Bennett, D.D. PC 163 '"Hand Protection."
Bergen, M.R. PC 83 "Safety Clothing—A Matter of Personal
Protection."
Blttle, T. PC 141 "Thermal Strain Resulting from Protective
Clothing of an Armored Vehicle Crew in Warm Conditions."
Blank, H. PC 77 "Comparison between Scrotal and Abdominal Skin."
Blatchford, O.N. PC 115 "The Use of Chemicals In the Forestry
Commission."
Blondell, J. PC 39 "Minimizing Occupational Exposure to
Pesticides: Federal Reentry Standards for Farm Workers, (present
and proposed)."
Bocian, J.J. PC 129 "Clothing-borne Epidemic."
Bonner, F.L. PC 124 "Efficacy of Home Laundering in Removal of DDI,
Methyl Parathion and Toxaphene Residues from Contaminated Fabrics."
Boyland, P.M. PC 145 "Improved Instrument for Measuring the Air
Permeability of Fabrics."
B-3
-------
Branson, D.H. PC 2 "Factors Affecting the Penetration of Fabrics by
Pesticide Sprays."
Branson, D. PC 96 "The Development and Evaluation of Protective
Apparel for Pesticide Applicators."
Branson, D. PC 132 "The Penetration of Formulated Guthlon through
Selected Fabrics."
Brodeur, T. PC 57 "Exposure to Insecticides In Quebec."
California Department of Food and Agriculture PC 93 "Respirators
Approved for Pesticide Use."
Carlson, D.A. PC 40 "Hear and Aging Tests with Permethrln-treated
Cotton/Polyester Fabric."
Carlson, G.J. PC 61 "Glove Permeation by Organic Solvents."
Castegraro, M. PC 138 "Limitations to the Protective Effect of
Rubber Gloves for Handling Nitrosamlnes."
Center for Disease Control PC 8 Proceedings of the National
Conference on Protective Clothing and Safety Equipment for Pesticide
Workers.
Cepello, S. PC 177 "Monitoring of Potential Occupational Exposure
of Mixer/Loaders, Exposure of Pilots and Flaggers during Application
of Phosdrln (Mevlnphos) in Imperial County in 1981."
Chapman, A.C. and G. Miller PC 150 "Fibers, Fabrics and'Finishes
for FR Workvear in Europe."
Ciba-Gelgy PC 13 "Precautions for Handling Galecron."
Clayton, F.H. P.C. 151 "The Measurement of the Air Permeability of
Fabrics."
Colehouer, W.S. PC 1 "Special Panel on Protective Clothing,
Goggles, and Foot Covering Their Value during Handling and Use of
Pesticides."
Coletta, G.C., A.D. Schvope, T.T. Arons, J.W. King, and A. Sivak
PC 3 "Development of Performance Criteria for Protective Clothing
Used Against Carcinogenic Liquids." .
Comer, S.W. PC 72 "The Use of Protective Clothing and Equipment for
Prevention of Exposure to Pesticides."
B-A
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Comer, S.W. PC 117 "Exposure to the Herbicide, Paraquat."
Connlck, G.L. PC 48 "Oil-repellent Finish for Cotton Based on
Fluorlnated Amines."
Conrad, D. PC 49 "Monitoring of Potential Exposures of
Mixer/Loaders, Pilots, and Flaggers During Application of Trlbutyl
Phosphorotrlthioate (DFF) and Trlbutyl Phosphorotrithoite (Folex) to
Cottton Fields in the San Joaquin Valley of California in 1979."
Conrad, J.P. PC 129 "Clothing-borne Epidemic."
Conrad, P. PC 69 "A Study of the Possible Exposure Hazards to
Workers Associated with the Application of Sodium Arsenlte to Grape
Vineyards."
Cooper, C. PC 49 "Monitoring of Fotential Exposures of
Mixer/Loaders, Pilots, and Flaggers During Application of Trlbutyl
Phosphorotrlthioate (DBF) and Trlbutyl Phosphorotrlthioite (Folex)
to Cotton Fields in the San Joaquin Valley of California in 1979."
Cooper, C. PC 78 "A Study in Southern California in July 1979 of
the Potential Dermal and Inhalation Exposure of Applicators and
Other Persons Who Might Later Enter or Occupy Areas Treated with
Chlordane Used Against Subterranean Termites under Houses."
Croley, J.J. PC 134 "Protective Clothlng-Reaponslbilitleo of the
Industrial Hyglenist."
Curry, J.E. and M.D. McKinley PC 142 "Transient Permeation of
Organic Vapors through Elastomerlc Membranes."
Cuslck, B. PC 53 "Summary of Studies in California during 1978 and
1979 Concerning the Potential Hazard to Applicators and Other
Persons Exposed during Field Applications of Ethylene Dlbroolde
(EDB)."
Cuslck, B. PC 78 "Occupational Illnesses of Mixers and Loaders of
Pesticides in California as Reported by Physicians in 1978."
Danauskas, J.X. PC 105 "Reduction of Pesticide Exposure with
Protective Clothing."
Datta, P.R. ?C 49 "Monitoring of Potential Exposures of
Mixer/Loaders, Pilots, and Flaggers During Application of Trlbutyl
Phosphorotrlthioate (DEF) and Trlbutyl Phosphorotrlthioite (Folex)
to Cotton Fields in the San Joaquin Valley of California in 1979."
B-5
-------
Davies, J.E. PC 11 "Repellency and Penetrability of Treated
Textiles to Pesticide Spray
Davie8, J.E. and V.H. Freed PC 5 "Exposure Assessment, Minimizing
Occupational Exposure to Pesticide."
Davies, J.E., V.H. Freed, and H.F. Enos PC 75 "Instruments for
Exposure Assessment o£ the Pesticide Worker and the Role of
Protective Clothing."
Davies, J.E., V.H. Freed, H.F. Enos, A. Barquet, C. Morgade, L.J.
Peters, and J.X. Danauskas PC 105 "Reduction of Pesticide Exposure
with Protective Clothing."
Davis, B.T. PC 131 "A Comparison of Reactions to Industrial
Protective Clothing."
Davis, J.E. PC 4 A letter from J.E. Davis of University of Miami
to E.L. Johnson of EPA.
Davis, J.E. PC 100 "The Exposure of Workers during Seed Potato
Treatment with Captan: Preliminary Report."
Davis, J.E. PC 107 and*107A "Evaluation of Various Clothing
Materials for Protection and Worker Acceptability during Application
of Pesticides."
Davis, J.E. PC 111 "Minimizing Occupational Exposure to
Pesticides: Personnel Monitoring."
Davis, M. PC 144 "Linking Applicator Exposure to Pesticides."
Davis, T.O. PC 84 and 127 "Stress Involved in Wearing PVC
Supplied-alr Suits: A Review."
Davis, T.O. PC 85 "The Physiological Consequences of Wearing
Industrial Respirators: A Review."
Dean, B.T. PC 44 "Permeation of Methanolic Aromatic Amine Solution
through Commercially Available Glove Materials."
Denley, H.V. PC 51 "A Comparison of Direct and Indirect Methods of
Estimating Dermal Exposure to Guthlon in Orchard Workers."
Department of Labor PC 23 Part 1910 Occupational Safety and Health
Standards.
Department of Labor PC 24 Emergency Temporary Standard for Exposure
to Organophosphorous Pesticides.
B-6
-------
Deutsch, A.E. and A.P. Poole PC 174 "Manual of Pesticide
Application Equipment."
Dodson, A. PC 84 and 127 "Stresses Involved in Hearing PVC
Supplied-air Suits: A Review."
Dodson, A. PC 85 "The Physiological Consequences of Wearing
Industrial Respirators: A Review."
Douglas, D.D. PC 81 "Respiratory Protective Device."
Drake, 6.L. PC 48 "Oil-repellent Finish for Cotton Based on
Fluorlnated Amines."
Drake, G.L. PC 58 "Perfluoro-Ester-Aziridine Oil-repellent Finish
for Cotton."
Dubelman, S. PC 171 "Alachlor Penetration Study through Rubber
Gloves."
Dubelman, S., R. Lauer, D.D. Arras, and S.A. Adams PC 114 "Operator
Exposure Measurements During Application of the Herbicide Diallate."
Durham, W.F. PC 86 "Public Health Hazards Involved in the Use of
Organic Phosphorus Insecticides."
Durham, W.F. and H.R. Wolfe PC 70 "Absorption and Excretion of
Parathion by Spraymen."
Durham, W.F. and H.R. Wolfe PC 98 "An Additional Note Regarding
Measurement of the Exposure Method of Workers to Pesticides."
Easley, C.B. PC 46 "Methyl Parathion Transfer from Contaminated
Fabrics to Subsequent Laundry and to Laundry Equipment."
Easley, C.B. PC 167 "Laundry Procedures for Removal of 2,4-D
Herbicide from Contaminated Work Weight Fabrics."
Easley, C.B., J.M. Laughlln, R.E. Gold, and D.R. Tupy PC 45 "Methyl
Parathion Removal from Denim Fabrics by Selected Laundry Procedures."
Easterly, C.E. PC 155 "Tritium Protective Clothing."
E.I. duPont de Nemours and Company PC 162 Haskell Laboratory Report
No. 969-80.
Ellzey, S.E. PC 58 "Perfluoro-Ester-Aziridine Oil-repellent Finish
for Cotton."
B-7
-------
Ellzey, S.E., U.J. Connick, G.L. Drake, W.A. Reeves PC 48
"Oil-repellent Finish for Cotton Based on Fluorinated Amines."
Enos, H.F. PC 75 "Instruments for Exposure Assessment of the
Pesticide Worker and the Role of Protective Clothing."
Enos, H.F. PC 105 "Reduction of Pesticide Exposure with Protective
Clothing."
Faber, 0. PC 154 "Penetration of Protective Gloves by Allergens and
Irritants."
Fahmy, S.H.A. PC 135 "The Use of An Acoustic Test to Predict Fabric
Comfort Properties."
Federal Register PC 112 "Occupational Safety and Health Personal
Protective Devices."
Federal Register PC 146 "Personal Protective Equipment."
Federal Working Group on Pest Management (FWGPM) PC 12 "Minutes
from the 44th Meeting of the Federal Working Group on Pest
Management, April 18, 1973."
Feldman, R.J. PC 19 "Systematic Absorption of Pesticides through
the Skin of Man."
Feldman, R.J. PC 74 "Regional Variation in Percutaneous Penetration
in Man."
Feldman, R.J. PC 104 "Percutaneous Absorption of Toxicants."
Feldman, R.J. and H.X. Maibach PC 76 "Percutaneous Penetration of
Some Pesticides and Herbicides in Man."
Fenske, R.A. PC 51 "A Comparison of Direct and Indirect Methods of
Estimating Dermal Exppoure to Guthlon in Orchard Workers."
Finley, E.L., J.B. Graves, F.C. Hewitt, H.F. Morris, C.W. Harmon,
F.A. Iddlngs, P.E. Schilling, and K.L. Koonce PC 125 "Reduction of
Methyl Parathlon Residues on Clothing by Delayed Field Reentry and
Laundering."
Finley, E.L., G.I. Metcalf, F.G. McDermott, J.B. Graves, P.E.
Schilling, and F.L. Booner PC 124 "Efficacy of Home Laundering in
Removal of DDT, Methyl Parathlon and Toxaphene Residues from
Contaminated Fabrics."
B-8
-------
Flnley, E.L. and J.R.B. Rogilllo PC 123 "DDT and Methyl Parathlon
Residues Found In Cotton and Cotton/Polyester Fabrics Horn In Cotton
Field."
Fischer, R.W. PC 77 "Comparison between Scrotal and Abdominal Skin*"
Franklin, C.A., R.A. Fenske, R. Greenhalph, L. Mathieu, H.V. Danley,
J.T. Leffingwell, R.C. Spear PC 51 "A Comparison of Direct and
Indirect Methods of Estimating Dermal Exposure to Guthion In Orchard
Workers."
Fredrickson, A.S. PC 53 "Summary of Studies in California during
1978 and 1979 Concerning the Potential Hazard to Applicators and
Other Persons Exposed during Field Applications of Ethylene
Dibromide (EDB)."
Fredrickson, A.S. PC 78 "A Study in Southern California in July
1979 of the Potential Dermal and Inhalation Exposure of Applicators
and Other Persons Who Might Later Enter or Occupy Areas Treated with
Chlordane Used Against Subterranean Termites under Houses."
Fredrickson, A.S. PC 177 "Monitoring of Potential Occupational
Exposure of Mixer/Loaders, Pilots, and Flaggers during Application
of Phosdrin (Mevinphos) in Imperial County in 1981."
Freed, V.H. PC 5 "Exposure Assessment, Minimizing Occupational
Exposure to Pesticides."
Freed, V.H. PC 10 "Social and Environmental Costs, Relation to
Pesticides."
Freed, V.H. PC 75 "Instruments for Exposure Assessment of the
Pesticide VJorker and the Role of Protective Clothing."
Freed, V.H. PC 105 "Reduction of Pesticide Exposure with Protective
Clothing."
Freed, V.H., J.E. Davies, L.J. Peters, and F. Parveen PC 11
"Repellency and Penetrability of Treated Textiles to Pesticide
Sprays."
Freeman, N.T. PC 159 "Protective CI'. ching-A Survey: Wool."
Freeman, T.T. PC 14 "Protective Clothing as a Means of Reducing
Nicotine Absorption in Tobacco Harvesters."
Fuller, T.P. and C.E. Easterly PC 155 "Tritium Protective Clothing."
B-9
-------
Fusion Power PC 55 "Protective Clothing not So Good."
Fynn, R.R. PC 144 "Linking Applicator Exposure to Pesticides."
Galingaert, G. and H. Shapiro PC 41 "Permeability of Protective
Glove Materials to Tetraethyllead and Ethylene Bromide."
Garren, L. PC 138 "Limitations to the Protective Effect of Rubber
Gloves for Handling Nitrosamines."
Gehibach, S.W., W.A. Williams and T.T. Freeman PC 14 "Protective
Clothing as a Means of Reducing Nicotine Absorption in Tobacco
Harvesters."
Geison, M. PC 120 "Keeping Harm and Dry on a Mountain."
Getchell, N.F. PC 15 "Cotton Quality Study III: Resistance to
Soiling."
Gold, R.£. PC 45 "Methyl Parathlon Removal for Denim Fabrics by
Selected Laundry Procedures."
Gold, R.E. PC 46 "Methyl Parathlon Transfer from Contaminated
Fabrics to Subsequent Laundry and to Laundry Equipment."
Gold, R.E. PC 167 "Laundry Procedures for Removal of ,t-D
Herbicide from Contaminated Uork Height Fabrics."
Gough, T.A., K.S. Webb and M.F. McPhall PC 140 "Diffusion of
Nitrosamines through Protective Gloves."
Graves, J.B. PC 124 "Efficacy of Home Laundering In Removal of DDT,
Methyl Parathlon and Toxaphene Residues from Contaminated Fabrics."
Graves, J.B. PC 125 "Reduction of Methyl Parathlon Residues on
Clothing by Delayed Field Reentry and Laundering."
Greenhalph, R. PC 51 "A Comparison of Direct and Indirect Methods
of Estimating Dermal Exposure to Guthion in Orchard Workers."
Gunther, F.A. PC 71 "Penetration of Soil Dust through Woven and
Nonwoven Fabrics."
Gunther, F.A. PC 130 "Work Safety; An Industrial Viewpoint."
Hamilton, M.A. PC 156 "The Effect of Water Temperature on
Decontamination of Pesticide Applicator Clothing."
B-10
-------
Hansen, J.D., B.A. Schneider, B.K. Olive and J.J. Bates PC 16 & 16A
"Personnel Safety and Foliage in An Orchard Spray Program Using
Gutfaion and Captan."
Harmon, C.W. PC 125 "Reduction of Methyl Parathioa Residues of
Clothing by Delayed Field Reentry and Laundering."
Hayes, M. PC 129 "Clothing-borne Epidemic."
Henane, R., J. Bittle, R. Viret, and S. Morino PC 141 "Thermal
Strain Resulting from Protective Clothing of An Armored Vehicle Crew
in Warm Conditions."
Henry, M. PC 96 "The Development and Evaluation of Protective
Apparel for Pesticide Applicators."
Henry, N.W. Ill and C.N. Schlatter PC 109 "The Development of a
Standard Method for Evaluating Chemical Protective Clothing to
Permeation by Hazardous Liquids."
Hensley, J.R. PC 178 "Igrai^ Worker Exposure Study in Sorghum."
Hewitt, F.C. PC 125 "Reduction of Methyl Parathion Residues on
Clothing by Delayed Field Reentry and Laundering."
Hickey, K.D. PC 64 Applicator Exposure to Benomyl, Mancozeb, and
ETU."
Hilden, D. PC 103 "Effectiveness of Chlorine Bleach in Removal of
Selected Pesticides from Two Work Clothing Fabrics."
Hilton, C. PC 92 "The Tractor Cab As A Protective Device during
Pesticide Applications."
Hogstedt, C. and R. Stahl PC 128 "Skin Absorption and Protective
Gloves in Dynamite Work."
Howitt, A. PC 22 "Reduction of Dermal Exposure of the Operator in
Application through the Development of Functional Approach."
Hyatt, E.C. PC 17 "Respirator Protection Factors."
Hyatt, E.C. and J.H. White PC 157 "Respirators and Protective
Clothing."
Iddlngs, F.A. PC 125 "Reduction of Methyl Parathion Residues on
Clothing by Delayed Field Reentry and Laundering."
B-ll
-------
Industrial Safety PC 158 "The Role of Disposable Products in
Protective Clothing
International Environmental Reporter PC 102 "Draft Proposals for
Poisonous Substances in Agricultural Regulations-Consultative
Document Issued by the Health and Safety Commission*"
Iwata, Y. PC 71 "Penetration of Soil Dust through (fovea and
Nonwoven Fabrics
Jackson, T. PC 78 "A Study in Southern California la July 1979 of
the Potential Denial and Inhalation Exposure of Appllcatoro and
Other Persons Who Might later Enter or Occupy Areas Treated with
Chlordane Used Against Subterranean Termites under Houses*"
Jacobs, W.W. PC 62 "Closed Systems for Mixing and Loading*"
Jegier Z. and T. Brodeur PC 57 "Exposure to Insecticides in Quebec*"
Jegier Z. PC 59 "Pesticide Residues in the Atmosphere."
Johnannessen, B. PC 66 "Textile Characteristics Affecting the
Release of Soil during Laundering Part III Fluorocheolcal
Soil-Release Textile Finishes."
Johnson, J.S. PC 61 "Glove Permeation by Organic Solvents."
Johnson, T.C. and W.D. Motelea PC 160 "Permeation of Halogenated
Solvents through Drybox Gloves."
Johnston, L. PC 49 "Monitoring of Potential Exposures of
Mixer/Loaders, Pilots, and Flaggers During Application of Tributyl
Phosphorotrlthioate (DEF) and Tributyl Phosphorotrlthloite (Poles)
to Cotton Fields In the San Joaquin Valley of California In 1979."
Johnston, L. PC 78 "A Study in Southern California In July 1979 of
the Potential Dermal and Inhalation Exposure of Appllcatoro and
Other Persons Who Might Later Enter or Occupy Areas Treated with
Chlordane Used Against Subterranean Termites under Houses*"
Kahn, C. PC 69 "A Stvdy of the Possible Exposure Hasatde to Uorkere
Associated with the Application of Sodium Arsenite to Crape
Vineyards."
Kahn, E. PC 37 "Pesticide Residue Hasarda to Farm Workers."
Kawar, N.S., P.A. Cur.ther, U.F. Serat and Y. Iwata PC 71
"Penetration of Soil Dust through Woven and Nonwoven Fabrics.*
B— 12
-------
Kennedy, J. PC 90 and PC 91 "Respirator*"
tillgore, 3.1. PC 176 "Occupational lllnaasao and Injuries of Hlxero
and loaders of Pesticides in California as Reported by Physicians la
1980."
King, J.W. PC 3 "Development of Perfore&oca Crltorla (or Protective
Clothing Used Against Carcinogenic Liquida."
Koonea, K.l. PC 123 "Reduction of Methyl Parathioa Residues oa
Clothing by Delayed Field Reentry and Laundering*"
KosaU, V.P. PC 110 "Degree of Personal Protection Afforded by
Specific Types of Protective Clothing*0
Uuer, 3. VC 114 "Operator Exposure Koasureaente during Application
of the ItofdlciUlo Diallate*"
lauer, ft. ••;«! u.O. Arras PC 170 "Aerial and Ground Applicator
Espoeure Smiles with laee^ Uerblcide*"
Lauer. R. «-.id P.O* Arvao PC 179 "Applicator Sapoaure Study with
Laee0& MS uo-'J«s* Actual Field Conditions*"
Lauer, R. Dubeloan PC 171 "Alachlor Penetration Study
through Rioter Clovea."
lm>'A'*uln, J..H. PC 45 "Methyl Parathion Removal froo Deal a Fabrics
by Selects Laundry Procedures."
Laughlin, J.M., C.ft. Baeley, SUB. Cold, and 0.8. Tupy PC 46 "Hethyl
Parathion Transfer frea Contaminated Fabrics to Subaequent Laundry
and to La»nJry Kqul potent*"
Uughlia. ¦, E.E* Cold, C.3. Eaoley, and P.a* P*ipy PC 167 "laundry
Procedure or Keaoval of 2,4~Q Herbicide Sroa Contaminated Woefc
Weight Fat' <:»•"
Lsvy, T.L VC IB "DetefalRation «f 2,4«9 Exposure Received by
Forestry Heaters Spring 1960."
Lavy, T.L'. -i.D. Mattlce, 8.ft, Fyon, and 1. Bavta PC 144 "Linking
Applicator i^poQure to Pestlcldee."
Lesvitt, FS. PC 132 "The Penetration of formulated Cuthloa thrwgh
Selected Fabrics*"
Ue, a.c. PC 101 "Manual Sectlon'R^splrators."
B-13
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Lefflagvell, J.T. PC SI "A Comparison of Direct and Indirect
Methods of Estimating Dermal Exposure to Cuthlon in Orchard Workers."
Lillie, T.H., M.A. Hamilton, and J.M. Livingston PC 156 "The Effect
of Water Temperature on Decontamination of Pesticide Applicator
Clothings"
Lindsay, J.S. and J.M. McAndleos PC 118 "Permethrin-treated Jackets
Versus Repellent-treated Jackets and Hoods for Personal Protection
Against Black Plies and Mosquitoes."
Livingston, J.M. PC 136 "The Effect of Water Temperature on
Decontamination of Pesticide Applicator Clothing."
Lum, B.Y. PC 61 "Clove Permeation by Organic Solvents."
Mackintosh, C.A. PC 143 "The Evaluation of Fabrics in Relation to
Their Use as Protective Garments in Nursing and Surgery 111. Vet
Penetration and Contact Transfer of Particles through Clothing."
Maddy, K.T. PC 49 "Monitoring of Potential Exposures of
Mixer/Loaders, Pilots, and Plaggers during Application of Tributyl
Phosphorotrlthloate (DBF) and Trlbutyl Phosphorotrlthlolte (Poles)
to Cotton Fields In th^ San Joaquin Valley of California In 1979."
Maddy, K.T. PC 69 "A Study of Che Poaslble Exposure Hasardo to
Workers Associated with the Application of Sodium Arsenlte to Crape
Vlneyardo."
Maddy, K.T. and B. Barlsh PC 34 "Occupational illnesses of Mixers
and Loaders of Pesticides in California as Reported by Physicians in
1978."
Maddy, K.T., B. Cuolck, A.S. Fredrickson, D. Richmond, M. Maaaa, and
R. Beall PC 33 "Summary of Studies in California during 1978 and
1979 Concerning the Potential Hasan) to Applicators and Other
Persona Bxposed during Field Applications of Ethylene Dlbrealde
(EDB)."
Maddy, K.T., I. Johnaton, B. Cusick, F. Schneider, T. Jackaon, C.
Cooper, and A.S. Fredrickson PC 78 "A Study In Southern California
in July 1979 of the Potential Dermal and Inhalation Exposure of
Applicators and Other Persons Who Might Later Enter of Occupy Areas
Treated with chlordane Used Against Subterranean Termites under
Houses."
Maddy, K.T., C.a. SeUth, end 3.U KJlgore PC 176 "Occupational
Illnesses and Injuries of Mixers and Loaders of Pesticides In
California as Reported by Physicians In 1980,"
B— 14
-------
Maddy, K.T., C. Winter, S. Cepello, and A.S. Fredrlckson PC 177
"Monitoring of Potential Occupational Exposure of Mixer/Loaders,
Pilota, and Flaggera during Application of Phosdrln (Mavlnphoa) in
Iaperial County in 1981."
Malbach, H.Z. PC 76 "Percutaneous Penetration of Sooe Pesticides
and Horblcidos in Man."
Malbach, H.I. PC 104 "Percutaneous Absorption of Toxicants."
Malbach, U.l. and R. Feldman PC 19 "Systemic Absorption of
Pesticides through the Skin of Man."
Malbach, U.l., R.J. Feldoan, T.H. Mllby, and W.P. Sarat PC 74
"Regional Variation in Percutaneous Penetration in Man."
Mathion, L. PC 31 "A Comparison of Direct and Indirect Mothodo of
Estimating Dermal Exposure to Cuthlon In Orchard Workers."
Mattice, J.D. PC 144 "Linking Applicator Expooure to PeQtlcldeo."
Maeza, M. PC 53 "Summary of atudleo in California during 1978 and
1979 Concerning the Potential Hazard Co Applicators and Other
Persona Exposed during'Field Applications of Ethylene Dibrooide
(BOB)." '
McAndleos, J.M. PC 113 "Pernethrln-treated Jackets Versus
Repellent-treated Jackets and Hooda for Personal Protection Asa lost
Black Pliee and Moaqultoes."
McDernote, 7.C. PC 124 "Efficacy of Hone Laundering in Removal of
DOT, Methyl Parachion and Toxaphene Residues from Contaminated
Fabrics."
HePee, D. PC 97 "How Well Do Clovea Protect Hands—Against
SolventoT"
Mckinley, H.D. PC 142 "Transient Permeation of Organic Vapors
through KlaotQcwrtc Membranes."
Mcleod, H.J. PC 39 "Peroe^ttoa of Protective CacBent Material by
Liquid Ben«sne."
HcLeod, M.J. PC 106 "Permeation of Protective Garaent Material by
Liquid tlalogenated Ethanes and on Polychlorioated 31phenyl."
HcPhall, M.P. PC 140 "Diffusion of yiiroeaminea through Protective
Clovea."
B-15
-------
Meares, P. FC 149 "Transient Permeation of Organic Vapors through
Polymer Membranes."
Mercies, W.D. PC 160 "Permeation of Halogenated Solvents through
Drybox Gloves."
Merino, M. PC 50 "Laboratory Note: Personal Monitoring."
Merkle, C.R.E. PC 1 "Special Panel on Protective Clothing, Goggles,
and Foot Covering Their Value during Handling and Use of Pesticides•"
Metcalfe, G.I. PC 124 "Efficacy of Home Laundering in Removal of
DDT, Methyl Parathlon and Toxaphene Residues from Contaminated
Fabrics."
Mick, D.L. PC 92 "The Tractor Cab as a Protective Device during
Pesticide Applications."
Mllby, T.H. PC 74 "Regional Variation in Percutaneous Penetration
in Man."
Miller, G. PC ISO "Fibers, Fabrics and Finishes for FR Workwaar in
Europe."
Moraski, R.V. PC 95 "Respirator Efficiency In CDFA TOK Exposure
Study."
Moreau, J.P., S.E. Ellsey, G.L. Drake PC 58
"Perfluoro-Eater-Aasiridlne Oil-repellent Finish for Cotton."
Morgade, C. PC 105 "Reduction of Pesticide Exposure with Protective
Clothing."
Morino, S. PC 141 "Thermal Strain Resulting from Protective
Clothing of an Armored Vehicle Crew in Vara Conditions."
Morris, H.F. PC 125 "Reduction of Methyl Parathlon Residues on
Clothing by Delayed Field Reentry and Laundering."
Mouralden, H.T. PC 134 "Penetration of Protective Gloves by
Allergens and Irritants."
Mueller, W.J. PC 60 "Permeability of RuMwr to Organic Liquids."
national Agricultural Aviation. PC 38 "The World of Agricultural
Aviation.
National Peat Control Association, Inc. PC 47 Saaplratory
Devlcea-II.
0-16
-------
National Enforcement Investigations Center (EPA) PC 52 Pesticide
Use Observations In Kent County, Delaware#
National Pest Control Association, Inc. PC 89 Respiratory
Devlces-III."
Nelson, G.O. B.Y. Lum, G.J. Carlson, C.M. Wong, and J.S. Johnson PC
61 "Glove Permeation by Organic Solvents."
Nlgg, H.N. and J.F. Price PC 169 "Exposure of Agricultural Labor to
Paraquat and Chlorobenzllate."
Nilby, T.H. PC 37 "Pesticide Residue Hazards to Farm Workers
Overview and Perspective."
NIOSH PC 108 A Summary of the Record of the NIOSH Open Meeting on
Chemical Protective Clothing.
NIOSH/OSHA PC 30 NIOSH/OSHA Draft Technical Standard and Supporting
Documentation of Chlorinated Camphone.
Occupational Safety and Health Letter PC 21 (1) Equal opportunity
guidelines proposed on excluding women from haierdous Jobe
(2) Labor, religious groups to combat Cyanamld policy on women
workers, (3) $10,000 fine proposed for American Cyanasid in
sterilization cuna.
Olive, B.M. PC lr> & lf>A "Personnel Safety and Foliage in An Orchard
Spray Program Using uuthlon and Captan."
Orlando, J. PC 132 "The Penetration of Formulated Guthlon through
Selected Fabrics."
Orlando, J., D. Branson, and (I. Henry FC 96 "The Developnant and
Evaluation of Protective Apparel foe Pesticide Applicatoro."
Orlando, J., A. Hewitt, and G. Ayers PC 22 "Reduction of Dermal
Exposure of the Operator In Pesticide Application through the
Development of Functional Approach."
Ogley, G.R. PC 136 "Protective Clothing in the Contest of Health
Protection Asalnac TokI? Cheoicala."
Parveen, F. PC 11 "Repeilency and Penetrability of Treated Tent ilea
to Foeticide Sprays."
B-17
-------
Peoples, S.A., K. Maddy, P.R. Datta, L. Johnston, C. Smith,
D. Conrad, and C. Cooper PC 49 "Monitoring of Potential Exposures
of Mixer/LoaderB, Pilots, and Flaggers during Application of Tributyl
Phosphorotrithloate (DEF) and Tributyl Phosphorotrithioite (Folex)
to Cotton Fields in the San Joaquin Valley of California in 1979."
Peoples, S.A., K.T. Maddy, C. Kahn and P. Conrad PC 69 "A Study of
the Possible Exposure Hazards to Workers Associated vlth the
Application of Sodium Arsenite to Grape Vineyards."
Pest Control PC 34 "U.S. Army Natlck R&D Command Makes Protective
Clothing for EPA."
Pesticide and Toxic Chemicals News PC 79 "TOK Cancellation or
Suspension the Expected EPA and California Decision."
Pesticide Chemical News PC 25 "OSHA Standards Cover Protective
Clothing for Farm Workers."
Pesticide Chemical News PC 26 "Occupational Health Units Giving
Closer Scrutiny to Toxic Chemicals."
Pesticide Chemical News PC 27 No title given.
Peters, L.J. PC 11 "Repellency and Penetrability of Treated
Textiles to Peuticlde* Sprays."
Peters, L.J. PC 105 "Reduction of Pesticide Exposure with
Protective Clothing."
Pignatelli, B. PC 138 "Limitations to the Protective Effect of
Rubber Cloves for Handling Nitrosamlnes."
Pittman, H.G., T.N* Roltman, and D. Sharp PC 63 "Hydrophlllclty in
Fluorochemlcal Stain Release Polymers."
Plasties and Rubber Weekly PC 164 No title given.
Plastics and Rubber Weekly PC 163 No title given.
Plaatlca and Rubber Weekly PC 166 "Safety; It's a Health Market."
Poole, A.P. PC 174 Manual of Pesticide of Application Equipment.
Poaey, K. PC 40 "Wear and Aging Test with Peraethrln-treated
Cotton/Polyester Fabric."
Podey, K. PC 121 "Durability of Peraethrln As A Potential Clothing
Treatment to Protect Against Blood-feeding Arthropods."
B-18
-------
Posey, K. PC 122 "Repellents Versus Toxicants ao Clothing Treatment
for Protection from Mosquitoes and Other Biting Flies."
Pr
-------
Sansone, E.B., and Y.B. Tewari PC 30 "Penetration of Protective
Clothing Materials by 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane, Ethylene
Dibromide, and Acrylonitrlle."
Sansone, E.B. and Y.B. Tewari PC 126 "Differences in the Extent of
Solvent Pepentration through Natural Rubber and Nitrile Gloves from
Various Manufacturers.
Sansone, E.B. and Y.B. Tewari PC 137 "The Permeability of
Laboratory Gloves to Selected Nltrosamines."
Schiefer, H.F. PC 1A5 "Improved Instrument for Measuring the Air
Permeability of Fabrics."
Schilling, P.E* PC 124 "Efficacy of Home Laundering in Removal of
DDT, Methyl Parathion and Toxaphene Residues from Contaminated
Fabrics."
Schilling, P.E. PC 125 "Reduction of Methyl Parathion Residues on
Clothing by Delayed Field Reentry and Laundering."
Schlatter, C.N. PC 80 "An Introduction to Permeation."
Schlatter, C.N. PC 109 "The Development of A Standard Method for
Evaluating Chemical Protective Clothing to Permeation by Hazardous
Liquids."
Schneider, B.A. PC 16 & 16A "Personnel Safety and Foliage In An
Orchard Spray Program Using Guthlon and Captan."
Schneider, F. PC 78 "A Study in Southern California in July 1979 of
the Potential Dermal and Inhalation Exposure of Applicators and
Other Persons Who Might Later Enter or Occupy Areas Treated with
Chlordane Used Against Subterranean Termites Under Houses."
Schreck, C.E., D.A. Carlson, D.8. Weldhaas, K. Pooey, and D. Smith
PC 40 "Hear and Aging Testa with Pornethrln-treated Cotton/Polyester
Fabric."
Schreck, C.E., K. Poeey, and D. Smith PC 121 "Durability of
Peroethrin As A Potential Clothing Treatment to Protect Against
Blood-feeding Arthropods."
Schreck, C.E., N. Smith, D. Weldhass, K. Poeey, and D. Smith PC 122
"Repellents Versus Toxicants and Clothing Treatment for Protection
from Mosquitoes and Other Biting Files."
Schulte, H.F. PC 31 "Personal Protective Devices."
a-20
-------
Schwope, A.D. PC 3 "Development of Performance Criteria for
Protective Clothing Used Against Carcinogenic Liquids*"
Schwope, A.D. PC 113 "Protective Clothing."
Serat, W.F. PC 37 "Calculating Reentry from Kinetic Data."
Serat, W.F. PC 71 "Penetration of Soil Dust through Woven and
Nonwoven Fabrics."
Serat, W.F. PC 74 "Regional Variation in Percutaneous Penetration
in Han."
Serat, W.F., R.J. Feldman, and H.I. Maibach PC 104 "Percutaneous
Absorption of Toxicants."
Serat, W.F. and A.J. Van Loon PC 32 "Some Factors Influencing the
Design of Fabrics for Protective Garments for Pesticide Field
Workers."
Serat, W.F., A.J. Van Loon, and W.H. Serat PC 175 "Loss of
Pesticides from Patches Used In the Field as Pesticide Collectors."
Sharp, D. PC 63 "Hydrophillcity in Fluorochemlcal Stain-release
Polymers."
Shapiro, H. PC 41 "Permeability of Protective Glova Materials to
Tetrathyllead and Ethylene Bromide."
Sheets, T.J. PC 168 "Exposure of Hand Harvesters to MH during
Tobacco Harvest."
Sherman, P.O., S. Smith and B. Johannesaen PC 66 "Textile Charac-
teristics Affecting the Release of Soil during Laundering Part II:
Fluorochemlcal Soil-release Textile Finishes."
Sherman, P.O. PC 67 "Textile Characteristics Affecting the Release
of Soil during Laundering Part I."
Shields, M.F. PC 1 "Special Panel on Protective Clothing, Goggles,
and Foot Covering Their Value during Handling and Use of Pesticides."
Singer, J. PC 56 "Pesticide Safety, Guidelines for Personnel
Protection."
Slvak, A. PC 3 "Development of Performance Criteria for Protective
Clothing Used Against Carcinogenic Liquids."
B-21
-------
Skowronskl, B.J. PC 33 "Personnel Protective Equipment for
1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP)."
Slater, K. PC 135 "The Use of an Acoustic Test to Predict Fabric
Comfort Properties*"
Smith, C. PC 49 "Monitoring of Potential Exposures of
Mixer/Loadera, Pilots, and Flaggers during Application of Tributyl
Phosphorotrithioate (DBF) and Tributyl Phosphorotrithlolte (Folex)
to Cotton Fields in the San Joaquin Valley of California in 1979*"
Smith, C.R. PC 176 "Occupational Illnesses and Injuries of Mixers
and Loaders of Pesticides in California as Reported by Physicians in
1980."
Smith, D. PC 40 "Wear and Aging Tests Permethrln-treated with
Cottou/Polyester Fabric."
Smith, D. PC 121 "Durability of Permethrin As A Potential Clothing
Treatment to Protect Against Blood-feeding Arthropods."
Smith, D. PC 122 "Repellents Versus Toxicants as Clothing Treatment
for Protection from Moaqultoes and Other Biting Flies."
Smith, J.G., Jr., R.W! Fisher, and H. Blank PC 77 "Comparison
Between Scrotal and Abdominal Skin."
Smith, N. PC 122 "Repellents Versus Toxicants as Clothing Treatment
for Protection from Mosquitoes and Other Biting Flies."
Smith, S. PC 66 "Textile Characteristics Affecting the Release of
Soil during Laundering Part II: Fluorochemlcal Soil-release Textile
Finishes."
Smith, S. and P.O. Sherman PC 67 "Textile Characteristics Affecting
the Release of Soil during Laundering Pare 1."
Southuick, J.W. PC 103 "Effectiveness of Chlorine Bleach in Removal
of Selected Pesticides from Two Work Clothing Fabrics."
Spear, R.C. PC 51 "A Comparison of Direct and Indirect Methods of
Estimating Dermal Exposure to Cuthion in Orchard Workers."
Spencer, J. PC 131 "A Comparison of Reactions to Industrial
Protective Clothing."
Spencer, W.F. PC 37 "Soil Pesticide Residues in Relation to Farm
Worker Hasards."
R—22
-------
Stahl, R. PC 128 "Skin Absorption and Protective Gloves in Dynamite
Work."
Staiff, D.C. PC 72 "The Use of Protective Clothing and Equipment
for Prevention of Exposure to Pesticides."
Staiff, D.C. PC 116 "Exposure of Pesticide Formulating Plant
Workers to Parathlcs."
Staiff, D.C., S.W. Comer, J.F* Armstrong, and H.R. Wolfe PC 117
"Exposure to the Herbicide, Paraquat."
Staiff, D.C., J.E. Davis and E.R. Stevens PC 107 and 107A
"Evaluation of Various Clothing Materials for Protection and Worker
Acceptability during Application of Pesticides."
Stannett, V. and H. Yasuda PC 68 "Liquid Versus Vapor Permeation
through Polymer Films."
Stender, J. PC 24 "Emergency Temporary Standard for Exposure to
Organophosphorous Pesticides."
Stevens, E.R. PC 100 "The Exposure of Workers During Seed Potato
Treatment with Captan: Preliminary Report."
Stevens, E.R. PC 107 and 107A "Evaluation of Various Clothing
Materials for Protection and Worker Acceptability during Application
of Pesticides."
Talt, E.J. PC 119 "Factors Affecting the Usage of Insecticides and
Fungicides on Fruit and Vegetable Crops in Great Britain: 11
Farmer-Specific Factors."
levari, Y.B. PC 28 "The Permeability of Protective Clothing
Materials to Benzene Vapor."
Tevarl, Y.B. PC 29 "The Peroeability of Laboratory Gloves to
Selected Solvents."
Tevarl, Y.B. PC 30 "Penetration of Protective Clothing Materials by
l,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane, Ethylene Dibromlde, and Acrylonltrlle."
Tevarl, Y.B. PC 126 "Differences In the Extent of Solvent
Penetration through Natural Rubber and Nltrile Gloves from Various
Manufacturers."
Tevarl, Y.B. PC 137 "The Peroeability of Laboratory Glovee to
Selected Nltrosamines."
B-23
-------
Thomas, L. PC 103 "Effectiveness of Chlorine Bleach In Remvoal of
Selected Pesticides from Two Work Clothing Fabrics."
Thomas, N.T., J. Spencer, and B.T. Davis PC 131 "A Comparison of
Reactions to Industrial Protective Clothing*"
Ting, C.C. and J.W. Worley PC 115 "Permeation of Protective Glove
Materials by Lasso® ME Herbicide."
Ting, C.C. and J.W. Worley PC 172 "Permeation of Protective Glove
Materials by Lasso® EC Herbicide."
Ting, C.D. and J.W. Worley PC 180 "Permeation of Protective Glove
Materials by Lasso® ME Herbicide."
Tupy, D.R. PC 45 "Methyl Parathlon Removal from Denim Fabrics by
Selected Laundry Procedures."
Tupy, D.R. PC 46 "Methyl Parathlon Transfer from Contaminated
Fabrics to Subsequent Laundry and to Laundry Equipment."
Tupy, D.S. PC 167 "Laundry Procedures for Removal of 2,4-D
Herbicide from Contaminated Work Weight Fabrics
U.S. EPA PC 6 Farm Workers Dealing with PeBtlcides.
U.S. EPA PC 7 Part 170 Worker Protection Standards for Agricultural
Pesticides Restatement of Certain Existing Stand.- is.
Urry, F.M., J.W. Southwick, D. Hilden, L. Thomas, and J. Baxter PC
103 "Effectiveness of Chlorine Bleach in Removal of Selected
Pesticides from Two Work Clothing Fabrics."
Van Loon, A.J. PC 32 "Some Fectors Influencing the Design of
Fabrics for Protective Garments for Protective Garments for
Pesticide Field Workers."
Van Loon, A.J. PC 175 "Loss of Pesticides from Patches Used in the
Field as Pesticide Collectors."
Viret, R. PC 141 "Thermal Strain Resulting from Protective Clothing
of an Armored Vehicle Crew in Warm Conditions."
Walker, E.A., M. Castegnaro, L. Garren, and B. Pignatelli PC 138
"Limitations to the Protective Effect of Rubber Gloves for Handling
Nitrosamines."
Walker, K.C. PC 86 "Public Health Hazards Involved in the Use of
Organic Phosphorous Insecticides."
B-24
-------
Warnick, S. PC 37 "Research Needs in Connecting with Pesticide
Residue Hazards to Farm Workers."
Warren, M.C., J.P. Conrad, J.J* Boclan, and M. Hayes PC 129
"Clothing-borne Epidemic."
Webb, K.S. PC 140 "Diffusion of Nitrosamlnas through Protective
Gloves."
Weeks, R.W., Jr. and B.T. Dean PC 44 "Permeation of Methanolic
Aromatic Amine Solution through Commercially Available Glove
Materials."
Weeks, R.W., Jr. and M.J. McLeod PC 35 "Permeation of Protective
Garment Material by Liquid Benzene."
Weeiis, R.W., Jr. and M.J. McLeod PC 106 "Permeation of Protective
Garment Material by Liquid Halogenated Ethanes and a Polychlorinated
Biphenyl."
Weldhaas, D.E. PC 40 "Wear and Aging Test with Permethrln-treated
Cotton/Polyester Fabric."
Weldhass, D.E. PC 122 "Repellents Versus Toxicants as Clothing
Treatment for Protection from Mosquitoes and Other Biting Flies."
White, J.H. PC 157 "Respirators and Protective Clothing."
Williams, J.R. PC 36 "Permeation of Glove Materials by
Physiologically Harmful Chemicals."
Williams, J.R. PC 133 "Chemical Permeation of Protective Clothing."
Williams, W.A. PC 14 "Protective Clothing as A Means of Reducing
Nicot.'ie Absorption In Tobacco Harvesters."
Winter, C. PC 177 "Monitoring of Potential Occupational Exposure of
Mixer/Loaders, Pilots, and Flaggers during Application of Phosdrln
(Mevlnphos) in Imperial County in 1981."
Wolfe, H.R. PC 37 "Early History of Farm Worker Crop Reentry Illness
and Research in the Pacific Northwest Area."
Wolfe, H.R. PC 42 "Field Exposure to Airborne Pesticides."
Wolfe, H.R. PC 70 "Absorption and Excretion of Parathlon by
Spraymen."
B-25
-------
Wolte, H.R. PC 73 "Protection of Individuals Who Mix or Apply
Pesticides In the Field."
Wolfe, H.R. PC 98 "An Additional Note Regarding Measurement of the
Exposure Method of Workers to Pesticides."
Wolfe, H.R. PC 99 "Workers Should be Protected froo Pesticide
Exposure."
Wolfe, H.R. PC 117 "Bxpooure of Pesticide Formulating Plant Worhers
to Parathlon."
Wolfe, H.R. PC 173 "Safe Use of Peattcidas aa Related to Human
Health."
Wolfe, H.R., J.P. Armstrong, D.C. Staiff, and S«W« Comer PC 73 "The
Use of Protective Clothing and Equipment for Prevention of Exposure
to Pesticides."
Wolfe, H.R., D.C. Staiff, and T.F. Anaatrong PC 116 "Bxpooure of
Pesticide Formulating Plant Vorkera to Parathlon."
Wong, C.M. PC 61 "Clove Permeation by Organic SolventSi"
World Health Organisation PC 139 "Engineering Aspects of Vector
Control Operations."
Worley, J.W. PC 115 "Permeation of Protective Clove Materials by
Lasso/® MR Herbicide."
Worley, J.W. PC 172 "fermeatlon of Protective Clove Materials by
Laasc® EC Herbicide."
Worley, J.W. PC 180 "Permeation of Protective Clove Materials by
Lasso®ME Herbicide."
Yasuda, II. PC 68 "Liquid Versus Vapor Permeation through Polymer
PIlms."
Yoahlda, K. and J.W. Markham, 1982. "Skin Waah Method for
Determining Dermal Exposure of Herbicide Spray Application,"
presented at American Industrial Hygiene Conference, Cincinnati,
Ohio.
Zwelg, G., J.D. Adams, and J. Blondell PC 39 "Minimising
Occupational Exposure Co Pesticides; Pederal Keentry Stusdarda for
Farm Workers, (present and proposed)."
B-26
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APPENOIS C
CONTACT3
C-t
-------
CONTACTS
Akesaon, N.B., 1902* Agricultural Engineering Departoent, Unlverolty
of California, Davlo, California*
Alford, II., 1982. Director, Western Region, National Pesticide
l»p«ct Assessment Prograo, University of California, U.S. Department
of Agriculture, Davlo, California*
Ballantlne, L., 1982. Manager of Advanced Product Chemistry,
Department of Biochemistry, Clba-Celgy Corporation, Creenotoro, North
Carolina.
Becker, W., 1982. Safety Specialist, University of Florida,
Gainesville, Florida*
Berardlnelll, S.P., 1982* Industrial Hygiene Chemist, Division of
Safety Research, National Institute for Occupational Safety and
Health, Norgantovn, West Virginia*
Blttner, S., 1982. Antool, Dairy and Veterinary Science, Utah State
Untverslty, Logan, Utah*
Branson, 0., H82. Specialist, Department of Hustan Rovlrowaent aad
Design, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan.
Brtnton, S., 1982* Marketing Services, W.L. Core and Associates,
Blkton, Maryland.
Brown, II., 1982. Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology,
Rutgers State Untverslty of N««t Jersey, Cook College, New Brunswick,
New Jersey.
Burg, W.B., 1982. Department of Environmental Health, University of
Cincinnati, Ohio.
Burke, S., 1982. Toxicology Department, Hohm and Haas Company,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Gary, C., 198J. Textile Fibers Department, K.l. DuPont de Meinour*
and Company, Ullatngton, Delaware.
Chaff, B., 1982. Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan.
Cole, II., 1982* Extension Coordinator, Northeast Region, National
Pesticide Impact Assessment Program, U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania.
i>2
-------
Collins, T., 1982. Sales Manager, Monsanto Coapany, Bovltag Greene,
Ohio.
Coppotelll, A., 1982. Industrial Hygisnlet, Sttln Protection
Dlvlolon, StocUHausen, Inc., Greensboro, Worth Corollas.
Davies, J.K. 1982. Departaent of Bpidaaiology and Public Health,
University of MUal, School of Madiclea, Hlaai, Florida.
Davio, J.B., 1982. Regional Pesticides aud Cheaicale Laboratory,
Washington State Division of Health, Wanatehao, Washington.
do Vrleo, M.L., 1982. PanicU Corporation, Orange, Msv Jersey*
DeJonge, J.O., 1982. Ctapartoent Head, Textiles, Merchandising and
Design, University of Tennessee, Knonville, Tennessee.
Dlson, 3.U., 1982. Supervisor of Industrial Myaions, Haskell
Laboratories, E.l. BuPont do Nenours and Ceopany, Haw«rh, Delaware.
Donaldson, U.M., 1982. Research Industrial ttyglenist, national
Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio.
Dryden, 3., 1982. Head, Industrial Hygiene, Standard 041 Company,
lUchoond, California.
Dwbelaan, 8., Senior Research Croup Leader, Kftvirorawntal
Science, Monsamo Agricultural Products Coapany, St, Louie, Hisaourl.
Slliott, 1.1 Industrial Hygieoist, National Institute for Occupational
Safety and Health, CoU;«bla, Maryland.
Ea«repn, 8., 1982. Senior Product Specialist, Product Development
Division, Union Carbide, Research triangle Park,.lfemh Carolina.
Englehard, A., 1942. Plant Pathologist, Bradenton Agricultural
Rasearch and education Center, University of Florida, Bradenton,
Florida.
Bttlnger, tl., l%2. Project Manager for Industrial Hygiene Studies,
Lea Alatooe Mat tonal laboratory, loa Alaaoa, New Heslco.
Fauet. M., 1982. U.S. Departoent of Agriculture Fruit Laboratory,
Seltsvllle Agricultural Research Center, Belteville, Maryland.
Fenabe, 8.A., 1992. School of Public Health, University of
California, Richmond Station, California.
C-'J
-------
Fertig, S., 1902. Pestleide lapact Aoooeement Prograa, Agricultural
Research Service, U.S. Departocnt o( Agriculture, Boltsville,
Maryland.
Flgard, W.H., 1982. Product Manger, Safety Products Division, Norton
Coapany, Charl«aton( South Carolina*
Flecker, J., 1982. Department of Biochemistry, North Dakota State
University, Fargo, North Dakota.
Fletcher, W., 1982. Agricultural Safety Engineer, Fara Department,
National Safety Council, Chicago, Illiaoitw
Fluket, S«, 1902* Pesticide lafocoatlon Coordinator, Institute of
Food and Agricultural Services, University of Florida, Gainesville,
Florida.
Flynn, CU, 1982, Research Assistant, University of Arkansas Division
of Agriculture, Agricultural Rxperioent Station, Althelaer laboratory,
Fayettevl.lle, Arkansas.
Ford, J., 1982. industrial Uyglentst, Environmental Health, Chevron
Chcuical Company, Rlchoond, California.
Fowler, D,, 1982. Private Consultant. Menlo Park, California.
FTankliu, C«, 1982. Chief, Pesticides Division, Health and Welfare,
Coverooent of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
Freed, V., 1982. Department of Agricultural Chealatry, Oregon State
University, Corv&llta, Oregon.
Gideon, J,, 1982* Branch Chief, Control Technology Research Branch,
Division of Physical Sciences.and Engineering, National Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio.
Grover, it., 1982. Agricultural Canada Research Station, Reglna
Saskatchewan, Canada,
Gunther, F., 1982. Cheatat, Departoent of Kntouology, Unverslty of
California, Citrus Research Center and Agricultural Experiment
Center, Riverside, California,
llackler, N., 1982. Professor, Extension Clothing Specialist,
Unlveralty of Florida, Calneavllle, Florida.
lUverty, M,, 1982. Reaearch Entoaologlat, Pacific SouthweBt Foreat
an4 Range Experiment Station, U,S. Forest Service, Department of
Agriculture, Berkeley, California.
C-4
-------
Heatherton, R., 1982. Food Division, Mlnuteoald, Coca Cola Coapany,
Aubundale, Florida*
Hogsn, T., 1982. lnduotrlal Hyglonlst, Conusonwealth Edison, Chicago,
Illinois.
Holllo, W., 1982. National Agricultural Chemicals Association,
Washington, D.C.
Janecek, C., 1982* Dopartsont of To&tlleo, North Dakota State
University, Fargo, North Dakora.
Kin, C., 1982. Textiles and Clothing Department, Iowa State
University, Aaoa, Iowa.
Kimball, 8., 1982. Registration Division, Monoanto Corporation,
St, Louie, Missouri.
Knaack, J., 1982. California Department of Food and Agriculture,
Sacraoento, California.
Knarr, a., 1982. Occupational Medicine. Stauffar Chemical
Corporation, Uostport, Connecticut.
Kupallan, R., 1982. National Director, IH/4 Foeticide Clearance
Center, Now Brunswick, New Jersey.
laabert, M., 1982. NOR-AH Agricultural Products, Inc., Napervllle,
Illinois.
laughlln, J., 1982. Associate Professor, Textiles, Clothing and
Design, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska.
Lewie, 8., 1982. Environmental Monitoring, U.S. Rnvlronojental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
Utvak, C., i9U2. Pen American Health Organisation, Washington, D.C.
Mason, C., 1982. Cooperative Extension Service, University of
Arkansas, l.Htle Rock, Arkansas.
May, J., 1982. Senior Advisory Staff, Office of the Director,
Nation#! Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Rockvllle,
Maryland.
McCarthy, J., 1982. Agricultural Chemical Group, Research and
Development, FMC, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
C-5
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McCullough, T., 1982. Institute for Environmental Research, Kansas
State University, Manhatton, Kansas*
McLellan, K.R., 1982* School of Home Economics, Louisiana State
University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana*
Morgan, 0., 1982. Preventive Medicine and Environmental Health,
University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa*
Mull, R., 1982. Staff Research Toxlcologlst, Shell Development
Corporation, Houston, Texas.
Nash, R.C., 1982* Pesticide Degradation Laboratory, Agricultural
Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Belteville,
Maryland.
Nelsses, J., 1982. U.S. Forest Service, Department of Agriculture,
Rosslyn, Virginia.
Nlgg, H.N., 1982. Associate Entomologist, University of Florida,
Gainesville, Florida.
Nixon, U., 1982. Senior Envlronsental Specialist, Agricultural
Division, Clba~Gelgy Agricultural Chemicals, Creenaboro, North
Carolina.
Nuel, N., 1982. Environmental Science Department, Velstcol Chemical
Company, Chicago, llllnola.
Oakland, 8., 1982. Professor and Chairman, Protective Clothing and
Textiles. University of North Carolina, Greensboro, North Carolina.
Oehlma, R., 1982. Program Director, Environmental Monitoring,
Division of Pest Management. California Department of Pood and
Agriculture, Sacramento, California.
Otten, R., 1982. Manager of Registration and Regulatory Affaire,
Union Carbide Agricultural Products Company, Research Triangle Park,
North Carolina.
Pendleton, R., 1982. Environmental Control and Research Laboratory,
Frederick Cancer Research Center, Freder'ck, Maryland.
Peoples, S.A., 1982. Toxlcologlst, Worker Health and Safety Unit,
California Department of Food and Agriculture, Sacramento, California.
Popendorf, W., 1982. Associate Professor of Industrial Hygiene,
University of California, Berkeley, California.
C-6
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Reagan, D.» 1982* Department of Clothing, Textilaa and Intarloc
Daolgn, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas.
Robert a, J.K., 1982. Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic
Institute, Blackatwrg, Virginia.
Roller, C., 1982, Research Department, Sugar Beet Products Coopany,
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
Rome, D.D., 1982. U.S. Coast Cuard, San Prancieco, California.
Roth, R., 1982. Chief of Fiber, Fabric Technology Branch, Clothing,
Equipment, and Materials Laboratory, U.S. Amy Natlck Research and
Development Laboratories, Natlck, Maoaachuootts.
Schlatter, C.N., 1982. Product Development Chemist, Edoont Division,
Decton, Dickinson and Company.
Schvete, B., 1982. Toxicology Research Laboratory, Dow Chemical
Company, Midland, Michigan.
Sell, R., 1982. Science and Education Administration, U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Yakima, Washington.
Serat, W., 1982. Private Consultant, Hartahorn Company, Rhe«o Valley,
California.
Sharp, D., 1982. Environmental Chemistry, Monsanto Corporation,
St. Loula, Mlauourl.
Sleulerekl, M., 1982. New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station,
Rutgera University, Cook College, New Brusnwlck, Now Jereey.
Slncall, A., 1982. Office of Research and Development, U.S. Coaat
Cuard, Washington, D.C.
Spittler, T., 1982. New York Agricultural Experiment Station,
Pesticide Residue Laboratory, Cornell University, Geneva, New York.
Stellar, W.A., 1982. Product Development, American Cyanamid Company,
Princeton, New Jersey.
Strlekman, D., 1982. Entomologist, Aerospace Medical Division,
Brooks Air Force Base, San Antonio, Tends.
Ventura, R.J., 1982. Senior Chemist, Air Purification Pvoducts
U.5.D. Corporation, Santa Ana, California.
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Waldron, A., 1982. Regional Director, North Central Region, Rational
Pootlclde lnpact Aaseosnont Progroa, Agricultural Research Service,
U.S. Departeent of Agriculture, Ohio State University, Columbia, Ohio.
Hard, V., 1982. Industrial Hygiene Staff, Asarlcan Petroleum
Institute, Washington, D.C.
Ware, G., 1982. Departaent of Bntooology, University of Agrisona,
Tuacon, Ariaona.
Weltaaan, D., 1982* Division of Occupational Health and Safety,
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.
Whitehead, I., 1982. School of Public Health, Department of
Environsental and Industrial Health, University of Michigan, Ann
Arbor, Michigan.
Winter, C., 1982. TovlcologUt, Division of Peat Kanageaent, Worker
Health and Safety Unit, California Dopartaent of Food and Agriculture,
Sacramento, California.
Wray, T.K., 1982. Aeaoeiate Cheater, Pondessy Enterprises, Inc.,
Oregon, Ohio.
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MITRE
end fro|e« Approval:
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