SELECTION OF NATIONAL
AIR QUALITY TRENDS SITES
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
PEDCo ENVIRONMENTAL
QOQQQ
-------
PEDCo ENVIRONMENTAL
SELECTION OF NATIONAL
AIR QUALITY TRENDS SITES
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Prepared by
PEDCo Environmental, Inc.
11499 Chester Road
Cincinnati, Ohio 45246
Contract No. 68-02-2513
Project Officer: Thomas Curran
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Research Triangle Park,
North Carolina 27711
11499 CHESTER ROAD
CINCINNATI. OHIO 45246
(513) 782-4700
Prepared for
December 30, 1977
BRANCH OFFICES
CHESTER TOWERS
-------
This report was written for the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency by PEDCo Environmental, Inc., Cincinnati,
Ohio, under Contract No. 68-02-2513. An accompanying
technical report has been prepared. The contents of this
report are reproduced herein as received from the contractor.
The opinions, findings, and conclusions expressed are those
of the author, and not necessarily those of the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency.
ii
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This report was prepared for the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency by PEDCo Environmental, Inc., Cincinnati,
Ohio. Charles E. Zimmer was the Project Director. David W.
Armentrout was the Project Manager, principal investigator,
and author.
Dr. Thomas Curran was the Project Officer for the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency. We wish to thank him for
his assistance throughout this project. We also wish to
thank the staff members of the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency Regional Offices for their cooperation and assistance.
iii
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ACKNOWLEDGMENT iii
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1-1
2.0 RECOMMENDATIONS 2-1
2.1 Establishing New Sites 2-1
2.2 Site Evaluation Procedures 2-1
2.3 Quality Assurance and Data Validation 2-2
2.4 Background Sites 2-3
2.5 Guidelines for Nitrogen Dioxide Monitors 2-3
3.0 PROCEDURE: LOCATING THE NATIONAL AIR QUALITY 3-1
TRENDS SITES
4.0 PROBLEMS AND CONSTRAINTS 4-1
4.1 Site Evaluation Data 4-1
4.2 Quality Assurance 4-2
4.3 Establishing New Sites or Reorienting 4-2
Existing Sites
4.4 Carbon Monoxide Sites 4-3
4.5 Nitrogen Dioxide Sites 4-4
iv
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1.0 INTRODUCTION
At the present time, air quality trends are difficult
to measure or to compare among major population centers
because siting standards, quality assurance procedures, and
sampling methods differ among air quality monitoring sites.
Recognizing this problem, the Standing Air Monitoring Work
Group (SAMWG) encouraged the development of a network of
National Air Quality Trends Sites (NAQTS) from which consis-
tent air quality data could be gathered and subjected to
trends analysis. Establishing the NAQTS will provide com-
parable air quality data from nationwide monitoring sites,
data that will form the basis for an accurate assessment of
air quality problems.
SAMWG determined generally how many monitoring sites
for each of the criteria pollutants should be located within
each urbanized area in the United States. Under contract
with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), PEDCo
determined tentatively the number and the location of the
monitoring sites.
This tentative list of NAQTS will be reviewed by the
EPA Regional Offices and by the States before a final list
1-1
-------
of NAQTS is established.
The NAQTS monitoring sites will be maintained by the
states as a subset of their monitoring systems established
under the State Implementation Plans (SIPS) mandated by the
Clean Air Act. The states will be required to submit only
data from the NAQTS monitors to SAROAD, the EPA air quality
data bank, reducing by perhaps 65 percent the amount of data
the states must now submit to SAROAD. Data collected at the
State and local level that is not submitted to SAROAD will
be maintained by the States or else by the EPA Regional
Offices.
The proposed NAQTS should decrease the time interval
between data generation and data entry into SAROAD, pro-
viding more current data for trends analysis than the data
now available for that purpose. User confidence in the data
should increase, since information on the location and
operation of each monitoring site should be more comprehen-
sive and more current. Continuity of the data base should
improve because anomolies at each NAQTS will be easier to
track. Year-to-year changes in the list of sites that
contribute to the data base should become minimal.
1-2
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2.0 RECOMMENDATIONS
2.1 ESTABLISHING NEW SITES
A total of 103 new monitoring sites should be estab-
lished to complete the tentative NAQTS:
1.
TSP - 28
sites
2.
S02 - 27
sites
3.
CO - 22
sites
4.
N02 - 8
sites
5.
03 - 18
sites
The general geographic locations of these monitors have been
identified. Any changes must take into account the location
of currently operating tentative NAQTS sites.
2.2 SITE EVALUATION PROCEDURES
The site information in SAROAD is inadequate for com-
paring sites. It has been collected by the EPA Regional
Offices in variable formats. In addition, increased knowl-
edge of factors affecting pollutant concentration measure-
ments has increased the requirement for more detailed site
information than is currently available in the data base.
Standard site evaluation procedures should be developed to
provide more comprehensive site information, and the agencies
responsible for NAQTS should be required to follow these
procedures.
2-1
-------
Site evaluation data should be reported in a standard
format. Effective filing techniques should be developed to
reduce the time required for updating site information
files. Annual site evaluations should be required as part
of the EPA Regional Office quality assurance audits.
2.3 QUALITY ASSURANCE AND DATA VALIDATION
The implementation of formal quality assurance pro-
cedures in all agencies responsible for NAQTS should be
given a priority second only to the final selection of
NAQTS. The tools for implementing quality assurance pro-
cedures have been developed over a period of several years
and consequently the extent of quality assurance procedures
differs among agencies. The EPA should specify some minimum
recommended level of quality assurance procedures and
encourage the agencies to implement them immediately. The
potential cost of operating without these procedures out-
weighs the cost of implementing them.
The EPA must be directly involved in implementing
quality assurance procedures that meet minimum requirements.
The EPA will also need to perform total system audits,
including field review of procedures and data to ensure that
quality assurance procedures are being used effectively.
Quality assurance procedures should include data vali-
dation techniques that quickly identify and correct monitor-
ing and data handling problems. The primary data validation
2-2
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task should reside at the state and local agency level, not
at the EPA Regional Office level. Current procedures often
do not identify and correct problems until months after the
problems occur, which significantly delays entering data
into SAROAD and complicates the procedures for identifying
and correcting the causes of invalid data.
2.4 BACKGROUND SITES
It is important to examine the role and need for back-
ground trends sites. The recommended trends sites in this
study primarily are urban oriented.
2.5 GUIDELINES FOR NITROGEN DIOXIDE MONITORS
Guidelines for siting nitrogen dioxide monitors are not
comprehensive enough to support the establishment of per-
manent NAQTS. The EPA should concentrate on developing
guidelines for monitoring this pollutant. Until the guide-
lines can be completed, permanent NAQTS for nitrogen dioxide
should not be established.
2-3
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3.0 PROCEDURE: LOCATING THE NATIONAL AIR QUALITY TRENDS
SITES
On the basis of population statistics and air quality
data, SAMWG determined how many NAQTS to recommend for each
pollutant for each urbanized area in the United States, and
developed criteria for estimating the range of the number of
trends monitoring sites necessary for each pollutant within
each urbanized area. Table 3-1 shows the criteria for
determining the number of trends monitoring sites in an
urbanized area for total suspended particulates (TSP) and
sulfur dioxide (SO2).
Table 3-1. CRITERIA FOR RECOMMENDED NUMBERS OF
NATIONAL AIR QUALITY TRENDS SITES FOR TOTAL SUSPENDED
PARTICULATES AND SULFUR DIOXIDE
Recommended number of sites per area3
High conc.
Medium conc.
Low conc.
High population
500,000
00
i
vo
4-6
0-2
Medium population
100,000-500,000
4-6
2-4
0-2
Low population
50,000-100, 000
2-4
1-2
0
a High TSP - National Ambient Air Quality Primary Standard
exceeded by 20% or more.
Medium TSP - National Secondary Standard exceeded.
.Low TSP - Ambient concentrations lower than National
Secondary Standard.
High S02 - National Primary Standard exceeded.
Medium SO? - National Primary or Secondary Standard
exceeded by 60%.
Low S02 - Ambient concentration less than 60% of National
Primary or Secondary Standard.
3-1
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Table 3-2 shows the criteria for determining the number
of monitoring sites in an urbanized area for carbon monoxide,
nitrogen dioxide and photochemical oxidants (as ozone).
Table 3-2. CRITERIA FOR RECOMMENDED NUMBERS
OF NATIONAL AIR QUALITY TRENDS SITES FOR CARBON MONOXIDE,
NITROGEN DIOXIDE, AND PHOTOCHEMICAL OXIDANTS (AS OZONE)
Pollutant
Criteria
CO
Two sites in urbanized areas where:
1. Population exceeds 500,000
2. Transportation control plan in effect or
under development3
3. Area probably will not meet the national
ambient air quality standards (NAAQS)
by 1980
no2
Two sites in urbanized areas where:
1. NAAQS are either not met or are met
marginally
2. NAAQS may not be met by 1980a
3. Population exceeds 1,000,000
°3
Two sites in urbanized areas where:
1. NAAQS exceeded anytime in last three years
and population exceeds 250,000
2. O3 concentrations have been shown to be
an urban-related problem3
a Requirement was included in original SAMWG recommendations
but is not part of proposed NAQTS regulations.
Table 3-3 compares the national totals of NAQTS re-
commended by SAMWG with the number of sites currently re-
porting data to the EPA.
3-2
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Table 3-3. TOTAL RECOMMENDED NUMBERS OF
NATIONAL AIR QUALITY TRENDS SITES VERSUS TOTAL SITES
CURRENTLY REPORTING TO THE EPA
Pollutant
Sites currently
reporting
Recommended
NAQTS
SO
TSP
2
* 4100
~ 2650a
172-448
535-920
CO
450
120
80-136
168
a 750 continuous, 1900 bubbler,
k 270 continuous, 1200 bubbler.
A summary of the SAMWG recommendations for the number
of monitoring sites in an urbanized area for each pollutant
was sent to the EPA Regional Offices. Representatives from
each of the Regional Offices were contacted directly to
review current monitoring sites in each urbanized area and
to develop a tentative list of the location of the NAQTS for
each state. Population coverage and geographic distribution
were the major criteria for choosing the tentative NAQTS
locations in each urbanized area. Conformity to SAMWG
criteria for siting each type of monitor was stressed in
order to eliminate biased sites and to encourage uniform
site characteristics.
Most of the sites in the tentative NAQTS list will
monitor single pollutants. Combined trends monitoring
sites, where several pollutants will be monitored at a
3-3
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single site, are suggested only at those locations which
meet all the siting requirements for monitoring each pollu-
tant individually.
Table 3-4 compares by pollutant the total number of
monitoring sites originally recommended by SAMWG with the
total number of monitoring sites on the tentative NAQTS
list.
Table 3-4. TENTATIVE NATIONAL AIR QUALITY
TRENDS SITES COMPARED BY POLLUTANT WITH STANDING
AIR MONITORING WORK GROUP RECOMMENDATIONS
Number of sites
TSP
S02
CO
no2
°3
Recommended
by SAMWG
535-920
172-448
120
80-136
168
Tentative
NAQTS list
576
226
127
69
141
Many of the monitoring sites on the tentative NAQTS
list have not yet been established, or if they have been
established, they have not been operating long enough to
produce sufficient data for trends analysis. These are
called "future trends sites" in Table 3-5, which compares
them with the number of "current trends sites" on the ten-
tative NAQTS list, i.e. those sites at which two or more
consecutive years of data has been accumulated. Sites which
require reorientation or other technical modifications are
included as future trend sites.
3-4
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Table 3-5. CURRENT AND FUTURE NATIONAL AIR
QUALITY TREND SITES COMPARED BY POLLUTANT
Number of sites
TSP
S°2
CO
CM
O
z
°3
Current trends
sites
537
188
96
59
117
Future trends
sites
39
38
31
10
24
The distribution of the tentative NAQTS corresponds to
the percentage distribution of the U.S. population among the
10 regions. Table 3-6 compares each region by the percent
of total U.S. population, and the percent of the total urban
U.S. population. Figures 3-1 through 3-5 show the numbers
of tentative monitoring sites for each pollutant distributed
nationally by state.
Table 3-6. POPULATION DISTRIBUTION VERSUS TENTATIVE
NATIONAL TRENDS MONITOR SITE DISTRIBUTION BY REGION
Region
Percent U.S.
population
Percent tentative NAQTS
Total
Urban
TSP
S°2
CO
no2
°3
I
6
7
5
10
7
7
8
II
13
16
9
15
12
5
7
III
11
12
5
10
8
17
7
IV
16
10
14
9
11
7
13
V
22
22
26
32
17
25
21
VI
10
9
13
7
13
14
16
VII
5
5
8
5
2
2
7
VIII
3
2
5
3
5
7
3
IX
11
15
11
7
18
12
15
X
3
2
4
2
7
4
4
3-5
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Figure. 3-1. Nationwide distribution of tentative National
Air Quality Trends Sites for total suspended particulates.
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Figure 3-2. Nationwide distribution of tentative National
Air Quality Trends Sites for sulfur dioxide.
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Figure 3-3. Nationwide distribution of tentative National
Air Quality Trends Sites for carbon monoxide.
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Figure 3-4. Nationwide distribution of tentative National
Air Quality Trends Sites for nitrogen dioxide.
-------
Figure 3-5. Nationwide distribution of tentative National
Air Quality Trends Sites for photochemical oxidants (as ozone).
-------
In some cases, the use of Standard Metropolitan Statis-
tical Areas (SMSA's) in addition to the urbanized areas used
by SAMWG enhances the distribution of NAQTS. The SMSA's
represent 70 percent of the total U.S. population. Each
SMSA contains at least one urbanized area, and the SMSA's
cover approximately 2,387,940 square miles, compared with
the 35,080 square miles covered by the urbanized areas.
Some NAQTS are tentatively located outside the urbanized
area, but still inside the SMSA. In some areas the SMSA
population tends to be spread evenly throughout the SMSA as
opposed to being concentrated mostly within the largest
urbanized areas of the SMSA. The Boston SMSA population
density, for example, is 2,791 people per square mile as
opposed to 3,992 people per square mile in the Boston
urbanized area. In contrast, the Columbus, Ohio SMSA
population density is 613 people per square mile as compared
to 3,369 people per square mile for the urbanized area. In
the areas with greater SMSA to urbanized area population
ratios it is desirable to disperse monitoring sites through-
out the SMSA to provide adequate population coverage and to
allow for future population growth trends. Tables 3-7
through 3-16 show the number of tentative NAQTS for each
pollutant in and around the urbanized areas in each Region.
3-11
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Table 3-7. NUMBER OF TENTATIVE NATIONAL AIR
QUALITY TRENDS SITES IN REGION I
Urbanized
Sites recommended
by SAMNG
Tentative
NAOTS sites
area
TSP
so2
CO
no2
°3
TSP
so2
CO
no2
°3
Connecticut
Bridgeport
Bristol
Danbury
Hartford
Meriden
New Britain
New Haven
New London
Norwalk
Stamford
Waterbury
Derby*
Greenwicha
Harwich9
0-2
0
0
2-4
1-2
2-4
0-2
0-2
2-4
2-4
0-2
0
0
0-2
4-6
0-2
0-2
0-2
0-2
2
2
2-4
2-4
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1
Total
9-24
4-18
4
4-8
6
16
7
3
6
Maine
Bangor
Lewiston-
Auburn
Portland
0-2
0
0-2
1
1
1
1
Total
0-2
0-2
1
1
1
1
Kaaaachuaetta
Boston
Brockton
Fall River
Fitchburg-
Leominster
Lawrence-
Haverhill
Lowell
New Bedford
Springfield,
Chicopee,
Holyoke
Worcester
6-8
0-2
0
0-2
0-2
0-2
6-8
4-6
4-6
0-2
0
0-2
0-2
0-2
6-8
0-2
2
4
2-4
2-4
2
2
5
1
1
1
1
5
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
3
1
Total
16-30
L0-24
6
4-8
4
11
10
3
3
4
New Hampshire
Manchester
Nashua
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
Total
0
0
1
1
1
2
Rhode Island
Providence-
Pawtucket-
Warvick
4-6
4-6
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
Total
4-6
4-6
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
Vermont
Burlington
1
1
1
1
Region I Total
29-62
18-50
12
8-16
11
32
21
10
4
IS
* Not an urbanised area.
3-12
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Table 3-8. NUMBER OF TENTATIVE NATIONAL AIR
QUALITY TRENDS SITES IN REGION II
Urbanized
New Jersey
Allentown, Pa.a
Atlantic City
New York-
Northeastern
New Jersey*1
'Philadelphia,
Pa-C
Trenton
Vmeland-
Millville
Wilmington,
Del.3
Total
New Yorke
Albany-
¦ Schenectady-
Troy
Binghamton
Buffalo
New York/
Northeastern
New Jersey
Rochester
Syracuse
Utica-Rome
Total
Puerto Rico
San Juan
Ponce
Total
Virgin Islands
St. Croix
Total
Region II Total
Sites recommended
by SAMWG
TSP S02 CO NO2 O3
0-2
2-4
2-4
4-1C
2-4
0-2
6-8
6-8
4-6
4-6
0-2
22-36
26-46
0-2
0-2
0-2
0-6
4-6
0-2
4-6
6-8
4-6
2-4
0-2
20-34
20-40
2-4
2-4
4-8
4-8
11
13
Tentative NAQTS sites
TSP S02 CO NO2 O3
13
4 (4
1(«
9 tt)
2
4 &
AIL
to
+3
If
13
2^
1 (c
5(1]
8W,
1 (J
2
20
33
(0
m
2(3)
1 u
ce
&
ft
12
11>]
' n
3 (')
1 w>
1 10)
110)
31 (Jl)
18)
y 7 6 'H
V
A''1
10
Phillipsburg, New Jersey will provide a TSP, S07, and 0, monitor
to provide data for the Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton SMSAT
Newark is in the New York-Northeastern New Jersey urbanized area.
Camden, New Jersey and the immediately surrounding area will pro-
vide TSP, SO,, CO, N0-, and 0, monitoring for the New Jersey
Portion of tne Philadelphia SBSA.
Sites at Penns Grove will provide SO- and CO monitoring for the
New Jersey portion of the Wilmington: Delaware SMSA.
One TSP site in each of Jamestown, Newburg, and Poughkeepsie were
also suggested. One SO, site and one TSP Bite were recommended
*" N°n*.of thi»e areas was included in the orignal
SAMWG recommendations.
3-13
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Table 3-9. NUMBER OF TENTATIVE NATIONAL AIR
QUALITY TRENDS SITES IN REGION III
Urbanized
Sites recommended
by SAMWG
area
TSP
SO 2
CO
I
z
o
KJ
°3
TSP
so2
CO
no2
°3
Delaware
Wilmington
4-6
0-2
3
2
1
1
Total
4-6
0-2
3
2
X
1
District of
Columbia
Washington
6-8
4-6
2
2-4
2
6
4
2
3
Total
6-8
4-6
2
2-4
2
6
4
2
3
2
Maryland
Baltimore
6-8
4-6
2
2-4
2
3
4
2
3
1
Total
6-8
4-6
2
2-4
2
3
4
2
3
1
Pennsylvania
Allentown-
Bethlehem-
Easton '
Altoona
Erie
Harrisburg
Johnstown
Lancaster
Philadelphia
Pittsburgh
Reading
Scranton
York
2-4
2-4
2-4
2-4
2-4
6-8
6-8
2-4
2-4
4-6
2-4
0-2
0
0-2
6-8
6-8
0-2
0-2
2-4
2
2
a-.
2-4
2
2
1
2
4
1
3
3
10
4
4
4
2
2
1
2
1
1
7
1
1
1
7
2
4
2
2
Total
30-50
L6-32
4
4-8
4
38
23
9
6
2
Virginia
Lynchburg
Newport News-
Hampton
Norfolk -
Portsmouth
Petersburg-
Colonial
Heights
Richmond
Roanoke
0-2
4-6
4-6
0-2
2-4
0-2
0
0-2
0-2
0-2
0-2
2
2-4
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
3
1
2
2
1
1
1
2
2
1
2
1
1
Total
10-22
0-8
2
2-4
6
11
7
4
3
2
West Virginia
Charleston
Huntington-
Ashland
Wheeling
4-6
4-6
2-4
2-4
0-2
1-2
2-4
2
4
2
2
2
1
1
2
Total
10-16
3-8
2-4
2
8
4
2
4
Region III Total
66-110
27-62
6
L2-24
16
69
44
18
17
12
Tentative NAQTS sites
3-14
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Table 3-10. NUMBER OF TENTATIVE NATIONAL AIR
QUALITY TRENDS SITES IN REGION IV
Urbanized
Sites recommended
by SAMWG
Tentative
NAQTS sites
area
TSP
S°2
CO
NO 2
°3
TSP
so2
CO
no2
°3
Alabama
Birmingham
Gadsden
Huntsville
Mobile
Montgomery
Tuscaloosa
6-8
0-2
0-2
4-6
0-2
0
0-2
0-2
2-4
0
2
2
2
6
1
1
3
2
1
2
2
2
Total
10-20
2-8
2
4
13
1
2
4
Florida
Fort Lauderdale
Gainesville
Jacksonville
Miami
Orlando
Pensacola
Tallahassee
Tampa - St.
Petersburg
West Palm Beach
6-8
0
4-6
6-8
0-2
0-2
0-2
2-4
0-2
0-2
0
0-2
0-2
0-2
0-2
0-2
2
2
2
2-4
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
1
4
1
2
1
2
2
2
2
Total
18-34
0-12
6
2-4
L2
12
6
2
2
2
Georgia
Albany
Atlanta
Augusta
Columbus
Macon
Savannah
0-2
0-2
2-4
0-2
0-2
4-6
0-2
4-6
0-2
0-2
0-2
2-4
2
2-4
2
4
1
1
3
1
1
2
2
2
Total
6-18
6-18
2
2-4
2
9
2
2
2
2
Kentucky
Cincinnati®
Lexington
Louisville
Owensboro
0-2
6-8
2-4
0-2
4-6
0
2
2-4
2
1
1
6
1
4
2
3
Total
8-14
4-8
2
2-4
2
9
4
2
3
Mississippi
Biloxi-Gulfport
Jackson
0-2
0-2
0-2
0-2
1
1
1
Total
o--:
0-4
2
1
a Refers to the Kentucky portion of the Cincinnati, SMSA.
3-15
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Table 3-10 (continued).
Urbanized
Sites recommended
by SAMWG
Tentative
NAQTS sites
area
TSP
s°2
CO
NO 2
°3
TSP
S02
CO
N°2
°3
North Carolina
Aiheville
Charlotte
Durham
Fayetteville
Greensboro
High Point
Raleigh
Wilmington
Winston-Salem
1-2
4-6
2-4
0-2
0-2
0-2
0-2
0
0-2
0
0-2
0-2
0-2
0-2
0
0-2
0
0-2
2
2
1
2
1
i
1
1
1
2
2
Total
7-22
0-12
2
2
7
1
2
2
South Carolina
Charleston
Columbia
Greenville
4-6
0-2
0-2
0-2
0-2
0-2
4
1
2
1
Total
4-10
0-6
7
1
Tennessee
Chattanooga
Knoxville
Memphis
Nashville-
Davidson
4-6
2-4
6-8
2-4
0-2
0-2
0-2
4-6
2
2-4
2
2
4
2
5
3
1
2
2
2
2
Total
14-22
4-12
2
2-4
4
14
1
4
4
Region IV Total
67-144
16-80
16
8-16
26
73
17
14
7
14
3-16
-------
Table 3-11. NUMBER OF TENTATIVE NATIONAL AIR
QUALITY TRENDS SITES IN REGION V
Urbanized
Sites recommended
Tentative NAQTS sites
by SAMWG
area
TSP
so2
CO
no2
°3
TSP
so2
CO
no2
°3
Illinois
Aurora-Elgin
0-2
1
Bloomington-
Normal
0
0
Champaign-Urbana
0-2
0-2
1
Chicago-North-
west Indiana
CO
1
4-6
2
2-4
2
5
4
2
3
2
De Kalba
1
Decatur
0
0
2
Joliet
2-4
0-2
4
1
Peoria
4-6
2-4
5
2
Rockford
0-2
0-2
1
1
Springfield
2-4
0-2
2
Total
14-28
6-18
2
2-4
2
22
8
2
3
2
Indiana
Anderson
2-4
0
1
Chicago-North-
west Indiana
3
3
1
1
Evansville
4-6
0-2
4
1
1
Fort Wayne
0-2
0-2
1
1
Indianapolis
6-8
4-6
2
2
7
4
2
2
Lafayette-West
Lafayette
1-2
0
1
Muncie
0
1
South Bend
2-4
0-2
2
3
1
1
Terre Haute
1-2
0
1
Total
16-28
4-12
2
4
21
11
2
1
5
Michigan
Ann Arbor
0-2
1
Bay City
0
0
Detroit
6-8
4-6
2
2-4
2
5
4
2
2
2
Flint
2-4
0-2
2
2
1
1
Grand Rapids
2-4
0-2
2
Jackson
0
Kalamazoo
0-2
0-2
1
Lansing
2-4
2-4
2-4
2
2
1
Muskegon-Muskegon
Heights
2-4
4-6
2
2
Saginaw
2-4
0-2
2
1
Total
16-32
10-24
2
4-8
6
15
10
2
3
3
Minnesota
,
Duluth-Superior
2-4
0-2
1
Minneapolis-
St. Paul
4-6
4-6
2
2-4
2
9
5
4
3
1
Rochester
1-2
0
1
1
Total
7-12
4-8
2
2-4
2
10
5
5
3
2
4 Not an urbanized area.
3-17
-------
Table 3-11 (continued).
Urbanized
Sites recommended
by SAMWG
area
TSP
SO 2
CO
no2
°3
TSP
S°2
CO
no2
°3
Ohio
Akron
6-8
4-6
2
2
7
2
2
Canton
2-4
0-2
2-4
2
1
1
Cincinnati
6-8
4-6
2
2-4
2
5
3
3
1
Cleveland
6-8
4-6
2
2-4
2
8
4
1
2
3
Columbus
6-8
0-2
2
2
6
1
2
2
Dayton
4-6
0-2
2
2-4
2
5
2
2
2
Hamilton
1-2
0
4
2
1
Lima
Lorain-Elyria
2-4
0-2
4
Mansfield
2-4
4
1
Springfield
0
0
1
1
Steubenville-
Weirton
2-4
0-2
3
2
1
Toledo
2-4
2-4
2
5
3
2
Youngstown-
Warren
4-6
2-4
2-4
2
6
1
1
Total
43-66
1-6—36
10
10-20
14
60
24
8
6
14
Wisconsin
Appleton
0-2
1
Green Bay
0-2
0-2
1
Kenosha
1-2
0
La Crosse
0
0
2
Madison
0-2
2-4
2
2
Milwaukee
4-6
4-6
2-4
2
4
4
2
2
Oshkosh
0
0
Racine
Total
5-14
6-12
2
2-4
2
8
6
2
2
Region V Total
01-18C
46-1K
20
20-40
30
136
64
19
18
28
Tentative NAQTS sites
3-18
-------
Table 3-12. NUMBER OF TENTATIVE NATIONAL AIR
QUALITY TRENDS SITES IN REGION VI
Urbanized
Sites recommended
Tentative
NAQTS sites
by
SAMWG
area
TSP
so2
CO
no2
°3
TSP
so2
CO
no2
°3
Arkansas
Little Rock-
North Little
Rock
2-4
0-2
3
1
1
Fort Smith
1-2
0
1
Pine Bluff
0
0
Total
3-6
0-2
4
1
1
Louisiana9
Baton Rouge
0-2
0-2
1
2
Lafayette
1-2
0
1
Lake Charles
1-2
0
1
Monroe
0
0
New Orleans
4-6
0-2
2-4
2
2
2
Shreveport
2-4
0-2
2
Total
8-16
0-6
2-4
2
7
4
New Mexico
Albuquerque
4-6
0-2
2
2
4
1
2
3
Total
4-6
0-2
2
2
4
1
2
3
Oklahoma
Lawton
1-2
0
1
1
Oklahoma City
6-8
0-2
2
2
4
2
2
Tulsa
2-4
0-2
2
2
1
2
2
Total
9-14
0-4
2
5
7
1
4
4
Texas
Abilene
0
0
Amarillo
4-6
0-2
1
Austin
4-6
0-2
2
4
1
2
Beaumont
0-2
0-2
1
1
Brownsville
1-2
0
1
Bryan-College
Station
1-2
0
Corpus Christi
4-6
0-2
4
2
Dallas
4-6
0-2
2
2-4
2
4
1
2
2
2
El Paso
4-6
0-2
2
4
2
1
Fort Worth
4-6
0-2
2
2
4
2
2
2
Galveston
1-2
1
Harlingen
San Benito
2-4
2
Houston
6-8
0-2
2
2-4
2
6
1
2
2
2
- Laredo
1
Lubbock
2-4
0-2
2
McAllen-Pharr-
Edinburg
2-4
1
An S02 site for Louisiana has not yet been determined.
3-19
-------
Table 3-12 (continued).
Urbanized
area
Sites recommended
by SAMWG
Tentative NAQTS sites
TSP
so2
CO
no2
°3
TSP
so2
CO
no2
°3
Midland
Odessa
Port Arthur
San Antonio
Sherman-Denison
Texarkana
Texas City
Tyler
Waco
Nichita Falls
1-2
1-2
0-2
4-6
0
1-2
2-4
0
0-2
1-2
0
0
0-2
0-2
0
0
1-2
0
0-2
0
2
2
1
2
1
4
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
2
Total
49-86
1-26
8
4-8
12
49
10
9
8
12
Region VI Total
73-128
1-40
12
6-12
21
71
13
15
8
24
3-20
-------
Table 3-13. NUMBER OF NATIONAL AIR QUALITY TRENDS
SITES FOR URBANIZED AREAS IN REGION VII
Urbanised
area
Sites recommended
by SAMWG
Tentative
NAQTS sites
TSP
so2
CO
N02
°3
TSP
S°2
CO
N°2
°3
Iowa
Cedar Rapids
Council Bluffs
Davenport-Rock
Island-Moline
Oes Moines
Dubuque
Sioux City
Waterloo
4-6
4-6
4-6
0
4-6
2-4
0-2
0-2
0-2
1-2
0-2
0-2
2
4
1
3
3
2
1
2
1
2
1
1
2
Total
18-28
1-12
2
15
3
i
Kansas
Kansas City
Topeka
Wichita
6-8
2-4
4-6
0-2
0-2
0-2
2
2-4
2
2
3
2
3
1
2
Total
12-18
0-6
2
2-4
4
8
1
2
Missouri
Columbia
Kansas City
St. Joseph
St. Louis
Springfield
1-2
1-2
6-8
2-4
6-8
0-2
2
2-4
2
1
3
1
7
2
1
4
2
1
1
2
1
Total
10-16
6-10
2
2-4
2
13
5
3
1
3
Nebraska
Lincoln
Omaha
2-4
4-6
0-2
0-2
2
1
2
2
1
1
Total
6-10
0-4
2
1
4
1
1
Region VII Total
46-72
7-32
6
4-8
9
40
10
3
1
10
3-21
-------
Table 3-14. NUMBER OF NATIONAL AIR QUALITY TRENDS
SITES FOR URBANIZED AREAS IN REGION VIII
Urbanized
Sites recommended
by SAKVtG
Tentative
NAQTS sites
area
TSP
s°2
CO
n°2
°3
TSP
so2
CO
NO 2
°3
Colorado
Boulder
Colorado Springs
Denver
Pueblo
0
4-6
6-8
4-6
0-2
2
2-4
2
1
8
3
1
2
2
3
Total
14-20
0-2
2
2-4
2
12
1
2
2
3
Montana
Billings
Great Palls
Missoula®
0
1-2
1-2
0
1
1
1
Total
1-2
1-2
2
1
North Dakota
Bismark
Fargo-Moorhead
0
0
1
1
1
Total
0
0
2
1
South Dakota
Rapid City
Sioux Falls
0
1-2
0
0
1
1 '
Total
1-2
0
1
1
Utah
Ogden
Provo-Orem
Salt Lake City
4-6
2-4
4-6
0-2
0-2
2-4
2
2-4
2
2
3
4
2
2
2
2
2
Total
10-16
2-8
2
2-4
2
9
2
4
2
2
Wyoming
Casper b
Cheyenne
1
1
Total
1
1
Region VI11 To^al
26-40
3-12
4
4-8
4
27
7
6
4
5
a Missoula was substituted for Great Falls at the State's
suggestion. Missoula is not an urbanized area.
b Cheyenne was substituted for Casper at the State's
suggestion. Cheyenne is not an urbanised area.
3-22
-------
Table 3-15. NUMBER OF NATIONAL AIR QUALITY TRENDS
SITES FOR URBANIZED AREAS IN REGION IX
Urbanized
Sites recommended
by SAMWG
area
TSP
so2
CO
N°2
°3
TSP
S02
CO
no2
°3
Arizona
Phoenix
6-8
0-2
2
2-4
2
5
1
1
2
2
Tuscon
2-4
0-2
2
4
1
2
1
Total
8-12
0-4
2
1
PM
4
9.
2
3
2
3
California
Bakersfield
4-6
1
2
1
Fresno
4-6
CM
1
O
2
2
2
1
2
Los Angeles-
Long Beach
6-8
2-4
2
2-4
2
8
2
2
1
1
Modesto
4-6
1
Oxnard-Ventura-
Thousand Oaks
2-4
5
Sacramento
4-6
0-2
2
2
1
1
3
1
Salinas
1-2
1
San Bernardino-
Riverside
6-8
0-2
2
2
6
1
2
2
San Diego
4-6
0-2
2
2-4
2
6
2
2
2
3
San Jose
0-2
1
2
2-4
2
1
1
1
San Francisco-
Oakland
2-4
2-4
2
2-4
2
4
2
3
2
3
Santa Barbara
2-4
2
Stockton
2-4
1
Total
41-66
<*
1
H
GO
14
8-16
14
40
9
14
5
13
Hawaii
Honolulu
2-4
0-2
2
2
3
1
2
1
Total
2-4
0-2
2
2
3
1
2
1
Nevada
La8 Vegas
4-6
2
2
3
1
2
2
Reno
2-4
0
3
2
Total
6-10
0
2
2
6
1
4
2
Region IX Total
57-92
6-24
20
10-20
22
58
13
23
7
19
Tentative NAQTS sites
3-23
-------
Table 3-16. NUMBER OF NATIONAL AIR QUALITY TRENDS
SITES FOR URBANIZED AREAS IN REGION X
Urbanized
area
Sites recommended
by SAMWG
TSP
SO,
CO
NO-
Tentative NAQTS sites
TSP
SO.
CO
Alaska
Anchorage
Fairbanks
Total
Idaho
Boise
Pocatello
2-4
Total
2-4
Oregon
Eugene
Medford
Portland
Salem
2-4
4-6
0
0-2
0
Total
6-10
0-2
10
Washington
Seattle-
Everett
Spokane
Tocoma
6-8
2-4
2-4
0-2
0-2
0-2
2-4
Total
10-16
0-6
2-4
Region X Total
18-30
0-8
2-4
22
3-24
-------
4.0 PROBLEMS AND CONSTRAINTS
Information gathered during the EPA Regional Office
visits provided the basis for a tentative list of NAQTS
locations. State agency evaluations of these lists will be
a key element in the final designation of tlie permanent
NAQTS. Those few states that have already reviewed the
tentative site lists indicated some of the general con-
straints on -this study discussed in this section.
4.1 SITE EVALUATION DATA
The form, content, and year of record of the site
information on the tentative NAQTS locations differ widely
among the regions. Some regions have comprehensive files
with locator maps, information on proximate emission sources,
and photographs of monitoring sites and the surrounding
areas. This kind of comprehensive information is usually
adequate to determine whether or not a site is suitable for
NAQTS. Other regions have little site information, and some
regions have not evaluated all of the sites or do not have
current (i.e., less than 1 year old) information on the
sites. This variability in site information makes the
selection and comparison of sites for trends analysis diffi-
cult.
4-1
-------
4.2 QUALITY ASSURANCE
The regions have put varying emphasis on the implemen-
tation of quality assurance procedures for state air moni-
toring programs. Guidelines for implementing quality
assurance programs have become available over a period of
several years, and the states have implemented varying
levels of procedures as part of their air quality monitoring
programs. Since quality assurance is a dynamic discipline
in which standards and procedures can be expected to fluc-
tuate continually, it is probable that the programs imple-
mented by the states will continue to differ in their
degrees of sophistication. Consequently it is important
that EPA define a set of minimum quality assurance program
requirements for the states to use as a target for imple-
mentation. This base level of quality assurance procedures,
once implemented among all the states, would be useful to
data users when interpreting trends data.
4.3 ESTABLISHING NEW SITES OR REORIENTING EXISTING SITES
In most cases in which new sites were recommended by
this study exact locations of the sites have not been
determined. However, the general geographic areas for the
new sites have been suggested. Any new site locations will
have to be documented in detail to determine that they
conform to the SAMWG criteria and consequently are com-
parable to the other NAQTS.
4-2
-------
Several tentative NAQTS require reorientation of the
existing site to conform to the SAMWG criteria. This will
not only require follow-up at the EPA Regional Office level,
but also it could result in the reclassification of some
sites from current trends sites to future trends sites (i.e.
sites with less than 3 continuous years of data) if the
reorientation or modification is extensive.
4.4 CARBON MONOXIDE SITES
The SAMWG criteria require two carbon monoxide sites in
urbanized areas designated for NAQTS. These sites should
include a center city site to characterize heavy traffic in
a commercial area and a corridor site to characterize the
neighborhood ambient carbon monoxide levels of a relatively
large portion of the urbanized area. Because of differences
in city traffic patterns and differences in physical charac-
teristics of city streets and buildings, the carbon monoxide
sites should be carefully reviewed to ensure comparability
and proper designation as corridor sites, street canyon
sites, etc. In some urbanized areas on the tentative NAQTS
list only one carbon monoxide site was designated because of
potential funding problems or other operational problems at
the state level. The absence of the paired sites required
by the SAMWG criteria could restrict the applications of the
NAQTS data on carbon monoxide.
4-3
-------
4.5 NITROGEN DIOXIDE SITES
Variability in the behavior of nitrogen dioxide among
regions was noted during this project. Areas of maximum
concentrations do not always occur where they might be
expected according to siting guidelines. Also, the adoption
of a short-term nitrogen dioxide standard could affect the
siting of permanent trends monitor. Questions regarding a
short-term standard and the areas of actual versus expected
peak concentrations should be resolved before permanent
NAQTS for nitrogen dioxide are established.
4-4
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Inslructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO. 2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSIOf*NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Selection of National Air Quality Trends
Sites - Executive Summary
5. REPORT DATE
December 30, 1977
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
David W. Armentrout
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
P/N 3263
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
PEDCo Environmental, Inc.
11499 Chester Road
Cincinnati, OH 45246
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-2513
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Monitoring & Data Analysis Division
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
EPA Project Officer: Thomas Curran
16. ABSTRACT
Establishing a network of National Air Quality Trends Sites
(NAQTS) will provide comparable air quality data from nationwide
monitoring sites that will form the basis for an accurate assessment
of air quality problems. This report summarizes the results of a
survey conducted among U.S. EPA Regional Offices to determine tentative
locations of NAQTS from which consistant air quality data can be
gathered. Data summarized is from the final report, Selection of
National Air Quality Trends Sites - Technical Report, and includes
selection procedures, problems and constraints, and recommendations.
17. KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
a. DESCRIPTORS
b. IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. cosati Field/Group
Air Pollution
Monitors
Air Quality Data
National Air- Quality
Trends Sites
13B
14G
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Unlimited
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
33
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
------- |