EPA-440/9-75 009
SUPPLEMENT TO DEVELOPMENT DOCUMENT
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES REGULATIONS
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACT
AS AMENDED 1972
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY* OFFICE OF WATER PLANNING AND STANDARDS
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EPA-440/9-75-009
SUPPLEMENT TO DEVELOPMENT DOCUMENT
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES REGULATIONS
SECTION 311 OF THE FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACT AS AMENDED 1972
by
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES BRANCH
OFFICE OF WATER PLANNING AND STANDARDS
U. S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
WASHINGTON, D. C. 20460
NOVEMBER 1975
For nit by the Superintendent of Doetunanto, U.8. aoTemment Printing OSLoe, Washington, D.C. 30KB
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INTRODUCTION
This is a compilation of documents relating to chemicals proposed
as hazardous substances (40 CFR Part 116) under Section 311 of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972. These chemical pro-
files represent the bulk of the data utilized in determining which sub-
stances were placed on the initial listing of substances. Each profile
deals with a substance under consideration either as a unique compound
or as the parent ion of various salt forms. Each one consists of a
data sheet which presents the physical, chemical, and toxicological
data as well as information concerning its manufacture, handling and
shipment. In addition, a narrative summary providing a limited inter-
pretation of the data is presented, but is not an analysis of the data
in a scientific sense. No attempt has been made to standardize or
abridge any of the data other than to present it in a consistent form
for ease of understanding and comparison. These data are published
in this form for use, along with previously published selection criteria
(40 CFR Part 116), to assist interested persons in understanding the
overall approach used in selecting the listed materials.
The data on each substance have been collected from a variety of
sources, including extensive primary literature surveys and compendia
such as; the HEW Toxic Substance List, the National Academy of Sciences
Water Quality Criteria, and the Water Quality Criteria Data Book, Vol. 3.
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The sole purpose of assembling the data has been to provide a tech-
nical basis to meet the regulation requirements under Section 311. These
data should not be confused with information collected for other purposes
nor should they be viewed as valid for alternative uses. Although the
Agency has attempted to include all available information, there is no
attempt to represent the data as complete or final. Additions and
corrections to the data are encouraged and may be achieved by contacting
Hazardous Substances Branch, WH-595, Office of Water Planning
and Standards, Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D. C.
20460 (202) 245-3039.
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KEY TO DATA SHEETS
Name - The most frequently used common name of the chemical.
Production Quantity - The reported or estimated annual production
of the chemical, and the year for which the cited
figure was reported.
Synonyms - Alternative common names.
Common Ship or Container Size - Information on handling and shipping.
DOT - Summarization of Department of Transportation regulatory
requirements for labeling and shipment.
USCG - Coast Guard classification for vessel transport.
M. P. - Melting point of the substance.
B.P. - Boiling point at standard pressure unless otherwise noted.
Sp.G. - Specific gravity of the chemical (water = 1.0)
Solubility - Solubility properties in water.
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Persistence -
Oxygen Demand - Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) is given in
either pounds of oxygen per pound of chemical
or percent of theoretical demand. Subscripted
numbers indicate the duration of the test in days
and experimental conditions are given. Chemical
Oxygen Demand (COD) is given in pounds of oxygen
per pound of chemical using standard test procedures
unless otherwise noted.
Chemical Hydrolysis - Describe hydrolysis or auto-degradation
characteristics and products.
Toxicological -
Aquatic Toxicity -
ppm - Concentration in parts per million, by weight, of the
test chemical in water.
hrs - Duration of the bioassay in hours.
species - The test species (generally the common name).
parm - The test parameter or end point of the bioassay.
cond - Any stated test conditions such as temperature, hardness,
dissolved oxygen, etc.
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Mammalian Toxicity -
species - Common name of the test organism.
mg/kg B.W. - The test dosage in milligrams of toxicant per
kilogram of body weight of the test animals.
administration route - Method of exposure of test animals to
the toxicant.
References - In the toxicity tables, references are presented under the
column labeled "ref". All other references are in
parenthesis.
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ACETALDEHYDE
Acetaldehyde is used in the production of such diversified
products as flavors and perfume, plastics, dyes and synthetic
rubber. The 130 x 10^ lbs produced in the United States in
1970 were shipped in a variety of containers ranging from
on quart glass bottles to tank barges.
Acetaldehyde can creat a significant oxygen demand in
water with which it is miscible. Bacterial cultures
acclimate to aqueous solutions rapidly, degrading from
40 to 93 percent in a five day period (4,5) . Oxygen slumps
are likely to accompany spills of acetaldehyde. Massive
doses, however, can suppress oxygen utilization through
toxic action on bacterial life. Concentrations of 230 mg/1
have been found to suppress oxygen uptake of synthetic
sewage 50 percent (6). In addition to biochemical oxygenation,
acetaldehyde will undergo chemical .oxygenation to become
acetic acid as a result of prolonged contact with air (6).
The product acetic acid is also highly decrradable with
biological action.
Although a great deal of fresh water tox-ieological data
does not exist, McKee and Wolf^^ note a 96 hour TLm for
sunfish in soft water of 53 ppm. Levels of 240 ppm can kill
half the diatom population in soft vrater ^ . When exposed
for 96 hours, fathead minnows were all killed by a concentra-
tion of 70 ppm, but showed no toxic effects in 60 ppm^426^.
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Salt water toxicity evaluations with pin perch indicate a
24 hour threshold of 70 ppm, with 60 ppm showing no kill^ .
Shrimp in an aerated tank registered a 48 hr LC50 at >100 ppm.
Oral administration of 1900 mg/Kg body weight proved to be
the LD50 for rats^.
Additional aqueous concentrations of interest include a medi
(7)
odor threshold of 2.3 ppm and a recommended prolonged human
(7)
contact limit of 1100 ppm
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NAME Acetaldehyde
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 1.6 billion lbs, 1971 (199)
SYNONYMS Ethanal, Aceticaldehyde, Ethylaldehyde
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE one quart bottles, 5-55 gal drums,
insulated tank cars and insulated
tank trucks, tank barges
DOT Flammable Liquid, red label, 10 gal outside container
USCG Grade A flammable liquid
M.P. -123.5 °C
B.P. 20.08 °C
Sp. G. 0.783
SOLUBILITY Miscible
PERSISTENCE
Oxygen Demand BOD5 - 1.27 lb/lb-Sewage Seed-(4)
BOD5 = 93% Theo.-Activated Sludge in quiescent
conditions-(5)
BODi - 49% Theo.-Seed acclimated to ethanol in
treatment plant-(5)
BOD5 - 40% Theo.-Pure bacterial culture-(5)
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc.
Degrades to acetic acid with prolonged exposure to air
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
ppm
hrs
species
parm
cond
ref
53
96
Sunfish
TLm
Soft water
1
at 18-20 °C
249
Diatom
50% Kill
Soft water
1
at 18-20 °C
>100
72
Fathead Minnow
100% Kill
50°F, Huron
426
100
72
Fathead Minnow
Partial
50°F, Huron
426
Kill
80
72
Fathead Minnow
No Toxic
50°F, Huron
426
Effect
426
70
96
Fathead Minnow
100% Kill
50°F, Huron
60
96
Fathead Minnow
NO Toxic
50°F, Huron
426
Effect
426
100
72
Shiners
100% Kill
50°F, Huron
80
72
Shiners
Partial
50°F, Huron
4 26
Kill
26
70
72
Shiners
No Toxic
50°F, Huron
Effect
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Salt Water Toxicity
70 2 4 Pin Perch TLm 1
60 24 Pin Perch No Kill 1
>100 4 8 Shrimp LC50 Aerated 2
Mammalian
species mq/kg B.W. administration route ref
Rat 1900 Oral 3
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ACETIC ACID
Acetic acid is employed by a variety of industries for
the production of acetate esters. The 2,050,000,000 lbs
produced in 1971 were shipped in glass carboys, 5, 10 & 55
gallon metal drums, wooden barrels, and aluminum tank cars.
Acetic acid is shipped in large quantities across the nation.
Acetic acid in dilute concentrations will be neutral-
ized by natural waters to acetate salts. Stronger concen-
trations will be subject to biochemical degradation.
Acetic acid, which is miscible in water, may produce oxygen
demands of .34-.88 lb/lb of acid during a five day period (4).
This represents up to 53% of the theoretical demand.
Chemical oxygen demand may reach 1.0 lb/lb of acid (4).
High concentrations of acetic acid are capable of producing
pH's which are toxic to oxidizing bacteria and hence can
inhibit oxygen demand (6). Oxygen deficiencies may well
occur when acetic acid is spilled as a result of both rapid
biochemical and chemical oxygen utilization.
Acetic acid is toxic to various game and sport fishes
in the 75-300 ppm range (1). Water pH and alkalinity can
have a marked effect on toxicity, since acetic acid may
kill aquatic organisms via inherent toxicity or intolerable
pH levels. Concentrations of 350 ppm were found to be toxic
to Chlorella pyranoidosa (4) while 74 ppm in soft water is
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sufficient to cause a 50% reduction in growth of the diatom
Navicula seminulum (1). Threshold for immobilization of
Daphnia in Lake Erie was found to be 80-150 ppm (1). Hardness
has been shown to be antagonistic to fresh water toxicity,
raising the threshold concentration for given TLm values (1)
Median lethal doses for oral administration to rats and
mice have been reported as 3310 mg/Kg and 4960 mg/Kg body
weight respectively (1). In general, mammals record oral
LD 50's in the range 2500-5000 mg/Kg body weight. In
addition to inherent toxicity, concentrated solutions can
cause damage through corrosive acid action.
Other aquatic concentrations of interest include
odor thresholds in the range 5-80 ppm and taste thresholds
in the range 300-1000 ppm (7).
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NAME Acetic Acid
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 2,050,000,000 lbs 1971 (199)
SYNONYMS Ethanoic Acid, Glacial Acetic Acid
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE glass carboys, 5, 10 & 55 gal metal
drums, wooden barrels, and aluminum
tank cars
USCG Grade D combustible liquid
M.P. 16.6 °C
B.P. 118.1 °C
Sp.G. 1.049
SOLUBILITY Miscible in hot or cold water
PERSISTENCE
Oxygen Demand
BOD5 - 50% Theo. with Phenol acclimated activated sludge-(13)
BOD5 - .34-.88 lb/lb using sewage seed-(4,15)
BOD5 - 53% Theo. using activated sludge in a respirometer-(10)
BOD20- -9 lb/lb- (14)
COD - 1 lb/lb-(4)
BOD5,10,15,20 ~ 76,82,85,96% Theo. in freshwater-(425)
BOD5^10'15'20 ~ 66,88,88,100% Theo. in saltwater-(425)
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc.
Natural waters will neutralize dilute solutions to acetate salts.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
PPm
hrs
species
parm
cond
ref
75
96
Bluegill
TLm
16
50
24
Brook Trout
Lethal
1
114
24
Minnow
Lethal
1
100-200
96
Creek Chub
TLm
15
286
24
Goldfish
MLD
1
75
96
Sunfish
TLm
18-20 °C
1
Soft Water
270
72
Channel
TLm
25°C
1
Catfish
251
24,48,96
Mosquito Fish
TLm
Turbid
1
629
72
Channel
100%K
25°
1
Catfish
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100
350
74
>100
96
Chronic
72
Goldfish TLm
Chlorella Toxic
Pyranoidosa
Aquatic Plants Toxic
Fathead Minnow No Toxic
Effect
Salt Water Toxicity
ppm hrs species
100-300
42
32
48
24
48
Shrimp
Brine Shrimp
Brine Shrimp
parm
LC50
TLm
TLm
15
4
50°F, Huron 426
cond
Aerated
ref
2
425
425
Mammalian
species
Rat
Mice
Mammals
mg/kg B,
W.
3310
4960
2500-5000
administration route
Oral
Oral
Oral
ref
1
1
15
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ACETIC ANHYDRIDE
Acetic anhydride, like its hydrated sister acetic
acid, is used largely as an intermediate for the production
of cellulose acetates and esters. The 1,550,000,000 lbs
produced in 1971 were shipped in one gallon glass jugs;
carboys of up to 13 gallon capacity; 5, 10, and 55 gallon
stainless steel drums; aluminum tank cars; and tank barges.
Acetic anhydride hydrolyzes to acetic acid upon contact
with water. An LD50 of 1780 mg/Kg body weight was obtained
when acetic anhydride was administered orally to rats (8).
Because of rapid hydrolysis to the acid form, the anhydride
can be very corrosive to tissues when ingested.
Aquatic toxicity and concentrations of interest are
identical to those of acetic acid, since the anhydride
does not exist in solution.
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NAME Acetic Anhydride
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 1,550,000,000 lb 1971 (199)
SYNONYMS Ethanoic Anhydride, Acetyl Oxide, Acetic Acid Anhydride
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE one gallon jugs, 13 gal carboys,
5,10, 35 gal drums, tank cars,
tank barges
USCG Grade D combustible liquid
M.P. -73.1 °C
B.P. 140 °C
Sp.G. 1.083
SOLUBILITY 120,000 ppm at 25°C
PERSISTENCE
Oxygen Demand
Same as that for acetic acid
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc.
Hydrolyzes to acetic acid on contact with water.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
Refer to acetic acid-Toxicity is 1.72 times less on weight basis.
Salt Water Toxicity
Refer to acetic acid-Toxicity is 1.72 times less on weight basis.
Mammalian
species mg/k.g B. W. administration route ref
Rat 1780 Oral 8
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ACETONE CYANOHYDRIN
Acetone cyanohydrin finds service as an intermediate in the pro-
duction of various organic materials such as a-hydroxy acids and
acrylonitriles. The I, 360 million pounds produced in 1970 were largely
shipped in carboys, drums, and tank barges. Transportation spills
have occurred from tank cars involved in train wrecks. Acetone cyano-
hydrin is made from KCN and acetone under alkaline conditions. It
is then made and kept acidic with sulfuric acid. The composition by
weight is as follows: 98% acetone, . 35% HCN, . 8% acetone, .4% water
and .2% stabilizer and inert material. It is treated as HCN for safety
precautions in industries.
Acetone cyanohydrin persisting mainly as acetone cyanohydrin may
decompose slowly to form hydrogen cyanide and acetone (8). HCN
concentrations of 10 ppm may be exceeded. pH would not be a major
factor in the toxicity of this compound. The potential release of
cyanide, however, will suppress bacterial action on concentrated solu-
tions of the parent cyanohydrin. Though highly soluble, oxygen demand
problems are not expected to be of major concern with acute spills.
Median lethal doses from oral administration range from 0-49 mg/kg
body weight for mammals (15). Direct ingestion limits reflect the
presence of toxic hydrogen cyanide. Greater absolute amounts may
well be tolerable when administered in water. Chronic threshold levels
for oral administration to rats over a six month period were found to
be .0005 mg/kg body weight/day (15).
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NAME - Acetone Cyanohydrin
PRODUCTION QUANTITY - 1, 360 million lbs 1970 (195)
SYNONYMS - a-Hydroxy Isobutylonitrile, Acetone Cyanohydrin,
Isopropyl Cyanohydrin, 2-Hydroxy-2 methylpropanenitrile
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE - carboys, drums, tank barges
DOT - Class B poison, poison label 55 gal outside container
USCG - Grade E combustible liquid - class B poison
o
M. P. -19.0 C
o
B. P. - 120.0 C decomposes
Sp. G. - 0. 932
SOLUBILITY - Very soluble in hot and cold water
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc.
May slowly decompose to form hydrogen cyanide
TOXICOLOGIC AL
Mammalian
species mg/kg B. W. administration route ref
Rat 13.3 Oral 15
Guinea Pig 2. 9 Oral 15
Mouse 9.0 Oral 15
Rabbit 13.5 Oral 15
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ACETYL BROMIDE
Acetyl bromide can be employed as an acetylating or
brominating agent. It is presently marketed by five
major producers.
Acetyl bromide like all acetyl halides decomposes
violently in water or alcohol, hydrolyzing to form hydrogen
bromide and acetic acid. While the acetic acid fraction
is highly susceptible to biological action, at higher
concentrations the hydrobromic acid will inhibit the
bacteria. The double acid product will also reduce pH
much more rapidly than straight acetic acid.
Aquatic toxicity will be that noted for the individual
hydrolysis products. It should be noted, however, that the
resulting acidity will rapidly drop pH below the 6.8 level
at which acetic acid is toxic under normal conditions.
Direct ingestion of acetyl hal'ides is very hazardous as a
result of the immediate corrosive action of the agent on
the mouth and rapid reaction with the -SH groups associated
with protein molecules.
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NAME Acetyl Bromide
M.P. -96.0 °C
B.P. 81.0 °C
Sp.G. 1.520
SOLUBILITY Decomposes in water
PERSISTENCE
Chemicaly Hydrolysis, etc.
Violently decomposes in water to release hydrogen bromide and
acetic acid.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
Refer to hydrogen bromide and acetic acid. H Br is the control-
ling factor.
Salt Water Toxicity
Refer to hydrogen bromide and acetic acid. H Br is the control-
ling factor.
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ACETYL CHLORIDE
Acetyl chloride, an acetylating agent, is presently
produced by three major firms.
Like all acetyl halides, the chloride derivative
decomposes violently when contacted with water or alcohol.
Acetic acid and hydrogen chloride constitute the two major
hydrolysis products. While the acetic acid is biodegradable,
the presence of hydrogen chloride can inhibit bacterial
action.
Aquatic toxicity will be that for acetic acid and
hydrogen chloride. The two products will both contribute
to acidity and hence will have additive effects. Direct
ingestion of acetyl halides is very hazardous both because
of the immediate corrosive damage to tissues in the mouth,
and because of the toxic effect due to reaction with -SH
groups on protein molecules.
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NAME Acetyl Chloride
DOT Corrosive Liquid, White Label
USCG White Label
M.P. -112.0 °C
B.P. 51.0 °C
Sp.G. 1.1051
SOLUBILITY Decomposes in water
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc.
Decomposes in water to hydrogen chloride and acetic acid.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
Toxicity will be that of the HC1 hydrolysis product.
Salt Water Toxicity
Toxicity will be that of the HC1 hydrolysis product.
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ACROLEIN
Acrolein is used in a variety of applications including
the production of plastics, organic chemicals, perfumes, and
refrigerants? as an active agent in military chemical weapons;
and as a biocide. The 55 million lbs of acrolein produced in
1969 were shipped in metal drums up to 55 gallons in capacity
and in tank cars.
Acrolein, a soluble unsaturated aldehyde/ is subject
to slow biodegradation. Experimental evaluations resulted
in consumption of 3 3 percent of the theoretical oxygen demand
over 10 days in quiescent conditions (5) and 30 percent
over 5 days when acclimated seed was employed. Biological
actions, however, can only be expected at low concentration
levels due to the biological activity of acrolein. Sewage
organisms have undergone toxic reactions to concentrations of
1.5 ppm. Similarly, 18 ppm was toxic to acclimated sewage
bacteria (25) . Oxygen slumps are not likely to occur due
to spills. While relatively stable in water, the unsaturated
bond in acrolein is subject to photochemical attack over a
period of time. Because of acrolein's reactivity, waters
actually display an acrolein demand. These reactions are
generally slow, however, and never approach the chlorine
demand of the same water. In general, acrolein will dissipate
slowly in time due solely to chemical reaction. Hydrogen or
sodium sulfide can neutralize acrolein if present in the
affected waters.
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Acrolein is quite toxic to fish and other aquatic life.
Concentrations as low as .08 ppm killed half of a test sample
of salmon in 24 hours (15). Rainbow trout showed a similar
response in 24 hours to .14 ppm (1). Concentrations of
3-10 ppm were sufficient to kill such wide ranging species
as tadpoles, bluegills, walleyes, and snails. Toxic levels
for aquatic plants center around 3 ppm (1). Acrolein displays
acute toxicity to marine organisms as well. Concentrations
in the .055-.24 ppm range had marked toxic effects on
shellfish and longnose killifish (23). Increased organic
content of waters will reduce acrolein's residency time and
hence can reduce lethal exposure times.
Mammals experience acute LD50 when fed 7-46 mg/Kg body
weight (1,15). Acrolein is considered to give good warning
of its presence, however. It is physiologically detectable
at 1 ppm (17) and causes lachrimation when contacted as a
vapor. Ingestion results in acute irritation of tissues.
Acrolein can be toxic if absorbed through the skin. Weekly
applications of .5% solutions in acetone for 10 weeks resulted
in 2/15 tumors in mice (15). Acrolein is also known to
react with t-RNA (19).
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NAME Acrolein
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 55 million lbs 1969 (198)
SYNONYMS 2-Propenal, Acrylic Aldehyde, Acrylaldehyde, Acraldehyde
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE Metal drums up to 55 gal, tank cara
DOT Flammable Liquid, Red Label, 1 quart outside container
M.P. -88.0 °C
B.P. 52.5 °C
Sp.G. 0.839
SOLUBILITY 400,000 ppm at 25°C
PERSISTENCE
Oxygen Demand
BOD10 - 33% Theo under quiescent conditions-(5)
BOD5 - 30% Theo using acclimated seed-(24)
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
ppm
hrs
species
parm
cond
ref
3
Tadpole ,
Lethal
Pond
1
Small Bluegills
s,
& Walleye
10
3
Snail Eggs
100% Kill
1
10
24
Adult Snails
98% Kill
1
.08
24
Salmon
TLm
15
.08
48
Salmon
LC50
20
100
Microlife
80-90% Kill
Standing
21
Water
.14
24
Rainbow Trout
LC50
22
1
72
Fathead Minnow
100% Kill
50°F,Huron
426
0.75
72
Fathead Minnow
Partial
50°F,Huron
426
Kill
0.2
72
Fathead Minnow
No Toxic
50°F,Huron
426
Effect
Salt Water Toxicity
0.055
96
Oyster
EC 50
21°C
23
0.24
48
Longnose
EC 50
23
Killifish
23
0.19
24
Brown Shrimp
EC 50
28°C
.1
48
Brown Shrimp
EC 50
25 °C
23
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Mammalian
species mq/kg B. W. administration route ref
Mice 30 Oral 15
Rat 46 Oral 1
Rabbit 7.1 Oral 1
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ACRYLONITRILE
Acrylonitrile, the cyanide derivative of the vinyl
monomer, is used in the production of nitrile rubbers and
synthetic fibers. Lined pails, drums, tank cars, and tank
trucks were used to ship the 1,600 million lbs produced in
1970. The expected growth rate for the next few years will
average 8-10%/yr.
Acrylonitrile is subject to spontaneous polymerization
when left standing. In aqueous media the process is slower
but can be initiated with persulfate, peroxide or concentrated
alkali. Light accelerates polymerization while exposure to
oxygen appears to inhibit it. Yellowing upon prolonged
exposure to light indicates photodegradation to saturated
derivatives. This compound does not appear to disassociate
in water and consequently is not expected to release HCN(l).
Acrylonitrile is subject to biodegradation with 25-70 percent
of its theoretical oxygen demand demonstrated in the first
10 days (5). It is toxic to anaerobic digestion mechanisms,
and like all nitriles can inhibit bacteria at high concen-
trations. Bacteria can acclimate, however, resulting in
more rapid degradation. Although acrylonitrile is mod-
erately soluble, biochemical action appears too slow to
initiate harmful oxygen deficiencies in spill situations.
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Acrylonitrile is toxic to fresh water fish at and below
100 ppm (1). Typical 96 hr median threshold limit values
average 10-15 ppm for common species (1). Henderson et al.
found slightly higher toxicity levels for hard water than for
soft (1). Mixed aquatic biota appear to tolerate 10-25 ppm,
but at 50 ppm growth is predominantly fungal (1).
As might be predicted by Henderson's work with hard
water, saltwater toxicity data includes lower tolerable
limits. In general, 20 ppm of acrylonitrile has deleterious
effects on marine fish (1). Bluegill died when exposed to
.05-1 ppm for 24 hours (28). Portman found a 96 hr TLm of
24.5 ppm for pin perch (4) while median lethal concentrations
of 10-33 ppm have been reported for shrimp (2).
Mammals in general tolerate a median lethal dose of
50-99 mg/kg (body weight 15). Acrylonitrile can be toxic when
absorbed through the skin. Dermal applications to guinea
pigs revealed an LD50 of 368 mg/kg body weight by that route
of administration. Direct contact may produce welts on the
skin. Chronic feeding to test rats and rabbits led to the
establishment of 1 mg/kg body weight/day for six months and
10 mg/kg body weight/day for six months respectively as chronic
threshold doses (15). While carcinogenic properties have not
been attributed to acrylonitrile, it is known to react with
t/RNA(19).
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Other aquatic concentrations of interest include an
odor threshold range of .0031-50.4 ppm (30) and drinking
water limits of .2 ppm (7).
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NAME Acrylonitrile
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 1,600 million lbs 1970 (195)
SYNONYMS Propenenitrile, Vinylcyanide, Cyanoethylene
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE Lined pails, drums, tank cars &
tank trucks
DOT Flammable Liquid, Red Label, 10 gal. outside container
USCG Grade C flammable liquid
M.P. -82.0 °C
B.P. 78.3 °C
Sp.G. 0.807
SOLUBILITY 70,000 ppm at 25 °C
PERSISTENCE
Oxygen Demand
BODio - 25% Theo. using sewage seed in quiescent state-(5)
BODio - 25% Theo. using activated sludge at a treatment plant-
BODio - 6 7% Theo. in river water with sewage seed-(5)
BODio - .7 lb/lb using sewage seed-(11)
BOD28 ~ 70% Theo. using treatment plant activated sludge and
chemical analysis for N2~(5)
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
ppm
hrs
species
parm
cond
re
100
24
Fish
100% kill
1
24.5
24
Perch
TLm
1
30
24
Perch
Lethal
1
18.1
96
Fathead
TLm
Soft
4
Minnow
32. 7
24
Fathead
Minnow
TLm
Sat 02,
1
25°C, Hard
16.7
48
Fathead
Minnow
TLm
Sat 02/
1
25°C, Hard
14. 3
96
Fathead
Minnow
TLm
Sat 02/
1
25°C, Hard
34.3
24
Fathead
Minnow
TLm
Sat O2 r
1
25°C, Soft
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ppm
hrs
species
parm
cond
ref
21.5
48
Fathead Minnow TLm
Sat 02,
1
25°C, Hard
18.1
96
Fathead Minnow TLm
Sat 02,
1
25°C, Hard
25.5
24
Bluegiall
TLm
Sat 02,
1
Sunfish
25°C, Soft
14. 3
48
Bluegill
TLm
Sat O2,
1
Sunfish
25°C, Soft
11. 8
96
Bluegill
TLm
Sat 02,
1
Sunfish
2 5 °C, Soft
44.6
24
Guppy
TLm
Sat O2,
1
25°C, Soft
33.5
48
Guppy
TLm
Sat O2,
1
25°C, Soft
33.5
96
Guppy
TLm
Sat O2/
1
25°C, Soft
11. 8
96
Bluegill
TLm
Hard
15
33.5
96
Guppy
TLm
Hard
15
Salt Water
¦ Toxicity
20
Saltwater
Fish Deleterious
1
.05-1
24
Bluegill
Lethal
28
10-33
48
Shrimp
LC50
Aerated
2
24.5
96
Pin Perch
TLm
Soft
4
Mammalian
species
mg/kg
B. W.
administration
route
ref
Rat
81
Oral
15
Mammals
50-99
Oral
15
Guinea Pig
368
Dermal
29
-------
ADIPONITRILE
The 225 million lbs of adiponitrile produced in 1967
were primarily employed as intermediates in the manufacture
of related polymers and organic chemicals. Production is
projected to increase through the near future (198) .
Adiponitrile does not dissociate in water to any
appreciable extent (1). Consequently, little HCN is likely
to be generated under normal conditions. Adiponitrile is,
however, biodegradable with 40 percent of its theoretical
oxygen demand realized in five days when dissolved in river
water (5). This could be a sufficient kinetic rate to cause
oxygen slumps in natural waters when spilled ; however, adipo-
nitriles limited solubility is likely to retard oxygen
utilization. As with all nitriles, acclimation can have
dramatic effects in accelerating biodegradation.
Henderson et al. tested several species of fish in hard
and soft water to determine the toxicological characteristics
of adiponitrile. They found significantly higher TLm values
for soft water than for hard with those for bluegills in hard
water averaging about 800 ppni and those in soft water 1,300
ppm (1). Sunfish and guppies appeared to be more sensitive
-------
to adiponitrile than fathead minnows (1). While salt water
data does not exist, one would expect the trend to parallel
that of acrylonitrile to which marine fish have a greater
average sensitivity than fresh water fish. Fish exposed to
100 ppm for four weeks were found to have no loss of flesh
quality tastewise (1).
Median lethal doses from oral administration range from
19.4-105 mg/kg body weight for mammals (15). Adiponitrile
can be absorbed through the skin and subsequently exhibit
toxic properties.
-------
NAME Adiponitrile
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 225 million lbs 1967 (198)
SYNONYMS 1,4-Dicyanobutane, Tetramethylcyanide
USCG Grade E combustible liquid
M.P. 2.3 °C
B.P. 295.0 °C
Sp.G. .950
SOLUBILITY Slightly soluble
PERSISTENCE
Oxygen Demand
BOD5 - 40% Theo in river water under quiescent conditions-(5)
BOD28 " 80% Theo with treatment plant activated sludge using
chemical analysis for N2~ (5)
COD - 1.9 lb/lb-(4)
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
ppm
hrs
species
parm
cond
ref
835
24
Fathead
Minnow
Sat O2,
1
25 °C, Hard
835
48
Fathead
Minnow
Sat O2,
1
25 °C, Hard
820
96
Fathead
Minnow
Sat O2,
1
1350
25 °C, Hard
24
Fathead
Minnow
Sat O2,
1
1300
25°C, Soft
48
Fathead
Minnow
Sat O2,
1
25 °C, Soft
1250
96
Fathead
Minnow
Sat O2,
1
25 °C, Soft
1250
24
Sunfish
Sat 02,
1
25°C, Soft
815
48
Sunfish
Sat O2
1
25 °C, Soft
720
96
Sunfish
Sat O2
1
25°C, Soft
1200
24
Guppy
Sat O2,
1
25 °C, roft
830
48
Guppy
Sat (
1
25 °C, Soft
775
96
Guppy
Sat O2,
0 rr 0 r~\ n _ r 1
1
-------
Mammalian
species mg/kg B. W. administration route ref
Rat 105 Oral 15
White Mouse 48 Oral 15
Rabbit 19.4 Oral 15
-------
ALDRIN
Aldrin is a chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide used in
domestic and agricultural areas to control a variety of
insects. The 10 million lbs produced in 1971 (327) were
applied in granular or dust form, as a liquid, or in solution.
Application varies from 2 oz.-6 lbs per acre.
While aldrin itself is soluble to only 0.2 7 ppm in water, it
is commonly sold as a wettable powder or in solution with organic
solvents and surfactants. These surfactants will facilitate
dispersion of the insecticide if spilled into water. Aldrin
can be oxidized to dieldrin under microbial activity. Aldrin
mixed with river water dropped to 20 percent of its original
concentration when left for eight weeks (328). Some inert
diluents will catalyze decomposition. When applied at 100
ppm to sandy loam soil, however, one study found 40 percent
remaining after 14 years. A dose of 25 ppm persisted at 50
percent for more than four years (22).
Aldrin is extremely toxic to aquatic life. The 96 hr
TLm values for bluegill, fathead minnow, goldfish, and guppy
have been reported as .013 ppm, .023 ppm, .028 ppm, and .033
ppm respectively (1). The 96 hr LC50 value for rainbow trout
is .031 ppm (330). Crawfish are killed in the range .038-0.6
ppm (332) . Aquatic microlife have similar sensitivity. The
LC50 values for various anthropods and annelids range from
-------
8 ppb to 45 ppm (22) . Toxicity in bluegill was 'found to rise
with water temperature (330) . Suspended solids content may
also be of importance since aldrin can be absorbed on sediments
and deposited at the bottom.
In salt water, oysters display sublethal reactions to .001
ppm aldrin (404). a concentration of 1 ppm can cause a 95
percent reduction in oyster growth over a seven day exposure
(22) . Clam eggs were limited 70 percent in development when
placed in .001 ppm aldrin (22). An average oral LD50 of 520
mg/Kg body weight has been found for waterfowl (165).
Aldrin is bioaccumulative. Algae can concentrate 1 ppm
from water 150 fold in its protoplasm (22) . Similarly,
various plants, insects, animals, and reptiles have been
found to concentrate aldrin from areas where application has
occurred. Some species concentrate low levels to a point
where the aldrin disrupts natural reproductive capacity (1).
Aldrin is highly hazardous when ingested. The oral
LD50 for rats has been reported as 39-67 mg/Kg body weight.
The estimated fatal dose for a 70 kg man is 5 gms (1).
Drinking water is restricted to .017 ppm or less (337). In
chronic feeding studies, dogs were found to have a threshold
limit of 1 ppm (338) and waterfowl 5 mg/Kg/day (165) . Aldrin
has displayed carcinogenic potential. Mice fed a diet contain-
ing 10 ppm for two years showed a 76/215 occurrence of
tumors (15).
-------
Aldrin has some phytotoxic properties. Exposure of
natural phytoplankton to 1 ppm for four hrs resulted in an
84.6 percent reduction in productivity (22). Many plants
such as carrots, potatoes, peas, cabbage, cucumbers, beans,
and radishes absorbed aldrin and held it in their tissues.
Aldrin has been designated a toxic substance under
Section 307 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amend-
ments of 1972. As such, continuous discharge standards are
being established for various sources. These levels relate
to continual exposure and therefore should not be compared
directly with critical concentrations established here. Indeed,
since spill events are probabilistic, median receptors have
been selected for use in determining critical concentrations
in setting harmful quantities and rates of penalty as opposed
to the most sensitive receptor.
-------
NAME Aldrin
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 10 million lbs - 1971 (327)
SYNONYMS Octalene, Compound 118, MHPN, 1, 2 , 3 , 4,10 ,1O-Hexachloro ,
1,4,4a,5,8,8a-Hexahydroenlo, exo-1,4:5,8-dimethanonapthalene
DOT Class B Poison if greater than 60 percent Aldrin
M.P. 40-60 °C technical 90 °C pure
Sp.G. 1.65
SOLUBILITY Insoluble-0.27 ppm
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
ppm
hrs
species
parm
cond
ref
.130
24
Bluegill
LC5 0
Temp.
45 °F
330
.0264
48
Bluegill
LC5 0
Temp.
45°F
330
.0097
96
Bluegill
LC50
Temp.
45°F
330
.0368
24
Bluegill
LC5 0
Temp.
55°F
330
.0125
48
Bluegill
LC50
Temp.
55°F
330
.0077
96
Bluegill
LC50
Temp.
55 °F
330
.0164
24
Bluegill
LC50
Temp.
65 °F
330
.0083
48
Bluegill
LC50
Temp.
65 °F
330
.0062
96
Bluegill
LC50
Temp.
65°F
330
.0093
24
Bluegill
LC5 0
Temp.
75 °F
330
.0067
48
Bluegill
LC5 0
Temp.
75 °F
330
.0056
96
Bluegill
LC5 0
Temp.
75 °F
330
.02
240
Goldfish
LC50
331
.05
24
Goldfish
LC5 0
331
.05
24
Rainbow
LC5 0
331
0 .013
96
Bluegill
TLm
1
0.038
96
Fathead Minnow
TLm
1
0.028
96
Goldfish
TLm
1
0.033
96
Fathead Minnow
TLm
1
0.033
96
Guppies
TLm
1
0.04
24
Trout
50% Kill
329
0.036
24
Rainbow
LC50
330
0.031
48
Rainbow
LC50
330
0.031
96
Rainbow
LC50
330
1.0096
24
Bluegill
LC50
330
10
Lymnaeid
100% Kill
Ditch
Water
106
Snails
.038
120
Juvenile
TLm
332
Crawfish
.6
120
Adult Crawfish
TLm
332
.143
96
Acroneuria
TLm
333
Pacifica
0.009
96
Ephemerella
TLm
333
Grandis
-------
ALKYL ARYL SULFONATES (ABS)
Of the 748.3 million lbs of various alkylated benzene sulfonates
produced in 196 9, 74 percent of that total were in the form of
calcium, potassium sodium isopropylamine, and triethanolamine salts
of dodecylbenzenesulfonate or as the acid itself. All other alkyl
benzene sulfonates accounted for 158 million lbs of which 126.9
million lbs were the sodium salt of tridecylbenzenesulfonate. ABS
compounds are the most widely used group of anionic surfactants and
are shipped in both bulk and containerized packages by rail, truck,
and barge as white to yellow flakes or powder.
Because the fate and
effect of the ABS materials are relatively independent of the chain-
length and cation, all can be discussed as a group. ABS materials
produced in sufficient quantities to be designated as hazardous are:
dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid and the sodium, calcium, isopropanolamine
and triethanolamine salts.
ABS materials dissolve rapidly in water where they are readily
degraded by microflora, having BOD values in the range of 38-40% of
the theoretical with acclimated seeds, (10,106). In regard to
biodegradability, a distinction should be made concerning the
terminology. Non-degradability was a problem generally associated
with the branched chain benzene sulfonates, also referred to as ABS,
The branched chain materials have been phased out in favor of the
biodegradable linear alkyl benzene sulfonates (LAS) which are
discussed here and now referred to as ABS. As surfactants, these
materials display the ability to solubilize materials which might
otherwise repel water. Sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate can interfete
-------
ppm
hrs
species
parm
cond
ref
38 .5
96
Gammarus
TLm
333
Lacustris
o
•
CC
96
Pteronarys
TLm
333
Californica
.8 lb/
Crawfish
No Effect
Rice field
334
acre
.03
64
Daphnia Magna
Immobili-
78 °F
335
zation
.02-.6
96
Various Shi-
TLm
Aerated
336
ners
Pond Water
.6
49-192
Spot Fins
TLm
Aerated
336
Pond Water
.2-.6
48-144
Sunfish
TLm
Aerated
336
Pond Water
.2
48
Silverjaw
Lethal
Aerated
336
Minnow
Pond Water
.0013
96
(Naiads)
LC50
15 .5°C
184
Pteronarys
Californica
2
24
Fowlers Toad
LC50
22
"Tadpoles
.23
48
Simocephalus
EC50
22
Serrulatus
28
48
Daphnia Pulex
LC5 0
22
0.03
24
Sand Shrimp
LC5 0
22
0.3
24
Hermit Crab
LC50
22
>2
24
Grass Shrimp
LC5 0
22
45
24
Amphipod
LC5 0
22
0.008
48
Stonefly
LC50
22
12
48
Amphipod
LC50
22
Salt Water Toxicity
ppm
hrs
species
parm
cond
ref
.01
96
Oyster
Sublethal
404
Effects
.001
96
Oyster
Sublethal
404
Effects
1
7 Days
Oyster
95% Red. in
22
Growth
.001
Clam Eggs
70% Limited
22
in Development
0.025
96
Oyster
LD50
427
Mammalian
species
mg/kg
B.W. administration route
ref
Rat
39
Oral
1
Rat
67
Oral
1
Rat
54-56
Oral
22
Rabbit
<150
Oral
22
-------
with normal biochemical systems in water. The presence of 300 ppm
ABS causes the development of reducing flora which then produce
sulfides. A level of 60 ppm retards the development of protocolytic
bacteria, while 15-60 ppm had similar effects on aerobic bacteria.
Denitrification is retarded at 150 ppm (1).
These materials are highly toxic to aquatic life with fresh
water fish TLm values ranging between 4 and 18 ppm depending on
the test species (1). Deleterious effects have been noted in silver-
salmon exposed to 5.6 ppm (1). Fish food organisms are destroyed
at similar levels. The TLm values for Daphnia magna have been
reported at 12-50 ppm (1). Phytotoxic action toward phytoplankton
has been observed with a concentration of 120 ppm (1). Saltwater
fish are sensitive to ABS in the range of 7.5 to 22.5 ppm as shown
by 96 hour TLm's to eel, flounder, mullet, and mummichog (293).
Shellfish reproduction appears to be particularly sensitive with
as low as 0.5 ppm causing egg sterilization in the oyster while
0.55 ppm inhibited larval development in the clam (40).
Mammals are resistant to ABS intoxication with reported
oral LD50 values between 14 00 and 2800 mg/kg of body weight for
rats and mice (1). Taste and odor problems can be created
in potable water supplies with concentrations less than 1 ppm (1).
Frothing and nuisance foam may result from .5-1 ppm (1).
-------
ALKYL ARYL SULFONATES
MATERIALS OF INTEREST - Dodecylbenzene Sulfonic Acid, Sodium Salt,
Calcium Salt, Isopropanolamine Salt, Triethan-
olamine Salt
PRODUCTION QUANTITY - 748 million lbs 1969
SYNONYMS - ABS
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE - Containerized and bulk
SOLUBILITY - Soluble
PERSISTENCE
Oxygen Demand - Sodium Decylbenzene Sulfonate: 36% Theo. BOD5
with acclimation activated sludge - (11); 48% Theo. BOD,25 with
acclimated activated sludge - (11)
Sodium Dodecylbenzene Sulfonate: 13% Theo. B0D.16 with activated
sludge - (11); 38% Theo. BOD ts with activated sludge - (11); 43%
Theo. BOD5 with activated sludge - (11).
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
ppm hrs species parm cond ref
Disodiumdibutylphenylphenoldisulfonate
500
. 5
Stagnicola
Molluscacidal
1
Reflexa
Effect
5000
. 3
Stagnicola
Molluscacidal
1
Reflexa
Effect
10,000
.16
Stagnicola
Molluscacidal
1
Reflexa
Effect
20,000
.10
Stagnicola
Molluscacidal
1
Reflexa
Effect
50,000
.08
Stagnicola
Molluscacidal
1
Reflexa
Effect
Sodium
Butyldiphenyl
Sulfonate
500
. 33
Stagnicola
Molluscacidal
1
Reflexa
Effect
5000
.25
Stagnicola
Molluscacidal
1
Reflexa
Effect
10,000
.20
Stagnicola
Molluscacidal
1
Reflexa
Effect
20,000
.17
Stagnicola
Molluscacidal
1
Reflexa
Effect
50,000
.15
Stagnicola
Molluscacidal
1
Reflexa
Effect
-------
Epm
hrs
species
parm
cond
r
Sodium
Butylphenylphenol Sulfonate
5
336
Goldfish
0% Kill
Alkyl Aryl
1
Sulfonate
10
48
Goldfish
30% Kill
Alkyl Aryl
1
Sulfonate
15
6
Goldfish
100% Kill
Alkyl Aryl
1
Sulfonate
.5
.33
Stagnicola
Molluscacidal
1
Reflexa
Effect
5
.16
Stagnicola
Molluscacidal
1
Reflexa
Effect
10
.13
Stagnicola
Molluscacidal
1
Reflexa
Effeot
20
.10
Stagnicola
Molluscacidal
1
Reflexa
Effect
50
.08
Stagnicola
Molluscacidal
1
Reflexa
Effect
Sodium
Decylbenzene
Sulfonate
5.6
Silver Salmon
Deleterious
Aerated
1
Effect
Lake
500
.40
Stagnicola
Molluscacidal
1
Reflexa
Effect
5000
.17
Stagnicola
Molluscacidal
1
Reflexa
Effect
10,000
.12
Stagnicola
Molluscacidal
1
Reflexa
Effect
20,000
.10
Stagnicola
Molluscacidal
1
Reflexa
Effect
50,000
.10
Stagnicola
Molluscacidal
1
Reflexa
Effect
Sodium
Dodecylbenzene Sulfonate
120
Algae
Growth
1
Stopped
8
Fish
Died
Sewaqe
1
Trt. Plant
18
Roach &
Limiting
1
Rhedeus
36
Idus & Carp
Limiting
1
3
288
Trout
TLm
Oxygenated
1
10
48
Goldfish
30% Died
Aerated
1
15
6
Goldfish
100% Died
Aerated
1
6
Fish
Minimum
Distilled
1
Lethal
18°
6
Fish
Minimum
Hard
1
Lethal
23°
-------
Sodium Dodecylbenzene Sulfonate
ppm
hrs
species
parm
cond
ref
4.8
24
Fish
TLm
Soft
1
(100% ABS)
4.5
48
Fish
TLm
Soft
1
It
4.5
96
Fish
TLm
Soft
1
II
4
24
Fish
TLm
Hard
1
II
3.5
48
Fish
TLm
Hard
1
II
3.5
96
Fish
TLm
Hard
1
II
8.2
24
Bluegill
TLm
Soft
1
II
7.5
48
Bluegill
TLm
Soft
1
II
5.6
96
Bluegill
TLm
Soft
1
II
4.5
24
Fish
TLm
Soft
1
(85% ABS)
4.2
48 & 96
Fish
TLm
Soft
1
(15% Inert)
4.4
24,48,96
Fish
TLm
Hard
1
II
15
24,48,96
Fish
TLm
Soft
1
(60% ABS)
8.5
24,48,96
Fish
TLm
Hard
1
(40% Inert)
23
24,48,96
Fish
TLm
Soft
1
(40% ABS)
12
24,48,96
Fish
TLm
Hard
1
(60% Inert)
63
24
Fish
TLm
Soft
1
(31% ABS)
61
48&96
Fish
TLm
Soft
1
(57% Sod.)
21
24&48
Fish
TLm
Hard
1
(Tripolyphos
17
96
Fish
TLm
Hard
1
phate)
46
24
Fish
TLm
Soft
1
(30% ABS)
44
48
Fish
TLm
Soft
1
(27% STP)
41
96
Fish
TLm
Soft
1
(20% Sod.
Sulfate)
20
24
Fish
TLm
Hard
1
16
48
Fish
Tiro
Hard
1
15
96
Fish
TLm
Hard
1
64
24
Fish
TLm
Soft
1
(22% ABS)
62
48
Fish
TLm
Soft
1
(8% Alkyl
64
96
Fish
TLm
Soft
1
Sulfate)
(65% Sod.
Sulfate)
28
24,48,96
Fish
TLm
Hard
1
85
24,48,96
Fish
TLm
Soft
1
(18% ABS)
51
24&48
Fish
TLm
Hard
1
(47% STP)
(25% Sod.
Sulfate)
48
96
Fish
TLm
Hard
1
59
24,48,96
Fish
TLm
Soft
1
(9% ABS)
100
24
Fish
TLm
Hard
1
(9% Alkyl
90
48
Fish
TLm
Hard
1
Sulfate)
87
96
Fish
TLm
Hard
1
(50% STP)
(20% Sod.
Sulfate)
-------
EE™
hrs
species
parm cond
ref
20
1
Trout,10
Death
1
day old
12
6
Trout,10
Death
1
day old
20
1
Trout,65
Death
1
day old
10
6
Trout,65
Death
1
day old
15
1
Trout,4 cm
Death
1
long
12
6
Trout,4 cm
Death
1
long
20
1
Trout,8 cm
Death
1
long
12
6
Trout,8 cm
Death
1
long
15
1
Trout,15 cm
Death
1
long
7
6
Trout,15 cm
Death
1
long
5
24,48,96
Daphnia
<20% Died
1
10
24
Daphnia
<20% Died
1
10
48
Daphnia
20-80% Died
1
10
96
Daphnia
>20% Lived
1
15
24
Daphnia
20-80% Lived
1
15
48&96
Daphnia
All Died
1
35
24,48,96
Daphnia
All Died
1
50
24,48,96
Daphnia
All Died
1
17.4
96
Bluegill
TLm
167
21.9
96
Pumpkinseed
TLm
167
5.0
26-30
Trout
Lethal
293
3.7
24
Trout
TLm
293
5.0
Trout
Gill
293
Pathology
4.2
24
Bluegill
TLm
293
3.7
48
Bluegill
TLm
293
19.0
96
Bluegill
TLm
293
3.1
168
Fathead Pry
TLm
293
5.6
72
Salmon
Lethal
293
1.0
240
Yellow
Histo-
293
Bullheads
pathology
7.4
96
Emerald
TLm
293
Shiner
7.7
96
Bluntnose
TLm
293
Minnow
8.9
96
Stoneroller
TLm
293
9.2
96
Sliver Jaw
TLm
293
-------
ppm
hrs
species
parm
cond
ref
9.5
96
Rosefin
TLm
293
17.0
96
Common
TLm
293
Shiner
18.0
96
Carp
TLm
293
22.0
96
Black
TLm
293
Bullhead
Sodium
Nitrochlorobenzene Sulfonate
318
100
Daphnia Magna
0% Kill
23 °C
1
1474
100
Daphnia Magna
50% Kill
23 °C
1
3187
100
Daphnia Magna
100% Kill
23°C
1
6375
96
Bluegill
TLm
Lake
59
3532
24
Lymnaea Sp
TLm
Lake
59
Eggs
3208
48
Lymnaea Sp
TLm
Lake
59
Eggs
Salt Water Toxicity
Sodium
Dodecylbenzene Sulfonate
2.5
14
days
Clam
Egg Steri-
40
lization
.5
14
days
Oyster
Egg Steri-
40
lization
.14- 1.
5
Oyster
Larvae
40
Inhibition
.55-3
Clam
Larvae
40
Inhibition
7.0
96
Silverside
TLm
20% Salt
293
7.5
96
American Eel
TLm
293
8.2
96
Winter Floun-
TLm
293
der
10.1
96
Mullet
TLm
293
22.5
96
Mummichog
TLm
293
Mammalian
Disodium dibutylphenylphenoldisulfonate
species
mg/Kg
B. W. administration :
route
ref
Mice
2200
Oral
1
Sodium
Butyldiphenyl
Sulfonate
Mice
3500
Oral
1
Mice
3400
Oral
291
-------
species mg/Kg B. W« administration route ref
Sodium Butylphenylphenol Sulfonate
Mice 3800 Oral 1
Mice 2200 Oral 291
Sodium Decylbenzene Sulfonate
Mice 2000 Oral 1
Rat 2000 Oral 1
Mice 2100 Oral 1
Sodium Dodecylbenzene Sulfonate
Rat 1400 Oral 1
Mice 2800 Oral 1
Rat 2000 Oral 8
Rat 105 Intravenous 8
Alkyl Aryl Sulfonate
Rat 1400 Oral 96
-------
ALLYL ALCOHOL
Allyl alcohol has been used in war gas, but is more
commonly thought of as a resin and plastics building block.
One and five gallon cans, drums, tank trucks, tank cars,
and tank barges were used to transport the 16,118,000 lbs
produced in 1963 (199) .
Allyl alcohol polymerizes slowly upon standing to an
insoluble polymer. This process is not expected to occur in
solution. The unsaturated bond, however, is subject to
photochemical attack over a period of time. Though miscible,
allyl alcohol is not likely to produce appreciable oxygen
deficiences when spilled in water. Degradation rates are
quite slow, averaging 4-5 percent per day over the first 20
days (10,36).
Allyl alcohol is considered toxic to aquatic life.
A threshold of 10 ppm has been reported for Rudd in fresh
water (1). The entire population of fathead minnows was killed
when exposed to 1 ppm for 72 hours, while no toxic effects were
noted at 0.2 ppm (426). Similarly, marine species are affected
in the 1-100 ppm range (1,2). Portman found cockles and starfish
the least sensitive of the macro-invertebrates tested (2).
Allyl alcohol can also be quite toxic when ingested by
mammals. LD50 values predominate in the 40-100 mg/Kg body
weight range (1,15). Experiments on rats showed weight
retardation at concentrations of 250 mg/1 in the drinking
-------
water. However, major effects were not noted even at 1000
mg(l). Allyl alcohol is known to be a strong local irritant
which can be absorbed through the skin. It is also known to
react with t/RNA (19) .
-------
NAME Allyl Alcohol
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 16,118,000 lb 1963 (199)
SYNONYMS 2 Propen-1-01, l-Propenol-3, Vinyl Carbinol
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE 1 & 5 gal cans, drums, tank trucks
and cars, tank barges
DOT Class B Poison, Poison Label, 55 gal outside container
USCG Grade C Flammable, Class B poison
M.P. 129.0 °C
B.P. 96.000 °C
Sp.G. 0.854
SOLUBILITY Miscible
PERSISTENCE
Oxygen Demand
BOD5 - .2 lb/lb with sewage seed-(11)
BOD5 - 9.1% theo. with sewage seed-(36)
BOD10 ~ 57% removed with non-flocculent growth activated sludge-(10)
BOD20 ~ 81.8% theo. with sewage seed-(36)
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
ppm
hrs
species
parm
cond
ref
10
Rudd
Threshold
1
1
72
Fathead
Minnow
100% Kill
50°F,Huron
426
0.75
72
Fathead
Minnow
Partial
50°F,Huron
426
Kill
0.2
72
Fathead
Minnow
No Toxic
50°F,Huron
426
Effect
Salt Water
• Toxicity
2.5
Bivalve
Larvae
Lethal
1
1-10
48
Shrimp
LC50
Aerated
2
>100
48
Cockle
LC50
Aerated
2
>33
48
Starfish
LC50
Aerated
2
Mammalian
species
mg/kg
B. W.
administration
route ref
Dog
40
Oral
1
Rat
100
Oral
1
Rat
64
Oral
15
-------
ALLYL CHLORIDE
Allyl chloride is primarily employed as an intermed-
iate in the production of glycerine, resins, and fine
chemicals- Tank cars and 55 gallon drums were generally
used to ship the 465 million lbs produced in 1971 (198).
Allyl chloride produced hydrogen chloride upon storage
and can similarly undergo hydrolysis in water to allyl
alcohol and hydrochloric acid. This process is inhibited
by the compound's low solubility but can be accelerated with
caustic. Exposure to heat and sunlight can lead to
photodegradation of the unsaturated bond. Since allyl
alcohol is the primary hydrolysis product, biodegradation
is expected to be quite slow. No oxygen deficiencies are
expected to occur in spill situations.
Limited toxicity data is available, but TLm values
of 20-50 ppm are typical for common freshwater fish species (37^.
Bluegill and guppy appear to be more resistant than goldfish
and fathead minnows (37). in saltwater, the 96 hr TLm for
sheepshead minnows is 24 ppm (426).
Allyl chloride is a strong local irritant capable of
killing rats when present in air at 300 ppm (18). It can be
absorbed through the skin and is considered highly toxic via
all administration routes (38) . Baker reports an odor detection
threshold of 3660-29300 ppm (30) . The Shell Chemical Company
lists the odor threshold in air as 3-25 ppm with eye irritation
noted at 50-100 ppm (39).
-------
NAME Allyl Chloride
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 465 million lbs 1971 (198)
SYNONYMS 3-Chloropropylene, AC, Chlorallylene, 3-Chloropropene,
a-Chloropropylene
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE Tank cars, 55 gal drums
USCG Grade B flammable, Class B poison
M.P. -134.5 °C
B.P. 45.0 °C
Sp.G. 0.90
SOLUBILITY 3000 ppm at 25°C
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
PPm
24
42
22
48
hrs
96
96
96
96
Salt Water Toxicity
24 96
species parm
Fathead Tim
Minnow
Bluegill TLm
Goldfish TLm
Guppy TLm
Sheepshead TLm
Minnow
cond
Const.
Temp.
Const.
Temp.
Const.
Temp.
Const.
Temp.
ref
37
37
37
37
426
-------
ALUMINUM SULFATE
This white crystalline compound is known in the trade
by the various names of alum, pearl alum, pickle alum, cake
alum, filter alum, papermaker's alum, and patent alum.
About 2.5 billion pounds of aluminum sulfate was produced in
1971 in the United States. Almost two-thirds of this total is
used by the paper industry for the clarification of process
waters, pH control of pulp slurries, setting of certain dyes,
and setting of size in the paper. More than one-fourth
is used in water treatment uses. Various other uses, such as
chemical manufacture, pharmaceutical preparation, dyeing,
tanning, clarification of fats and oils, decolorization in
petroleum refinery processes, fire-extinguishing solutions,
waterproofing agent for concrete, ethane-production
catalysts, and food additives account for the remainder.
Aluminum sulfate crystals are shipped in bags, fiber drums,
multiwall paper sacks, and, for bulk shipment, in carloads.
As a solution, it is shipped in rubber-lined tank cars and
trucks.
Aluminum sulfate is readily soluble in water. When
spilled it will sink and dissolve, forming an acid solu-
tion. The low pH results from formation of aluminum hy-
droxide which then precipitates out. Natural dilution and
buffer capacity will lower the concentration of residual
aluminum after a spill. Aluminum sulfate may interfere with
-------
natural biological processes. As little as 18 ppm has been
found to inhibit sewage organisms by 50 percent.
Aluminum sulfate can be quite toxic to fish. As little
as 7 mg/1 killed fundulus in 1200 hr while 14 mg/1 was fatal
in 36 hr (1). The 96 hr TLm for mosquito fish in turbid
water is reported to be 2 35 ppm (1). The threshold for
immobilization of Daphnia magna is 106 ppm (1). Chronic
exposure limits for Daphnia have also been reported as 136
ppm (55).
Aluminum sulfate can be toxic when ingested. The oral
LD50 for mice is reported to be 770 mg/Kg body weight (215) .
Drinkin-g water should not contain more than 0.1 ppm aluminum
(40). A concentration of 0.1 ppm alum in swimming water can
cause mild eye irritation, while 0.5 ppm is acutely irri-
tating (1) .
Aluminum sulfate can be harmful to plants. Irrigation
water with 25 mg/1 was found to reduce growth in oats (1).
Irrigation water in general should not contain more than 1
ppm aluminum (40).
-------
NAME Aluminum Sulfate
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 2.3 billion lbs 1971
SYNONYMS Cake Alum, Patent Alum, Filter Alum, Pickle Alum
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE Bulk carloads, barrels, drums,
bags, kegs, bottles
M.P. 86.5 °C
B.P. Decomposes at 770°C
Sp.G. 1.69
SOLUBILITY 310,000 mg/1 at 25 °C
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc.
Hydroxide is insoluble and soon precipitates with neutralization.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
ppm hrs species parm cond ref
7 1200 Fundulus Fatal 1
14 36 Fundulus Fatal 1
250 8-24 Goldfish, Killed 1
Sunfish
235 96 Mosquito Fish TLm Turbid 1
106 Daphnia Magna Threshold 1
Immobilization
250 96 Largemouth LC50 428
Bass
Mammalian
species mq/kq B. W. administration route ref
Mouse 770 Oral 215
-------
AMMONIA
Ammonia gas is used extensively for the production of
fertilizer, explosives, synthetic fibers, nitric acid, and
amines. The 28 billion lbs produced in 1971 (199) were shipped
as a gas, a liquified gas, and in solution in steel cylinders,
tank cars, tank trucks, and tank barges.
Ammonia gas is soluble in water to 100,000 ppm. Spills
of the gaseous material, however, may not result in massive
ammonia contamination because of poor interfacial contact.
Spills of liquified ammonia or aqueous solutions will rapidly
disperse through the water column. Ammonia quickly forms
ammonia hydroxide in water accompanied by the generation of
great heat and an elevation of pH. Product ammonia hydroxide
dissociates partially such that at pH 6, the ratio of ammonium
ion to the combined form is 1800 while at pH 8, it is 18 (1).
Ammonia in neutral or basic solutions will volatilize and
escape to deplete high concentrations. Bacterial life can
utilize ammonia by converting it to nitrate. This process
creates an oxygen demand but usually does not occur until
several days after introduction of the ammonia.
Ammonia can be toxic to many forms of aquatic life.
Various lethal and toxic effects have been noted in fish
exposed to .3-17 ppm ammonia. (1) An ammonia concentration
of 1.0 mg/1 decreases the ability of fishes' hemoglobin to
combine with oxygen. (1) The 96 hr TLm for bluegill is
reported as 3.1-3.4 ppm in soft water and 23.7-24.4 ppm in
-------
hard water. (1) Various forms of fish food organisms show
toxic reactions at 90-420 ppm (1). Daphnia, however are
killed by 8 ppm ammonia. (1) In general, the threshold
concentration for fish is 0.5 ppm free ammonia. (41)
Although algae thrive on high nitrate concentrations they
appear to be harmed when the nitrogen is in the ammonia
form. (1) Stammer reports the following toxicity threshold
values for indicator organisms in a saprophytic system:
- oligosaprobic and B-mesadoprobic zones, 0.8-0.4 mg/1;
.2 - mesasaprobic zones, 0.3-4.3 mg/1; and polysaprobic
zone, 3.2-220 mg/1 (1).
Ammonia is considered toxic when inhaled or ingested.
Rabbits fed 50-80 mis of 0.5 percent ammonia for 17 mos. (80-
130 mg/Kg body weight/day) suffered chronic acidosis and
tissue changes. (15) Livestock should not be fed more than
170 gm of ammonia. (7) A level of 120 ppm can inhibit germi-
nation in birds. (243) Water for human consumption should
be limited to .05 ppm ammonia. (40) This level, however, is
predicated more on organoleptic properties than toxic effects.
Ammonia causes odors when present in water in the range .32-
2.6 ppm (244) and tastes when present at .037 ppm. (127)
Ammoniacal solutions can be irritating. Water for body
contact should not exceed 1.0 ppm ammonia. (40)
-------
NAME Ammonia
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 28 billion lbs. ~ 1971
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE Cylinders, tank trucks, tank cars,
tank barge
DOT Nonflammable compressed gas, green label, 300 lbs. in an outside
container
USCG Liquified compressed gas
M.P. -77.7 °C
B.P. -33.4 °C
Sp.G. 0.600 as a liquid
SOLUBILITY 100,000 mg/1 @ 25 °C
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh
Water Toxicity
hrs
species
parm
cond
ref
5-7
6
Minnows
Toxic or
Distilled
1
Lethal
20 °C
6-7
6
Minnows
Toxic or
Hard
1
Lethal
20 °C
7-8
1
Sunfish
Toxic or
—
1
Lethal
17.1
1
Minnows
Toxic or
-
1
Lethal
17-136
1
Trout, Eel,
Toxic or
-
1
Roach
Lethal
23.7
96
Sunfish
TLm
Hard
30
°C
1
24.4
96
Sunfish
TLm
Hard
20
°C
1
75.7
<.05
Trout
Toxic or
-
1
Lethal
90
96
Snail
TLm
Soft
20
°C
1
133.9
96
Snail
TLm
Hard
20
°C
1
94,5
96
Snail
TLm
Soft
30
°c
1
133.9
96
Snail
TLm
Hard
30
°C
1
420
120
Diatom
50% Red.
Soft
22
°c
1
Growth
420
120
Diatom
50% Red.
Hard
22
°C
1
Growth
320
120
Diatom
50% Red.
Soft
28
°C
1
Growth
420
120
Diatom
50% Red.
Hard
28
°C
1
Growth
-------
PPm
hrs
species
pa ma
cond
410
12Q
Diatom
50% Red.
Soft
Growth
350
120
Diatom
50% Red,
Hard
Growth
8
-
Daphnia
Lethal
-
0.41
48
Rainbow
TLm
Trout
i—1
•
1
m
•
—
Trout Fry
Toxic or
-
Lethal
.6
*1.5
Rainbow Trout
Toxic or
-
Lethal
.7
6 1/2
Rainbow Trout
Toxic or
-
Lethal
1-2
—
Fish
Toxic or
-
Lethal
1.2
3.2
Squalius
Toxic or
-
Cephalus
Lethal
2-2.5
24 to 96
Goldfish
Toxic or
-
Lethal
2.9
13
Cichla
Toxic or
-
Scellaus
Lethal
3.1
96
Sunfish
TLm
Soft
3.4
96
Sunfish
TLm
Soft
5
..
Trout Rainbow
Toxic or
mm
Lethal
-------
AMMONIUM SALTS
Ammonium salts are common throughout agriculture and
industry. They are employed for such widespread activities
as meat preservation, dyeing, veterinary medicine, fertili-
zation, ink production, wool scouring, tanning, soldering,
and textile printing. Many ammonium salts are produced and
shipped in bulk as both dry and solution mixes
Ammonium salts are readily soluble in water and will
soon disperse when spilled. Solution pH may drop after dis-
persion due to formation of dissolved ammonium hydroxide.
The tendency to associate is quite strong. The ratio
of ammonium ion to the combined form is 1800 at pH 6 and 18
at pH 8 (1). As solution pH rises further, some ammonium
is lost as free ammonia gas. Bacterial activity will convert
ammonia to nitrate with a concomitant demand for dissolved
oxygen. The resulting BOD is typically evidenced several
days after introduction of the ammonium compound.
The toxicity of most ammonium salts is directly related
to the amount of undissociated ammonium hydroxide created
in the water, which in turn is a function of solution pH.
Hence, Ellis found that toxicity of various ammonium salts
toward fish increased by 200 percent or more when solution
pH was raised from 7.4 to 8.0 (1). In general, common salts
such as the sulfate are hazardous to fish in the 66-500 ppm
range (1). When combined as the hydroxide, however, the lethal
-------
lethal range is 4-37 ppm (1). The 48-hr TLm for the com-
bined form has been reported as .15 ppm, and 17.5 ppm for
bluegill and fathead minnows respectively. A concentration
of 6.25 ppm NH4OH killed trout in 24 hrs (1). Similarly,
microlife such as Daphnia are immobilized by 8.75 ppm (1).
Algae, which thrives on nitrate, appears to be inhibited
when nitrogen is present in the ammonia form.
Ammonium salts can be quite toxic to mammals. Labora-
tory animals have been found to display LD5Q values around
100 mg/Kg body weight when administered ammonium salts
intravenously (8). On the other hand, some of the more
common compounds such as the carbonate are used in cooking
preparations (1).
Ammonium ion does not display the severe organoleptic
properties attributed to free ammonia. If solution condi-
tions cause the formation of free ammonia, however, drinking
water should be limited to .05 ppm or less. These solutions
might also be irritating upon contact if ammonia content
exceeds 1 ppm (40) .
-------
AMMONIUM ACETATE
Ammonium acetate is primarily used for the preservation
of mo .it, in dying and veterinary applications, and as a
chemical reagent. Some 1 million lbs were produced in 1968
(199) .
Ammonium acetate tends to lose ammonia upon standing.
Under alkaline conditions, this situation will be pronounced,
while under acid conditions it will be suppressed. As a
highly soluble material with a rapid biochemical oxygen
demand rate, 79 percent in 1-5 days, this material may well
cause an oxygen slump when spilled. If carried to completion,
the demand curve will be stair-stepped, demonstrating a
plateau around the five day point. The initial rise will
be due to acetate utilization and the final to ammonia
utilization.
Limited aquatic toxirity data indicates a median thresh-
old limit of 238 ppm for mosquito fish (1). This is
somewhat less than the 490 ppm 96 hr TLm found for ammonium
chloride under similar conditions. In general, free ammonia
has a toxic threshold to fish of 0.5 ppm (11). It is
presumed that the turbidity masked some of the toxic nature
of the acetate salt in the aforementioned test.
Mice fed intravenously suffered an LD50 of 90 mg/Kg
body weight (8). The somewhat acid solution is also capable
of producing irritation.
-------
NAME Ammonium Acetate
M.P. 112. °C
B.P. 200. °C Decomposes
Sp.G. 1.0 73
SOLUBILITY >1,000,000 ppm at 25°C
PERSISTENCE
Oxygen Demand
BODi_5 - 79% Theo. with activated sludge in a respirometer-(10)
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
EE2L
hrs
species
parm
cond
ref
238
24
Mosquito
Fish
TLm
Turbid at
pH 7.6-8.4
1
238
48
Mosquito
Fish
TLm
Turbid at
pH 7.6-8.4
1
238
96
Mosquito
Fish
TLm
Turbid at
pH 7.6-8.4
1
Mammalian
species
mg/kg B. W.
administration
route
rel
Mice 98 Intravenous 8
-------
AMMONIUM BENZOATE
M.P. - Decomposes at 198°C
B.P. - Sublimes at 160°C
Sp. G. - 1.260
SOLUBILITY - 196,000 mg/1 at 14.5°C
PERSISTENCE
Oxygen Demand - Dissociates to ammonium and benzoate ion. Benzoate
has a BOD^-l.4 lb/lb (71% theoretical). 11 Ammonium will oxidize
to nitrate after a period of 4-5 days.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity
Toxicity will be that for the more persistent ammonium ion.
-------
AMMONIUM BICARBONATE
SYNONYMS - Ammonium Hydrogen Carbonate, Ammonium Acid Carbonate,
Acid Ammonium Carbonate
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE - 100 lb drums, carloads
M.P. 107.5°C
B.P. Sublimes
Sp. G. - 1.58
SOLUBILITY - 119,000 mg/1 at 0°C
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. - Dissociates in water. Bicarbonate
equilibrates with natural alkalinity. Ammonium ion will oxidize
to nitrate after 4-5 days.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity - Toxicity will be determined by the state
of the ammonium ion.
Mammalian Toxicity
Species mg/kg B. W. Administration Route Ref
Mice 0.234 Intravenous 96
-------
AI*«NIUM BISULFITE
SYNONMMS- Amnanium Hydrogen Sulfite, Ammaniun Acid Sulfite
M.P. Decomposes
Sp. G. - 2.03
SOLUBILITY - freely soluble
TOOQCQDOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity - Toxicity is related to the amronium ion.
-------
AMMONIUM BROMIDE
M.P. - Sublimes at 5426C
B.P. 396°C
Sp. G. - 2.327
SOLUBILITY - 680,000 mg/1
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. - Dissociates in water Aimonium
ion will oxidize to nitrate after 4-5 days
TOXICOLOGICAL"
Ion!h"ater T°'Clcl& - Toxlcity win be related to the arrmoni®
-------
ammonium carbamate
B.P. - Sublimes at 60°C
SOLUBILITY - 250,000 mg/1
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc.- Dissociates. Ammonium ion will
oxidize to nitrate in 4-5 days.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity - Toxicity will depend upon ammonium ion
-------
AMMONIUM CARBONATE
Ammonium carbonate is used in a variety of ways,
including as a food additive for baking powder, in wool
scouring and textile printing, in ink, and for leather
tanning. It is presently marketed by nine major U. S.
firms.
Ammonium carbonate is a highly unstable compound. Contact
with air or warm water results in release of free ammonia.
Aqueous solutions are alkaline and hence sponsor the
formation of toxic NH^OH. While biochemical oxygen demand
data is not available, the ammonia radical can act as free
ammonia which undergoes oxidation to the nitrate form. This
process is a slow one and usually occurs after several days.
Consequently, the highly soluble carbonate salt should not
produce oxygen deficiencies in spill situations.
Aquatic toxicity data varies considerably. The toxic
threshold for freshwater fish appears to lie between 30-40
ppm with one source reporting 5.5-7 ppm lethal to fish (1).
It would appear that the discrepancy is due to the resulting
pH of the solution which is the critical parameter of concern.
Alkaline conditions increase toxicity. Generally speaking,
the threshold concentration for fish is .5 ppm free ammonia (4).
The median lethal dose for mice was determined via
intravenous adminstration to be 96 mg/Kg body weight (43).
-------
Lower doses have been used for medicinal purposes in humans
and other mammals (8).
Other aqueous concentrations of interest include a
lower odor threshold of .5 ppm ammonia (1), recommended
drinking water limits of .05 ppm ammonia (40), and a body
contact exposure limit of 1 ppm ammonia (40).
-------
NAME Ammonium Carbonate
SYNONYMS Crystal Ammonia, Sal Volatile, Hartshorn
M.P. 58.0°C Decomposes
Sp.G. 1.917
SOLUBILITY 405,000 mg/1 at 25°C
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
PPM
240
10
5.5-7
35
48
100
155-197
288
100-800
hrs
3.5
>100
144
4-10
Pew
96
1
species
Goldfish
Goldfish
Fish
Fish
Goldfish
Goldfish
Shiners & Carp
Mosquito Fish
Sunfish
parm
Killed
Tolerated
Lethal
Threshold
Killed
Killed
Fatal
TLm
Killed
cond
Distilled
Hard
Hard
Turbid
ref
Mammalian
spe
cies
mq/kg B. W.
administration route
ref
Mice
96
Intravenous
43
-------
AMMONIUM CHLORIDE
Ammonium chloride is commonly employed in tanning,
soldering, veterinary work, and in dry cell batteries. The
26.6 thousand tons short produced in 1965 (198) were shipped
in drums, kegs, 100 lb bags, and 300 lb barrels.
Ammonium chloride is readily soluble in water, forming
an acidic solution. Presence of alkaline conditions will
sponsor production of toxic NH^OH and will cause the release
of gaseous NH3« Ammonia is subject to bacterial attack.
Oxidation to the nitrate form however takes several days to
reach a state where oxygen demand is of importance. Hence,
no oxygen slump is expected in spill situations.
Ammonium chloride is generally less toxic to fish than
the carbonate because of its ability to drive the solution pH
down. Threshold limits in hard water generally begin above
200 ppm for fish (1). Rainbow trout have been killed at
levels as low as 24.6 over a 48 hr period (44). Aquatic
invertebrates were found to be immobilized at much lower levels(1).
The variance in toxic levels can be attributed to several
basic parameters. Toxicity goes up with pH due to the
formation of toxic NH^OH. Threshold toxicity values decrease
with decreasing oxygen tension. Finally, salinity increases
toxicity. The latter can be seen through parallel tests
run with minnows in hard and distilled water. The minimum
lethal concentrations were 300 ppm and 4000 ppm, respectively (1).
-------
As might be predicted, trout and salmon in salt water
exhibit low 24 hr median threshold limits: 85 ppm and
45 ppm, respectively (46).
Median lethal doses have been determined as 30 mg/Kg
body weight for rats fed intramuscularly (8), and 240 mg/Kg
body weight for guinea pigs fed intravfenously (47).
Medicinal doses range from .5-1 gram.
Other aquatic concentrations of interest include
recommended drinking water limits of .05 ppm free ammonia (40)
and a body contact exposure limit of 1 ppm free ammonia (40).
Chloride should be kept below 3000 ppm for livestock (41) and
500 ppm for use on citrus plants (41) . Vegetables can tolerate
up to 750 ppm chlorides (41).
-------
NAME Ammonium Chloride
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 26.6 Thousand Tons Short, 1965 (198)
SYNONYMS Ammonium Muriate, Sal Ammonia, Salmiac
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE drums, kegs, 100 lb bags,
300 lb barrels
M.P. 350 °C Decomposes
B.P. 520 °C Sublimes
Sp.G. 1.53
SOLUBILITY 297,000 ppm at 25°C
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity
PPrc
hrs
species
parm
cond
ref
6
96
Sunfish
TLm
1
268
144
Goldfish
Killed
Hard
1
300
6
Minnows
Minimum
Hard
1
Lethal
314
Trout
Toxic
1
Threshold
490
96
Mosquito Fish
TLm
Turbid
1
535
4.75
Bluegill
Killed
Tap
1
535
432
Bluegill
Killed
Distilled
1
700-800
1
Sunfish
Killed
1
1570
Rainbow Trout
Lethal
1
4000
6
Minnows
Minimum
Distilled
1
Lethal
535
6
Daphnia
Killed
Distilled
1
512
Daphnia Young
Immobilized
Lake Erie
1
Water 20-25
Op
3.1
Leptodora
Immobilized
Lake Erie
1
Kindtii
Water 20-25
0 C
86
Cyclops
Immobilized
Lake Erie
i
Vernalis
Water 20-25
O p
75
Misocyclops
Immobilized
Lake Erie
1
Leukarti
Water 20-25
0 P
5
Diaptomus
Immobilized
Lake Erie
1
Aegonensis
Water 20-25
°p
24.6
48
Rainbow Trout
TLm
44
500
6
Rainbow Trout
Killed
18°C
45
2460
Water Beetle
Stimulate
1
(Laccophilus
Movement
Maculosis)
-------
Salt Water
Toxicity
EHU
hrs
species
parm
cond
ref
85
24
Rainbow Trout
TLm
Constant
46
Alkalinity
45
24
Atlantic
TLm
Constant
46
Salmon
Alkalinity
>1000
96
Sheepshead
TLm
pH 6.5
426
Minnow
<250
96
Sheepshead
TLm
pH 8.2
426
Minnow
Mammalian
species
Rats
Guinea Pig
mg/kg B. W.
30
240
administration route
Intramuscular
Intravenous
ref
8
47
-------
AMMONIUM CITRATE
SYNONYMS - Diammonium Citrate, Citric Acid Diammonium Salt
Sp. G. - 1.48
SOLUBILITY - Very Soluble
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. - Dissociates to ammonium and citrate
ions. Citric acid has a BOD- - .42 lb/lb (46% theoretical)(13).
Ammonium ion oxidizes to nitrate after 4-5 days.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity - Toxicity will result from ammonium ion.
-------
AMMONIUM FLUOBORATE
M.P. - Sublimes
Sp, G. - 1.851
SOLUBILITY - Very soluble
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. - Dissociates. Ammonium ion is subject
to biodegradation after 4-5 days.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity - Will depend on ammonium ion.
-------
AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE
SYNONYMS - Ammonium Hydrate, Aqua Ammonia, Spirit of Hartshorn,
Water of Ammonia
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE
5 pt. glass bottles, 13 gal.
carboys, 110 gal. steel drums,
tank cars
M.P. 77°C
B.P. Solution only
Sp. G. - 0.90
SOLUBILITY - >1,000,000
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. - Ammonium hydroxide is a product of the
dissolution of ammonia. Its level in water will be determined by
the pH and alkalinity of resulting solutions. Hence, natural
dilution will neutralize ammonium hydroxide. The ammonium ion is
degradable in 4-5 days.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity
PPm
37
4.5
6.25
10
13
15
17.5
18.5
20
30
30
30
hrs
96
24
24
48
48
48
Species
Mosquito Fish
Goldfish
Trout
Suckers, Shiner,
Carp, Trout
Suckers, Shiner,
Carp, Trout
Sunfish
Minnow
Sunfish
.2 Suckers, Shiner,
Carp, Trout
24 Small Fish
24 Chub
Perch
Parm
TL
m
Lethal
Lethal
Lethal
Lethal
TL
m
TL_
m
TL
m
Lethal
Lethal
Lethal
Lethal
Cond.
Ref
Turbid
Phila. Tap
Water, 20°
Phila. Tap
Water, 20°
15-21°
-------
ppm
hrs
Species
Parm
Cond.
Ref
60
24
Daphnia
TL
m
Const. Temp
59
32
48
Daphnia
TL
m
Const. Temp
59
20
96
Daphnia
TL
m
Const. Temp
59
12
48
Rana Pipiens,
Bulfrogs
Toxic
Field
22
Mammalian Toxicity
Species mg/Kg B. W. Administration Route Ref
Cat 250 Oral 8
-------
AMMONIUM HYPOPHOSPHITE
Sp. G. - 1.803
SOLUBILITY - 227,000
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. - Dissociates in water. Hypophosphite
oxidizes to phosphate. Ammonium ion biodegrades to nitrate after
4-5 days.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity - Toxicity depends on ammonium ion.
-------
AMMONIUM IODIDE
M.P. - Sublimes 551°C
B.P. 404.9°C
Sp. G. - 2.514
SOLUBILITY - 1,542/000
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. - Dissociates in water. Ammonium ion
will oxidize to nitrate after 4-5 days.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity; - Toxicity will depend upon ammonium ion.
-------
AMMONIUM NITRATE
Ammonium nitrate is used in fertilizer, explosives, the
manufacture of nitrous oxide, herbicides and insecticides,
absorbent for nitrogen oxides, freezing mixtures, solid
rocket propellants, catalysts, and as a nutrient for anti-
biotics and yeast. About 13 billion pounds were produced
in 1970 in the United States (199). Growth has continued
at nine percent per year (198). Ammonium nitrate is shipped
in bags, carloads, tank cars, tank trucks, and barges.
Because of the explosive nature of dry foH4N03, it is shipped
in the form of ,an aqueous slurry.
Ammonium nitrate is very soluble in water, and will soon
dissolve when spilled. Elevation of the solution pH
leads to the release of some ammonia gas. Both ammonia and
nitrate can provide nitrogen to bacteria and hence act as
nutrient sources. Ammonia, in fact, displays an oxygen demand
while being converted to nitrate and/or nitrite. This oxygen
demand does not occur immediately after entry, but is delayed.
Consequently, oxygen sags are not likely to accompany spills.
Nitrates can be degraded under anaerobic conditions.
Ammonium nitrate can be toxic to fish. Bluegills have
been killed in 3.9 hrs by 800 ppm (1). Test specimens
survived 384 hours in a similar concentration when makeup water
-------
was distilled (1). The LD50 for Aspergillus niger has been
reported as 15 ppm (216). In general, the threshold concen-
tration for fish is .5 ppm free ammonia (41). Solution pH,
buffer capacity, and hardness are important in determining
resulting toxicity. Because of the nutrient value of ammonium
nitrate, spills may cause massive algal blooms in static or
slow moving waters.
Ammonium nitrate is an irritation-causing allergen,
therefore water for body contact should not contain more
than 1.0 ppm free ammonia (40). Drinking water limits of
0.05 ppm have been established for free ammonia (40), but
these are based largely on organoleptic considerations.
-------
NAME Ammonium Nitrate
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 13 billion lbs-1971 (199)
SYNONYMS Norway Saltpeter
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE Bags, metal barrels or drums, wooden
barrels or kegs, fiber drums, trucks,
boxcars, hopper cars
DOT Oxidizing Material, Yellow Label, 100 lbs in an outside
container
USCG Oxidizing material, yellow label
M.P. 169.6 °C
B.P. 210 *C slowly decomposes
Sp.G. 1.66
SOLUBILITY 550,000 mg/1 at 0 °C
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
ESB
hrs
species
parm
cond
ref
800
3.9
Bluegills
Killed
Tap
1
800
384
Bluegills
Killed
Distilled
1
4545
90
Goldfish
Ki'lled
Distilled
1
15
40
Aspergillus
LD50
Temp 3 00 C
216
Niger
-------
AMMONIUM OXALATE
M.P. - Decomposes
Sp. G. - 1.502
SOLUBILITY - 25,400
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. - Dissociates partially in water.
Oxalate is biodegradable, BOD5 - 40% theoretical in quiescent
conditions. Ammonium ion will ozidize to nitrate after 4-5 days
(Ref. 5) .
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity - Toxicity will depend upon ammonium ion.
-------
AMMONIUM PENTABORATE
Sp. G. - >1.0
SOLUBILITY - 70,300
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. - Dissociates in water. Ammonium ion
oxidizes to nitrate after 4-5 days.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity - Toxicity depends upon ammonium ion.
-------
AMMONIUM PEROXYDISULFATE
SYNONYMS - Ammonium Persulfate
M.P. 120°C Decomposes
Sp. G. - 1.98
SOLUBILITY - 582,000 mg/1 at 0°C
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. - Decomposes first to (NH.) S o , then
to NH.HSO,.
4 4
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity
EEE
120
33
hrs
48
96
1000
Mammalian
Species
Rat
Species
Daphnia
Scenedesmus
E. coli
mg/Kg B. W.
820
Parm
Median
Threshold
Median
Threshold
No effect
Cond
23°C
24°C
27°C
Ref
1 (as s2o8)
1 (as s2o8)
Administration Route Ref
Oral 8
-------
AMMONIUM SILICOFLUORIDE
SYNONYMS - Ammonium Fluosilicate, Ammonium Hexafluorosilicate,
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE - Drums
M.P. - Decomposes at 120°C
Sp. G. - 2.01
SOLUBILITY - 185,000
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. - Dissociates in water. Ammonium ion
will oxidize to nitrate after 4-5 days.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity
Cryptohalite
ppm hrs
Species
Parm
Cond.
Ref
50 48 Tinea vulgaris
Lethal
1
Mammalian Toxicity
Species mg/kg B.W. Administration Route Ref.
Guinea Pig
Rat
150
100
Oral
Oral
8
96
-------
AMMONIUM SULFAMATE
SYNONYMS - Ammate, AMS, Ammonium Amidosulfate
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE - Bags, Carlots, Truck Foods
M.P. 131°C
B.P. 160°c, Decomposes
Sp. G. - >1.0
SOLUBILITY - 1,666,000
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. - Dissociates and oxidizes after 4-5
days leaving sulfate and nitrate ions.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity
ppm
hrs
Species
Parm
Cond.
Ref
i
259
24
Catfish
TL
m
206
48
Catfish
TL
m
X.
1
203
96
Catfish
TL
m
JL
1
76 lb/acre
— —
Alligator
Weed
1% Control
Field
J.
350
120 lb/acre
—
Cattail
80% Control
Field
350
816/gallon
—
Frogs
Blinded
Field
1
5
24
Trout,
Sunfish
Lake Huron Water
1
Mammalian Toxi-city
Species mg/kg B. W. Administration Route Ref
Rat 3900 Oral "77
-------
AMMONIUM SULFIDE
SYNONYMS - Ammonium Monosulfide, Ammonium Polysulfide
Sp.G. - 1.20
SOLUBILITY - Very soluble
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity
Egm
100
10
248
hrs
Species
Parm
7 2 Goldfish
>100 Goldfish
96 Mosquito Fish
Mammalian Toxicity
Killed
Survived
TL
m
Cond.
Hard
Hard
Turbid at 21°C
Species
Mice
mg/kg B. W.
2
Administration Route Ref
Oral 3
-------
AMMONIUM SULFITE
M.P. - Sublimes at 150°C and decomposes
Sp.G. - 1:41
SOLUBILITY - 324,000
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. - Dissociates in water where oxidation
produces sulfate and nitrate ions.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity
hrs Species
Parm
Cond.
Ref
240 24 Mosquito Fish
240 48 Mosquito Fish
240 96 Mosquito Fish
TL.
TL
TL
m
m
m
Turbid
Turbid
Turbid
1
1
1
-------
AMMONIUM TARTRATE
SYNONYMS - L-Tartaric Acid, Ammonium Salt
M.P. - Decomposes upon heating
Sp. G. - 1.601
SOLUBILITY - 63,000
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. - Partially dissociates in water. The
tartrate ion should be biodegradable. Ammonium ion oxidizes to
nitrate after 4-5 days.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity - Toxicity will depend upon ammonium ion.
-------
AMMONIUM THIOCYANATE
Ammonium thiocyanate is commonly used in textile
processing, plastics synthesis, the manufacture of mordants
and surfactants, as an additive to insecticides, in electro-
plating, in chemical laboratories, and in the production of
matches. It is presently marketed by seven major firms.
Ammonium thiocyanate is freely soluble in water, forming
a slightly acidic solution. The thiocyanate anion is subject
to attack by chlorine resulting in the release of cyanide
ions. This makes it an especially insidious toxin if present
in water treatment plant influents. Concentrations in excess
of 5000 ppm can inhibit the BOD of sewage (1).
Aquatic life has toxic responses to concentrations
ranging from 50-900 ppm (1). a level of 200 ppm was found
clearly lethal to freshwater fish (22). Some invertebrates
withstood 100 ppm (1) and one researcher found 1600 ppm to be
the lethal limit for goldfish and tench in 24 hours (1)
Solution pH is critical to the toxicity of this compound.
In general, the free ammonia threshold for fish is .5 ppm (41).
Rats have been found to display an oral LD50 of 854 mg/Kg
body weight and subcutaneous LD50 of 1000 mg/Kg body weight as
potassium thiocyanate (8). The potassium salt is believed to
be representative of its ammonia analogue. Livestock and
porcupines are repelled by this compound (22). Free ammonia
should be maintained below .05 ppm for drinking water and
1 ppm for body contact exposure (40) .
-------
NAME Ammonium Thiocyanate
SYNONYMS Ammonium Rhodanide, Ammonium Sulfocyanate, Ammonium
Sulfocyanide
M.P. 1 9.6 °C
B.P. 170°C Decomposes
Sp.G. 1.310
SOLUBILITY 1,280,000 mg/1 at 0°C
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
££m
280-300
200
114
910
420
1600
50
100
200
Mammalian
species
Rat
Rat
Rat
hrs
spec
xes
parm
96
24
48
24
Orange Spotted Killed
Sunfish
Fish Deadly
Mosquito Fish TLm
Mosquito Fish TLm
Mosquito Fish TLm
Goldfish & Lethal
Tench Limit
Chironomous Killed
Larvae
Carcinogamma- No Harm
rus & Asellus
Aquaticus
Fish
cond
Turbid
Water at
16-23 °C
Turbid 1
Water 16-23°C
Turbid 1
Water 16-23°C
1
1
1
ref
1
1
1
Lethal 22
mg/kg B. W.
854
1,000
500
administration route ref
Orally as Potassium Salt 8
Subcutaneous as Potassium 8
Salt
Intraperitoneal 96
-------
AMMONIUM THIOSULFATE
SYNONYMS - Ammonium Hyposulfide
M.P. - Decomposes at 150°C
SOLUBILITY - Very soluble
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. - Dissociates and oxidizes to
and nitrate in time.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity - Toxicity depends upon ammonium ion
-------
AMYL ACETATE
Amyl acetate, or pear oil, is used extensively in
organic chemical industries, varnishes, lacquers, and dyeing.
Approximately 11 million lbs were produced in 1971. (198)
Amyl acetate is a light oil of very limited solubility.
When spilled, it will form a colorless slick on the surface of
the water and exude a sweet pear-like odor. That material
which does dissolve is biodegradable with .3-8 lbs of oxygen
being consumed per lb of oil in 5 days(11). The limited
solubility, however, will prevent massive oxygen deficiencies
from occurring.
Amyl Acetate is toxic to fish when present in the 50-
100 ppm range. While chub tolerated 40 ppm for 24 hours, they
all died in water with 120 pprfl of the oil (1). Wallen, et. al.,
found no deviation in the 65 ppm TLm values for mosquito fish
during 24, 48 and 96 hour exposure times (1). Invertebrates
showed similar responses to 120-180 ppm (1). E. Coli,
however, was able to withstand 1000 mg/1 with no visible toxic
effects(1). in saltwater, the 24 hour TLm for brine shrimp is
53 ppm (425).
Amyl acetate can cause acute irritation but is not
considered an ingestive toxin. Inhalation limits revolve
around a TLV of 525 mg/m . As a light insoluble oil, amyl
acetate poses a threat to waterfowl and marine mammals. Thresh-
old odor levels fall ii the range .0017-.86 ppm (30), while
amyl acetate can be tasted at .0006 ppm in water (4).
-------
NAME Amyl Acetate
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 11 million lbs 1971 (198)
SYNONYMS 1-Pentanol Acetate, Amyl Acetic Ether, Pear Oil
DOT Flammable Liquid, Red Label, 10 gal in outside container
USCG Inflammable liquid, red label
M.P. -79.0 °C
B.P. 149.0 °C
Sp.G. 0.90
SOLUBILITY 820 mg/1 at 25°C
PERSISTENCE
Oxygen Demand
BOD5 - .3-.8 lb/lb using sewage seed-(11)
BOD5 - 38% Theo.-(18)
BOD5 10 15 20 ~ 64' 76, 67, 72% Theo« in fresh water (425).
BOD5'io'l5'20 " 35' 65/ 69' 87% Theo. in salt water (425).
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
EES
hrs
species
parm
cond
ref
120
Chub
Died
Aerated
1
15-21°C
65
24
Mosquito Fish
TLm
Turbid
1
65
48
Mosquito Fish
TLm
Turbid
1
65
96
Mosquito Fish
TLm
Turbid
1
120
48
Daphnia
TLm
23°C
1
180
96
Scenedesmus
TLm
24 °C
1
1,000
E. Coli
No Effect
27°C
1
Salt Water Toxicity
53
24
Brine Shrimp
TLm
425
-------
ANILINE
Aniline is used in making dyes, vulcanizing rubber,
producing resins and shoeblack solvent, and manufacturing
medicinals, varnishes and perfumes. The .3 million lbs pro-
duced in 1969 (199) were shipped by truck, rail, and barge.
Containers range from one pound bottles to 55 gal. metal
drums to tank cars.
Aniline is soluble in water to 35,000 ppm. When spilled
it will seek the bottom and slowly dissolve. Pure aniline
darkens when exposed to air and light. Presence of acids
leads to formation of associated salts. If solutions are
chlorinated, chloroanilines are first formed and then
p-benzoquinone develops. The dissolved aniline is readily
attacked by bacteria. As much as 1.5-2.26 lbs of oxygen
per lb of aniline may be utilized in the first 5 days with
exposure to sewage seed (11). This rate may be sufficient
to cause localized oxygen sags in spill situations.
Aniline is toxic to fish and fish food organisms. Various
species of fish have been reported killed by concentrations
in the range 100-1020 ppm with the latter causing death in
1 hr (1). The 48 hr TLm for Daphnia has been given as .4
ppm while the 96 hr value for Scenedesmus is 10 ppm (1).
-------
Aniline is highly toxic by all routes of administration.
The average oral LD50 for mammals is 400-499 mg/Kg body
weight (8) . Serious poisoning in humans has resulted from
consumption of .25 ml (1). The maximum allowable concentration
in drinking water is given as 5 ppm (1). Aniline can be
absorbed through the skin. Water in which prolonged body
contact may occur should not contain more than 50 ppm (7).
The chronic oral threshold for rats is reported to be
greater than .005 mg/Kg/day (15). When rats were fed 1.1
percent in synthetic diets (10-65 mg/Kg body weight/day)
4 or 12 subjects developed tumors (15). Similar tests
at .1 percent for 224 days resulted in tumors in 2 of 10
test animals (15).
-------
NAME Aniline
PRODUCTION QUANTITY .3 million lbs 1969
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE 1 lb bottles, 10 gal metal cans,
drums up to 55 gal, tank cars,
tank trucks
DOT (aniline oil liquid) Class B Poison, Poison Label, 55 gal in
outside container
USCG Combustible liquid, Class B poison
M.P. -6.0 °C
B.P. 184 °C
Sp.G. 1.022
SOLUBILITY 35,000 mg/1 at 25°C
PERSISTENCE
Oxygen Demand
BOD5 - 1.5-2.26 lb/lb using sewage seed-(11)
COD - 2.4 lb/lb-(4)
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
pp™
hrs
species
parm
cond
ref
100
Trout
Killed
1
200
Minnow
Killed
1
1000
Goldfish
Killed
1
1020
1
Sunfish
Killed
1
250
Unspecifi-
Fish
Killed
1
ed
279
Prolonged
Daphnia
Immobilized
Lake Erie
1
0.4
48
Daphnia
TLm
23°
1
18
96
Scenedesmus
TLm
24°
1
1000
E. Coli
TLm
27°
1
1000
96
Bluegill
LC50
430
Mammalian
species
Dog
Mammals
Rat
Mouse
Guinea Pig
mg/kg B. W.
500
400-499
750
1075
1290
administration route
Oral
Oral
Oral
Oral
Dermal
ref
1
15
15
15
29
-------
ANTIMONY PENTACHLORIDE
Antimony pentachloride is a colorless to yellow fuming liquid
used as a catalyst in organic synthesis. It decomposes when
spilled in water to form sparingly soluble Sb20^ and HC1. Toxicity
is a result of the antimony metal itself. The oral LD^q for
rats is reported as 675 mg/kg body weight.8
Antimony can be concentrated by a factor of 300 by marine
life. 1 It is toxic to man when present in water at 25 ppm. The
Soviet Union has set a drinking water limit of 0.05 ppm Sb or
less.5 6
-------
ANTIMONY PENTACHLORIDE
SYNONYMS - Antimonic Chloride, Antimony Perchloride
DOT - Corrosive liquid, white label, 1 quart outside container
USCG - Corrosive liquid, white label
M.P. 2.8°C
B.P. 140°C
Sp. G. - 2.336
SOLUBILITY - Decomposes
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. - Hydrolyzes in water to form Sb20^
and HC1. Antimony pentoxide is only slightly soluble.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity - Toxicity will result from toxic antimony
metal.
Mammalian Toxicity
Species mg/kg B. W. Administration Route Ref.
Rat 67 5 Oral 1
-------
ANTIMONY POTASSIUM TARTRATE
Antimony potassium tartrate, or tartar emetic, is used as
a mordant, as a bait for ant and thrip control, and as a medi-
cinal in veterinary activities. It is presently marketed by
seven major firms.
Tartar emetic is of limited solubility. It is most
likely to sink if spilled in water and then slowly dissolve.
The antimony-tartrate portion of the salt is in fact an ionic
complex. The tartrate serves to shield the antimony from
agents which might otherwise precipitate it. Phosphates can
join this complex forming a blue super-complex familiar to
analytical chemists as a spectrophotometry phosphate
measurement technique.
Tartar emetic has been found to be toxic to aquatic life
in the 3-20 ppm range as Sb. Fathead minnows tolerated more
antimony in hard water than soft with the 96 hr TLm dropping
from 20 to 12 ppm (1).
Invertebrates were inhibited at levels of 3.5-9 ppm as
Sb (1). Green algae was inhibited by 3.5 ppm as Sb. E. Coli
was found to have a median toxic threshold of 33 ppm as Sb.
Marine life can concentrate antimony by a factor of 300 (1).
A wealth of information is available on the effects of
direct ingestion of tartar emetic. Oral LD50 values of 300-600
mg/Kg body weight have been reported (1,8). Humans can die
-------
from ingestion of 150 mg (1). Daily doses of 20 mg were
sufficient to limit growth in rats, while a single dose of
115 mg/Kg body weight was fatal to rabits in 26-72 hrs (1).
Rats fed up to 100 mg/Kg body weight daily developed normally,
but experienced heart injury (1). Horses can take doses of
5.8 grams and cattle 3.8 grams thrice daily without harm.
Tartar emetic has been replaced by less toxic antimony
compounds as a treatment for tropical parasites due to a
frequency of toxic reactions. These are largely evidenced
as heart difficulties. It has been reported that 25 ppm of
antimony in drinking water can be hazardous to man. The
Soviet Union places a limit of .05 ppm Sb in drinking water (56).
-------
NAME Antimony Potassium Tartrate
SYNONYMS Tartar Emetic, Potassium antimony Tartrate, Tartarized
Antimony
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE Drums and Barrels
M.P. 100 °C loses H20
Sp. G• 2.6
SOLUBILITY 8,300 mg/1 @ 25 °C
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
20
12
15
3.5
hrs
96
96
5
3.5
33
24
96
species parm.
Fathead Minnows TLm
Fathead Minnows TLm
Protozoa
cond
Soft
Hard
Green Algae
Daphnia
Sea Lamprey
Scenedesmus
E Coli
inhibits
food
intake
inhibits
cell di-
vision
inhibits
movement
No effect Lake Huron
Med. toxic
threshold 24°
Med. toxic 27°
threshold
ref
1
(as Sb)
1
(as Sb)
1
1
(as Sb)
1
1
(as Sb)
1
(as Sb)
Mammalian
species
Mice
Mice
Rat
mq/kq B.W.
50
600
300
administration route
Intraperitoneal
Oral
Oral
ref
8
8
1
-------
ANTIMONY TRIBROMIDE
Antimony tribromide is a solid which decomposes in
water to form antimony oxybromide and HBr. Dilution will
result in the ultimate precipitation of the antimony.
Antimony tribromide is considered toxic to aquatic life
as a result of its ability to release antimony ions to
the water column.
Antimony can be concentrated by a factor of 300 by
marine life.1 It is toxic to man when present in water
at 25 ppm and has been limited to 0.05 ppm or less for
drinking water purposes in the Soviet Union.56
-------
ANTIMONY TRIBROMIDE
SYNONYMS - Antimony Bromide, Antimonous Bromide
M.P. 96.6 °C
B.P. 27 5°C
Sp. G. - 4.148
SOLUBILITY - Decomposes
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. - Decomposed by water, light or
alcohol. Hydrolysis leads to the oxybromide salt SbOBr and
HBr.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity - Toxicity will result from antimony.
-------
ANTIMONY TRICHLORIDE
Antimony trichloride is commonly shipped in metal drums
and pails and boxed glass carboys. The quantity produced by
eight major firms in 1972 was used for mordants, for the pro-
duction of chemicals, and in chemical laboratories.
Antimony trichloride hydrolyzes upon contact with water
to form hydrochloric acid and soluble oxychlorides such as
SbOCl and Sb^O^C^. Upon dilution, these salts precipitate
out. In a spill situation, the fate of the antimony will
depend largely on the alkalinity and pH of the receiving
water, and the strength of dispersion forces within the
body. A precipitate can be expected with time.
Antimony trichloride is reported to be toxic to fish
at the 9-17 ppm as Sb level (1). Experiments showed hard
water TLm values to be nearly twice those for soft water (1).
Trout, bluegills, and sea lampreys were not affected at 5 ppm
but 33 ppm is considered the threshold for immobilization of
Dapnia in Lake Erie(l). Antimony can be concentrated by a
factor of 300 by marine life (1).
Median lethal doses of 675 and 574 mg/Kg body weight
have been reported for antimony trichloride fed to rats and
guinea pigs, respectively (57,56). This irritant has been
implicated in the poisoning of people. Concentrations of 25 ppm
Sb in water poses a hazard to man. The Soviet Union limits
drinking water to .05 ppm Sb or less (56).
-------
In the absence of the antimony, chlorides should
not exceed 3000 ppm for use with livestock and 500 ppm for
irrigation of citrus fruits (41).
-------
NAME Antimony Trichloride
SYNONYMS Butter of Antimony, Antimony Chloride, Caustic Antimony
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE Metal drums and pails, glass carboys
M.P. 73.4 °C
B.P. 283.0 °C
Sp.G. 3.14
SOLUBILITY 6,020,000 mg/1 at 0°C
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc.
Hydrolyzes to form hydrochloric acid and soluble SbOCl, Sb^O^C^,etc.
which precipitate out upon dilution.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
EES!
hrs
species
parm
cond
ref
37
Daphnia
Immobilized
Lake
Erie
1
Threshold
25°C
9
96
Fathead
TLm
Soft
(as
Sb)
1
Minnow
17
96
Fathead
TLm
Hard
(as
Sb)
1
Minnow
5
24
Rainbow trout,
No Effect
Lake
Huron
1
Bluegill, &
pH 7.
5-8.2,
Sea Lamprey
13°C,
Sat 02
Mammalian
species mg/kg B. W. administration route ref
Rat 675 Oral 57
Guinea Pig 574 Oral 56
-------
ANTIMONY TRIFLUORIDE
Antimony trifluoride for textile drying, chemical prepa-
rations, and pottery procelains is generally stored in glass
vessels or steel drums. It is marketed by seven major firms
in the U.S.
Antimony trifluoride undergoes limited hydrolysis as it
dissolves in water forming SBOF and HF as products. Once
dissolved, the antimony readily forms complexes such as
[SbF^]~ and soluble salts. Dilution may ultimately lead to
precipitation of antimony trioxide and possibly calcium
fluoride in natural waters.
A concentration of 200 ppm killed fish (Tinea vulgaris)
in less than 24 hrs (1). Toxic effects vary with solution
pH. in general, the threshold for fresh and saltwater fish
is 1.5 ppm fluoride (41). Antimony can be concentrated by
a factor of 300 by marine life (1) .
A median lethal dose of 100 mg/Kg body weight has been
reported for guinea pigs (1). Concentrations of 25 ppm Sb
in drinking water pose a hazard to man. The Soviet Union
recommends a unit of .05 ppm Sb in drinking water (56). On
the basis of fluoride content, only drinking water should be
limited to .6 ppm (7), livestock water to 1 ppm (41), and
irrigation water for vegetables to 5 ppm (41).
-------
NAME Antimony Trifluoride
SYNONYMS Antimony Fluoride, Antimonous Fluoride
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE Glass vessels, steel drums
M.P. 292.0 °C
B.P. 319.0 Sublimes
Sp.G. 4.38
SOLUBILITY 4,430,000 mg/1 at 30°C
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc.
Limited hydrolysis to SbOF + HF - ready formation of SbF^ complexes
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
ppm hrs species
200 <24
Mammalian
Tinea
Vulgaris
parm
Killed
cond
ref
species mg/kg B. W.
Guinea Pig 100
administration route
Oral
ref
-------
ANTIMONY TRIOXIDE
Antimony trioxide, a pigment, fire retardant, and mordant,
was produced at a level of 6,000 tons in 1970. (197) Production
is projected to double in 1973. It is shipped in
barrels, trucks, and railroad cars as a basically insoluble
solid.
Antimony trioxide is of limited solubility. As
solution pH rises, less antimony remains in a dissolved
state. Tartrates and halides are capable of forming soluble
complexes.
Exploratory testing showed the 96 hr TLm for fathead
minnows to be greater than 80 ppm (1). Antimony can be
concentrated by marine life as much as 300 times (1).
The median lethal dose to rats is reported as greater
than 20 grams/Kg body weight (8) . Single doses of 2-3 grams
have no apparent effects on rats. Chronic feeding of 2
percent in food, however, reduced growth rates in rats and
rabbits (1). Daily doses of 150 mg/Kg body weight for four
weeks was harmless to rabbits (1). Concentrations of 25 ppm
Sb in water are considered hazardous to man. The Soviet Union
recommends drinking water limits of .05 ppm Sb (56).
-------
NAME Antimony Trioxide
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 6,000 tons 1970 (197)
SYNONYMS Diantimony Trioxide, Flowers of Antimony, Weisspiessglanz,
Senarmontite, Valentinite, Exitelite, Antimony Oxide
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE Barrels, trucks, railroad cars
M.P. 655. °C
B.P. 1425. °C Sublimes
Sp.G. 5.20
SOLUBILITY <50,000 mg/1 at 25°C
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
ppm hrs species
>80 96 Fathead
Minnow
Mammalian
species mg/kq B. W.
Rat >20,000
parm
cond re f
TLm Hard or as SB 1
Soft
administration route ref
Oral 8
-------
ARSENIC
Arsenic is found widely in nature in conjunction with
the ores of such other metals as copper, lead, zinc, and
tin. In its natural state, arsenic is typically combined
as an arsenide of a true metal, or a pyrite. Arsenic is
used in metallurgy to increase hardening and heat resistance,
in glassware and ceramics, in xerography, as an agent for
tanning and wood preservation, and in the production of
various chemicals and pesticides. Common salts in industry
include sodium, lead, and calcium arsenate; sodium arsenite;
arsenous acid; and arsenic triselenide. These compounds
are solids.
While elemental arsenic is insoluble in water, arsen-
ates and other salts arc generally quite soluble. Spillage
of these compounds will result in fairly rapid dissolution.
In the aquatic environment, the arsenate ion will pre-
dominate under aerobic conditions, and the arsenite under
reducing conditions. Arsenates have been identified in
many natural waters (56). Calcium arsenate is soluble to
only 48 ppm. Consequently, in many natural waters, residual
calcium will lower arsenate levels by forming an insoluble
bottom deposit. Similar transport downward will be associated
with sorption onto iron particles. Precipiated arsenic is
subject to methylation with the production of arsine.
-------
This gaseous specie then rises back into the water column.
Subsequent oxidation returns the arsenic to the arsenate
form and begins the cycle over again. This process can
continue indefinitely with the arsenic changing form and
location in the water column until consumed by a higher
order organism (181). Concentrations greater than 100
ppm can inhibit oxygen uptake by sewage organisms.
Arsenic is quite toxic to fish forms in the concen-
tration range 1.1-60 ppm (1). Concentrations of 3.1
ppm, 4.3 ppm, and 7.6 ppm have been fatal to carp, crabs,
and bass, respectively, after several days of observation.
Lower organisms appear more resistant, with mayfly nymphs,
and dragon and damsel flies tolerating .3-14 mg/1 and
10-20 mg/1, respectively (1). Arsenic trioxide on the
other hand destroys fish food organisms in the range 2-4
ppm (1). Higher organisms are similarly affected (1). In
general, 1 ppm is considered the threshold concentration
for fresh and saltwater fishes (41). Arsenic is concentrated
to a limited extent in the aquatic food chain as evidenced
by the build-up of arsenic-76 from nuclear reactor effluents.(1)
Aquatic plants should not be exposed to levels of more than
1 ppm (1).
Arsenic poses an extreme ingestive hazard to man and
other mammals. The oral LD50 for the rat is reported to be
112 mg/Kg body weight (1). Pigs and fowl have died from
-------
consumption of 6.5 mg/oz. (1). A dose of 130 mg arsenic
can be fatal to humans. Chronic consumption of water
containing as little as 0.21 mg/1 has proven poisonous (1).
Present drinking water limits require less than .01 ppm
arsenic (49) . Water for livestock should not exceed
0.5 ppm (42) and for waterfowl, 1.0 ppm (1).
Arsenic in water has been correlated with the
occurrence of blackfoot disease in Taiwan (294). Arsenic
has also long been suspected as a causal factor for Haff's
disease (1). Arsenic is the single proven example of a
carcinogen acting through the drinking water medium. (181)
Arsenic may be quite toxic to plants if present at
excessive levels in a soluble form. Initial effects are
seen in reduced yields. Beans and cucumbers are especially
sensitive. Orchard soils in the State of Washington with
4-12 mg arsenic/Kg have been reported as unproductive (1).
Water for irrigation should be limited to .1 ppm or
less (41).
-------
ARSENIC ACID
SYNONYMS - Orthoarsenic Acid
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE - Glass bottles, barrels
DOT - Poison B, poison label, 55 gallon in an outside container
USCG - Poison B, poison label
M.P. 35.5°C
B.P. - Loses water at 160°C
Sp. G. - 2.0 - 2.5
SOLUBILITY - 167,000
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. - Arsenicals eventually are pre-
cipitated as calcium arsenate. Biological action in the sediments
may then release arsine which rises in the water column, is
oxidized to arsenate, and thus returns to the sediment completing
the cycle.181
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity - Toxicity will result from the arsenic
metal.
Mammalian Toxicity
Species mg/kg B. W. Administration Route Ref
Rabbit 8 Intravenous 8
-------
ARSENIC DISULFIDE
SYNONYMS - Red Arsenic Sulfide, Realgar, Red Orpiment, Ruby Arsenic,
Red Arsenic Glass, Arsenic Bisulfide, Arsenic Monosulfide
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE - Steel drums
DOT - Poison B, poison label
USCG - Poison B, poison label
M.P. 3 07 °C
B.P. 565°C
Sp. G. - 3. "4 - 3.6
SOLUBILITY - Practically insoluble
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. - Will oxidize with time.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity - Toxicity is estimated as a function of
the arsenic metal content.
-------
ARSENIC PENTW3XIDE
SYNONYMS - Arsenic Acid Anhydride, Arsenic Oxide
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE - Drums, cartons, boxes, tins
DOT - Poison B, poison label, 2 00 lbs in an outside container
USCG - Poison B, poison label
M.P. 315°C decomposes
Sp. G. - 4.086
SOLUBILITY - 1,500,000
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. - Combines very slowly with water to
form H3ASO4. Arsenate will precipitate as the calcium salt and
enter a biological-chemical cycle involving arsenate and arsine
forms (181) .
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity - Toxicity will be that for arsenate anion.
Mammalian Toxicity
Species mg/Kg B. W. Administration Route Ref
Rat 8 Oral 8
-------
ARSENIC TRICHLORIDE
SYNONYMS - Butter of Arsenic, Fuming Liquid Arsenic.
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE - Bottles, 20-55 gallon drums
DOT - Poison B, poison label, 55 gallons in an outside container
USCG - Poison B, poison label
M.P. 18 °C
B.P. 130.2°C
Sp. G. - 2.163
SOLUBILITY - Decomposes
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. - Hydrolyzes in water forming ASo0
and HC1. 2 3
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity - Toxicity will be that for AS20^.
-------
ARSENIC TRIOXIDE
SYNONYMS - White arsenic, Arsenious Acid, Arsenious Oxide,
Arsenous Anhydride
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE - 5-50 gal. drums, barrels, carloads
DOT - Poison B, poison label, 200 lbs in an outside container
USCG - Poison B, poison label
M.P. 193°C, Sublimes
Sp» G. — 3.865
SOLUBILITY - 1200
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. - Will slowly be precipitated as calcium
arsenate.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity
«¦.. I. — .. ¦
PPm
hrs
1.96
2-3
2.5
2.5-4
5.3
10
10
10
16
40
Species
192
240
72-384
Chironomous
Fish Food
Organisms
Fish Food
Organisms
Fish Food
Organisms
Pink Salmon
Fish
Bass
Bass, Bluegill
Crappies
Mussels
Flatworms
Parm
Harmful
Harmful
Harmful
Harmful
Harmful
Harmful
Harmful
Harmful
Harmful
Harmful
Cond.
Ref
Mammalian Toxicity
Species
Human
Human
Rat
Rat
mg/Kg B. W.
100-Low Lethal Dose
3
0.5 mg/m - Low
Toxic Concentration
45
138
Administration Route Ref
Oral 96
Inhalation 96
Oral 96
Oral 8
-------
ARSENIC TRISULFIDE
SYNONYMS - Yellow Arsenic Sulfide, Arsenious Sulfide, Arsenous
Sulfide, Arsenic Tersulfide, Orpiment, Auripigment,
King's Yellow, King's Gold
DOT - Poison B, poison label
USCG - Poison B, poison label
M.P. 300°C
B.P. 7 07°C
Sp. G. - 3.43
SOLUBILITY - 0.5
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. - Subject to slow oxidation.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity - Toxicity is related to arsenic content.
-------
CALCIUM ARSENATE
Calcium arsenate is a white amorphous powder employed
as a rodenticide, molluscicide, and insecticide. It is
particularly effective in the latter capacity against insects
destructive to plants.
Calcium arsenate is soluble to 130 mg/1 in water.
Solubility increases with acidity. As one of the least
soluble arsenate salts, calcium arsenate spills ultimately
lead to a buildup of arsenate in nearby sediments. Biolog-
ical action can subsequently solubilize arsenic in the form
of arsine compounds. These, in turn, can be oxidized back
to arsenate and precipitated, thus, closing the cycle.181
Arsenate compounds are reported to be less toxic than
trivalent or other salt forms.181 Thus, sodium arsenate is
much less toxic than sodium arsenite or arsenic trioxide.1
Since forms can have their valency altered, however, arsenic
toxicity in general is of interest. Arsenic in general has
been found to be quite toxic to aquatic life. Perch exposed
for 48 hours showed toxic reactions to 1.1 mg/1 as did carp
exposed for 96 hours to 3.1 mg/1 and crabs exposed to 60 ppm
for 16 hours.1 It is recommended that salt or fresh water
be limited to less than 1 mg/1 As if aquatic life is to be
propagated.111 Similarly, water for aquatic plants and water-
fowl should not exceed 1 ppm.1 Arsenic is concentrated to
a limited extent in the aquatic food chain.1
Calcium arsenate is a highly toxic irritant and allergen.
The oral LD^q rats is reported to be 298 mg/kg body
weight.96 Drinking water limits have been established at
.05 mg/1 As.1 The hazards associated with calcium arsenate
are those resulting from the arsenate anion and, therefore,
are discussed in more detail in the profile on arsenic.
-------
CALCIUM ARSENATE
SYNONYMS - Tricalcium Arsenate, Calcium Orthoarsenate, Pencol
DOT - Poison B, poison label, 200 lbs in an outside container
USCG - Poison B, poison label
SOLUBILITY - 130
PERSISTENCE
Chemical, Hydrolysis, etc. - Arsenate is resolubilized by
biological action through the formation of arsines. These
forms are subsequently oxidized in the wateif column and
returned to the sediments.181
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity - Arsenic in general.
ppm hrs Species Parm Cond. Ref
1.1
2.2
3.1
3.1
7.6
11.6
60
48 Perch
72 Bleak
96 Carp
72 Eels
240 Bass
36 Minnows
16 Minnows
Toxic
Toxic
Toxic
Toxic
Toxic
Toxic
Toxic
Salt Water Toxicity
4.3 264 Crabs Toxic
1
Mammalian Toxicity
Species mg/kg B. W
Administration Route
Oral
Ref
Rat 298
96
-------
CALCIUM ARSENITE
DOT - Poison B, poison label, 200 lbs in an outside container
USCG - Poison B, poison label
SOLUBILITY - Insoluble
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. - Arsenite will oxidize to arsenate
under aerobic conditions and enter the arsenate-arsine biolog-
ical-chemical cycle.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity - Arsenite is a more toxic form of
arsenic than arsenate.
-------
POTASSIUM ARSENATE
SYNONYMS - Potassium Acid Arsenate/ Potassium Dihydrogen Arsenate,
Macquer's Salt, Potassium Orthoarsenate
DOT - Class B Poison, Poison label, 200 lbs in an outside container
M.P. 288 °C
Sp. G. — 2.867
SOLUBILITY - 188,700 ppm in cold water
PERSISTENCE
Chemical hydrolysis, etc. - Dissociates on dissolution. Arsenate
will precipitate as calcium salt and enter chemical-biological
cycling mechanism.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity - Toxicity will be that of the arsenate ion.
-------
Potassium Arsenate
Potassium arsenate is presently produced by two major suppliers
for use in textiles, tanning, and paper industries. It may also
be used in insecticidal formulations.
Potassium arsenate is soluble to 188,700 ppm in cold water.
It dissociates on dissolution. The arsenate anion is soon precipitated
as a calcium salt. Subsequent biological action may resolubilize
it as arsine which in turn is oxidized and precipitated. This
closes the cycle.181
Aquatic toxicity will be based on that of the arsenate ion.
-------
Potassium Arsenite
Potassium arsenite is a material of variable composition used
to reduce silver salt to metallic silver during mirror silvering.
It is a white, hygroscopic powder which gradually decomposes on
on exposure to air. In water, the arsenite will oxidize to arsenate
and enter the chemical-biological arsenic cycle.181 The aquatic
toxicity of potassium arsenite stems from the arsenite anion.
Potassium arsenite is toxic to mammals. The oral LDC_ to
DU
rats has been reported as 14 mg/kg body weight for the KAS02'HASC^
salt8 and 1140 mg/kg body weight as the HSASO^'K ASC>3 salt.96
-------
Potassium Arsenite
DOT - Class B Poison, Poison label, 200 lbs in an outside container
SOLUBILITY - Soluble in cold water
PERSISTENCE
Chemical hydrolysis, etc. - Dissociates on dissolution. Arsenite
oxidizes to arsenate.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity - Toxicity will be that for arsenite ion.
MAMMALIAN TOXICITY
Species mg/kg B. W. Administration Route Ref.
Rat 14 Oral 8
Rat 1140 Oral 96
Mouse 1200 Skin-ID Low 96
-------
SODIUM ARSENATE
Sodium arsenate is used as an insecticide and is employed
for manufacturing printing inks, dyeing and tinting textiles,
and producing other chemicals. Pesticide usage has declined
greatly in the last few years. Sodium arsenate is presently
marketed by six American firms.
Sodium arsenate is quite soluble, and will disperse
into receiving waters soon after being spilled. Both the
anion and cation are chemically stable and can persist
indefinitely. The arsenite anion may be formed if slightly
reducing conditions exist. Calcium arsenate is only soluble
to 4 8 ppm. Consequently, most natural waters will have suffi-
cient calcium content to precipitate most of the arsenate out.
This insoluble salt will remain on the bottom as a continuous
source of low level amounts of arsenate. Arsenic may also
reach the bottom sorbed into iron salts. Precipitated arsenic
can be methylated by bacteria to an arsine form which is
soluble enough to rise back into the water column. Subsequent
oxidation leads to a cycling action with the arsenic changing
forms and location in the water columnf Concentrations
greater than 100 ppm can inhibit oxygen uptake of sewage
organisms.
Sodium arsenate is toxic to fish and fish food organisms.
The lethal concentration for minnows has been reported as
234 mg/1. Other sources claim minnows withstand 250 mg/1 as
-------
arsenic (1). Daphnia are immobilized by the presence of
18-31 ppm (1). Sodium arsenate has been added to ponds at
5 ppm for algae control with no subsequent effect on fish.
Arsenic in general should be kept below .1 ppm for fresh
and saltwater fish (41). Aquatic plants are not harmed at
concentrations below 1 ppm (1). Arsenic is concentrated to
a limited extent by aquatic life. Marine plants in seawater
containing .05-5 yg/1 arsenic have been analyzed to hold 1-12
mg/Kg dry weight. Nearby marine animals contained 0.1-50
mg/Kg. Arsenic can be present in lobsters and shrimp,
probably as trimethylarsine, at concentrations as high as
200 mg/Kg. Freshwater species do not concentrate arsenic
to the same extent as their marine counterparts (181).
Sodium arsenate can be highly toxic when ingested or
inhaled (38). The minimum lethal intraperitoneal dose for
rats is 50 mg/Kg body weight (8). The oral LD50 for rats
fed arsenate is 238 mg/Kg (56). Chronic poisoning is of
greater concern in most cases since mammals accumulate arsenic
readily. Rats have shown toxic effects from a two year
feeding program using 250 ppm as arsenic (182). A one year
program with dogs showed mortality began at 125 ppm as arsenic (182).
Humans should not consume more than 3.5 mg/Kg body weight,(1)
and drinking water should not contain more than .01 ppm
arsenic (49). Water for livestock should not include more than
.05 ppm (42) and waterfowl may be affected by waters
containing more than 1 ppm (1). No specific
-------
carcinogenic properties have been ascribed to arsenic after
chronic feeding studies; however, Neubauer claims a
positive correlation, and Heuper reports arsenic in drinking
water is a classic example of a carcinogenic contaminant (181)
Plants can also be harmed from dissolved arsenic forms.
Beans and cucumbers are extremely sensitive (1), the toxic
threshold for arsenic in irrigation water being 1 ppm (41).
-------
NAME Sodium Arsenate
DOT Poison B, Poison Label, 200 lbs in an outside container
USCG Poison B, poison label
M.P. 86.3 °C
Sp.G• 1.76
SOLUBILITY 389,000 rag/1 at 25 °C
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc.
Calcium arsenate is insoluble
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
EES
hrs
species
parm cond
ref
234
Minnows
Lethal 16-20°C
1
Cone.
250 as As
16
Minnows
Survived
1
18-31
Daphnia Magna Immobilized Erie
1
6 70 as
Polycelis
Toxic
1
ASO4
Nigra
Threshold
2970 as
3.3
Phoxinus
Equilibrium Tap
179
ASO4
Phoxinus
Loss
820 as
7.6
Phoxinus
Equilibrium Tap
179
ASO4
Phoxinus
Loss
234 as
15
Phoxinus
Equilibrium Tap
179
ASO4
Phoxinus
Loss
28
168
Goldfish
TLm
445
Mammalian
species
mg/kg
B. W.
administration route
ref
Rat
50
Intraperitoneal-MLD
8
Mice
9
Intraperitoneal
180
Rat
34.7
Intraperitoneal
85
Rat
238
Oral-arsenate
56
-------
Sodium Arsenite
Sodium arsenite is produced in a technical grade, 90-95 percent
pure, and used in the manufacture of arsenical soap. It is also
employed to treat vines against scale, control termites, and as a
-topical insecticide against ticks of ruminants. It is shipped
both as a solid and in solution in barrels never exceeding 55 gal.
in volume.
Sodium arsenite is a white or grayish white powder very soluble
in water. It absorbs CC>2 from air and is somewhat hygroscopic. In
water, it will oxidize to the more stable arsenate form which pre-
cipitates as the calcium salt. At that point, the arsenic enters
a biological-chemical cycle between the water and sediment.181
Sodium arsenite is more toxic to aquatic life than the
arsenate salt. The 96 hour LC5Q for bluegill, rainbow trout, and
goldfish have been reported as 35 ppm, 25 ppm, and 34 ppm respectively. «~ o 2
Fish food organisms may be similarly affected. The 48 hour EC_rt for
bO
P. californicas, Daphnia pulex, and Simocephalus serrulatus are
80 ppm, 1.8 ppm, and 1.4 ppm respectively. * 2 At earlier stages,
toxicity is more acute. The 96 hour LC5q for P. californicas naiads
is 0.038 ppm. **0 2
Sodium arsenite, like all forms of arsenic, is toxic to mammals
when taken orally. The oral LD50 for rats is 41 mg/kg body weight.96
Arsenic is also suspected of carcinogenic activity.
-------
SODIUM ARSENITE
SYNONYM - Sodium meta Arsenite
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE - Up to 55 gal. steel drums
DOT - Class B Poison, Poison label, 55 gallons in an outside container
USCG - Poison B (Solution), Poison label
IATA - (Solid) Poison B, Poison label 25 kg passenger 95 kg cargo;
(Solution) 1 liter passenger, 220 liters cargo
Sp. G. — 1.87
SOLUBILITY - Very soluble in cold waters
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, ect. - Dissociates on dissolution. Arsenite
may be oxidized to arsenate and precipitated.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity
ppm
hrs
Species
Parm
Cond
Ref,
3.0
—
Caenis sp
Lethal
402
4.0
-
Callibaetis sp
Lethal
402
14.0
-
Libellula sp
56% Survival
402
11.2
-
Ischnura Verticalis
85% Survival
402
2.96
-
Chironomidae
8 3% Survival
402
21
-
Asellus Communis
81% Survival
402
10.5
-
Hydracarina sp
94% Survival
402
5.88
-
Hyalella Kniderbackeri
30% Survival
402
3.5
-
Colpidium sp
100% Survival
402
1.75
~
Paramecium sp, Stylonichia sp,
Spirograsp
Plasmolysis but
no kill
402
9.1
*
Daphnia Magna
Immobilization
Lake
Erie
402
45
24
Spottail Shiner
Tim
402
29
48
Spottail Shiner
TI™
402
27
72
Spottail Shiner
TLjn
402
47.9
24
Channel Catfish
Lethal
Tap
402
26
96
Rainbow Trout
Est. LC50
55-
402
75°F
30
96
Bluegill
Est. LC50
55-
75°F
402
25
96
Rainbow Trout
TLm
402
34
96
Goldfish
TLm
402
35
96
Bluegill
TLm
402
6.5
Daphnia Magna
IC50 Immobilization
402
60
Rainbow Trout
LC50
4 02
44
Bluegill
LC50
402
36. 5
48
Rainbow Trout
EC50
402
44
48
Bluegill
EC50
402
-------
80
48
P. Californicas
EC50
402
1.8
48
Daphnia Pulex
EC50
402
1.4
48
Simocephalus Serrulatus
EC50
402
1.4
64
Simocephalus Serrulatus
Immobilization
78°F
402
1.8
64
Daphnia Pulex
Immobili zation
78 °F
402
0.7
24
Bluegill
TLjn
402
0.038
96
P. Californica (Naiads)
LC50
15.5°
C
402
MAMMALIAN TOXICITY
Species mg/kg B. W. Administration Route Ref.
Rat 10 Intraperitoneal 8
Rat 41 Oral 96
-------
BENZENE
Benzene for use as a solvent and organic chemical building
block is shipped in small glass bottles, one gal. cans, 5-55 gal.
metal drums, tank cars, tank trucks, and barges. Some 8 billion
lbs. were produced in 1971 (198) . This is down from 9 billion
lbs. in 1969 but should rise again.
Benzene is insoluble and lighter than water. Spills
should result in formation of a clear slick on the surface of
the water. The portion that dissolves is subject to limited
biodegradation. Oxygen utilization is low during the first
five days (5,11,13). After 10 days, as much as 1.2 lb oxygen
may be consumed per lb of benzene (11) . This agrees well
with results indicating superior oxygen consumption after
culture acclimation (5,13). Saturated solutions, approximately
.1 percent benzene, can seriously retard sewage digestion.
Fish are sensitive to benzene in the 5-60 ppm range. A
concentration of 10 ppm is lethal to trout (1). Waller, et
al., report much higher values, 386-395 ppm, for the 24-96 hr
TLm response of mosquito fish in turbid water (1). Apparently,
suspended solids can effectively absorb benzene or otherwise
reduce its toxic effects. A concentration of 10 ppm had no
effect on giant kelp during a 96 hr exposure period (1).
In saltwater, the 48 hour TLm for brine shrimp is 21 ppm (425) .
Median lethal doses from 5600 mg/Kg (1) and 3000 mg/Kg
(63) body weight have been reported for adult and yoiing rats,
respectively. A maximum of ,174 mg/Kg body weight is suggested
-------
for human consumption (63) . Benzene slicks at spill sites
pose a major hazard to water fowl and marine mammals.
Other aquatic concentrations of interest include a
recommended maximum prolonged contact level of 20,000 ppm
(7) and an odor threshold of .84-53 ppm (30). Benzene pro-
duces tastes in water at the .5-4.5 ppm level (1). When
chlorinated, toxicity and taste may be evidenced at even
lower levels.
-------
NAME Benzene
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 8 billion lbs 1971 (198)
SYNONYMS Benzol, Cyclohexatriene
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE Glass bottles, 1 gal cans, 5-55 gal
metal drums, tank cars, trucks, barges
DOT Flammable Liquid, Red Label, 10 gal. outside container
USCG Grade C flammable liquid
M.P. 5.56 °C
B.P. 80.1 °C
Sp.G. 0.879
SOLUBILITY 820 mg/1 at 22 °C
PERSISTENCE
Oxygen Demand
BOD.125 ~ >1% Theo. using phenol acclimated pure bacterial
culture-(5)
BOD.25 3.5% Tho. using aniline acclimated activated sludge at
a treatment plant-(5)
BOD<5 - 33% Theo. using phenol acclimated activated sludge-(13)
BODj - 0 lb/lb using sewage seed-(11)
BOD5 - 1.9% Theo. using sewage in quiescent environment-(5)
BODio ~ I-2 lb/lb using sewage seed-(11)
COD - .82 lb/lb-(64)
BOD5 ,0 2Q - 24, 27, 24, 29% Theo. in fresh water (425).
B0D5'l0'l5'20 ~ 58' 67, 76' 80% Theo* ~ acclimated (425).
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
ppm hrs
5 6
6 6
20 24 & 48
60 2
34 24
10
395 24 &48
386 96
31-32 96
species
parm
cond
re:
Minnow
Lethal
Distilled,
1
18 °C
Minnow
Lethal
Hard,16°C
1
Sunfish
TLm
Philadelph-
1
ia Tap Water
Sunfish
100% Killed
1
Sunfish
100% Killed
1
Trout
Lethal
1
Mosquito
Fish
TLm
Turbid,
1
20-22 °C
Mosquito
Fish
TLm
Turbid,
1
20-22 °C
Bluegill
&
TLm
Const.
37
Goldfish
Temp.
-------
Saltwater Toxicity
ppm hrs Species Parm Cond. Ref.
66 24 Brine Shrimp TLm 425
21 48 Brine Shrimp TLm 425
Mammalian Toxicity
Mammalian
species mg/kg B. W. administration route ref
Rat 5600 Oral 1
Mammals >5000 Oral 15
Young Rat 3000 Oral 6 3
-------
BENZOIC ACID
Benzoic acid is used in the synthesis of sodium benzoate
resins and in nylon, pharmaceuticals and flavors. The 23
million lbs produced in 1969 (199) were shipped in a large
variety of containers ranging from bottles to 150 pound kegs.
Production is expected to continue growth at 7 percent per
year through 1976 (198).
Benzoic acid is only partially soluble in water. When
spilled the crystals will sink and gradually dissolve. The
acid does not dissociate completely and hence solution pH
responds slowly. The calcium and sodium salts formed with
neutralization are soluble but less toxic than the acid.
Dissolved benzoic acid is subject to biodegradation. As
much as 1.4 lbs of oxygen per lb of acid can be utilized in
the first 5 days (11). The P. fluorescens cultures are par-
ticularly effective in attacking benzoic acid, possibly
causing localized oxygen deficiencies in spill situations.
On the other hand, benzoic acid is employed commercially as
a food preservative because of its ability to inhibit micro-
organisms. Hence, at concentrations high enough to cause
oxygen slumps, bacterial action is likely to be retarded.
Benzoic acid is toxic to both fish and fish food
organisms. Concentrations of 200 ppm and 550 ppm have been
-------
reported as lethal to goldfish and sunfish, respectively (1) .
The 96 hr TLm for mosquito fish in turbid water is 180
ppm (1). Daphnia are immobilized at 146 mg/1 (1). Toxicity
is reported to result from the undissociated acid molecule
and hence may occur above pH 5.
Benzoic acid is considered only a slight ingestive
hazard (38) and has been approved as a food additive. The
oral LD50 for rats is reported as 1700 mg/Kg body weight
(217), while that for dogs is 2000 mg/Kg (8). Subcutaneous
and intravenous administration in tests for carcinoma
proved negative (15).
-------
NAME Benzoic Acid
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 23 million lbs 1969
SYNONYMS Benzene Carboxylic Acid, Phenylformic Acid, Dracylic Acid
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE 100-150 lb barrels, kegs, fiber
drums, cartons, bottles
M.P. 122.38 °C
B.P. 249.2 °C
Sp.G. 1.266
SOLUBILITY 2100 mg/1 at 25 °C
PERSISTENCE
Oxygen Demand
bod.083 - 66% Theo. with pure bacterial culture-(5)
BOD.94 - 8.8% Theo. with phenol acclimated bacterial culture-(5)
BOD5 - 1.4 lb/lb using sewage seed-(11)
BOD8 ~ 75.2% Theo. with aniline acclimated activated sludqe-(5)
BOD10 ~ 46% Theo. with quiescent sewage-(5)
COD - 1.88 lb/lb-(4)
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
PP"i
200
550
240
225
180
146
hrs
7
1
24
48
96
species
Goldfish
Sunfish
Mosquito Pish
Mosquito Fish
Mosquito Fish
Prolonged Daphnia
parity cond ref
Lethal 1
Killed 1
TLm 19-21°C, 1
Turbid
TLm 19-21°C, 1
Turbid
TLm 19-21°C 1
Turbid
Immobilized Lake Erie, 1
25°C
Mammalian
species rag/kg B. w. administration route ref
Dog 2000 oral 8
Rat 1700 Oral 217
Prog 100-200 Subcutaneous-Lethal 22
-------
BENZONITRILE
Benzonitrile is supplied by a single producer in the U.S.
Benzonitrile is an oily liquid that is slightly soluble in
water and only a little more dense than freshwater. As such,
it should sink when spilled and dissolved to a limited
extent. In saltwater it is liable to float. Since dissociation
does not occur to any appreciable extent, no major output
of HCN is anticipated. The dissolved portion is subject to
biodegradation with anywhere from 40-60 percent of the
theoretical oxygen demand realized in the first five days
(10,65). Concentrated solutions, however, are capable of
retarding biochemical action. Levels of 10 ppm have been
reported to inhibit sewage organisms (65) . Oxygen deficiencies
are not expected in spill situations.
A solution of 5 ppm is reported to have had no
effect on various fishes in Lake Huron(1). Median threshold
limit values for fathead minnows, bluegill, and guppies fall
in a range of 78-400 ppm (1). Comparative tests with fathead
minnows reveal a higher toxicity in hard water than soft (1).
In freshwater where benzonitrile will potentially sink, benthic
life is endangered. Bluegills left for four weeks in water
containing 35 ppm had no apparent change in flesh flavor (1).
-------
An LD50 of 180 mg/Kg is reported for subcutaneous
administration to mice (8). Benzonitrile is thought to
be less toxic than cyanides because of its lower volatility.
Toxicological response, however, will be similar to that for
cyanides at lower doses.
-------
NAME Benzonitrile
SYNONYMS Cyanobenzene, Phenyl Cyanide
M.P. -13.0 °C
B.P. 190.7 °C Explodes
Sp.G. 1.01
SOLUBILITY 10,000 mg/1 at 100°C
PERSISTENCE
Oxygen Demand
BOD4 - 60% Theo. using river water-(10)
BOD5 - 40% Theo. using sewage seed-165)
BOD12 - 80% Theo. using sewage seed-(65)
BOD12 - 90% Theo. Using river water-(65)
BOD18 - 60% Theo. using river water-(10)
BOD28 - 75% Theo. using activated sludge with chemical analysis
for N2-(10)
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
££m
5
16
78
78
240
180
135
78
400
hrs
24
24
48
96
24
48
96
24,48,96
24,48,96
species
Trout, Blue-
gill, & Sea
Lamprey
Fathead Minnow TLm
Fathead Minnow TLm
Fathead Minnow TLm
Fathead Minnow TLm
Fathead Minnow TLm
Fathead Minnow TLm
Bluegill TLm
Guppy TLm
parm
No Effect
cond
Lake Huron
12 °C
Hard
Hard
Hard
Soft
Soft
Soft
Soft
Soft
rcf
1
Mammalian
species
mg/kg B. W.
administration route
ref
Mice
180
Subcutaneous
8
-------
BENZOYL CHLORIDE
Benzoyl chloride is used in acetylation processes and as
a dye intermediate. It is presently produced by six major U.S.
firms and is shipped mainly in bottles, carboys, and tank cars.
Benzoyl chloride hydrolizes upon contact with moisture
to form benzoic and hydrochloric acid. The benzoic acid
is subject to biodegradation, but this process is likely
to be retarded by the low pH resulting from the accompanying
hydrochloric acid.
The aquatic concentrations of interest will be those for
the benzoic and hydrochloric acid hydrolysis products. No
ingestive data exists, but benzoyl chloride vapor is highly
3
corrosive to skin. A TLV of 5 mg/m has been set for this
material.
-------
NAME Benzoyl Chloride
SYNONYMS Benzene Carbonyl Chloride
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE Bottles, carboys, tank cars
DOT Corrosive Liquid, White Label, 1 qt. outside container
M.P. -1.0 °C
B.P. 197.2 °C
sp.G. 1.20
SOLUBILITY Decomposes
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc.
Hydrolyzes to Benzoic and Hydrochloric Acid
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
See benzoic and hydrochloric acids. HC1 will control toxicity.
Salt Water Toxicity
See benzoic and hydrochloric acids. HC1 will control toxicity.
-------
BENZYL CHLORIDE
Benzyl chloride is used to manufacture benzyl compounds,
perfumes, pharmaceuticals, dyes, resins, and synthetic
tannins. The 74 million lbs produced in 1969 (199) were
shipped in carboys, drums, tank cars, and tank trucks.
Production is expected to continue to rise through 1975.(198)
Benzyl chloride is soluble to only 33 ppm in water.
When spilled, it will seek the bottom and remain there.
The water will slowly hydrolyze this submerged blanket forming
benzyl alcohol and hydrochloric acid.
Benzyl chloride has been shown to have no effect on fish
at 1 ppm and to cause only slight irritation at 10 ppm (1).
However its hydrolysis to benzyl alcohol and hydrochloric
acid suggests toxicity problems may result from spills.
Benzyl chloride is highly toxic by all routes of ad-
ministration (38). It is intensely irritating upon contact
with skin, eyes, or mucous membranes. Large doses can cause
depression of the central nervous system (8). The low toxic
dose to rats is 50 mg/kg body weight when administered subcu-
taneously (96).
-------
NAME Benzyl Chloride
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 74 million lbs 1969
SYNONYMS a-Chlorotoluene
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE Carboys, drums, tank cars, tank trucks
DOT Corrosive Liquid; White Label, 1 qt outside container
M.P. -43 to -48 °C
B.P. 179 °C
Sp.G. 1.10
SOLUBILITY 33 mg/1 at 25 °C
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc.
Slowly hydrolyzes in water to benzyl alcohol and hydrogen chloride
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
See benzyl alcohol and hydrogen chloride. HC1 will control toxicity
Salt Water Toxicity
See benzyl alcohol and hydrogen chloride. HC1 will control toxicity
ppm hrs species parm cond re f
1 Fi-sh No Effect 1
10 Fish Slight 1
Irritant
Mammalian Toxicity
Species mg/kg B. W. Administration Route Ref.
Rat 50 Low Toxic Dose 96
-------
BERYLLIUM CHLORIDE
Beryllium chloride is used in the production of beryllium
compounds. It is marketed by seven major U.S. firms.
Beryllium chloride is very soluble in water, forming
a strong acid solution. The presence of carbonate and
hydroxide in sufficient concentrations will lead to precip-
itation of the beryllium cation. Dilution of the spill area
will also bring this about. The solubility constant for
"18
Be(OH)2 at room temperature is 2x10 . Hence, a precipitate
will develop following a spill.
The toxicity of beryllium salts is dependent in part on
the accompanying solution pH. Low pH solutions are hazardous
to fish in their own right while high pH solutions minimize
beryllium solubility. Water hardness is also a controlling
factor in determining the toxicity of beryllium chloride.
Tarzwell and Henderson found the 96 hr TLm for fathead
minnows increased from .15 ppm as beryllium in soft water to
15 ppm as beryllium in hard water (1). A 5 percent waste
solution from a beryllium plant was reported safe for fish
while a 10 percent solution was toxic (1).
Median lethal doses for rats vary from 4.4 mg/Kg when
administered intraperitoneally (8) to 86 mg/Kg when administered
orally (66) . The value for mice is 92 mg/Kg (56). Excretion
-------
of beryllium is rapid. Adsorption from the alimentary
tract is .006 percent of that ingested. Rats were healthy
after two years of being fed 18 mg Be/Kg/day (1). Dogs
were healthy after 18 months of feed rations which included
10 mg BeSO^/Kg/day(1). Drinking water for cattle should
not exceed 6000 ppm Be(l).
Beryllium is hazardous to humans mostly as a suspended
dust in the atmosphere. It is implicated in both skin and
3
lung diseases and has had a TLV of .002 mg/cm set for exposure
in an 8 hr working day. Water soluble salts can also
cause ulceration if contacted with breaks in the skin.
Beryllium also has phytotoxic characteristics when
present in acid solutions. Concentrations of 15-120 mg/1
Be delays germination and retards growth of cress and mustard
seeds in solution culture (1). Above pH 11.2, beryllium
can be beneficial to magnesium deficient plants.
-------
NAME Beryllium Chloride
DOT Poison B, Poison Label, 200 lbs in outside container
M.P. 405.0
B.P. 520.0 °C
Sp.G. 1.90
SOLUBILITY Very soluble
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc.
Hydroxide and carbonate salts are insoluble
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
ref
(as Be) 1
(as Be) 1
1
1
ref
8
66
56
PPm
hrs
species
parm
cond
0.15
96
Fathead
Minnow TLm
Soft
15
96
Fathead
Minnow TLm
Hard
5% Waste
Fish
Non-toxic
sol• from
Be plant
10% Waste
Fish
Toxic
sol. from
Be plant
Mammalian
species
mg/kg
B. W.
administration
route
Rats
4.4
Intraperitoneal
Rat
86
Oral
Mouse
92
Oral
-------
BERYLLIUM FLUORIDE
M.P. 8 00°C
Sp. G. - 1.986
SOLUBILITY - Freely soluble
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. - Dissociates in water. Hydroxide
and carbonate salts of beryllium are insoluble.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity
fluoride ion.
Saltwater Toxicity
beryllium ion.
Mammalian Toxicity
Species
mg/kg B. W.
Administration Route
Ref
Rat
98
Oral
96
Mouse
100
Oral
96
Mouse
20
Subcutaneous
96
Mouse
1.8
Intravenous
96
- Toxicity will be that associated with the
- Toxicity will be that associated with the
-------
BERYLLIUM NITRATE
Beryllium nitrate is used in the manufacture of incandes-
cent gas lantern mantels. Some seven major U.S. firms pres-
ently market this material.
Beryllium nitrate is very soluble in water, forming a
strong acid solution. The presence of carbonate and
hydroxide in sufficient concentrations will lead to precipi-
tation of the beryllium cation. Dilution of the spill area
will also bring this about. The solubility constant for
—18
Be(OH)2 at room temperature is 2x10 . Hence, a precipitate
will develop following a spill.
The toxicity of beryllium salts is dependent in part
on the accompanying solution pH. Low pH solutions are
hazardous to fish in their own right while high pH solutions
minimize beryllium solubility. Water hardness is also a
controlling factor in determining the toxicity of beryllium
nitrate. Tatzwell and Henderson found the 96 hr TLm for
fathead minnows increased from .15 ppm as beryllium in softwater
to 20 ppm as beryllium in hard water (1). A five percent waste
solution from a beryllium plant was reported safe for fish
while a 10 percent solution was toxic (1).
The median lethal dose for rats is reported as 501 mg/Kg
when administered intraperitoneally (8). The value for guinea
pigs tested in the same manner is 50 mg/Kg (67) . Excretion
of beryllium is rapid. adsorption from the alimentary tract
-------
is .006 percent of that ingested. Rats were healthy after
two vears of being fed 18 mg Be/Kg/day (1). Dogs were
healthy after 18 months of feed rations which included
10 mg BeSO^/Kg/day(1). Drinking water for cattle should
not exceed 6000 ppm Be (1). Nitrate levels for similar
uses should not exceed 200 ppm (41).
Beryllium is hazardous to humans mostly as a -suspended
dust in the atmosphere. It is implicated in both skin and
lung diseases and has had a TLV of .002 mg/cm set for
exposure in an 8 hr working day. Water soluble salts can
also cause ulceration if contacted with breaks in the skin.
Beryllium also has phytotoxic characteristics when present
in acid solutions. Concentrations of 15-120 rag/1 Be delays
germination and retards growth of cress and mustard seeds
in solution culture (1). Above pH 11.2, beryllium can be
beneficial to magnesium deficient plants (1).
-------
NAME Beryllium Nitrate
M.P. 60.0 °C
B.P. 142.0 °C
Sp.G. 1.5 6
SOLUBILITY Very Soluble
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc.
Hydroxide and carbonate salts are insoluble
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
ref
(as Be) 1
(as Be) 1
1
1
ref
8
67
hrs
species
parm
cond
.15
20
5% Waste
Solution
from Be
plant
10% Waste
Sol. from
Be Plant
96
96
Fathead Minnow TLm
Fathead Minnow TLm
Fish Safe
Fish
Toxic
Soft
Hard
Mammalian
species
Guinea Pig
Rat
mg/kg B. W.
50
50
administration route
Intraperitoneal
Intraperitoneal
-------
BRUCINE
Brucine is a derivative of strychnine, employed for
denaturing alcohol and oils and as an analytical reagent for
the separation of racemic mixtures. Brucine has also been
patented for use as an additive in lubricants. Medicinally,
brucine was used in a manner similar to strychnine to
stimulate CNS activity depressed by poisons, to stimulate the
circulatory system, and with cathartic drugs.
Brucine is soluble to 1200 ppm in water, forming a basic
solution of pH 9.5.8 Neutratization with acid leads to the
formation of salts with the associated anions. Little is
known of the persistency of solutions or of biological inter-
actions. Similarly, no data is available with respect to
aquatic toxicity.
Brucine is a highly toxic alkaloid to humans and other
mammals. It resembles strychnine in its toxic action. The
intravenous LD_rt for dogs has been reported as 8 mg/kg body
50
weight.8 Solutions are very bitter, and can be detected by
taste at 4.5 ppm.8 Brucine is also considered an inhalation
hazard.3 8
-------
BRUCINE
SYNONYMS - Dimethoxystrychnine
DOT - Poison B, poison label, 200 lbs in an outside container
USCG - Poison B, poison label
M.P. 178°C
SOLUBILITY - 1200
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. - Solution is basic. Neutralization
can lead to formation of related salts.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity - Toxicity will be similar to that of
strychnine.
Mammalian Toxicity
Species mg/kg B. W
Dog 8
Rat 77
Administration Route
Intravenous
Intraperitoneal
Ref
8
96
-------
BUTYL ACETATE
Butyl acetate for protective coatings, photo film,
lacquer, and organic synthesis is shipped in containers
ranging from glass bottles to tank cars. Production in 1969
reached 58,803,000 lbs (199).
Butyl acetate is soluble to 8,300 ppm. As such, it is
likely to be evidenced as a clear slick on the surface of
receiving waters when involved in a spill. The portion that
dissolves is subject to some biochemical oxidation. An
average BOD5 value is 23.5 percent of the theoretical oxygen
demand (36) or .15-.5 lb/lb butyl acetate with sewage seed (11).
Residence for an additional 15 days increases oxygen utili-
zation to 57.4 percent of the theoretical value (36). This
is not a sufficient rate to produce oxygen deficiencies in
a spill situation.
Little is reported on the aquatic toxicity of butyl
acetate. Fish food organisms have threshold limits in the
range 44-320 ppm (1). E* Coli is unaffected at concentrations
a,s high as 1,000 ppm (D • In saltwater, the 48 hour TLm for
brine shrimp is 32 ppiti (425) .
Oral administratis*1 to rats and mice has revealed LD50
values of 4,130 and 1,060 mg/kg, respectively (1). Butyl
-------
acetate is considered a moderate toxicant for human ingestion.
The irritant and narcotic properties of the vapor axe of
more concern. A TLV of 710 mg/m^ has been set. Slicks
resulting from spillage are a hazard to water fowl and
marine mammals.
-------
NAME Butyl Acetate
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 58,803,000 1969 (199)
SYNONYMS Butyl Ethanoate
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE Bottles, cans, steel drums, compartment
tanks, drum cars, tank cars
DOT Flammable Liquid, Red Label, 10 gal outside containers
USCG Grade D combustible liquid
M.P. -76.8 0 C
B.P. 117.5 °C
Sp.G. 0.883
SOLUBILITY 8300 mg/1 at 25°C
PERSISTENCE
Oxygen Demand
BOD5 - .15-.5 lb/lb using sewage seed - (11)
BOD5 - 23.5% Theo. using sewage seed-(36)
BOD20 ~ 57.4% Theo. using sewage seed-(36)
BOD5,10 15 20 ~ Theo. in freshwater-(425)
BOD5,lo)l5^20 " 40' 52/ 56, 61% Theo. in saltwater-(425)
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
EES
44
320
<1000
hrs
48
96
Salt Water Toxicity
150
32
24
48
species
Daphnia
Scenedesmus
E. Coli
Brine Shrimp
Brine Shrimp
parm cond
TLm 2 3 °C
TLm 24°C
No Effect 27°C
TLm
TLm
rcf
1
1
1
425
425
Mammalian Toxicity
speciss
Rat
Mice
mg/kg B. W.
4130
7060
administration route
Oral
Oral
ref
1
1
-------
BUTYLAMINE
Butylamine is shipped in one gallon cans, five and 55 gallon
drums, and tank cars for use in the production of tanning
agents, pharmaceuticals, dyes, rubber, and insecticides.
Approximately 26.6 million lbs were produced in 1969 (198).
Butylamine forms an alkaline solution with water in
which it is miscible. The dissolved amine is then subject to
biochemical oxidation. The reported BOD5 is 26.5 percent of
the theoretical oxygen demand with an additional 15 days
increasing that to 48.8 percent (36). This is too slow a
rate to produce oxygen slumps in a spill situation.
The toxicity of butylamine to fish falls within a
critical range of 20-70 ppm (54). Limited data suggest the
normal amine is slightly less toxic than the secondary and
isobutylamines.
Butylamine is an irritant which can be toxic when
administered by any route. The oral LD50 for rats is reported
as 500 mg/Kg (8). Dermal application to guinea pigs resulted
in an LD50 of .464 mg/Kg body weight (29). The vapors from
butylamine can also be quite hazardous. A TLV of 15 mg/m
has been set.
-------
NAME Butylamine
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 26.2 million lbs 1969 (198)
SYNONYMS 1-Aminobutane, N-Butylamine
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE
1 gal cans, 5 & 55 gal drums, tank
cars
M.P. -50.0 °C
B. P. 78.0 °C
Sp.G. 0.80
SOLUBILITY Miscible
PERSISTENCE
Oxygen Demand
BOD5 - 26.5% Theo. using sewage seed-(36)
BOD20 ~ 4 8.8% Theo. using sewage seed-(36)
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
Mammalian
species
Rat
Guinea Pig
ERm
hrs
species
parm
cond
30-70
24
Creek Chub
Critical
River
Range
Water
20-60
24
Creek Chub
Critical
River
Range
Water
20-60
24
Creek Chub
Critical
River
Range
Water
mg/kg B. W.
500
464
administration route
Oral
Dermal
ref
(normal)
54
(iso) 54
(secondary)
ref
8
29
-------
BUTYRIC ACID
Butyric acid appears in flavors, varnishesr and decal-
cification agents for treating hides. The 981,000 lbs pro-
duced in 1969 (199) were shipped in bottles, cans, drums, and
tank trucks.
Butyric acid is listed as soluble to 56,000 ppm and as
having a density close to that of water so that it will
quickly mix in when spilled (Merck reports miscibility (8)].
Like most acids, it will be neutralized in natural waters
as dilution occurs. The calcium, sodium and magnesium salts
which would result are all quite soluble and will remain in
solution. The butyrate radical, however, is subject to bio-
chemical attack. A BOD5 of .34-9 1^/lb has been reported for
tests using sewage seed (4). Acclimation of the seed ad-
vanced the oxygen uptake to 1.16 lb/lb (4). These rates
appear rapid enough to produce localized oxygen deficiencies
in a spill situation.
Butyric acid is toxic to fish and fish food organisms.
The threshold of harmful effects to trout is reported as
100 ppm (1). A concentration of 400 ppm was lethal to trout^
and 200 ppm constitutes the 24 hr TLm for bluegill (59).
-------
Median threshold limits for Daphnia in 48 hr's and Scenedesmus
in 96 hrs are 60 and 200 ppm respectively (1). Growth of
chlorella pyrenoidosa is retarded by 340 ppm (4),
Merck reports an oral LD50 for rats of 8,790 mg/Kg body
weight (8). This is considerably higher than the 2,940
mg/Kg reported elsewhere (74) and possibly suggests the
existence of synergists or antagonists. Oettingen reports a
mean lethal dose of 3600-3700 mg/Kg (1). The toxic hazard
to man is considered low. Butyric acid has recorded a
positive response to carcinogenic potential tests when fed at
25 percent in a synthetic diet for 3-35 wks (15).
-------
NAME Butyric Acid
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 981,000 lb 1969 (199)
SYNONYMS Ethyl Acetic Acid, Butanoic Acid
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE Bottles, drums, cans, tank trucks
USCG Grade E combustible liquid
M.P. -7.9 °C
B.P. 162.0 °C
Sp.G. 1.000
SOLUBILITY 56,000 mg/1 at 25°C
PERSISTENCE
Oxygen Demand
BOD^5 - 30% Theo. with phenol acclimated activated sludge-(13)
BOD5 - .34-9 lb/lb using sewage seed-(4)
BOD5 - 1.15 lb/lb-(14)
BOD5 - 1.16 lb/lb using acclimated seed-(4)
BOD20 " i-45 lb/lb-(14)
COD - 1.65 lb/lb-(4)
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
PPM
hrs
species
parm
cond
ref
100
Trout
Threshold
of
1
Harmful Effects
400
Trout
Lethal
1
60
48
Daphnia
TLm
23°C
1
200
96
Scenedesmus
TLm
24 °C
1
61
48
Daphnia Magna
TLm
Const.
59
Temp
200
24
Bluegill
TLm
Const.
59
Temp.
Mammalian
species
m?/kg
B. W. administration
route
ref
Rat
8790
Oral
8
Rat
2940
Oral
74
-------
CADMIUM
Cadmium occurs in small amounts in naturally occurring
zinc ores, reflecting its close chemical relationship to zinc.
According to Kopp and Kroner, cadmium is found only in minute
traces in natural water. They reported that cadmium was
found in less than three percent of all samples and that the
mean of the samples with a positive occurrence was slightly
less than 10 ug/1 (253) . Cadmium salts are used in the
electroplating, ceramic, chemical and pigmentation industries.
The chloride, nitrate, and sulfate are most commonly employed.
Cadmium is not very soluble in natural water as it has a
marked tendency to form complexes such as the carbonates and
hydroxides. The binding between the metal and halogen is also
very strong. The low solubility of the carbonate, hydroxide,
and sulfide complexes and the affinity of cadmium for hydro-
lyzing and oxidizing sediments may cause a rapid precipitation
of the metal after spillage. As with the other heavy metals,
cadmium does not degrade in the aquatic environment. Very
little is known of the distribution and fate of cadmium in
the aquatic ecosystem. Dissolved cadmium may interfere with
natural biological systems in water. As little as 142 ppm
of the sulfate inhibits sewage organisms 50 percent.
McKee and Wolf indicate that the lethal concentration
of cadmium for fish varies from 0.01 to 10 mg/1 (1). Ball
reported a continuous-flow 7 day TL50 value for rainbow trout
-------
of between 0.01-0.008 mg/1 at hardness 290 mg/1. Pickering
and Gast reported an 8 day TL50 value of 0.45 mg/1 at hardness
200 mg/1 (267). In the chronic study 0.037 mg/1 was safe
and 0.057 had an adverse effect on hatchability. Beisinger
and Christensen reported a 48-hr LC50 value for Daphnia of
0.065 mg/1 at hardness 48 mg/1. The three week LC50 was
0.005 mg/1 with 0.0007 mg/1 giving a 50 percent reproductive
impairment, and 0.00017 mg/1 having no effect (268).
Mount and Stephan report substantial accumulation of
cadmium in the kidney, liver, gill, and gut of cadmium
exposed bluegill (269) . There appears to be no significant
accumulation in the'bone or muscle. The accumulation in the
liver and gill are correlated with cadmium exposure. Liver
accumulated cadmium up to approximately 50 ug/g (dry weight).
There was substantial accumulation in the kidney but the amount
was not closely related to cadmium exposure. Landner and
Jernelov in a preliminary study were not able to demonstrate
cadmium enrichment in guppies fed Tubifex containing cadmium
(270) .
Schroeder and Balassa found relatively large quantities
of cadmium in shellfish, particularly oysters and lobsters
(271). yamagata and Shigematsu give values of cadmium in
normal Japanese foodstuffs. The concentration of cadmium was
high in liver and processed sea foods (272) . Uthe and Bligh
reported cadmium concentrations of less than 0.05 ppm (dressed
fish) in several species of Canadian fish, while rainbow smelt
from Lake Erie had a concentration of 0.06 ppm (248). Lucas
et al. reported on several species of fish from the
-------
Great Lakes. In whole fish the concentration of cadmium
averaged 0.094 ppm and varied from 0.062-0.14 ppm (273). The
cadmium concentration in the liver of 10 species of fish
averaged 0.4 ppm and varied from 0.06 to 1.4 ppm.
The occurrence of the Itai-itai disease in Japan has
focused attention on cadmium in the environment. Christensen
and Olson stated that cadmium has probably more lethal possi-
bilities than any other heavy metal (274) . Cadmium is a
cumulative poison and has a very long biological half-life
in many animals. The body of a normal 70 kg man has been
estimated to contain a total of 0.03 g of cadmium with 0.01 g
concentrated in liver; this gives an overall concentration of
0.43 ppm. Schroeder et al. gives an estimate of a daily
intake of 215 ug Cd with about 1-2 percent being accumulated.
They estimated an intake of 15 ug Cd from water (275).
The -oral LD50 for the white rat is 88 mg/Kg for cadmium
chloride (8) and 72 mg/Kg for cadmium oxide (276). The sub-
cutaneous LD50 for the dog is 27 mg/Kg using cadmium sulfate
(8) . It is known that cadmium is severely toxic to man both
in terms of acute and long-term low level effects. The acute
response syndrome is characterized by severe nausea, salivation,
vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pains, and myolgia. In addition
liver and kidney damage may result. Doses of 3 00 mg Cd have
been fatal to humans (208) . Drinking water should not exceed
.01 mg/1 (1).
-------
Experimental evidence suggests that cadmium causes many
kinds of toxic effects including teratogenic and embryo-
logical effects, testicular atrophy, renal dysfunction,
cirrhosis and necrosis of the liver, hypertension,
arteriosclerosis, growth retardation, cancer, chronic
disease of old age, etc. (15).
Cadmium has been designated a toxic substance under
Section 307 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amend-
ments of 1972. As such, continuous discharge standards are
being established for various sources. These levels relate
to continual exposure and therefore should not be compared
directly with critical concentrations established here.
Indeed, since spill events are probabilistic, median recep-
tors have been selected for use in determining critical
concentrations in setting harmful quantities and rates of
penalty as opposed to the most sensitive receptor.
-------
CADMIUM ACETATE
M.P. 256°C (anhydrous)
Sp. G. - 2.34
SOLUBILITY - Freely soluble
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. - Dissociates in water. Acetate is
biodegradable. Cadmium will associate with particulate matter
or precipitate as carbonate or hydroxide salt.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity - Toxicity results from that of the
cadmium cation.
-------
CADMIUM BROMIDE
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE - Bottles, cans, cases
M.P. 568°C (anhydrous)
B.P. 863°C
Sp. G. - 5.192
SOLUBILITY - 1,210,000 ppm
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. - Cadmium will associate with particulate
matter or precipitate as the hydroxide or carbonate salt.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity - Toxicity results from the cadmium cation.
-------
NAME Cadmium Chloride
M.P. 568 °C
B.P. 960 °C
Sp.G. 3.327
SOLUBILITY 1,400,000 mg/1 at 20 °C
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, Etc.
Carbonates and hydroxides rapidly precipitate cadmium to low levels.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
PPm
hrs
species
parm
cond
ref
0.0165
8.5-18
Goldfish
Killed
Distilled
1
0.18
>50
Young Eels
Max. Con.
1
Tolerated
1.83
18.4
Young Eels
Ave. Sur-
21 °C
1
vival Time
45
24
Freshwater
Lethal Con.
1
Fish
<0.0026
Daphnia
Immobilized
Lake Erie,
1
25 °C
0.1
Daphnia
Threshold
River
Havel
1
Con.
0.1
Scenedesmus
Threshold
River
Havel
1
Con.
0.15
E. Coli
Threshold
River
Havel
1
Con.
45 -6
24
Orizias
Lethal Con.
1
6x10 M
Limnaea Palu-
Killed
75
stris Eggs
.15 7N
1
European Carp
Survival
58
Time
. 000000037N
European Carp
Survival
58
7
Time
0.9
96
Fathead Minnow
TLm
Soft
1
5.0
96
Fathead Minnow
TLm
Hard
1
1.05
96
Fathead Minnow
TLm
Soft
76
72.6
96
Fathead Minnow
TLm
Hard
76
1.94
96
Bluegill
TLm
Soft
76
1.27
96
Guppy
TLm
Soft
76
2.84
96
Sunfish
TLm
Soft
76
66
96
Sunfish
TLm
Hard
76
-------
Mammalian
species mg/kg B.W. administration route ref
Rat 88 Ora,l 8
Rabbit 0.15-0.3 Oral 1
Dog 100-600 Oral as Cd 1
-------
CALCIUM CARBIDE
Calcium carbide is a reducing agent employed in
metal cutting, lampblack and cyanftmide production, and acet-
ylene generation. The 1.3 billion lbs. produced in 1971 (199)
were shipped in sealed metal containers varying from 25 to
over 1000 lbs. in capacity.
Calcium carbide decomposes violently upon contact with
water to form calcium hydroxide and acetylene. Both of these
may be toxic to aquatic life and may pose health hazards
related to human consumption and water contact activities.
-------
NAME Calcium Carbide
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 1.3 billion lbs. - 1971
SYNONYMS Acetylenogen, Carbide
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE 2 lbs-1000 lbs metal packages
USCG Hazardous
M.P. 2300 °C
Sp.G. 2.2
SOLUBILITY Decomposes
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis/ Etc.
Decomposes upon contact with water to calcium hydroxide and
acetylsne.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
Refer to calcium hydroxide.
Salt Water Toxicity
Refer to calcium hydroxide.
-------
CALCIUM HYDROXIDE
Calcium hydroxide (calcium hydrate, slaked lime) is one
of the most widely used substances in commerce and industry.
Over 5 billion lbs. were produced in 1964 and shipped mostly
by rail and truck in bulk or in wooden barrels or paper sacks
as crystals or soft powder. Its major uses are in mortar and
plaster, paints, medicines, agriculture, sugar juices, clari-
fication and food treatment.
In case of a spill, the bulk of the calcium hydroxide
will sink in water, and a small amount (solubility: 1850 ppm)
will dissolve. The dissolved calcium will be minimized
through precipitation as calcium carbonate due to the action
of natural C02« It is probable that the slight amount of
calcium hydroxide capable of being dissolved in solution
would have minimal effect on microbial growth. The
compound does have considerable buffering capacity which
could be considered as a factor in causing eutrophication.
Calcium hydroxide is moderately toxic to common species.
Goldfish, bass, and sunfish exhibited toxic effects after
three hours exposure to 100 ppm, while 198 ppm was toxic to
trout after 0.2 hour (1). For the mosquito fish, a 24 hour
TLm value of 240 ppm has been established (1). No data on
the effect of this chemical on salt water species were found,
but it is probable that formation of relatively inert pre-
cipitates would limit its threat to marine life. Toxicity
in general will be affected by solution pH, alkalinity and
buffer capacity.
-------
NAME Calcium Hydroxide
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 5 billion lbs - 1964
SYNONYMS Calcium Hydrate, Slaked Lime
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE Bags, barrels, bulk by rail or truck
M.P. 580 °C loses H2O
B.P. decomposes
Sp.G. 2.504
SOLUBILITY 1,850 mg/1 @ 25 °C
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, Etc.
Natural carbonate will precipitate calcium.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
m
92
100
100
100
100
100
198
200
500
700
240
220
160
300
Mammalian
species
Rat
hrs
.7
3
3
3
.2
.5
.3
.7
24
48
96
24
species
Trout
Goldfish
Goldfish
Bass
Sunfish
Carp
Trout
Bass and
Goldfish
Goldfish
Trout
Mosquito-Fish
Mosquito-Fish
Mosquito-Fish
Vector Snails
parm
Toxic
Toxic
Toxic
Toxic
Toxic
Toxic
Toxic
Toxic
Toxic
Toxic
TLm
TLm
TLm
Lethal
cond
pH 11.1
21-23 °C
Turbid
21-23 °C
Turbid
21-23 °C
Turbid
28 °C
ref
mg/kq B.W.
7340
administration route
Oral
80
ref
8
-------
CALCIUM HYPOCHLORITE
Calcium hypochlorite is employed as an algicide, bac-
tericide, fungicide, deodorant, and bleaching agent. The
84 million lbs. produced in 1969 (199) were for the most part
shipped in air tight cans, barrels, and steel drums.
Calcium hypochlorite undergoes a series of reactions
when added to water. The hypochlorite attaches to free protons
to form undissociated hypochlorous acid. This frees hydroxide
ions which can join with the calcium and precipitate out at
high concentrations. Natural carbonates will also reduce
the calcium levels. The elevated pH, however, prevents for-
mation of excessive hypochlorous acid. Hence an equilibrium
is established. For instance, at pH6, 96 percent is present
as hypochlorous acid, H0C1, while at pH9 this is reduced to
three percent. The dissolved hypochlorous acid also undergoes
combination reactions leading to an evolution of oxygen and
chlorine with byproduct water formation. The hypochlorite
and chlorine are both oxidizing agents which rapidly disappear
in natural waters containing organics. The persistence of
these agents will be inversely proportional to the chlorine
demand. Hypochlorite may interfere with natural bacterial
action through its bactericidal properties.
Calcium hypochlorite can be quite toxic to aquatic life.
A concentration of .5 ppm is sufficient to kill trout (1),
Algae is adversely affected at 2 ppn>» hence the use of
-------
hypochlorite as an algacide (33) . Because of the complex
chemistry involved, solution pH, alkalinity, buffer capacity,
and organic content will all play an important role in deter-
mining resulting toxicity.
Calcium hypochlorite is considered highly hazardous
because of its ability to release toxic chlorine gas. On the
other hand, it is commonly used in water treatment, sewage
treatment, and swimming pool operations.
-------
NAME Calcium Hypochlorite
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 84 million lbs - 1969
SYNONYMS Bleaching Powder, Chlorinated Lime
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE Air tight cans, barrels, steel drums
DOT Oxidizing material, yellow label, 100 lb. outside container
USCG Oxidizing material, yellow label
M.P. 100 °C decomposes
Sp.G. 2.350
SOLUBILITY Decomposes
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, Etc.
Decomposes to calcium hydroxide and hypochlorous acid. Some
CI2 is formed.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
ppm hrs species
.5 - Trout
20 72 Algae
parm cond ref
Killed - 1
Toxic - 33
-------
CALCIUM OXIDE
Calcium oxide is used in bricks, plaster, mortar, stucco,
and other construction materials; in manufacturing steel,
aluminum, and magnesium; for nonferrous ore flotation; in the
production of glass, paper, sodium carbonate, calcium «alts,
and other chemicals; for dehairing hides; as a clarification
agent; and as a sorbent for carbon dioxide. Annual production
is high.
Calcium oxide decomposes in water to form calcium
hydroxide. It is a strong irritant.
-------
NAME Calcium Oxide
SYNONYMS Lime, Burnt Lime, Calx, Quicklime
M.P. 2580 °C
B.P. 2850 °C
Sp.G. 3.25
SOLUBILITY 1,310,000 mg/1 8 10 °C
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, Etc.
Dec.omposes to calcium hydroxide.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
Refer to calcium hydroxide
Salt Water Toxicity
Refer to calcium hydroxide
-------
CAPTAN
Captan is a halogenated thio-imide employed as a fungi-
cide and insecticide. It is often applied in orchard areas.
Approximately 18 million lbs were produced in 1971 (327) for
use in the dust and wettable powder form.
Captan is insoluble in water, but may disperse at a
reasonable rate if spilled in the wettable powder form. Once
in an aqueous environment captan hydrolyzes rapidly. It
has an effective residual life in water of two weeks (1).
In soil, it may persist much longer. Munnecke notes residues
last greater than 6 5 days and a second study on simulated
seeds showed no concentration drop in 21 days (22). Griffith
and Mathews, on the other hand, claim a half life of 1-2 days
in soil (22). Soil moisture content may be the critical
parameter causing this variation.
When captan was tested in lake water, it was found to
kill 50 percent of the large trout present after 72 hrs at
.32 ppm and 61 percent of the small trout after nine hrs at
.56 ppm (1). Safe limits appeared to be 0.18 ppm (1). The
24 hr TLm for zebrafish has been reported as 30 ppm, but
zebrafish larvae have a one hr TLm of 1 ppm (339).
Captan has been described as practically nontoxic to
mammals. The oral LD50 for rats has been found in the range
8400 mg/Kg body weight (329) to 15,000 mg/Kg (1). The same
-------
value for rabbits is 3160 mg/Kg (1). Rats fed 1000 mg/Kg for
one year showed no harmful effects (1) . A chronic feeding
limit of 4000 ppm in water has been set for dogs (3 28) while
tests for carcinogenesis have been negative, but captan has
been found to inhibit DNA synthesis when added to human
cultures at 0.010 mg/1. Kangaroo rat cultures with 1.25-5.0
mg/1 showed chromosome aberrations. Teratogenesis has also
been implied in chickens fed 18-20 ppm. Offspring exhibited
cleft palate and eye and bone anomalies. These results were
not duplicated in mice, rats, or hamsters (56).
-------
NAME Captan
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 18 million lbs - 1971 (327)
SYNONYMS Orthocide, Cis-N-(trichloromethyl thio) -4'-cyclohexene-l,2-
dicarboximide
M.P. 172 °C
Sp.G. 1.740
SOLUBILITY Insoluble
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, Etc.
Readily hydrolyzes in aquatic environment.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
Mammalian
vae
ppm
hrs
species
parm
cond
ref
0.32
72
Large Trout
50% Kill
1
0.56
9
Small Trout
61% Kill
1
0.18
72
Trout
No Kill
1
0.32
72
Small Trout
No Kill
1
30
24
Zebrafish
TLm
339
1
1
Zebrafish Lar-
TLm
339
LE££
les
mg/kg B.W.
administration route
ref
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rabbit
Rabbit
15,000
9,000
8,400
3,160
38
Oral
Oral
Oral
Oral
Oral - Low Toxic Dose
1
1
329
1
96
-------
CARBARYL
Sevin, or carbaryl, is a carbamate insecticide used on
vegetables, fruits, forage crops, poultry, and pets. The
45 million lbs produced in 1971 (327) were applied in the dust,
granule, pellet, wettable powder, liquid, and fertilizer
mixture forms.
Sevin is soluble to 1,000 ppm. When spilled, it will
sink and slowly dissolve unless incorporated in a wettable
form which will accelerate dissolution. In river water,
sevin persists less than two weeks (328). When applied at
2 lb/acre, residues of 35 ppm were found on plants. These,
however, had been reduced to 0.37 ppm by the 16th day (22).
Sevin is toxic to most aquatic life. The 96 hr TLm
values for fathead minnows, rainbow trout, coho, and stickle-
back are 6.7 ppm (1), 1.35 ppm, 997 ppm and 3.99 ppm
respectively (342) . Toxicity to other species generally falls
in this range (22) . Fish food organisms may be affected by
concentrations as low as .0017-.0076 ppm (184,303,3 35).
Daphnia pulex are immobilized by .0064 ppm (335). In salt
water, shrimp display a 48 hr TLm of .013-.027 ppm (330).
The 24 hr LC50 for mullet has been reported as 4.25 ppm (331) .
Marine plankton is killed by .1-10 ppm (95).
Sevin can be toxic when ingested. The oral LD50 for
rabbits and rats has been reported as 710 mg/Kg body weight
(1) and 600 mg/Kg (8) respectively. The value in mule deer
is given as 200-400 mg/Kg (22) . Drinking water should not
-------
contain more than 0.1 ppm (337). In tests with white rats,
no cumulative effects were noted (329) . Carbamates produce
a degradation product ETU which can cause a cancerous reaction
on mammal skin (6). It is also known to produce point muta-
tions in barley when fed at 1,000 ppm for 12 hrs (19).
Birds are not particularly sensitive to Sevin. The
LD50 for young mallard ducks has been recorded as >2179
mg/Kg while that for pheasants is >2000 mg/Kg. Similarly,
LC50 values are >5000 ppm for mallard ducks, pheasants, bob-
white and coturnix. Teratogenic effects have been noted
from doses of 50 ppm or greater in birds (22).
Sevin at 2 lb/acre appears to have no effect on plants,
particularly millet. On the other hand, it can be toxic to
algae when present above 0.1 ppm (22).
-------
NAME carbaryl
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 45 million lbs - 1971 (327)
SYNONYMS 1-Naphthyl Methylcarbamate; Carbaryl; Arylam
M.P. 142 °C
Sp.G. 1.232
SOLUBILITY 1,000 ppm at 25 °C
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
EES
hrs
species
parm
cond
ref
5.6
96
Bluegill
TLm
Soft
1
6.7
96
Fathead
TLm
Hard
1
11.0
96
Bluegill
TLm
Soft H20
1
28 .0
Goldfish
TLm
1
3.4
24
Bluegill
LC50
330
2.5
48
Bluegill
LC50
330
2.0
96
Bluegill
LC50
330
1.75
24
Longnose
LC50
331
Killifish
13.0
96
Fathead
LC50
331
6.7
24
Stickleback
LC50
331
.99
48
Co ho
TLm
385
1.35
48
Rainbow
TLm
385
5.30
48
Bluegill
TLm
385
10 .45
48
Stickleback
TLm
385
6.7
24
Stickleback
TLm
385
.8 lb/
Crawfish
No Effect
Rice Paddys
334
acre
Wild Larvae
.4
.08
4 7% Lethal
Flowing
382
.0048
96
Pteronarcys
LC50
Temp 15.5°C
184
Cal. (Naiads)
.0017
96
Pteronarcella
LC50
Temp 15.5°C
184
Badia (Naiads)
.0056
96
Claassenia
LC50
Temp 15.5°C
184
Sabulosa
(Naiads)
14
48
Goldfish
Lethal
50% Wet-
386
table Powder
28
48
Goldfish
Lethal
Tech. Grade
386
.25 lb/
Invertebrate
50-97%
River
387
acre
Fish Food
Lethal
.997
96
Coho
TLm
342
1.350
96
Rainbow
TLm
342
3.990
96
Threespine
TLm
342
Stickleback
2
72
Crawfish
TLm
366
-------
EES
hrs
species
parm
cond
ref
.0048
96
Pteronarcys
LC50
Temp
60
°F
303
Sp (Nymphs)
.0076
48
Simocephales
Immobile
Temp
60
°F
335
Serrulatus
.0064
48
D. Pulex
Immobile
Temp
60
°F
335
750
96
Tubifex + Lim-
LD50
362
nodrilus Spp
2
48
Rainbow
EC50
354
2.5
48
Bluegill
EC50
354
19
48
Channel Cat-
EC50
354
fish
0.015
48
Pteronarcys
EC50
354
Californicus
Salt Water Toxicity
PPM
hrs
species
parm
cond
ref
1.6
48
Killifish
50% Kill
1
.027
48
Brown Shrimp
TLm
330
.013
48
White Shrimp
TLm
330
4 .25
24
White Mullet
LC50
331
.1-10
Marine Plank-
Killed or
95
48
No Growth
446
3
Oyster
"¦so
Mammalian
species
mg/kg
B.W. administration
route
ref
Rat
600
Oral
8
Rabbit
710
Oral
1
Rat
505
Oral
329
-------
CARBON DISULFIDE
Carbon disulfide is used in the manufacture of rayon,
as a soil disinfectant and solvent, and in the production of
carbon tetrachloride and cellophane. The 800,000 lbs. pro-
duced in 196 9 (199) were shipped in small glass and metal
containers, 5 gal. cans, metal drums, tank trucks, tank cars,
and barges.
Carbon disulfide is only slightly soluble in water.
When spilled, it will seek the bottom and dissolve very
slowly. Prior to dissolution, exposure to sunlight will
initiate degradation accompanied by darkening to a yellow
tint. Chlorination of carbon disulfide results in the pro-
duction of carbon tetrachloride and sulfur. An obscure
reaction has been noted in water. Pure carbon disulfide,
without the trace color and odors found in technical grades,
quickly gains back these properties when contacted with water.
Return to the pure state requires the action of oxidizing
agents. Carbon disulfide is likely to persist in a sub-
merged layer for extended periods of time.
Carbon disulfide is toxic to sunfish at 100 ppm during
a one hour exposure (1). Trout placed in 5000 ppm for seven
minutes died two days later (1). The 24 hr. TLm for mosquito-
fish is reported to be 135 ppm (48). The threshold for perch
and bleak has been reported as 35 ppm (1). The undissolved
layer of carbon disulfide threatens benthic life forms with
suffocation.
-------
NAME Carbon Disulfide
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 800,000 lbs - 196 9
SYNONYMS Carbon Bisulfide, Dithiocarbonic Anhydride
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE Small glass or metal containers, 5
gal. cans, metal drums, tank cars,
tank trucks, barges
DOT Flammable liquid, red label—not accepted in outside containers.-
USCG Grade B flammable liquid
M.P. -108.6 °C
B.P. 46.3 °C
Sp.G. 1.263
SOLUBILITY 2,200 mg/1 @ 25 °C
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
ppm hrs species parm cond ref
100 1 Sunfish Killed Tap 1
5000 .1 Trout Killed - 1
135 48 Mosquito-Fish TLm Turbid 48
Mammalian
species mg/kg B.W. administration route ref
Rabbits 300 Subcutaneous 8
Mammals 100-199 Oral 15
-------
CHLORDANE
Chlordane is one of the chlorinated aromatic insecticide
group. It typically contains 60-75 percent of the active
octachlorohexahydromethanoindene agent and is applied as a
dust, granule, wettable powder, or emulsion concentrate, or
in solution. It is not applied to edible products because of
its persistence.
Chlordane itself is insoluble in water, but may soon
disperse if spilled in one of the wettable forms. When
mixed with river water, chlordane was found to drop 85 percent
!.n concentration over a two week period. It then remained at
the reduced level through eight weeks (328). in soil, .55
percent of the original application remained after one year
and 15 percent for three years. When applied at 25 lb/acre
in soil, detectable levels persisted for more than 12 years,
in a second test, 50 ppm in soil suffered 50 percent loss in
.8 years and 100 ppm on sandy loam suffered 60 percent loss
over 14 years (56) .
Chlordane is highly toxic to aquatic life. The 96 hr
TLm values for coho salmon, rainbow trout, stickleback, and
fathead minnows have been reported as .056 ppm, .044 ppm,
.090 ppm (342) and .069 ppm (1) respectively. In soft water,
the value for the fathead minnow dropped to .052 ppm (1).
Chlordane is similarly toxic toward fish food organisms.
Freshwater shrimp display an LT50 of 0.5 ppm (343) while
-------
Daphnia pulex suffer sublethal effects at .029 ppm *(335).
Chlordane is lethal to zooplankton in the range .1-.5 ppm
and phytoplankton at .001-.5 ppm (345). In saltwater, the
96 hour TL50 to Korean shrimp is reported to be 0.015 ppm (431).
Chlordane is highly toxic when ingested. The lethal
dose to man is 100 mg/Kg body weight (329). Ingestion should
be kept below 0.3 mg/Kg (346) and drinking water should not
exceed .003 mg/1 (337) . Tests with animals have revealed
oral LD50 values of 395 mg/Kg for rats and 200 mg/Kg for
rabbits (340) . Although daily doses of 50 mg/Kg for 15 days
resulted in death, the chronic oral toxicity has been reported
as .125 mg/Kg over a two year period (1). Other studies show
fatal effects to dogs from 660 mg/Kg and to cattle from .129
mg/Kg (1). As little as 25 mg/Kg can disrupt reproduction in
quail (1). Tests for carcinogenesis have been negative (56).
Chlordane is a bioaccumulative material. Eastern oysters
exposed to 0.01 ppm concentrated chlordane 7300 times in 10
days (22) .
Chlordane is also phytotoxic. A concentration of 1 ppm
over a four hour period reduced productivity of natural phyto-
plankton communities 94 percent (22) . Further, the presence
of 1, 10, and 100 ppm in soil has been found to alter the
micro and macro nutrient balance in food crops (22).
-------
NAME Chlordane
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 25 million lbs - 1971 (327)
SYNONYMS Velsicol, Toxichlor, Chlordan, 0ctachlorO„4 7
tetrahydroind^ne «acnioro-4,7,-Methano-
B.P. 175 °C
Sp.G. 1.67
SOLUBILITY Insoluble
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
EES h££ 2ES£i2£ EHE cond jef
24 £3Eh «-P 223
.056 96 Coho Salmon TLm T
.057 96 Chinook Salmon TLm Jn Acetone 342
.044 9 6 Rainbow Trout TLm Acetone 342
.090 96 Three Spine TLm In Acetone 342
Stickleback In Acetone 342
0.5 4 Freshwater LT50
Shrimp 343
°*5 Lb/ Mosquito Fish 70% Mortal i>„
Acre it ilQrcai- Pond 344
-015 96 Pteronarcys Sp TLm
(Nymph) 60°F 303
0.02 Simocephalus Sublethal 60°F
Serrulatus Effects 335
°-029 Daphnia Pulex Sublethal 60.p
Effects 335
.001-.5 7 Phytoplankton Lethal
• 1-.5 7 Zooplankton Lethal 34 ^
.015 96 (Naiads) Pter- LC50 345
onarcys Cali- 15.5°C 184
fornica
5 Trout Larvae DiqaM,'~
30 Trout Larvae DisabnH9 In Emulsion 1
0.03 Goldfish,Trout Approx. ^ In Acetone 1
Toxic 1
0-2 All Black Bass, 100%^Kili
Adult Bluegili, Klll Pond 1
Bream- '
0.041 48 4-7 In. Trout 33% K-n 1
0.025 48 4-7 In. Trout 20% Kin 1
0.03 1.7 In. Bluegili ioSc 1
Threshold 1
-------
££m
hrs
species
parm
cond
ref
1 lb/
Bluegill
87% Kill
10% in
1
Acre
Fuel
Oil
.052
96
Fatheads
TLm
259C,
Soft
1
.069
96
Fatheads
TLm
25°C,
Hard
1
.082
96
Goldfish
TLm
25°C,
Soft
1
0.1
24
Bluegill
No Effect
13°C,
Lake
1
0.19
96
Guppies
TLm
25°C,
Soft
1
0.5
96
Catfish
TLm
25°C,
Tap
1
1.0
3
Trout
Lethal
13°C,
Lake
1
1.0
14
Sea Lamprey
Lethal
13°C,
Lake
1
5
1
Trout
Lethal
13°C,
Lake
1
5
2
Bluegill
Lethal
13°C,
Lake
1
.125
96
Goldfish
100% Kill
1
.05
96
Goldfish
TLm
1
.022
96
Bluegill TLm
TLm
1
1.0
5
Bluegill
100% Kill
1
5.0
2
Bluegill
100% Kill
1
5.0
Carp Embryo
50-100%
341
0.022
24
Mortality
Rainbow
LC50
330
0.010
48
Rainb.ow
LC50
330
.0078
96
Rainbow
LC50
330
.05 8
24
Bluegill
LC50
330
.05
24
Rainbow
LC50
331
Saltwater
Toxicity
0. 015
96
Korean Shrimp
TL50
431
Mammalian
Toxicity
species
mg/kg
B,W. administration
route
ref
Rat
395
Oral
340
Rabbit
200
Oral
340
White Rat
570
Oral
327
-------
CHLORINE
Chlorine is used widely in the organic chemicals, pulp
and paper, insecticide, and inorganic chemicals industries.
It is commonly found in water and wastewater treatment plants
as a disinfecting agent. Production reached 18.7 billion
lbs. in 1971 (199) and has nearly doubled every 10 years in
the recent past. (198) Chlorine is typically shipped in
steel pressure cylinders, tank cars, and tank barges.
Chlorine when present in a spill will form a heavy gas
cloud that clings near the ground. In contact with water,
some will dissolve. If leaking tanks are submerged, the
introduction into solution will be more complete. The
chlorine that contacts with water immediately hydrolyzes to
produce hypochlorous acid and chloride ion. The hypochlorous
acid dissociates to some extent such that at pH 6, 96 percent
is present in the nonionic HOC1 form and at pH 9, 3 percent (1).
Waters containing organic and oxidizable inorganic matter
display a chlorine demand. Most natural waters have such a
demand and hence hypochlorous acid is soon reduced to chloride.
The bacterial action of hydrolyzed chlorine will upset normal
biological patterns in receiving waters.
Chlorine is highly toxic to all forms of aquatic life.
Concentrations of .03-5 ppm have been lethal to numerous
-------
species of fish. (1) The 168 hr TLm for trout has been
reported as .08 ppm. (1) Daphnia, cyclops, and other micro-
organisms are killed at the 2 ppm level. (1) Concentrations
of .25-3.0 are employed to control algae. (1) In salt water,
as little as .01-.05 ppm reduces normal activity in oysters. (1)
Marine fish show extreme irritation at 10 ppm, while barnacles,
tunicates, and bryoza are killed. (1) In general, the
threshold concentration for fish has been set at .02 ppm
chlorine. (41) chlorine toxicity is highly dependent on pH,
temperature, dissolved oxygen, and the synergism-antagonism of
other dissolved materials such as ammonia. (1)
Chlorine is highly toxic if inhaled or ingested. In-
gestion of water containing 90 mg/1 (3.2 mg/Kg/day) can have
strong physiological effects on humans. (56) Long term
administration of large doses to rats has led to irritation
of the upper digestive tract. (56) Chlorine has a median
odor threshold in water of 3 ppm. (7) Use of chlorine in
swimming pools has been implicated with irritant reaction.
In most cases, however, the effect is one of pH rather than
chlorine. (1)
Chlorine can be damaging to higher plant species. Expo-
sure of giant kelp to .5 ppm over a 120 hr. period resulted
in 10-15 percent reduction of photosynthetic action in the
first two days followed by 50-70 percent reduction in days
5-7. (1) Irrigation water concentrations should not exceed
500 ppm. (1)
-------
NAME Chlorine
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 18.7 billion lbs. - 1971
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE Steel pressure cylinders, tank cars,
barges
DOT Nonflammable gas, green label, 150 lbs. in an outside container
USCG Nonflammable compressed gas
M.P. -101.6 °C
B.P. -34.6 °C
Sp.G. .0032
SOLUBILITY 14,600 mg/1 @ 25 °C
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, Etc.
Hydrolyzes in water to form hypochlorous acid and chloride ion.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
hrs
species
parm
0.03
—
Rainbow Trout
Killed
0.05
23 days
Young Salmon
Critical
Level
0.08
7 days
Rainbow Trout
Half
Killed
0.11 to
days
Fish
Harmful
0.13
0.15 to
12 to 16
Carp
25% Killed
0.2
days
0.2 to
A U
—
Fish
Harmful
0.25
5
Fingerlings
Killed
0.3
2
Trout
Killed
0.3 to
-
Fish
Killed
1.0
0.8
47 min.
Small Trout
Killed
0.8
4
Golden Shiners
Killed
1.0
1
Trout
Killed
1.0
4 days
Many Types
Killed
1.0
-
Goldfish
Killed
1.0
-
Trout and
Goldfish
Killed
2.0
-
Goldfish
Killed
2.0 to
-
Fish
30% Killed
4.0
-------
Egm
hrs
species
parm
cond
ref
3.0
24
Green
28% Killed
0
1
Sunfish
0.1
2.5
Small Trout
Not Harmed
-
1
0.1
-
Fish
Not Harmed
-
1
0.25
42
Goldfish
No Effect
-
1
0.3
2
Minnows
No Effect
-
1
0.5
-
Trout and
Survived
-
1
Goldfish
1.0
-
Minnows
Survived
-
1
1.0
-
Goldfish
Recommended
-
1
Threshold
1.0
100
Eels
Not
-
1
Effected
1.0
-
Carp
Not
-
1
Harmful
1.0
48
Fish
Max. Cone.
-
1
Survived
2.0
48
Green
No Mor-
-
1
Sunfish
tality
3.8
48
Tadpoles
No Mor-
-
1
tality
5.0
-
Goldfish
Survived
-
1
1
3
Nais Spp.
Lethal
Hard
219
2.5-5.0
0.17
Oyster Larvae
Withstand
30 °C
220
Lab
10.0
2
Cladophora Sp.
Died
-
221
0.5
72
Daphnia
Killed
Soft
1
0.25
12
Rana Pipieus
Toxic
Temp.
22
Tadpoles
76 ®F
2
12
Bullfrog Tad-
Lethal
Temp.
22
poles
76 °F
432
0.1
96
Fathead Minnow
TL50
Salt Water Toxicity
Ppm
hrs
species
parm
cond
ref
10
4
OA/Barnacles
Killed
—
1
10
1
Tunicates
Killed
-
1
10
1
Bryoza
Killed
-
1
L
Marine Fish
Slight
-
1
Irritation
10
-
Marine Fish
Extreme
-
1
Irritation
0.01-
-
Oysters
Reduced
-
1
0.05
Activity
1
-
Oysters
Pumping
-
1
Stops
1
120
Giant Kelp
No Effect
-
1
5
120
Giant Kelp
10-15% Re-
—
1
duction in photosynthesis
after 2 days and 50-70%
after 5-7 days
-------
Other Aquatic Organisms
££m
hrs
specie;
parm
cond
ref
0.25-3.0 -
5-10
15-50
1
1
2
2.5
72
Algae
Synura
Chironomous
Minute Crus-
tacea , Diatoms
Rotifers
Daphnia
Daphnia
Daphnia and
Cyclops
Freshwater
Mussels,
Snails,
Sponges
Controlled
Killed
Killed
Killed
Killed
Controlled
Killed
Killed
Soft
Nile River
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
-------
CHLOROBENZENE
Chlorobenzene is used to produce DDT, phenol, and aniline.
The 457,647,000 lbs produced in 1971 (198) were shipped in
small glass bottles, 55 gal drums, tank cars, and tank barges.
Chlorobenzene is a heavy colorless liquid soluble to
less than 500 ppm. As such, it will sink to the bottom of a
watercourse when spilled and disseminate only slightly.
Monochlorobenzene has shown some susceptibility to biochemical
action with .03 lb oxygen consumed per pound of dissolved com-
pound. This is far too low to create an oxygen slump in a
spill situation. At the low levels likely to be seen after
a spill, even this degradation is likely to occur to only a
limited extent since natural organic foods will be preferred
by resident bacteria. Halogenated aromatics in general have
displayed persistency in natural waters at low levels.
Limited aquatic toxicity data indicate a 96 hr TLm range
of 20-45 ppm for fish (37). A concentration of 2 ppm is toxic
to algae in 3-21 days (33). While no specific data exists,
chlorobenzene is considered potentially bioaccumulated like
some of the more complex chlorinated aromatics. The tendency
-------
to form an insoluble blanket near the bottom of a waterway
threatens benthic life forms.
Chlorobenzene is considered toxic via all routes. It
can be absorbed through the akin. An LDgQ of 2910 mg/Kg
body weight has been reported for rats (78). In air, 1,200
ppm can be narcotic to cats, and 3,700 ppm fatal. As a
respiratory irritant, a TLV of 75 ppm has been set.
-------
NAME Chlorobenzene
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 457,647,000 lbs 1971 (199)
SYNONYMS Monochlorobenzene, Benzene Chloride, Phenyl Chloride
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE Small glass bottles, 55 gallon metal
drums, tank cars, tank barges
DOT Flammable Liquid, Red Label
USCG Grade D, combustible liquid
M.P. -45.0 °C
B.P. 132.1 °C
Sp.G. 1.107
SOLUBILITY 488 mg/1 at 25°C
PERSISTENCE
Oxygen Demand
BODl% Theo. using phenol acclimated pure bacterial cultures-
BOD5 -.03 lb/lb using sewage seed-(11)
BODs -17.1% theo. using aniline acclimated activated sludge at a
treatment plant-(5)
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
EES
hrs
species
parm
cond
ref
29
96
Fathead
TLm
Const.
37
Minnow
Temp.
20
96
Bluegill
TLm
Const.
37
Temp.
45
96
Goldfish
TLm
Const.
37
Temp.
44
96
Guppy
TLm
Const.
37
Temp.
Mammalian
species
mg/kg
B. W.
administration
route
ref
Rat
2910
Oral
78
-------
CHLOROFORM
Chloroform for solvent use, for the production of refrig-
erants and fluorocarbons, and for use in pharmaceuticals is
commonly shipped in bottles, tins, drums, and tank cars.
Approximately 230,440,000 lbs of chloroform were produced in
1971 (199). Production is projected to reach 300 million lbs
in 1975 (198) .
Chloroform, a heavy colorless liquid, is soluble to 1,000
ppm in water. It will sink to the bottom of a waterway when
spilled. Dissolution will be slow, since the dissolved species
are not particularly mobile. That which dissolves is not
subject to any extensive biodegradation. From 0-.00 8 lbs of
oxygen per lb of chloroform can be utilized during a five day
period (11)- This is not due to the inhibition of bacteria,
but reflects the highly chlorinated nature of the compound.
Chloroform has been found to have no effect on sewage organ-
isms.. Once spilled, chloroform is liable to persist in a
bottom clinging blanket for a considerable length of time.
Pish can be anesthetized by chloroform just as people
are. Levels of 100-200 ppm cause avoidance reactions in
Sticklebacks, while 500 ppm is sufficient to cause a cease in
respiration (1). As little as 10 ppm can cause fish to
struggle and sink (1). Though this effect is quickly remedied
with transfer to fresh water, it is especially hazardous in
saturated solutions since the sinking fish will settle into
-------
the pure blanket at the bottom and suffocate. For similar
reasons, benthic life forms are endangered by spills of
chloroform. With 72 hour exposure, no toxic effect is noted
in fathead minnows at 30 ppm, but lethality is noted at 100 ppm
(426).
Numerous values have been reported for median lethal
doses to test animals. In general mammals display oral LD5Q
values in the 1,000-2,499 mg/Kg body weight range (15). It
is recommended that humans not ingest more than .3 mg/Kg
body weight (63). Chronic threshold levels of .4 mg/Kg and
12.5 mg/Kg body weight have been reported for guinea pigs
and albino rats respectively (15). Chronic damage appears
to be directed to the liver and kidneys.
Chloroform has also been implicated as a genetically
active substance. Seven of 20 mice developed tumors when
.4 -4
given 8 x 10 and 4 x 10 CC 'doses in olive oil every four
days for 30 periods (15). Mutagenic properties have also been
discovered when administered to onions (15). Effects include
chromosomal aberrations in root tips (19).
-------
NAME Chloroform
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 230,440,000 lb 1971 (199)
SYNONYMS Trichloromethane
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE bottles, tins, drums, tank cars
M.P. -63.5 °C
B.P. 61.0 °C
Sp.G. 1.492
SOLUBILITY 1000 mg/1 at 25°C
PERSISTENCE
Oxygen Demand
BOD,. - 0-.008 lb/lb using sewage seed-(11)
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
££m
hrs
species
parm
cond
ref
100-200
Stickleback
Avoid
1
500
Stickleback
Anesthetized
1
500
.3
Stickleback
Respiration
1
Ceased
10
.3
Fish
Could be
1
Revived
7100
72
Fathead
100% Kill
50°F,Huron
426
Minnow
100
72
Fathead
Partial
50°F,Huron
426
Minnow
Kill
30
72
Fathead
No Toxic
50°F,Huron
426
Minnow
Effect
Mammalian
ntg/kq B. W. administration route ref
White Mouse 1750 Oral
White Rat 1875 Oral £5
Guinea Pig 1750 Oral lr-
Young Rats 450 Oral
-------
CHLOROSULFONIC ACID
Chlorosulfonic acid is used to produce sulfone compounds,
saccharine, and synthetic organics. The 107,068,000 lbs pro-
duced in 1962 (199) were shipped in wooden boxes containing
glass or earthenware, 55 gal metal drums, and tank cars.
Chlorosulfonic acid decomposes violently upon contact
with water to form hydrochloric and sulfuric acids. The
resulting solution is strongly acid and will require time to
neutralize.
The aquatic toxicity of chlorosulfonic acid will in fact
be that of its hydrolysis products. Aside from specific
toxicological reactions to sulfuric and hydrochloric acid,
fish will die when the solution pH drops below 5.
The pure acid itself is very corrosive to skin and
membranes. An MAC of 5 ppm has been set for hydrochloric
acid. This may well be too high for its sulfurated forebear.
The hazard of contact with vapor is augmented by the violent
hydrolysis reaction.
-------
NAME Chlorosulfonic Acid
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 107,068,000 lb 1962 (199)
SYNONYMS Sulfuric Chlorohydrin
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE Wooden boxes around glass or earthenware
55 gal drums, tank cars '
DOT Corrosive Liquid, White Label, 1 quart outside container
USCG Corrosive liquid
M.P. -80.0 °C
B.P. 151.0 °C
Sp.G. 1.766
SOLUBILITY Decomposes
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc.
Decomposes on contact with water to sulfuric and hydrochloric acid.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
Refer to data on hydrochloric and sulfuric acids. Toxicity
results from combined acidity.
Salt Water Toxicity
Refer to data on hydrochloric and sulfuric acids. Toxicity
results from combined acidity.
-------
CHROMIUM
Hexavalent chromium salts are used in metal pickling
and plating operations/ anodizing aluminum, the leather indus-
try, and the manufacture of paints and dyes, explosives,
ceramics and paper. In addition they are added to cooling
water for corrosion control. In nature chromium is present
in minor amounts in igneous rock. Natural water contains
only a trace amount of chromium. Usually chromium is found
in sea water in concentrations less than 1 ug/1. Kopp and
Kroner reported that chromium was found in 24.5 percent of
their samples, w'ith a mean of positive samples being 9.7 ug/1
and a range of 1-112 ug/1 (253). Typical hexavalent compounds
include chromates, dichromates, and chromic acid. Common
trivalent forms include chromic chloride, nitrate, and sulfate;
and chromites. Chromic acid is shipped mostly by train and
truck.
Mertz (277) and Udy (278) have summarized the chemistry
of chromium in water. Generally speaking hexavalent
chromium exists in true solutions, regardless of the hydro-
gen ion concentration or the presence of other ions.
Depending on pH and concentration of chromium ionization,
chromium salts forms chromates, hydrochromate, and dichromate
ions. The solubility of trivalent chromium is dependent
on water quality characteristics such as pH, hardness, and
alkalinity. Trivalent chromium has a strong tendency to
form coordinating compounds, complexes, and chelates.
Common salts are soluble.
231
-------
Hexavalent chromium is a strong oxidizing agent and tends
to be reduced to the trivalent state. Moore et al. state
that short of massive slug doses, chromate is unlikely to
harm the operation of a sound sewage treatment plant. The
chromate that is retained in a sewage treatment plant is
reduced to trivalent chromium (279).
Dowden and Bennett reported a 100 hr TL50 value of 0.4
mg/1 for potassium dichromate for Daphnia magna (59). Pickering
and Henderson reported 9 6 hr TL50 values from 18 to 118 for
four species of fish tested in soft water, hardness 20 mg/1
(250) . Trama ran bioassys of two salts of hexavalent chromium
and found that potassium dichromate was more toxic to bluegills
than potassium chromate. They explain this greater toxicity
of dichromate in terms of the ionization equilibria. The
ionization is dependent on the hydrogen ion concentration and
concentration of chromium. They conclude that the hydrochro-
mate ion is more toxic than the chromate ion (280).
Olson exposed chinook salmon for seven months to continuous-
flow concentrations of potassium dichromate. The test was
started with newly spawned eggs and there was no significant
mortality at any concentration tested. At the end of the
fry stage significantly fewer fish had survived in the
high test concentration of 0.18 mg/1. Increased mortality
became evident at 0.0 8 mg/1 during the fingerling stage.
After seven months growth retardation was probably significant
in the fish exposed to 0.016 mg Cr/1 (281). In chronic tests
with the fathead minnow Pickering (personal communication)
-------
found in hard water (2 00 mg/1 CaC03) that 4 mg Cr/1 was an
"unsafe" concentration for the fathead minnow, and 1 mg Cr/1
had no adverse effect on survival, growth, or reproduction.
Benoit (personal communication) found that for brook trout
tested in soft water (48 mg/1 CaCC^) 0.4 mg Cr/1 had no adverse
effect and 0.8 mg Cr/1 was "unsafe".
Mertz (277) concludes that there is a strong indication
that chromium has an important function in animal nutrition
and indicates that chromium probably functions in biological
systems in the trivalent state. Chromium in the trivalent
state can be consistently detected in biological materials.
Animal tissue contains the element to varying degrees depending
on species, age, and geographic area. Total chromium in a
typical daily institutional diet has been given as 78 ug/1.
Lucas et al. found an average concentration of 1 ppm in
whole fish (273). Knoll and Fromm exposed rainbow trout to
2.5 mg/1 of hexavalent chromium and found that chromium was
accumulated in the spleen, posterior gut, pyloric caecae,
stomach, and kidneys, and only insignificant amounts were
accumulated in muscle tissue (2 82). Elimination studies showed
a rapid loss of chromium from blood, liver stomach, pyloric
caecae, and posterior gut. Spleen and kidney retained chromium.
Fromm and Stokes found that rainbow trout can accumulate
chromium from water containing as little as 1 ug/1. At a
concentration of 10 ug/1 the uptake of chromium levels off
after 10 days'exposure indicating excretion is equal to
uptake (283). Kariya et al. studied the concentration of
-------
chromium in various tissues and or.gans of fish exposed to
chromium, as a method for post-mortem identification of the
pollutant. They found high concentrations of chromium in the
skin, 118-314 ppm,and gill, 264-615 ppm. Other organs that
concentrated chromium were kidney, spleen, hepatopancreas, and
digestive organs. Muscle contained 3.3-9.8 ppm (284).
Hexavalent chromium at 1 mg/1 for 7-9 days causes a
#
20-30 percent reduction in photosynthesis of the giant kelp,
Macrocystis pyrifus. The concentration of chromium required
to cause a 50 percent reduction of photosynthesis in four
days was estimated at 5 mg/1 (42). Hervey studied the effect
of chromium on the growth of unicellular chlorophyceae and
diatoms. Five species were unable to grow in concentrations
above 0.32 ppm. Diatoms were least tolerant. In sublethal
concentrations growth was stimulated (285).
The subcutaneous LD50 for chromium trioxide for the dog
is 330 mg/Kg (8). Dogs tolerated up to 11.2 ppm of hexavalent
chromium in water for four years without any ill effects.
Byerrum et al. did not find any toxic response in rats after
one year at drinking water levels of up to 25 mg/1 (1). Gross
& Heller found that the maximum nontoxic level of hexavalent
chromium in drinking water for rats was 500 mg/1. Growing
chickens showed no detrimental symptoms when they were fed
100 ppm in the diet (1).
The chromate ion penetrates all membranes quite readily
and is a strong oxidizing agent. These properties are the
basis for its irritating effects and greater toxicity than that
-------
of the trivalent form. When inhaled,• chromium is a known car-
cinogenic agent for man. It is not known whether cancer will
result from ingestion of chromium in any of its valence forms.
Drinking water standards set a limit of 0.05 mg/1 for hexa-
valent chromium, but none for trivalent chromium. The limit
for hexavalent chromium was based on the lowest amount
analytically determinable at the time it was established (1).
Chromium can be toxic to plants at all levels according
to Klintworth (1). Concentrations of 3.4-17.3 mg/1 trivalent
chromium were slightly toxic to plants. The chromate ion had
slightly greater effects than the chromic ion.
-------
AMMONIUM CHROMATE
Ammonium chromate is employed in making textiles,
light sensitive paper, wool bleaching, and in chemical
laboratories. It is presently marketed by two U. S.
firms.
Ammonium chromate is readily soluble, forming an
alkaline solution in water. Detectable ammonia vapors are
released from the compound and its solution. The chromate
ion is most likely to persist in the hexavalent state once
spilled. Whereas biodegradation of the ammonium is feasible,
it is likely to be inhibited completely by the presence of
chromate. Presence of organics can lead to reduction of
the chromate.
Wallen, et al., found a 96 hr TLm for mosquito fish
in highly turbid water of 240 ppm (1). This appears high
for the salts involved and may be the result of specific ab-
sorption of chromate ont& the suspended particles. In general,
the threshold concentration for chromate to fresh and salt
water fish is .05 ppm (41) and that for free ammonia is .5
ppm (41) . Trout have been noted to accumulate hexavalent
chromium when present at levels as low as .001 ppm. Brown
algae can concentrate chromium 100-500 times (1). PH is very
important in determining ammonium chromate toxicity.
-------
Ammonium chromate is irritating to the touch and dangerous
if retained in the body. Aquatic concentrations of interest
include a taste threshold range of 1.4-25 ppm chromate (49),
drinking water limits of .05 ppm chromate (1), a body contact
exposure level of 1 ppm chromate (40) , and a general form
use concentration of .05-5 ppm (42). Aquatic plants can
tolerate up to .05 ppm chromate (1). Prolonged human contact
should not be made with water containing more than .05 ppm
chromate (1).
Chrome dusts have been implicated in lung cancer
development (50).
-------
NAME Ammonium Chromate
M.P. 180 °C Decomposes
Sp.G. 1.91
SOLUBILITY 405,000 mg/1 at 30°C
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
ppm
hrs
species
parm
cond
ref
240
96
Mosquito
Fish
TLm
Highly
1
Turbid
Water
270
48
Mosquito
Fish
TLm
Highly
48
Turbid
Water
-------
AMMONIUM DICHROMATE
Ammonium dichromate for photoengraving, lithography,
pyrotechnics, chemical laboratories, and use as a mordant
is generally shipped in 350 lb wooden barrels or 100 lb
fiber drums. It is presently marketed by seven major firms.
Ammonium dichromate is highly soluble, forming an acid
solution when dissolved. A one percent solution has a pH
of 3.95. Elevation of the pH will lead to production of
chromate and release of ammonia gas. Presence of organic
water will lead to chemical oxidation of the organics and
subsequently reduction of the hexavalent chromium to its
trivalent state.
Wallen, et.al., found a 96 hr TLm for mosquite fish
in turbid water of 136 ppm (1). This appears high for the
salts involved and may be the result of specific absorption
of chromate onto the suspended particles. In general, the
threshold concentration for chromate to fresh and salt water
fish is .05 ppm (41) and that for free ammonia is .5 ppm (41).
The acid nature of the solution may reduce the toxicity of the
ammonium cation since pH is a critical parameter in the deter-
mination of ammonium dichromate toxicity. Trout have been
noted to accumulate hexavalent chromium when exposed to levels
as low as .001 ppm. Brown algae can also concentrate
chromium 100-500 times (1).
-------
Ammonium dichromate was found to be lethal to guinea
pigs when administered subcutaneously at 30 mg/Kg body weight(8).
It is an irritating substance for which recommended drinking
water requirements are set at .05 ppm chromate (1). Body
contact exposures should be kept below 1 ppm chromate (40)
with prolonged contact maintained below .05 ppm chromate (1).
Other aquatic concentrations of interest include a
0
taste threshold range of 1.4-25 ppm chromate (49), a recommended
maximum concentration of .05 ppm chromate for livestock use
and 5 ppm" chromate for irrigation uses (42). Aquatic plants
tolerate up to .05 ppm chromate (1).
This allergen has been connected with an increased
incidence of lung cancer in people exposed to suspended
dust.
-------
NAME Ammonium Dichromate
SYNONYMS Ammonium Bichromate
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE 350 lb wooden barrels, 100 lb
fiber drums
M.P. 170 °C Decomposes
Sp.G. 2.150
SOLUBILITY 357,000 mg/1 at 20°C
PERSISTENCE
Chromium can be bioconcentrated 2000 times (429) .
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
ppm hrs species parm cond ref
136 96 Mosquito Fish TLm Turbid 1
212 48 Mosquito Fish TLm Turbid 48
Mammalian
species mg/kg B. W. administration route ref
Guinea Pig .30 Subcutaneous Lethal Dose 8
-------
CALCIUM CHROMATE
Calcium chromate is a yellow crystalline compound
shipped in bags and drums. It is employed as a pigment,
a corrosion inhibitor, an oxidizing agent, and a depolarizer
for batteries. It may also be utilized in the production
of chromium.
Calcium chromate is soluble to 224,000 mg/1, forming
a yellow solution. The salt dissociates upon entry into
the water where both ions are relatively stable. Under
reducing conditions, however, the chromate will be reduced
to the trivalent form and precipitated as chromic hydroxide.
While no data is available on the aquatic toxicity of
calcium chromate, solutions will display the same toxic
characteristics as other hexavalent chrome compounds,
e.g., sodium chromate. Data on chromium toxicity in general
can be found in the profile on the metal itself.
Calcium chromate is reported to be characterized by a
low lethal dose in rats of 40 mg/kg body weight when
administered intramuscularly.96 Drinking water limits and
guidelines for general use should be extracted from those
on hexavalent chrome in general as detailed in the profile
on the metal itself.
-------
CALCIUM CHROMATE
SYNONYMS - Steinbuhl Yellow, Gelbin, Yellow Ultramarine,
Calcium Chrome Yellow, C. I. Pigment Yellow 33,
C. I. 77223
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE - Bags, drums
M.P. - 2H20 at 200°C
Sp. G. -2.89
SOLUBILITY - 224,000
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. - Dissociates in water. Both ions
are relatively stable under normal conditions. If a reducing
environment prevails, the chromate will be reduced to the
trivalent form and soon precipitated as chromic hydroxide.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity - Toxicity will be that of the chromate ion.
Mammalian Toxicity
Species mg/kg B. W. Administration Route Ref
Rat 40 Low Lethal Dose Intramuscular 96
-------
CHROMIC ACETATE
SOLUBILITY - Slightly soluble
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. - Trivalent chrome precipitates as
chromic hydroxide. Acetate ions are biodegradable.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity - Toxicity will be that for trivalent
chromium.
Mammalian Toxicity
Species mg/kg B. W. Administration Route Ref
Mouse 2.29 Low Lethal Dose Intravenous qc
-------
CHROMIC ACID
The 42 million lbs of chromic acid produced in 1969 (199)
were shipped mostly by rail and truck in iron drums and glass
containers. Chromic acid is used widely in industry: in
chromplating, photography, electrical manufacture, etching,
and medical equipment production.
Chromic acid, like hexavalent chromium salts, can be
corrosive. Chromic acid will dissolve rapidly when spilled
but may be reduced and neutralized by natural carbonates form-
ing practically insoluble chromium carbonate. Dissolved in
the trivalent or hexavalent state, chromium can interfere
with natural biological processes. A concentration of 5 ppm
is sufficient to retard the digestion of sewage sludge (1).
Limited fresh water data show chromic acid to be lethal
to goldfish at a dose of 52 ppm in 96 hrs (1). The 96 hr TLm
for fathead minnows was 33 ppm, for brook trout, 50 ppm, and for
rainbow trout, 69 ppm (286). The 48 hr TLm for Daphnia was
found to be 0.01 ppm (109. In general, hexavalent
chrome should not exceed .01 ppm for propagation of fish (41).
Aquatic life can concentrate chromium by factors of 100-500.
Chromic acid is highly toxic when ingested or inhaled.
The oral LD50 for dogs is reported as 330 mg/Kg body weight
(8). Drinking water should be limited to less than .05 ppm
while that for livestock should be kept below 5 ppm (1).
-------
Chromium is also toxic to plants and should not exceed .05
ppm in irrigation yrater (1) .
Inhalation of chromate dusts has been associated with
lung cancer (15) .
-------
NAME Chromic Acid
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 42 million lbs - 1969 (199)
SYNONYMS Chromic Anhydride, Chromium Trioxide
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE Iron drums, glass bottles
DOT Oxidizing Material, Yellow Label, 100 lb in an outside container
USCG Oxidizing material, yellow label
M.P. 19 7 °C decomposes
B.P. 197 °C decomposes
Sp. G. 2.7
SOLUBILITY 1,649,000 mg/1 at 0 °C
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
parm cond ref
Died 1
TLm 109
JLl2 286
Sa.fo ooc
JSe
HI
lit
Salt Water Toxicity
100 48 Brown Shrimp LC50 Aerated 433
pprc
hrs
species
52
96
Goldfish
.01
48
Daphnia
33
96
Fathead Minnow
1
96
Fathead Minnow
50
96
Brook Trout
.06
96
Brook Trout
69
96
Rainbow Trout
.03
96
Rainbow Trout
Mammalian Toxicity
species mg/kg B.W. administration route
Dog 330 oral
ref
8
-------
CHROMIC SULFATE
M.P. - 100 C
o
B.P. - Loses water of hydration 10 at 100 C
Sp.G. - 1.867
SOLUBILITY - 670, 000 mg/1, decomposes in hot water
TOXIC QLOGICAL
FRESHWATER TOXICITY - Toxicity will be that for chromate ion
MAMMALIAN TOXICITY
Species mg/kg B. W. Administration Route Ref.
Mouse 247 Intravenous - LD 96
LO
-------
CHROMOUS CHLORIDE
SYNONYMS - Chromium Chloride
M.P. 824 °C
Sp. G. - 2.751
SOLUBILITY - Soluble
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. - Will oxidize upon standing to the
oxychloride form. Trivalent chromium will precipitate as
chromic hydroxide. Oxidation further will lead to higher
concentrations of hexavalent chromium in solution.
TOXICILOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity - Toxicity will be that of trivalent chromium.
-------
CHROMYL CHLORIDE
SYNONYMS - Chromium Dioxychloride, Chromium Oxychloride,
~ " Dioxodichlorochromium, Dichlorodioxochromium,
BOT - Corrosive Liquid, White Label, 1 gallon in an outside container,
M.P. -96.5 °C
B.P. H7°C
Sp. G > — 1.91
SOLUBILITY - Decomposes
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. - Hydrolysis vigorously on contact with
water forming Cr03 and HC1. Reducing conditions itiay lead to
precipitation of trivalent chromic hydroxide.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity — Toxicity will be that for hydrolysis
— ~~ product CrO-j.
Mammalian Toxicity
Species mg/Kg B. W. Administration RnntP Ref
Mouse 5.45 Subcutaneous 95
-------
lithium bichromate
SYNONYMS - Lithium Dichromate
M.P. 130 °C
B.P. - Decomposes
SpG. - 2.34
SOLUBILITY - 1,510,000
PERSISTENCE
stable in
prevail,
is pre-
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. - Chromate is relatively
the aquatic environment unless reducing conditions
in which case, the trivalent form predominates and
cipitated as chromic hydroxide.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity - Toxicity will be that of the
bichromate ion.
-------
LITHIUM CHROMATE
M.P. - H20 at 150°C
SOLUBILITY - 1,410,000
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. - Chromate ion relatively stable in
water but under reducing conditions may be reduced to a tri-
valent form which will subsequently be precipitated as
chromic hydroxide.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity - Toxicity will be that of chromate ion.
-------
POTASSIUM CHROMATE
Potassium chromate is employed in metal pickling and
planting, aluminum anodizing, tanning, ceramics, and the
production of explosives, paints and dyes. Sodium chromate
is beginning to replace the potassium salt for many of
these uses. The 6.2 million lbs produced in 1959 (198) were
shipped in metal and fiber drums, multiwall bags, tank cars,
and tank trucks.
Potassium chromate is a readily soluble oxidizing
agent that forms a solution alkaline to phenothalin. The
chromate ion is quite stable in the type of environment
common to natural waters as is the potassium ion. Under
anaerobic conditions the chromate could possibly be reduced.
Potassium chromate can interfere with normal biochemical
systems in water. A concentration of 10* 5'. ppm is sufficient
to reduce oxygen utilization in sewage SO percent.
Potassium chromate is toxic to most aquatic life.
Pish are affected in the range 10-150 ppm (1). The 96 hr
TLm for fathead minnows is reported as 45.6 ppm in soft
water (76) , while that for bluegill is 168.8 ppm (138). The
threshold for various fish food organisms ranges from 0.016
to 40.6 ppm (1). Photosynthetic action in giant kelp is reduced
50 percent when it is exposed to 5 ppm chromium (1). In gen-
eral, safe limits for chromium in water are 1 ppm for fish and
-------
.05 ppm for other aquatic life (1). Solution pH, temperature,
aardness, and dissolved oxygen content are all critical
Parameters in determining resulting toxicity. Salt water
species appear to be as sensitive to chromate as freshwater
species, although mummichQgs have been shown to tolerate 200
ppm (1). Aquatic life can concentrate chromium. Algae has
been found to concentrate it by a factor of 100-500 while
trout can accumulate chromate from water when present at
levels as low as 1 ppb (1).
Potassium chromate is highly toxic when ingested or
inhaled. The intravenous LD50 for rabbits is reported
to be 12 mg/Kg body weight (8). On the other hand, rats
have been fed 1/mg/l in drinking water and rabbits 500 mg/1
in drinking water for extended period with no ill effects (56).
Similarly, 100 mg/Kg body weight had no effect on growth or
mortality in chicks (1). Drinking water should not contain
more than .05 ppm chromium (1), nor should water for
livestock (42).
Potassium chromate is an irritant. Water for body contact
should not contain more than 1 ppm (40) and concentrations in
water for prolonged contact should not exceed .05 ppm chromium (1).
Chrome dusts are quite hazardous if inhaled. Carcinoma
may result from breathing chromate salt dusts (8). A TLV of
3
0.1 mg/m has been established.
Chromate can be toxic to plants. Irrigation water should
not contain more than 5 ppm chromium (42). Plants such as
barley can absorb chromium into their structure.
Potassium chromate can be tasted in water at the 1.5
Ppm level (l).
-------
NAME Potassium Chromate
PRDOUCTION QUANTITY 6.2 million lbs 1959 (198)
SYNONYMS Tarapacaite
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE Metal and fiber drums, multiwall paper
bags, tank cars, tank trucks
M. P. 975. °C
B. P. 1000. °C
Sp. G. 2.7 3
SOLUBILITY 629,000 mg/1 at 20°C
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
PPM
hrs
species
parm
cond
ref
45.6
96
Fathead Minnow
TLm
Soft
76
7.8
120
Nitzschia
TLm
138
Linearis
16.8
96
Physa Heter-
TLm
138
ostropha
168. 8
96
Bluegill
TLm
138
400
96
Mosquito Fish
TLm
17-21°C
1
5
Fish
Toxic
1
5.2
Brown Trout
Toxic
1(K2Cr207)
7.1
Carp
Not
l(K2Cr207)
Harmed
9
Fish
Toxic
1(Cr04)
Limit
10
Only Slightly
1(Na2Cr207)
Hazardous
10
Silver Salmon
Fresh Water
1
Toxic
(K?Cr207
20
Rainbow Trout
Toxic
O
0
00
1—I
1 K2Cr04J
35.3
Goldfish
Not Harmed
l(K2Cr207)
45
480
Bluegills
Tolerated
Hard
l(K2Cr207)
Water
50
33
Trout
Killed
1(K2Cr207)
50
720
Bluegills
Toxic
1
Limit
52
50
Young Eels
Tolerated
1(K2Cr207)
52
.5
Goldfish
Toxic
l(Cr03)
52
96
Goldfish
Survived
l(Cr03)
-------
68
70
75
83
100
100
103
104
110
113
130
135
145
148
170
177
180
196
213
300
520
0.0
0.0
<<0
<<0
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.5
0.7
0.7
0.7
1.4
17.
25.
40.
148
hrs
species
parm
cond
120
168
96
240
24
6
96
6-84
96
96
50
96
24
96
72
48
24
5-12
264
Bluegills
Bluegills
Bluegills
Bluegills
Trout
Trout
Bluegills
Goldfish
Sunfish
Sunfish
Young Eels
Sunfish
Bluegills
Bluegills
Sunfish
Goldfish
Tolerated
Toxic Limit
Died
Tolerated
TLm
Fatal
TLm
Toxic
TLm
TLm
Tolerated
TLm
TLm
Toxic Limit
TLm
Toxic
Hard Water
Hard Water
Several SpeciesToxic
Large Mouth
Bass
Bluegills
Bluegills
Young Eels
Daphnia Magna
Daphnia Magna
Daphnia Magna
Daphnia Magna
Protozoan
(Microregma)
Diatom
(Navicula)
Diatom
(Navicula)
Daphnia Magna
TLm
TLm
TLm
Killed
Toxic
Threshold
Killed
Toxic
Threshold
Toxic
Threshold
Threshold
Effect
TLm
TLm
22°C,
Softwater
22°C,
Hardwater
Daphnia
Scenedesmus
E. Coli
Toxic
Threshold
Threshold
Effect
Threshold
Effect
Threshold
Effect
Gammarus Pulex Total
Mortality
Snail TLm
Midge Ply Larvae Not Toxic
Snail TLm
Polycelis Nigra Toxic
Threshold
20 °C,
Softwater
20 °C
Hardwater
-------
ppm hrs species parm cond ref
Salt Water Toxicity
17.8 Silver Salmon Toxic 1
200 168 Mummichogs Tolerated 1
Mammalian
species mg/kg B. W. administration route ref
Rabbit 12 Intravenous - Low Lethal Dose 8
Human 4 30 Oral - Low Lethal Dose 96
-------
POTASSIUM DICHROMATE
Potassium dichromate is employed in lithography, photo-
engraving, pyrotechnics, tanning, ceramics, and the production
of matches, batteries and chemicals. The 6.2 million lbs pro-
duced in 1959 (198) were shipped in metal and fiber drums,
multiwall bags, tank cars, and tank trucks.
Potassium dichromate is a soluble oxidizing agent which
forms an acid solution. A 10 percent solution has a pH of
3.57. As natural dilution neutralizes a spill, the di-
chromate will rapidly shift to chromate. The chromate ion is
quite stable in the type of environment common to natural
waters as is the potassium ion. Under anaerobic conditions,
the chromate could possibly be reduced. Potassium dichromate
can interfere with normal biochemical systems in water. A
concentration of 100 ppm is sufficient to reduce oxygen
utilization in sewage 50 percent (1).
Potassium dichromate is toxic to most aquatic life .
Pish are affected in the range 10-150 ppm (1). The 96
hr TLm for fathead minnows is reported as 17.6 ppm in soft
water and 27.3 in hardwater while those for bluegill are
118 and 133 ppm, respectively. (76) The threshold for various
fish food organisms ranges from 0.016 to 40.6 ppm (1).
Phosynthetic action in giant kelp is reduced 50 percent When
exposed to 5 ppm chromium (1) In general, safe limits for
-------
chromium in water are 1 ppm for fish, and .05 ppm for other
aquatic life (1). Solution pH, temperature, hardness, and
dissolved oxygen content are all critical parameters in
determining resultant toxicity. Salt water species appear
to be as sensitive to chromate as freshwater species,
although mummichogs have been shown to tolerate 200 ppm (1).
Aquatic life can concentrate chromium. Algae has been
found to concentrate it by a factor of 100-500 while trout
can accumulate chromate from water when present at levels
as low as 1 ppb (1) .
Potassium dichromate is highly toxic when ingested or
inhaled. An oral dose of 30 gms can be fatal to man in 35
min (8). Dogs fed 2829 mg/Kg body weight died soon after (56).
A concentration of 500 mg/1 was toxic to rats when administered
in drinking water (56) . Humans administered 10 mg/1 in
drinking water showed no ill effects beyond vomiting (56).
Drinking water should not contain more than .05 ppm chromium (1),
as should water for livestock (42).
Potassium dichromate is an irritant. Water for body
contact should not contain more than 1 ppm (40) and concentra-
tions in water for prolonged contact should not exceed .05
ppm chromium (1).
Chrome dusts are quite hazardous if inhaled. Carcinoma
may result from breathing chromate salt dusts (8). A TLV of
3
0.1 mg/m has been established.
-------
Chromate can be toxic to plants. Irrigation water
should not contain more than 5 ppm chromium (42) . Plants
such as barley can absorb chromium into their structures.
Potassium dichromate can be tasted in water at the 1.5
ppm level (1).
-------
NAME Potassium Dichromate
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 6.2 million lbs 1959 (198)
SYNONYMS Potassium Bichromate
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE Metal and fiber drums, multiwall
bags, tank cars, tank trucks
M.P. 398. °C
B.P. 500. ° C Decomposes
Sp.G. 2.68
SOLUBILITY 49,000 mg/1 at 0 °C
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc.
Dichromate shifts to chromate in neutral or alkaline solutions.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
ppm
hrs
species
parm
cond
ref
280
96
Mosquito Fish
TLm
21-23°C
1
28
48
Hydropsyche
TLm
Soft
169
3.5
48
Stenonema
TLm
Soft
169
320
96
Bluegill
TLm
High & Low
170
Oxygen
704
24
Carp
TLm
Lake
59
.4
96
Daphnia Magna
TLm
Lake
59
739
24
Bluegill
TLm
Lake
59
180
48
Brachydanio
TLm
24C
139
(adults)
1500
48
Brachydanio
TLm
24C
139
(eggs)
440
48
Bluegill
TLm
24C
139
1
96
Fathead Minnow
TLm
Soft
76
27. 3
96
Fathead Minnow
TLm
Hard
76
118
96
Bluegill
TLm
Soft
76
133
96
Bluegill
TLm
Hard
76
37.5
96
Goldfish
TLm
Soft
76
30
96
Guppy
TLm
Soft
76
.208
96
Nitschia
TLm
138
Linearis
17.3
96
Physahetero-
TLm
138
stropha
113
96
Bluegill
TLm
138
-------
EEE
hrs
species
parm
cond
ref
5
5.2
7.1
9
10
10
20
35.3
45
50
50
52
52
52
68
70
75
83
100
100
103
104
110
113
130
135
145
148
170
177
180-362
196
213
300
520
0.016
0.05
<<0.10
<<0.10
0.21
Fish
Brown Trout
Carp
Fish
480
33
720
50
. 5
96
120
168
96
240
24
6
65
6-84
96
50
96
24
96
72
48
24
5-12
264
Silver Salmon
Rainbow Trout
Goldfish
Bluegills
Trout
Bluegills
Young Eels
Goldfish
Goldfish
Bluegills
Bluegills
Bluegills
Bluegills
Trout
Trout
Bluegills
Goldfish
Sunfish
Sunfish
Young Eels
Sunfish
Bluegills
Bluegills
Sunfish
Goldfish
Several Species
Large-Mouth
Bass
Bluegills
Bluegills
Young Eels
Daphnia Magna
Daphnia Magna
Daphnia Magna
Daphnia Magna
Protozoan
(Microregma)
Toxic
Toxic
Not Harmed
Toxic Limit
Only Slightly
Hazardous
Fresh Water,
Toxic
Toxic 18°C
Hard Water
Hard Water
Not Harmed
Tolerated
Killed
Tolerated
Tolerated
Toxic
Survied
Tolerated Hard Water
Toxic Limit
Died
Tolerated
TLm
Fatal
TLm
Toxic
TLm
TLm
Tolerated
S
Toxic Limit
TLm
Toxic
Toxic
TLm
TLm
TLm
Killed
Toxic
Threshold
Killed
Toxic
Threshold
Toxic
Threshold
Threshold
Effect
1 (K2Cr2C>7)
l(K2Cr207)
1 (Cr04)
1(Na2Cr207)
1 (K2Cr2C>7 £
K2Cr04)
(K2Cr2C>7)
(K2Cr207)
(K2Cr207)
(K2Cr207)
(Cr03)
(Cr03)
(R2Cr2C>7)
(K2Cr207)
(K2Cr2C>7)
(K2CrC>4)
(K2Cr207)
(K2Cr2C>7)
(Cr03)
(K2Cr207)
(K2Cr207)
(K2Cr207)
(K2Cr207)
(Na2Cr207)
(Na2Cr207)
(K2Cr04)
(K2Cr207)
(Na2Cr2C>7)
(Na2Cr04)
(K2Cr04)
(Na2Cr207)
(Na2Cr207)
(Na2CrC>4)
(K2Cr207)
-------
EEE
0.21
0.25
0.51
0.7
0.7
0.7
1.4
17.3
25.0
40.6
148
hrs
species
17.8
200
Mammalian
species
Dog
parm
TLm
TLm
Diatom
(Naricula)
Diatom
(Naricula)
Daphnia Magna Toxic
Threshold
Daphrtia
Scenedesmus
E. Coli
Gairanarus
Pulex
Snail
Midge Fly
Larvae
Snail
Threshold
Effect
Threshold
Effect
Threshold
Effect
Total
Mortality
TLm
Not Toxic
TLm
Salt Water Toxicity
168
Polycelis Nigra Toxic
Threshold
Silver Salmon Toxic
Mummichogs Tolerated
cond
22 °C,
Softwater
22°C,
Hardwater
20®C
Softwater
20°C
Hardwater
mg/kg B. W.
2829
administration route
Lethal-oral
ref
l(K2Cr207)
l
-------
SODIUM CHROMATE
Sodium chromate is employed largely as a corrosion
inhibitor. Sodium chromate is beginning to replace the
potassium salt for many plating, anodizing and tanning uses.
More than 300 million lbs of sodium chromate and dichromate
were produced in 1970 (198) and shipped in metal and fiber
drums, multiwall bags, tank cars, and tank trucks.
Sodium chromate is a readily soluble oxidizing agent
that forms a solution alkaline to phenothalin. The chromate
ion is quite stable in the type of environment common to
natural waters as is the sodium ion. Under anaerobic condi-
tions or in the presence of high organic loads the chromate
could possibly be reduced. Sodium chromate can interfere with
normal biochemical systems in water. A concentration of 1.0
ppm is sufficient to reduce oxygen utilization in sewage 10
percent.
Sodium chromate is toxic to most aquatic life. Fish are
affected in the range 300-420 ppm (1). The 96 hr TLm for
mosquito fish is reported as 420 ppm in turbid water (1),
while the 24 hr value for bluegill is 300 ppm (1) . The
threshold for various fish food organisms ranges from 0.1 to
500 ppm (1,287). Photosynthetic action in giant kelp is
reduced 50 percent when it is exposed to 5 ppm chromium (1).
In general, safe limits f°r chromium in water are 1 ppm for
fish and .05 ppm for other aquatic life (1) . Solution pH,
-------
temperature, hardness, and dissolved oxygen content are all
critical parameters in determining resulting toxicity. Salt
water species appear to be as sensitive to chromate as fresh
water species. A concentration of 40-60 ppm is toxic to shore
crabs while 5 ppm affects young prawns (288) . Aquatic life
can concentrate chromium. Algae has been found to concentrate
it by a factor of 100-500 while trout can accumulate chromate
from water when present at levels as low as 1 ppb (1).
Sodium chromate is highly toxic when ingested or inhaled.
The subcutaneous LD50 for rabbits is reported to be 243 mg/Kg
body weight (8). Rats fed 25/mg/l in drinking water for six
months showed a drop in hemoglobin levels while mice given 5
ppm for life showed a decrease in survival and longevity (56).
Humans tolerated 25 mg/1 for three yrs. with no effects (56),
but drinking water should not contain more than .05 ppm
chromium (1), nor should water for livestock (42) .
Sodium chromate is an irritant. Water for body contact
should not contain more than 1 ppm (40) and concentrations in
water for prolonged contact should not exceed .05 ppm chrom-
ium (1) .
Chrome dusts are quite hazardous if inhaled. Carcinoma
may result from breathing chromate salt dusts (8). A TLV of
0.1 mg/m has been established.
Chromate can be toxic to plants. Irrigation water should
not contain more than 5 ppm chromium (42) . Plants such as
barley can absorb chromium into their structures.
-------
NAME Sodium Chromate
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 300 million lbs - 1970 Chromate and Dichromates
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE 100 lb fiber bags, metal drums, tank
cars, tank trucks
M.P. 19.9 °C
Sp.G. 1.483
SOLUBILITY 317,000 mg/1 at 25 °C
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
ppm hrs
300 24
420 96
<<0.10
0.51
1.4
1-500
Salt Water Toxicity
ppm hrs
species
parm
TLm
40-60
5
Mammalian
species
Rabbits
288
288
Bluegill
Mosquito fish TLm
Daphnia Magna Toxic
Threshold
Daphnia Magna Toxic
Threshold
Gammarus Pulex Total Kill
E. Coli Toxic
species parm
Shore Crabs Toxic
Young Prawns Toxic
cond
Turbid
cond
mg/kg B.W,
243
administration route
Subcutaneous
ref
1
1
1
1
287
ref
288
288
ref
8
-------
SODIUM DICHROMATE
Sodium dichromate is employed in dyeing, photoengraving,
corrosion inhibition, tanning, textile finishing, and the
production of inks, batteries and chemicals. The 300 million
lbs of sodium chromate and dichromate produced in 1970 (198)
were shipped in metal and fiber drums, multiwall bags, tank
cars, and tank trucks.
Sodium dichromate is a soluble oxidizing agent which
forms an acid solution. As natural dilution neutralizes a
spill, the dichromate will rapidly shift to chromate. The
chromate ion is quite stable in the type of environment
common to natural waters as is the sodium ion. Under anaerobic
conditions or with high organic loads, the chromate could
possibly be reduced. Sodium dichromate can interfere with
normal biochemical systems in water. A concentration of 100
ppm of the potassium salt is sufficient to reduce oxygen
utilization in sewage 50 percent (1).
Sodium dichromate is toxic to most aquatic life. Fish
are affected in the range 10-420 ppm (1). The 24 hr TLm for
bluegill is reported as 145 ppm while the 48 hr value is 213
ppm (1). The threshold for various fish food organisms
ranges from 0.016 to 22 ppm (1,59). Photosynthetic action
in giant kelp is reduced 50 percent when exposed to 5 ppm
chromium (1). In general, safe limits for chromium in water
are 1 ppm for fish, and .05 ppm for other aquatic life (1).
-------
Solution pH, temperature, hardness, and dissolved oxygen con-
tent are all critical parameters in determining resultant
toxicity. Aquatic life can concentrate chromium. Algae has
been found to concentrate it by a factor of 100-500 while
trout can accumulate chromate from water when present at
levels as low as 1 ppb (1).
Sodium dichromate is highly toxic when ingested or
inhaled. A subcutaneous dose of 51 mg/Kg body weight can be
fatal to guinea pigs (35). A concentration of 25 mg/1 lowered
hemoglobin levels when administered to rats in drinking water
(56). Humans can tolerate 25 mg/1 in drinking water for
three yrs with no ill effects (56) . Drinking water, however,
should not contain more than .05 ppm chromium (1), as should
water for livestock (42).
Sodium dichromate is an irritant. Water for body con-
tact should not contain more than 1 ppm (40) and concentra-
tions in water for prolonged contact should not exceed .05
ppm chromium (1).
Chrome dusts are quite hazardous if inhaled. Carcinoma
may result from breathing chromate salt dusts (8) for which
a TLV of 0.1 mg/m3 has been established.
Chromate can be toxic to plants. Irrigation water
should not contain more than 5 ppm chromium (42). Plants
such as barley can absorb chromium into their structures.
-------
NAME Sodium Dichromate
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 300 million lbs - 1970 Chromate and Dichromates
SYNONYMS Sodium Bichromate, Bichromate of Soda,
COMMON SHIP OR, CONTAINER SIZE 100 lb bags, fiber or steel drums,
tank cars, tank trucks
M.P. 150 °C loses water
B.P. 400 °C decomposes
Sp.G. 2.348
SOLUBILITY 2,380,000 mg/1 at 0 °C
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
ppm hrs species parm cond ref
10 Fish Slight 1
Hazard
145 24 Bluegill TLm 1
148 Bluegill Toxic Limit 1
213 4 8 Bluegill TLm 1
264 96 Mosquito fish TLm Turbid 1
0.016 Daphnia Magna Toxic 1
Threshold
<<0.10 Daphnia Magna Toxic 1
Threshold
420 48 Mosquito fish TLm Turbid 48
22 24 Daphnia Magna TLm 59
Mammalian
species mg/kg B.W. administration route ref
Guinea Pig 51 Subcutaneous--Lethal Dose 85
Rat 190 Intramuscular - Low Toxic 96
Dose
-------
Strontium Chromate
Strontium chromate is employed in pigments. The yellow
crystalline solid is soluble to 1200 ppm in water and dissociates
on dissolution. The carbonate and sulfate salts of strontium
are only slightly soluble and will precipitate. The chromate can
persist unless reducing conditions prevail. The aquatic toxicity
of strontium chromate will arise from that of the chromate ion.
-------
STRONTIUM CHROMATE
Sp. G. - 3.895
SOLUBILITY - 1200 ppm in cold water
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. - Dissociates on dissolution. Carbonate
and sulfate salts of strontium only slightly soluble. Chromate
can persist unless reducing conditions prevail.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity - Toxicity will be that of the chromate anion.
-------
ZINC BICHROMATE
SYNONYMS - Zinc Dichromate
SOLUBILITY - Very soluble in cold water
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. - Well dissociate in water. Zinc
may be precipitated as the carbonate or hydroxide salt. Dichromate
ion is relatively stable but can under reducing conditions be
reduced to a trivalent chromic ion.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity
- Toxicity will be that for the zinc ion.
-------
COBALT
Cobalt and its salts are used for making alloys, in
nuclear technology, as pigment in the china and glass
industry, and as binders in the tungsten carbide tool
industry. The more common chloride, nitrate, and sulfate
salts are shipped in bottles and drums.
Most cobalt salts are readily soluble in water, and
will form a blue solution when spilled. Cobalt cations
form acid solutions because of the insolubility of their
hydroxide and carbonate salts. After the initial spill,
dilution will begin to cause carbonate, hydroxide, and
phosphate (if available) precipitates to form and settle
to the bottom. Turbid waters can be expected for some time
+2
to come. While the cobaltous (CO ) form is quite stable,
+ 3
cobaltic ion (CO ) is a powerful oxidizing agent which
will not persist in natural waters. The cobalt that remains
in solution can effect natural oxygen utilization. Con-
centrations of cobalt as low as 2 3-29 ppm will bring about
50 percent inhibition of sewage organisms (1).
While cobalt in trace quantities is essential to life,
it can be lethal to fish at low concentrations. Stickleback
have been killed by concentrations as low as 22 ppm in tap
-------
water (1). A level of 10 ppm cobalt is considered the
lethal concentration for stickleback (1). Fish food
organisms are affected by cobalt concentrations as low
as 0.5 ppm (1). Hardness appears to be a critical parameter.
Microorganisms can concentrate cobalt in water up to 1,070-
1,500 times (1).
Cobalt is tolerated at different levels by various
species of mammals (1). An LD50 for rats fed cobalt chloride
has been reported as 300 mg/Kg body weight (56). When
cobalt is fed to rats at greater than 0.9 mg/kg, toxic
effects occur. A dose of 2 mg cobalt/day is lethal (1).
Concentrations of 100 mg/1 in water can cause tissue damage;
2 00 mg/1 is lethal (1). No drinking water limits can be
set with the existing data, but it is known that .25 mg/day
can effect the hemoglobin in human blood (1). Doses of
10-15 grains can cause severe symptoms, and may be fatal (56).
Chronic feeding of 5 mg/day for 10 mos caused anemia in
lambs, while 1.1 mg/Kg body weight/day led to blood changes
in cattle (56).
Cobalt has known phytotoxic properties. 0.1-2.7 mg/1
can injure tomatoes. A concentration of 2 mg/1 can stunt
plants, and 10.7 mg/1 can cause death (1). Irrigation water
should never carry more than 10 ppm cobalt and should not
contain more than .2 ppm cobalt for any sustained period (42).
-------
COBALTOUS BROMIDE
M.P. 678°C (anhydrous)
Sp. G. - 4.909
SOLUBILITY - 667,000
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. - Cobalt ions are precipitated as
hydroxide and carbonate salts.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity - Toxicity will be that for cobalt ions
in general.
-------
COBALTOUS FLUORIDE
M. P. 1100 - 1200°C
B.P. - Volatilizes at 1400°C
Sp. G. - 4.43
SOLUBILITY - Sparingly soluble
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. - Cobalt ion will be precipitated as
the hydroxide and carbonate salts.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity - Toxicity will be that for fluoride ion
in general.
Saltwater Toxicity - Toxicity will be that for cobalt ion in
general.
-------
COBALTOUS FORMATE
M.P. - Becomes anhydrous at 140°C
B.P. - Decomposes at 17 5°C
Sp. G. - 2.13
SOLUBILITY - 50,300
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. - Cobalt ion precipitates as hydroxide and
carbonate salts. Formate ion is biodegradable.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity - Toxicity will be that for cobalt ion in
general.
-------
COBALT SULFAMATE
Sp. G. - >1,0
SOLUBILITY - Soluble
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. - Cobalt ion will precipitate as
hydroxide carbonate salt.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity - Toxicity will be that of cobalt ion
in general.
-------
COPPER
Low levels of copper occur in natural water, generally
below 20 mg/1 in fresh water. Copper is found in seawater at
a concentration of about 3 mg/1 (42) . Higher levels are
usually the result of industrial effluents or the use of
copper for vegetation control in water supply reservoirs.
Uses for copper salts also include textile finishing, pigmen-
tation, tanning, photography, engraving, and electroplating.
Most of the copper salts are shipped by rail and truck.
Common copper salts (chloride, nitrate, and sulfate)
are very soluble in distilled water. The solubility of copper
in natural water is greatly dependent on water quality charac-
teristics. In natural water three physical states are
possible: particulate, colloidal, and soluble (295). Bryan
reports a concentration of 0.4-0.8 mg/Cu/1 in a saturated
solution of aerated seawater (246). Copper salts give an
acid reaction in water with the precipitation of insoluble
oxides. Excessive amounts will drive the pH down markedly.
Copper salts may interfere with normal stream biological
activity. A concentration of 8.4-34 ppm is sufficient to
inhibit oxygen utilization of sewage 50 percent (1).
McDermott et al. found that the maximum concentration of copper
that did not have a detectable effect on treatment efficiency
of a pilot activated sludge treatment plant was 1 mg/1 (296).
-------
The toxicity of copper to aquatic life varies greatly
with species and water quality characteristics: hardness,
alkalinity, pH, phosphates, and complexing agents such as
amino acids, polypeptides, and humic substances. Copper may
be present in polluted water associated with suspended solids,
and in different soluble chemical states. The resulting
toxicity is dependent on these different forms of copper.
Pickering and Henderson found that for four species of fish
tested in soft water (20 mg/1 CaCC>3) / the 96 hr TL5D values
varied from 23 ug/1 for the fathead minnow to 660 yg/1 for the
bluegill (250). Mount reported a 96 hr TL50 value for the
fathead minnow of 470 yg/Cu/1 in a continuous flow bioassay
using hard water (200 mg/1 CaC03) (297). In the chronic
study, 33 yg/1 had a detrimental effect on egg production and
no detrimental effects were demonstrated at 15 yg/1. Mount and
Stephan found a 96 hr TL50 value of 75 yg/1 in soft water
(30 mg/1 CaC03) and in the chronic study, 18 yg/1 had a detri-
mental effect on egg production and 11 yg/1 was "safe" (298).
McKim and Benoit reported a 96 hour TL50 value of 100 yg/1
for brook trout in soft water (48 mg/1 CaC03) (299). in the
chronic study, 10 Ug/1 was "safe", and 17 yg/1 was detrimental.
Sprague, et al. , found that Atlantic salmon avoid a concen-
tration of about 0. 004 mg/1 in soft water (20 mg/1 CaCO$)
(300). Arthur and Leonard reported that the average TL50
for three species of aquatic invertebrates tested in soft
water (48 mg/1 CaC03) varied from 1.7 to 0.02 mg/1 (301).
Biesinger and Christensen reported 48 hr LC50 values of
-------
9.8 yg/1 for Daphnia magna in Lake Superior water (48 mg/1
CaCC>3) and 60 yg/1 in Lake Superior water with food added (252) .
In the chronic study, 35 yg/1 caused a 50 percent reproductive
impairment while 22 yg/1 was "safe". The estimated 96 hr TLm
for oysters is reported to be 1.4 ppm copper (1).
Lucas et al. reported that in whole fish copper varied
from 0.8 to 2.7 ppm (273). In fish liver the concentration
averaged 9 ppm and varied from 1.5 to 14 ppm (wet weight).
Uthe found that copper concentrations in dressed fish varied
from 0.5 to 1.28 ppm (248). Windom and Smith reported copper
concentrations in oysters varied from 48 to 261 ppm (dry
weight) (302) .
Copper is an essential element in human metabolism. The
daily requirement for adults has been estimated to be 2 mg.
Pre-school children require about 0.1 mg daily for normal
growth. Large doses in man may produce emesis, and prolonged
oral administration may result in liver damage. Copper
imparts an undesirable taste in drinking water.
Copper salts can be highly toxic if ingested. Oral LD50
values for rats have been reported as 140 mg/Kg body weight
(85), 940 mg/Kg (77), and 300 mg/Kg (8) for the chloride,
nitrate, and sulfate, respectively.
Small amounts of copper are beneficial or essential for
plant growth; however low concentrations can be toxic. Copper
has been used for years for controlling algae which cause taste
and odors in water supply reservoirs. Copper is toxic at a
concentration of 0,1 mg/1 to orange and mandarin seedlings
-------
and at 0.17 to 0.20 mg/1 to sugar beets and barley grown
in nutrient solutions (1).
As little as 0.1 mg/1 copper can inhibit photosynthesis
in giant kelp 50 percent in 2-5 days and 70 percent in
7-9 days (1).
-------
CUPRIC ACETATE
SYNONYMS - Copper Acetate, Neutral Verdigris, Crystallized Verdigris,
Crystals of Venus
M.P. 115°C
B.P. - Decomposes at 240°C
Sp. G. - 1.9
SOLUBILITY - 72,000
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. - Copper precipitates as a hydrous
oxide. Acetate ion is biodegradable.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity - Toxicity will be that for copper in general.
Mammalian Toxicity
Species mg/Kg B. W. Administration Route Ref
Rat 710 Oral 96
-------
CUPRIC ACETOARSENITE
SYNONYMS - Copper Acetate Arsenite, Emerald Green, French Green,
Imperial Green, Mineral Green, Mitis Green, Paris Green,
Parrot Green, Schwenfurt Green, Viennar Green
DOT - Poison B, poison label, 200 lbs in an outside container
USCG - Poison B, poison label
Sp. G. - >1.0
SOLUBILITY - Practically insoluble
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. - Does not persist upon residence in water.
Copper is likely to ultimately be found as precipitated hydrous oxide
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity - Toxicity is that of copper ion.
ppro Hrs Species Parm
1.5 lb/acre - Mosquito Larvae Effective Control
Mammalian Toxicity
Species mg/Kg B. W. Administration Route Ref
Rat 22 Oral-Low Lethal Dose 96
Rat (female) 100 Oral 1
Cond. Ref.
Field 1
-------
NAME Cupric Chloride
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 47 million lbs
SYNONYMS Copper Chloride
M.P. 498 °C decomposes
B.P. 993 °C decomposes
Sp.G. 2.38
SOLUBILITY 1,100,000 mg/1 at 25°C
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, Etc.
Oxides are relatively insoluble.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
EEE
hrs
species
parm
cond
ref
0 .009
Goldfish
Rapid Death
1
(As Cu)
0 .13
50
Eels
Threshold
1
0.0188
3.5-7
Goldfish
Killed
Distilled
1
672
1.2
Minnows
Killed
Distilled
1
1.25
96
Bluegill
TLm
Soft,18-
1
20 °C
5
10
Rainbow Trout
Death
Lake Huron
1
5
12
Sea Lamprey
Death
Lake Huron
1
5
24
Bluegill
Death
Lake Huron
1
.98
96
Bluegill
LC50
55-75°F
303
.795-.815
120
Nitzchia
TLm
138
Linearis
0.1-1.0
Most Fish
Not Toxic
1
0.015-3.0
Some Fish,
Immobili-
Lake Erie
1
Crustacea,
zation
Molluscs, Insects,
1.5 (Cu)
Phytoplankton,
Zooplankton
48-72
Nereis Sp.
Toxicity
288
Threshold
15 (Cu)
96
Nereis Sp.
Toxicity
288
Threshold
1-2 (Cu)
Shore Crab
Toxicity
288
Threshold
.5 (Cu)
Prawns
Toxicity
288
Threshold
-------
PPm
hrs
species
parm
cond
.0 34(Cu)
24
Atlantic
TLm
2 ug/i
Salmon
.8(Cu)
24
Rainbow Trout
TLm
River
.02 (Cu)
Stickleback
Toxic Limit
3.0 (Cu)
96
Crayfish
TLm
20 °C
Intermolt
1.0 (Cu)
24
Crayfish Adult
TLm
20 °C
1.0(Cu)
144
Crayfish
TLm
20 °C
Juvenile
l.O(Cu)
144
Crayfish Re-
TLm
20 °C
cent Hatches
l.O(Cu)
Lebistes Reti-
Killed
culatus
O.l(Cu)
Bufo Valliceps
Killed
0.1(Cu)
Dapnnia Magna
Killed
.43 (Cu)
96
Fathead Minnow
TLm
. 4- . 5 (Cu)
48
Rainbow Trout
TLm
1.25
96
Bluegill
TLm
Salt Water Toxicity
£EB
hrs
species
parm
cond
0.56
Fish & Aquatic
Min. Lethal
Life
Con.
10-30
2
Barnacles &
Killed
Related Species
0.22-1.0
48-240
Barnacles &
Killed
Related Species
0.2-0.3
Barnacles &
Inhibited
Related Spe-
Growth
cies
0.55
12
Mussel
Killed
Cu. Lined
24
Lobsters
Killed
Tank
0.1-0.5
Bacteria &
Toxic
Microorganisms
0.1
48-120
Giant Kelp
Inhibits
Photosynthesis
50%
0.1
168-316
Giant Kelp
Inhibits
Photosynthesis
70%
0.1
240
Giant Kelp
Visible
Injury
0.1-0.5
Oysters
Toxic
1.9
96
Oysters
TLm
0 .02
Fish & Aquatic
Threshold
Life
Beneficial
Effects
-------
Mammalian
species mg/kg B.W. adroinistration route
Rat 140 Oral
-------
CUPRIC FORMATE
Sp. G. - 1.831
SOLUBILITY - 125,000
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. - Copper will precipitate as an hydrous
oxide. The formate ion is biodegradable.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Tox-icity - Toxicity will be that for copper ion.
-------
CUPRIC GLYCINATE
SYNONYMS - Bis (glycinoto) Copper, Cupric Aminoacetate, Glycine
Copper Complex, Glycocoll-Copper
M.P. - Loses ^0 at 140°C
B.P. - Decomposes at 225°C
SOLUBILITY - 5700
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. - Copper will eventually precipitate
as hydrous oxide while the organic fraction biodegrades.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity - Toxicity is that for copper ion.
-------
CUPRIC LACTATE
Sp. G. - >1.0
SOLUBILITY - 167,000
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. - Copper will precipitate as an hydrous
oxide. Lactate ion is biodegradable.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity - Toxicity is that for copper ion.
-------
NAME Cupric Nitrate
SYNONYMS Copper Nitrate
M.P. 114.5 °C
B.P. 170 °C loses HNO3
Sp.G. 2.32
SOLUBILITY 1,378,000 mg/1 at 0 "C
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, Etc.
Oxides are relatively insoluble.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
PPm
hrs
species
parm
cond
ref
0.015
Sticklebacks
Lethal Con.
15-18°C
1
Limit
0.06
96
Sticklebacks
Survival
1
Time
0.3 (Cu)
24
Sticklebacks
Survival
1
Time
0.18(Cu)
Sticklebacks
Min. Lethal
1
Con.
0.178
<66
Young Pink
Loss of
Salmon
Equilibrium
/
1
Some Deaths
0.10
Young Pink
Long Term
1
Salmon
Dangerous
Con.
5
11
Rainbow Trout
Death
Lake Huron
1
5
13
Sea Lamprey
Death
Lake Huron
1
5
24
Bluegill
No Effect
Lake Huron
1
0.0188
Tadpoles
Death
Tap
1
1.5(Cu)
48-72
Nereis Sp.
Toxicity
288
Threshold
15(Cu)
96
Nereis Sp.
Toxicity
288
Threshold
1-2 (Cu)
Shore Crab
Toxicity
288
Threshold
. 5 (Cu)
Prawns
Toxicity
288
Threshold
.034(Cu)
24
Atlantic
TLm
2 ug/i Zn
304
Salmon
. 8 (Cu)
24
Rainbow Trout
TLm
River
265
.02 (Cu)
Stickleback
Toxic Limit
305
-------
ppm
hrs
species
parra
cond
3.0(Cu)
96
Crayfish
TLm
20 °C
Intermolt
1.0(Cu)
24
Crayfish Adult
TLm
20 °C
1.0 (Cu)
44
Crayfish
TLm
20 °C
Juvenile
1.0(Cu)
144
Crayfish Re-
TLm
20 °C
cent Hatches
1.0 (Cu)
Lebistes Reti-
Killed
culatus
O.l(Cu)
Bufo Valliceps
Killed
0.1 (Cu)
Daphnia Magna
Killed
. 43 (Cu)
96
Fathead Minnow
TLm
.4-.5 (Cu)
48
Rainbow Trout
TLm
1.25
96
Bluegill
TLm
Salt Water Toxicity
ppm
hrs
species
parm
cond
0.56
Fish & Aquatic
Min. Lethal
Life
Con.
10-30
2
Barnacles &
Killed
Related Species
0.22-1.0
48-240
Barnacles &
Killed
Related Species
0.2-0.3
Barnacles &
Inhibited
Related
Growth
Species
0.55
12
Mussel
Killed
Cu. lined
24
Lobsters
Killed
Tank
0.1-0.5
Bacteria &
Toxic
Microorganisms
0.1
48-120
Giant Kelp
Inhibits Pho
-
tosynthesis
50%
0.1
168-316
Giant Kelp
Inhibits Pho
-
tosynthesis
70%
0.1
240
Giant Kelp
Visible
Injury
0.1-0.5
Oysters
Toxic
1.9
96
Oysters
TLm
0.02
Fish & Aquatic
Threshold
Life
Beneficia,l
Effects
Mammalian
species mg/kg B.W. administration route
Rat 940 Oral
-------
NAME Cupric Oxalate
SOLUBILITY 25 ppm
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. - Copper may precipitate as hydrous
oxide as biochemical oxidation degrades oxalate.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity - Toxicity will be that for the copper ion
in general.
-------
CUPRIC SUBACETATE
SYNONYMS - Copper Acetate Basic, Cupric Acetate Basic, Common
Verdigris, Green Verdigris, Blue Verdigris, French Verdigris
Sp. G. - >1.0
SOLUBILITY - Slightly soluble
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. - Slowly decomposed by water. Likely to
ultimately reside as precipitated hydrous copper oxides. Acetate
is biodegradable.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity - Toxicity will be that for the copper ion
in general.
-------
NAME Cupric Sulfate
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 67 million lb
SYNONYMS Copper Sulfate, Blue Vitriol, Chalcanthite
M.P. 110 °C loses water
B.P. 150 °C loses more water
Sp.G. 2.205
SOLUBILITY 316,000 mg/1 at 25 °C
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, Etc.
Oxides are insoluble.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
2£m
hrs
species
parm
cond
ref
>5.
Cladophora Sp.
Morpholog-
312
ical Changes
10
96
Cladophora Sp.
Died
312
1.7
96
Campeloma
TLm
Continuous
313
Decisum
Flow Soft
0.039
96
Physa Integra
TLm
Continuous
313
Flow Soft
0 .020
96
Gammarus Pseu-
TLm
Continuous
313
dolimnaeus
Flow Soft
0.008-
864
Amphipods
No Effect
Continuous
313
0.0148
Flow Soft
4.7
40
Aspergillus
LD50
Temp. 32°C
216
Niger
.008-.015
Yearling Brook
Altered
180
Trout
Feeding
Response
1.5
24
Striped Bass
LC50
22
.15
48
Bluegill
LC50
22
.14
Trout
Highest
22
Tolerable
Con.
.33
Carp
Highest
22
Tolerable
Con.
.33
Suckers
Highest
22
Tolerable
Con,
.40
Catfish
Highest
22
Tolerable
Con.
-------
££rn
hrs
species
parm
cond
ref
.40
Pickeral
Highest
22
Tolerable
Con.
.50
Goldfish
Highest
22
Tolerable
Con.
.67
Perch and
Highest
22
Bluegill
Tolerable
Con.
.80
Largemouth
Highest
22
Bass
Tolerable
Con.
1.35
Sunfish
Highest
22
Tolerable
Smallmouth
Con.
2.00
Highest
22
Bass
Tolerable
Con.
.6
48
Bluegill
LC50
Hardness
22
15 ppm
8.0
48
Bluegill
LC50
Hardness
22
68 ppm
10 .0
48
Bluegill
LC50
Hardness
22
100 ppm
45.0
48
Bluegill
LC50
Hardness
22
182 ppm
75
96
Mosquito fish
TLm
Turbid,24-
1
27°C
.47
48
Polycelis
Killed
Lake
1
Nigra
.01
48
Daphnia
Killed
Lake
1
1
48
Planarium Worm
Killed
1
3.8
24
Rainbow Trout
TLm
Stream
307
1
Golden Shiner
Lethal
Pond
308
1.4
96
Bluntnose
TLm
Hard
239
Minnow
0.05
96
Bluntnose
TLm
Soft
239
Minnow
16
Frog
Lethai
309
.5
5-20 Day
Microlife
95% Growth
310
Reduction
13
Bluegill Eggs
Lethal
Lakes
311
Salt
Water Toxicity
EE™
hrs
species
parm
cond
ref
.14
48
Prawn
LC50
Aerated
2
29.5
48
Shrimp
LC50
Aerated
2
19
48
Shrimp
LC50
Aerated
2
1
48
Cockle
LC50
Aerated
2
1-3.3
48
Flounder
LC50
Aerated
2
109
48
Crab
LC50
Aerated
2
100
48
Oyster
LC50
Aerated
2
-------
Mammalian
species mg/kg B.W. administration route ref
Rat 300 Oral 8
Rabbit 50 Oral-LD ca 78
-------
CUPRIC SULFATE, AMMONIATED
SYNONYMS - Copper Ammonium Sulfate, Cupric Ammine Sulfate
M.P. - Decomposes at 150°C
Sp. G. - 1.81
SOLUBILITY - 185,000
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. - May release ammonia while present in
water. Neutralization leads to precipitation of hydrous copper
oxides.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity - Toxicity will be that for copper ion.
-------
CUPRIC TARTRATE
Sp. G. - >1.0
SOLUBILITY - 200
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. - Copper will precipitate as an hydrous
oxide. Tartrate is biodegradable.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity - Toxicity will be that of copper ion.
-------
CUPROUS BROMIDE
M.P. 504 °C
B.P. 1345 °C
Sp. G. - 4.72
SOLUBILITY - Very slightly soluble
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. - Cuprous ions oxidize to the more stable
cupric form and are precipitated as hydrous oxides.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity - Toxicity will be that for copper ions.
-------
COUMAPHOS
Coumaphos or Co-Ral is an animal insecticide and nematocide
commonly used to control ticks, lice, flies and grubs in cattle
as well as screwworms in all livestock. It is also used in
chicken feed under the trade name Meldane. It is commonly
formulated as a 25 percent wettable powder, 4 percent pour on,
1 pound-1 gallon emulsifiable concentrate, 5 percent dust, and
feed premix.
Coumaphos is not one of the more persistent halogenated
organic pesticides. Its structure is a naphthalene analog which
is more degradable than some of the DDT type compounds. Coumaphos
hydrolyzes slowly under alkaline conditions and is soluble to
only 1.5 ppm unless formulated in a wettable form. Upon spillage,
it is likely to sink and spread through the bottom sediments where
much of it will absorb and slowly degrade through biochemical action.
Coumaphos is quite toxic to aquatic organisms. The 96 hour
TLm values for fathead minnow, bluegill, and rainbow trout have
been reported as >18 ppm, .18 ppm and 1.5 ppm respectively.189'1*02
Alabaster22 reports much greater sensitivity in harlequin fish where
the 24 hour LC^q value is reported as 0.082 ppm. Similarly, 48
hour LCgg values for the common food chain organisms, Daphnia magna
and Gammarus lacustris, are reported as 1.0 and 0.14 ppm respectively.22
In salt water, Davis, et al.,1*11 describe 48 hour TLm values of
9.12 ppm and 0.11 ppm for clam and oyster eggs respectively.
In mammals, oral toxicity is moderate. Male rats display
characteristic LD5q response in the range 56-230 mg/kg body weight,22
while similar values for females are 13-30 mg/kg body weight.327
The oral LD5Q for young mallard ducks is reported as 24.8 mg/kg body
weight.2 2
-------
COUMAPHOS
SYNONYMS - CoRal, 0.0-Diethyl 0-3-chloro-4-methyl-2-oxo-2.4-1-
benzopyran-7-yl-phosphorothioate, 3-chloro-t-methylumbelliferone ®
0, 0-diethyl 0-(3-chloro-4-methyl-7-couraarinyl) phos- *
phorothioate, Asuntol, Bayer 21/199, Muscatox, Resitox,
Meldane
M.P. 91°C
Sp. G. - 1.474
SOLUBILITY - 1.5 ppm
PERSISTENCE
Oxygen Removal - Coumaphos is moderately persistent
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity
ppm
hrs
Species
Parm
Cond.
Ref.
0. 082
24
Harlequin Fish
LC50
22
1.0
48
Daphnia Magna
LC50
22
0.14
48
Gammarus Lacustris
LC50
22
0.32
24
Gammarus Lacustris
LC50
22
>18
96
Fathead Minnow
TLm
As Active Ingre-
dient
189
0.18
96
Bluegill
TLm
As Active Ingre-
dient
189
15
96
Coho Salmon
TLm
In Acetone
402
1.5
96
Rainbow Trout
TLm
In Acetone
402
1. 862
96
Threespine Stickleback
TLm
In Acetone
402
0.5
36
Smallmouth Bass
LTS0
402
0.5
72
Fathead Minnow
»5„
402
18
96
Goldfish
TLm
Soft-Acetone Or
Alcohol Solvent
402
0.56
96
Guppy
TLm
Soft-Acetone Or
Alcohol Solvent
402
0.39
24
Chaobouis Astictopus
TLm
Fourth Instar
Larvae
379
0.28
48
Longnose Killifish
EC50
12°C
25
0.55
48
Rainbow Trout
TLm
177
0.73
48
Brown Trout
TLm
177
0.8
48
Brook Trout
TLm
177
4.0
48
Lake Trout
TLm
177
-------
ppm hrs Species
6.8 24 Channel Catfish
8.0 48 Bluegill
0.4 3 24 Hexagenia Sp.
0.005 24 Hydropsyche Sp.
(Larvae)
1.4 24 Bluegill
0.046 4 8 Halequin Fish
62 96 Striped Bass
(Fingerling)
Saltwater Toxicity
9.12 4 8 Hard Clam (Eggs)
5.21 288 Hard Clam (Larvae)
0.11 48 Oyster (Eggs)
>1.0 336 Oyster (Larvae)
Mammalian Toxocity
Species
Parm
TLm
TLm
TLm
TLm
TLm
TLm
TLm
Cond.
Mississippi River
Mississippi River
Mississippi River
Rat (Male)
Rat
Rat (Female)
Avian Toxicity
mg/kg B. W.
56-230
41
13-30
TLm
TLm
TLm
TLm
Administration Route
Oral
Oral
Oral
Ref,
22
96
327
Ref.
177
177
402
402
402
409
410
411
411
411
411
Species
mg/kg B. W.
Administration Route
Ref
Young Mallards
29.8
Oral
22
Pheasants
300-400 ppm
LC50 ~ 5 daYs
22
Cotternix
200-250 ppm
LCj-q - 5 days
22
Chicken
100
Leg Weakness
22
-------
CRESOL
Cresol is produced in three isomeric forms and as a mix-
ture. It is used in fumigants, explosives, phenolic resins,
and wood preservatives. The .81.2 million lbs produced in 1970
(198) were shipped in bottles, cans, carboys, barrels, drums,
tank cars, and tank trucks.
Cresol has a limited solubility in water. If spilled,
it will sink to the bottom and slowly dissolve. In the aqueous
phase it acts much as its phenol forebearer. Phenols form a
weakly acidic solution and are highly reactive in various i
situations. In the presence of acids, they undergo addition
reactions such as nitration when placed in dilute nitric
acid. Phenols will also pick up chlorine very rapidly to
form far more objectionable compounds. Perhaps most perti-
nent of its aqueous reactions is oxidation. Phenols,
especially in alkaline solutions, are readily oxidized
to form a complex mixture of products, including quinone and
phenoquinone when the oxidant is air. Cresol is also known
to darken when exposed to light. This type of photodegrada-
tion may not be important after cresol has entered water.
-------
Dissolved cresol ia also subject to biodegradation. Up
to 1.7 lb of oxygen per lb of cresol can be consumed in the
first five days (11). This degradation may well be rapid
enough Lo lead to localized oxygen deficiencies in a spill
situation. When too concentrated, however, the cresol will
inhibit bacterial action. A concentration of 940 ppm is
sufficient to cause 50 percent inhibition of sewage organisms.
The aquatic toxicity of cresol has been examined by
many investigators. The toxic threshold for most fish lies
between 20 and 40 ppm (1). Fish food organisms are sensitive
to levels as low as 6 ppm (1). Phenolics in general have a
toxic threshold of 1 ppm to fish (41). The meta isomer appears
the least toxic of the three. Oxygen content is critical to
toxicity. Low oxygen levels can cause a dramatic drop in the
toxicity of cresols (1). A concentration of 148 ppm is
hazardous to algae (4) while 5-10 mg/1 can cause a 50 percent
inhibition of bottom kelp over a four day period (1).
i
Portmann reports saltwater LC50 values of 10-100 ppm for
shrimp, 10-33 ppm for pogge and plaice, and greater than 100
ppm for cockles (2). Phenols in general have a toxic
threshold to fish in saltwater of 5 ppm (41).
-------
Cresol is toxic via all routes of administration. The
lethal dose to frogs with subcutaneous administration is
250 mg/Kg (22). The reported LD50 values for rats are
2,020, 1,800 and 1,350 mg/Kg for the meta, para and ortho
isomers respectively (7). A dose of 8 grams to man can be
fatal. Drinking water is restricted to .001 ppm phenols (1) .
This however is predicated on taste considerations after
probable chlorination. Because cresol can be absorbed
through the skin, water for body contact should not contain
more than 10 ppm phenol (40). Salt water for swimming should
have less than 1 ppm phenols (41).
Other aquatic concentrations of interest include an
odor threshold range of .061-4.1 ppm (30) and a lower taste
threshold after chlorination of .0001 (1). Waterfowl can be
harmed by water containing more than 25 ppm cresol (41).
Fish flesh can pick up flavors from exposure to 10 ppm (42).
-------
NAME Cresol
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 81.2 million lbs 1970 (198)
SYNONYMS Methylphenol
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZES
USCG Grade D or E combustible
M.P. 11.0 °C
Tank cars, tank trucks, drums,
barrels, carboys, cans, bottles
liquid depending upon flash point
B.P. 202. °C
Sp.G. 1.048
SOLUBILITY 2 3,500 mg/1 at 25°C
PERSISTENCE
Oxygen Demand
BOD#5 - 38% Theo. using acclimated activated sludge-C13)
BOD*.94 - 11.7% Theo. using phenol acclimated pure bacteria culture-
BOD5 - 1.7 lb/lb using sewage seed-(11)
BODs - 35.4% Theo. using aniline acclimated activated sludge at
a treatment plant-(5)
COD - 2.4 lb/lb-(4)
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
PPm
Meta
6.5
21
24 .5
20
19
10
24
hrs
24
24
24
.6
.2
96
48
species
Salmonide
Embryo
Tench & Bleak
Carp
Minnow
Perch
Bluegill
Mosquito Fish
parm cond
ref
TLm 1
TLm 1
TLm 1
Immobilized 15°C 1
Immobilized 15°C 1
Tim Distilled 89
TLm Pond 4 8
Ortho
2.3 24 Salmonide TLm 1
Embryos
11.2 96 Fingerling TLm 21°C 1
Catfish
-------
PEm
hrs
species
parm
cond
ref
15.4
24
29.5
55
60
66 .8
70
110
10
10
24
13
24
23
29
24
48
24
1
72
3
5
1
96
48
96
96
96
96
Tench TLM
Minnow TLm
Carp TLm
Sunfish Killed
Minnow Killed
Fingerling TLm
Catfish
Roach Killed
Roach Killed
Perch Lethal
Bluegill TLm
Mosquito Fish TLm
Fathead TLm
Minnow
Bluegill TLm
Goldfish TLm
Guppy TLm
17°C
21°C
21 °C
9 .5 °C
Distilled
Pond
Const.
Temp.
Const.
Temp.
Const.
Temp.
Const.
Temp.
.5
89
48
37
37
37
37
Para
5
10
15.4
20
21.2
80
100
10
24
5.5
24
1
24
24
1
.5
96
48
Salt Water Toxicity
10-100
>100
10-33
10-33
48
48
48
48
Salmonide TLm
Embryo
Trout Killed
Perch Killed
Bleak,Tench TLm
Minnow Killed
Carp TLm
Sunfish Killed
Minnow Killed
Bluegill TLm
Mosquito Fish TLm
Fish Lethal
Shrimp LC50
Cockle LC50
Pogge LC50
Plaice LC50
17 °C
17°C
Distilled
Pond
Aerated
Aerated
Aerated
Aerated
89
48
90
2
2
2
2
Mammalian
species
Rat
Frog
Rat
Rat
mg/kg B. W.
2020
250
1350
1800
administration route
Oral
Lethal Subcutaneous
Oral
Oral
ref
1 (meta)
22
1 (ortho)
1 (para)
-------
CYANIDES
Cyanides are used in a wide variety of industrial applications ranging
from pesticidal control to metal finishing. Typical compounds include
hydrocyanic acid, sodium, potassium, and calcium cyanide; and the
heavy metal cyanides. Bulk liquid shipments, especially those of hydro-
cyanic acid, pose a major transportation spill threat.
Most cyanides are freely soluble in water. When spilled, they
will rapidly disperse with the formation both of free cyanide anions
which is in equilibrium with the undissociated hydrogen cyanide gas.
Hydrogen cyanide is a very weak acid and hence remains undissociated
at lower pH levels. In general, at pH 7 or lower, less than one percent
is dissociated while at pH 9 only 42 percent is dissociated (1). With
heat, the undissociated acid can be volatilized. Hydrocyanic acid may
interfere with natural biological action in receiving waters. As little
as 4 ppm inhibits sewage digestion. Chlorination degrades cyanide to
less toxic cyanates. Biodegradation of cyanides is little affected by
o
temperature between 10 and 35 C, but at higher or lower levels rates
are markedly depressed (1).
Because of the predominance of undissociated hydrogen cyanide
under neutral or acid conditions, it is clear that toxicities expressed
as cyanide ion actually refer to the acid. Investigations confirm that
toxicity is in fact due to the formation of the undissociated species (1).
-------
Cyanides have been reported as toxic to fish in the range 0. 05-10
ppm (1). The MLD values for rainbow trout, adult chub, and carp
have been reported as . 1-.2 ppm, 0. 5 ppm, and 10 ppm, respectively
(1). Fish food organisms are similarly sensitive, with Daphnia magna
succombing in 48 hours to 3.4 mg/1. The algae chlorella does not
undergo photosynthetic inhibition until cyanide levels reach > 300 mg/1.
Saltwater species vary in 48 hour LC50 values for hydrogen cyanide
from . 25 ppm for prawn to > 25 ppm for cockles (2). The 24 hour
TLm for pin perch is 0.69 ppm as cyanide (1). In general, fresh and
saltwater fish display toxic reactions above a threshold of . 02 ppm (41).
Toxicity increase with acidity, temperature, low oxygen tensions, and
zinc and cadmium content (1).
Cyanides are highly toxic via all routes of administration. The
oral LD50 value for mice fed hydrogen cyanide is 4 mg/kg body weight
(229). The average lethal dose to humans is 50-60 mg with 161 mg
being fatal in 15 minutes (56). Acute toxic doses for various livestock
range from 40-100 mg for smaller species to 390-920 mg for cattle
(1). The median lethal oral dose for sheep fed sodium cyanide has
been reported to be 4.15 mg/kg (1). Water for human consumption
should not contain more than . 01 ppm cyanide (49), while that for live-
stock should be restricted to . 02 ppm cyanide (40). Hydrogen cyanide
can be absorbed through skin at toxic levels. Water for body contact
should not exceed .02 ppm cyanides (40).
-------
Cyanides have been associated with chromosome breaks in vicia
-3
faba (19). Concentrations greater than 5x10 M are lethal to soil
ameoba (6).
The lower taste threshold for hydrocyanic acid is reported to be
. 001 ppm (4).
Cyanides have been designated toxic substances under Section 307
of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972. As
such, continuous discharge standards are being established for various
sources. These levels relate to continual exposure and therefore should
not be compared directly with critical concentrations established here.
Indeed, since spill events are probabilistic, median receptors have been
selected for use in determining critical concentrations in setting harmful
quantities and rates of penalty as opposed to the most sensitive receptor.
-------
BARIUM CYANIDE
USCG - POISON B, POISON LABEL
I AT A - POISON B, POISON LABEL
o
SOLUBILITY - 800,000 mg/I at 14 C
PERSISTENCE
Crystals slowly decompose in air. Barium will rapidly precipitate
as sulfate or carbonate. Cyanide will slowly convert to the less toxic
cyanate. The cyanide ion is in equilibrium with HCN, a very weak
acid.
TOXIC OLOGIC AL
FRESHWATER TOXICITY
.05/120/Trout/100% killed/ /I
.1/ /Fish/MLD/ /1
. 12-. 18/96/Sunfish/TLM/Hard & Soft/1
. 18/24/Sunfish/TLM/Soft/1
.2/. 2/Trout/MLD/ /I
.2/ /Fish/Killed/ /I
. 33/2. 5/Chub/Killed/ /1
.5/2. 65/Adult Chub/MLD/ /I
1.0/. 6/Trout/100% Killed/ /I
10. 0/1. 5/Carp/MLD/ /I
-------
CALCIUM CYANIDE
Calcium cyanide is used to stabilize cement, produce stainless
steel, and disinfect soils is generally shipped in boxes, cans, and
drums with a maximum capacity of 225 pounds.
Calcium cyanide is soluble in water and decomposes with the
gradual liberation of hydrogen cyanide and calcium hydroxide. The
hydrogen cyanide gas continues to be formed but is likely to remain
in solution. Subsequent dilution and neutralization will sponsor addi-
tional discharges of hydrogen cyanide until no calcium cyanide remains.
Dissolved cyanide is subject to oxidation to the less toxic cyanate
form. This is a very slow process, however, under normal conditions.
The aquatic toxicity of calcium cyanide will be that of hydrogen
cyanide and high pH. Cyanide is harmful to fish in the .5-10 ppm
concentration range (1). In general, the threshold concentration for
fresh and saltwater fish to cyanide is .02 ppm (41). Aquatic plants
can be damaged by .025 ppm cyanide (1). The toxicity of cyanides
is affected by pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen content, and the
presence of minerals. Portman reports LC50's of .25-725 ppm for
prawns, cockles, and crabs exposed to potassium cyanide (2).
The median lethal oral dose of calcium cyanide for rats is 39
mg/kg body weight (77). Cyanide, in general, is toxic via all routes
including skin absorption. Humans are reported to withstand 18 mg/day
-------
of cyanide without harm (1), but drinking water limits are set at . 01
ppm per 100 pounds of body weight (49). Water for body contact should
not contain more than . 02 ppm per 100 pounds of body weight (40).
Similarly, livestock should not be given water with more than . 02
ppm per 100 pounds of body weight (40).
CALCIUM CYANIDE
USCG - POISON LABEL
IATA - POISON LABEL
PERSISTENCE -
Chemical hydrolysis, etc. - decomposes to Ca(OH) + HCN until
2
alkalinity is high enough to stabilize Ca(CN) . Natural neutralization
2
continues decomposition.
TOXICOLOGIC AL
FRESHWATER TOXICITY
. 05/120/Brook Trout/100% kill/ (CW)/1
.05/ I Fish/ MLD/ (CN) /1
. 1/24/Rainbow Trout/MLD/(CN)/l
.2/. 2/Rainbow Trout/MLD/(CN)/l
. 33/2. 5/Chub/Killed/(CN)/1
. 5/2. 3/Chub/MLD/(CN) /1 . .
1.0/. 3/Trout/100% killed/(CN)/1
10/1. 5/Carp/MLD/(CN)/l
.12/96/Sunfish/TLM/hard & soft/1
(80)
.25/2
25/48/Cockle/LC50/as KCN/2
5/48/Crab/LC50/as KCN/2
MAMMALIAN TOXICITY
Species mg/kg B. W. Administration Route Ref.
Rat 39 Oral - Approximate 77
Lethal Dose
50
-------
HYDROGEN CYANIDE
Hydrogen cyanide is employed as an insecticide and chemical inter-
mediate. The 281 million pounds produced in 1971 were shipped in
steel gas cylinders, boxed cars as an absorved gas on inerts, and
tank cars.
Hydrocyanic acid is highly flammable, it is freely soluble in
water as a gas, and miscible as a liquid. When spilled, the gas may
lack sufficient contact with water to cause high dissolved concentrations
unless leaking vessels are submerged. Spills of solutions, on the
other hand, will cause rapid dispersion of the contaminant through the
water column. Hydrogen cyanide is a very weak acid and remains
undissociated at ambient pH levels. At pH 7 or lower, less than one
percent is dissociated at pH 8, 6, 7 percent and at pH 9 only 42 per-
cent is dissociated (1). With heat, the undissociated acid can be
volatilized. Hydrocyanic adic may interfere with natural biological
action in receiving waters. As little as 4 ppm inhibits sewage
digestion. Chlorination degrades cyanide to less toxic cyanates. It
is generally recognized that undissociated HON is more toxic toward
aquatic life than the cyanide ion.
Hydrogen cyanide is toxic to most aquatic animal life. The 24 hour
TLm for rainbow trout has been reported as . 07 ppm (158) while the
96 hour value for bluegill is . 18 ppm (138). Most fish are affected
in the range . 06-. 42 ppm (1). Fish food organisms are killed in the
same concentration range. Saltwater species vary in 48 hour LC50
-------
values from . 25 ppm for prawn to 25 ppm for cockles (2). The
24 hour TLm for pin perch is . 069 ppm as cyanide (1). In general,
fresh and saltwater fish display toxic reactions above a threshold of
. 02 ppm (41).
Hydrogen cyanide is highly toxic via all routes of administration.
The oral LD50 value for mice is 4 mg/kg body weight (229). The
average lethal dose to humans is 50-60 mg with 161 mg being fatal
in 15 minutes (56). Acute toxic doses for various livestock range
from 40-100 mg for smaller species to 390-920 mg for cattle (1).
Water for human consumption should not contain more than .01 ppm
cyanide (49), while that for livestock should be restricted to . 02 ppm
cyanide (40). Hydrogen cyanide can be absorbed through skin at toxic
levels. Water for body contact should not exceed .02 ppm cyanides (40).
Cyanides have been associated with chromosome breaks in Vicia
-3
fab a (19). Concentrations greater than 5x10 M are lethal to soil
amoeba (6).
The lower taste threshold for hydrocyanic acid is reported to be
. 001 ppm (4).
HYDROGEN CYANIDE
PRODUCTION QUANTITY - 281 million pounds - 1971
SYNONYMS - Hydrocyanic Acid, Formonitrile, HCN
-------
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE - Steel cylinders, absorbed on
inerts in cans, and in tank cars
DOT (gas) Class A poison, poison gas label, not accepted in outside
containers
(sol) Class B poison, poison label, 25 pound in an outside con-
tainer, unstabilized not accepted
USCG (gas) Poison A, poison gas label
(sol) Poison B, poison gas label - unstabilized not accepted
o
M. P. - -14 C
o
B. P. - 26 C
Sp.G. - 0. 6884
-10
K = 4.93 x 10 , pK = 9.31
a a
SOLUBILITY - Freely soluble-liquid is miscible
TOXICOLOGIC AL
Fresh Water Toxicity
ppm
hrs
species
parm
cond
ref
.21
Fish
Lethal
90
. 16
72
Young Bass
TLm
227
.07
24
Rainbow Trout
TLra
158
. 16
72
Bluegill
TLm
pH 7.8-7.9
161
.155
72
Bluegill
60%
pH 7. 8-7. 9
161
Survival
.06
24
Sunfish
Lethal
pH 7.5-8.28
1
. 01-.
06
<24
Bluegill
Lethal
pH 7. 5-8. 28
1
.06
<24
Large-Mouth Bass
Lethal
pH 7. 5-8. 28
1
. 05-.
07
< 24
Parroxis Annularis
Lethal
pH 7. 5-8. 28
1
.18
96
Bluegill
TLm
Acclimated
16
.432
96
Physa Heterostraphe
TLm
138
. 18
96
Bluegill
TLm
138
.42
20
Guppy
TLm
228
.28
30
Guppy
TLm
228
.26
43
Guppy
TLm
228
-------
Salt Water Toxicity
ppm
hrs
species
parm
cond
ref
. 069
24
Pin Perch
TLm
as CN
1
. 25
48
Prawn
LC50
as KCN
2
>25
48
Cockle
LC50
as KCN
2
>5
48
Crab
LC50
as KCN
2
Mammalian
species
mg/kg B.W.
administration route
ref
Mice
4
229
-------
POTASSIUM CYANIDE
Potassium cyanide is used in mining, electroplating, steel manu-
facturing, fumigating, and orchard operations. World production was
estimated at 2,000 tons in 1963. Shipment is primarily in tightly
closed or sealed glass or metal containers, hermetically sealed metal
lined boxes, steel drums, and fiber containers. Limited bulk shipment
of solutions has also been reported.
Potassium cyanide is readily soluble in water, forming cyanide ions
which would be in equilibrium with HCN, a very weak acid (see HCN for
more information). At room temperature, an aqueous solution of KCN
is slowly converted to ammonia and potassium formate. The solution
is strongly basic. Cyanide can be oxidized to the less toxic cyanate
form with oxidizing agents and high alkalinity. Oxidation from residual
oxygen will be slow. Biochemical oxidation will be a more rapid
process once acclimation is achieved. The acclimating process, how-
ever, will be slow in a spill situation. As little as 15 ppm potassium
cyanide can inhibit the oxygen utilization of synthetic sewage 50 percent
in 5 days (1).
Potassium cyanide is extremely toxic to fish. Brook trout have
been affected by as little as . 009 ppm, and killed by . 09 ppm in 48
hours (1). Lethal concentrations for other fish under varying circum-
stances range as high as 5 ppm (1). Potassium cyanide is not quite
as severely toxic to other aquatic life forms. Median threshold levels
for fish food organisms in the range .04-0.16 ppm (1). The critical
-------
range for animal plankton is reported as 40-200 ppm (1). In general,
fresh and saltwaters should not contain more than . 02 ppm cyanide for
the propagation of fish (41). Toxicity is affected by temperature,
dissolved oxygen, and solution pH.
Saltwater species are also quite sensitive to potassium cyanide.
Zebrafish exhibit a 48 hour TLm of 0.49 while that for their eggs
is 117 ppm (139). Portman found LC50 values of .25, >25, and >75
for prawns, cockles, and crabs, respectively.
Potassium cyanide, because of the hydrolysis production of hydro-
gen cyanide, is highly toxic via all routes of administration. The
oral LD50 for dogs has been reported as 1.6 (8) and 5. 3 (56) mg/kg
body weight. The minimum lethal dose for rats is 10-15 mg/kg (56).
Drinking water should not contain more than .01 ppm cyanide (49).
Water for livestock should have less than . 02 ppm cyanide (40). Hydrogen
cyanide can be absorbed through the skin at toxic levels. Cyanide should
be limited to . 02 ppm or less in water for body contact uses (40).
Potassium has caused chromosome breaks in vicia faba (19).
POTASSIUM CYANIDE
USCG - Poison B, poison label
IATA - Poison B, poison label
o
M. P. - 64 C
o
Sp. G. - 1. 52 at 16 C
o
SOLUBILITY - 500, 000 mg/1 at 25 C
-------
TOXICOLOGIC AL
Fresh Water Toxicity
.014/ /Bivalve Larvae/Lethal/ /I
1. 08/96/Pulmonate Snail/Syndil H20/1
65/Daphnia/Killed/ 1
0.16 / 96/ Scenedesmos/ TLm/ 1
0. 8/48/Daphnia/TLm/ /I
0. 6/36/E. Coli/TLm/ /I
0. 04/48/Microregna/TLm/ /I
0.16/48/Bluegill/TLm/Temp Con. Aerated/139
0. 43/96/Bluegill/TLm/Con. Env. / 167
0. 7/72/Daphnia/TLm/Temp Con. /59
0.009/ /Brook Trout/Reduced ability to swim/ /1
0. 09/48/Brook Trout/TLm/ /I
0.1/ /Marine fish/Irrritating/ /I
0.1-0. 3/40/Goldfish/Leghal in hard water/ /I
0.12/96/Bluegill Sunfish/TLm, with Low DO/ /I
0.14/1/Trout/'Helpless at 5 deg C/ /I
0.175/73/Rainbow trout/Succumbed/ /1
0. 22/24/Blacknose Dace/TLm/ /I
0. 25-0. 35/6/Minnows/Lethal in hard water/ /I
0.25-1.0/ /Fish/Lethal in unaerated water/ /I
0. 27/2/Trout/Overturned/ /I
0.45-0. 57/96/Bluegill/TLm, Normaldo/ /I
0. 6-1. 0/6/Minnows/Lethal in distilled water/ /I
0. 7/24&48/Bluegill Sunfish/TLm/ /I
0. 78/43-118/Goldfish/Lethal/Dist/1
5. 0/1/Trout, Sunfish/Lethal in lake water/ /I
5. 0/9/Sea Lamprey/Lethal in lake water/ /I
15.0/ /Tadpoles/Lethal/ /I
1.6/24, 48, & 96/Mosquito fish/TLm/Turbid/ 1
Salt Water Toxicity
0. 49/48/Zebrafish adults/TLm/Tem Con Aerated/139
117/48/Zebrafish eggs/TLm/Temp Con Aerated/139
. 25/48/Prawn/LC50/Aerated/2
25/48/Cockle/LC50/Aerated/2
5/48/Crab/LC50/Aerated/2
-------
Mammalian Toxicity
species
mg/kg B. W.
administration route
ref
Dog
1.6
_
8
Rat
10
-
8
Rat
2. 5
Intravenous -MLD
8
Rat
10
Oral-LD50
96
Rat
17
Subcutaneous - LD
96
LO
Dog
5. 3
Oral
56
-------
SODIUM CYANIDE
Sodium cyanide is employed in mining, orchard operations, electro-
plating, and steel manufacture. The 153 million pounds produced in
1959 <199) were shipped in tightly closed or sealed bottles or metal
containers, wooden boxes with sealed inside metal containers or her-
metically sealed metal linings, steel drums, and filter containers.
Sodium cyanide is freely soluble in water forming cyanide ions which
would be in equilibrium with HCN, a very weak acid (see HCN for more
information). Cyanide can be oxidized to the less toxic cyanate form
with oxidizing agents and high alkalinity, but oxidation from residual
oxygen will be slow. Biochemical oxidation is a more rapid process
once acclimation is achieved. The acclimating process, however, is
slow in a spill situation. As little as 3. 6 ppm sodium cyanide can
inhibit the oxygen utilization of synthetic sewage 50 percent in five
days (1).
Sodium cyanide is extremely toxic to fish. Trout have been killed
by as little as . 05 ppm in 96 hours (109). Lethal concentrations for
other fish under varying circumstances range as high as 10 ppm (1).
A concentration of 5 ppm is sufficient to make sea lamprey ill (1).
Sodium cyanide is not quite as severely toxic to other aquatic life forms.
The median threshold level for Polycelis nigra is reported tc be 30
ppm (1). The critical range fro Daphnia magna is reported as less
than 3.4 ppm (1). In general, fresh and saltwaters should not contain
more than .02 ppm cyanide for the propagation of fish (41). Toxicity
is affected by temperature, dissolved oxygen, and solution pH.
-------
Saltwater species are also quite sensitive to sodium cyanide.
Portman found LC50 values of .25, >25, and >5 for prawns, cockles,
and crabs, respectively (2).
Sodium cyanide, because of the hydrolysis production of hydrogen
cyanide, is highly toxic via all routes of administration. The oral
median toxic dose for sheep has been reported as 4. 15 mg/kg body
weight (1). The fatal dose for man is reported to be about 0. 2 gm,
but since the fatal dose for HCN has been given as 50-60 mg, the former
may be high (1). Drinking water should not contain more than .01 ppm
cyanide (49). Water for livestock should have les than .02 ppm
cyanide (40). Hydrogen cyanide can be absorbed through the skin a*
toxic levels. Cyanide should be limited to .02 ppm or less in wate*
for body contact uses (40).
NAME - Sodium Cyanide
PRODUCTION QUANTITY - 153 million pounds 1959 (199)
SYNONYMS - Cyanogran
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE - Bottles, cans, hermetically sealed
containers, steel drums, fiber
containers
DOT - (liquid) Class B poison, poison label, 55 gal outside container
(solid) Class B poison, poison label, 200 lb outside container
o
M.P. - 563 C
o
B.P. - 1496 C
SOLUBILITY - Freely
TOXICOLOGIC AL
-------
Fresh Water Toxicity
ppm
hrs
species
. 23
96
Fathead Minnows
. 15
96
Bluegill
.25
24
Fathead Minnows
.24
48
Fathead Minnows
25 48 Cockle
75 48 Crab
LC50 as KCN
LC50 as KCN
LC50 as KCN
2
2
2
-------
Mammalian
species mg/kg B.W. administration route ref
Sheep 4. 15 Median Toxic Dose-Oral 1
Sheep 5.22 Oral-Lethal 1
-------
ZINC CYANIDE
USCG - Poison B, Poison Label
IATA - Poison B, Poison Label, 12 kg passenger, no limit cargo
M.P. - Decomposes at 800°C
Sp. G. - 1.852
SOLUBILITY - 5 ppm at 20°C
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc, - Dissociates to limited extent. Zinc
may precipitate as hydroxide. Cyanide will slowly oxidize to
less toxic cyanate form.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity - Toxicity will be that for cyanide ion.
Mammalian Toxicity
Species mg/kg B. W. Administration Route Ref.
Rat 100 Intraperitoneal-LDIjQW 96
-------
CYANOGEN CHLORIDE
Cyanogen chloride is used in warfare agents and insecticides.
It is shipped in pressurized cylinders
Cyanogen chloride has a limited solubility in water of 2500
ppm. As a gas, however, little is expected to enter the water
unless the low hanging plume is shifted over the surface of the
water or leaking cylinders are dropped into the water. The
dissolved portion will undergo a slow hydrolysis with the potential
release of hydrogen cyanide.
Fish are reported to die at concentrations as low as .08
ppm cyanogen chloride (1). If cyanide is released, the threshold
concentration for fresh and saltwater fish will be .02 ppm CN-(41).
Cyanogen chloride is highly toxic via all routes. The oral
LD,-n for rats is reported as approximately 39 mg/kg^85* while sub-
5 U
cutaneous administration leads to a value of 20 mg/kg (8). A
dose of 50-60 mg of the parent compound cyanogen can be fatal to
man.
-------
NAME Cyanogen Chloride
SYNONYMS Chlorine Cyanide
DOT Cyanogen Chloride Containing less than 0.9% H-O, Poison A,
Poison Gas Label, not accepted in outside container
USCG Poison A, poison gas label
M.P. -6.0 °C
B.P. 13.8 °C
Sp.G. 1.186 as liquid - normally a gas
SOLUBILITY 2500 at 25°C
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis/ etc.
Can slowly hydrolyze to release HCN
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
ppm hrs species parm cond ref
.08 Fish Killed 1
Mammalian
species mq/kg B. W. administration route ref
Rat 20 Subcutaneous 8
Rat Ca. 39 Oral 85
Mouse 39 Subcutaneous - Low 96
Lethal Dose
-------
CYCLOHEXANE
Cyclohexane is used as a solvent and building block for
producing adipic acid, benzene, resins, and paint remover.
The 1,730,000,000 lbs produced in 1971 (199) were shipped in
glass bottles, metal barrels and drums, tank cars, and tank
trucks.
Cyclohexane is a light insoluble liquid which will form
a colorless slick on the surface of water when spilled. Cyclo-
hexane is relatively stable, and is not likely to undergo any
major transformation after spillage. Intense sunlight will
lead to accelerated volatilization. The small amount which
dissolves is potentially biodegradable. So little is soluble,
however, that no oxygen deficiencies will occur.
Cyclohexane is slightly more toxic than benzene.
Threshold limit values of 30-48 ppm have been reported for
96 hrs exposure to various fishes (37). Wallen et al.
report a much higher figure, 15,000 ppm in water, for highly
turbid water.It would appear that some interaction
occurs when suspended solids are prevalent. Equilibrium
solubility is generally considered toxic to fish.
Cyclohexane is only moderately toxic to mammals. The
range of oral LD50 values is 2500-5000 mg/Kg body weight (15) .
-------
One observer reports a level as high as 29,820 mg/Kg for
rats CD. It is recommended that no more than 19.5 mg/Kg be
consumed by humans (63). The chronic threshold dose for rats
is .005 mg/Kg body weight or .1 mg/1 drinking water (15).
The presence of .1 percent benzene requires use of benzene
toxicological data. The slick formed poses a major hazard
to waterfowl and marine mammals.
-------
NAME Cyclohexane
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 1,730,000,000 lbs 1971 (199)
SYNONYMS Hexahydrobenzene, Hexamethylene, Hexanaphthene
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE Glass bottles, metal barrels
tank cars, tank trucks
M.P. 6.5 °C
B.P. 81.0 °C
Sp.G. 0.779
SOLUBILITY 45 mg/1 at 25°C
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
£E£
hrs
species
parm
cond
15,500
24 ,48&96
Mosquito Fish
TLm
Turbid
24 °C
30
96
Fathead Minnow
TLm
Const.
Temp.
31
96
Bluegill
TLm
Const.
Temp.
33
96
Goldfish
TLm
Const.
Temp.
48
96
Guppy
TLm
Const.
Temp.
Mammalian
species mg/kg B. W. administration route
Rat 29,820 Oral
Mammals 2500-5000 Oral
Young Rats 5600 Oral
-------
2,4-D ACID, ESTERS, SALTS, AND AMINES
The chemical 2,4-D and its derivatives are widely used
phenoxyacetic acid based herbidides employed to control
many forms of broadleaf plants. The 45 million lbs produced
in 1971 (327) were applied as granules, liquid, or an emulsion
concentrate on cereal grains, corn, lawns, pastures, and
aquatic weeds.
2,4-D acid is soluble to only 620 ppm. The amine is
readily soluble and the sodium salt is soluble to 35,000 ppm.
When spilled the acid will sink and dissolve slowly while
derivatives are more likely to disperse quickly. 2,4-D
degrades rapidly in water. A concentration of 1000 ppm was
noted to drop to 10 ppb 30 days after application. Some of
the removed herbicide was later found absorbed on bottom
sediments. In a second application to water, only 1-2 percent
of the original 689^967 ppb remained after 31 days. The most
rapid decline occurred four days after application. A level
of 10 ppm has been noted to persist in pond water for six
weeks (22). In soil, various researchers report .4 lb/acre
persisted for 4-18 weeks, .5-3 lb/acre persisted 1-4 weeks in
moist loam, and standard doses remained approximately one
month (22). 2,4-D may interfere with normal biological pro-
cesses in water. A concentration of 2 mg/1 can inhibit growth
in aerobic bacteria but does not affect anaerobic or facultative
organisms (1). Other work indicates no effect on ammonifying
bacteria in soil when applied at 0.25 percent and below. A
dosage of 50 ppm can inhibit nitrification completely (22).
-------
The toxicity of 2,4-D and its derivatives depends largely
upon the form in which they are applied. The 48 hr TLms for
the acid have been reported as 1.1 ppm and 0.9 ppm for rainbow
trout and bluegill respectively (354). Similar values for
Stonefly and Daphnia pulex are 1.8 ppm and 3.2 ppm (354),
Many salts and esters are as toxic to aquatic species. The
sodium salt; alkanolamine, ethanol, and ispropanol series;
ethylhexyl ester; and amine forms are generally less toxic.
In the main, 2,4-D poses a hazard when present above .1 ppm
where it is lethal to crustaceans (1). Fish living in waters
containing 2,4-D have become unpalatable due to phenolic
tastes in their flesh (1).
Aquatic life may concentrate 2,4-d. Eastern oysters
have accumulated the butoxy-ethanol ester from 0.1 ppm in
water to 18 ppm in themselves over a seven day period, when
placed in clean water, however, the oysters purged themselves
(22). Sunfish have concentrated 150 ppb in their flesh from
water with 1 ppb (22) . The concentration is readily revers-
ible once surrounding waters are free of the herbicide.
2,4-D is not considered especially toxic to man. The
lethal dose for a 90 kg man is 62 gms (1) . Drinking water
should be limited to 0.1 ppm (337). This, however, is based
on taste threshold levels rather than chronic toxicity. The
oral LD50 values for rats, mice, dogs, and mule deer have
been determined as 500, 375, 100 (1) and 600 mg/Kg body weight
(16 5) respectively. In chronic studies, ,20 mg/Kg/day was
-------
toxic to dogs (1). While tests for carcinogenesis have been
negative, root studies with plants show effects on nucleic
acid synthesis and c-mitosis (329). Tests with mice have
also shown teratogenic eye anomalies (329) .
2,4-D is employed because of its phytotoxic activity.
Grape plants appear particularly sensitive. As little as
11 mg/1 in irrigation water has injured flame tokay and con-
cord grapes (1). When contacted on young leaves, grapes may
suffer from as little as .0001 ug. Other broadleaf species
show varying sensitivity. Some plants appear to be stimulated
by small amounts of the herbicide (22).
-------
i>JAME 2,4-D Acid, Esters, and Amines
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 45 million lbs - 19 71 (327)
SYNONYMS 2,4 (Dichlorophenoxy) Acetic Acid Esters and Amines
M.P. 138 °C
B.P. 160 °C
SOLUBILITY Acid - 620 mg/1 at 25 °C
Sodium Salt - 35,000 ppm
Amines - Soluble
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
EE®
hrs
species
parm
Acid
8 lb/acre
Alligator
Partially
Weed
Toxic
2
72
Nitzschia
Toxic
Palea
3-4.4
24
Rainbow Trout
TLm
2.2-3.3
48
Rainbow Trout
TLm
43.6 lb/
Spatterdock
2% Control
acre
1.5-2.5
Bushy Pondweed
Control
8
48
Bluegill
TLm
>100
Daphnia Magna
IC50
1.1
48
Rainbow Trout
TLm
0.9
48
Bluegill
TLm
1.8
48
Pteronarcys
TLm
Californica
3.2
48
Daphnia Pulex
TLm
4.9
48
Simocephales
TLm
Serrulatus
5
24
Bluegill Eggs
Lethai
.015
96
(Naiads) Pter-
LC50
onarcys Cali-
fornica
1500
Minnows
Safe Con.
500
Catfish, Sun-
Safe Con.
fish
350
24
Bluegill,
TLm
Largemouth
Bass
3.0
24
3 mo. old
Toxic
Trout
cond
ref
Miss. River 348
33
Adjuvants 349
Adjuvants 349
350
Florida 351
Lakes
With Emul- 352
sifier
353
354
354
354
354
354
15.5 °C
355
184
1
1
57% / omatic 1
Acid; , 12,5%
2,4-D Acid,
8% Eraulsi-
f iers
-------
££m
2.2
>100
hrs
48
72
species
3 mo. old
Trout
parm
Toxic
Fathead Minnow No Toxic
Effect
cond
ref
57% Aromatic 1
Oils, 12.5%
2,4-D Acid,
8% Emulsi-
fiers
50°F,Huron 426
Salts and
Esters
350
24
Bass, Blue-
50% Kill
Esters
1
gill
375
48
Bluegills
TLm
Esters
329
175
24
Bluegills
TLm
Esters
329
100
Bream,Bass
Some Kill
1
3
24
Trout
Toxic
1
2.2
48
Trout
Toxic
1
260
Carp
Not Toxic
Sodium Salt
1
1
Fingerling
40% Kill
Butyl Ester
1
Bluegills
5
Fingerling
100% Kill
Butyl Ester
1
Bluegills
10
Fingerling
100% Kill
Isopropyl
1
Bluegills
Ester
40
Fingerling
100% Kill
Alkanol-
1
Bluegills
amine
112
Small Trout
Threshold
Sodium Salt
1
5
24
Bluegill
Lethal
Butyl Ester
1
5
24
Trout
Lethal
Butyl Ester
1
5
24
Sea Lamprey
Unaffected
Butyl Ester
1
. 1-. 4
Crustaceans
25% Kill
Isopropyl
1
Ester
.4-2
Insects
25% Kill
Isopropyl
1
Ester
2.4-3.3
Snails
25% Kill
Isopropyl
1
Ester
10
192
Bluegill
20% Kill
356
4.2 lb/
P. Cordota
85% Kill
Field
350
acre
4.2 lb/
Spatterdock
3% Kill
Field
350
acre
10
4
Green Sunfish
Lethai
357
10
Eggs
5
Smallmouth
Lethal
355
Bass Eggs
4
2
Bluegill Eggs
Lethal
355
10
8 Days
Bluegill
Survival
Ethyl
22
Hexyl Ester
10
4 Days
Green Sunfish
Lethal
Ethyl
22
10
Hexyl Ester
5 Days
Sma,llmouth
Lethal
Ethyl
22
'ass
Hexyl Ester
1.0
24
Lequin Fish
LC50
Butyl Ester
22
4.0
24
L uegill
LC50
Oleic-1,
22
Propylene
Diamine
-------
ppm hys species P3ffJ9
4.9 24 Bluegill LC50
10 24 Bluegill LC50
250 24 Rainbow Trout LC50
250 24 Rainbow Trout LC50
2 80 24 Lake Emerald LC50
Shiner
620 24 Lake Emerald LC50
Shiner
1160 24 Harlequin Fish LC50
0.8 48 Bluegill LC50
0.96 48 Rainbow Trout LC50
1.1 48 Rainbow Trout LC50
1.3 48 Bluegill LC50
1.5 48 Bluegill LC50
2.1 48 Bluegill LC50
3.7 48 Bluegill LC50
450-900 24 & 48 Bluegill LC50
166-542
24 & 48
Bluegill
LC50
1.5
24,48
Bluegill
LC50
8.8-66.3
24,48
Bluegill
LC50
2.1
24,48
Bluegill
LC50
1.4
24,48
Bluegill
LC50
1.4
24
Gammarus
LC50
Lacustris
2.1
24
Gammarus
LC50
Lacustris
6.8
24
Gammarus
LC50
8.5
24
Stonefly
LC50
56
24
Stonefly
LC50
>100
24
Gammarus
LC50
Lacustris
1800
48
Stonefly
LC50
CQnfl re/
Butyl Ester 22
Butyl Ester 22
Butyl Ester 22
Amine 22
Ethylhexyl 22
Ester
Ethylhexyl 22
Ester
Sodium Salt 22
Isopropyl 22
Ester
Propylene 22
Glycol Butyl
Ether Ester
Propylene 22
Glycol Butyl
Ether Ester
Butyl Ester 22
Mixed Butyl 22
and Isopropyl
Ester
Butoxy- 22
ethanol Ester
Butoxy- 22
ethanol Ester
Alkanol- 22
amine,
Ethanol, and
Isopropanol
Series
Dimethyl- 22
amine
Di-N,-V- 22
dimethyl-
cocamine
Isooctyl 22
Ester
Butoxy- 22
ethanol Ester
Ethyl Ester 22
Butoxy- 22
ethanol Ester
Propylene 22
Glycol Butyl
Ester
Isooctyl 22
Ester
Butyl Ester 22
Butyl Ester 22
Dimethyl- 22
amine
Butoxy- 22
ethanol Ester
-------
ppm
1800
3200
2.0
hrs
48
48
96
species
Gairtmarus
Lacustris
parm
LC50
cond
ref
Daphnia Pulex LC50
Striped Bass TLm
Propylene 22
Glycol Butyl
Ether Ester
Propylene 22
Glycol Butyl
Ether Ester
Butyl Ester 439
Salt Water Toxicity
PPm
Acid
5
2
hrs
48
Various Salts
1-5
4.5
1
2
8
96
96
4
4.8
48
species
Killifish
Brown shrimp
Oyster
Spot
P hy t op 1 ank to n
Brown Shrimp
Oyster
parm
50% Kill
10% Kill
39% Growth
Decrease
TLm
16-49% In-
hibition
10% Lethal
Ester
cond
Continuous
Flow
ref
347
23
23
23
23
23
411
Mammalian
species
Rat
Mice
Dog
Mule Deer
Rat
Chicken
(Avian)
Mice
Rat
Rat
Mice
Rat
Rat
mg/kg B.W.
500
375
100
600
100
380
250
320
520 mg/m^
512
569
610
administration route ref
Oral-Acid 1
Oral-Acid 1
Oral-Acid 1
Oral-Acid 165
Oral-Acid 96
Oral-Alkanolamine 96
Low Lethal Dose-Intraperi- 96
toneal-Amyl Ester
Oral-Butyl Ester 96
Inhal.-Crotyl Ester 96
Intraperitoneal-Low Lethal 96
Dose-Inosityl Hepaester
Oral-Isopropyl Ester 96
Oral-Sodium Salt 96
-------
Dalapon
Dalapon is a selective herbicide used to control many
perenial grasses. The estimated 1971 production was 5 million
lbs. The acid is not typically used directly, but formulated
in combination with 85 percent sodium salt or a mixture of
sodium and magnesium salts.
As a chlorinated carboxylic acid, Dalapon should be
moderately resistent to biochemical degradation. Limited data
indicates a similar response in soil. When applied at 5-4 0
lb/acre to moist loan-soil, Dalapon persisted 10-60 days under
summertime conditions in a temperate climate. Little or no
leaching occured. A concentration of 50 ppm in soil persisted
<2 to >8 weeks.22
Dalapon is only moderately toxic to aquatic life. The
96 hour LC50 value for bluegill has been reported as 105 ppm.330
For coho salmon and bass, the 48 hour LC5q is 340 and 100 ppm
respectively.1 Cattails can be eradicated with application
of 20 lb/acre,389 Pteronarcy Sp. nymphs have a 96 hour LC50
in excess of 1000 ppm.303 In saltwater, 1 ppm of Dalapon has
been found to kill 30 percent of the brown shrimp in 24 hours
and 40 percent in 4 8 hours. The same dose had no effect on
longnose killifish over a 48 hour period.330
Dalapon is relatively nontoxic to mammalian life. The oral
LD50 for rats is 4700 mg/kg body weight.889
-------
DALAPON
SYNONYMS - Dichloropropionic Acid, Dowpon, Basfapon, Unipon
PRODUCTION QUANTITY - 5,000,000 lbs - 1971
M.P. 20°C
B.P. 185°C
Sp. G. - 1.389
SOLUBILITY - 450,000 ppm
PERSISTENCE
Oxygen Demand - Moderately degradable.
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. - Volatile in acid form.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity
ppm
hrs
Species
Parm
Cond.
Ref
5000
Shiner
100% Kill
1
390
96
Shiner
LC50
Hard
1
395
96
Shiner
LC50
Soft
1
1000
48
Bass
^50
1
340
48
Coho
LC50
1
115
24
Bluegill
"50
330
115
48
Bluegill
LC50
330
105
96
Bluegill
LC50
330
>1000
96
Pteronarcy Sp. (Nymphs)
LC50
60°F
303
20 lb/acre
Cattails
Eradicated
Form
Ponds
389
Saltwater Toxicity
1
24
Brown Shrimp
LC30
330
1
48
Brown Shrimp
"=40
330
1
24
Longnose Killifish
No Effect
330
1
48
Longnose Killifish
No Effect
330
Mammalian Toxicity
Species
mg/kq
B. W. Administration
Route Ref.
Rat
4700
Oral
329
Mouse
7100
Oral
329
Rabbit
3860
Oral
340
-------
DDT
DDT has been one of the most publicized pesticides
ever produced. It is a polychlorinated aromatic that finds
use in many domestic, agricultural, and silvicultural
applications. The 45 million lbs produced in 1971 (327)
were shipped in fiber drums, bags, bottles, and tins
for application in the wettable powder, liquid, and
emulsion concentrate forms.
DDT is practically insoluble in water. When shipped
in a wettable form, however, spills will result in dispersion
through the water column. DDT is considered quite stable.
Hydrolysis and photodegradation occur to a very limited
extent. Iron salts, especially ferric chloride, will
catalyze decomposition. Some DDT in water will transfer
to the atmosphere. This is believed to result from
codistillation with water and is accelerated by a tendency
for DDT to concentrate near the surface. The significance
of this phenomenon has not been quantified (22). In soils,
DDT has been noted to undergo a 5 percent loss each year (1).
When applied to sandy loam, 100 ppm was present at 39 per-
cent after 17 years. Soil residues in a Maine forest
showed little decrease from the 1 lb/acre application rate
after 9 years. It has been suggested that residues may
persist for more than 30 years (22).
-------
DDT is highly toxic to all forms of aquatic life.
In fact, most aquatic life is. more susceptible to DDT
than terrestial forms (1). The 96 hr TL50 values for many
common fish varieties fall in the range .002-.016 ppm (360).
Invertebrates may be slightly less sensitive. The 48 hr
TL50 values for glass shrimp, damselfly, and scud are
reported as .0042, .0225, and .0036 ppm, respectively (331).
The mode of application is very critical in determining
resulting toxicity. In studies with trout, DDT in
acetone was not toxic at 30 mg/1, and DDT in fuel oil
was not toxic at 20 mg/1; while in xylene it was toxic at
3 mg/1, in emulsion it was toxic at 3 mg/1, and in kerosene
it was toxic at 0.3 mg/1 (1).
This explains the wide variety of data ranging from
the death of common suckers at .001 ppm to a toxic limit
of 0.1 ppm for goldfish (1). In salt water, DDT has
exhibited a TLm of .0028 ppm to killifish (397) and a
96 hr EC50 of .03 ppm to oysters (23) . Blue crabs have
been killed in 1972 hrs when exposed to .001 ppm (23).
Fish can accumulate DDT in their livers and intestines.
Oysters have been shown to concentrate DDT up to 70,000
times, while the average mollusk accumulation rate is a
factor of 1210-9000. Brook trout were found to concentrate
10 times as much DDT from food sources as from surrounding
water (400).
-------
DDT can be toxic to man at a dose of 851 mg/Kg
body weight with fatality in a 70 Kg man resulting from
30 gms (1). Ingestion of 1 gm causes tremors and
convulsions (1) . Drinking water should not contain more
than .042 ppm (337). In experimental animals, the oral
LD50 has been reported as 250 mg/Kg body weight for rats
and 150 mg/Kg for mice (1). With chronic feeding, dose
rates as low as .05 mg/Kg in rats have resulted in adverse
effects (15) . On the other hand, people exposed to 35
mg/day for 18 months showed no toxic systems (1). DDT can
produce tastes in water when present at 0.2 ppm (1).
DDT has been implicated as a low level contaminant
capable of disturbing reproduction in birds through softening
of eggs. Tests for carcinogenesis in mice, rats, and
fish have all produced tumors. Mutagenic tests in mice
were negative, but with plants, DDT produced C-mitosis
and chromosome breaks. Tests for teratogenesis have been
negative (329) .
DDT is not considered particularly phytotoxic. Some
plants, however, such as cucumbers, squash, tomatoes,
strawberries, and some peas may be retarded by 25 lbs/acre
(1). Residues of 110 ppm in soil were found to give
yields reduced by 66 percent in beans, 40 percent in carrots,
93 percent in tomatoes and 33 percent in peas. Turnips
-------
showed no effects (22) . Phytoplankton exposed to 1 ppm
for four hrs showed an activity reduction of 77.2 percent.
Significant morphological and physiological changes were
noted in phytoplankton after exposure to 0.3 ppb DDT for
3 days (22). Plants can also accumulate DDT.
DDT has been designated a toxic substance under Section
307 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments
of 1972. As such, continuous discharge standards are being
established for various sources. These levels relate to
continual exposure and therefore should not be compared
directly with critical concentrations established here.
Indeed, since spill events are probabilistic, median recep-
tors have been selected for use in determining critical
concentrations in setting harmful quantities and rates of
penalty as opposed to the most sensitive receptor.
-------
NAME DDT
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 45 million lbs - 1971
SYNONYMS l-l-l-Trichloro-2-2-bi(P-chloro-phenyl) Ethane;
Persisto-Spray; Chlorophenothane; Dicophane; Pentachlin;
Gesarol; Santobane
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE Fiber drums, bags, bottles, tins
M.P. 109 °C
B.P. 110 °C Decomposes
SOLUBILITY .01 ppm
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
PPm
hrs
species
parm
cond
ref
0 .047
24
Salmon
TLm
1
0.01
Dace
100% Kill
1
0.016
96
Bluegill
TLm
1
0.027
96
Goldfish
TLm
1
0.043
96
Guppies
TLm
1
0.032
96
Fathead
TLm
329
0.0155
96
Fathead
TLm
329
5.0
Carp Embryo
50-100%
329
Mortality
.009
96
Gammarus
TLm
Tech. in
358
Lacustris
Acetone
.016
96
Catfish
TL50
Predicted
360
.005
96
Bullhead
TL50
Predicted
360
.021
96
Goldfish
TL50
Predicted
360
.019
96
Minnow
TL50
Predicted
360
.010
96
Carp
TL50
Predicted
360
.005
96
Sunfish
TL50
Predicted
360
.008
96
Bluegill
TL50
Predicted
360
.002
96
Bass
TL50
Predicted
360
.007
96
Rainbow
TL50
Predicted
360
. 002
96
Brown
TL50
Predicted
360
.004
96
Coho
TL50
Predicted
360
.009
96
Perch
TL50
Predicted
360
.0096
24
Rainbow
TL50
331
.0072
96
Rainbow
TL50
331
.0246
24
Fathead
TL50
331
.0199
96
Fathead
TL50
331
-------
22m
hrs
species
.0258
24
Catfish
.0174
96
Catfish
.0147
24
Bluegill
.0095
96
Bluegill
.0039
24
Bass
.0018
96
Bass
.004
48
Daphnia Magna
.054
48
Seed Shrimp
.0078
24
Sowbug
.0047
48
Sowbug
.0069
24
Glass Shrimp
.0042
48
Glass Shrimp
.060
24
Damselfly
.0225
48
Damselfly
.0104
24
Scud
.0036
48
Scud
.180
96
Acroneuria,
Pacifica
.100
96
Pteronarcys
Californica
.010
96
Claassenia
Subulosa
.100
96
Arctopsyche
Grandis
.001
96
Daphnia Magna
.034
96
Fathead
.008
24
Rainbow
.007
24
Bluegill
.0014
50
Daphnia Magna
.01
72
Mosquito Fish
.0323
36
Brook Trout
.072
Salmon
.08
36
Salmon
.1
72
Goldfish
.32
36
Mosquito Fish
.5
24
Mosquito Fish
.0074
48
Fathead
>.04
48
Fathead
100
96
Tubifexilim-
nadrilus Sp
.021
48
Coho
.013
96
Coho
Salt Water Toxicity
.012 5 Shrimp
Larvae
.142 5 Shrimp Adult
parm cond ref
TL50 331
TL50 331
TL50 331
TL50 331
TL50 331
TL50 331
TL50 331
TL50 331
TL50 331
TL50 331
TL50 331
TL50 331
TL50 331
TL50 331
TL50 331
TL50 331
TLm 330
TLm 330
TLm 330
TLm 330
TLm 330
TLm 330
LC50 330
LC50 330
LC50 331
LC50 331
LC50 331
LC50 331
LC50 331
LC50 331
LC50 331
LC50 331
LC50 361
LC50 361
LD50 362
TLm 363
TLm 363
TLm 1
TLm 1
-------
ref
1
347
330
330
359
359
359
23
23
ref
1
1
329
hrs
species
parm
cond
96
Oyster
100% Kill
Larvae
48
Killifish
50% Kill
24
Sheepshead
Minnow
48
Sheepshead
EC50
Minnow
.005
168
Blue Crabs
17%
Salt Mash
Lethal
Stream
168
Marsh Fiddler
75%
Salt Marsh
Crab
Lethal
168
Red Jointed
36%
Salt Marsh
Fiddler Crab
Lethal
96
Oyster
EC50
192
Blue Crab
Lethal
mg/kg B. W. administration route
250 Oral
150 Oral
1300 Oral
-------
DIAZINON
Diazinon is a pyrimidinyl phosphorothioate insecticide
commonly used around households, and on lawns, vegetables,
and fruits. The 10 million lbs produced in 1971 (327)
were shipped as dusts, granules, wettable powders, emulsion
concentrates, solutions, and pressurized mixtures.
Diazinon is relatively insoluble in water. If spilled
in a wettable form, however, it may soon spread through
the water column. In field trials at Hanford, Washington
28 gallons of 48 percent diazinon in xylene were spilled
over a 20 x 20 foot area. Within 30 minutes, the greatest
single concentration level found was 25 ppm total phosphate,
51.4 ppm total organic carbon (401). When applied to soil,
diazinon persisted at detectable levels for periods of 9
days to 12 weeks (22) . Some of this variation may be due
to soil moisture. Diazinon hydrolyzes quite rapidly.
It is not likely to persist in water for more than a week
or two.
Diazinon is quite toxic to aquatic life. The 48 hr
EC5 0s for rainbow trout and bluegill have been reported as
0.17 ppm and 0.03 ppm, respectively (354). A concentration
of 4 ppm caused abnormal behavior in guppies after 4 hours,
-------
and death in 24-48 hours (1). Daphnia magna may be
immobilized by .0043 ppm over a 50 hour period (365).
Other invertebrates are similarly sensitive. While fish
may accumulate diazinon by a factor of 10 from water,
nearly 50 percent is lost in less than a week (22).
Diazinon can be toxic to man. Thie estimated fatal
dose for a 70 Kg man is 25 gms (1). Drinking water should
not contain more than 0.1 ppm (337). In laboratory rats,
oral LD50 values of 76-264 mg/Kg body weight have been
reported (1,22). Birds appear to be far more sensitive.
The LD50 for young mallard ducks is 3.5 mg/Kg body weight,
and that for young pheasants is 4.3 mg/Kg (22). Diazinon
at 0.5 mg/1 has produced chromosome aberrations in human
lymphocytes. Tests for teratogenesis yielded congenital
malformations in chicks (15).
-------
NAME Diazinon
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 10 million lbs - 1971 (327)
SYNONYMS 0,0-Diethyl 0-(2-Isopropyl-6-Methyl-4-Pyrimidinyl)
Phosphorothioate; G243480; Basudin Spectracide;
Dipofene; Diazitol;
B.P. 83°C
Sp.G. 1.116
SOLUBILITY 25 °C 40 ppm
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
EES
hrs
species
parm
cond
ref
4.0
48
Guppies
100% Kill
1
5.0
Carp Embryo
50-100%
1
Kill
0.38
24
Rainbow
LC50
399
0.054
24
Bluegill
LC50
330
0.17
48
Rainbow
LC50
330
0.09
96
Rainbow
LC50
330
0.052
24
Bluegill
LC50
330
0.030
48
Bluegill
LC50
330
0.022
96
Bluegill
LC50
330
0.0043
50
Daphnia Magna
Immobilized
365
.3/lbs
24
Mosquito Fish
100% Kill
Ponds
373
Acre
.025
96
Pteronarcys
TLm
60 °C
303
Sp. (Nymphs)
0.17
48
Rainbow
EC50
354
0.03
48
Bluegill
EC50
354
0.074
48
Pteronacys
EC50
354
Californicus
0.0009
48
Simocephalus
EC50
354
Serrulatus
0.025
96
Pteronacys Cal
LC50
15.5 °C
370
(Naiads)
0.001
Spot
100%
370
Anitenzyme
Activity
0.001
Longnose
74%
370
Killifish
Anitenzyem
Activity
0.4
0.1
Wild Larvae
13% Lethal
Flowing
382
Water
-------
Mammalian
mg/kg B. W. administration route ref
Rat 125 Oral 1
Rat 264 Oral 1
Man 357 Oral 1
-------
Dicamba
Dicamba or Banvel is a herbicide often used to control brush
near rights-of-way, and broadleaf weeds in corn, sorgham, grain,
pastures, turf, and non-cropland. Production in 1971 was estimated
to be 6 million lbs. The active ingredient is often applied as
the dimethylamine salt, as an oil soluble formulation, or in
granular form.
Dicamba is a halogenated anisic acid compound likely to
resist biochemical degradation. When applied to soil, it was
resported to persist for 2 months.22
Dicamba is only moderately toxic to aquatic life. The 48
hour TLm value for bluegill is reported as 40 ppm"12 while that
for rainbow trout was 35 ppm.20 Sanders1*12 found the 48 hour TLm
values for six freshwater crustaceans exceeded 100 ppm.
The oral LC^q value for rats is reported as 2900 mg/kg
body weight.2 2
-------
DICAMBA
SYNONYMS - Banvel, 3,6-Dichloro-o-anisic acid, Banex, Mediben
PRODUCTION QUANTITY - 6,000,000 lbs, 1971
M.P. 1114-116°C
SOLUBILITY - 4500 ppm @ 25°C
PERSISTENCE
Oxygen Demand - Moderately persistent
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity
ppm
hrs
Species
Parm
Cond.
Ref.
151
24
Juvenile Coho Salmon
LC50
22
35
48
Rainbow Trout
Est-LC5Q
22
130
48
Bluegill
Est-LCgo
22
10
24
Gammarus Lacustris
LC50
22
00
•
in
48
Gammarus Lacustris
^50
22
120
48
Coho Salmon
TLm
388
320
Rainbow Trout
No Effect
388
35
48
Rainbow Trout
LC50
20
130
48
Bluegill
^50
20
>100
48
Gammarus Lacustris
TLm
412
>100
48
Paleomontes Kadiakensis
TLm
412
>100
48
Asellus Brevicaudus
TLm
412
>100
48
Orconectes Nals
TLm
412
>100
48
Daphnia Magna
TLm
412
>100
48
Cypridopsis Vidua
TLm
412
40
48
Bluegill
TLm
412
Mammalian Toxicity
Species mg/kg B. W. Administration Route Ref.
Rat 2900 Oral 22
Rat 1040 Oral 96
-------
Dichlobenil
Dichlobenil or Casoron is a halogenated organic herbicide
employed for weed control in cranberry bogs, nurseries, fruit
orchards, alfalfa, and ladino seed fields. It can also be used
for aquatic weeds in non-flowing waters. Typical formulations
are granular or wettable powders.
Dichlobenil is considered relatively persistent in the
open environment. When applied at 4 lb/acre in soil, it
persisted for 10 months in one study and was found at 0.12 ppm
in cranberry bogs after 2 years in another study. The nitrile
does not appear to leach downward into the soil column. Persistence
is greater for granular applications than for those as a
wettable powder.2 2
Dichlobenil is moderately toxic to aquatic life. The 96
hour LC,-q for bluegill is reported to be 14.7 ppm.1,13 In tests
with wettable powders and granular herbicide, the 24 hour LC^q
for bluegill was 17 ppm and 20 ppm.22 Fish food organisms are
slightly more sensitive: the 48 hour for Daphnia pulex is
3.7 ppm while immobilization of Daphnia magna occurs at 9.8 ppm.
Sanders'*12 found 48 hour TLm values for six freshwater Crustacea in
the 7.8-34 ppm range. Bluegill have been found to concentrate
Dichlobenil in their tissues above sublethal ambient levels.
Dichlobenil is not particularly toxic to mammals. The oral
LDj-q for rats is 3160 mg/kg body wieght.22 Similarly, young
mallard ducks and pheasants are reported to display a median lethal
dose level of >2000 and 1189 mg/kg body weight respectively.22
-------
DICHLOBENIL
SYNONYMS - Casoron 133, 2,6-Dichlorobenzonitrile, 2,6-DBN,
Du-Sprex, Nia 5996
M.P. 144-145°C
SOLUBILITY - 18 ppm @ 20°C
PERSISTENCE
Oxygen Demand - Appears quite persistent. Esters have been
found to bioconcentrate in sunfish.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity
ppm hrs
17
24
22
24
23
24
37
24
120
24
>20
48
20
48
20
48
25
192
10
192
16
24
42
24
42
24
1.5
48
3.7
48
4.4
48
00
•
in
48
3.7
48
9.8
14.7
96
12.5
96
00
•
o
48
Species
Parm
Bluegill
24 Bluegill
24 Rainbow Trout
Bluegill
Harlequin Fish
Redear
Rainbow Trout
Bluegill
Green Sunfish, Lake
Sucker, Smallmouth Bass
Bluegill Fry
Gammarus Lacustris
Pteronarcys Sp.
P. Californica
Gammarus Lacustris
Daphnia Pulex
P. Californica
Simocephalus Serrulatus
Daphnia Pulex
Daphnia Magna
Bluegill
Smallmouth Bass
Gammarus Lacustris
Cond,
LC
LC
50
50
LC
50
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC,
50
50
50
50
'50
Survived
Survived
LC,
Wettable
Powder
Wettable
Powder
Wettable
Powder
Granular
Granular
Granular
Granular
Granular
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC,
'50
50
50
50
50
'50
Immobilization
Immobilization
Immobilization
LC50
LC50
TLm
Ref,
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
413
413
412
-------
ppm
hrs
Species
Parm
Cond.
Ref
10.0
96
Gammarus Lacustris
TLm
412
9.0
48
Paleomontes Kadiakensis
TLm
412
34.0
48
Asellus Breircaudus
TLm
412
22.0
48
Orconectes Nals
TLm
412
10.0
48
Daphnia Magna
TLm
412
7.8
48
Cypridopsis Vidus
TLm
412
20.0
48
Bluegill
TLm
412
Mammalian Toxicity
Species mg/kg B. W. Administration Route Ref.
Rat 3160 Oral 22
Avian Toxocity
Species
mg/kg B.
W.
Administration
Route
Ref
Young Mallards
>2000
Oral
22
Pheasants
1189
Oral
22
Pheasants
1000-2500
ppm
LC50~
•five
days
feed
22
Coturnix
>5000 ppm
^50"
five
days
feed
22
-------
Dichlone
Dichlone or Phygon is a chlorinated naphthoquinone utilized
as a fungicide. It is typically applied as a wettable powder or
dust for seed treatment and foliage protection.
Dichlone does not retain its toxicity for long after release.
It is also susceptable to hydrolysis under alkaline conditions.
Consequently, when spilled, it is likely to sink and decompose near
the bottom.
There may still be significant risk of damage to aquatic life,
however, since dichlone is quite toxic. The 48 hour TLm for blue-
gill is reported as 0.12 ppm.1*12 The 96 hour TLm values for trout
and catfish are 0.074 and 0.14 ppm respectively.1 Fish food
organisms such as Daphnia magna are immobilized at 0.014 ppm.353
Dichlone may be irritating to the skin and mucous membranes
of sensitive people. It can also depress the central nervous
system. The oral LD5q to rats is reported to be 1500 mg/kg rabody
weight.8 For young mallards, the oral LD50 is >2000 mg/kg body
weight.2 2
-------
DICHLONE
SYNONYMS - Phygon, Phygon XL; 2,3-Dichloro-l,4-naphthoquinone
M.P. 193°C
B.P. 275°C sublimes
SOLUBILITY - .1 ppm @ 25°C
PERSISTENCE
Oxygen Demand - Loses toxicity rapidly
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. - Hydrolyzes in alkali
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity
ppm
hrs
Species
Parm
Cond.
Ref.
0.1
0.5
Coho Salmon
No Kill
1
0.5
0.25
Coho Salmon
60% Kill
1
0.5
0.25
Coho Salmon
100% Kill
1
0.07
48
Largemouth Bass
TLm
1
0.074
96
Trout
TLm
1
0.14
96
Catfish
TLm
1
0.04
24
Bluegill
^50
331
0.014
Daphnia Magna
IC50
353
0.5
Algae
Control
Ponds
308
0.075
24-48
Rainbow
TLm
Well Water
374
0.11-
24-96
R. Balteatirs Hydroflax
TLm
Soft
374
0.13
0.165
96
Gammarus Lacustris
TLm
In Acetone
358
0.043
48
Salmon
^50
20
0.09
48
Rainbow Trout
TLm
409
0.24
48
Gammarus Lacustris
TLm
412
0.10
96
Gammarus Lacustris
TLm
412
0.45
48
Paleomontes Kadiakensis
TLm
412
0.20
48
Asellers Brevicaullus
TLm
412
3. 2
48
Orconectes Nals
TLm
412
0.025
48
Daphnia Magna
TLm
412
0.23
48
Cypidopis Vidus
TLm
412
0.12
48
Bluegill
TLm
412
0.04
96
Bluegill
LC50
354
-------
Mammalian Toxicity
Species mg/kg B. W. Administration Route Ref.
Rat 1500 Oral 8
Rat 1300 Oral 22
Avian Toxicity
Species mg/kg B. W. Administration Route Ref.
Young Mallards >2000 Oral 22
-------
Dichlorvos
Dichlorvos or DDVP is an organophosphate insecticide. The
less then 1 million pounds produced in 1971 were used to control
agricultural and household pests. It is typically formulated as
an emulsion concentrate, oil-base concentrate, ready-to-use
spray, aerosal, and space spray. Dichlovos is also used in flea
collars, baits, and resin strips.
Dichlorvos is only slightly soluble in water. After
application, it has been found to persist in water for 62 days
at 20°C.22 If spilled, the heavy liquid is likely to sink to the
bottom and become associated with sedimentary matter.
Dichlorvos is quite toxic to aquatic life. The 48 hour LC5Q
for Bluegill is reported as 0.7 ppm.22 Fish food organisms are
even more sensitive. The 48 hour for Daphnia pulex, Gammarus
lacustris, and P. californica are 0.00007, 0.001, and 0.010 ppm
respectively.22 Immobilization for the Daphnia pulex occurs at
0.000066 ppm.22 In saltwater, the 24 hour LC5Q for sand shrimp,
hermit crabs, and grass shrimp are 0.018, 0.140, and 0.390 ppm
respectively.22
Like most organophosphate pesticides, Dichlorvos is a contact
and stomach poison active through cholinesterase inhibition.8 The
oral LDgg for rats is .56-80 mg/kg body weight22 while the dermal
value is 107 mg/kg body weight. **1 ** Young mallards and pheasants
have an oral LD5Q of 7.8 and 11.3 mg/kg body weight respectively.22
Sanders1*12 found the 48 hour TLm to six freshwater crustacea to
be in the range .025-3.2 ppm. In chronic studies, coho salmon have
been found to be safe in concentrations up to 0.042 ppm over a
23 day period.1
-------
DICHLORVOS
SYNONYMS - DDVP, DDVF, Dichlorphos, 2,2-Dichlorovinyl 0,0-dimethyl
Phosphate, Dedevap, Divipan, Herkol, Mafu, Marves, Nogas,
No-Pest, Nuvan, 0K0, Phosvit, Vapova
PRODUCTION QUANTITY - <1,000,000 lbs - 1971
IATA - Class B poison, poison label
B.P. 140°C @ 20 nun
Sp. G. - 1.44
SOLUBILITY - 10,000 ppm
PERSISTENCE
Oxygen Demand - Persists 62 days in water at 20°C (22)
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity
ppm
hrs
Species
Parm Cond.
Ref.
1
24
Bluegill
LC50
22
0.7
48
Bluegill
10 50
22
10
24
Harlequin Fish
LC50
22
6.5
48
Harlequin Fish
LC50
409
0.002
24
Gammarus Lacustris
LC50
22
0.023
24
Pteronarcys Sp.
LC50
22
0.025
24
P. Californica
LC50
22
0.00007
48
Daphnia Pulex
LC50
22
0.001
48
Gammarus Lacustris
LC50
22
0.010
48
P. Californica
^50
22
.00026
48
Simocephalus Serrulatus
Immobilization
22
.000066
48
Daphnia Pulex
Immobilization
22
Saltwater Toxicity
ppm
hrs
Species Parm
Cond. Ref.
0.018
24
Sand Shrimp L<""50
22
0.150
24
Hermit Crab LC50
22
0.390
24
Grass Shrimp ^50
22
-------
Mammalian Toxicity
Species
Rat
Mice 4
Rat 107
Avian Toxicity
Species
Young Mallards
Young Pheasants
Mallards
rog/kg B. W.
56-80
Administration Route Ref,
Oral 22
Oral 22
Dermal 414
mg/kg B. W.
7.8
11.3
>5000 ppm
Administration Route Ref.
Oral
Oral
LCgQ-5 days
22
22
22
-------
Dieldrin
Dieldrin is one of the polyhalogenated organic pesticides.
The 670,000 lbs produced in 1970 were used for a residual poison
against soil insects, cotton pests, household and public health
insects. It is typically formulated as a wettable powder,
emulsifiable concentrate, dust, granule, fertilizer mixture,
seed dressing, or solution.
Dieldrin, soluble to .186 ppm in water, is a heavy solid likely
to sink when spilled. It can be affected by strong mineral acids,
but is quite persistent under normal conditions. Studies328 have
shown 100 percent remaining in river water after 8 weeks. An
application of 1 lb/acre in soil continued to kill aquatic beetles
for a period of 10 months.1 Other studies in soil showed 100 ppm
persists more than 6 years, and 25 ppm up to 8 years. One
application of 100 ppm in sandy loam soil was analyzed at 31 percent
after 15 years.22 Some inert diluents are believed to catalyze
decomposition.
Dieldrin, a decomposition product of endrin, is highly toxic
to aquatic life. The 96 hour TLm to bluegill has been reported as
0.01 ppm,1 0.0079 ppm,330 and 0.008 ppm.331 Toxicity to the
bluegill increases with temperature in the range 45-85°F.330
Other 9 6 hour data include 0.5 ppm for catfish,329 0.19
ppm for guppy,329 0.016 ppm for fathead minnow, and 0.013 ppm
for rainbow trout.330 Fish food organisms are also quite sensitive
to Dieldrin. A concentration of 0.7 killed half of a population
of Gammarus lacustris in 96 hours.358 Similarly, the 96 hour
TLm for mayflies is 0.0005 ppm. 18,1 Trout can concentrate Dieldrin
3300 fold from water with 0.0023 ppm and algae 150 fold in 7 days
-------
when exposed to 1 ppm.22
In saltwater, a concentration of 0.05 ppm Dieldrin killed
an entire sample of mullet in 5 hours. The 4 8 hour TLm for
brown and white shrimp is 0.025-0.05 ppm.330 Oysters in flowing
seawater have concentrated 0.001 ppm 1000 fold in 10 days.22
Dieldrin is a contact and stomach poison which can readily be
absorbed through the skin. The toxic action is not quick, but
Dieldrin's persistency makes it a chronic residual hazard. The
oral LD50 for rats is reported as 60-81 mg/kg body weight.1 Birds
can also be affected. The LC5Q for bobwhite quail chicks and
mallard ducklings is 39 and 200 ppm respectively over a 5 day feeding
period.22 Dieldrin can also affect egg fertility and the thickness
of egg shells when ingested by parent birds.22 Laboratory studies
show Dieldrin yields a positive carcinogenic response.15 It can
also produce C-mitosis in plant sprouts15 and is known to affect
DNA causing point mutations and chromosome observations.19
Dieldrin has been designated a toxic substance under Section 307
of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972. As
such, continuous discharge standards are being established for
various sources. These levels relate to continual exposure and
therefore should not be compared directly with critical concentra-
tions established here. Indeed, since spill events are probabilistic,
median receptors have been selected for use in determining critical
concentrations in setting harmful quantities and rates of penalty
as opposed to the most sensitive receptor.
-------
DIELDRIN
SYNONYMS - Compound 497, Octalox, Alvit, Quintox, Dieldrite,
1,2,3,4,10,10-Hexachloro-6,7-exposy-l,4,4a,5,6,7,8,
8a-Octahydro-Endo-Exo-l,4:5,8-Dimethylnonaphthalene
PRODUCTION QUANTITY - 670,000 lbs - 1970
IATA - Other restricted articles, Class A, no label required
M.P. 176 °C
Sp. G. - 1.75
SOLUBILITY - .186 ppm
PERSISTENCE
Oxygen Demand - Highly resistent to biochemical oxidation.
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. - Affected by strong mineral acids.8
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity
_PPm
.006
.006
.01
.025
.02
0.5
.019
5.0
.016
.0079
.037
.022
.006
.014
.019
.015
.013
.0055
.0034
hrs
Species
Parm
Cond.
Ref
96 Bass
TLm
TLm
TLm
96 Goldfish
96 Bluegill
96 Goldfish
4 8 Trout
60% Kill
100% Kill
96 Catfish
9 6 Guppy
TLm
TLm
329
329
311
330
330
330
330
330
330
330
330
330
330
330
Carp Embryo
96 Fathead Minnow
TLm
TLm
TLm
TLm
50-100% Mortality
96 Bluegill
96 Goldfish
96 Guppies
24 Rainbow
24 Bluegill
24 Rainbow
4 8 Rainbow
96 Rainbow
24 Bluegill
48 Bluegill
-------
ppm
hrs
Species
Parm
Cond.
Ref
.0028
96
Bluegill
LC50
330
.054
24
Bluegill
LC50
Temp. 4 5 °F
330
.034
48
Bluegill
LC50
Temp. 4 5 °F
330
.016
96
Bluegill
LC50
Temp. 45°F
330
.040
24
Bluegill
LC50
Temp. 55°F
330
.026
48
Bluegill
LC50
Temp. 55°F
330
.018
96
Bluegill
LC50
Temp. 55°F
330
.024
24
Bluegill
-50
Temp. 65°F
330
.018
48
Bluegill
LC50
Temp. 65°F
330
.0145
96
Bluegill
LC50
Temp. 65°F
330
.014
24
Bluegill
LC50
Temp. 75°F
330
.011
48
Bluegill
LC50
Temp. 75°F
330
.093
96
Bluegill
LC50
Temp. 75°F
330
.010
24
Bluegill
LC50
Temp. 85°F
330
.0084
48
Bluegill
LC50
Temp. 85°F
330
.0071
96
Bluegill
LC50
Temp. 94°F
330
.008
96
Bluegill
LC50
331
.05
24
Rainbow
^50
331
.25
Goldfish
LC50
331
.330
50
Daphnia Magna
LC50
331
2.5
Lymnaeid Snails
100% Lethal
Ditch Water
106
.04 lb/
acre
Blackfly Larvae
Lethal
Streams
415
2.5
25
Channel Catfish
Lethal
Tap Water
223
.33
50
Daphnia Magna
Immobilized
365
.0108
96
Co ho
*
TLm
In Acetone
342
.0061
96
Chinook
TLm
In Acetone
342
.0099
96
Rainbow
TLm
In Acetone
342
.0153
96
Threespine Stickle-
back
TLm
In Acetone
342
.5
1
Gammarus Lacustris
50% Lethal
343
.5
24
Catespeiana Tad-
poles
100% Lethal
Ponds
344
.0067
96
Pumpkinseed
TLm
416
.039
96
Pteronarcys Cali-
fornica (Naiad)
TLm
In Acetone
367
.024
96
Acroneuria Pacifica
TLm
In Acetone
367
-------
hrs
Species
Parm
Cond. Ref.
9 6 Gammarus Lacustris TLm
36 Paleomontes Kadia- TLm
kensis
72 Black Bullhead
72 Mosquito Fish
96 Ephemerella Grandis
96 Poecillia Reticulata
48 Simocephalus Serr-
ulatus
64 Daphnia Magna
64 Daphnia Cavinata
64 Simocephalus Serr-
ulatus
64 Daphnia Pulex
96 Tubifex Limnodrilus
Spp
120 Algae Diatoms
96 P. Californica
(Naiads)
96 Pteronarcella Badia
(Naiads)
96 Claasenia Subulosa
(Naiads)
TLm
TLm
TLm
TLm
EC50
Immobilized
Immobilized
Immobilized
Immobilized
LD50
TLm
TLm
TLm
TLm
Saltwater Toxocity
5 Mullet
5 Shrimp Larvae
168 Sailfin Modly
4 8 Brown Shrimp
4 8 White Shrimp
24 Brine Shrimp
96 Grass Shrimp
100% Kill
TLm
100% Kill
TLm
TLm
Lethal
LC50
In Acetone 358
Nonagricult- 368
ural ant agr-
icultural
areas respect-
ively
Miss. R. 368
Miss. R. 368
Soft Water 333
Soft Water 417
354
Temp. 78°F 335
Temp. 78°F 335
Temp. 78°F 335
Temp. 78°F 335
362
418
184
184
184
1
1
419
330
330
Rock It 383
435
-------
Mammalian Toxicity
Species
mg/kg B. W.
Administration Route
Ref
Rat
81
Oral
1
og
68
Oral
34 0
Rat
60
Oral
1
Rat
46
Oral
96
!
j
-------
DIETHYLAMINE
Diethylamine is used to produce resins, dyes, flotation
agents, detergents, and pharmaceuticals as well as for
vulcanizing rubber. The 9,900/000 lbs produced in 1969 (199)
were shipped in glass bottles, 1-5 gal cans, 55 gal steel drums,
and tank cars.
Diethylamine is typically shipped as an aqueous solution
and is soluble in water in all proportions. It has a strong
alkaline reaction in water which is believed to result from
dissociation of the amine group to form an ammonium ion.
Under strong alkaline conditions, ammonia gas may be re-
leased. No data exists on the biodegradability of diethyl-
amine but it is likely to occur at a moderate rate much as
the butylamines. No oxygen deficiencies are expected to
occur in a spill situation.
Investigations into the toxicity of diethylamine to
fish indicate it to be a greater hazard than diethanolamine.
The critical range for creek chub is reported as 30-100 ppm
in a 24 hour period (1). Fish food organisms are susceptible
to concentrations of 4-100 ppm (1). The pH and buffer
capacity of receiving waters are likely to be critical
parameters in determining resulting toxicity.
Diethylamine is a severe irritant which can be highly
toxic when ingested. Acute toxicity in mammals falls in
the LD50 range of 500-599 mg/Kg (15). Rabbits fed 6 mg/Kg/day
-------
for 7 months showed a disturbance in the carbohydrate function
of the liver. Rats fed 64.8 mg/Kg/day for 2.5 months showed
a decrease in weight gain and an increase in ascorbic acid
content of liver. The threshold odor concentration for
diethylamine is 4.2 mg/1 (1).
-------
NAME Diethylamine
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 9,900,000 lbs 1969 (199)
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE glass bottles, 1-5 gal cans, 55 gal
steel drums, tank cars
M.P. -38.9 °C
B.P. 55 . 5°C
Sp.G. 0.71
SOLUBILITY Soluble - 815,000 ppm
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
2£m
hrs
species
parm
cond
ref
85
24
Chub
TLm
Aerated,
15-21°C
1
4
96
Scenedesmus
Toxic
1
100
48
Daphnia
Toxic
23°C
1
70
48
Microregma
Toxic
1
100
24
Chub
Died
Aerated,
15-21°C
1
Mammalian
species
mg/kg
B. W.
administration
route
ref
Rat
540
Oral
15
Mouse
648.6
Oral
15
-------
DIMETHYLAMINE
Dimethylamine is used in tanning leather, vulcanizing
rubber, and manufacturing soaps and detergents. The 7 8.3
million lbs produced in 1970 (198) were shipped both as a gas
and in solutions. In the former case steel cylinders, tank
cars, and tank trucks were employed; while steel drums, tank
cars, tank trucks, and tank barges were required for the
latter.
Dimethylamine is highly soluble in water, yielding a
strongly alkaline solution. If spilled as a solution,
contact with water will lead to rapid spreading of the
plume. If spilled as a gas, only minimal amounts are likely
to be dissolved in the water. The alkalinity is believed to
be a direct result of dissociation of the amine group to
form an ammonium ion. Strong alkaline conditions could
lead to release of ammonia gas. Evaluations of biochemical
oxygen demand indicate no oxygen utilization in five days (64).
Degradation has been noted however with a resultant release
of ammonia (64).
Dimethylamine displays toxicity to creek chub at
the 50 ppm level (1). Rainbow trout died after 30 minutes
in a solution of 205 ppm (1). Warmblooded organisms display
no effects to water with 0.14 ppm (99). In saltwater,
Portmann reports an LC50 of greater than 100 ppm for shrimp(2).
-------
Because of the alkaline reaction, solution pH and buffer
capacity of receiving waters are likely to be critical
parameters in determining resulting toxicity.
Dimethylamine can be toxic when inhaled or ingested.
Acute oral toxicity as denoted by LD50 is reported to fall
in the range 200-299 mg/Kg for mammals (15). The threshold
for chronic exposure to rats is .007 mg/Kg body weight or
.14 mg/1 drinking water (15).
Other aquatic concentrations of interest include an
odor threshold range of .01-42.5 ppm (30). Dimethylamine
can be detected by taste at 0.6 ppm (4).
-------
NAME Dimethylamine
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 78.3 million lbs 1970 (198)
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE gas: steel cylinders, tank cars, tank
trucks
solutions: steel drums, tank cars,
tank trucks, tank barges
DOT Anhydrous: Flammable gas, Red Gas Label, 300 lbs outside container
Aq. Solution: Flammable liquid, Red Label, 10 gal
outside container
USCG Inflammable gas or liquid red label
M.P. -96. °C
B.P. 7.4 °C
Sp.G. 0.680
SOLUBILITY Very soluble
PERSISTENCE
Oxygen Demand
BOD,. - 0- (64)
COD - 0- (64)
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
££m
hrs
species
parm
cond
ref
50
24
Chub
Died
Aerated
1
15-21°C
85
48
Chub
TLm
15
0.14
Warm Blood
No Effect
99
Organisms
205
.5
Rainbow Trout
Survival
pH 10.3,
1
Time
13 °C
Salt Water Toxicity
>100
48
Shrimp
LC50
Aerated
2
Mammalian
species
mg/kg
B. W.
adminis tration
route
ref
Rat
540
Oral
15
Mouse
648.6
Oral
15
-------
dinitrobenzene
Dinitrobenzene is typically shipped in steel barrells, wooden
boxes containing four 25 cans, and fiber drums with up to 100#
capacity. Dinitrobenzene may also be shipped in solution.
Dinitrobenzene has a very limited solubility. When spilled, the
crystals will sink and dissolve very slowly. No biochemical oxygen
demand data are given for dinitrobenzene. However, nitrobenzene is
resistant to microbial attack and the dinitro compound is expected
to act similarly.
Fish respond to dinitrobenzene at very low levels. The 6 hour
MLD for minnows is reported as 8-10 ppm (1). Use of distilled
water raised that value to 10-12 ppm suggesting that water hardness
effects toxicity (1). Other sources report a lethal level to fish of
2 ppm (1). A concentration of 100 ppm killed less than 100 percent
of lymnaied snails tested (106). Undissolved solids on the bottom
threaten spawning grounds and benthic life forms.
Dinitrobenzene is considered highly toxic by all routes. It can be
absorbed through the skin. The reported LD50 value for oral admin
istration to cats is 29.4 mg/kg body weight using the para-iSOmer (8)
DINITROBENZENE
USCG - Poison Label
IATA - Poison Label
-------
o
M. P. - meta - 89. 9 C
o
ortho -117.9 C
o
para - 172-173 C
o
B.P. - meta - 302. 8 C
o
ortho - 319 C
o
para - 299 C
Sp. G. - meta - 1.546
ortho - 1.565
para -1.6
TOXICOLOGICAL
FRESHWATER TOXICITY
100/ /Lymnaid snails/ 100% killed/ /106
o
10-12/6/Minnows/MLD/Distilled, 23 C/l
o
8-10/6/Minnows/MLD/Hard, 23 C/l
2/ /Fish/Lethal level/ /I
MAMMALIAN TOXICITY
Species mg/kg B.W. Administration Route Ref»
Cat 29 LD50 8
-------
DINITROPHENOL
Dinitrophenol is used as a wood preservative, dye base,
indicator, and analytical agent. Approximately 1,037,000 lbs
were produced in 1564 (199).
Dinitrophenol is sparingly soluble in water. The crys—
tals will sink if spilled into water and dissolve slowly.
The sodium salt may soon form and accelerate dissolution.
The dissolved portion is subject to limited biodegradation.
Phenol acclimated seed can utilize 7.7 percent of the theoret-
ical oxygen demand in .94 days (5) . This win be retarded at
most spill concentrations however, since 100 ppm can cause a
50 percent inhibition of oxygen utilization. Ho oxygen
deficiencies will develop in » spU1 aituatioru
Dinitrophenol can *e lethal to fish at 30 ppm (1). Pish
food organisms die in the conc«nt«n. . ,
oncentration range 6-100 ppm (1»1°6'*
Water hardness appears to
pp rs to ae antagonistic to the toxicity of
dinitrophenol. Minnows exposed tn k ,a
*a to 35-38 ppm in hard water
overturn within 6 hrs, while in diatm^
Qiatilied water a similar
reaction occurs at 0.5-1.o tn™ in
^ U) . m general, phenols have
a threshold concentration to fi,h ,
1 ppm in freshwater and
5 ppm in saltwater (41).
Dinitrophenol, like most pheno, 4 _
13/ is highly toxic by all-
routes including skin a-bsorption
The median lethal dose
r*ts is reported to be 30 mq/Kc
9 bod* weight (8). For chronic
-------
administration, the threshold in rats is .0 31 mg/Kg or .6
mg/1 in drinking water (15).
For fresh water where body contact is probable, phenols
should be kept below 50 ppm (41). For prolonged contact in
salt water, the limit is 7 ppm (41) . Drinking water should
not contain more than .001 ppm for taste purposes (49).
Waterfowl can be harmed by water with a concentration greater
than 25 ppm (41).
-------
NAME Dinitrophenol
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 1,037,000 lbs 1964 (199)
SYNONYMS 2,4-Dinitrophenol, a-Dinitrophenol
DOT Solutions: Class B Poison, Poison Label, 65 lbs outside container
M.P. 112 °C Sublimes
B.P. 112 °C Sublimes
Sp. G. 1.683
SOLUBILITY 13,200 mg/1 54°C
PERSISTENCE
Oxygen Demand
bod.94 ~ 7*7% Theo. with phenol acclimated pure bacterial culture-(5)
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc.
Forms soluble sodium salt.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
ppm hrs
200 .3
6
40
>100
100
30
35-38 6
0.5-1.0 6
Mammalian
species
Rat
spe
cies
Minnow
Daphnia
Scenedesmus
E. Coli
Lymnaied
Snails
Minnows
Minnows
Minnows
parm
Dead
Toxic
Toxic
Toxic
<100% Kill
MLD
Overturn
Overturn
cond
Neutral
23°C
24°C
27 °C
Hard
Distilled
ref
06
mg/kg B. W.
30
administration route
Oral
ref
8
-------
DIQUAT
Diquat is the name given a group of pyrazidinium salts
employed as herbicides. The dibromide salt is the most commonly
used, and is applied to control aquatic weeds as well as flowers
and terrestrial weeds. It is typically applied as a solution.
Diquat is highly soluble in water (70,000 ppm) and will spread
quickly when spilled. It is not very persistent, however. When
applied in ponds at 2.5 ppm, it persisted for 7-2 7 days.22 Diquat
is strongly absorbed on soil particles and subsequently deactivated.41 *
Diquat is moderately toxic to aquatic life. The 96 hour TLm
values for bluegill and fathead minnow are 140 ppm and 130 ppm,
respectively, in hard water. Values for soft water are much lower.1102
Lawrence, et al.,lt02 have reported the 96 hour threshold concentra-
tion to be 10 ppm for bluegill, smallmouth bass, fathead minnows,
and channel catfish and 5 ppm for rainbow trout. Daphnia magna are
immobilized by 7.1 ppm.22 When present in fish, 50 percent of the
residual Diquat was lost in less than 3 weeks.22
In salt water, 1 ppm has no effect on longnose killifish,
oysters or white shrimp.22 Portmann2 found the 48 hour LC5Q to be
greater than 10 ppm for shrimp and cockles.
There is no specific human toxicity data for Diquat, but fatal
poisonings have occurred from the related compound—paraquat. The
oral LD5q for rats is reported to be 400-440 mg/kg body weight
while that for young mallards is 564 mg/kg body weight.22
-------
DIQUAT
SYNONYMS - 6,7-Dihydrodipyridol (1,2-a: 2,1, l'-C) Pyrazidinium
Dibromide, Aquacide, Dextrone, Reglone
M.P. 335-340°C
SOLUBILITY - 700,000 ppm @ 20°C
PERSISTENCE
Oxygen Demand - Degrade moderately fast
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity
ppm
hrs
Species
Parm
Cond.
Ref.
2.5
72
Bluegill Fry
Survived
22
2.5
48
Lake Chub-Sucker Fry
Survived
22
2.5
24
Smallmouth Bass Fry
Survived
22
15.5
24
Lake Emerald Shiner
*50
Dichloride
22
24
24
Largemouth Bass
LC50
Salt
22
76
24
Harlequin Fish
LC50
Dibromide
22
90
24
Rainbow Trout
LC50
Dibromide
22
91
24
Bluegill
1C50
Salt
22
140
24
Fathead Minnow
*50
Salt
22
180
24
Lake Emerald Shiner
*50
Dibromide
22
315
24
Striped Bass
LC50
Salt
22
12.3
48
Rainbow Trout
LC50
Salt
22
28. 5
48
Chinook Salmon
*50
Salt
22
7.1
Daphnia Magna
Immobilization
22
1-10
96
Bluegill
LC50
Hard
402
72
96
Bluegill
*50
Hard
402
130
96
Fathead Minnow
*50
Hard
402
14
96
Fathead Minnow
*50
Soft
402
14-78
96
Smallmouth Bass
Soft
402
9-10
96
Bluegill
Threshold
Concentration
402
10
96
Smallmouth Bass
Threshold
Concentration
402
10
96
Fathead Minnow
Threshold
Concentration
402
10
96
Channel Catfish
Threshold
Concentration
/
402
-------
PPm
hrs
Species
Parm
Cond. Ref
•
5
96
Rainbow Trout
Threshold
402
Concentration
35
96
Bluegill
^50
402
35
96
Goldfish
LC50
402
16
96
Northern Pike
LC50
402
11.2
96
Rainbow Trout
^50
402
2.1
96
Walleye
LC50
402
Saltwater Toxicity
PPm
hrs
Species
Parm
Cond.
Ref.
1
48
Longnose Killifish
No Noticeable
Effect
22
1
96
Oysters
No Noticeable
Effect
22
1
48
White Shrimp
No Noticeable
Effect
22
>10
48
Shrimp
^50
2
>10
48
Cockle
LCsn
2
Mammalian Toxicity
Species mg/kg B. W.
Rat
Rat
400-440
321
Administration Route Ref.
Oral 22
Oral 96
Avian Toxicity
Species
mg/kg B.
W.
Administration Route
Ref
Young Mallards
564
Oral
22
Mallards
>5000 ppm
LC50"5 days
22
Pheasants
3600-3900
ppm
LCjq-5 days
22
Coturnix
1400-1600
ppm
LC50-5 days
22
-------
DISULFOTON
Disulfoton, or Disyston, is an organophosphate systemic
insecticide and acaricide. The 8 million lbs produced in 1971
were used as a furrow side dressing and broadcast agent to
control insects pests, especially sucking insects. It is
typically applied as granules, liquid concentrates, fertilizers
impregnate, or seed treatment powder.
Disulfoton is a pale yellow liquid soluble to 25 ppm in
water. It may persist in soil for 4 weeks after application.22
Degradation is similar to that for other organophosphates.
Alkaline conditions can lead to hydrolysis.111 ** Upon spillage,
the liquid is likely to sink and become associated with bottom
sediments where it will soon degrade.
Disulfoton is toxic to aquatic life. The 96 hour LCCrt
50
for bluegill is 0.064 ppm in hard water and 0.07-0.082 in
soft water/02 In soft water, the 96 hour LC5Q values for
goldfish, guppy, and fathead minnows are 7.2 ppm, 0.28 ppm,
and 4.1 ppm respectively.*02 Fish food organisms may also
be affected. The 96 hour for food chain organisms P.
californica, Acroneuria pacifica, Ephemerella grandis, and
Gammarus lacustris are 0.03 ppm, 0.008 ppm, 0.08 ppm, and
0.2 ppm respectively.1,02
Like many other organophosphates, Disulfoton is a
cholinesterase inhibitor. The oral LDrrt for rats is 12.5
dU
mg/kg body weight while that for young mallards is 6.5
mg/kg body weight.22
-------
DISULFOTON
SYNONYMS - Disyston, Thiodemeton, Bay 19639, Dithiodemeton,
Dithios stox, Frumin Al, Solvirex, 0,0-Diethyl S-
(2-(ethylthio) ethyl) phosphorothioate
PRODUCTION QUANTITY - 8,000,000 lbs - 1971
B.P. 62°C at 1 nun
Sp. G. - 1.144
SOLUBILITY - 25 ppm
PERSISTENCE
Oxygen Demand - Biodegrades
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc- - Hydrolyzes under alkaline conditions1
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity
ppm
hrs
Species
Parm
Cond.
Ref
0.04
48
Bluegill
^50
22
0.04
24
P. Californica (Nymphs)
LC50
22
18
48
P. Californica
LC50
22
70
48
Gammarus Lacustris
^50
22
0.11
24
Gammarus Lacustris
"=50
22
3.7
96
Fathead Minnow
402
0.064
96
Bluegill
402
7.2
96
Goldfish
^50
Soft in
Acetone
402
0.28
96
Guppy
^50
Soft in
Acetone
402
0.082
96
Bluegill
LC50
Soft in
Acetone
402
0.03
96
P. Californica
"=50
Soft
402
0.008
96
Acroneuria Pacifica
LC50
Soft
402
0.08
96
Ephemerella Grandis
"=50
Soft
402
0.2
96
Gammarus Lacustris
LC50
Soft
402
0.07
96
Bluegill
"50
Soft
402
4.1
96
Fathead Minnow
^50
Soft
402
-------
Mammalian Toxicity
Species mg/VLg "B. ~W. Administration Route Ref.
Avian Toxicity
Species mg/kg B. W. Administration Route Ref.
Young Mallards 6.5 Oral 22
Mallards 400-500 ppm LC^q-5 days 22
Pheasants 600-700 ppm LC,-q-5 days 22
Bobwhites 700-800 ppm LCgg-5 days 22
Coturnix 300-400 ppm LC^q-5 days 22
-------
DIURON
Diuron is a selective herbicide of the phenyl urea group.
The 6 million lbs produced in 1971 were used at limited dosage
for controlling seedling weeds and grasses in numerous crops,
and at higher doses as a soil sterilant. It is typically
applied as an 80 percent wettable powder or a 28 percent water
suspension.
Diuron is a white solid soluble to 42 ppm in water. It
is quite persistent. In moist-loam soil 1-3 lb/acre persisted
for 3-6 months under temperate summertime conditions with
little or no leaching. Applications of 2 lb/acre have persisted
more than 15 months, and residues have been found in vegetation
for 95 days and mud for 122 days after pond treatment at 0.5-
20 ppm.22
Diuron is moderately toxic to aquatic life. The 96 hour
LCj-q for Bluegill is reported as 4.0 ppm. 3 3 0 The 48 hour EC^q
for rainbow trout is 4.3 ppm. 3511 Fish food organisms such as
P. califomdca display a 96 hour of 0.0012 ppm. 18 k In
saltwater, the 48 hour TLm for hard clam eggs is 2.5 ppm1111
and the 96 hour EC,.q for oysters is 1.8 ppm.23
Limited animal experiments suggest that diuron is only
moderately toxic. The oral LD^q for rats is 3400 mg/kg body
weight.1 Carcinogenisis studies have been negative to date15
but Diuron is suspected of affecting DNA.19 No teratogenicity
has been reported.15
-------
DIURON
SYNONYMS - Di-on, Diurex, Karmex, Marmer, Dichlorfenidism,
3-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)-l,l-dimethylurea, Krovar,
1,l-Dimethyl-3,4-Dichlorophenyl urea
PRODUCTION QUANTITY - 6,000,000 lbs - 1971
M.P. 158-159°C
B.P. 190° Decomposes
SOLUBILITY - 42 ppm
PERSISTENCE
Oxygen Demand - Moderately persistent
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity
ppm
hrs
Species
Parm
Cond.
Ref.
16
48
Coho Salmon
50% Kill
1
5-10
Bass, Bluegill
Partial Kill
Pond
1
10
Bass, Bluegill
Total Kill
Pond
1
33
24
Coho Salmon
TLm
330
12
24
Bluegill
LC50
330
7.4
48
Bluegill
LC50
330
4.0
96
Bluegill
LC50
330
4.3
48
Rainbow Trout
EC50
354
1.4
48
Daphnia Pulex
EC50
354
2
48
Simocephalus Serrulatus
EC50
354
16
48
Salmon
LC50
20
0.0012
96
P. Californica (Naiads)
*50
184
Saltwater Toxicity
ppm
hrs
Species
Parm
Cond.
Ref.
1.0
24
Brown Shrimp
No Effect
330
1.0
48
Brown Shrimp
No Effect
330
0.004-
Marine Plankton
Lethal or no
95
0.04
Growths
1.8
96
Oy s ter
EC50
23
6.3
48
Striped Mullet
EC50
23
1
4
Phy top1ankton
87% inhibition
23
2.5
48
Hard Clam Eggs
TLm
411
>5.0
288
Hard Clam Larvae
TLm
411
-------
Mammalian Toxicity
Species
mg/kg B. W.
Administration Route
Ref.
Rat
3400
Oral
1
Rat
3700
Oral
329
Rat
437
Oral
96
Mice
500
Low Lethal Dose -
Intraperitoneal
96
Avian Toxicity
Species
mg/kg B. W.
Administration Route
Ref
Young Mallards
>2000
Oral
22
Mallards
>5000 ppm
LC5Q-5 days
22
Pheasants
>5000 ppm
LCj.q-5 days
22
Bobwhites
2000-2200 ppm
LC^q-5 days
22
Coturnix
>5000 ppm
LC5Q-5 days
22
-------
DURSBAN
Dursban is a broad spectrum insecticide used to control turf
pests, ornamental plant pests, household and premise pests, and
mosquitoes. The 5 million lbs produced in 1971 were applied as
granules and emulsifiable concentrates.
Dursban is a white granular crystal soluble to 2 ppm in water.
Persistence data is not well defined, but nearly half is lost
from fish flesh in less than one week.22 When spilled, it is
likely to sink to the bottom and degrade.
Dursban is relatively toxic to aquatic life. The 4 8 hour
LCcr. for rainbow trout is 0.02 ppm and goes up in concentration
50
as temperature decreases to 1.6°C.22 The 24 hour values
for fish food organisms Gammarus lacustris, Pteronarcella badia,
Cliassenia sabulosa, and P. californica are 0.00076 ppm, 0.0042
ppm, 0.0082 ppm, and 0.05 ppm respectfully.22
Dursban is moderately toxic to mammals — oral LD_. in rats
du
135 mg/kg body weight, and quite toxic to birds. The oral LD5Q
for many game birds falls in the range 8.4-80 mg/kg body weight.22
-------
DURSBAN
SYNONYMS - Chlorpyrifos, Dowco 179, 0,0-Diethyl 0-
Trichloro-2-Pyridyl) Phosphorothorate
PRODUCTION QUANTITY - 5,000,000 lbs - 1971
M.P. 41.5-43.5°C
SOLUBILITY - 2 ppm at 25°C
PERSISTENCE
Oxygen Demand - Degradable
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity
(3,5,6-
Species
Rat
Goat
Rat
mg/kg B. W.
135
500-1000
145
Administration Route
Oral
Oral
Oral
ppm hrs
Species
Parm
Cond.
Ref.
.550
24
Rainbow Trout
"50
1.6 °C
22
.110
24
Rainbow Trout
"50
7.2 °C
22
.053
24
Rainbow Trout
"50
12.7°C
22
.020
48
Rainbow Trout
"50
22
0.00076
24
Gammarus Lacustris
"50
22
0.0042
24
Pteronarcella Badia
"50
22
0.0082
24
Claassenia Sabalosa
"50
22
0.05
24
P. Californica
"50
22
0.0004
48
Gammarus Lacustris
"50
22
0.0018
48
Pteronarcella Badia
"50
22
0.045
36
Golden Shiners
TLm
Lab
22
0.125
36
Golden Shiners
TLm
Accli-
mated
22
0.23
36
Mosquito Fish
TLm
Lab
22
0. 595
36
Mosquito Fish
TLm
Accli-
mated
22
0. 038
36
Bluegill
TLm
Lab
22
0.125
36
Bluegill
TLm
Accli-
mated
22
Mammalian
Toxicity
Ref.
22
22
96
-------
Avian Toxicity
Species mg/kg B. W. Administration Route Ref.
Mallards 70-80 Oral 22
Young Pheasants 8.4-17.7 Oral 22
Young Chicken 61 Oral 2 2
Partridges
Young Coturnix 16-18 Oral 22
Pigeons 26.9 Oral 22
House Sparrows 21 Oral 22
Canada Geese ^_80 Oral 22
Lesser Sandhill Cranes 25-50 Oral 22
Coturnix 275-300 ppm LC5Q-5 days 22
-------
Endosulfan
Endosulfan, or Thiodan, is an insecticide used on foliage
eating pests on deciduous, citrus and small fruits, as well as
vegetables and general foliage. The 2 million lbs produced in
1971 were applied as 50 percent wettable powder, 1--4 percent
emulsifiable concentrates, 3 percent granules, and in combination
with other insecticides.
Endosulfan is a mixture of two solid isomers with a very
low solubility in water. Alkaline conditions lead to hydrolysis.
While specific data are not published, degradability is considered
high. Upon spillage, endosulfan should sink and undergo bio-
chemical oxidation.
Endosulfan is quite toxic to aquatic life. The 96 hour LC^g
values for fathead minnow and guppy are reported to be 0.003 ppm
and 0.0037 ppm respectively.**02 The 24 hour LC5Q values for rain-
bow trout and harlequin fish are 0.032 ppm and 0.00002 ppm
respectively.22 Fish food organisms such as Gammorus lacustris,
Daphnia pulex, and P. californica have 48 hour LC,-ft values of 0.064
50
ppm, 0.240 ppm, and 0.0056 ppm respectively.22 In saltwater, the
48 hour LC5q for shrimp has been found to be 0.01 ppm and that for
pogge 0.03-1.0 ppm.2
Endosulfan is also toxic to high forms of life. The oral
to rats varies from 30 to 70 to 110 mg/kg body weight when administered
in alcohol, aqueous, and oil solutions respectively.k 111 For mallards,
the oral is reported to be 33 mg/kg body weight.22
-------
ENDOSULFAN
SYNONYMS - 6,7,8,9,10,10-Hexachloro-l,5,5a,6,9,9a-Hydro-
6,9-Methano-2,4,3-Benzo (e)-Dioxathiepin-3-oxide
Chlorthiepin, Cyclodan, Hoe 2671, Insectophene,
Kop-Thiodan, Malix, Thifor, Thimul, Thionex, Thiodan
PRODUCTION QUANTITY - 2,000,000 lbs - 1971
M.P. 70-100°C
Sp. G. - 1.745 @ 20°C
SOLUBILITY - Practically insoluble in water
PERSISTENCE
Oxygen Demand - Degradable
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. - Hydrolyzes in alkali
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity
ppm
hrs
0.013
24
0.0061
24
0.0032
24
0.0012
48
0.00002
24
0.0092
24
0.024
24
0.0056
48
0.064
48
0.240
48
0.01
24
0.005
5
0.0033
96
0.0037
96
Species
Rainbow Trout
Rainbow Trout
Rainbow Trout
Rainbow Trout
Harlequin Fish
Gammarus Lacustris
P. Californica
P. Californica
Gammarus Lacustris
Daphnia Pulex
Smallmouth Bass
Carp
Fathead Minnow
Guppy
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC,
50
50
Parm
Cond.
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
'50
Lethal to 50%
Lethal
LC,
LC
'50
50
Saltwater Toxicity
J2E5L
0.03-1.0
>10
0.01
hrs
48
48
48
Species
Pogge
Cockle
Shrimp
Parm Cond.
LC
LC
LC
50
50
50
Ref.
2
2
2
-------
Mammalian Toxicity
Species
mg/kq B. W.
Administration Route
Ref.
Rat
20 in Alcohol
Oral
414
Rat
70 in Alcohol
Oral
414
Rat
110 in Oil
Oral
414
Rat
100
Oral
8
Avian Toxicity
Species
mg/kg B. W.
Administration Route
Ref
Young Mallards
33
Oral
22
Mallards
900-1100 ppm
LCjq-5 days
22
Pheasants
1200-1350 ppm
LC(.q-5 days
22
Bobwhites
800-900 ppm
LCj-q-5 days
22
Coturnix
2100-2250 ppm
LCj.q-5 days
22
-------
ENDRIN
Endrin is one of the polychlorinated aromatic insec-
ticides. The less than one million lbs produced in 1971
(327) were applied as dust, granules, wettable powder,
and emulsion concentrates on crops including cotton, corn,
and cabbage.
Endrin is insoluble in water, but may disperse rapidly
if spilled in a wettable form. Once spilled, it is reported
to be non-persistent. On the other hand, some researchers
claim 100 percent remained in river water after 8 weeks
(328). Iyatomi claims toxicity persists over 1 month in
rice paddies (1). In soil, Mulla reports residues after
more than 9 years. Endrin applied to soil at 25 ppm
underwent 50 percent loss in 12 years. When applied to
sandy loam at 100 ppm, 41 percent remained after 14 years (22) .
It would appear that endrin hydrolyzes to some extent,
and persistence is a function of the moisture content of
the immediate environment,
Endrin is highly toxic to aquatic life. The 96 hr
LC50 for rainbow trout is .00086 ppm, while that for bluegill
is .00025 ppm (330) and that for fathead minnows is .0018
ppm (331). Daphnia magna are immobilized in 50 hrs when
exposed to .352 ppm (365). Other fish food organisms are
-------
similarly affected by .02-.05 ppm (335). The 72 hr TLm
for crawfish has been reported as .3 ppm (366). In salt
water, the 24 hr TLm for shrimp is .0006 ppm (23). Juvenile
spot have been killed by.0001 ppm and juvenile longnose
killifish by .000079 ppm (23). Oysters display sublethal
effects at .01-1.0 ppm (404).
Fish can accumulate endrin from water. Fathead
minnows exposed to .015 ppb concentrated endrin 10,000
times. Similarly, oysters can concentrate endrin by a
factor of 1000 after 10 days exposure to .001 ppm. Algae
has also been found to contain 170 times the concentration
of surrounding waters (22) . While carp were found to
undergo similar accumulation, the accumulative toxic
effects have not been noted in the host. The cumulative
toxicity index is 4.5 (165).
In addition to being highly toxic to fish, endrin
is also quite hazardous to warm blooded animals. The oral
LD50 values for rats and .monkeys have been reported as
7.3 and 3 mg/kg body weight, respectively (1). In chronic
feeding studies, as little as 4 mg/kg/day caused abnormal
effects in dogs (1). Drinking water should not contain
more than .001 ppm endrin (337). Endrin may be mutagenic.
Barley given 1000 ppm for 12 hrs developed point mutations
(15). Endrin is known to effect DNA causing chromosome
aberrations (19).
-------
Birds display low tolerance to endrin. The computed
oral LD50 values for mallards and young pheasants are 5.6
and 1.8 mg/kg body weight, respectively (22). Quail fed
1 mg/kg/day suffered a 40 percent reduction in reproduction
(1) .
Endrin is also phytotoxic. Productivity of phyto-
plankton was reduced 46 percent when exposed to 1 ppm endrin
for 4 hours. Doses of 10 and 100 ppm in soil endrin were
sufficient to reduce bean growth 33 percent over an 8
week period. Doses as low as 1 ppm caused significant
changes in macro and micro nutrient levels in corn and
beans (22).
Endrin has been designated a toxic substance under
Section 307 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amend-
ments of 1972. As such, continuous discharge standards are
being established for various sources. These levels relate to
continual exposure and therefore should not be compared directly
with critical concentrations established here. Indeed, since
spill events are probablistic, median receptors have been selected
for use in determining critical concentrations in setting harmful
quantities and rates of penalty as apposed to the most sensitive
receptor.
-------
NAME Endrin
PRODUCTION QUANTITY <1 million lbs - 1971
SYNONYMS 1,2,3,4,10,10-Hexachloro-6,7-Epoxy-l,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-
Octahydro-1,4-Endo-Rndo-5,8-Dimethanonaphthalene;
Mendrin; Compound-269
M.P. 200 °C
B.P. 245 °C
SOLUBILITY Insoluble - 0.23 ppm
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
EE51
hrs
species
parm
cond
ref
.005
48
Carp
TLm
1
.051
96
Salmon
TLm
1
.0006
96
Bluegill
TLm
1
.001
24
Guppies
100% Kill
1
.0019
96
Goldfish
TLm
329
.0015
96
Guppies
TLm
329
5.0
Carp Embryo
50-100%
341
Mortality
.0013
96
Fathead
TLm
330
.001
96
Fathead
Tim
330
.0007
24
Rainbow
LC50
330
.0008
24
Bluegills
LC50
330
.0018
24
Rainbow
LC50
330
.0012
48
Rainbow
LC50
330
.10086
96
Rainbow
LC50
330
.00035
24
Bluegill
LC50
330
.00027
48
Bluegill
LC50
330
.00025
96
Bluegill
LC50
330
.0062
24
Bluegill
LC50
Temp
45°F
330
.0016
48
Bluegill
LC50
Temp
45°F
330
.0007
96
Bluegill
LC50
Temp
45°F
330
.0032
24
Bluegill
LC50
Temp
55°F
330
.0014
48
Bluegill
LC50
Temp
55°F
330
.0007
96
Bluegill
LC50
Temp
55°F
330
.0014
24
Bluegill
LC50
Temp
65°F
330
.0007
48
Bluegill
LC50
Temp
65°F
330
.0004
96
Bluegill
LC50
Temp
65°F
330
.0008
24
Bluegill
LC50
Temp
75°F
330
.0006
48
Bluegill
LC50
Temp
75°F
330
-------
EE®
hrs
species
parm
cond
ref
.0004
96
Bluegill
LC50
Temp 75°F
330
.0003
24
Bluegill
LC50
Temp 85 °F
330
.0002
48
Bluegill
LC50
Temp 85°F
330
.0002
96
Bluegill
LC50
Temp 85°F
330
.00027
96
Coho
LC50
331
.0018
96
Fathead
LC50
331
.14
48
Carp
LC50
331
.352
50
Daphnia Magna
Immobilized
365
.00051
96
Coho
TLm
In Acetone
342
.0012
96
Chinook
TLm
In Acetone
342
.00058
96
Rainbow
TLm
In Acetone
342
.00044
96
Threespine
TLm
In Acetone
342
Stickleback
.00075
96
Mosquito Fish
TLm
Temp 20°C
342
.00825
96
Mosquito Fish
TLm
Temp 3°C
342
.5
.5
Gamraarus
LT50
343
Lacustris
Lacustris
. 5/lb
24
Cuteshriana
100% Lethal
Pond
344
acre
Tadpoles
.3
72
Crawfish
TLm
366
.0024
96
P. Californica
TLm
367
(Naiad)
.00039
96
Acroneuria
TLm
367
Pacifica
(Naiad)
.0115
96
Gammarus
TLm
358
Lacustris
.00086
96
Rainbow
LC50
303
6.5-9.5
36
Palaemonetes
TLm
Non ag. &
368
Kadiakensis
ag. areas
.0004-
respect.
72
Black Bullhead
TLm
Miss. R.
368
.002
.005
96
Ephemerella
TLm
Soft
333
Grandis
.05
64
D. Carinata
Immob.
Temp 78°F
335
.026
64
Simocephalus
Immob.
Temp 78°F
335
Serrulatus
.020
64
D. Pulex
Immob.
Temp 78°F
335
.9
64
D. Magna
Immob.
Temp 78°F
335
Salt Water Toxicity
.0025
48
Brown Shrimp
TLm
330
.0065
48
White Shrimp
TLm
330
.0006
24
Shrimp
50% Lethal
23
.0031
96
Puffer Fish
TLm
436
-------
ppm hrs
.0001 120
.000079 24
.00045 24
.0026 24
.0008 24
.00023 24
.00032 24
.01-1.0
Mammalian
species
species
Juvenile
Spot
Juvenile
Longnose
Killifish
Spot
Striped Mullet
Bravorrtia
Patronus
Longnose
Killifish
Sheepshead
Minnow
Oyster
parm
Lethal
EC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
LC50
Sublethal
Effects
cond
Temp 21°C
mg/kg B.. W.
Rat 7.3
Rat 48
Monkey 3
administration route
Oral
Oral
Oral
ref
23
23
364
364
364
364
364
404
ref
1
1
1
-------
Ethion
Ethion is an organophosphate insecticide and acaricide
used to control aphids, mites, scales, thrips, leafhoppers,
maggots/ and foliar feeding larvae on a wide variety of food,
fiber, and ornamental crops. The 3 million lbs produced in
19 71 were applied as 25 percent wettable powder, 2-4 percent
dust, emulsifiable concentrates, 5 percent granules, oil
solution, or in combination with other materials.
Ethion is a colorless liquid soluble to 1 ppm in water.
It is likely to be degradable under similar conditions as
other organophosphates. When spilled, it will sink and become
associated with bottom sediments.
Ethion is toxic to aquatic life. The 96 hour LC^q values
for bluegill, fathead minnows, and guppy are 0.13 ppm, 2.4 ppm,
and 0.13 ppm respectively. 02 Fish food organisms are affected
at much lower levels. The 48 hour LC5Q values for Daphnia magna,
Gammarus lacustris, and P. californica are 0.00001 ppm, 0.0032
ppm, and 0.014 ppm respectively.22 Toxicity does not appear to
vary with water quality.k02
Ethion is a cholinesterase inhibitor like other organophosphates.
The oral LDgQ for rats is 96 mg/kg body weight.22
-------
ETHION
SYNONYMS - 0,0,0,0-Tetraethyl s,s-Methylene Bisphosphorodithiorate,
Ethodan, Kwit
PRODUCTION QUANTITY - 3,000,000 lbs - 1971
M.P. 12°C
Sp. G. - 1.215
SOLUBILITY - 1 ppm @ 20-25°C
PERSISTENCE
Oxygen Demand - Degradable
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxocity
ppm
hrs
Species
Parm Cond.
Ref.
0.230
48
Bluegill
LC50
22
0.7
24
Harlequin Fish
^50
22
0.0056
24
Gammarus Lacustris
LC50
22
0.024
24
P. Californica
LC50
22
0.00001
48
Daphnia Magna
LC50
22
0.0032
48
Gammarus Lacustris
LC50
22
0.014
48
P. Californica
^50
22
2.4
96
Fathead Minnow
LC50
402
0.13
96
Bluegill
LC50
402
0.13
96
Guppy
LC50
4 02
Mammalian
Toxicity
Species
mg/kg B. W. Administration Route
Ref.
Rat
96 Oral
22
Rat
13 Oral
96
Avian Toxicity
Species
mg/kg B. W. Administration Route
Ref.
Chickens
400
Oral-Leg Weakness
22
-------
ETHYLBENZENE
Ethylbenzene is used in the production of dyes and
other organic compounds. The 5 billion lbs produced in
1971 (198) were shipped in glass bottles, cans, drums, tank
cars, tank trucks, and barges.
Ethylbenzene is practically insoluble in water, when
spilled, it will form a colorless slick on the surface with
small amounts diffusing into the water very slowly. The
dissolved portion is subject to slow biodegradation. Quiescent
conditions yield usage of only 2.8 percent of the theoretical
oxygen demand in 5 days (5). Acclimation accelerates this
considerably. In a spill situation, however, no oxygen
defficiencies are likely to develop.
A series of tests on various fish reveal a 96 hr TLm
range of 29-78 ppm (37). Bluegill appear to be more sensitive
than the minnows, guppy, and goldfish tested. A concentration
of .25 ppm can affect the taste of fish flesh (4). The slick
itself poses a threat to waterfowl and marine mammals.
Ethylbenzene can be moderately toxic via all routes of
administration including skin absorption. The lethal level
to mice in air is 10,400 ppm (8). A TLV of 435 mg/m3 has
been established. Vapors will be evident above the slick
and will cause eye irritation at the .1 percent level. A
concentration of 1 percent has been fatal to guinea pigs (38).
The oral LD^ to rats is reported as 3500 mg/kg body weight. (76)
-------
NAME Ethylbenzene
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 5 billion 1971 (198)
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE Glass bottles, cans, drums, tank cars,
tank trucks, barges
USCG Grade C flammable liquid
M.P. -50. °C
B.P. 136. °C
Sp.G. 0.958
SOLUBILITY 14 mg/1 at 25°C
PERSISTENCE
Oxygen Demand
BOD.25 ~ 8.2 % Theo. using treatmen plant activated sludge-(5)
BOD.5 - 27% Theo. using phenol acclimated activated sludge-(13)
BOD5 - 2.8% Theo. using quiescent activated sludge-(5)
BODs - 25.2% Theo. using aniline acclimated treatment plant
activated sludge-(5)
COD - .89 lb/lb-(64)
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
PPm
hrs
species
parm
cond
ref
40
96
Bluntnose
TLm
Const.
37
Minnow
Temp.
29
96
Bluegill
TLm
Const.
Temp
37
73
96
Goldfish
TLm
Const.
Temp
37
78
96
Guppy
TLm
Const.
Temp
37
Mammalian Toxicity
Species mg/kg B. W. Administration Route Ref.
Rat 3500 Oral 96
-------
Ethylenediamine
Ethylenediamine, or diaminoethane, is used as a solvent,
emulsifier, textile lubricant, antifreeze agent, and rubber pro-
ducing reagent. The 62.1 million pounds producted in 1970 (198)
were shipped in carbon steel drums, tank cars, and tank trucks.
Production
increased.
Ethylenediamine is miscible with water, giving a strongly
alkaline reaction when dissolved. This is believed to result
from dissociation of amine groups to form ammonium ions. in
strong alkaline solutions free ammonia gas may be released. The
dissolved amine is readily biodegradable. Up to 75 percent of the
theoretical oxygen demand is utilized in the first 5 days with an
additional 5 percent available in the next 5 days (98).
Ethylenediamine is toxic to fish and fish food organisms.
The critical range for chub is reported as 30-60 ppm (1). Pish
food organisms are sensitive to 8-30 ppm (1). The solution pH
and buffer capacity will be critical in determining resulting
toxicity because of the potential for ammonia formation. In salt-
water, the 24 hour TLm to brine shrimp is 14 ppm (425).
Ethylenediamine is toxic via all routes of administration
including skin absorption. The oral LD50 for rats is reported
as 1160 mg/kg body weight (8). Water should contain more than
400 ppm if prolonged body contact is anticipated (7). A TLV of
3
25 mg/m has been established for ethylenediamine vapors in air.
The vapors can be quite irritating to skin and eyes.
-------
name Ethylened iani ne
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 62.1 million lbs 1970 (198)
S YNONYMS 1,2-Di aminoethane
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE Carbon Steel drums, tank cars,
tank trucks
USCG Grade D combustible liquid
M.P. 8.5 °C
B.P. 116. °C
Sp.G. 0.898
SOLUBILITY Miscible
PERSISTENCE
Oxygen Demand
BOD5 - 75% Theo.-(98)
BOD10 - 80% Theo.-(98)
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
ref
1
1
1
1
1
426
425
Mammalian
Species mq/kg B. W. Administration Route Ref.
Rat 1160 Oral 8
Rat 1200 Oral 4
PPm
30-60
8
20
200
30
<100
hrs
24
48
72
Saltwater Toxicity
14 24
species
Chub
Daphnia
Scenedesmus
E. Coli
Microregma
Shiners
parm
Critical
Range
Toxic
Toxic
Adverse
Response
Adverse
Response
No Toxic
Effect
cond
Aerated
15-21°C
23°C
506F,
Huron
Brine Shrimp TLm
-------
ETHYLENEDIAMINETETRAACETIC ACID
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, or EDTA, is employed
in chemical production as a chelating agent. Approximately
3.53 million lbs were produced in 1965 (198).
EDTA is only slightly soluble in water. When spilled,
the crystalline solid is likely to sink and dissolve at a
very slow rate. The dissolved acid is a sequestering agent
capable of solubilizing heavy metals and other cations.
Hence, the EDTA will.1 introduce additional toxic agents to
the water from otherwise insoluble mineral deposits. The
dissolved acid is also biodegradable, but the rate is very
low.. Only .01 lb of oxygen is utilized per lb of acid in 5
days (11). This is not sufficient to cause an oxygen slump
in a spill situation.
Work with catfish has detailed a critical range of
100-316 ppm in tap water (1). The ability to solubilize
other toxic agents, however, suggests that potentially
lower toxic concentrations exist due to the combined effect
of the EDTA and the sequestered metal.
EDTA is considered toxic when ingested or inhaled. An
oral LD50 of 20 mg/Kg body weight is reported for mice (8). The
same value for the calcium salt fed to rats, is 10,000 mg/Kg (113).
This suggests that the toxicity of the acid is due at least in
part to its ability to tie up cations. When administered in a
-------
stable salt form, the reactivity is greatly reduced. Daily
intravenous doses of 220 mg/Kg to cattle for 5 days cause
mildly toxic reactions (114) . A two year chronic feed
study using 2 50 mg/Kg in rats and a one year study with the
same dose to dogs revealed no toxic effects at these levels (113).
Tests for mutagenic and teratogenic properties have been
negative (113).
-------
NAME Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 3-53 million lbs 1965 (198)
SYNONYMS EDTA, Edetic Acid, (Ethylene-Dinitrilo)
M.P. 220. °C Decomposes
SOLUBILITY 500 mg/1 at 25°C
PERSISTENCE
Oxygen Demand
BODc - .01 lb/lb using sewage-(11)
o
TOXICOLOGICAL
Tetraacetic Acid
EE5L-
hrs
167
24
133
48
129
96
100
316
750
96
300
96
200
96
species
Fingerling
Catfish
Fingerling
Catfish
Fingerling
Catfish
Fingerling
Catfish
Fingerling
Catfish
Fathead
Minnow
Fathead
Minnow
Fathead
Minnow
parm
cond
ref
TLm
U of
Okla.
1
TLm
Tap
U of
Okla.
1
TLm
Tap
U of
Okla.
1
All
Tap
U of
Okla.
1
Survive
All
Tap
U of
Okla.
1
Die
Tap
100% Kill
Potential
Kill
No Toxic
50 °F, Huron 426
50 °F, Huron 426
Mammalian
species
Mice
Rat
Rat
mqAg
B. VJ.
20
10 ,000
104
administration route
Oral
Oral, Calcium Salt
Oral
ref
18
113
437
-------
with
at
food
FLUORIDES
Fluorides are inorganic salts used in a variety of industries
h as pulp and PaPer production, glass production, uranium fuel
f brication, and pesticide manufacture. They are generally soluble
ill dissociate upon contact with water. The fluoride ion in
will precipitate as calcium fluoride or may become associated
zh other particulate matter. Fluoride salts are toxic to fish
oncentrations as low as 2.3 ppm. The reported range for fish
d organisms is 95-270 ppm (1). In general, fluoride concen-
not exceed 1.5 ppm for fresh or saltwater fish (41).
trations snouxu
3 ed temperatures appear to increase the level at which toxic
/-.of-iir while harndess lengthens the resistence time for
reactions ocou*
fi h CD Acidity will also by of major importance. Reduction of
1 tion pH below 5.0 will cause massive kills.
in saltwater, Hemens and Warwick report 100 ppm fluorides
fish for acute exposure, but 7.2 ppm toxic to brown mussels
safe to
(119) Fluorine is concentrated by aquatic animals (119).
Fluorides are toxic by ingestion or inhalation. A TLV of 2.5
g/m3 &as been Ingestion of 4 gm of hydrogen fluoride
can be hazardous (7). Fluorides in water can also be harmful.
Drinking water limits have been set at 1.7 ppm (49). Water with
180 PPm 1130 dist*nct tox*c effects, while a concentration of 2000
is lethal. A fatal dose of 500 mg/kg body weight fluoride
has been reported (1). Rabbits have died from 200 mg/kg fluoride
fluoride while water with 1 ppm fluoride was toxic to sheep (1).
Aquatic concentrations of interest include a general farmstead
se limit of 1 ppm fluoride (1), an aquatic plant limit of 1.5 ppm
fluoride (1)/ and an irrigation water limit for vegetables of 5 ppm (41).
Sodium fluoride can be tested in water at 2.4 ppm (1).
-------
ALUMINUM FLUORIDF,
Aluminum fluoride is used largely in metallurgy and
ceramics. Some 315,836,000 lbs were produced in 1971 (199)
Aluminum fluoride forms a slightly acidic solution when
dissolved. The aluminum cation is readily precipitated with
basic reagents under normal conditions. However sodium
f luoaluminate, Na3AlFg , is a highly soluble complex which can
be formed in the presence of excess fluoric ^=-1 •
Calcium is the
preferred reagent for precipitation of fluoride. Natural
calcium in receiving waters may well reduce fluoride levels
below the anticipated stoichiometric concentration
While no data exists on the aquatic toxicity of the
compound aluminum fluoride, its solubility suggests the
importance of the toxicity of the individual ionic species
The USPHS recommends permissible drinking water concentrations
of .1 mg/1 Al+3 and 1.2 mg/1 F~ (40). Recommended levels of
1.0 and 1.5 ppm F" are suggested for livestock and aquatic
plants respectively (1), while 1 ppm A1+3 ig recoiranended ^
a threshold for irrigable plants (40) . The fluoride ion
threshold concentration for fresh and salt water fishes '
listed at 1.5 ppm (41,42). Vegetables exhibit a chronic
threshold for exposure to fluoride ions in irrigation wate
of 5.0 ppm (40). The low oral lethal dose to guinea pigs is
600 mg/kg body weight (96).
-------
NAME Aluminum Fluoride
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 315,836,000 lbs 1971 (199)
SYNONYMS Aluminum Trifluoride
M.P. 1040. °C
B.P. 1537. °C
Sp.G. 3.07
SOLUBILITY 559,000 rag/1 at 25°C
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
Toxicity will stem from the fluoride ion.
Salt Water Toxicity
Toxicity will stem from the fluoride ion.
Mammalian
species mg/kg B.W. administration route ref
Guinea 600 Oral - low lethal dose 96
Pig
-------
AMMONIUM BIFLUORIDE
SYNONYM - Acid Ammonium Fluoride, Ammonium Hydrogen Fluoride
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE - Shipped in plastic, rubber, wood,
or paraffined drums
M.P. 124.6 C
B.P. - Sublimes
Sp. G. - 1.503
SOLUBILITY - Freely soluble
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. — Forms hydrofluoride acid in water Fluorid®)
may be precipitated by calcium.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity
EES Species Parm Cond Ref
100 48 Tinea Vulgaris Lethal ~T~
-------
AMMONIUM FLUORIDE
SYNONYMS - Neutral Ammonium Fluoride
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE - 1-lb waxed bottles, 250 lb barrels
M.P. - Sublimes
Sp. G. - 1.315
SOLUBILITY - 418,000
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis - Decomposed by hot water into NH_ and
ammonium bifluoride.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity
EES!
200
Mammalian
Species
Rat
Guinea Pig
Guinea Pig
hrs
<48
Species
Parm
Cond
Tinea Vulgaris death
Ref
1
mg/Kg B. W.
Administration Route Ref
31
150 (low lethal dose)
200 (low lethal dose)
Intraperitoneal
Oral
Subcutaneous
96
96
96
-------
HYDROFLUORIC ACID
Hydrofluoric acid is used in metal trades, glass
polishing, and chemical production. The 469,316,000 lbs
produced in 1971 (199) were shipped in lead carboys, wax
or polyethylene bottles, steel cylinders, and tank barges.
Hydrofluoric acid is a clear, colorless, fuming liquid
or gas often shipped in solution. It is freely soluble in
water and will be dissolved immediately after spillage.
Dilution and natural buffer capacity will neutralize hydro-
fluoric acid to soluble fluoride salts. A prevalence of
calcium ions can lead to precipitation of calcium fluoride
with neutralization.
Hydrofluoric acid has been found to be harmful to fish
at a concentration of 40 ppm, and lethal at 60 ppm (1) .
Fluoride salts are toxic to fish at concentrations as low as
2.3 ppm. The reported range for fish food organisms is 95-
270 ppm (1). In general, fluoride concentrations should not
exceed 1.5 ppm for fresh or saltwater fish (41). Reduced
temperatures appear to increase the level at which toxic
reactions occur while hardness lengthens the resistence time
for fish (1). Acidity will also be of major importance.
Reduction of solution pH below 5.0 will cause massive kills.
-------
In salt water, Hemens and Warwick report 100 ppm fluor-
ides safe to fish for acute exposure, but 7,2 ppm toxic to
brown mussels 0-19). fluorine is concentrated by aquatic
animals (119).
Hydrogen fluoride xs an inhalative toxin. The LC50 in
air for rats is 1310 ppm (124). Subsequently a TLV of 2
mg/m has been established. Ingestion of 4 gm of hydrogen
fluoride can be hazardous (7). Fluorides in water can
also be harmful. Drinking water limits have been set at 1.7
ppm (49). Water with 180 ppm has distinct toxic effects,
while a concentration of 2000 ppm is lethal. A fatal dose of
500 mg/Kg body weight fluoride has been reported (1). Rabbits
have died from 200 mg/kg fluoride while water with 1 ppm
fluoride was toxic to sheep (1).
Aquatic concentrations of interest include a general
farmstead use limit of 1 ppm fluoride (1), an aquatic plant
limit of 1.5 ppm fluoride (1), and an irrigation water limit
for vegetables of 5 ppm (41). Sodium fluoride can be tasted
in water at 2.4 ppm (1).
-------
NAME Hydrofluoric Acid
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 469,316,000 lbs 1971 (199)
SYNONYMS Hydrogen Fluoride, Fluorhydric Acid
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE Lead carboys, wax or polyethylene
bottles, steel cylinders, tank barges
DOT Anhydrous- Corrosive liquid, White Label, 10 pts outside container
Liquid- Corrosive liquid, White Label, 110 lbs outside container
USCG Corrosive liquid, white label
M.P. -92.3 °C
B.P. 19.4 °C
Sp.G. .0092 as gas
SOLUBILITY Freely soluble
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc.
Calcium fluroide is insoluble
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
cond ref
1
1
ppm hrs species parm
Hydrofluoric Acid
60 Fish Lethal
40 Fish Harmful
Fluorides
2.3-7.3
Trout
TLm
18°C,Soft
2.6-6.0
Trout
TLm
13°C,Soft
2.7-4.7
Trout
TLm
Soft
5.9-7.5
Trout
TLm
7.5°C,Soft
64
240
Trout
TLm
75
Carp
TLm
120
96
Goldfish
Killed
419
96
Mosquito Fish
TLm
Turbid
1000
12
Goldfish
Killed
Soft
1000
60
Goldfish
Killed
Hard
-------
££m
hrs
1.5
358
270
95
96
226
96
180
96
1700
Salt Water Toxicity
Fluorides
100
7.2
52
52
96
108
72 days
72 days
species
Fish
Rainbow Trout
Daphnia
Scenedesmus
Microregma
E. Coli
Free Living
Protozoa
Rotifers
parm
Toxic Unit
Toxic
Threshold
Threshold
Threshold
Threshold
Lethal
cond
Soft
23 °C
24°C
27°C
27°C
Mullet, No Effect
Ambasis Sufgha,
Therapon Jarbua,
Penaeid Prawns
Brown Mussels Toxic Effect
ref
18
10
119
Mullet, Crab
Shrimp
119
Physical 12% Salinity 119
Deterioration
Affects 20% Salinity 119
Reproduction
Mammalian
Species mg/kg B. W. Administration Route Ref.
Guinea Pig 80
Oral
96
-------
Sodium Bifluoride
Sodium bifluoride is a combination salt of sodium fluoride and
hydrogen fluoride employed as a sour in laundering, as well as for
bleaching leather, disinfecting hides, plating tin, etching glass,
and cleaning stone and brick. It is soluble to 32,500 ppm in water
raising the acidity and releasing fluoride ion when dissolved. Dilution
action will slowly neutralize the acid while the presence of calcium
will lead to precipitation of excess fluoride. Aquatic toxicity will
result from the released fluoride.
-------
SODIUM BIFLUORIDE
SYNONYMS - Sodium Difluoride, Sodium Hydrogen Fluoride
COMMON SHIP OF CONTAINER SIZE - 100 lb multiwall bags; 125, 375 and
400 lb fiber drums
M.P. - Decomposes
SOLUBILITY - 32,500 @ 20°C
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. - Dissociates on dissolution. Fluoride
may precipitate as calcium salt. Acid is neutralized with dilution.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity - Toxicity will be that of fluoride ion.
-------
SODIUM FLUORIDE
Sodium fluoride is used to produce insecticides,
wood preservatives, enamel, beer, medicinals, paper, and
glass. It is also employed in denistry, electroplating, and
water fluoridation. Production reached 11,026,000 lbs in
1971 (199).
Sodium fluoride is moderately soluble in water. As a
white powder it will sink and dissolve slowly upon spillage.
As a solution it will disperse rapidly. The prevalence of
of calcium ions in receiving waters will cause formation
of the insoluble calcium salt which will precipitate out.
The residual precipitate may act as a continuing source
of fluoride for an extended period of time.
Sodium fluoride has been found to be harmful to fish
and fish food organisms. The TLm for trout is reported as
2.3-7.6 ppm while that for carp falls in the range 75-91 mg/1
Fluoride salts are toxic to fish eggs at concentrations as
low as 1.5 ppm. The reported range for fish food organisms
is 95-270 ppm (1). In general, fluoride concentrations should
not exceed 1.5 ppm for fresh or saltwater fish (41). Reduced
temperatures appear to increase the level at which toxic
reactions occur while hardness lengthens the resistence time
for fish (1). Acidity is of major importance.
-------
In salt water, Hemens and Warwick report acute exposure
of 100 ppm fluorides safe to fish but 7.2 ppm toxic to brown
mussels (119). Fluorine is concentrated by aquatic animals
(119).
Sodium fluoride is an inhalative and ingestive toxin.
3
A TLV of 2.5 mg/m as dust in air has been established.
Ingestion of 4 gm of sodium fluoride has been lethal, while
25-45 mg can cause severe symptoms (8). Fluorides in water
can also be harmful, with drinking water limits set at 1.7
ppm (49). Water with 180 ppm has distinct toxic effects,
while a concentration of 2000 ppm is lethal. A fatal dose
of 500 mg/Kg body weight fluoride has been reported (1).
Rabbits have died from 200 mg/Kg fluoride while water with
1 ppm fluoride was toxic to sheep (1). The oral LD50 for
hamsters is reported to be 70-80 mg/Kg body weight (1).
Aquatic concentrations of interest include a general
farmstead use limit of 1 ppm fluoride (1), an aquatic plant
limit of 1.5 ppm fluoride (1), and an irrigation water
limit for vegetables of 5 ppm (41). Sodium fluoride can be
tasted in water at 2.4 ppm (1).
-------
NAME Sodium Fluoride
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 11,026,000 lb 1971 (199)
SYNONYMS Villiaumite
M.P. 993. °C
B.P. 1704. °C
Sp.G. 2.78
SOLUBILITY 43,000 mg/1 at 25°C
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc.
Calcium fluoride is insoluble.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
EEE
hrs
species
parm
cond
ref
270
48
Daphnia Magna
Threshold
Temp
t
1
23C
95
96
Scenedesmus
Threshold
Temp
1
24C
226
96
Microregma
Threshold
Temp
1
24C
180
96
E. Coli
Threshold
Temp
1
27C
1700
Protozoa
Killed
1
Rotifers
1000
12-29
Goldfish
Survival
Very
Soft
109
Time
1000
60-100
Goldfish
Survival
Hard
109
Time
1000
60-102
Goldfish
Lethal
Hard
144
1000
19-29
Goldfish
Lethal
Very
Soft
144
H20
As Fluorides
1.5
2.3-7.3
Eggs
Trout
Slower &
Poorer
Hatching
TLm at
18°C
Soft Water l(NaF)
-------
PPm
hrs
species
parm
cond
ref
2.6-6.0
Trout
TLm at
Soft Water
1(NaF)
13°C
2.7-4.7
Trout
TLm
1 (NaF)
5.9-7.5
Trout
TLm
7.5°C in
1(NaF)
Soft Water
7.7
1
Minnows
Not Harmed
1
75-91
Carp
TLm
1(NaF)
100
96
Goldfish
Survived
1
120
96
Goldfish
Killed
1
358
Rainbow Trout
Toxic
Soft Water
1(NaF)
419
96
Mosquito-Fish
TLm
Turbid
1(NaF)
Water
678
Tinea Vulgaris
Lethal Dose
1(NaF)
1000
21
Goldfish
Killed
Soft Water
1
1000
80
Goldfish
Killed
Hard Water
1
Salt Water Toxicity
.9-4.5
>300
100
7.2
52
52
Mammalian
48
96
108
72 days
72 days
Lobster Not Toxic
Shrimp LC50 Aerated
Mullet, Ambasis, No Effect
Safgha, Therapon
Jarbua, Penaied Prawns
Brown Mussels Toxic Effect
Mullet, Crab
1
2
119
Shrimp
119
Physical 20% Salinity 119
Deterioration
Affects 20% Salinity 119
Reproduction
species
mg/kg B. W.
administration route
ref
Hamster
Hamster
70-80
75
Oral
Oral - Low Lethal Dose
1
96
-------
STAJNOUS FLUORIDE
SYNONYMS- Tin fluoride; Tin difluoride; Fluoristan
M.P.- 212-214 degrees C
SOLUBILITY- Slightly soluble in vater
TOKJCQLOGICAL
Fresh Vhter Toxicity- Toxicity will be that far fluoride
and Tin (II) ion!
-------
formaldehyde
Formaldehyde is a colorless flammable gas which is of
major importance in commerce. Nearly 4.4 billion lbs. were
produced in 1971 (199) for use in manufacture of resins, dyes,
textiles, mirrors, explosives, medicines, fungicides, and
photographic reagents. Formaldehyde is shipped in drums,
carboys, tank trucks, and cars, both as a gas and more
commonly as a 37 percent liquid solution (formalin).
When spilled, gaseous formaldehyde will oxidize in air
to formic acid. With intimate water contact a considerable
amount will dissolve rapidly. Formalin solutions will also
be quickly assimilated in the water column. Once dissolved,
formaldehyde is quite biodegradable. As much as .3-1.06 lbs.
of oxygen per lb. of formaldehyde will be consumed in the
first five days. (11) Oxygen deficiencies, however, are not
likely to occur since 740 ppm can inhibit sewage organisms
to 50 percent.
Formaldehyde is fairly toxic to aquatic species. Ten
ppm had no effect on rainbow trout after 72 hours, while the
critical level was found to be less than 31.8 ppm. (1) Fifty
ppm for 24 hours was lethal to trout (1), and all largemouth
bass were killed after 72 hours at 100 ppm concentration. (224)
Fish food organisms are affected in the .3-5 ppm concentration
range. (1) The compound is apparently less toxic in salt
water. An LC^q for shrimp after 48 hours was set at 330-1000
ppm, and fcr flounder, 100-330 ppm. (2)
-------
Formaldehyde is highly toxic when ingested or inhaled. (38)
The oral LD50 for rats is reported to be 800 mg/kg. (1) The
lethal concentration in air for rats is 250 ppm. (8) To
humans, it has a pungent suffocating odor which is highly
irritating to mucous membranes. (8) Prolonged exposure should
be less than 5 ppm. Formaldehyde is a strong irritant and
allergen. Carcinogenic effects have been observed in rats
after prolonged subcutaneous administration of formaldehyde. (15)
The compound has also been implicated in mutagenic changes in
mice when given intraperitoneally, the effect being a slight
increase in recessive lethals. (15) Formaldehyde is also
capable of enhancing the mutagenic effects of X-rays.
The odor threshold for formaldehyde falls in the range
0.8-102 ppm (30) while the tastes occur at 50 ppm. (4)
-------
NAME Formaldehyde
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 4.4 billion lbs. - 1971
SYNONYMS Methanal, Methyl Aldehyde
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE Bottles, carboys 5-55 gal. drums,
tank trucks, tank cars, barges
USCG Grade D or E liquid, depends on concentration
M.P. -92 °C
B.P. -21 °C
Sp.G. 0.815 as liquid
SOLUBILITY Freely Soluble
PERSISTENCE
Oxygen Demand
bod.95 ~ 8% Theo. with methanol acclimated activated sludge - (
BOD5 - .3-1.06 lb/lb using sewage seed - (11)
BOD5 - 0% Theo. with pure bacterial culture - (5)
BOD5 - 47% Theo. with quiescent activated sludge - (5)
BOD5 - 94% Theo. with quiescent activated sludge - (5)
BOD5 - 99% Theo. with treatment plant activated sludge - (5)
COD - 1.06 lb/lb - (4)
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
ppm
hrs
species
parm
cond
ref
50
24
Trout
Died
_
1
50
120
Shiners
Lethal
18 °C
1
146
Short
Minnows
Harmed
Sat. O2
1
31.8
-
Trout
Critical
-
1
28.2
-
Young Salmon
Critical
-
1
32
24
Catfish
TLm
-
1
25
48,96
Catfish
TLm
-
1
2
48
Daphnia
TLm
23 WC
1
.3
96
Scenedesmus
TLm
24 °C
1
5
Microregma
TLm
-
1
1
E Escherichia
TLm
27 °C
1
Coli
25
96
Channel Cat
TLm
-
15
V
H*
O
O
A
t->
O
O
O
24
D. Magna
TLm
0m
15
100-200
48
Trout
TLm
177
50
24-72
Trout
Lethal
-
110
126
48
Ictalarus
Lethal
Formalin
222
Punctatus
-------
ppm
hrs
species
parm
cond
ref
87
25
Channel Cat-
Lethal
Formalin
223
fish Finger-
53
24
lings
Rana Cates-
Lethal
Formalin
224
22
breiarr-a
24
R. Pipiens
Lethal
Formalin
224
45
72
Bufo Sp.
Lethal
Formalin
224
87
24
Notemigonus
Lethal
Formalin
224
Crusoleucas
70
72
Cyprinus Car-
Lethal
Formalin
224
>70
pio
24
Ictalarus
Lethal
Formalin
224
Me las
100
72
Largemouth
Lethal
Formalin
224
Bass
>100
48
Bluegill
Lethal
Formalin
224
90
72
L. Cyanellus
Lethal
Formalin
224
100
72
Tilapia Sp.
Lethal
Formalin
224
Salt Water Toxicity
EEB
hrs
species
parm
cond
ref
330-1000
48
Shrimp
LC50
Aerated
2
100-330
48
Flounder
LC50
Aerated
2
Mammalian
species mgAg B.W. administration route
Rat 800 Oral
-------
FORMIC ACID
Formic acid is used as a decalcifying agent, a
tanning compound, a rubber reprocessing chemical, a dye
reducing agent, and a medicinal. The 42,000,000 lbs
produced in 1971 (199) were shipped in stainless steel
drums and glass carboys.
Formic acid is a strong reducing agent which is
miscible in water. Dilution and natural buffering action
will cause neutralization to the soluble sodium and
calcium salts. The dissolved formate is subject to bio-
degradation. Up to .27 lbs of oxygen per lb of acid can
be utilized in the first 5 days (4). Acclimation accelerates
this usage (13), but the rates are not considered sufficient
to cause oxygen slumps in a spill situation. High concen-
trations retard biological action. A concentration of
550 mg/1 causes a 50 percent inhibition of sewage organisms (1).
Formic acid itself is quite toxic to fish and fish food
organisms. The 24 hr TLm for bluegill is reported as 175
ppm (15). Aquatic invertebrates are affected in the range
100-175 ppm (1). The algae, chlorella pyrenoidosa, is
damaged by a concentration of 220 ppm (4). The formate salt,
however, is not considered toxic. The threshold for immobil-
ization of daphnia is 4700 ppm sodium formate (1). This level
-------
is believed to depend upon the change in osmotic pressure, and not
on acute toxicity. Solution pH and buffer capacity are critical
parameters in determining resulting toxicity. In saltwater, the
24 hour TLm for brine shrimp is 410 ppm (125) while Portmann (433)
reports a 48 hour LCgg to shore crabs of 85 ppm.
Formic acid is highly toxic when ingested or inhaled. The
oral LD5q for dogs is reported as 4000 mg/kg body weight (1). The
intravenous LDcn for rabbits is 239 mg/kg (8). Once again, the
ou
salts are not as toxic. Administration of 20,000 and 40,000 ppm
calcium formate in drinking water for 30 days had no effect on
the growth of guinea pigs (1).
-------
NAME Formic Acid
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 42,000,000 lbs 1971 (199)
SYNONYMS Methanoic Acid
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE Stainless steel drums, glass carboys
DOT Corrosive liquid, White Label, 5 gal. outside container
USCG Grade E combustible liquid
M.P. 8.4 °C
B.P. 100.8 °C
Sp.G. 1.22
SOLUBILITY Miscible
PERSISTENCE
Oxygen Demand
BOD.5 - 66% Theo. with phenol acclimated activated sludge-(13)
BOD5 - .02-.27 lb/lb using sewage seed-(4)
BODc - 40% Theo. in quiescent state-(5)
BOD5 - .086 lb/lb-(14)
BOD20 - -25 lb/lb-(14)
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
ppm hrs
Formic Acid
120
100
175
1000
48
96
24
species
Daphnia
Scenedesmus
Bluegill
E. Coli
parm cond
TLm 23°C
TLm 24°C
TLm
No Effect
ref
1
1
15
1
Sodium Formate
4700
410
85
48
24
48
Mammalian
species
Dog
Rabbit
Daphnia
Brine Shrimp
Shore Crabs
Threshold 25°C
for Immobilization
TLm
Est. LC
50
Aerated
mg/kg B. W.
4000
239
administration route
Oral
Intravenous
425
4
r
1
8
-------
FUMARIC ACID
Fumaric acid, an antioxidant, is used in baking powder,
dyes, resins, and in the production of polyhydric alcohols.
Approximately 53.2 million lbs were produced in 1970 (198).
Fumaric acid is only slightly soluble in water. When
spilled, the crystals will sink and dissolve very slowly.
The dissolved acid will be diluted and neutralized by
receiving waters until it is present as the soluble calcium
and sodium salts. The fumarate anion is biodegradable. As
much as .6-.7 lb of oxygen per lb of acid can be utilized
in the first five days (11). Phenol acclimation accelerates
oxygen usage (13). The kinetics of biodegradation may be
sufficient to cause localized oxygen deficiencies in a
spill situation.
Fumaric acid is closely related to its optical isomer
maleic acid. Maleic anhydride has been found to be toxic to
fish at 240 mg/1 in turbid water (1). The 4 8 hr TLm for
bluegill is reported as 138 mg/1 (1). The safe concentration
is estimated as 35 mg/1 (1). These toxicity levels should
be close to those of fumaric acid. Solution pH and buffer
capacity will be important in determining resulting toxicity.
Fumaric acid is a slight ingestive toxicant. The
intraperitoneal LD50 for mice is reported as 200 mg/Kg body
weight (121). Direct contact can lead to mild irritation.
-------
NAME Fumaric Acid
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 53.2 million lbs 1970 (198)
SYNONYMS Trans Butendioic Acid, Allomalic Acid, trans 1,2-
Ethylenedicarboxylic Acid, Baletic Acid
M.P. 286. °C
B.P. 290. °C
Sp.G. 1.635
SOLUBILITY 7000 mg/1 at 17°C
PERSISTENCE
Oxygen Demand
BOD#5 - 41% Theo. using phenol acclimated activated sludge-(13)
BOD5 - .6-.7 lb/lb using sewage seed-(11)
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
Maleic Anhydride
ppm
hrs
species
parm
cond ref
240
24 & 48
Mosquito Fish
TLm
Turbid 1
23-25 °C
230
96
Mosquito Fish
TLm
Turbid 1
23-25 °C
150
24
Bluegill
TLm
Philadelphia 1
Tap, 20°C
138
48
Bluegill
TLm
Philadelphia 1
Tap, 20°C
35
Bluegill
Estimated
1
Safe Cone.
Mammalian
species mg/kq B. W. administration route ref
Mice 200 intraperitoneal 121
-------
FURFURAL
Furfural is a widely used solvent in petroleum refining
and plastics synthesis, and is often used as an insecticide,
germicide, and fungicide. Although specific production
quantities are not available, it is estimated that production
in 1967 was 150 million lbs. (199) Continued growth is pre-
dicted in the near future. Furfural is shipped by rail and
truck mostly in 55 gallon drums and tank cars, and is listed
by the Coast Guard as a combustible liquid - no label required.
When spilled, furfural will sink and dissolve fairly
rapidly. The dissolved portion will degrade quite rapidly,
especially if acclimated seed is available. E. Hinger et al.
found that in properly acclimated river water, up to 25 mg/1
will disappear in 5-7 days. (1) The five day BOD has been
reported as .28-.77 lbs per lb when sewage seed was employed. (1)
The compound is fairly toxic for fresh water fish, having
a 48 TLm for sunfish of 16 ppm and 96 hour TLm for mosquito
fish and bluegills of 24 ppm. (1)
Furfural is moderately toxic via all routes of administra-
tion. The average oral value for mammals falls in the
range 100-199 mg/Kg body weight. (15) Ingestion of as little
as 60 mg causes persistent headaches. Rats fed 10,000 ppm
in drinking water died in 114 days. (15) On the other hand,
rats fed 25 mg/Kg/day for four months showed no significant
effects. (15)
-------
Furfural has a median odor threshold of 0.4 ppm (7) and
can be tasted in water at 4 ppm. (4)
-------
NAME Furfural
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 150 million lbs _ ]_967
SYNONYMS 2-Furaldehyde, Pyromucic Aldehyde, Artifi^»i ^
Furon Carbinol, Fural, Furole, Furfurole ° Ants'
USCG Grade E combustible liquid
M.P. -36.5 °C
B.P. 161.7 °C
Sp.G. 1.15
SOLUBILITY 83,000 mg/1 @ 25 °C
PERSISTENCE
Oxygen Demand
BODo - 100% removed in river water as detor-m-i *
2 analysis - (10) determined by chemical
BOD5 - .28-. 77 lbs/lb using sewage seed - (H)
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
££m
hrs
species
parm
32
24
Sunfish
TLm
16
48
Sunfish
TLm
44
24
Sunfish
TLm
96
48,96
Sunfish
TLm
24
96
Mosquito-fish
TLm
24
96
Bluegill
TLm
cond
20 °c
23-24 °c/
Turbid
23-24 °c,
Turbid
Turbid
Mammalian
species
Dog
Mouse
Rat
Guinea Pig
Mammals
rcg/kg B.W.
2300
425
126.7
541.7
100-199
administration route
Oral
Oral
ref
1
1
1
15
15
ref
1
15
15
15
15
-------
GUTHION
Guthion is an organo-phosphate insecticide used on
its# vegetables, and ornamentals. The 4
cotton/
illion lbs produced in 1971 (327) were applied as a
ttable powder, emulsion concentrate, and liquid.
Guthion is quit insoluble in water. Wettable forms,
however, will disperse through the water column soon after
spillag©* I«ike many organo-phosphate pesticides, guthion
hydrolyzes at a moderate rate in water. When sprayed on
cotton leaves, the half-life of liquid and dust forms
is 2-4 days (1) .
Guthion is quite toxic to aquatic life forms. The
predicted 96 hr TL50 values for rainbow trout, bluegill,
and minnows are .014, .022 and .235 ppm, respectively
(360) . Chinook salmon have an observed 96 hr TLm of .0043
ppm (342). Various fish food organisms have median
threshold limits in the range .00013-.002 ppm (333).
In salt water, sheepshead minnow and spot display sublethal
effects when exposed to .01 ppm for 24 hrs (369,370).
Guthion may accumulate rapidly in organisms. The cumulative
toxicity index is greater than 16 (165).
-------
PPm
hrs
species
parm
cond
ref
1.4
96
Goldfish
TLm
Acetone or
372
Alcohol
0.12
96
Guppy
TLm
Acetone or
372
Alcohol
.1 lb/
24
Mosquito Fish
100% Lethal
Pond
373
acre
.000126
96
Gammarus
TLm
Acetone
358
Lacustris
.0085
96
Acroneuria
TLm
333
Pacifica
.014
96
Ephemerella
TLm
333
Grandis
.00013
96
Gammarus
TLm
333
Lacustris
.022
96
Pteronarcys
TLm
333
Californica
.0085
96
Acroneuria
TLm
367
Pacifica
(Naiad)
.0220
96
Pteronarcys
TLm
367
Californica
(Naiads)
Salt Water Toxicity
.01
24
Sheepshead
Sublethal
369
Minnow
Effect
.01
Spot
79% Normal
Enzyme
370
Activity
.01
Sheepshead
10% Normal
Enzyme
370
Minnow
Activity
Mammalian
species
mg/kg
B. W. administration route
ref
Rat
90
Oral
1
Mice
20
Oral
8
Rat
20
Oral
329
-------
HEPTACHLOR
Heptachlor is one of the polychlorinated aromatic
insecticides. The 6 million lbs produced in 1971 (327)
were applied in the dust, granule, and emulsion concentrate
forms to cotton, corn and alfalfa.
Heptachlor is insoluble in water. Spills of wettable
forms, however, will rapidly spread through the water
column. While heptachlor is stable to hydrolysis, it
volatilizes readily and is subject to catalytic de-
composition in the presence of some inert dilutents.
In river water, no heptachlor was found two weeks after
application (328). Similarly, McKee and Wolf report no
detectable levels remaining in soil after 42 days (1).
Other studies show residues from 20 lb/acre applications
persisted for more than nine years. Heptachlor applied
at 100 ppm to sandy loam was detected at 16 ppm after 14
years (22) . Temperature and surface contact with the
atmosphere will be important factors in determining persis-
tence .
Heptachlor is quite toxic to aquatic life. The 96 hr
TLm values for bluegill, fathead minnows, and catfish have
been reported as .019, .056, and .175 ppm, respectively (1).
The LC50 for rainbow trout is .015 ppm (330. Fish food
-------
organisms display a 96 hr LC50 range of .0009-.0028 ppm
(184). Daphnia magna are immobilized by .05777 ppm (365).
In salt water, shrimp suffer a 48 hr TLm at .25-,7
ppm (330.
Heptachlor can be converted to epoxides which are
stored in body fat. Oysters have been shown to contain
176 ppm after a 10 day exposure to .01 ppm. In pond
water, bluegills have concentrated heptachlor by a factor
of 300 (22) .
Heptachlor is highly toxic by all routes of exposure
(38). Human ingestion should not exceed .10 mg/Kg body
weight (346) and drinking water should not exceed .018
ppm (337). The oral LD50 for rats has been reported as
90 mg/Kg body weight (8). In chronic studies, however,
adverse effects were noted at a dose level above .0025
mg/Kg/day (15) . Mice fed heptachlor for a two-year period
showed significant tumor production (15).
Birds appear more tolerant of heptachlor. The LC50
values for mallard ducks and pheasants have been reported
as 450-700 ppm and 250-275 ppm, respectively (22). The
oral LD50 limits for waterfowl in general are greater than
2000 mg/Kg (165). Birds of prey have been found to
accumulate heptachlor from their food (402).
Heptachlor has phytotoxic properties. A concentration
of 1 ppm in soil significantly suppressed the growth of
-------
corn. Similar results were obtained with beans. Both
species also showed macro and micro nutrient concentration
alterations. Some plants such as peanuts and soybeans
are capable of concentrating heptachlor from the soil by
a factor of 4 (22).
-------
NAME Heptachlor
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 6 million lbs - 1971
SYNONYMS 1,4,5,6,7,8,8-Heptachloro-3a,4,4,7,7a-Tetrahydro-4,7-
Methanoindene; Heptagran; Drinox; E-3314? Velsicol-104
M.P. 95 °C
B.P. 145 °C
Sp.G. 1.58
SOLUBILITY Insoluble - 0.056 ppm
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
PPrc
hrs
species
parm
cond
ref
.019
96
Bluegill
TLm
1
.056
96
Fathead
TLm
1
.107
96
Guppy
TLm
1
.175
96
Catfish
TLm
1
.230
96
Goldfish
TLm
1
0.1
24
Trout
80% Kill
1
.25
96
Guppy
TLm
329
.094
96
Fathead
TLm
330
.015
24
Rainbow
LC50
330
.035
24
Bluegill
LC50
330
.032
48
D. Pulex
TLm
354
.042
48
Simocephalus
TLm
354
Serrulatus
.02
64
D. Carinata
Immob.
Temp 78°F
335
.0011
96
Pteronarcys
LC50
Tempi5.5°C
184
Californica
(Naiads)
.0009
96
Pteronarcella
LC50
Temp 15.5°C
184
Badia (Naiads)
.0028
96
Claasenia
LC50
Temp 15.5°C
184
Sublosa (Naiads)
.015
24
Rainbow
LC50
330
.009
48
Rainbow
LC50
330
.008
96
Rainbow
LC50
330
.063
Goldfish
LC50
331
.25
24
Rainbow
LC50
331
1.8
24
Channel
Lethal
Tapwater
223
Catfish
-------
EES
hrs
species
parm
cond
ref
.05777
50
D. Magna
Immob.
365
.059
96
Coho
TLm
In Acetone
342
.0173
96
Chinook
TLm
In Acetone
342
.0194
96
Rainbow
TLm
In Acetone
342
.1119
96
Threespine
TLm
In Acetone
342
Stickleback
>.13
24
R. Balteatus
TLm
Soft
374
Hydroflox
.11
48
R. Balteatus
TLm
Soft
374
Hydroflox
.096
96
R. Balteatus
TLm
Soft
374
Hydroflox
.5
4
Gammarus
50% Lethal
343
Lacustris
Lacustris
.092
24
Redear Sunfish
TLm
Temp 45®F
375
.064
24
Redear Sunfish
TLm
Temp 55°F
375
.047
24
Redear Sunfish
TLm
Temp 65°F
375
.034
24
Redear Sunfish
TLm
Temp 75°F
375
.022
24
Redear Sunfish
TLm
Temp 85°F
375
.5 lb/
24
Cutesbeiana
50%
Pond
344
acre
Tadpoles
Mortality
.008
96
Rainbow
LC50
303
.006
48
Pteronarcys
EC50
354
Californica
.032
48
Baetis Sp.
TLm
354
Salt Water Toxicity
.7
48
Brown Shrimp
TLm
330
.25
48
White Shrimp
TLm
330
Mammalian
species
mg/Kg
B. W. administration
route
ref
Rat
90
Oral
8
Male Rat
100
Oral
1
Female Rat
162
Oral
1
-------
HYDROCHLORIC ACID
Hydrochloric acid is widely used in commerce for
hydrolyzing food starch, as a laboratory reagent, in tin and
tantalum refining, as a scale remover and cleaner, and
in producing chlorides. The 4 billion lbs produced in
1971 (199) were shipped in carboys, glass bottles, and rubber-
lined tank cars.
Anhydrous hydrochloric acid or hydrogen chloride is
readily soluble in water, as are its solutions when
spilled, hydrochloric acid will sink to the bottom in a
heavy layer and spread horizontally while it dissolves into
the water column. Laboratory tefits have shown that the
heavy sublayer may persist for a short period of time.
Hydrochloric acid readily dissociates. Prom the initial
entry, the acid will put downward pressure on solution pH.
Natural dilution and buffer capacity will slowly neutralize
spills.
Hydrochloric acid is toxic primarily because of its
ability to lower pH. Hence, concentration is not indicative
of toxic thresholds so much as resulting pH and in particular,
the typical limiting pH value 5. Toxic concentrations
range from 1-10 ppm in distilled water to 100-166 ppm in
hard water. These levels appear to hold for both fish and
fish food organisms(1). The average 48 hr LC50 values for
-------
marine species fall in the 100-1000 ppm range and reflect the
greater buffer capacity of seawater (2).
Hydrochloric acid is a strong irritant. Systemic
effects are not known, but the LC50 value to rats for vapors
3
in air is reported as 1000 mg/m (225) . Vapors at 35 ppm
can cause throat irritation. At 50-100 ppm vapors can be
tolerated for 1 hr. Longer exposure may result in lung
damage.
Hydrochloric acid has an odor threshold of 1-5 ppm (7)
and & taste threshold of 32 ppm in water (1). Surface
waters for body contact should have pH values in the range
of 6.5-8.3 (226)'.
-------
NAME Hydrochloric Acid
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 4 billion lbs 1971
SYNONYMS Muriatic Acid, Chlorohydric Acid, Hydrogen Chloride
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE Carboys, glass bottles, rubber
lined tank cars
DOT (muriatic) Corrosive Liquid, White Label, 10 pts outside container
(solution, Corrosive Liquid, White Label, 10 pts outside container
inhibited)
USCG Corrosive liquid, white label
M.P. -114.3 °C
B.P. -84.8 °C
Sp.G. .0020 as gas - 1.63 as acid
SOLUBILITY 832,000 mg/1 at 0 °C
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
hrs
species
parm
cond
ref
3.6
48
Sunfish
Lethal
Distined
1
3.65
24
Carp,Shiners,
Lethal
1
Suckers
4
6
Minnow
MLD
Distine(j
1
8
24
Sunfish
Lethal
1
10
24
Trout
MLD
1
80
24
Chub
Lethal
1
100
6
Minnow
MLD
Hard
1
166
4
Goldfish
Killed
Hard
1
282
96
Mosquito Fish
TLm
Turbid
1
69
1-4
Daphnia Magna
Survival
Soft
109
Time
Static
65
1-4
Daphnia Magna
Survival
Soft
109
Time
Static
60
4-17
Daphnia Magna
Survival
Soft
109
Time
Static
56
17-72
Daphnia Magna
20%
Soft
109
Survival
Static
1000
1/6-1/4
Goldfish
Survival
109
Time
178
1-2
Goldfish
Survival
109
Time
-------
EES
hrs
species
parm
cond
ref
0.018
6
Stickleback
Relative
110
Toxicity
0.1
6
Goldfish
Relative
110
Toxicity
62
Daphnia Magna
Immobilized
Lake Erie
110
25 °C
1000
.16-.25
Goldfish
Survival
144
Time
196
1.25-1.5
Goldfish
Survival
144
Time
178
1.36-2.25
Goldfish
Survival
144
Time
166
4.5-6.5
Goldfish
Survival
144
Time
69
1-4
Daphnia Magna
Survival
Soft
144
Time
65
1-4
Daphnia Magna
Survival
Soft
144
Time
60
4-17
Daphnia Magna
Survival
Soft
144
Time
56
17-72
Daphnia Magna
Survival
Soft
144
Time
Salt Water Toxicity
100-330
48
Shrimp
LC50
Aerated
2
330-1000
48
Cockle
LC50
Aerated
2
100-330
48
Pogge
LC50
Aerated
2
100-330
48
Starfish
LC50
Aerated
2
-------
hydroxyzine
Hydroxylamine is employed to manufacture aerylonltrile
and other chemicals. Numerous firms market various hydro-
xylase salts which are then shipped in lead lined steel
drums.
Hydroxyzine is very soluble in water, yielding an
alkaline solution upon dissolving, under alkaline conditions
it rapidly decomposes forming ammonia, nitrogen, and water.
The presence of metals can cause the tation of various
other by-products. Acids stabilize hydroxyzine and often
foarm dissolved salts.
Corti found that 150 ppm of hydroxylamine in Water would
cause adverse reactions in rainbow trout within 5-10
minutes, and death within 9-10 min (1). The hydrochloric
salt of hydroxylamine is toxic to microcysts aeruginosa at
50 pprti (128). Toxicity will be affected by solution pH,
buffer capacity, and mineral content.
Hydroxylamine is moderately toxic when ingested. The
oral LD50 for dogs is 200 mg/Kg body weight (85). Various
sulfate and chloride salts are reported to have and LD50
of 192-840 mg/Kg body weight for rats and mice (127) .
intraperitoneal values for the chloride are somewhat lower:
70-250 mg/Kg body weight (127) . Rats fed low levels of the
chloride salt for 178 days showed no effect on growth or
general condtion ; there was, however, increased spleen and
decreased thyroid development (127).
-------
Hydroxy1amine and its salts have been shown to have
bacteriostatic and bactericidal action on a number of
microorganisms. Hence, through action on the synthesis of
nucleic acids by the microorganisms, hydroxylamine may have
mutagenic applications. Tests for teratogenesis have been
negative. (15)
-------
NAME Hydroxylamine
SYNONYMS Oxammonium
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE Lead lined steel drums
M.P. 33.05 °C
B.P. 56.5 °C
Sp. G • 1.2
SOLUBILITY Very soluble
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc.
Undergoes rapid decomposition at room temperature when contacted
with moist air.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
ppm hrs
species
parm cond
ref
150 .002
Rainbow
Trout Adverse 13.5°C
1
Reaction
150 .1
Rainbow
Trout Turned Over 13.50C
1
150 .2
Rainbow
Trout Lost Motion 13.5°C
1
Mammalian
species
mg/kg
B. W.
administration route
ref
Dog
200
Oral
85
Rat
840
Oral-acid sulfate
127
Rat
545
Oral-sulfate
127
Rat
192
Oral-chloride
127
White Mice
420
Oral-chloride
127
Mice
250
Intraperitoneal-chloride
127
Rats
140
Intraperitoneal-chloride
127
Guinea Pig
70
Intraperitoneal-chloride
127
-------
IRON
Iron is a common metal used largely for the production
of steel. It is found in many surface waters as a result of
both natural mineral contact and waste discharges (56).
Important salts include the ferric and ferrous sulfates,
hydroxides, and chlorides.
Many common iron salts are quite soluble in water and
will soon disperse through the water column after spillage.
Under aerobic conditions ferrous ions quickly oxidize to
the ferric form. Natural carbonates and alkalinity then
quickly precipitate the insoluble carbonate and hydroxide
salts. Hence, high iron concentrations do not persist in
well aerated waters. High iron levels are observed in acid
mine drainage waters, however, where solution pH has
dropped markedly. The precipitates formed quickly agglomerate
and settle or sorb onto surfaces.
The action of iron salts on aquatic life have been
categorized into three exposure types: 1) iron salts reduce
solution pH to toxic levels through precipitation of hydrox-
ides ; 2) iron salt precipitates deposit on gill membranes
causing irritation and respiratory problems; and 3) heavy
hydroxide deposits smother fish eggs (1). Solutions of mixed
salts have been found lethal to most fish at 1000 ppm; but
Stickleback survived up to 2500 ppm (1). Concentrations of
.9 and 1.0 ppm have been sufficient to reduce solution pH to
-------
toxic levels for rays, pike, tench, and trout (1). Similarly,
5 ppm iron killed dogfish in three hrs (1). The resulting
toxicity depends both on the oxidation state of the iron and
the buffer capacity of the receiving water. In salt water,
48 hr LC50 values of .39 ppm, 56 ppm, 190 ppm and 100 ppm
have been reported for prawns, shrimp, cockles, and crabs
respectively (2).
Iron is an essential mineral for life. It is found in
most drinking water and foods. Excessive iron, however, can
be harmful. The oral LD50 for rats fed ferric chloride has
been reported as 900 mg/Kg body weight (56). A dose of 100
mg/Kg ferrous chloride was sufficient to kill a 2 1/2 year
old girl (56). A recommended maximum level for drinking water
of 0.3 ppm has been set, but it is predicated on taste and
esthetic considerations (1). Iron can be detected in dis-
tilled water by taste if present at a level of 3.4 ppm or
greater (1). Water for livestock should not exceed 0.3 ppm
iron (4 0) .
-------
NAME Iron
SYNONYMS Ferrum
M.P. 1535 °C
B.P. 3000 °C
Sp.G. 7.86
SOLUBILITY Insoluble
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis/ Etc.
Carbonates and hydroxides are relatively insoluble.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
Ppm
hrs
species
parm
cond
.9
Carp
Killed
pH 5.5
1.0
Pike,Tench,
Death
pH 5-6
Trout
5
3
Dogfish
Killed
10
.1
Trout
Death
4
96
Striped Bass
LCS0
ref
1
1
1
1
434
Salt Water Toxicity
ppm hrs species
39 48 Prawn
56 48 Shrimp
190 48 Cockle
90-100 48 Crab
14 48 Marine Fish
parm cond ref
LC50 as FeCl3 2
LC5 0 as FeCl3 2
LC50 as FeCl3 2
LC50 as FeCl3 2
TLm 109
-------
FERRIC AMMONIUM CITRATE
SYNONYMS - Ammonium Ferric Citrate, Iron Ammonium Citrate
Sp. G. - >1.0
SOLUBILITY - Freely soluble
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. - Iron precipitates as an hydrous oxide
with neutralization. Citrate is biodegradable.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity - Toxicity will be that of iron ion.
-------
FERRIC AMMONIUM OXALATE
o
M. P. - Loses water of hydration 3 at 100 C
o
Decomposes at 160-170 C
o
Sp.G. - 1.78 at 17.5 C
SOLUBILITY - Very soluble in water
TOXIC OL OGIC AL
FRESHWATER TOXICITY - Toxicity will be that of ammonium ion and
iron ion.
-------
FERRIC CHLORIDE
Ferric chloride is used in photofinishing, photo-
engraving, water treatment, dye production, chemical
manufacture, and textile processing. The 150,464,000 lbs
produced in 1971 (199) were shipped dry or in solution in
bottles, jugs, carboys, kegs, barrels, and tank cars.
Perric chloride is readily soluble in water forming
a red acid solution. Dilution will lead to neutralization
and subsequent precipitation of ferric hydroxide. Phos-
phates can also form insoluble salts with iron. Iron sludges
on the bottom may continuously release low levels of iron
capable of having toxic effects with chronic exposure.
Numerous studies have been made to assess the toxicity
of ferric chloride to aquatic life. Fish are harmed by
concentrations as low as 0.6 ppm and can be safe at levels
as high as 100 ppm (1). The 96 hour TLm for mosquito fish
in turbid water is 74 ppm and for goldfish in hard water,
100 ppm (1). Fish food organisms can be killed at levels
between 15-126 ppm (1,59). Several solution parameters
appear critical in determining toxicity: hardness, pH,
temperature and buffer capacity. Soft water lowered the 96
hr TLm for goldfish from 100 ppm to 10 ppm. Acidity appears
to be a key also. Jones suggested that, in fact, the
principle effects of ferric chloride are due to its acid
properties. A chronic aquatic limit of 130 ppm has been
recorded for Daphnia Magna (55).
-------
Ferric chloride is considered a slight ingestive hazard.
The oral LD50 for rats is reported as 900 mg/Kg body weight,
while the intravenous value for rabbits is 7.2 mg/Kg (8).
Dogs have been fed 200-800 mg with no effect while administra-
tion of 890 mg/Kg to rabbits was lethal (56). Acute
poisoning in humans has been reported at a dose of 100 mg/Kg
body weight (56).
General concentrations of interest include a drinking
water limit of 0.3 ppm iron (1) and a livestock watering
limit of 0.3 ppm (40). Chloride concentrations should not
exceed 100-350 ppm for irrigation purposes or 1500 ppm for
use with livestock (41).
-------
NAME Ferric Chloride
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 150,464,000 lb 1971 (199)
SYNONYMS Flores Martis, Molysite, Iron Trichloride
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE Bottles, jugs, carboys, kegs, drums
barrels, tank cars *
M.P. 300. °C
B.P. 316. °C
Sp.G. 2.9
SOLUBILITY >919,000 mg/1 at 0°C
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc.
Iron is precipitated by neutral or high pH water and phosphates.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
pprc
hrs
species
parm
cond
ref
130
Daphnia Magna
Threshold
of
1
Immobilization
<18
64
Daphnia Magna
Threshold
of
1
Immobilization
58
Polycelis Nigra Toxic
1
Threshold
200
24
Vector Snails
Killed
80
36
24
Daphnia Magna
TLm
Lake
59
21
48
Daphnia Magna
TLm
Lake
59
15
96
Daphnia Magna
TLm
Lake
59
1
0.6
Goldfish
Harmful
Tap
1.2
44
Stickleback
Harmful
Tap
1
4. 35
72
Goldfish
Harmful
Tap
1
9
20
Goldfish
Harmful
Distilled
1
20
6
Goldfish
Harmful
Tap
1
74
96
Mosquito Fish
TLm
Turbid
1
100
1.5
Goldfish
TLm
Soft
1
540
1.5
Minnow
TLm
1
2700
1
Minnow
TLm
1
5400
1
Minnow
TLM
1
1
240
Stickleback
Safe
Tap
1
5
50
Young Eels
Safe
1
10
96
Goldfish
Safe
Soft
1
-------
ppm
hrs
species
parm
cond
ref
100
96
Goldfish
Safe
Hard
1
270
1.5
Minnows
Safe
1
18
Daphnia Magna
Threshold
Lake Erie
1
Cone.
116
Cyclops
Threshold
Lake Erie
1
Vernalis
Cone.
126
Diaptomus
Threshold
Lake Erie
1
Oregonensis
Cone.
Saltwater Toxicity
39
48
Prawn
^so
Aerated
2
Mammalian
species
mg/kg
B. W. administration
route
ref
Rats 900 Oral 8
Rabbit 7.2 Intravenous 8
-------
FERRIC FLUORIDE
M.P. - Sublimes >1000°C
Sp. G. - 3.87
SOLUBILITY - Very slightly soluble
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. - Iron precipitates as an hydrous oxide
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity - Toxicity is that of fluoride ion.
Saltwater Toxicity - Toxicity is that of iron ion.
-------
FERRIC NITRATE
M.P. - 47.2
B.P. - Decomposes
Sp. G. - 1.684
SOLUBILITY - Soluble
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. - Iron will precipitate as hydrous oxide.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity - Toxicity will be that for iron ion.
Mammalian Toxicity
Species mg/kg B. W. Administration Route Ref.
Rat 3250 Oral 96
-------
FERRIC SULFATE
Ferric sulfate is used in water treatment, chemical
production, dyeing, soil treatment, and the development of
inks. It is presently produced by six major firms and
*
shipped in bags, glass bottles, and wooden barrels.
Ferric sulfate is a soluble solid which will sink when
spilled into water and slowly dissolve. Larger amounts of
iron may dissolve more rapidly in acid conditions. Natural
phosphates can precipitate dissolved solids at neutral pH
levels. As the contaminate plume is diluted, ferric hydroxide
will form and precipitate out, reducing the overall iron
levels.
Ferric sulfate has been found to kill fish at the .1-.7
mg/1 level in distilled water (1). The dissolved iron salt
is toxic to fish at concentrations of 133 ppm iron in highly
turbid water(1) Iron can be concentrated by many bacteria
and marine organisms. Water parameters of importance in
determining toxicity include pH, hardness, and buffer
capacity. Iron sludges on the bottom may provide continuous
discharges of iron at levels which are toxic with chronic
exposure.
Ferric sulfate is not considered a toxic material.
The subcutaneous LD50 for frogs has been reported as 13,000
mg/Kg body weight (8). Drinking water limits have been set
-------
at .3 ppm (1), but these were not established for toxico-
logical reasons. The median taste threshold for iron is
3.4 ppm (1). Water for livestock should not exceed .3 ppm
iron (40) . The concentration of the sulfate ion should not
exceed 200-1000 in irrigation water, or 1000 ppm for livestock
water (41).
-------
NAME Ferric Sulfate
SYNONYMS Ferric Persulfate, Ferric Sesquisulfate, Ferric
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE Bags, Glass bottles, wooden barrel
M.P. 480. °C Decomposes
Sp.G. 2.1
SOLUBILITY Soluble - 4,4 00,000 ppm
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc.
Hydrolyzes to ferric hydroxide with dilution and precis* t
out. Phosphates also form insoluble salts. ^Pitates
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
EEB
0.716
0.1
133
5
hrs
12-24
24
24,48,96
24
species
parm
Shiners, Carp, Killed
Suckers
Certain Fish Killed
Mosquito Fish TLm
Rainbow Trout, No Effect
Bluegill, Sea
Lamprey
cond
Distilled
Water
Distilled
Water
Highly
Turbid
Lake Huron
12°C
ref
1
1
1
1
Mammalian (Amphibian)
species mg/kg B. W.
Frogs
(Amphibian)
13,000
administration route
Subcutaneous
ref
8
-------
FERROUS AMMONIUM SULFATE
SYNONYMS - Ammonium Ferrous Sulfate, Iron Ammonium Sulfate, Mohr's
Salt.
M.P. - Decomposes at 100-110°C
Sp. G. - 1.8 64
SOLUBILITY - Soluble - 180,000 ppm
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. - Ferrous ion will oxidize to ferric
form and precipitate as hydrous oxide with neutralization.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity - Toxicity will be that of iron ion.
Mammalian Toxicity
Species mg/Kg B. W. Administration Route Ref
Rat 3 250 Oral 96
-------
FERROUS CHLORIDE
SYNONYMS - Lawrencite, Iron Dichloride, Iron Protochloride
M.P. 670-674 °C
B.P. 1023°C
Sp. G. - 1.93
SOLUBILITY - 1,600,000
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. - Ferrous ion oxidizes to ferric form with
precipitation of hydrous oxide.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity -
PPm
Hrs
Species
Parameters
Cond
64
Daphnia magna
immobilization threshold
Lake
1000
10
Goldfish
lethal
hard
10
96
Goldfish
not harmful
hard
13
50
Young eels
highest tolerated
Sgf.
1
1
x
i
Mammalian Toxicity
Speices mg/Kg B.W.
Rat 9 84 (tehahydrate)
Administrative Route
Oral
Ref.
96
-------
FERROUS SULFATE
Ferrous sulfate is a widely used inorganic bluish-green
crystal important in photography, medicine and veterinary
medicine, dyes, fertilizers, pigments, and water sanitation.
Over 3 x 108 pounds were produced in 1971 (199) and shipped
mostly by rail and truck.
Ferrous sulfate is readily soluble and will dissolve
rapidly in water when spilled. In natural waters, the ferrous
ions will quickly oxidize to the ferric state and precipitate
as the hydroxide. Aeration and sunlight will accelerate this
process. Consequently, the concentration of iron will seldom
be high in neutral waters. (1) Sulfate levels will be reduced
by high natural calcium concentrations.
Ferrous sulfate is toxic to aquatic species. Character-
istic values found in the literature indicate that 100 ppm
for 24 hours was lethal for minnows, goldfish, and trout,
while 6.4 ppm for 24 hours was damaging, but not lethal, for
shiners, suckers, and carp. (1) A concentration of 500 ppm
killed goldfish in 1.3-5 days. (1) Concentrations found to
not be harmful have been anywhere from 5 ppm to 1000 ppm for
mature fish after one week. (1) Toxicity depends in part on
solution pH, hardness, and dissolved oxygen content.
For salt water species, where the compound had converted
to ferric chloride, LD5QS after 48 hours exposure were: for
prawns, 39 ppm; for shrimps, 56 ppm; for cockles, 190 ppm,
and for crabs, 90-100 ppm. (2) Studies with radioactive iron
-------
(FE-59) have shown that aquatic species accumulate iron in
thousand-fold proportions; for instance, diatorus, 5533-fold;
unspecified fish# 10,000-fold; algae, 20,000-fold, and phyto-
plankton, 200,000-fold. (1) It must be inferred that biomag-
nification in successive species occurs ascending the food
chain.
Ferrous sulfate is not a factor in considering toxicity
of water for mammals. Actually, iron is an essential nutrient
in trace amounts. Ferrous sulfate has a taste threshold at
about 2 mg/1. (1) It has been postulated that a safe concen-
tration of iron in water for domestic use would be 0.3 mg/1
and for industrial purposes, 0.1 mg/1. (1) The experimental
oral LD^q for rats has been reported as 5000 mg/kg body
weight. (8) Water for livestock use should not exceed 0.3
ppm iron. (40)
-------
NAME Ferrous Sulfate
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 300,000 lbs. - 1971
SYNONYMS Green Vitriol, Iron Vitriol, Iron Sulfate, Iron Protosul-
fate, FeoSal, Ironate, Presfersul, Irosul, Sulferrous,
Copperas
M.P. 64 °C
B.P. 3Q0 °C loses water
Sp.G. 1.899
SOLUBILITY 156,500 mg/1 @ 0 °C
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, Etc.
Soon oxidizes to ferric form and precipitates as hydroxide.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
EE™
2.9
6.4
100
100
133
315
500
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,390
hrs
4-24
24
24
4.2-7
Days
2.5-3.5
Days
24
1.3-5
Days
9-23
48
5-30
2.5-9
2-10
144 Min.
species
parm
Shiners, Lethal or
Suckers, Carp Harmful
Shiners, Lethal or
Suckers, Carp Harmful
Minnows, Gold- Lethal or
fish, Trout Harmful
cond
Distilled
ref
Bass
Sunfish
Brook Trout
Minnows
Goldfish
Bass
Very Young
Carp
Goldfish
Bass
Goldfish
Minnows
Lethal or
Harmful
Lethal or
Harmful
Lethal or
Harmful
Lethal or
Harmful
Lethal or
Harmful
Lethal or
Harmful
Lethal or
Harmful
Lethal or
Harmful
Lethal or
Harmful
Lethal or
Harmful
Lethal or
Harmful
Distilled
Hard
-------
EES
hrs
species
parm
cond
ref
2,721
31-66 Min
. Trout, Salmon
Lethal or
Tap
1
Harmful
6,950
104 Min.
Minnows
Lethal or
-
1
Harmful
10,000
1 Week
Tench
Lethal or
-
1
Harmful
10,000
1 Day
Other Pish
Lethal or
-
1
Harmful
13,900
68 Min.
Minnows
Lethal or
-
1
Harmful
152
-
Daphnia
Theshold
Lake Erie
1
for Immo-
bilization
5
24
Carp, Shiners,
Not Harmful
-
1
Suckers
17.1
1
Minnows
Not Harmful
-
1
50
7 Days
Bass, Blue-
Not Harmful
-
1
gills
50
24
Trout
Not Harmful
-
1
-
-
Bass, Sunfish
Not Harmful
-
1
100
96
Goldfish
Not Harmful
Hard
1
-
7 Days
Goldfish
Not Harmful
-
1
100
7 Days
Goldfish
Not Harmful
-
1
100
-
Carp, Tench
Not Harmful
-
1
380
185 Min.
Minnows
Not Harmful
-
1
1,000
Over 1
Mature Fish
Not Harmful
-
1
Week
Salt Water Toxicity
EES
hrs
species
parm
cond
ref
39
48
Prawn
LC50
As PeCl3
2
56
48
Shrimp
lc50
As FeCl3
2
190
48
Cockle
LC50
As FeCl3
2
90-100
48
Crab
LC50
As FeCl3
2
Mammalian
species
mg/kg
B.W. administration route
ref
Rat
5000
Oral
8
Rabbit
99
Intravenous
8
-------
ISOPRENE
Isoprene is employed in the production of butyl rubber.
It is commonly associated with rubber latex. Approximately
(199)
260 million lbs were produced in 1969
Isoprene is only slightly soluble in water. When
spilled, it will form a colorless slick and dissolve very
slowly. Isoprene is unstable and easily oxidized. The
surface slick should undergo degradation, and possible
polymerization. Direct sunlight will accelerate this.
Dissolved isoprene should be biodegradable; however, no
confirming data are available. Oxygen utilization is not
inhibited by 30 mg/l(l).
Isoprene is toxic to fish. The 96 hr TLm values for
fathead minnows, largemouth bass, goldfish and guppies are
75 ppm 39 ppm, 180 ppm, and 140 ppm, respectively (37).
The undissolved slick poses a threat to waterfowl and
marine mammals.
Isoprene is moderately toxic if inhaled or ingested.
The LD50 for mice in air is 144 mg/1 (8). Chronic feeding
studies indicate that 5 mg/1 in drinking water is the
threshold limit for warm-blooded animals (1). Rabbits given
2.5 mg/Kg/day for 2 mos display a change in catalase activity
while rats fed 0.25 mg/Kg/day suffer a change in conditioned
reflexes (15).
The median odor threshold for isoprene is .005 ppm (1).
-------
NAME Isoprene
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 260 million lbs-1969
SYNONYMS 2-Methyl Butadiene, B-Methylbivinyl, Hemiterpene
DOT Flammable Liquid, Red Label, 10 gal in an outside container
USCG Grade A flammable liquid, red label
M.P. -120. °C
B.P. 34. °C
Sp.G. 0.681
SOLUBILITY Slightly soluble
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
ppm hrs species parm cond ref
75 96 Fathead TLm 37
Minnow
39 96 Large-Mouth TLm 37
Bass
180 96 Goldfish TLm 37
140 96 Guppy TLm 37
-------
KELTHANE
Kelthane, or dicofol, is a polychlorinated aromatic
miticide. It is commonly used on fruits and vegetables.
The four million lbs of kelthane produced in 1971 (327)
were applied as an emulsion concentrate and a wettable
powder.
Kelthane is relatively insoluble in water. It will
rapidly spread through the water column, however, if
spilled in a wettable form. Little is known of the water
chemistry of kelthane.other than that it hydrolizes under
alkaline solutions. Persistence is likely to be high.
Kelthane appears to be more toxic to fish than to
aquatic invertebrates. The 24 hr TLm for mosquito fish
has been reported as 1.9 ppm (376), while the 24 hr LC50
for rainbow trout is given as .110 ppm (330). These
contrast with a reported 48 hr LC50 of 100 ppm for rainbow
trout (22). Similar values for stoneflies and waterfleas
have been reported as 3000 ppm and 390 ppm, respectively (22).
The acute oral toxicity of kelthane to rats has been
reported as 575-1100 mg/Kg body weight (1). In birds, the
LC50 ranges from 1700-1900 ppm for mallard ducks to 2800-
3000 ppm for bobwhites (22).
-------
NAME Kelthane
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 4 Million lbs - 1971 (327)
SYNONYMS 4 , 4 '-Dichloro-ot-(Trichloromethyl) Benzhydrol; DTMC•
FW 2 93; Dicofol
M.P. 77 °C
B.P. 225 °C
SOLUBILITY - Insoluble
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
EES!
hrs
species
parm
cond
ref
0.5
48
Guppies
100% Kill
1
.110
24
Rainbow
LC50
330
1.9
24
Mosquito Fish
TLm
376
100
48
Rainbow Trout
LC50
22
3000
48
Pteronarcys
LC50
22
Californica
390
48
Daphnia Magna
LC50
22
Mammalian
speci.es
Rat
Rat
Rat
mg/Kq B. W.
1100
1000
700
administration route
Oral
Oral
Oral
ref
329
329
22
-------
LEAD
Lead is a common metal often found in mineral form with
deposits of other metals. Ground and surface waters used for
domestic supplies have been found to contain anywhere from
trace amounts to .04 ppm lead (1). The average content is
about .01 ppm lead (1). Lead is used in x-ray and nuclear
shielding, paints and pigments, alloys, steel, batteries,
textile finishing, photography, engraving, and pesticides.
Commercially important salts include the acetate, arsenate,
chloride, oxide, nitrate, and sulfate. Tetramethyl and tetra-
ethyl lead compounds are also widely distributed.
Many lead salts are soluble and will soon dissolve after
spillage. The carbonate and hydroxide, however, are not
soluble, and the sulfate is only sparingly so. Hence, lead
does not persist at high concentrations in natural waters.
Lead may interfere with natural biological activity in
receiving waters. Bacterial decomposition of organic matter
is inhibited by .1 ppm lead (1).
Lead toxicity to fish appears to result from a reaction
between the dissolved lead and a constituent of mucous which
produces a film of coagulated matter that soon engulfs the
gill membranes and suffocates the fish (1). Lead is extremely
toxic in soft water and less so in hard. Reduced dissolved
oxygen content also increases lead toxicity. Trout die in
18 hrs when exposed to 1.4 ppm lead in soft water (11).
-------
Minnows display a 96 hr TLm of 2.4 ppm (1). in hard water
bluegill and minnows exhibit a 96 hr TLm of 69 and 75 ppm,
respectively. Fish in general have a threshold concentration
of 0.1 ppm lead (41). The threshold for Daphnia magna has
been reported as 5 ppm (81). Lead nitrate at 4.1 ppm lead
had no effect on the phytosynthetic activity of giant kelp
after a four day exposure (1).
Lead is considered highly toxic to mammals when inhaled
or ingested. It is not an essential nutrient. Rather, it
acts as an accumulative poison. Acute doses of 15 mg/Kg body
weight can be fatal (208). The approximate oral LD50 for rats
has been reported as 100 mg/Kg (85) . Similarly, 200 mg/Kg
killed calves within a few days (1). It is believed that
lead is excreted from the human body at 0.3-1.0 mg/day (1).
Average intake in North America is 0.33 mg/day, of which 3-10
percent is derived from water (1). Drinking water limits have
been set at .05 ppm (1). Water for livestock should also not
exceed .05 ppm (40) . Chronic lead poisoning has been
reported in animals given 0.18 mg/1 in soft water (56). As
little as 0.005 mg/Kg administered to rats on a chronic basis
can cause changes in the central nervous system (56) .
Lead salts may also be quite toxic to plants. Klintworth
claims that any concentration of lead is harmful, but other
studies show stimulating effects at 1.5-2.5 mg/1 in water (1).
A concentration of 50 mg/1 lead nitrate can kill oats and
potatoes in a week's time (1). Irrigation water in general
should not contain more than 15 ppm (42).
-------
NAME Lead Acetate
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 2.4 billion lbs - 1947 - (198)
SYNONYMS Sugar of Lead, Salt of Saturn, Plumbus Acetate
M.P. 75 PC
B.P. 200 °C decomposes
Sp.G. 2.25
SOLUBILITY 433,00 0 mg/1 at 25 °C
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, Etc.
Hydroxide and carbonate are insoluble. Sulfate is sparingly
soluble.
TOXI COLO GICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
em
hrs
species
parm
cond
ref
50
16-283
Catfish
Injury to
Tap
1
Days
Blood Cells
0.4
26-48
Minnows
Killed
Distilled
1
10
Trout
Lethal
Stream
1
5
4-16
Minnows
Lethal
Distilled
1
10
12 Days
Goldfish
Lethal
Distilled
1
2.8 as
Fish
Lethal
1
Lead
1 as Lead
Long Term
Carp
Hams Serum
1
Mammalian
species
mg/k?
B.W.
administration route
ref
Rat
1000-10,000
Oral
12
Rat
150
Intraperitoneal
8
Rat
120
Intravenous
255
-------
NAME Lead Arsenate
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 6 million lbs. - 1971 (199)
DOT Poison B, Poison Label, 200 lbs. in an outside
conta iner
USCG Poison B, Poison Label
M.P. 220° C loses water
o
B.P. 720 C decomposes
SP.G. 718
SOLUBILITY Insoluble
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc.
Hydroxide and carbonate are insoluble. Sulfate is sparingly
soluble.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
PPm
hrs.
speci es
parm
cond. r
25
24
Trout
Ki11ed
17.1
1
Mi nnows
No Harm
Stabilized
Ta p
25
24
Trout
Killed
0.1
Fish
Toxic
0.1
Sticklebacks
Toxic
0.1-0.2
Sti cklebacks
Toxic
Soft
0.2
Fish
Toxic
Soft
0.21
Guppy
Tox i c
0.25
Fish
Toxic
Fresh
0. 33
Mi nnows,
Toxi c
Brown Trout
0.34
Coho Salmon
TLM
1000-3000PPM-
Sticklebacks
Di s Sol ids
0.4
26-48
Mi nnows
Toxic
Di st
0.41
24
Coho Salmon
TLM
1 000-3000PPM-
Di s Sol ids
0.53
24
Sticklebacks
TLM
1000-3000PPW
D i s Solids
.75
Mi nnows
Toxi c
1 .0
• Long
Carp
Toxic
term
1 .0
204
Sticklebacks
Toxic
1.4
18-24
Rainbow Trout
Toxi c
Soft
-------
ppm
hrs.
species
parm
cond .
1.4
48
B1uegi11
TLM
TAP
2
24
Bluegil1
TLM
TAP
2.4
96
Fathead Minnows
TLM
Soft
2.7
4-16
Mi nnows
Toxi c
Dist
2.8
Fish
Toxi c
Fresh
4.0
10-12
Rainbow Trout
Toxi c
Soft
4.0
Fish
Toxic
5.5
Trout
Toxic
Stream
5.5
Goldfi sh
Toxi c
Dist
6.3
24 & 48
B1uegi11
TLM
10
Goldfi sh
Tox i c
17
Goldfi sh
Toxi c
27
16-183 days
Catfi sh
Toxi c
TAP
40
80
Goldfish
Toxi c
63
80
Goldfi sh
Toxic
75
96
Fathead Minnows
TLM
Hard
0.62
Trout
Safe
0.7
Minnows and
Safe
Soft Ti
Stick!ebacks
1 . 0
Goldfi sh
Safe
Soft
4.0
Plaice Eggs
Safe
ref.
Mammali an
species
Male Rat
Sheen
Rabbit
CI- icken
Rat
Man
mq/kg B.W.
825
192
125
450
800
1.4
Rat
100
administration route
ref.
Oral
Oral
Oral
Oral
Oral
LDLq Oral
22
22
22
22
MERCK
HEW
LD50 0ral
HEW
-------
NAME Lead Chloride
SYNONYMS Cotunnite
M.P. 501 °C
B.P. 950 °C
Sp.G. 5.85
SOLUBILITY 9900 mg/1 at 20 °C
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, Etc.
Hydroxide and carbonate insoluble.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
2E5L
hrs
10 5
10 24
1.6 as Pb 18-24
4.0 as Pb 10-12
0.01-1.0 240
0.33
0.58
1.25
3.2 96
10.0 24
>100 96
128
5.58 96
482 96
23.8 96
442 96
31.5 96
20.6 96
Mammalian
species
Rat
Guinea Pig
Sulfate sparingly soluble
species
Daphnia Magna
Daphnia Magna
Rainbow Trout
Rainbow Trout
Daphnia Magna
Freshwater
Fish
Whitefish Fry
Daphnia Magna
Fathead Minnow
Daphnia Magna
Fathead Minnow
Cyclops Ver-
nalis
Fathead Minnow
Fathead Minnow
Bluegill
Bluegill
Goldfish
Guppy
parm
Survived
Died
Median Sur-
vival
Median Sur-
vival
Toxic
Toxic
Toxic
Toxic
TLm
Toxic
TLm
Toxic
TLm
TLm
TLm
TLm
TLm
TLm
cond
Soft
Soft
Lake Erie
Lake Erie
Soft
Distilled
Hard
Lake Erie
Soft
Hard
Soft
Hard
Soft
Hard
mg/kg B.W.
1000-10,000
2000
administration route
Oral
Oral
ref
1
ref
12
8
-------
LEAD FLUOBORATE
Sp. G. - >1.0
SOLUBILITY - Soluble
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. Lead will precipitate as the hydroxide,
carbonate, and sulfate salts.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity - Toxicity will be that for lead ion.
Mammalion Toxicity
Species mg/Kg B.W. Administration Route Ref.
Rat 50 low lethal dose Oral 96
-------
lead fluoride
M.P. - 855°C
B.P. - 1290°C
Sp. G. - 8.24
SOLUBILITY - 640 ppm
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. - Lead will precipitate as the hydroxide,
carbonate, and sulfate salts.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity - Toxicity will be that for fluoride ion.
Saltwater Toxicity - Toxicity will be that for lead ion.
Mammalian Toxicity
Species mg/kg B. W. Administration Route Ref.
Guinea Pig 4000 Oral - Low Lethal Dose 96
-------
LEAD IODIDE
SYNONYMS - Lead Diiodide
M.P. 402 °C
B.P» 954 °C
Sp. G. - 6.16
SOLUBILITY - 440
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. Lead will precipitate as the hydroxide,
carbonate and sulfate salts.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity - Toxicity will be that for lead ion.
-------
NAME Lead Nitrate
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE Bottles, cartons, boxes, barrels, casks
DOT Oxidizing material, yellow label, 100 lbs in an outside container
M.P. 470 °C decomposes
Sp.G. 4.53
SOLUBILITY 376,500 mg/1 at 25 °C
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, Etc.
Hydroxide and carbonate insoluble
TOXICOLOGICAL
Sulfate sparingly soluble.
Fresh Water Toxicity
E£m
1.6
3.3
5.
hrs
3
0.1
1.0
0.7
0.2
63
1.6 (Pb)
12
1 Day
2 Days
1 Week
80
18-24
4. 0 (Pb) 10-12
0. 4 (Pb)
10(Pb)
27.5-49
48
96
24
species
Tadpoles
Tadpoles
Goldfish
Goldfish
Fundulus
Sticklebacks
Sticklebacks
Sticklebacks
Sticklebacks
Goldfish
Rainbow
Rainbow
Minnows
Fish
Tubificid
Worms
parm
Harms
Growth
Lethal
Survived
Died
Fatal
Lethal Con.
Limit
Average
Survival
Time
Average
Survival
Time
Average
Survival
Time
Died
Median
Survival
Median
Survival
Died
No Harm
TLm
cond
Tap Water
Tap Water
6.2 mg/1
Dissolved
°2
1.4 mg/1
Dissolved
02
Fresh Water
ref
1
Soft
Soft
Hard Water
326
-------
E£m
hrs
species
parm
cond
0.16
Stickleback
Toxic
Tap
0.53
Minnows,Stic-
Toxic
Tap
klebacks ,and
Brown Trout
10
2.5
Trout
Toxic
Natural
10
24 and 48
Bluegill Sun-
TLm
Tap
fish
10
96
Goldfish
Toxic
Hard
16
Goldfish
Toxic
Tap
16.6
20
Minnows
Toxic
100
80
Goldfish
Toxic
Hard
165
Fish
Toxic
Distilled
240
96
Mosquito Fish
TLm
Highly
Turbid
250
96
Goldfish
Toxic
Distilled
250
2-3
Minnows
Toxic
Distilled
830
3
Minnows
Toxic
3320
2.2
Minnows
Toxic
8300
1.5
Minnows
Toxic
16600
1.4
Minnows
Toxic
44000
1
Minnows
Toxic
53000
1
Minnows
Toxic
5.0
96
Daphnia Magna
Threshold
Havel River
24 °C
2.5
96
Scenedesmus
Threshold
Havel River
24 °C
1.3
96
E. Coli
Threshold
Havel River
24 °C
1.25
96
Microregma
Threshold
Havel River
24 °C
ref
Salt Water Toxicity
ppm hrs
200
4.1 as
Pb
375 48
>500 48
Mammalian
species
Rat
Rat
Rat
species
Sea Urchin
Eggs
Giant Kelp
Prawn
Cockle
parm
cond
Abnormal-
ities
No Bad Effect
on Photosyn-
thesis
LC5 0 Aerated
LC50 Aerated
mg/kg B.W.
1000-10,000
400
270
administration route
Oral
Intraperitoneal
Intraperitoneal
ref
1
1
2
2
ref
12
8
85
-------
LEAD STEARATE
SYNONYMS - Stearic Acid Lead Salt
M. P. 100-115°C
Sp» G ¦ ™ 1•4
SOLUBILITY - 50
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis etc. Lead can precipitate as hydroxide, carbonate
and sulfate salts. Stearate ion is biodegradable.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity - Toxicity is that for lead ion.
Mammalian Toxicity
Species mq/Kq B.W. Administration Route Ref.
Guinea Pig 20,000 MLD Oral 0
-------
NAME Lead Sulfate
M.P. 1170 °C
Sp.G» 6.2
SOLUBILITY 425 mg/1 at 25 °C
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, Etc.
Hydroxide and carbonate are insoluble.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
ref
1
1
1
1
1
ref
12
8
2£m
hrs
species
parm
cond
25 96
25 2-3
26
1.6 as Pb 18-24
4.0 as Pb 10-12
Mammalian
Goldfish Killed Distilled
Minnows Killed Distilled
Goldfish Lethal Con.
Rainbow Trout Median Sur- Soft
vival
Rainbow Trout Median Sur- Soft
vival
species
Rat
Guinea Pig
mg/kg B.W.
1000-10,000
300
administration route
Oral
Intraperitoneal
-------
LEAD SULFIDE
SYNONYMS - Balena
M.P. 1114 °C
B.P. 12 81°C Sublimes
Sp. G. - 7.5
SOLUBILITY - .86
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. Lead precipitates as hydroxide, carbonate,
sulfate salts.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity - Toxicity is that for lead ion.
Mammalian Toxicity
Species mg/Kg B.W. Administration Route Ref.
Rat 1600 Intraperitoneal 8
-------
LEAD TETRAACETATE
M.P. 175 °C
Sp. G. - 2.228
SOLUBILITY - Decomposes
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. Decomposes in water forminq lead dioxide and
acetic acid. The dioxide precipitates while acetic acid is biodegradeable.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity - Toxicity is that of lead ion.
-------
LEAD THIOCYANATE
SYNONYMS - Lead Sulfocyanate
Sp. G. - 3.82
SOLUBILITY - 500
PERSISTANCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. Lead will precipitate as hydroxide, carbon^
and sulfate salts.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity - Toxicity is that for lead ion.
-------
LEAD THIOSULFATE
SYNONYM - Lead Hyposulfite
M.P. - Decomposes
SpG - 5.18
SOLUBILITY - 300
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. - Lead is precipitated as hydroxide,
carbonate, and sulfate salt. Thiosulfate anion may oxidize
to sulfate.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity - Toxicity is that for lead ion.
-------
LEAD TUNGSTATE
SYNONYMS - Lead Wolframate, Raspite
M.P. 1130°C
SpG. 8.46
SOLUBILITY - 300
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. - Lead will precipitate as hydroxide,
carbonate and sulfate salts.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity - Toxicity is that of lead ion.
-------
Lindane
Lindane is an organochlorine insecticide employed for many
uses including household applications. It is also widely used in
seed treatments. Pure product must not contain less than 99 per-
cent BHC. The <1 million pounds formulated as emulsifiable con-
centrates, wettable powders, oil-base sprays, dusts and aerosols.
Lindane is soluble to 10 ppm in water. When spilled, it will
sink. It has strong vapor properties, and may escape to the
atmosphere over time. Some, however, will be associated with
sediments. When BHC was applied at 10 lb/acre in soil, it per-
sisted greater than 11 years. At 25 ppm in soil, it persisted
two years and 10 percent remained after 14 years when applied
at 100 ppm in sandy loam (22).
Lindane is quite toxic to fish. The 96 hour for blue-
gill ranges from 0.025-0.1 ppm as the temperature is varied from
45-85°F (22). The 96 hour LC^q values for fathead minnow, rainbow
trout, and coho salmon are 0.087, 0.027, and 0.041 ppm (22). Fish
food organisms are also adversely affected at low concentrations.
The 48 hour LC^q values for Pteronarcys californica, gammarus
1-custris, and daphnia pulex are 0.008, 0.088, and 0.46 ppm
respectively (22).
In saltwater, the 96 hour for oysters is 3.6-9.1 ppm
(23, 411). Sand shrimp and hermit crabs have a 24 hour LC50
value of 0.014 and 0.038 ppm respectively (22).
Lindane is and ingestive and inhalation hazard. The oral
LD^q for rats is reported to be 76 mg/kg body weight (96) . Values
for other laboratory animals fall in the same range (22). Birds
appear more resistant. The oral LD5Q for young mallards is
-------
reported as >2000 mg/kg body weight (22). In man, the dangerous
acute dose has been estimated as 7-15 gms (38). A drinking watec
limit of 0.056 ppm has been established (337). While tests for
carcinogenesis were negative, investigations with root tips
produced C-mitosis and chromosome observations (15).
-------
LINDANE
SYNONYMS - Gammahexane, Streunex, BHC, DBH, HCCH, HCH/ 666,
Benzahex, Chemhex, Gamoxol, Hexadon, 1,2,3,4,5,6-
Hexa chlorocychohexane, Gamaphex, Gammalin, Gammex,
Gammexane, Lindafor, Linda gam, Lintox, Vovigam,
Silvanol, Benzene Hexachloride
PRODUCTION - <1,000,000 lb/yr - 1971
M.P. - 112.9°C
Sp. G« " 1.87
SOLUBILITY - 10 ppm
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. - Persistent and bioconcentrative.
TOXICOLOGICAL
ppm
hr
Species
Parm
Immobile
Ref.
0.23
96
Goldfish
*50
BHC
22
0.03
24
Rainbow Trout
*50
BHC
22
.053
48
Bluegill
*50
24 °C
22
.022
48
Rainbow Trout
EC50
13°C
22
0.1
24
Bluegill
*50
12.7°C
22
0.1
24
Bluegill
LC50
18.3°C
22
0.095
24
Bluegill
*50
23.8°C
22
0.075
24
Harlequin Fish
*50
22
0.018
48
Rainbow Trout
*50
22
0.002
96
Brown Trout
*50
22
0.027
96
Bluegill
*50
22
0.032
96
Bluegill
*50
22
0.041
96
Bluegill
*50
22
0.044
96
Bluegill
*50
22
0.064
96
Bluegill
*50
22
0.068
96
Bluegill
*50
22
0.068
96
Bluegill
*50
22
0.083
96
Bluegill
*50
22
0.087
96
Bluegill
*50
22
-------
ppm
hr
0.090
96
name
0.131
96
COMMON
0.16
24
dot <
0.1
24
0.1
24
M.P.
0.1
24
Sp.G.
0.034
24
SOLUE
0.088
48
0.075
48
PERSj
0.076
48
Ch<
0.053
48
Hy
0.027
48
0.065
96
TO XI
0.053
96
Fi
0.056
96
Ei
0.038
96
0.025
96
1
0.012
24
3
5
0.012
24
C
0.008
48
0.088
48
0.460
48
0.52
48
0.46
48
0.52
48
0.42
48
0.002
48
14
24
4.0
24
13
24
1.93
48
0.05
48
Species
Bluegill
Bluegili
Bluegill
Bluegili
Bluegill
Bluegili
Bluegili
Bluegill
Bluegili
Bluegili
Bluegill
Bluegili
Bluegili
Bluegili
Bluegili
Bluegili
Bluegili
Pteronarcys
Calif0rnica
Gaitunarus
Lacustris
P" Californica
G* Lacustris
Daphnia puXex
Simocephalus
Serruiatus
DaPhnia puiex
s- Serrulatus
DaPhnia Pulex
P* Californicas
Fowlers Toad
Tadpoles
Chorus Froq
Tadpoles
£2^* -
SSpSSS- -
Parm
Parm
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
EC
50
EC
EC
EC
EC
LC
50
50
50
50
50
LC
50
LC
LC
LC
50
50
50
45°F
55°F
65°F
7 5°F
85°F
4 5 °F
55 °F
65°F
7 5°F
85°F
4 5°F
55 °F
65 °F
75°F
85 °F
Immobile
Immobile
Lindane
Lindane
BHC
-------
ppm hr Species
3.14 48 Golden Shiner -
Resistent
0.15 4 8 Golden Shiner -
Susceptible
0.044 9 6 Channel Catfish
0.064 96 Black Bullhead
0.064 96 Goldfish
0.090 96 Carp
0.087 9 6 Fathead Minnow
0.068 96 Bluegill
0.083 96 Smallmouth Bass
0.032 96 Largemouth Bass
0.027 96 Rainbow Trout
0.002 96 Brown Trout
0.041 96 Coho Salmon
0.068 96 Yellow Perch
0.4 96 Striped Bass
0.13 96 Mosquito Fish
0.05 96 Guppy
0.06 96 Tilopia
Mossambica
0.04 96 Kuhlia
Sandvicensio
0.004 12 Stolephorus
Purpurea
Saltwater Toxocity
>10.0 4 8 Hard Clam
>10.0 288 Hard Clam
4.1 96 Oyster
0.014 24 Sand Shrimp
0.038 24 Hermit Crab
0.062 24 Grass Shrimp
0.36 96 Oyster
Mammalian Toxicity
Parm
Cond,
LC
LC
50
50
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
LC
50
LC
LC
50
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
Ref.
449
449
360
360
360
360
360
360
360
360
360
360
360
360
410
450
450
450
450
450
411
411
411
22
22
22
23
Species
mg/kg B. W. Administration Route Ref.
Rat
Mouse
Rabbit
125-200
86
60-200
Oral
Oral
Oral
22
22
22
-------
Species
mg/kg B. W.
Administration Route
Ref.
Guinea Pig 100-127 Oral 22
Rat 76 Oral 96
Avian Toxicity
Young Mallards >2000 Oral 22
Mallards >5000 ppm Oral - 5 Days 22
Pheasants 500-600 ppm Oral - 5 Days 22
Bobwhite 900-1100 ppm Oral - 5 Days 22
Coturnix 400-500 ppm Oral - 5 Days 22
-------
MALATHION
Malathion is one of the organo-phosphate insecticides
used widely on fruit, vegetables, ornamentals, livestock,
and households. The 20 million lbs produced in 1971
(327) were applied in the dust, wettable powder, concentrate,
and emulsion concentrate forms.
Malathion is not very soluble in.water, but when
spilled in a wettable form, will soon disperse through the
water column. Malathion hydrolyzes rapidly and is subject
to attack at the sulfur atom. Iron catalyzes decomposition.
In river water, 10 percent remains after two weeks , while
none is detectable after four weeks (328). In soil,
Laygo and Shulz reported persistence for two days. When
applied at 5 lb/acre to silt-loam soil, 0.1 ppm of the
original 3.2 ppm remained after 8 days (22).
Malathion is relatively toxic to fish. The 96 hr
TLitis for Atlantic salmon, bluegill, and fathead minnows
have been reported as .12 ppm, (1); .09 ppm (329); and 12.5
ppm (330)f respectively. The predicted 96 hr LC50 values
for most gamefish fall in the range .1-.3 ppm. For rough
fish and catfish, this range is extended to 12 ppm (360).
Various fish food organisms are affected in the range
.0009-0.1 ppm (330). Daphnia magna are immobilized by
.009 ppm (335). In salt water, marine fish display a 96 hr
LC50 of .008-3.2 and marine Crustacea .033-.83 ppm (377).
-------
Malathion is considered 100 times less toxic than
parathion. The oral LD50 values for mice and rats have
been reported as 4000 ^ and 2830 ^ mg/Kg body weight,
respectively. The estimated fatal dose for a 70 Kg man is
60 gms (1). Drinking water should not contain more than
0.1 ppm malathion (337) . In chronic feeding studies, rats
satisfactorily tolerated 1000 mg/Kg in diets for six
months. Similarly, no effects were noted in rats fed
5000 mg/Kg of diet for 63 consecutive days (1). Tests for
carcinogenesis have been negative (15), but malathion
is suspected of reacting with DNA (19). In tests for
teratogenesis, chicks fed 75 ppm/day had congenital mal-
formations (15) .
Birds are fairly tolerant of malathion. The LC50s
for mallard ducks and pheasants have been determined as
>5000 ppm and 2,500-4,500 ppm, respectively (22).
Chickens fed as little as 100 mg/Kg body weight develop
leg weakness (22).
Malathion is not considered to be highly phytotoxic
When added to 0.1 ppm, malathion can be converted to
malaoxon and other metabolites by algae. The malathion
did alter the composition of the mixed algal community
but there was no persistent inhibitory effect on growth (22) .
-------
NAME Malathion
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 30 million lbs - 1971
SYNONYMS 0,0-Dimethyl Phosphorodithioate of Diethyl Mercapto-
succinate; Malathon; Phosphothion; EPN; American
Cyanimide-4049; #4049
M.P. 2.9 °C
B.P. 157 °C
Sp.G. 1.23
SOLUBILITY 25°C - 145 ppm
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
hrs
species
parm
cond
ref
.033
24
Atlantic
TLm
1
Salmon
.12
96
Atlantic
TLm
1
Salmon
5.0
Trout
100% Kill
1
5.0
Yellow Perch
100% Kill
1
0.090
96
Bluegill
TLm
329
0.10
24
Trout
50% Kill
329
12.5
96
Fathead
.TLm
Soft Water
330
12.5
96
Fathead
TLm
Hard Water
330
.100
24
Rainbow
LC50
330
.120
24
Bluegill
LC50
330
.0009
48
Daphnia Magna
TLm
59% Active
330
in Xylene
.0056
96
Acroneuria
TLm
59% Active
330
Pacifica
in Xylene
.100
96
Pteronarcys
TLm
59% Active
330
Californica
in Xylene
.056
96
Claassenia
TLm
59% Active
330
Sabulosa
in Xylene
.032
96
Anetopsyche
TLm
59% Active
330
Grandis
in Xylene
8.970
96
Catfish
TL50
Predicted
360
12.9
96
Bullhead
TL50
Predicted
360
10.7
96
Goldfish
TL50
Predicted
360
8.65
96
Minnow
TL50
Predicted
360
6.59
96
Carp
TL50
Predicted
360
-------
ppm
hrs
species
parm
cond
ref
. 17
96
Sunfish
TL50
Predicted
360
.103
96
Bluegill
TL50
Predicted
360
.285
96
Bass
TL50
Predicted
360
.170
96
Rainbow
TL50
Predicted
360
.200
96
Brown
TL50
Predicted
360
.101
96
Coho
TL50
Predicted
360
.203
96
Perch
TL50
Predicted
360
.0036
24
Chaborus
4th Instar
379
Astictopus
Larvae
.17
24
Fall Chinook
TLm
378
Fingerling
. 15
48
Fall Chinook
TLm
378
Fingerling
.12
96
Fall Chinook
TLm
378
Fingerling
.05
24
Mosquito Fish
40% Lethal
In Acetone
371
.023
96
Chinook
.094
96
Threespine
TLm
342
Stickleback
13.6
96
R. Balteatus
TLm
Soft
374
Hydroflox
11.4
96
R. Balteatus
TLm
Soft
374
Hydroflox
8. 9
96
R. Balteatus
TLm
Soft
374
Hydroflox
23
96
Fathead Minnow
TLm
100% Tech.
380
.09
96
Bluegill
TLm
100% Tech.
380
.84
96
Guppy
TLm
100% Tech.
380
.00162
96
Gammarus
TLm
In Acetone
358
Lacustris
.05
96
Pteroncys
TLm
367
Californica
(Naiad)
.007
96
Acroneuria
TLm
95% Active
367
Pacifica (Naiad)
in Acetone
77
96
Rainbow
TLm
Temp 45°F
303
68
96
Rainbow
TLm
Temp 55°F
303
110
96
Rainbow
TLm
Temp 65°F
303
.1
96
Ephemerella
TLm
333
Grandis
.007
96
Hydropsyche
TLm
Soft
333
Californica
.003
48
Simocephalus
EC50
354
Serrulatus
.002
48
D. Pulex
EC50
354
.0009
64
D. Magna
Immob.
Temp 78°F
335
-------
EE™
hrs
species
parm
cond
ref
.0002
64
D, Carinata
Immob.
Temp 78°F
335
.005
24
Rainbow
Tim
Mo,
River
381
.0046
48
Rainbow
TLm
Mo,
River
381
.0028
96
Rainbow
TLm
Mo.
River
381
.0023
120
Rainbow
TLm
Mo.
River
381
.04
24
Red Shiner
TLm
Mo.
River
381
.036
48
Red Shiner
TLm
Mo.
River
381
.025
96
Red Shiner
TLm
Mo.
River
381
.023
120
Red Shiner
TLm
Mo.
River
381
.115
96
Bluegill
TLm
438
Salt Water
¦ Toxicity
.15
48
Killifish
50% Kill
347
.1
Spot
76% Enzyme
370
Activity
.1
Sheepshead
39% Enzyme
370
.008-3.2
Minnows
Activity
96
Marine Fish
LC50
377
.033-
96
Marine
LC50
377
0.83
Crustacea
Mammalian
species
mg/Kg
B. W. administration route
ref
Mice
4000
Oral
8
Rat
1000
Oral
1
Rat
2830
Oral
1
-------
MALEIC ACID
Maleic acid is employed for processing textiles,
synthesizing plastics, manufacturing dyes, and making
pharmaceuticals. It is presently supplied by six major
U. S. firms.
Maleic acid is very soluble in water, when spilled, the
white crystals will sink and dissolve rapidly, dropping the
solution pH. The dissolved acid will then be diluted and
neutralized by receiving waters until it is present as the
soluble calcium and sodium salts. (Calcium maleate is soluble
to 28,900 ppm.) The maleate anion is biodegradable. As much
as .38 lbs of oxygen per lb of acid are utilized in the first
5 days (11). Acclimation can accelerate this to .63 lbs
oxygen (4). This should not be sufficient, however 4-r\ a
r <-o produce
oxygen deficiencies in a spill situation.
The 96 hr median threshold limit for mosquito fiSh j_n
turbid water is reported to be .230 ppm maleic anhydride
\ *• / •
The 48 hr value for bluegill in Philadelphia tap water is
.138 ppm CD. It is estimated that a safe level would be 35
ppm (1). Solution pK and buffer capacity will be important
in determining resulting toxicity.
-------
Maleic acid is a strong irritant, highly toxic when
ingested or inhaled. The oral LD50 £0* t5ie anhydride to rats
is reported as 850 mg/Kg body weight (8). Chronic administra-
tion of 0.06 mg/Kg daily for six mo. affected the glycogen
synthesizing liver function in rats. Similar doses of 6 mg/Kg
for five mos. decreased phagocytic activity in rabbits (15).
A concentration of 1 ppm in reservoir water produced no
organoleptic effects in man (15).
-------
NAME Maleic Acid
SYNONYMS cis Butendoic Acid, Maleinic Acid, cis-l/2-Ethylenedio;
carboxylic Acid, Malenic Acid, Toxilic Acid
M.P. 130. °C
B.P. 135. °C Decomposes
Sp.G. 1.590
SOLUBILITY Very Soluble
PERSISTENCE
Oxygen Demand
BOD.5 - 4.5% Theo.-(32)
BODx - 2.7% Theo.-(32)
BOD5 - .38 lb/lb using sewage seed-(11)
BOD5 - .63 lb/lb using acclimated seed-(4)
BOD5 - .77 BOD/TOD (anhydride)-(126)
COD - .93 lb/lb-(4)
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
PPro
35
240
230
150
138
Mammalian
hrs
24-48
96
24
48
species
Bluegill
parm
cond
ef
Mosquito-Fish TLm
Mosquito-Fish TLm
Bluegill TLm
Bluegill TLm
Estimated
Safe
Concentration
Turbid,
20-23°C
Turbid
20-23°C
Philadel-
phia Tap
Philadel-
phia Tap
species
mq/kg B. W,
administration route
ref
Rat
850
Oral-as anhydride
131
-------
MALEIC ANHYDRIDE
Maleic anhydride is employed to produce pharmaceuticals,
resins, dyes, and diene compounds. The 228.6 million lbs
produced in 1971 (198) were shipped in bags and fiber drums
in the dry form and in tank cars and trucks in the molten
form.
Production is predicted to increase 12-15
percent/yr through 1975.
Maleic anhydride hydrolyzes to maleic acid when
dissolved in water. Its biodegradability and aquatic
toxicity will be the same as that noted for maleic acid.
Maleic anhydride is highly toxic when ingested or
inhaled. The oral LD50 for rats is 850 mg/Kg body weight
(131). Chronic administration of 2.5 mg/Kg daily for six
months and 5 mg/Kg daily for five months produced no effects
in rabbits (15). No chronic effects are known to accompany
intake by man (38).
-------
NAME Maleic Anhydride
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 228.6 million lbs 1971 (198)
SYNONYMS cis-Butenedioic Anhydride
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE Bags, fiber drums, molten in tank cat
tank trucks
M.P. 52.8 °C
B.P. 202. °C
Sp.G. .734
SOLUBILITY 163,000 mg/1 at 30°C
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc.
Becomes maleic acid when dissolved.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
See Maleic Acid
Salt Water Toxicity
See Maleic Acid
Mammalian
species mg/kg B. W. administration route ref
Rat 850 Oral 13
-------
MERCURY
Mercury may appear naturally as a free metal or as a
salt. It is commonly found near ore deposits of other precious
metals. Salts including mercuric acetate, mercuric chloride,
mercuric cyanide, mercuric nitrate, and organo-mercury com-
pounds are used in industry for disinfection, preservation,
fabric printing, tanning, electroplating, ink production,
explosives manufacture, electrolytic cells (chlor-alkali
industry), and medicinal preparations. Total U.S. mercury
consumption was greater than 6 million lbs in 1969 (319).
Natural levels of atmospheric mercury have been recorded
as 2 mg/m air (315) whereas a survey of principal rivers in
the U.S., 195 8-59, detected no mercury contamination. Nine
separate water supplies in Denver, Colorado were found to
contain .05 mg/1 (56) . The sources for this contamination
included industrial operations and mining activities. Recent
surveys of water supplies in general revealed up to 5 ppb
mercury (315). Sewage sludge has been found with as much as
27 ppm mercury (315) . Mercury has been detected in a wide
variety of animal life. Concentrations in aquatic life vary
from 0.3 ppm found in bottom organisms to 5.8 ppm found in
predatory fish (315) . Specific studies have also identified
mercury in fur seals (316), upland game birds (317), migratory
waterfowl (318), and man (315).
-------
While metallic mercury is insoluble, many mercuric and
organo-mercuric compounds are soluble. These will disperse
soon after spillage. The sulfate and phosphate salts are
relatively insoluble, however, and will precipitate out in
natural waters with a subsequent drop in the dissolved mercury
level. Mercury may also sorb onto particulate matter and be
carried to the bottom. Once mercury reaches the bottom en-
vironment, it undergoes a complex series of chemical and bio-
logical interactions resulting in the production of dimethyl
and methyl mercury. The proportional split between these
depends largely on pH and dissolved oxygen content. Aerobic
conditions and low pH move equilibrium toward the more toxic
methyl mercury (320). Methylation is slow, 1-5 mg/cm2/week,
and hence mercury deposits in sediments may require decades
to purge themselves to natural background levels (321).
Mercuric ions are considered highly toxic to aquatic
life. Concentrations of 0.004-0.02 mg/1 as Hg have been
reported as harmful to freshwater fish (1). Concentrations
of .01-.1 are lethal to microlife (209). For phytoplankton,
the minimum lethal concentration has been reported as 0.9-60
mg/1 (1). In aerated salt water, LC50 values of .075 mg/1,
5.7 mg/1, 4.2 mg/1, and 9 mg/1 have been reported for prawn,
shrimp, oyster, and cockle respectively (2). The 48 hr TLm
for marine fish in general is given as 0.29, but levels as
low as .008 can be lethal (109). a threshold concentration
of .01 ppm has been recommended for waters with fresh or
saltwater fishes (41).
-------
Mercury, especially methylated mercury, is concentrated
in fish in the liver, kidneys, spleen, bone, and brain. Pike
in water containing .07 ppb mercury concentrated it 3000 times.
The biological half-life is reported to be 44 days.
Mercury salts are extremely toxic by all routes of
exposure. The oral LD50 for rats fed mercuric chloride is
reported to be 37 mg/Kg body weight (1). A dose of 3 gm of
mercury can be fatal to humans as can consumption of water
containing 50 mg/1 (208). The Soviet Union restricts mercury
in drinking water to .005 ppm or less (56). While as little
as 1.7 mg/Kg mercuric chloride can cause acute fatal poison-
ing in humans (56), mercury poses the greatest threat through
chronic exposure. Slow accumulation of mercury, particularly
methyl mercury, can lead to destruction of the central nervous
system over the period of exposure.
-------
Mercury
Mercury has been designated a toxic substance under
Section 307 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act
Amendments of 1972. As such, continuous discharge standards
are being established for various sources. These levels
relate to continual exposure and therefore should not be
compared directly with critical concentrations established
here. Indeed, since spill events are probablistic, median
receptors have been selected for use if determining critical
concentrations in setting harmful quantities and rates of
penalty as apposed to the most sensitive receptor.
-------
MERCURY
PRODUCTION QUANTITY - 339 million lbs redistilled in 1969 - (199)
SYNONYMS - Hydrargyrum
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE - 76 lb flasks
M.P. - -38.87°C
B.P. - 356.58°C
Sp.G. - 13.59
SOLUBILITY Insoluble
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. - Sulfate and phosphate insoluble.
TOXECOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
PPm hrs species parm cond ref
.01-.1
.03
0.5-1
.01
.1
0.2
0.9-60
.013
48
10
6
40
Microlife
Daphnia Magna
Carassius
Aurous
Carassius
Aurous
Stickleback
Aspergillus
Niger
Tench,Carp,
Trout,Char,
Crustacea,Worms,
Insect Larvae
Phytoplankton Minimum
Lethal Con.
Lethal
Threshold
TLm
Lethal
Lethal
LD50
Not Harmful
15-18°C
Added as
MgO
209
81
322
322
110
314
96
Pumpkinseed
LC
50
1
439
Saltwater Toxicity
0.29 48
0.01
0.005
0.008
0.08
240
24
Marine Pish
Paracentrotus
Lividus Eggs
Paracentrotus
Lividus Eggs
Marine Fish
Marine Fish
TLm
Severe Dis-
turbance
Retards De-
velopment
Kill
Kill
109
109
109
109
109
-------
Mammalian Toxicity
Species mg/kg B.W. administration route ref
human 1 mg/M inhalation 96
rat 400 intraperitoneal 96
rabbit 29 mg/M inhalation 96
-------
MERCURIC ACETATE
DOT - Poison B, poison label, 200 lbs in an outside container
USCG - Poison B, poison label
M.P. 178-180°C
B .P. - decomposes
Sp. G. - 3•2 8
SOLUBILITY - 250,000
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. - Upon standing, soltions decompose
yeilding a yellow precipitate. Any of these forms, however,
can be resolubilized through biological action which leads to
a cycling mechanism.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity - Toxicity will be that of mercury ion.
-------
MERCURIC CYANIDE
USCG - Poison B, Poison Label
IATA - Poison B, Poison Label
M. P. - Decomposes
Sp. G. - 4. 018
SOLUBILITY - 93,000 mg/1 at 14 C
— o
539, 000 mg/1 at 100 C
PERSISTENCE - Dissociation yields mercuric ion and cyanide. The
cyanide ion is in equilibrium with HCN, a very weak acid .
toxicological
FRESHWATER TOXICITY - Toxicity will be that for mercury ion
MAMMALIAN TOXICITY
Species mg/kg B. W. Administration Route Ref.
Raf- 25 Oral LD50 95
-------
MERCURIC NITRATE
SYNONYMS - Mercury Pernitrate
M.P. 79°C
B.P. - Decomposes
Sp. G. - 4.39
SOLUBILITY - Very soluble
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. - Mercury will associate with par-
ticulate matter or precipitate as a common salt, e.g., sulfate,
oxide, etc. Subsequent biological action may resolubilize
mercury initiating cycling between the aqueous and sediment
phases.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity
Mercuric Nitrate
0.02 as Hr 7 Days
0.02 as Hg
1.0
3.0
1.7 48
0.015
0.015
1.0
Mammalian Toxicity
Species mg/kg B. w.
Mouse 5 Low Lethal Dose
Stickleback
Guppy
Australorbis
Snails
Australorbis
Snails
Stickleback
Isopod
Fish
Polychaete
Lethal
LD50
30% Kill
90% Kill
TL
m
First Sig-
nificant
Effects
First Sig-
nificant
Effects
First Sig-
nificant
Effects
Very Soft
1
1
1
1
1
Administration Route Ref
Intraperitoneal 96
-------
MERCURIC SULFATE
SYNONYMS - Mercury Bisulfate, Mercury Persulfate
DOT - Poison B, poison label, 200 lbs in an outside container
USCG - Poison B, poison label
M.P. - Decomposes
Sp. G. 6.47
SOLUBILITY - Decomposes
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. - Mercury sulfate decomposes in water
to an insoluble basic sulfate. Subsequent biological action
can resolubilize the mercury initiating cycling between gmiam,.
and sediment phases. H eous
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity - Toxicity will be that of the mercury
Mammalian Toxicity
Species mq/kg B. W. Administration Roni-a Ref
Rat 52 Oral . "
-------
MERCURIC THIOCYANATE
SYNONYMS - Mercuric Sulfocyanate, Mercuric Sulfocyanide
DOT - Poison B, poison label, 200 lbs in an outside container
USCG - Poison B, poison label
M.P. - Decomposes
SOLUBILITY
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. - Mercury will associate with par-
ticulate matter. Subsequent biological action can resolubilize
the mercury initiating cycling between the aqueous and sediment
phases.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity - Toxicity will be that of the mercury itself.
-------
MERCUROUS NITRATE
M.P. - 70°C
Sp. G. - 4.79
SOLUBILITY - Decomposes
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis/ etc. - Decomposes to mercuric form. Mercury
is quickly associated with sediments but can be resolubilized
biologically and is bioaccumulative.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity - Toxicity is that for mercury ion.
Mammalian Toxicity
Species mg/kg B. W. Administration Route Ref.
Mice 4 Intraperitoneal 96
-------
METHOXYCHLOR
Methoxychlor is a polychlorinated aromatic insecticide
similar in structure to DDT. It is primarily used on
fruits, vegetables, livestock, and in households. The 10
million lbs produced in 1971 (327) were applied in
granule, dust, wettable powder, and emulsion concentrate
forms.
Methoxychlor is slightly soluble in water. It will
disperse through the water column, however, if spilled in
a wettable form. Little is known of the water chemistry
of methoxychlor, but it is not likely to be nearly as
persistent as DDT. Tests show a much lower accumulation
potential for methoxychlor than DDT indicating susceptibility
to metabolic degradation or excretion (1).
Methoxychlor is highly toxic to aquatic life. The
96 hr TLm to common fish species falls in the range .035-
.120 ppm (1). For rainbow trout, the value is .0626 ppm
(342). Fish food organisms are immobilized in the concentra-
tion range .00078-.005 ppm (335). In salt water, marine
fish display a 96 hr TLm of .012-.15 ppm and marine Crustacea
.004-.012 ppm (377).
Methoxychlor is subject to biological concentration.
Oysters exposed to 0.05 ppm in flowing seawater concentrated
methoxychlor by a factor of 5780. Brook trout placed in .005
-------
ppm recorded 1.759 ppm after seven days. This is con-
siderably lower than accumulation levels seen with DDT.
When placed in fresh water, contaminated fish eliminated
41.3 percent of the accumulated toxicant in one week (22).
Methoxychlor is not highly toxic when ingested. The
oral LD50 for rats is 5000-7000 mg/Kg body weight (1).
The estimated fatal dose for a 70 kg man is 350 gms (1).
Drinking water should not contain more than .035 ppm (337) .
With chronic feed studies, toxicity was noted at 10 mg/Kg
in rats over a two year period (1). Feeding studies with
rats have also shown tumor development (15).
Birds appear quite sensitive to methoxychlor. The
LD50 for young mallard ducks was 15.9 mg/Kg when administered
orally (22). Bobwhite quail fed .1000 mg/Kg in diet
suffered a 40 percent reduction in reproduction.
Methoxychlor has phytotoxic properties. Exposure of
phytoplankton communities for four hrs to 1 ppm resulted
in an 80.6 percent reduction in productivity (22).
-------
NAME Methoxychlor
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 10 million lbs 1971
SYNONYMS 2,2-bis(P~Methoxyphenyl)-1,1,1-Trichloroethane;
Methoxy-Dot; DMDT; Marlate; Methoxcide
M.P. 78 °C
Sp.G. 1.41
SOLUBILITY Slightly
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
hrs
species
parm
cond
ref
.035
96
Fathead
TLm
1
.056
96
Goldfish
TLm
1
.062
96
Bluegill
TLm
1
.120
96
Guppie
TLm
1
.064
96
Fathead
TLm
330
.020
24
Rainbow
LC50
330
.031
24
Bluegill
LC50
330
.052
24
Rainbow
LC50
331
.0036
50
O. Magna
Immob.
365
.06
96
Fathead
TLm
189
Minnow
.06
96
Bluegill
TLm
189
.06
96
Goldfish
TLm
189
.12
96
Guppy
TLm
189
.0662
96
Coho
TLm
In Acetone
342
.0279
96
Chinook
TLm
In Acetone
342
.0626
96
Rainbow
TLm
In Acetone
342
.0864
96
Threespine
TLm
In Acetone
342
Stickleback
2 lb/
Mosquito Fish
6% Lethal
Pond
344
acre
20
24
TLm
Temp 55°F
375
.6
24
Mosquito Fish
Lethal
376
.0014
96
Pteronarcys
TLm
Soft 25°C
303
Sp (Nymphs)
H20
.04
.08
Wild Larvae
33% Lethal
Flowing
382
.0037
64
D. Magna
Immob.
Temp 78°F
335
.005
48
Simocephalus
Immob.
Temp 60°F
335
Serrulatus
.00078
48
D. Pulex
Immob.
Temp 60°F
335
.0014
96
Pteronarcys
LC50
Temp 15.5°C
184
Californica
(Naiads)
-------
ppm
hrs
species
pa rni
cond
ref
Salt Water Toxicity
.032 48
.012-.15 96
.004-.012 96
Mullet
Marine Fish
Marine
Crustacea
50% Kill
TLm
TLm
347
377
377
Mammalian
species
Rat
Rat
Bobwhite
Quail
mg/kg B. W,
5000
7000
22,000
administration route
Oral
Oral
Oral
ref
1
1
329
-------
Methyl Mercaptan
Methyl mercaptan or Methanethiol is used in the
production of jet fuels, pesticides, plastics and mis-
cellaneous chemicals. It is presently produced by seven
major U. S. firms for shipment in 800 lb cylinders, tank
cars and tank trucks.
Methanethiol is soluble in water to 23,300 ppm. It is
doubtful that saturated solutions will occur from transpor-
tation spills, since the compound is a gas and the water-gas
interface is likely to occur for a minimum amount of time.
When dissolved, mercaptans are slightly more acidic than
alcohol. In alkaline solutions, mercaptans quickly form mer-
captides. These salts are soluble unless there is a sufficient
concentration of heavy metals in the water which will then
form an insoluble precipitate. Mercaptans are a typical pro-
duct of anaerobic bacterial action. They may well be suscep-
tible to aerobic degradation, but no oxygen demand data are
available.
Methanethiol has been reported to kill fi&h in the .5-1
ppm range CD. Haydon et al. studied king salmon, silver
salmon and cutthroat trout to determine both an MLC and a
-------
safe concentration. The MLC values were 0.9, 1.75, and 1.2
ppm respectively, while safe concentrations were 0.5, 0.7,
and 0.9 ppm C1J. Daphnia and insect larvae are killed by
concentrations in the range 1-^50 ppm CD .
Methanethiol is considered an ingestive and inhalative
toxin. The subcutaneous LD50 for mice is reported as 2.4
mg/Kg body weight CI32). The lethal concentration for rats
in air is 10,000 ppm (8). Mercaptans are also irritants.
The compound in solution or air has good warning properties.
The lower taste threshold is listed as .0011 ppm (4).
-------
NAME Methyl Mercaptan
SYNONYMS Methanethiol, Methyl Sulfhydrate, Mercaptomethane,
Thiomethyl Alcohol
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE 800 lb cylinders, tank trucks,
cars
DOT Flammable gas, Red gas label, 300 lbs outside container
USCG Inflammable gas, red gas label
M.P. -123. °C
B.P. 5.95 °C
Sp.G. 0.867 as a liquid
SOLUBILITY 2 3,300 mg/1 at 20°C
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
PPM
hrs
species
parm
cond
1.0
1.7
White Bass
Death
Lake Water
1.0
6-8
Bluebass,
Death
Lake Water
Bluegill
1.0
11
Rock Bass
Death
Lake Water
0.5
120
Shiners
Death
Kraft Pulp
Mill Wastes
0.5
Minnows
Death
0.9
120
King Salmon
Death
15-19°C
0.5
120
King Salmon
No Deaths
15-19°C
1.75
120
Silver Salmon
Death
12-18 °C
0.7
120
Silver Salmon
No Death
12-18 °C
1.2
120
Cuthroat Trout
Death
15-19 °C
0.9
120
Cuthroat Trout
No Death
15-19 °C
1.0
Daphnia Magna,
Death
Mayfly Larvae
50
Chironomous
50% Death
Larvae
Mammalian
species mq/kq B. W. administration route ref
Mi ce
2.4
Subcutaneous
132
-------
METHYL METHACRYLATE
Methyl methacrylate is employed in the production of
aethacrylate resins and plastics. The 450 million lbs
produced in 1969 (198) were shipped in bottles, cans, drums,
Lank cars, and tank barges.
Methyl methacrylate is only very slightly soluble.
Jhen spilled, it is likely to float on the surface in a
-olorless slick and dissolve very slowly. The exposed
^lick will be subject to photochemical attack at the
unsaturated bond. The dissolved portion is biodegradable.
¦vs much as 47 percent of the theoretical oxygen demand
nay be satisfied in the first 10 days (10). This is not
i sufficient rate to cause oxygen slumps in spill situations.
Methyl methacrylate is toxic to fish. The reported
i6 hr TLm values for minnows, bluegill, goldfish, and
juppy are 150 , 250 ,240 , and 420 ppm, respectively (37).
i"he undissolved slick will also pose a threat to waterfowl
-nd marine mammals.
Methyl methacrylate is considered a slight toxicant (38).
¦'he oral LD50 for rats is listed as 9400 mg/Kg body weight (15) .
'he same value for dogs is somewhat lower - 4700 mg/Kg body
.'eight (108) . The vapors are mildly irritating. A TLV of
00 ppm has been established. Chronic adminstration in
irinking water showed weight depression in rats at the 2000
pm level as well as increased kidney to body weight ratios (153) .
imilar effects were found in dogs at the 100 ppm level, except
hat it was the spleen which obtained abnormal size (153).
-------
NAME Methyl Methacrylate
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 450 million lbs 1969 (198)
SYNONYMS Methacrylic Acid, Methyl Ester, Methyl-2-Methyl-2-
propenoate
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE Bottles, cans, drums, tank cars,
tank barges
DOT Flammable Liquid, Red Label, 10 gal outside container
USCG Grade C flammable liquid
M.P. -50 °C
B.P. 101. °C
Sp.G. 0.936
SOLUBILITY Very slightly soluble
PERSISTENCE
Oxygen Demand
BODio ~ 47% Theo. using C02 evaluation data from sewage seed-(10)
BOD20-23 ~ 42-49% Theo. using C02 evaluation measurements-(26)
BOD22 " 66% Theo. using C02 evaluation data from acclimated seed-(26)
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
PPM
hrs
species
parm
cond ref
150
96
Fathead Minnow
TLm
Const. Temp. 37
250
96
Bluegill
TLm
Const. Temp. 37
240
96
Goldfish
TLm
Const. Temp. 37
420
96
Guppy
TLm
Const. Temp. 37
Mammalian
species
Rat
Dog
Guinea Pig
mq/kq B. W.
9400
4700
5900
administration route
Oral
Oral
Oral
ref
15
108
108
-------
METHYL PARATHION
Methyl parathion is an organophosphate insecticide used
primarily to control boll weevils. The 45 million lbs pro-
duced in 1971 (327) were applied in the wettable powder,
solution, and emulsion concentrate forms.
Methyl parathion is practically insoluble in water, but
will disperse through the water column if spilled in a
wettable form. Like most organo-phosphate control agents
methyl parathion hydrolyzes rapidly. In river water, 10
percent may remain after two weeks, and this disappears in
an additional two weeks (328) . Muhlmar and Schrader report
persistence in water of 690 days at 20 °C (22). The half-
life of methyl parathion on cotton leaves is one hr (1).
When applied to silt-loam soil, 0.1 ppm of the original
3.2 ppm persisted for 90 days (22).
Methyl parathion can be quite toxic to aquatic life.
The 96 hr TLm values for fathead minnows, bluegill, goldfish,
and guppies have been reported as 7.5 ppm (8), 1.9 ppm (329),
12 ppm and 9.8 ppm (372) respectively. Crawfish are more
sensitive, exhibiting a 72 hr TLm at .04 ppm (366). Fish
food organisms display 48 hr values in the range .00076
for Daphnia to .041 for Stoneflies (22). In saltwater, the
96 hr TLm to grass shrimp is 0.003 ppm (141).
Methyl parathion is extremely toxic to man. The
estimated fatal dose is 2.1 mg/kg body weight (1). In rats,
the oral LDgg has been reported as 9-25 mg/kg (1). Drinking
-------
water should not contain more than 0.1 ppm (337). In chronic
feeding studies, adverse effects were noted in rats and
rabbits fed 1 mg/Kg daily for six months (15). Methyl para-
thion is suspected of reacting with DNA. In tests for tera-
togenesis, mice developed cleft palate (15).
In birds, methyl parathion is reported to have an LD50
level of 10 mg/Kg for young mallard ducks, and 8.2 mg/Kg for
pheasants. Median lethal concentrations range from 45-55
ppm for coturnix to 600-750 ppm for mallard ducks. Chickens
fed 64 mg/Kg developed leg weakness.
-------
NAME Methyl Parathion
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 45 million lbs - 1971
SYNONYMS 0,0-Dimethyl O-P-Nitrophenylphosphorothidate, Nitrox-80j
Dalf; E601; Parathion-Methyl
M.P. 37 °C
Sp.G. 1.358
SOLUBILITY 50 ppm at 25 °C
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
2£m
hrs
species
parm
cond
ref
7.5
96
Fathead
TLm
Hard Water
1
8.3
96
Fathead
TLm
Soft Water
1
1.9
96
Bluegill
TLm
329
8.5
24
Bluegill
LC50
330
12
96
Goldfish
TLm
Acetone or
372
Alcohol
9.8
96
Guppy
TLm
Acetone or
372
Alcohol
.0058
24
Chaoborus
Fourth
379
Astictopus
Instar
Larvae
.04
72
Crawfish
TLm
366
5.71
96
Catfish
TL50
Predicted
360
6.64
96
Bullhead
TL50
Predicted
360
9.00
96
Goldfish
TL50
Predicted
360
8.90
96
Minnow
TL50
Predicted
360
7.13
96
Carp
TL50
Predicted
360
5.17
96
Sunfish
TL50
Predicted
360
5.72
96
Bluegill
TL50
Predicted
360
5.22
96
Bass
TL50
Predicted
360
2.75
96
Rainbow
TL50
Predicted
360
4.74
96
Brown
TL50
Predicted
360
5.30
96
Coho
TL50
Predicted
360
3.06
96
Perch
TL50
Predicted
360
Mammalian
species
mg/kg B.W.
administration
route
ref
Rat
9
Oral
1
Rat
25
Oral
1
Saltwater Toxicity
ppm
HR
Species
Parm
Cond.
Ref.
4.003
96
Grass
Shrimp
TLm
441
-------
Mevinphos
Mevinphos, or Phordrin, is an organophosphate used as a
systemic insecticide — acaricide. The less than 1 million
pounds produced in 1971 were applied as emulsifiable concen-
trates, water soluble solutions, and dusts to control aphids,
mites, grasshoppers, cutworms, leafhoppers, caterpillars, and
other insects or a broad range of field crops.
Mevinphos is miscible in water and will spread quickly
when spilled. Like other organophosphates, it hydrolyzes in
water and will not persist.
Mevinphos is toxic to aquatic life. The 96 hour LC50
to bluegill and rainbow trout is 0.023 ppm and 0.012 ppm
respectively (330) . Alabaster (409) has found that 48 hour
LC^q to harlequin fish somewhat higher: 11.5 ppm. Fish
food organisms are also adversely affected at low levels.
The 96 hour LC^q for P. californica naids is 0.005 ppm (184).
Simocephalus sirrulatus and Daphnia pulex are immobilized
when exposed for 48 hours to 0.00043 and 0.00016 ppm
respectively (335).
In saltwater the 24 hour LCjjq values for sand shrimp,
hermit crabs, and grass shrimps are 0.013, 0.131, and 0.040
ppm respectively (22).
-------
MEVINPHOS
SYNONYMS - Phosdrin, 2-Carbomethoxy-l-methylvinyl dimethyl
phosphate, US-2046, Phosfene, menite
PRODUCTION - <1,000,000 lb/yr 1971
B.P. - 106°C
Sp. G. - 1.25
SOLUBILITY - Miscible
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. - Hydrolyzes in water. Short lived.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity
_EES_
0.05
0.1
0.5
I.0
10.0
0.0049
0.0043
0.00016
0.005
0.034
0.014
0.012
0.041
0.037
0.023
II.5
hr
72
1.3
.5
.25
96
48
48
96
24
48
96
24
48
96
48
Species
Parin
Cond.
Rainbow Trout Lethal
Rainbow Trout Lethal
Estern Brook
Trout
Estern Brook
Trout
Estern Brook
Trout
Pteronarcys
Californica
(Nymphs)
Simocephalus
Serrulatus
Daphnia Pulex
P. Californica
(Niads)
Rainbow Trout
Rainbow Trout
Rainbow Trout
Bluegill
Bluegill
Bluegill
Harlequin Fish
Saltwater Toxicity
0.040
0.013
0.131
24 Hermit Crab
24 Sand Shrimp
24 Grass Shrimp
Lethal
Lethal
Lethal
^50
Immobilized
LC50
LC50
^50
^50
^50
LC50
LC50
^50
LC
LC
LC
50
50
50
Flowing Temp
46°F
Flowing Temp
46°F
Flowing Temp
46°F
Flowing Temp
468F
Flowing Temp
46°F
Temp 60®F
Immobilized Temp 60°F
Temp 60#F
Temp 15.5°C
Ref,
422
422
422
422
422
303
335
335
184
330
330
330
330
330
330
409
-------
Mammalian Toxicity
Species mg/kg B. W. Administration Route Ref.
Mice 9 Oral 2
Rat 4 Oral 96
Rat 6.5 Oral 329
Rabbit 34 Dermal 405
Avian Toxicity
Species mg/kg B. W. Administration Route Ref.
Young Mallards 4.6 Oral 22
Young Pheasants 1.4 Oral 22
Sharptailed Grouse 0.75-1.5 O^al 22
-------
efficient of rabbits (15). Conditioned reflexes were im-
paired in rats with daily administration of 2.5 mg/Kg
body weight for 6 mos (15) . Carcinogenic reaction tests
have been negative (15).
-------
Monoethylamine
Monoethylamine, or ethylamine is used in medicine, dye
production organic synthesis, resin formulationaand oil refining.
The 28.1 million lbs produced in 1970 (198) were shipped
as a solution in carbon steel drums, tank cars and tank
trucks.
Ethylamine is typically shipped as a solution or
pressurized liquid. It is miscible with water, forming an
alkaline solution. The caustic reaction is believed to be
the result of dissociation of the amine group to form an
ammonium ion. In strong alkaline solutions this could lead
to the release of ammonia gas. The dissolved amine is likely
to undergo moderately rapid biodegradation much as butylamine
does. No data are available, however, and oxygen slumps
are not expected in spill situations.
Ethylamine is toxic to fish in the 40-400 ppm range (1).
The lower level is reported as a TLm for chub while the upper
was lethal to sunfish(l). Fish food organisms are sensitive
to concentrations of 10-4 0 ppm (1). Solution pH and buffer
capacity will be critical parameters in determining resulting
toxicity because of the possibility for free ammonia.
Ethylamine is highly toxic via all routes of adminis-
tration including skin absorption. The oral LD50 for rats
is reported as 400 mg/Kg body weight for 6 mos, a level
which also caused a change in the albumin/globulin co-
-------
efficient of rabbits (15). Conditioned reflexes were im-
paired in rats with daily administration of 2.5 mg/Kg
body weight for 6 mos (15) . Carcinogenic reaction tests
have been negative (15).
-------
NAME Monoethylamine
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 28.1 million lbs 1970 (198)
SYNONYMS Ethylamine, Aminoethane
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE Carbon steel drums, tank cars,
tank trucks
DOT Flammable Liquid, Red Label, 10 gal. outside container
M.P. -80. °C
B.P. 16.6 °C
Sp.G. 0.689
SOLUBILITY Miscible
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
PPM
hrs
species
parm
cond
ref
140
48
Daphnia
Toxic
23°C
1
40
Microregma
Toxic
1
10
96
Soenedesmus
Toxic
24 °C
1
400-800
1
Lepomis
Lethal
Tap
112
Humilis
40
24
Chub
TLm
Aerated,
1
15-21°C
400
1
Sunfish
Killed
1
40
48
Creek Chub
Lethal
15
Mammalian
species mq/kq B. W. administration route ref
Rat 400 Oral 8
Mouse 530-580 Oral 15
-------
Monomethy1amine
Monomethylamine, or methylamine is used in tanning oper-
ations and for synthesis of organic compounds. The 28.7 million
pounds produced in 1970 (198) were shipped both in the gaseous
state and in solution. Gases are generally contained in
steel cylanders, tank cars, and tank trucks, while solutions
are packaged in steel drums, tank cars, and tank barges.
Methylamine is very soluble in water. Spills of gases
may not result in massive contamination because of the minimal
gas-water contact. Spills of solutions, however, will lead
to high concentrations of the amine. Methylamine has an
alkaline reaction with water. This is believed to result from
the dissociation of the amine group and subsequent formation
of ammonium ions. Highly alkaline solutions may in fact
release ammonia gas. The dissolved amine is subject to some
biological attack. This is slower than with other amines
and is not likely to cause oxygen deficiencies in a spill
situation.
Methylamine is toxic to fish. The critical range for
creek chub is reported as 10-30 ppm (1)• Rainbow trout exposed
to 141 ppm died within 23 minutes (1), Fish food organisms were
-------
killed by concentrations of 4-480 ppm of the hydrochloride
salt (1), Due to the potential release of ammonia and the
alkaline reaction, solution pH and buffer capacity will be
critical parameters in determining resulting toxicity.
Methylamine is highly toxic when ingested or inhaled.
The average oral LD50 for mammals falls in the range 0-49
mg/Kg body weight (15). A threshold dose of .1 mg/Kg body
weight or 2 mg/1 in drinking water has been reported for
rats (15) . Amine solutions can be irritating with prolonged
contact.
Other aquatic concentrations of interest include a
taste threshold range of .65-5.23 ppm (30).
-------
NAME Monomethy1amine
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 28.7 million lb 1970 (198)
SYNONYMS Aminomethane, Methylamine
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE Gas: steel cylinders, tank cars,
tank trucks. Solutions: steel drums,
tank cars, barges
DOT (anhydrous): Flammable gas, Red Gas Label, 300 lbs outside
container
(Solution): Flammable liquid, Red Label, 10 gal outside container
USCG (anhydrous): Inflammable gas, red gas label
(solution): Inflammable liquid, red label
M.P. -93.5 °C
B.P. -6.3 °C
Sp.G. 0.699 as liquid
SOLUBILITY 800,000 mg/1 at 25 °C
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
ppm hrs
30 24
141 .3
10 24
Mammalian
species
species
Chub
Trout
Chub
parm
Died
Died
Died
cond
Aerated,
15-21°C
pH 10.2,
13°C
mg/kg B. W.
Mammals 0-49
Mice 2500
administration route
Oral
Subcutaneous
ref
1
1
15
ref
15
8
-------
NALED
Naled or Dibrom is a non-systemic insecticide-acaricide with
some residual fumigant action. It is employed on numerous
crops as well as in barns, kennels, and food processing plants.
It is not approved for use in grain bins. Annual production
is approximately 2 x 106 lbs.
Naled is very slightly soluble in water and aliphatic
solvents while readily soluble in aromatic solvents. A solid
in pure form, the technical material is a moderately volatile
liquid. Upon standing in solution, either form hydrolyzes.
Biological degradation is likely.
Naled has been found to be quite toxic to fish and other
aquatic life. The 24 hr LC^q for bluegills is reported as
0.22 mg/1 while for brook trout the 48 hr LC^q values for
stonefly, water fleas, and amphipods have been reported as 0.016
mg/1, 0.16 mg/1, and 0.0035 mg/1, respectively.22
Naled is also considered quite toxic to mammalian and avian
species. The oral LD5Q for rats is reported as 4 30 mg/kg body
weight.22 With dermal application, rabbits displayed an LD5Q
of 1100 mg/kg body weight.1*05 Oral LD50 values for game birds
lie in the range 30-70 mg/kg body weight.22
-------
NALED
PRODUCTION QUANTITY - 2 x 10 lbs/yr
SYNONYMS - l,2-Dibromo-2,2-Dichloroethyl Dimethyl Phosphate,
Bromex, Dibrom
M.P.
B.P.
26 °C
110°C
Sp. G. - 1.97
SOLUBILITY - Very slightly soluble
PERSISTENCE
Dibrom hydrolyzes upon standing in water.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity
ppm
hrs
0.22
24
1.3
24
0.62
24
0.24
24
0.078
48
2.2
24
0.0011
48
0.00035
48
0.027
24
0.24
24
0.016
48
0.16
48
4.0
48
0.0035
0.18
48
96
Species
Bluegills
Rainbow Trout
Rainbow Trout
Rainbow Trout
Brook Trout
Chorus Frog Tadpoles
Simocephalus senulatus
Daphnia pulex
Pteronarcys californica
Gammarus lacustris
P. californica
G. lacustris
Red Crawfish
Daphnia pulex
Bluecjill
Parm
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
EC
EC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC,
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
(I*)
(I*)
Cond
1.6°C
7.2°C
12.7°C
Ref
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
303
-------
Mammalian Toxicity
Species
Rat
Mule Deer
Rabbit
Avian Toxicity
Mallards
Sharp-Tailed Grouse
Canada Geese
Mallards
Pheasants
Bobwhites
Colurnix
mg/kg B. W. Administration Roui-a
430
200
1100
52.2
64.9
36.9
>5000 ppm
2400-2700 LC
2000-2100 LC
1200-1400 LC
50
50
50
Oral
Oral
Dermal
Oral
Oral
Oral
Oral-in feed
Oral—in feed
Oral-in feed
Oral-in feed
Ref
22
22
405
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
-------
NAPHTHALENE
Naphthalene is used as a raw material for the production
of phthalic anhydride as well as smokeless powder, resins,
moth repellant, insecticides, hydronaphthalenes, and other
chemicals. While production reached 632 million lbs in
1971 (199), it is expected to decline sharply in the
future (198). Naphthalene is shipped as a solid in tins,
barrels, bottles, and burlap bags; and as a molten liquid in
tank barges.
Naphthalene is practically insoluble in water. When
spilled, it will sink and remain on the bottom with little
dissolution. Loose naphthalene will volatilize at room
temperature releasing a moth ball-like odor. Dissolved, it is
biodegradable under certain conditions. While sewage seed
showed no oxygen demand after 5 days (11) activated sludge
can utilize up to 59.5 percent of the theoretical demand in
6 days (143) . Murray and Stone report that typically
naphthalene is degraded first to solicylic acid, then to
catechol and B-ketoadipic acid (230) . A second route
results in 1,2-naphthoquinon which colors the culture
reddish orange(230).
Naphthalene is toxic to most fish. A concentration of
4 ppm was sufficient to kill sunfish in one hour (1). Perch
died in 20 ppm while 15 ppm was fatal to minnows in 6 hrs (1).
-------
Use of distilled water in the lai-t-
latter test lowered the
;:i;rion neoessary to u
to I ,°I £ln9erlin9 Salmon in "rated seawater la reported
displa a PPm Bl6ak Pl— - - PP-oluti0n .oon
Splayed noticeable changes in fl. .
„ , ln "esh flavor(1).
Naphthalene i, moderated ,
inhalation (38). The . "tth in«e"ion or
1000-2499 mg/Kg b d V"a950 for maratialB Is
rog/Kg body weight (15) , .
Wll humans U5). Teata p * fl0Se o£ 5'15 °a"
negative (15). °* °arcino'eneais have been
The median odor threshold f„
reported or naPhthalene has been
sported as 25 ppro
-------
NAME Naphthalene
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 632 million lbs 1971
SYNONYMS White Tar, Napthalin, Napthere, Tar Camphor
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE Tins, barrels, burlap bags, bottles
tank barges in a molten state
USCG (solid) Combustible Grade E solid
(liquid) Grade C flammable liquid
M.P. 80.2 °C
B.P. 217.9 °C
Sp.G. 1.162
SOLUBILITY 30 mg/1 at 25 °C
PERSISTENCE
Oxygen Demand
BOD3 - 29.1% Theo. with activated sludge-(143)
BOD5 - 0 using sewage seed-(11)
BOD6 - 59.5% Theo. with activated sludae-(143}
COD - 1.88 lb/lb-(4) g ^
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
PPM
hrs
species
4
1
Sunfish
20
Perch
11
6
Minnows
15
6
Minnows
220
24
Mosquito-Fish
165
48
Mosquito-Fish
150
96
Mosquito-Fish
4-5
1
Sunfish
<20
Perch
Salt
Water Toxicity
1.8
72
Finglering
parm
cond
Death
Killed
Killed
Distilled
19°C
Killed
Hard,
16°C
TLm
Turbid,
22-24 °C
TLm
Turbid
22-24°C
TLm
Turbid
22-24 °C
Lethal
Lethal
ref
09
45
Salmon
Critical
Aerated
-------
species mg/kg B. W. administration route ref
Male Rat 2000 Oral 15
Female Rat 2400 Oral 15
Mammals 1000-2499 Oral 15
-------
NAPTHENIC ACID
Napthenic, or cyclhohexanecarboxylic acid, is employed
in preparing fertilizer, refining petroleum, synthesizing
rubber, producing insecticide, and performing chemical
analysis. Production reached 27,969,000 lbs in 1969 (192).
Naphthenic acid is only slightly soluble. When
spilled, the crystals will sink and dissolve very slowly.
Heavy metal salts of this organic acid are insoluble and
will precipitate out. Dissolved acid should be biodegradable
at a moderate rate, but no quantitative data are available.
Naphthenic acid is reported to be quite toxic to fish
and fish food organisms. A concentration of 4-16 ppm
killed European perch Similar doses were lethal to
crayfish and minnows (1). The 96 hr TLm values for bluegill,
pulmonate snails, and diatoms are 7.1, 11.7, and 79.8
ppm, respectively (1). Other fishfood organisms are killed
in the same range. While toxicity is not greatly affected
by temperature or hardness, low oxygen tensions can reduce
threshold levels considerably (1).
Napthenic acid is considered moderately toxic with
ingestion and inhalation. High concentrations can be narcotic.
Direct contact may lead to irritation.
-------
NAME Naphthenic Acid
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 27,969,000 lbs 1969 (192)
SYNONYMS Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acid, Hexahydrobenzoic Acid
M.P. 29. °C
B.P. 232.5 °C
Sp.G. 1.050
SOLUBILITY 2010 mg/1 at 15°C
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
ggm
hrs
species
parm
cond
ref
4-16
European
Death
1
Perch
5-50
18-60
Crayfish
Death
1
5.6
96
Bluegill
TLm
Soft
1
5
72
Minnows
Death
1
7.1
96
Bluegill
TLm
Hard
1
7
96
Pulmonate
TLm
Soft
1
Snail
11.7
96
Pulmonate
TLm
Hard
1
Snail
43
96
Diatom
TLm
Soft
1
79.8
96
Diatom
TLm
Hard,22°C
1
56
96
Diatom
TLm
Hard, 28°C
1
28.2
96
Diatom
TLm
Hard,30°C
1
6.6-7.5
96
Physa
TLm
137
Me teros t ropha
2
96
Physa
TLm
Low 02
137
Meterostropha
43.1
120
Nitzchia
TLm
138
Linearis
16.3
48
Brachydanio
TLm
24°C
139
Rerio (Adult)
3.5
48
Brachydanio
TLm
24 °C
139
Rerio (Eggs)
-------
NICKEL
Nickel belongs to the iron-cobalt group of metals. It
is an important constituent of alloys and is used to provide
protective or decorative coating for other metals.
Elemental nickel is very insoluble in water; however
the salts (nickel chloride, nickel sulfate, nickel nitrate,
and nickel ammonium sulfate) are very soluble in distilled
water. In natural waters the solubility varies with water
quality characteristics such as pH, hardness, and alkalinity.
Bryan reports that in sea water the solubility ranges from
20-450 mg/1 and that NiOH is the possible form of the pre-
cipitate.
More than half of the nickel and nickel salts are trans-
ported by rail in bottles and wooden kegs. The remainder is
shipped by truck and barge.
Nickel is found in sea water at a concentration of about
0.0054 mg/1. (42) Kopp and Kroner found that at several
selected fresh water stations dissolved nickel ranged from
0.003 to 0.086 mg/1, and suspended nickel varied from 0.005
to 0.9 mg/1. (253)
Schroeder states that nickel appears to be almost ubi-
quitous in vegetation. He also reported little or no nickel
in edible animal products. Nickel was found in the liver
and kidneys of many wild birds and animals. He also reported
0.14 to 0.28 ug/g (wet weight) nickel in the liver of salmon. (261)
-------
Bryan, reported 0.22 ppm (wet weight) Ni in the whole body minus
shell for the scallop, Chlomys opercularis, and 15.8 ppm (wet
weight) in the renal organs. (246)
Nickel may interfere with natural biological systems in
receiving waters.
Toward Scenedesmus the threshold of toxicity is 0.09 mg/1,
toward E. coli, 0.1 mg/1, and toward Microregma 0.07 mg/1 as
nickel. A nickel concentration of about 27 mg/1 from nickel
ammonium sulfate caused a 50 percent reduction in the oxygen
utilization from synthetic sewage. (1)
The maximum level in a continuous feed of nickel which
did not produce a detectable effect on an activated sludge
pilot plant was between 1 to 2.5 mg/1. A 200 mg/1 slug dose
of nickel caused a serious reduction in treatment efficiency
for a few hours but the plant returned to normal performance
in 40 hours. Barth et al. reported that of the metallic
wastes received by municipal wastewater treatment plants
nickel was removed least effectively; it passed through the
plant almost entirely in the soluble form.
McKee and Wolf reported that the toxicity of nickel to
aquatic life varied with species, pH, and other water quality
characteristics. Jones found that 1 mg/1 of nickel in soft
water was toxic to the stickleback. (1) Pickering and Hender-
son reported that the 96 hr TL50 of nickel in soft water (20
mg/1)* varied from 4.6 to 9.8 mg/1 for four species of warm
water fishes; nickel was more toxic in soft water (20 mg/l)*
than in hard water (360 mg/1)*. (250) Pickering found 96 hr
*Hardness equivalent to CaCo^
-------
TL5Q values of 27 and 32 img/1 of nickel in hard water (200 mg/1)*
for the fathead minnow in static bioassays, which was similai-
to continuous flow bioassay values of 25 and 28 mg/1. In the
chronic tests 0.73 mg/1 of nickel had an adverse effect on
fathead minnow egg production and hatchability of these eggs.
At concentrations of 0.38 and less no effects on survival,
growth/ or reproduction were found. (263) Warnick and Bell
reported that the 96 hr TL50 values for two species of
aquatic insects were 4.0 and 33.5 mg Ni/1. (264) Biesinger
and Christensen reported that the 48 hr LC50 for Daphnia magna
in Lake Superior water (45 mg/1 hardness) was 0.51 mg Ni/1.
In their chronic bioassay (three weeks) 0.95 mg Ni/1 gave a
reproduction impairment of 50 percent and a concentration of
0.03 mg/1 had no effect. (252)
Nickel is one of the relatively nontoxic heavy metals
found in the tissues of man (261). Its physiological
role in mammals has not been determined but is possibly
concerned with pigmentation.
The oral LD50 for nickel carbonate fed to rats has been
reported as 250-1000 ppm in water. That for nickel chloride
fed dogs is 1.5-30 mg/Kg body weight. (15) Large doses can
irritate gastro-intestinal tissues causing vomiting and
diarrhea. A single dose of 500 mg may be fatal to dogs. (15)
Chronic administration of 250 ppm nickel carbonate in water
led to reduced growth in calves. (15) Nickel chloride,
however, had no effect on cats and dogs when fed at 4-12
mg/Kg/day for 200 days. (15)
-------
No limits have been established for nickel in drinking
water in the U.S. but the Soviet Union restriction is 0.1
ppm. (15)
Nickel is extremely toxic to citrus fruits. It is found
in many soils in California, generally in insoluble form, but
excessive acidification of such soils may render it soluble
causing severe injury or death of plants. Nickel was toxic
at 0.5 mg/1 to flax grown in water culture. Concentrations
of 15.9-29.4 mg/1 of nickel in nutrient solutions were
injurious to sugar beets, tomatoes, potatoes, oats, and kale
grown in sand culture. (1)
-------
NAME Nickel
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 33.5 million lbs. sulfate - 1971 (199)
M.P. 1453 °C
B.P. 2732 °C
Sp.G. 8.9
SOLUBILITY Insoluble, most common salts soluble
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, Etc.
Hydroxide will precipitate out.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
EES!
hrs
species
parm
cond
ref
.8
Stickleback
Lethal
—
1
25
48
Rainbow Trout
TLm
River
265
10
-
Daphnia
Lethal
Lake
82
6
-
Daphnia Magna
Threshold
-
81
.9
40
Aspergillus
LD50
As Chloride
216
Niger
1000
6-18 1/2
Goldfish
Survival
Very Soft
109
Time
1000
12-18
Goldfish
Survival
Hard
109
Time
100
19.4-50.4
Goldfish
Survival
Very Soft
109
Time
10
200-210
Goldfish
Survival
Very Soft
109
Time
27
96
Fathead
tl5o
266
Minnow
Salt
Water Toxicity
EES
hrs
species
parm
cond
ref
.121
Long Term
Oysters
Lethal
-
42
125 48
12 24
.8 240
Mammalian
species
Dog
Dog
Rat
Rat
Dog
Marine Fish
Fish
Fish
TLm
Lethal
Lethal
mg/kg B.W.
60
1.5-30
250-1000
620
5.0
administration route
Intravenous-Chloride
Oral-Chloride
Oral-Carbonate
Oral-Nitrate
Subcut aneou s-Su1fate
109
109
109
ref
8
15
15
77
85
-------
NICKEL AMMONIUM SULFATE
SYNONYMS - Ammonium Nickel Sulfate, Ammonium Disulfato Nickelate
M.P. - Decomposes on heating
Sp. G. - 1.923
SOLUBILITY - 25,000 at 20°C
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. - Carbonate and hydroxide salts of nickel
will precipitate. Ammonium ion is subject to biochemical oxidation
after 4-5 days.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity
PPm
hrs
6 as Ni
0.09
0.1
0.07
Species
Parm
Cond.
Daphnia Magna
Scenedesmus
E. coli
Microregma
Deleterious Effect
Toxic Threshold
Toxic Threshold
Toxic Threshold
Ref.
1
1
1
1
-------
NICKEL CHLORIDE
B.P. 973°C sublimes
Sp. G. - 3.55
SOLUBILITY - 2/540,000 mg/1 @20°C
PERSISTENCE
Oxygen Demand
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. - Basic salts such as carbonate and
hydroxide are insoluble.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity
PPm
10
100
4.5
8.1
4.8
4.0
24
6.0 as Ni
0.7
0.1
8 x 10"6M
5.18
42.4
5.18
39.6
9.82
4.45
hrs
19-50
200
Few
Species
Parm
Cond. Ref.
96
96
64
.Goldfish
Goldfish
Goldfish
Top Minnow,
Fundulus
Guppy
Fathead Minnow
Fathead Minnow
Daphnia Magna
Daphnia Magna
E. coli
Death
Survive
Death
Death
Median Lethal
Dose
TLm
TLm
Threshold of
Toxicity
Threshold of
Immobi1ization
Threshold Con-
centration
Soft
Top
Soft
Hard
25°C
96
96
96
96
96
96
Limnaea
Palustris (eggs)
Fathead Minnow TLm
Fathead Minnow TLm
Bluegill TLm
Bluegill TLm
Goldfish TLm
Guppy TLm
Killed
Soft
Hard
Soft
Hard
Soft
Soft
E-192
E-54
-------
Saltwater Toxicity
PPm hrs Species Parm Cond. Ref.
259 Top Minnow Survived 1
Fundulus
MAMMALIAN
Species mg/kg B. W. Administration Route Ref.
Dog 60 Intravenouss 8
Dog 1.5-30 Oral 442
-------
NICKEL FORMATE
M.P. - Decomposes
Sp. G. - 2.154
SOLUBILITY - Very soluble
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. - Carbonate and hydroxide salts of nickel
will precipitate. The formate anion is biochemically degradable.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity - Toxicity will be that of the nickel ion.
-------
NICKEL HYDROXIDE
SYNONYMS - Nickelous Hydroxide
Sp. G. ~ 4.1
SOLUBILITY - 13 ppm in cold water
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. - The presence of Carhn«^
solubility even further. nate can reduce
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity - Toxicity will be that of i ¦
uxcjcei ion.
-------
NICKEL NITRATjb"
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER ST?v
2£££ " Glass bottles
M.P. 56.7°C ' Woo^en kegs
B.P. L37°C
Sp. G. - 2.05
SOLUBILITY — 2,385/000 nig/1 @0°C
PERSISTENCE
Oxygen Demand
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. - Hydros*
lde 3nd ««»»«. salts ^
ilCAL
U/lCSiilXWClJ. A
insoluble.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity
ppm
hrs
Species
2.44
Stickleback
45
Polycelis
Nigra
1.0
168
Stickleback
1.5
96
Stickleback
.0
24
Stickleback
0.8
240
Stickleback
Mammalian Toxicity
mg/kq B. W.
Species
Rat
1620
Lethal Concentration
Lethal Concentration
Lethal Concentration
Lethal Concentration
Administration Route Ref.
Oral 77
Kef.
1
1
15-18°c i
1
1
87
-------
NICKEL SULFATE
SYNONYMS - Movenosite
PRODUCT QUANTITY - 33.5 million lbs - 1971 (199)
M.P. 31°C lose water
B.P. 105°C loses water
Sp. G. - 2.07
SOLUBILITY - 625,000 mg/1 @25°C
PERSISTENCE
Oxygen Demand
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. - Hydroxide and carbonate salts are
insoluble.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity
Ppm
hrs
Species
Parm
Cond.
50
49
Stickleback
Killed
Tap
160
48
Rainbow Trout TLm
270
48
Brown Trout
TLm
242
48
Brook Trout
TLm
75
48
Lake Trout
TLm
165
48
Channel Catfish TLm
495
48
Bluegill
TLm
33.5
96
Acroneuria
TLm
4.0
96
Ephemerella
TLm
Saltwater Toxicity
ppm
hrs
Species
Parm
Cond.
13.9
48
Prawn
LC50
Aerated
125
48
Shrimp
"=50
Aerated
>500
48
Cockle
"so
Aerated
255
48
Crab
"so
Aerated
100-150
48
Oyster
"so
Aerated
Mammalian Toxicity
Species
mq/kg B. W.
Administration Route
Dog
500
Subcutaneous
LCCA
Ref.
Ref,
2
2
2
2
2
Ref.
85
-------
NITRIC ACID
Nitric acid is a transparent, colorless (or yellowish,
if exposed to light) fuming, suffocating, caustic and
corrosive liquid. It is a very strong oxidizing agent and
will attack most metals. About 13 billion lbs were
produced in 1971 in the U.S. (199). About 75 percent of
the acid produced is used for fertilizer. Five—ten
percent is used in the manufacture of cyclohexanone for
eventual manufacture of nylon. Similar quantities are used
in a large number of other organic syntheses.
Small quantities are used for stainless-steel pickling,
metal etching, as a rocket propellant. Containers include
carboys, glass bottles, 55 gallon drums, rail tank cars,
and tank trucks.
Nitric acid is freely soluble in water, and will
rapidly disperse when spilled. Exposure to light causes
the release of nitrogen dioxide which will be accompanied
by a yellowish brown discoloration. Natural buffer capacity
and dilution will neutralize the spill slowly leaving a
residual nitrate concentration.
Nitric acid is toxic to fish primarily through its
ability to lower the solution pH below the critical level
of 5. The ability to do this in a spill situation will
depend upon receiving water pH, alkalinity, and buffer
-------
capacity. Laboratory bioassay evaluations indicate that
concentrations as low as 1.6 ppm can be lethal to trout (1).
Similarly, 72 ppm, 200 ppm, and 750 ppm have been lethal
to mosquito fish, minnows, and goldfish, respectively.(l)
Daphnia are immobilized at 107 ppm (1). LC50 values for
marine species fall in the range 100-1000 ppm (2). After
neutralization has removed the acute toxic hazard, residual
nitrates may still pose a threat to aquatic life through
over fertilization resulting in excessive algal blooms.
Nitric acid is highly corrosive to tissue as well as
toxic via all exposure routes. Water for drinking should
not contain more than 15-30 ppm nitric acid or free nitrates(l).
Water for livestock should not exceed 400 ppm nitrates(41).
-------
NAME Nitric Acid
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 13 billion lbs 1971
SYNONYMS Aqua Portis
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE Glass bottles, carboys, 55 gal
stainless drums, tank cars, tank
trucks, aluminum drums
DOT Corrosive Liquid, White Label, 5 pts in outside container
USCG Corrosive liquid, white label
M.P. -41.6 °C
B.P. 86 °C
Sp.G. 1.502
SOLUBILITY - >1,000,000 ppm
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc.
Sunlight sponsors release of N02.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
PPm
1.6
15.6
72
200
750
1000
1000
107
hrs
24
96
.5
.5
7
Reported Safe
5.75
5.75
5.75-20
20
200
200
100
>96
species
Trout
Trout
Mosquito Fish
Minnows
Goldfish
Trout
Minnow
Daphnia
Minnows
Shiners
Fish
Carp, Gold-
fish, Suckers
Goldfish
Goldfish
parm
Toxic
Toxic
TLm
Toxic
Toxic
cond
Turbid,
pH 6.2
ref
Toxic
Toxic
Threshold
for
Immobilization
Hard,
pH 3.4
Tap
pH 4.4
Not Harmed pH 5.2
Not Harmed
Not Harmed
Not Harmed
Not Harmed
pH 4.9
1
1
1
1
1
1
-------
ppm hrs species
Salt Water Toxicity
330-1000 48
100-330 48
100-330 48
Cockle
Pogge
Starfish
parm
cond
ref
LC50
LC50
LC50
Aerated
Aerated
Aerated
2
2
2
-------
NITROBENZENE
Nitrobenzene is used to produce aniline, oils, soaps,
shoe polish, and pyroxylin compounds. The 540 million lbs
produced in 1970 (198) were shipped in bottles, 55 gal metal
drums, and tank cars.
Nitrobenzene is moderately soluble in water. When
spilled, it will seek the bottom and dissolve slowly.
Dissolved nitrobenzene is not subject to appreciable
biodegradation. No 5-day oxygen demand is evidenced with
sewage seed (11). A concentration of 630 ppm is capable
of inhibiting sewage organisms 50 percent (1).
Nitrobenzene is toxic to fish and fish food organisms.
Minnows were reported to die in 6 hrs when exposed to 90
ppm in hard water. A similar reaction resulted from a 6
hr exposure to 20 ppm in distilled water (1). Daphnia,
microregma and scenedesmus are affected by 28 ppm, 30 ppm,
and 40 ppm, respectively (1). Marine fish have a slight
irritant response to 10 ppm (1). The undissolved, submerged
layer of nitrobenzene may smother benthic life forms.
Nitrobenzene is highly toxic via all routes of administra-
tion. The average oral LD50 for mammals falls in the range
700-799 mg/kg body weight (15). Nitrobenzene can be absorbed
through the skin at toxic levels. Aqueous solutions are
detectable by odor at .03 ppm (1).
-------
container
NAME Nitrobenzene
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 540 million lbs- 1970
SYNONYMS Oil of Mirbane
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE Bottles, 55 „ . ,
tank cars 3 "etal drums<
DOT Poison B, Poison Label, 55 gal in an outside
USCG Poison B, Poison Label
M.P. 6. °C
B.P. 210. °C
Sp.G. 1.205
SOLUBILITY 1900 mg/1 at 25°C
PERSISTENCE
Oxygen Demand
BODr - 0 lb/lb with sewage seed-(11)
COD - 1.39 lb/lb-(64)
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
EES
20
90
28
30
600
40
>100
>100
40
hrs
6
6
72
72
72
specxes
Minnows
Minnows
Daphnia
Microregma
E. Coli
Scenedesmus
parm
Lethal
Lethal
Toxic
Toxic
Toxic
Toxic
cond
^stilled,
22°c
Hard
Fathead Minnow 100% Kill
Fathead Minnow Potential
Kill
Fathead Minnow No Toxic
Effect
ref
1
1
1
1
1
1
50 °F
50»f' 2Uron 426
F» Huron 426
50°f u,
£ ' Huron 426
Salt Water Toxicity
10
Marine Fish
slight
Irritant
Activity
-------
Mammalian
ecieg ma/kcf B. W. administration route
. . ^ 7nn Oral
Rabbit 700-799 Oral
Mammals /uu
-------
Nitrogen Dioxide
Nitrogen dioxide is commonly used in the production of nitric
acid, sulfuric acid, explosives, bleach flour, rocket fuel, and
hemostatic cotton. It is also employed as a nitration agent.
It is typically shipped as a liquid in pressurized vessels.
Nitrogen oxide is a yellow or red brown gas which decomposes
in water releasing nitrogen oxide and forming nitric acid which
subsequently will be neutralized by dilution. Toxic reactions
in water will be those arising from the action of the nitric
acid hydrolysis product.
Nitrogen dioxide is a toxic gas and strong irritant. Upon
inhalation it will cause slight chest pains resulting from lung
inflamation. It may also cause edema. The low toxic concentration
for man has been reported as 64 ppm.96
-------
NITROGEN DIOXIDE
SYNONYMS - Nitrogen Tetroxide
COMMON SHIP OF CONTAINER SIZE - 125,150,200 lb cylinders, Tank
Cars
DOT - (Liquid) Class A Poison, Poison Gas Label, not accepted out-
side container
USCG - Poison A (Liquid), Poison Gas Label
IATA - Poison A, not acceptable Passenger or Cargo
M.P. - 93.°C
B.P. - 21.3°C
Sp. G. - 1.44 8 as liquid
SOLUBILITY - Decomposes
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. - Decomposes in water forming nitric acid.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity - Toxicity will be that of nitric acid
decomposition product.
Mammalian Toxicity
Species Con, (ppm) Administration Route Ref.
Man 64 TC-Low Inhalation 96
Mouse 250 TC-Low Inhalation 96
-------
NITROPHENOL
Nitrophenols are white or yellow crystalline solids
which give intensely colored salts. They are used as
indicators (colorless in acid solutions; yellow in basic
solutions) and as intermediates in organic synthesis.
Production reached 34 million lbs in 1968 (199). Nitrophenol
is transported by barge, rail, and truck, in glass bottles,
fiber cans, and drums.
Meta-Nitrophenol is soluble in water. Para and ortho-
nitrophenol are less soluble in descending order. When
spilled, the solids will sink and dissolve slowly. Phenols
are susceptible to addition reactions when chlorinated.
The chlorinated products are typically more toxic than their
precursors. Dissolved nitrophenol is not readily biodegradable.
An acclimated bacterial culture may realize up to 42
percent of the theoretical oxygen demand in .94 days (5).
Nitrophenol is toxic to fish and fish food organisms.
The 48 hr TLm for bluegill is reported to be 46.3 ppm (15).
Median lethal doses for 6 hr exposures of minnows to the
three isomers fall in the range 4-18 ppm for distilled water
and 20-130 ppm for hard water (1). Various fish food species
are affected in the 20-28 ppm range (1). In general,
phenol contact should be less than 1 ppm for freshwater fish,
and 5 ppm for saltwater varieties (41). Nitrophenol is toxic
-------
to the algae chlorella pyrenoidosa at 9 ppm (4). Chronic
aquatic toxicity limits are close to 1 ppm (42) . Waterfowl
should not be exposed to more than 25 ppm (41).
Nitrophenol is toxic when ingested or inhaled. The
average oral LD50 for mammals is 300-399 mg/kg body weight(15).
Recommended drinking water limits specify less than .001
ppm phenols, but this is predicated on organoleptic properties
rather than toxicological factors (49). Phenols can be
irritating. Fresh water for body contact should not contain
more than 10 ppm phenols (40) and saltwater, 1 ppm (41).
-------
NAME Nitrophenol
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 34 million lbs-1968 (includes sodium salts)
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE Glass bottles, fiber cans, drums
M.P. 97 °C
B.P. 194 °C
Sp.G. 1.485
SOLUBILITY 13,500 mg/1 at 25°C
PERSISTENCE
Oxygen Demand
B°D.94 " 4-2% Theo. with acclimated pure bacterial culture-(5)
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
ppm hrs
species
parm
cond
ref
24
Daphnia
Toxic
23°C
1
28
Scenedesmus
Toxic
24 °C
1
20
Microregma
Toxic
1
300
E. Coli
278C
1
46.3 48
Bluegill
TLm
15
Ortho isomer
14-18 6
Minnow
MLD
22 °C,Dist.
1
125-130 6
Minnow
MLD
22°C,Hard
1
Meta isomer
9-10 6
Minnow
MLD
22°C,Dist.
1
20-22 6
Minnow
MLD
22°C,Hard
1
Para isomer
4-6 6
Minnow
MLD
22°C,Dist.
1
30-33 6
Minnow
MLD
22°C,Hard
1
Mammalian
species
mg/kg B
i. W.
administration
route
ref
Lab Animals
328
Oral
15
Mammals
300-399
Oral
15
Dog
83
Intravenous-MLD
8
-------
PARAFORMALDEHYDE
Paraformaldehyde is a polymerized form of formaldehyde
used as a food additive. The estimated 80 million lbs
produced in 1969 (198) were shipped in glass bottles, fiber
drums, bags, and bulk containers of up to 2000 lbs capacity.
Paraformaldehyde is soluble in water if the polymer
chain contains 12 or fewer monomers. Otherwise it is
insoluble. When spilled, the lower chain granules will
sink and dissolve. Higher chain polymers may hydrolyze
into shorter chain fragments while dissolving. Biodegradation
is likely to be slow if evident at all.
Paraformaldehyde is an irritant, toxic material when
ingested or inhaled. The oral LDjjq for rats is reported as
800 mg/kg body weight (85). A TLV of 5 ppm has been established
for formaldehyde vapors.
-------
NAME Paraformaldehyde
PRODUCTION QUANTITY Estimated 80 million lbs 1969 (198)
SYNONYMS Polymerized Formaldehyde, Formagene, Triformal, Polyoxy-
methylene
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE Glass bottles, fiber drums, bags,
bulk containers up to 2000 lbs
M.P. 120. °C
Sp.G. 1.46
SOLUBILITY 170,000 mg/1 at 25° C
TOXICOLOGICAL
Mammalian
species mg/kg B. W. administration route ref
Rat 800 Oral 85
-------
PARATHION
Parathion is a deadly organo-phosphate insecticide used
primarily on fruit and row crops. The 15 million lbs pro-
duced in 1971 (327) were applied in the dust, granule,
wettable powder, liquid, and emulsion concentrate forms.
Parathion is practically insoluble in water, but will
soon disperse through water if spilled in a wettable form.
Parathion is readily hydrolyzed and appears especially
vulnerable to attack at the sulfur atom. Yeasts are capable
of converting it to aminoparathion. Parathion is incompat-
ible with solutions with a pH above 7.5 (1). When mixed
with river water parathion did not persist beyond four weeks
(328). Parathion applied to soil has been detected five
years after application. At a dose of 3.2 ppm in silt-loam
soil, 0.1 ppm parathion was measured after 90 days (22).
Cases of poisoning have occurred from consumption of dirt
contaminated six months prior to contact (1).
Parathion is toxic to most forms of aquatic life. The
96 hr TLm for fathead minnows, is 1.6 ppm (1) while the 24
hr value for trout is 2.0 ppm (329). Tilapia and mullet
succumb to 0.5 and 0.125 ppm respectively after 96 hrs
exposure (347). Various fish food organisms are affected in
the range .0001-.0032 ppm (330). Daphnia magna are
immobilized after 50 hrs in .0008 ppm (365). In salt water,
-------
.43 ppm is toxic to brine shrimp (383) , and spot suffer 50
percent losses at .018 ppm (347). Fish have been known to
concentrate parathion to levels 80 times that in ambient
water, and mollusks 50 times (22). Accumulation potential
is considered high for repeated doses over short periods of
time (38) .
Parathion is considered highly toxic by all routes of
exposure. The oral LD50 for rats has been reported at 2,
6.5, 8.1, 15, and 30 mg/Kg body weight (1,15,327). For
mule deer, the level is 33 mg/Kg (165). The acute lethal
dose for man is 10-20 mg (38). Drinking water should not
contain more than 0.1 ppm (337). In chronic feeding studies,
as little as 1 mg/Kg caused plasma chlinesterose inhibition
in dogs. Absorption of 5 mg will produce symptoms in
man (1). Tests with onion root tips at doses of .0075
percent and higher caused C-mitosis (15) . Parathion is sus-
pected of reacting with DNA (19). In tests for teratogenesis,
0.1 mg/egg produced congenital malformations in chickens (15) .
Birds are equally sensitive to parathion. The LD50
values for young mallard ducks, young pheasants, and house
sparrows are 1.9-2.1 mg/Kg, 12.4 mg/Kg, and 3.4 mg/Kg
respectively. Median lethal concentrations are 250-275 ppm
for mallard ducks, 350-380 ppm for pheasants, and 40-50 ppm
for coturnix (22).
-------
NAME Parathion
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 15 million lbs - 1971
SYNONYMS 0,0-Diethyl O-P-Nitrophenyl Phosphorothioate; Alkron;
Compound 3422; DNTP; DPP; Niran; Penphos; Phoskil; Thiophos;
Vapophor Paraflow; Paraspray; E-605; Genithion, Paradust
M.P. 6 °C
B.P. 375 °C
Sp.G. 1.26
SOLUBILITY 20 ppm at 25 °C
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
EE™
hrs
species
parm
cond
ref
1.5
Goldfish
TLm
1
2.0
Goldfish
100%
Kill
1
1.6
96
Minnow
TLm
Hard H,0
1
1.4
96
Minnow
TLm
Soft H20
1
2.0
24
Trout
TLm
329
1.0
96
Carp
100%
Kill
347
0.5
96
Tilapia
100%
Kill
347
0.125
96
Mullet
100%
Kill
347
2.0
24
Rainbow
LC50
330
.056
24
Bluegill
LC50
330
.0001
96
Acroncuria
TLm
25% Active
330
Pacifica
in Xylene
.0032
96
Pteronaroys
TLm
25% Active
330
Californica
in Xylene
.001
96
Aectopsycke
TLm
25% Active
330
Grandis
in Xylene
.0008
50
Daphnia Magna
LC50
25% Active
330
in Xylene
2.5
Lymnaeid
100%
Lethal
Ditchwater
106
Snails
.71
96
Bluegill
TLm
384
.0008
50
D. Magna
Immobilized
365
.004
24
Mosquito Fish
33% Lethal
371
1.3
96
Fathead Minnow
TLm
Soft
380
.095
96
Bluegill
TLm
Soft
380
2.7
96
Goldfish
TLm
Soft
380
.056
96
Guppy
TLm
Soft
380
.0128
96
Gaironarus
TLm
In Acetone
358
Lacustris
.0028
96
Acroneuria
TLm
333
Pacifica
.003
96
Ephemerella
TLm
333
Grandis
-------
EEE
hrs
species
parm
cond
ref
.0128
96
Gammarus
TLm
333
Lacustris
.032
96
Pteronarcys
TLm
333
Californica
.00037
48
Simocephalus
Immobilized
Temp 60°F
335
Serrulatus
.00037
48
D. Pulex
Immobilized
Temp 60°P
335
2-5
96
Tubifex + Lim-
LD50
362
nodrilus Spp
Salt Water Toxicity
PPrc
hrs
species
parm
cond
ref
.018
48
Spot
50% Kill
347
.43
<24
Brine Shrimp
Lethal
383
.01
Spot
10% Enzyme
370
Activity
.01
Sheepshead
26% Enzyme
370
Minnow
Activity
.007
48
Shrimp
Est. LC
Aerated
433
Mammalian
J u
species
mg/kg
B.W. administration route
ref
Rat
2 to 50 Oral
1
Rat
6.5
Oral
329
Rat
8.1
Oral
329
Mule Deer
8.3
Oral
27
-------
Pentachlorophenol
Pentachlorophenol is a common wood preservative and algacide
shipped in fiber drums and multi-walled paper sacks. It is often
used to treat pilings and fence posts prior to installation.
Pentachlorophenol is a dark colored flake solid soluble to
80 ppm in water. It is highly resistent to biodegradation and
chemical attack. When spilled, it will sink and remain at the
bottom as a continual source of low levels of dissolved material.
Limited data suggests that pentachlorophenol is quite toxic
to aquatic life. Wilbur109 reports a toxic threshold to rainbow
trout and Daphnia of 0.75 ppm. It is further reported that the
toxic threshold for fish in general is 1 ppm phenols in freshwater
and 5 ppm in saltwater1
Pentachlorophenol is a strong irritant toxic when ingested,
inhaled, or contacted with skin. The oral LD^q for mammals is
reported as 100-199 mg/kg body weight.15 A dose of 257 mg/kg
body weight can be fatal to man.1 Chronic administration to
rats is fatal at 40 mg/kg/day. Tests for carcinogenisis have
been negative, but mutagenic action in plant cells can occur.15
-------
PENTACHLOROPHENOL
SYNONYMS - Penta, Santophen 20, PCP, Dowacide G
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE - Fihor nv .
Sacks ' Multi-Walled Paper
IATA - Other restricted article. Clael Required, No
M.P. 190°C
B.P. 309 °C
Sp. G. - 1.978
SOLUBILITY - 80 ppm
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity
ppm
hrs
Species
20
Green Sunfish
5
3
Trout
5
3
Bluegill
.75
Rainbow Trout
.50
Perca Fluviatilis
.40
Rutilus Rutilua
.75
Gaxnmarus Lacustris
.75
Daphnia
2.5
Limmaea Ovata
Parm
Mammalian Toxicity
Species mg/kg B. W.
Rat
Mammals
Rat
180
100-199
420
Cond.
Repellant
Lethal
Lethal
Toxic Threshold
Toxic Threshold
Toxic Threshold
Toxic Threshold
Toxic Threshold
Toxic Threshold
Administration Route
Oral
Oral A3
Intraperitoneal-Lethal 111
Ref ¦
8
15
Refj
420
5
5
109
109
109
109
109
109
-------
PHENOL
Phenol is used as a disinfectant, analytical agent,
and intermediate. It is also present as a by-product in
a variety of waste streams. The 1,744,733 lbs produced in
1971 (199) were shipped in bottles, cans, drums, tank cars,
and tank barges *
Phenol has been involved in massive spills
in the past.
Phenol may be shipped as a light pink crystal or as
a concentrated solution containing 50 percent benzo-phenol.
The solid is soluble to 67,000 ppm and will sink, then
dissolve when spilled. The solution is a heavy liquid and
will also sink when spilled. The concentrated solution
may maintain its strength and remain at the bottom of the
waterway, causing a layered effect. This stratification
has been observed to exist for a considerable period of
time indicating phenol does not disperse rapidly in water.
Phenols form a weakly acidic solution. They are highly
reactive in various situations. In the presence of acids
they undergo addition reactions such as nitration.
Phenols can also pick up chlorine rapidly to form more
objectionable compounds. Perhaps most important of its
aqueous reactions is oxidation. Phenols, especially those
in alkaline solutions, are readily oxidized to form a complex
mixture of products, including quinone and phenoquinone
when the oxidant is air.
-------
Dissolved phenol is also subject to biodegradation.
As much as 1.2-2 lbs of oxygen may be utilized per lb of
phenol in the first five days (11), a rate which may be
sufficient to cause localized oxygen deficiencies. In the
presence of plants and soil the overall degradation rate
approaches 3-5 mg/l/day. Without soil and plants, the rate
declines to 2 mg/l/day (1). Experiments designed to test
persistency have shown that a concentration of 1 ppm can be
biologically assimilated at 20°C in 1-7 days. At 4°C, 5-19
days are required; and under anaerobic conditions, degrada-
tion is even slower (1).
Phenols are highly toxic to fish. Extensive tests show
a wide range of overlapping values for the toxic threshold
of phenol. Concentrations as low as .074 have killed
minnows, while trout died within 8.5 hours when exposed to
.4-.6 ppm (1). The Halsbands report a disturbance threshold
in trout of 1.3 ppm phenol (1). Phenols in general should
be maintained below 1 ppm for healthy fish propagation (41).
Fish food organisms and other aquatic life do not appear
to be as sensitive to phenol as fish. The threshold effect
for various aquatic species is evidenced in the range 1-1600
ppm (1). A concentration of 10 mg/1 is sufficient to
inhibit photosynthesis in giant Kelp by 50 percent (1).
Phenol is toxic to the algae chlorella pyrenoidosa in the range
-------
233-1060 ppm (4). Aquatic toxicity, especially
fish, has been found to increase with decreasing dissolved
oxygen concentrations, increasing temperatures, decreasing
hardness, and increasing salinity. The effect of combinations
of different phenolics is additive.
Salt water species also exhibit high sensitivities to
phenol. The 48 hr TLm for rainbow trout in diluted
saltwater is 1.5 ppm (155). Acclimation raises that value
to 5 ppm (155). Various other forms of marine life are
affected by 17.5-500 ppm in aerated saltwater (2).
Phenol is highly toxic via all routes of adminstration.
The oral LD50 for rats is reported as 530 mg/Kg body weight (8).
As little as 1.5 gms can be fatal to man, but the average
fatal dose is closer to 15 gms (1). Taste rather than
toxicity is the basis of the recommended drinking water
limit of .001 ppm (1). Chronic administration of drinking
water containing 7000 ppm phenol stunted growth in rats and
increased mortality at birth (1).
Phenol can also be absorbed through the skin at toxic
levels. Fresh water for body contact should not contain more
than 10-50 ppm phenol, and saltwater concentrations should
not exceed 1 ppm (41).
Other concentrations of interest include an odor threshold
of .016-16.7 ppm (30),a suggested maximum of 50 ppm for
irrigation water (1), and a recommended limit of 1000 ppm
for water offered to livestock (1).
-------
NAME Phenol
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 1,744,733 lbs 1971 (199)
SYNONYMS Carbolic Acid, Phenylic Acid, Phenyl Hydroxide, Hydroxy-
benzene, Oxybenzene, Phenic Acid
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE Bottles, cans, drums, tank cars,
tank barges
DOT (Liquid containing 50% benzo-phenol) - Class B Poison, Poison
Label, 55 gal outside container
(Solid) - Class B Poison, Poison Label, 250 lbs outside
container
USCG Grade E combustible, Class B poison
M.P. 43. °C
B.P. 182. °C
Sp.G. 1.071
SOLUBILITY 67,0 00 mg/1 at 25 °C
PERSISTENCE
Oxygen Demand
BOD.5 - 39% Theo. using phenol acclimated treatment plant
activated sludge-(5)
BOD3 - 3.9 mg/1-(156)
BOD5 - 4.7 mg/1-(156)
BOD5 - 1.2-2 lb/lb using sewage seed-(11)
BOD3 - 34% Theo. using aniline acclimated treatment plant
activated sludge-(5)
COD - 2.28-3.2 lb/lb-(4)
BOD5, 10, 15, 20 - 90, 89, 87, 96% Thes, in freshwater - (425
BOD5/ 10, 15, 20 - 55, 74, 78, 86% Thes. in saltwater - (425)
TOXICOLOGIC CAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
ppm hrs species parm cond
Fish
0.002 Mixed Fish Safe
0.079 Goldfish Safe
0.10 Fish Safe
0.5 Fish Safe
1.0 100 Goldfish Safe
-------
ppm hrs
1.3
2.7
3.0 48
5.0 24
9.0 2.5
10 6
10
15
17.1 24
20 1.5
19,000 Brief
Fish Food Organisms
1
3
5
8-10
14
15
15
16
25
30
40
40-50
50
50-60
94
94-100
100-120
108
122
species parm cond ret
Trout Safe 1
Bluegills Safe 1
Stickleback Safe 1
Bluegills & Safe 1
Lamprey
Brook Trout Safe 1
Carp Safe 1
Fish Safe 1
Fish Safe 1
Minnows Fish 1
Eels Safe 1
Carp Safe 1
Platymonas
Mylilias
Edulis
Daphnia
(Young)
Daphnia Magna
Daphnia
(Adult)
Tubeworm
Isopod
Dapnia
Gammaridae
Microregma
Scenedesnras
Culex Larvae
Isopod
Daphnia
Daphnia Magna
Snail
Pionocypris
Diaptomus
Oregonensis
Cyclops
Vernalis
Limits Pho-.
tosynthesis
Threshold
Effect
Threshold
Effect
Killed
Threshold
Effect
Threshold
Effect
Threshold
Effect
Threshold
Effect
Lethal
Threshold
Effect
Threshold
Effect
Threshold
Effect
Threshold
Effect
Threshold
Effect
Immobilization
Toxic Action
Threshold
Effect
Threshold
Effect
Threshold
Effect
-------
ref
1
Fish
0.079
.5
Minnows
Toxic
River
0.28
Mixed Fish
Toxic
River
0.4-0.6
00
•
U1
Fish
Toxic
0.5-1.0
Trout
Toxic
0. 71
1
Sunfish
Toxic
1-5
Tench
Toxic
3-5
Fish
Toxic
4.3
12
Trout
Toxic
River
5.0
10
Trout
Toxic
Lake
5.0
24
Trout
Toxic
5.0
Perch
Toxic
5.0
24
Salmonide
Embryos
TLm
18°
5-10
Fish
Toxic
5-10
Trout
Toxic
5-20
1
Sunfish
Toxic
Aerated
6.0
Perch
Toxic
6.0
Rainbow Trout
Toxic
6.2
24
Brook Trout
Toxic
7.5-12.5
1
Yearling Trout
Toxic
12°
9
Perch
Toxic
9-10
Trout
Toxic
9.5
2.5
Brook Trout
Toxic
10
2.5
Dobule
Toxic
10
72
Goldfish
Toxic
Hard
10
Fish
Toxic
10
Tench
Toxic
10-15
Fish
Toxic
10-20
Fish
Toxic
Non-aerated
11.5-20
96
Bluegill
Sunfish
TLm
Standard,
20°
12
Perch
Toxic
12
2.5
Perch
Toxic
Soft, 18°
13.5
96
Bluegill
Sunfish
TLm
ppm hrs
150-180
200
200
200
251-261
800-1000
1000
1000
1600
species
Cyclops &
Sayomia Larvae
Tubifex
Crustacea
Molluscs
Navicula
Culex Pupae
Protozoa
Rotifers
Bacteria
parm cond
Threshold
Toxic Action
Toxic Effect
Toxic Effect
Toxic Effect
Threshold
Effect
Toxic Action
Toxic Action
Toxic Action
-------
ppm
hrs
species
parm
cond
14.2
24
Minnows
Toxic
18°
14.5
24
Tench
TLm
15.5
48
Stickleback
TLm
Synthetic
15°
16-20
Fish
Toxic
16.7
96
Fingerling
TLm
Tap
Catfish
17
Minnows
Toxic
17
2.5
Minnows
Toxic
17
.3
Perch
Toxic
18-20
6
Minnows
Toxic
Hard,17°
19
48
Bluegill
TLm
Aerated,
Sunfish
20°
19.3
96
Bluegill
TLm
20°
Sunfish
20
1.4
Roach
Toxic
21°
20
Fish
Toxic
20
1
Sunfish
Toxic
20
Minnows
Toxic
17°
20
.25
Minnows
Toxic
20-25
Fish
Toxic
Aerated,
Hard 18°
20.2
96
Bluegill
TLm
Synthetic
Sunfish
20°
22.2
48
Bluegill
TLm
Sunfish
23
.16
Perch
Toxic
Soft, 30°
24
96
Bluegill
TLm
Distilled
Sunfish
19°
24-28
6
Minnows
Toxic
18°
24.9
24
Carp
TLm
Hard,30°
28.5
96
Bluegill
TLm
Tap
Sunfish
28.9
48
Goldfish
Toxic
9.5°
30
2.5
Roach
Toxic
40
.5
Eels
Toxic
40
48
Fathead
TLm
Distilled
Minnows
51
1.5-2.5
Goldfish
Toxic
Turbid,
23-26°
56
96
Mosquito-Fish
TLm
Tap
70-75
1
Sunfish
Toxic
100 or
1
Fish
Toxic
18-23°
Less
100
Goldfish
Toxic
333
24
Goldfish
Toxic
400
.25
Trout
Toxic
Tap
1600
Brief
Trout,Perch
Toxic
River
1900
Brief
Roach
Toxic
-------
EE51
hrs
7.5
48
5.8
48
1000
.25-.!
100
60-72
10
>72
70-75
1
56
96
5.7-20
96
1-10
1.3
Salt Water Toxi
1.5
48
5
48
5
48
17.5
48
23.5
48
>500
48
33-100
48
90
48
160
24
56
48
species
Rainbow Trout
Rainbow Trout
Goldfish
Goldfish
Goldfish
Sunfish
Mosquito-Fish
Bluegill
Fish
Rainbow Trout
paym
cond
ref
TLm
TLm
Lethal
Lethal
Lethal
Lethal
TLm
TLm
Lethal
Threshold
of Disturbance
Rainbow Trout
TLm
Diluted
Salt Water
155
Rainbow Trout
TLm
Acclimated
155
Atlantic
TLm
Acclimated
155
Salmon
Prawn
LC50
Aerated
2
Shrimp
LC50
Aerated
2
Cockle
LC50
Aerated
2
Flounder
LC50
Aerated
2
Crab
LC50
Aerated
2
Brine Shrimp
TLm
425
Brine Shrimp
TLm
425
Mammalian
species
Rat
mq/kq B. W,
530
administration route
Oral
-------
PHOSGENE
Phosgene is employed as a war gas and as a chlorinating
agent for various organic synthesis processes. The 505,023,000
lbs produced in 1969 (199) were shipped as a gas in cylinders
and as a pressurized liquid in tank cars.
Phosgene decomposes in water releasing carbon dioxide
and hydrogen chloride. The acid will slowly neutralize
with natural dilution. Spills of phosgene gas may result
in most of the gas dissipating prior to contact with water.
As a pressurized liquid, contact with water is more probable.
Aquatic toxicity will be that of the hydrochloric acid
produced.
Phosgene is an extreme irritant, highly toxic when
inhaled. The lethal concentration for rats in air is 50
ppm (8). A TLV of 5 ppm has been established for phosgene.
Irritation is evident at the 3-5 ppm level.
-------
NAME Phosgene
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 505,023,000 lb 1969 (199)
SYNONYMS Carbonic Acid Dichloride, Carbonyl Chloride, Chloroforim^i
Chloride, Carbon Oxychloride y *
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE Cylinders, tank cars
DOT Class A Poison, Poison Gas Label, not accepted in outside
containers
USCG Poison A, poison gas label
M.P. -118. °C
B.P. 8.02 °C
Sp.G. 1.392
SOLUBILITY Decomposes
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc.
Decomposes in water to carbon dioxide and hydrochloric acid.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
Refer to hydrochloric acid.
Salt Water Toxicity
Refer to hydrochloric acid.
-------
PHOSPHORIC ACID
Phosphoric acid is used to produce fertili2er, detergents,
ethylene, hydrogen peroxide, soft drinks, dental cements,
and latex. It is also employed for engraving and medicinal
applications. The 12.5 billion lbs produced in 1971 (199)
were shipped dry or in solution in boxed carboys, 15-30
gal. fiber drums, 15-55 gal stainless drums, tank cars,
and tank trucks.
Phosphoric acid is freely soluble in water. It is
typically shipped as a solution, which when spilled will
sink and disperse. A heavy submerged layer may remain for
a short period due to the high density of concentrated
solutions. Although there are three types of phosphoric
acids, in water the ortho form (H3P04) will predominate.
Dissociation is broken into three distinct stages according to
the constants 1.1x10 7.5x10 and 4.8x10 Natural
buffer action and dilution will slowly neutralize spills.
Much like nitric and hydrochloric acid, phosphoric
acid is toxic only when it lowers the solution pH below a
value of 5 (1). A concentration of .01 ppm has been noted
to kill stickleback, while the 24-96 hr TLm for mosquito fish
in turbid water has been reported to be 138 ppm (1). Solution
pH, buffer capacity and alkalinity will be important in
determining resulting toxicity in spill situations. Once the
-------
acute hazard has been mitigated, residual phosphate may still
stimulate massive algal blooms resulting from over fertiliza-
tion. The 96 hour TLm for bluegill is reported as 200 ppm (1) ¦
In saltwater the 96 hour TLm for brook trout is 9 34 ppm (443) „
Phosphoric acid is an irritant, moderately toxic when
ingested or inhaled (38). Toxic action, however, results
from its corrosive nature rather than intrinsic toxicity.
-------
NAME Phosphoric Acid
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 12.5 billion lbs-1971
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE Boxed carboys, 15-30 gal fiber drums,
15-55 gal stainless drums, tank cars,
tank trucks
M.P. 42.35 °C
B.P. 213 °C Decomposes
Sp.G. 1.834
SOLUBILITY Freely Soluble
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity
EEE
.01
8
.2
138
200
hrs
species
parm
24 ,48,96
96
Stickleback Lethal
Gasterosteus Lethal
Aculeatus
Gasterosteus Lethal
Aculeatus
Mosquito Fish TLm
cond
pH 5
Dist.,
pH 4
pH 2.2
Turbid,
22-24 °C
ref
Bluegiij
TLm
Saltwater Toxicity
934 96
Brook Trout TLm
443
-------
PHOSPHOROUS
Phosphorous is employed as a building block for the
production of rat poison, smoke screens, and various
compounds. The 1 billion lbs of phosphorous produced in
1971 (199) were shipped under water in cans and drums
and under water or inert gases in tank cars and tank trucks
Yellow phosphorous is soluble in water to 3 ppm.
Spills may result in both the release of elemental phosphorous
which will sink and dissolve very slowly and "phossy"
blanketing water which will quickly disperse in the water
column. Elemental phosphorous reacts with oxygen to form
phosphorous pentoxide which then hydrolyzes in water to
phosphoric acid. The oxidation can occur from dissolved
oxygen in water and, hence/ elemental phosphorous will dis-
play an oxygen demand. Oxygen utilization is closely follower
by increased acidity.
Isom reports that bluegills are killed in 163 hrs when
elemental phosphorous levels reach .025 ppm (231). The
effects are due to colloidal phosphorous rather than dissolved
species. The phosphate hydrolysis product may fertilize wate*-%
and subsequently lead to algal blooms, in saltwater, the 91
hour TL50 for brook trout is 0.003 ppm (443).
Elemental phosphorous is extremely toxic when ingested.
The estimated oral for rabbits is 7 ing/kg body weight (8)
-------
The fatal dose for humans is 100 mg (2 31). Drinking water
should not contain more than 0.1 ppm phosphorous (40).
Chronic administration of as little as 1 mg/day elemental
phosphorous can cause liver and bone damage (231). Elemental
phosphorous is also a strong irritant.
-------
NAME Phosphorous
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 1 billion lbs-1971
SYNONYMS White Phosphorous, Yellow Phosphorous
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE Under water or blanketed by inert
gas in tank cars, tank trucks, cans
or drums *
DOT Flammable Solid, Yellow Label, not accepted dry, 25 lb in
outside container
USCG Inflammable solid, yellow label
M.P. 44.1 °C
B.P. 280 °C
Sp ¦ G. 1 • 8 3
SOLUBILITY 3 mg/1 at 25°C
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc.
Reacts rapidly in air to form phosphorous pentoxide which
hydrolyzes in water to phosphoric acid
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
ppm hrs species parm cond ref
0.105 48 Bluegill TLm
0!053 72 Bluegill TLm
231
231
0.025 163 Bluegill TLm 2"**
Saltwater Toxicity
0.003 96 Brook Trout TL
50 443
Mammalian
sPecies mg/kg B. w. administration rout* _ .
?ef
Rabbit 7 Oral
Q
-------
PHOSPHORUS OXYCHLORIDE
Phosphorus oxychloride is a highly reactive compound
employed as a chlorinating agent, cryoscapic solvent, and
intermediate. The 61,884,000 lbs produced in 1971 (199)
were shipped in 1-3 gal glass bottles, lead lined drums,
tank cars, and tank trucks.
Phosphorous oxychloride decomposes on contact with
water to form hydrochloric and phosphoric acid. Natural
dilution will slowly neutralize these contaminants.
While the aquatic toxicity of phosphorous oxychloride
is in fact that of the product acids, the oxychloride
compound itself can be hazardous. The vapor is extremely
irritating to membranes. A concentration of .1 ppm can
be damaging (159).
-------
NAME Phosphorous Oxychloride
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 61,884,000 lb 1971 (199)
SYNONYMS Phosphoryl Chloride
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE 1-3 gal glass bottles, lead lined
drums, tank cars, tank trucks
DOT Corrosive Liquid-Blue Letters on White Background. 1 qt.
outside container *
USCG Corrosive liquid, white label
M.P. 1.17 °C
B.P. 107. °C
Sp.G. 1.67
SOLUBILITY Decomposes
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc.
Hydrolyzes to phosphoric and hydrochloric acids.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity
Refer to phosphoric and hydrochloric acids. HCL will be
controlling factor.
Saltwater Toxicity
Refer to phosphoric and hydrochloric acids. HCL will be
controlling factor.
-------
PHOSPHOROUS PENTASULFIDE
Phosphorous pentasulfide is used in the production of
matches and as an intermediate and sulfating agent. The
117,588,000 lbs consumed in 1971 (199) were shipped in glass
bottles and sealed drums.
Phosphorous pentasulfide decomposes on contact with
water to form phosphoric acid and hydrogen sulfide. Con-
siderable offgassing may occur. The effects on aquatic
life will be those attributed to the two hydrolysis products.
Phosphorous pentasulfide is a strong irritant, highly
3
toxic when inhaled. A TLV of 1 mg/m has been established.
The hydrogen sulfide offgas from hydrolysis may also be
toxic and irritating.
-------
NAME Phosphorous Pentasulfide
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 117,588,000 lbs 1971 (199)
SYNONYMS Phosphoric Sulfide, Thiophosphoric Anhydride, Phosphorous
Persulfide
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE Glass bottles, sealed drums
M.P. 280. °C
B.P. 523. °C
Sp.G. 2.0 3
SOLUBILITY Decomposes
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc.
Decomposes in water to phosphoric acid and hydrogen sulfide.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
Refer to phosphoric and sulfuric acid. The latter will control.
Salt Water Toxicity
Refer to phosphoric and sulfuric acid. The latter will control.
-------
PHOSPHOROUS TRICHLORIDE
Phosphorous trichloride is used to produce irridescent
metallics and phosphorous compounds. The 110,4 32,000 lbs
produced in 1971 (199) were shipped in glass bottles,
nickel or lead lined steel drums, and carbon steel tank
cars.
Phosphorous trichloride decomposes on contact with water
to form phosphoric and hydrochloric acids. The resulting
effects on aquatic life will be those attributed to the low
pH and the toxicity of the hydrolysis products.
Phosphorus trichloride is a strong irritant, highly
toxic when inhaled. A TLV of 3 mg/m^ has been established.
-------
NAME Phosphorous Pentasulfide
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 117,58 8,000 lbs 1971 (199)
SYNONYMS Phosphoric Sulfide, Thiophosphoric Anhydride, Phosphorou
Persulfide s
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE Glass bottles, sealed drums
M.P. 280. °C
B.P. 523. °C
Sp.G. 2.0 3
SOLUBILITY Decomposes
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc.
Decomposes in water to phosphoric acid and hydrogen sulfide
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
Refer to phosphoric and sulfuric acid. The latter will control
Salt Water Toxicity
Refer to phosphoric and sulfuric acid. The latter will control
-------
PHOSPHOROUS TRICHLORIDE
Phosphorous trichloride is used to produce irridescent
metallics and phosphorous compounds. The 110,4 32,000 lbs
produced in 1971 (199) were shipped in glass bottles,
nickel or lead lined steel drums, and carbon steel tank
cars.
Phosphorous trichloride decomposes on contact with water
to form phosphoric and hydrochloric acids. The resulting
effects on aquatic life will be those attributed to the low
pH and the toxicity of the hydrolysis products.
Phosphorus trichloride is a strong irritant, highly
toxic when inhaled. A TLV of 3 mg/m3 has been established.
-------
Oysters withstand this same concentration for 96 hours,
showing a 100 percent decrease in shell growth (160).
Portman found shrimp, cockles, and pogge to have an LC50
range of ,3->10 ppm (2). The lowest lethal limits reported
are .005 ppm for pinfish, spot^161* and juvenile shriijip (163) .
PCBs are bioaccumulative. Shrimp subjected to 10 ppb
for 4 8 hr accumulated 1300 ppb in their flesh, while oysters
accumulated 33,000 ppb over a 96 hr period (160). Toxicity
is greatly affected by low levels of common contaminants.
PCBs are strong irritants, toxic when ingested or
inhaled. The actual oral toxicity varies with the degree
and location of chlorination. The oral LD50 for rats fed
Arochlor 1234 is 500-1000 mg/Kg body weight while it is
2000-4000 mg/Kg for the Arochlor 1268 form (165). Similar
values for various game bird populations fall in the range
600->5000 mg/Kg body weight (22). Mammals in general show
an average oral LD50 of 250 mg/Kg to PCBs. These values
can be greatly affected by low levels of common contaminants.
Observations of feeding studies include no ill effects on
dogs fed 100 ppm in their diet for 3 months (22). A
concentration of 2000 ppm Phinochlor DP6 killed coturnix in
55 days (22). Mallards tolerated 2000 ppm of Arochlor 1242,
1254, 1260 and 1268 (22). On the other hand, 500 mg/Kg
Arachlor 154 stopped egg laying in coturnix and 1000 mg/Kg
did the same to mallards (22).
-------
The major effects of PCBs are from chronic applications.
The compound interferes with vitamin D chemistry and
causes changes both in egg laying and in the shell thick-
ness of those eggs produced (22). Birds will accumulate
PCBs readily in their livers and fatty tissues. Eagles
(with 14,000 ppm in their tissue) have been found and
peregrine falcons with 2000 ppm (160). The FDA has a
set guideline of 5 ppm PCBs in food for human consumption.
Common contaminants in PCBs may increase both acute
and chronic hazards. Some types of PCB mixtures may
contain tetrachlorodibenzofurans, known teratogens (166).
Polychlorinated biphenyls have been designated toxic
substances under Section 307 of the Federal Water Pollution
Control Act Amendments of 1972. As such, continuous dis-
charge standards are being established for various sources.
These levels relate to continual exposure and therefore
should not be compared directly with critical concentrations
established here. Indeed, since spill events are probablistic,
median receptors have been selected for use of determining
critical concentrations in setting harmful quantities and
rates of penalty as apposed to the most sensitive receptor.
-------
NAME Polychlorinated Biphenyls
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 40,472,000 lbs 1971 (199)
SYNONYMS PCB, Polychlorinated Diphenyls, Arochlors
B.P. 340. °C
Sp.G. 1.182-1.492
SOLUBILITY Low solubility - .3-5 ppm
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
EE™
1.17-60
.278
hrs
96
96
Salt Water Toxicity
.1 48
.1 96
.3-10
3->10
>10
.005
0.1
.005
2
48
48
48
336-1080
species
Trout
Bluegill
Young Pink
Shrimp
Oysters
Shrimp
Cockle
Pogge
Pinfish &
Spot
Marine Diatoms
Juvenile
Shrimp
S Salmon
parm
TLm
TLm
cond ref
160
160
Lethal
100% Decrease
in Shell
Growth
LC50
LC50
LC50
TLm
Inhibit
Growth
Killed
Lethal
160
160
Aerated 2
Aerated 2
Aerated 2
161
162
Flowing 163
Sea Water
With Corexit 164
7664
Mammalian
species
Rats
Rats
Guinea Pigs
mg/kg B. W,
500-1000
2000-4000
170
Avian Toxicity
Mallard
Pheasant
Bobwhite
Coturnix
2000-3000
1000-3000
600-3000
2000->5000
administration route
Oral - arochlor/254
Oral-arochlor/1268
Oral LDca
Oral
Oral
Oral
Oral
ref
165
165
22
22
22
22
22
-------
POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE
Potassium hydroxide is employed in electroplating, litho-
graphy, painting, textile finishing, organic synthesis, wood
treatment (as a mordant), and soap production. The 396,384,000
lbs produced in 1971 (199) were shipped in bottles, boxes,
barrels, drums, tank cars, and tank barges.
Because potassium hydroxide is readily soluble in water,
when spilled it will soon dissolve and raise the pH of the
receiving waters. Natural dilution and carbon dioxide from
the atmosphere will slowly neutralize the water.
Potassium hydroxide is toxic to aquatic life. Fish have
been killed by concentrations of 28.6-140 ppm (1). The 96
hr TLm for mosquito fish is reported as 80 ppm. Algae are
adversely affected when the pH exceeds 8.5. Solution pH,
buffer capacity, and hardness are important in determining
resulting toxicity.
Potassium hydroxide is a strong irritant, highly toxic
when ingested or inhaled. The oral LD50 for rats is reported
to be 1230 mg/Kg body weight (77). A dose of 2.6 gm has been
fatal to humans (1). The potassium ion concentration should
not exceed 1000 ppm in drinking water ( 7). Similarly,
livestock should not be given water with more than 17U ppm
potassium hydroxide (7). A TLV of 2 mg/m as a dust has been
established. Potassium hydroxide is detectable by taste at
1-50 ppm (1).
-------
NAME Potassium Hydroxide
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 396,384,000 lb 1971 (199)
SYNONYMS Potassium Hydrate, Caustic Potash, Potassia
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE Bottles, boxes, barrels, drums
tank cars, tank barges
DOT (solution) Corrosive Liquid, White Label, 10 gal. outsid
container
USCG Hazardous article
M.P. 360. °C
B.P. 1320. °C
Sp.G. 2.044
SOLUBILITY 970,000 mg/1 at 25 °C
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
EEHL
hrs
species
parm
28.6
24
Minnow
Killed
50
24
Trout
Killed
56
24
Bluegill
Killed
56
4.5
Bluegill
Killed
80
24
Mosquito Fish
TLm
80
96
Mosquito Fish
TLm
140
24
Goldfish
Killed
150-500
24
Vector Snails
Killed
Mammalian
species
Rat
cond
ref
Turbid
mg/kg B. W.
1230
administration route
Oral
80
ref
77
-------
POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE
Potassium permanganate is empaoyea for blea=Mng
producing chemica!.. di.i„faoting, tsnning> produolag '
„.ter, chemical analysis, and Vicinal purpoaes. The 8j### ###
..timated lb. produced in 1955 (194) Kere ^
cans, steel drums, and hopper cars.
Potassium permanganate is soluble in water to „,800
ppm. It is an oxidizing agent which win rapidly attack
organics in the receiving water. i„ . short time ^
permanganate win be reduced to manganese dioxide, a broTO
precipitate.
Potassium permanganate is toxic to fi8h in the ctm_
centtation range 3-62 ppm (1). The 96 hr TLm for blu>>m
is 4.2 ppm (171), and that for mosguito-fi«h 1a
^ ° Xlsn 13 12 ppm (1),.
Daphnia are immobilized by 0.63 ppm (i). Potassium
permanganate has been applied at 0.2-0» 5 w»/i *
• «>y/ J- tor algae
control in reservoirs. A level of 4.0 ppm is toxic to blue
green algae (171). The permanganate acts as a bactericide
disinfecting waters when applied at low levels, Permanganat
will not persist in waters with a high organic content, and
hence resulting casualties will be reduced in such an
environment. In saltwater the 96 hour estimated LC to
50
pompano is 2.3 ppm (444).
Potassium permanganate is a strong irritant, highly
toxic when ingested or inhaled. The oral for rats is 1090
-------
mg/Kg body weight (172). The subcutaneous value for mice
is somewhat lower, 500 mg/Kg (8). Manganese in general
should not exceed .05 ppm for drinking water (41). A TLV
3
of 5 mg/m has been established for potassium permanganate
dust.
-------
NAME Potassium Permanganate
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 5,000,000 lbs (est.) 1955 (194)
SYNONYMS Chameleon Mineral
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE Bottles, cans, hopper cars, steel drums
USCG Oxidizing material, yellow label
M.P. 24 0. °C Decomposes
Sp.G. 2.7
SOLUBILITY 63,800 mg/1 at 20 °C
PERSISTENCE
Oxygen Demand
Will oxidize organics.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
hrs
species
parm
cond
ref
5
Minute
Death
1
Crustaceans
0.63
Daphnia Magna
Immobilized
1
3
Bluegill
Toxic
1
3.2
24
Fingerling
TLm
Tap
1
Catfish
4
Large-Mouth
Toxic
1
Bass
5
Fathead
Toxic
1
Minnows
5.2
24
Bluegill
TLm
1
5.4
24
Bluegill
TLm
1
6.25
24
Trout
Toxic
1
10
12-18
Goldfish
Toxic
Hard
1
11.8
8
Young Eels
Toxic
1
12
24 &96
Mosquito-Fish
TLm
1
22-62
.5
Fish
Toxic
1
4.2
24 ,48,96
Bluegill
TLm
Laboratory
171
3.7
96
Creek Chub
TLm
Laboratory
171
Mammalian
species
mq/kg B. W.
Rat
Mice
1090
500
administration route
Oral
Subcutaneous
Saltwater Toxicity
2.3 96
Pompano
Est. LC
50
ref
172
8
444
-------
PROPIONIC ACID
Propionic acid is used to produce cellulose and frjuit
flavors, and as a mold inhibitor and topical fungicide, it
is produced by a dozen U.S. firms and shipped in carboys,
drums, tank cars, and tank barges.
propionic acid is miscible with water. It will rapidly
enter the water when spilled. Natural mineral salts such as
calcium propionate are quite soluble (490,000 ppm) and are not
likely to precipitate. Natural dilution, however, will
slowly neutralize a spill. The dissolved proprionate and
proprionic acid, which does not dissociate completely, are
biodegradable. As much as .36~1.3 lbs of oxygen can be
utilized in the first 5 days (4,14). This should be suffi-
cient to cause localized oxygen deficiencies in a spill
situation.
Doudoroff and Katz "found that propionic acid could kill
fish without lowering the pH below 5 (1). Hence, the
undissociated acid is toxic in its own right. The 24 hr TLm
for bluegill is reported as 188 ppm (59). The fish food
organism Daphnia magna exhibits a 48 hr TLm of 50 ppm (59). A
concentration of 250 ppm is toxic to the algae chlorella
pyrenoidosa (4).
-------
Propionic acid is an irritant considered to be only
slightly toxic when ingested (38). The oral LD50 for rats
4,290 mg/Kg body weight (117).
-------
NAME Propionic Acid
SYNONYMS Propanoic Acid, Methylacetic Acid, Ethylformic Acid
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE Carboys, drums, tank cars, tank barges
M.P. -20.8 °C
B.P. 140.99 °C
Sp.G. 0.993
SOLUBILITY miscible
PERSISTENCE
Oxygen Demand
BOD.5 - 40% Theo. using phenol acclimated activated sludge-(13)
BOD5 - .36-.84 lb/lb using sewage seed-(4)
BOD5 - .96 lb/lb using acclimated seed-(4)
BOD5 - 1.3 lb/lb-(14)
BOD2o - 1.4 lb/lb-(14)
COD - 1.4 lb/lb-(4)
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
ppm
hrs
species
parm
cond
ref
>1000
48
Culex sp.
TLm
15
Larvae
50
48
Daphnia Magna
TLm
59
188
24
Bluegill
TLm
59
130
24
Daphnia Magna
TLm
173
Mammalian
species mg/kq B. W. administration route ref
Rat
4290
Oral
117
-------
PROPANOIC ANHYDRIDE
Propanoic anhydride is used to pirdduce cellulose, resins,
drugs, and dyes. It is produced by three major American firms.
Propanoic anhydride decomposes in water to form propanoic
(propionic) acid. In the acid form it is subject to natural
neutralization forces and biodegradation. Aquatic toxicity
will be that reported for the acid form.
Propanoic anhydride is more toxic than the acid. The
oral LD50 for rats is 2,360 mg/Kg body weight (174). Like
the acid, it is an irritant that poses a slight ingestive
hazard.
-------
NAME Propanoic Anhydride
SYNONYMS Propionic Anhydride, MsthWaoetic tahydriae
M.P. -45. °C
B.P. 167. °C
Sp.G. 1.013
SOLUBILITY Decomposes
PERSISTENCE
Oxygen Demand
Refer to Propionic Acid.
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc.
Hydrolyzes to propionic acid in water
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
Refer to Propionic Acid.,
Salt Water Toxicity
Refer to Propionic Acid-
Mammalian
iEeciaa mg/ta, B. w. aaminls,.r^, __ | ^
Rat 2360 Oral
174
-------
PROPYL ALCOHOL
Propyl alcohol, or propanol, is a solvent for resins and
cellulose esters. Production reached 68,059,000 lbs in 1969
(199).
Propyl alcohol is miscible with water. When spilled,
it will soon dissolve and disperse. The dissolved alcohol
is subject to rapid biodegradation. As much as .47-1.5 lbs
of oxygen per lb of alcohol can be utilized in the first 5
days (11). This is a sufficiently fast rate to cause
localized oxygen slumps in spill situations.
Propyl alcohol is lethal to fish in the 200-500 ppm range
(1,109). Goldfish die within 24 hrs when exposed to 500 ppm
(1) and a concentration of 11,200 ppm is toxic to the algae
chlorella pyrenoidosa (4). Dissolved oxygen deficiencies
resulting from BOD will further threaten aquatic life.
In saltwater, the 24 hour TLm to brine shrimp is 4200 ppm
(425).
Propyl alcohol is a slight ingestive and inhalative
hazard (38). The oral LD50 for rats has been reported as
1,870<8) and 3,300(1) mg/Kg body weight. Direct contact can
lead to mild irritation of eyes and mucous membranes. A TLV
of 500 mg/m^ has been established for propanol vapors.
-------
NAME Propanoic Anhydride
SYNONYMS Propionic Anhydride, Methylacetic Anhydride
M.P. -45. °C
B.P. 167. °C
Sp.G. 1.013
SOLUBILITY Decomposes
PERSISTENCE
Oxygen Demand
Refer to Propionic Acid .
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc.
Hydrolyzes to propionic acid in water.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
Refer to Propionic Acid..
Salt Water Toxicity
Refer to Propionic Acid-
Mammalian
species mg/kg B. W. administration rnnta
Rat 2360 Oral
-------
PROPYL ALCOHOL
Propyl alcohol, or propanol, is a solvent for resins smd
cellulose esters. Production reached 68,059,000 lbs in 1969
(199) .
Propyl alcohol is miscible with water. When spilled,
it will soon dissolve and disperse. The dissolved alcohol
is subject to rapid biodegradation. As much as .47-1.5 lbs
of oxygen per lb of alcohol can be utilized in the first 5
days (11) . This is a sufficiently fast rate to cause
localized oxygen slumps in spill situations.
Propyl alcohol is lethal to fish in the 200-500 ppm range
(1,109). Goldfish die within 24 hrs when exposed to 500 ppm
(1) and a concentration of 11,200 ppm is toxic to the algae
chlorella pyrenoidosa (4). Dissolved oxygen deficiencies
resulting from BOD will further threaten aquatic life.
In saltwater, the 24 hour TLm to brine shrimp is 4200 ppm
(425).
Propyl alcohol is a slight ingestive and inhalative
hazard (38). The oral LD5Q for rats has been reported as
1,870^ and 3,300^ mg/Kg body weight. Direct contact can
lead to mild irritation of eyes and mucous membranes. A TLV
of 500 mg/m^ has been established for propanol vapors.
-------
NAME Propyl Alcohol
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 68,059,000 lb 1969 (199)
SYNONYMS Ethyl Carbinol, Propylic Alcohol, Propanol, Optal
M.P. -127. °C
B.P. 97. °C
Sp.G. 0.804
SOLUBILITY Miscible
PERSISTENCE
Oxygen Demand
BODi - 55% Theo. using treatment plant activated sludge-(5)
BOD5 - .4 7-1.5 lb/lb-(11)
BOD5 - 94% Theo. using quiescent activated sludge-(5)
BOD6 - 75% Theo. with a pure bacterial culture
BOD5, 10, 15, 20 - 64, 76, 81, 75% Theo. in freshwater (125)
BOD5. 10. 15. 20 - 43, 64, 47, 73% Theo. in saltwater (425)
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
200-500
500
350-500
hrs
24
24
24
species
Gudgeon
Goldfish
Creek Chub
Saltwater Toxicity
4200 24 Brine Shrimp
parm
Lethal
Died
Lethal
cond
15-21°C
TLm
ref
1
1
109
425
Mammalian
species
Rat
Rat
Mammals
mg/kg B. W.
1870
3300
2500-5000
administration route
Oral
Oral
Oral
ref
8
1
15
-------
Pyrethrins
Pyrethrins are the name given insecticidal substances found
in pyrethrum flowers. When synthesized, they are called pyrethoids.
These complex hydrocarbons are used extensively in stock strays,
pet sprays, household sprays, and aerosols. The <1 million lbs
produced in 1971 were formulated as concentrated oils and impre-
gnated dusts. Synergists may be added. Recently, 20 percent
extract in oil has become a standard in industry.
Pyrethrins are oily yellow liquids insoluble in water. They
will sink when spilled and can be moderately persistent. Little
is known of their chemistry.
Pyrethrins are moderately toxic to fish. The 96 hour
for bluegills is reported to be 74 ppm (451). Similar values
have been reported for rainbow trout and channel catfish (451) but
Pimental (22) notes a 48 hour LC5g for rainbow trout of 0.054 as
well. The difference may be in the formulation. Fish food organ-
isms are also adversely affected by pyrethrins. The 48 hour LC5Q
for Gammarus locustris and Daphnia pulex are reported as 0.018 and
0.025 ppm respectively (22).
Pyrethrins are widely used because of their relatively low
toxicity to mammals and higher forms of life. The oral LD50 for
rats has been reported as 820-1870 mg/kg body weight, and young
mallards has an oral LD,-0 of greater than 10,000 mg/kg body weight
(22) .
-------
PYRETHRINS
SYNONYMS - Pyrethrim, Pyrethroids, Allethrin, Barthrin, Cydelhrin,
Dimethrin, Furethrin, Neopynamin, Phthalthrin, Synthrin,
Cinerin, Jasmolin
PRODUCTION - <1,000,000 lbs in 1971
B.P. - 170-200°C
SOLUBILITY - Insoluble
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. - Natural production, moderately per-
sistent.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity
ppm
hr
Species
1.0
5
Guppies
7.5
Carp
54
96
Rainbow Trout
80
96
Channel Catfish
74
96
Bluegill
1.0
96
Pteronarcys.
Californica
0.001
96
P. Californica
Naiads
0.054
48
Rainbow Trout
0.010
24
P. Californica
0.028
24
Gammarus Locustris
0.018
48
Gammarus Locustris
0.025
48
Daphnia Pulex
0.064
48
P. Californica
0.042
48
Simocephalus
Sermilatus
0.025
48
Daphnia Pulex
Mammalian Toxicity
Species
mg/kq B. W.
Rat
1500
Rat
820-1870
Rat
1200
Avian Toxicity
Parm
100% Kill
100% Kill
LC,
Cond.
LC
LC
LC
LC
50
50
50
50
Temp 15.5°C
50
LC50
50
LC50
LC50
LC
LC50
Im^Sbilized
Immobilized
Administration Route
Oral
Oral
Oral
Ref ^
1
1
451
451
451
451
184
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
Ref.
Young Mallards >10,000
Oral
22
-------
QUINOLINE
Quinoline is used to produce drugs, dyes, paints, varn-
ishes, and various organic chemicals. It is also employed as
a solvent for resins and terpenes. Production reached
538,000 lbs in 1969 (198).
Quinoline is a hygroscopic liquid capable of absorbing
22 percent water. It is only slightly soluble in cold water,
however. When spilled, it will seek the bottom and dissolve
very slowly to form a weak alkaline solution. It is light
sensitive, and in shallow water may darken from photochemical
attack. Mineral acids react to form water soluble salts.
The dissolved quinoline is also subject to biodegradation.
As much as 1.75 lbs of oxygen per lb of quinoline can be
utilized in the first 5 days (11). This will be sufficient
to cause oxygen slumps in spill situations.
Quinoline is toxic to fish and fish food organisms. Con-
centrations in the range 5.-50 ppm have been lethal to various
species of fish (1). Rainbow trout died in.14 hrs when placed
in 5 ppm while yearling trout lasted 1 hr in 7.5 ppm (1).
The toxic threshold for the fish food organisms Daphnia and
-------
Microregma have been reported as 52 and 50 ppm respectively,
scenedesmus tolerate up to 140 ppn. (1). Aquatic life may
also suffer from low dissolved oxygen resulting from the
high BOD of quinoline solutions. Undissolved layers may
destroy benthic life forms. Quinoline has been reported to
affect the taste of carp flesh when present in rearing water
at 0.5-1.0 ppm (D•
Quinoline is highly toxic when ingested or inhaled.
The oral LD50 f°r rats is 460 m9/Kg body wei9ht • Quinoline
can produce detectable tastes in water in the .016-4.3 ppm
concentration range. (30)
-------
NAME Quinoline
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 538,000 lb 1969 (198)
SYNONYMS 1-Benzazine, Benzol[b] pyridine, Chinoleine, Chinoline,
Leucol, Leucoline, Leukol
M.P. -15. °C
B.P. 237.7 °C
Sp.G. 1.09
SOLUBILITY 60,000 mg/1 at 25 °C
PERSISTENCE
Oxygen Demand
BOD5 - 1.75 lb/lb using sewage seed-(11)
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc.
Darkens when exposed to light.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
ppm
hrs
species
parm
cond
5
14
Rainbow Trout
Lethal
13°C
5
4
Bluegill
Lethal
13°C
5
4
Sea Lamprey
Caused
13 °C
Illness
7.5
Fish
Lethal
7.5-1
1
Yearling Trout
Lethal
13°C
10
Bleak, bream,
Toxic
carp
Threshold
<30
Perch
Lethal
50
Perch
Lethal
50
Microregma
Toxic
23°C
Threshold
52
Daphnia
Toxic
24°C
Threshold
140
Scenedesmus
Toxic
24°C
Threshold
600
E. Coli
Toxic
0
0
CM
Threshold
750
Ciliates
Toxic
Mammalian
species
mg/kg
B. W. administration
route
Rat
460
Oral
ref
ref
8
-------
resorcinol
Resorcinol is employed in veterinary medicine, textile
processing, dye manufacture, adhesive production, explosive
production, tanning, and chemical analysis. It is produced
by eight American firms and shipped in polyethylene or alum-
inum lined fiber drums with a 25-20 lb capacity.
Resorcinol is quite soluble in water, rapidly dispersing
through the receiving water when spilled. Resorcinol begins
to decompose on exposure to light and air. However, it does
not form the dark quinone compounds as the hydroquinones do
because of the meta configuration of the hydroxy groups. The
decomposing solid goes from white to pink. The dissolved
resorcinol is subject to biological attack. As much as 1 15
lbs of oxygen per lb of resorcinol can be utilized in the
first five days (11). Acclimation can accelerate this rate
Localized oxygen slumps will be evidenced in spill situations
Resorcinol, like most phenolics, is toxic to aquatic
life. The toxic threshold for bleak and carp is 35 Ppm
Fish food organisms are affected in the range of 0.8-60 pp
Phenols in general should be kept below 1 ppm in freshwat
and 5 ppm in saltwater to sustain healthy fish oomn=4.-
fufuxations (41)
Resorcinol can influence the taste of fish flesh
sn lf Present
in rearing waters at a concentration of 30 pom (l)
-------
Resorcinol, like most phenols, can be toxic via all
routes of administration. The oral LD50 for rats has been
reported as 980 mg/Kg body weight (178). Phenols in general
should not exceed .001 ppm for drinking water (1). This,
however, is based upon taste thresholds when chlorinated,
and not toxicity. Resorcinol is detectable by smell when
present at 40 ppm (1). Waterfowl may be harmed if phenol
concentrations exceed 25 ppm (41).
Resorcinol can be absorbed through the skin at toxic
levels. Phenols should not exceed 50 ppm in freshwater
or 1 ppm in saltwater used for swimming purposes (41).
Solutions of greater than 10 percent can be irritating on
contact.
-------
NAME Resorcinol
SYNONYMS 1,3-Benzendiol, 1,3-Dihydroxybenzene, Resorcin
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE Fiber drums with polyethylene or
aluminum lining, 25-200 lbs
M.P. 109. °C
B.P. 280. °C
Sp.G. 1.27
SOLUBILITY 1,000,000 mg/1 at 25 °C
PERSISTENCE
Oxygen Demand
BOD. 5 - 33% Theo. with phenol acclimated activated sludge-(10)
BOd[ 5 - 39% Theo. with catechol acclimated activated sludge-(13)
BODi - 9.5% Theo. with phenol acclimated seed-(5)
BOD5 - 1.15 lb/lb with sewage seed-(11)
BOD5 - 61% Theo.-(126)
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
hrs
species
parm
cond
ref
35
Bleak & Carp
Toxic
1
Threshold
O
•
00
48
Daphnia
Toxic
23°C
1
Threshold
60
96
Scenedesmus
Toxic
24°C
1
Threshold
40
Micro regma
Toxic
u
0
1
Threshold
1000
E. Coli
No Effect
27°C
1
56.4
48
Daphnia
Killed
175
Mammalian
species mg/kg B. W. administration route ref
Rat
Rat
450
980
Subcutaneous - MLD
Oral
8
178
-------
SELENIUM
Selenium is a metal commonly obtained as a by-product
from copper mining operations. In salt forms it is used
to make glass, electrodes, rubber, duplication equipment,
dyes, and photographic developing solutions. Approximately
(207)
86 tons of selenium are produced in the U. S. each year
The metal and salts are shipped as containerized solids.
Selenium in the metallic form is insoluble. Most
selenium salts, however, are readily soluble and will dissolve
if spilled in water. Many industrial operators have found it
exceedingly difficult to reduce selenium concentrations in
effluents below acceptable levels. The selenide, selenate,
and selenite anionic species can be quite persistent in
natural waters. They can potentially undergo complex chemical-
biological interactions which will cycle them through the
water and bottom sediments.
Selenium is toxic to fish and fish food organisms. Sodium
selenite at 2 ppm is toxic to goldfish over a 192 hr period (1).
Daphnia and Scenedesmus are affected by concentrations as
low as 2.5 ppm while microregma have a 96 hr TLm of 183
ppm (1). Selenium appears to be bioconcentrative. Fish
deaths in a Colorado reservoir have been attributed to food
chain concentration of selenium from bottom depositstl)•
-------
Selenium is toxic when ingested or inhaled. Various
species of livestock die when fed selenium at levels of
1.5-8 mg/kg body weight (1). Selenium poisoning often
occurs in nature from ingestion of forage containing as
little as 1 mg/Kg (1). Humans have been killed by ingestion
of a 4 mg dose (208). Drinking water levels should not
exceed .01 ppm for humans (1) or livestock (40). Chronic
poisoning is more probable than acute poisoning. Adminis-
tration of 3 mg/1 Se+* and Se+^ in water to mice and rats
gave a positive carcinogenic response (56). Doses of 9 mg/Kg
body weight produced abnormalities in young turkeys (1) .
Selenium poses a special threat when present in irrigation
water because of plants' ability to accumulate the metal.
Wheat has been found to contain as much as 63 mg/Kg and onions
17.8 mg/Kg(1). Byers contends that soil containing 0.5
mg/Kg and/or plants containing 5 mg/Kg pose a major threat
to livestock (1) . The selenium is also directly toxic to
plants. Water with more than 0.5 ppm selenium is unusable
for irrigation purposes (1).
-------
NAME Selenium
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 86 tons (1971) 207
SYNONYMS Red Selenium
M.P. 217 °C
B.P. 684.9 °C
Sp.G. 4.81
SOLUBILITY Insoluble
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
EEB
hrs
species
parm
cond
ref
2
192
Goldfish
Toxic
Sodium
1
Selenite
2.5
48
Daphnia
Threshold
23 °C
1
Effect
2.5
96
Scenedesmus
TLM
24 °C
1
90
96
E Coli
TLM
24 #C
1
183
96
Microregma
TLM
27 °C
1
Mammalian
species
mg/kg B.W.
administration route
ref
Dog 4
Cattle 2 mg/lb
Horse 1.5
Cows & Calves 4.5-5.0
Pigs 6-8
Rabbits 3-4
Oral-fatal
Oral-fatal
Oral-MLD
Oral-MLD
Oral-MLD
Oral LD100 of Salts
56
-------
SELENIUM OXIDE
SYNONYMS - Selenium Dioxide, Selenious Anhydride
M.P.
340 °C
B.P. - Sublimes at 315°C
Sp. G. - 3.954
SOLUBILITY - 384,000 ppm @ 14°C
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. - Forms selenious acid upon dissolution
in water which only partially dissociates at normal pH range
leaving bulk of molecules in the HSeO form. Depresses the pH.
May be oxidized to selenate form by presence of carbon or organic
materials.
materials.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity
EEL
hrs
Species
Parm
17.1 1 Minnows No Harm
12 168 Goldfish TLm
Mammalian Toxicity
Cond.
Species
Rabbit
Rat
mg/kg B. W.
7 as Selenious Acid
Stabiiized Tap Water
Administration Route
Subcutaneous
Oral
Ref,
1
445
Ref.
96
96
-------
SODIUM SELENITE
Sodium selenite is used in glass production. It is
presently marketed by seven major U.S. firms.
Sodium selenite is freely soluble in water as are most
stable forms of ionized selenium. When spilled, the salt
will quickly disperse through the water column and may
persist there indefinitely.
Sodium selenite is toxic to fish and fish food organisms
at low levels. Goldfish have been killed in hard water con-
taining 10 ppm (1). A concentration of 100 ppm brought death
in 18 hrs (1). Fish food organisms such as Daphnia and
Scenedesmus are experienced at a toxic threshold at 2.5 ppm (1).
Selenium may be concentrated through the food chain. Incidences
of human poisoning after consumption of seleniferous plant
fed livestock have been reported (127).
Sodium selenite is an irritant and can be toxic when
ingested or inhaled as a dust. The oral LD50 for rats is reported
at 13 mg/Kg body weight (201). A lethal dose of .4 mg/Kg has
also been found (8). Farmstead livestock display oral MLD
values of 1.5-8 mg/Kg body weight (1). Rats fed more than 6.4
ppm in their diet had slow growth, and 8 ppm was fatal by the
fourth week. Water for human consumption should not exceed .01
ppm selenium (56). Sodium selenate can be absorbed through
skin at chronically toxic> rates (38).
-------
NAME Sodium Selenite
SOLUBILITY Freely Soluble
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
EE™
10
100
100
2.5
2.5
90
183
55
Mammalian
species
Rat
Rat
Rabbits
Horses
Cows
Pigs
Rat
Mice
Rabbit
Rabbit
Rat
hrs
species
parm
cond
ref
98-144
Goldfish
Toxic
Hard
1
24-96
Goldfish
Toxic
Soft
1
18-19.5
Goldfish
Toxic
Hard
1
48
Daphnia
Toxic
River
1
Threshold
Havel
96
Scenedesmus
Toxic
River
1
Threshold
Havel
—
E. Coli
Toxic
River
1
Threshold
Havel
Microregma
Toxic
River
1
Threshold
Havel
96
Fathead Minnow
Est. LCsq
447
mg/kg B.W.
4
3
1.5
1.5
4.5-5.0
6-8
13
7
2.25
4
7
administration route
Oral-LDjoO
Intravenous
Oral-MLD
Oral-MLD
Oral-MLD
Oral-MLD
Oral
Oral
Oral
Oral-LDigo
Oral
ref
8
8
1
1
1
1
201
202
202
56
96
-------
SODIUM
Sodium metal is employed in the manufacture of sodium
salts, tetraethyl lead, sodium lamps, and photoelectric cells.
The 306,150,000 lbs produced in 1971 (199) were shipped in
hermetically sealed steel drums, tin cans, and tank cars.
Sodium decomposes violently upon contact with water to
form sodium hydroxide which is slowly neutralized to a variety
of soluble sodium salts (e.g. chloride, carbonates, sulfates,
phosphates, nitrates, etc.) by natural dilution.
In a spill situation, the initial aquatic effects will
be those attributed to sodium hydroxide. The high pH destroys
many forms of aquatic life. Algae is adversely affected at
pH levels above 8.5, as are most fish (1). Sodium ions at a
concentration of 4720 ppm were not harmful to stickleback.
The 48 hr TLm for marine fish is reported as 24,000-25,000
ppm sodium ion (109) .
While the most significant data concerning the effects
of a sodium spill will be those of sodium hydroxide, sodium
ions in general can be hazardous. Sodium in drinking water
may be harmful to persons suffering from cardiac, renal, and
circulation disorders. Levels of 200 mg/1 may be injurious.
Hubbard recommends a desirable limitation of 10 mg/1 (1).
Sodium salts can be tasted in water at various levels. The
carbonate has a taste threshold of 34 ppm, the chloride and
-------
acetate 135 ppm, and the bicarbonate 290 ppm (1). Water for
livestock use should not contain more than 1000-2000 ppm (11) .
A level of 6 9 ppm can be injurious to citrus plants when used
for irrigation.
Excessive amounts of dissolved sodium in irrigation or
other waters can disperse soils. The additional sodium
destroys the calcium balance and renders soil impermeable to
water.
-------
NAME Sodium
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 306,150,000 lbs 1971 (199)
SYNONYMS Natrium
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE Hermetically sealed steel drums, tin
cans, tank cars
M.P. 97.5 °C
B.P. 889. °C
Sp.G. .9715
SOLUBILITY Decomposes
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc.
Violently decomposes to sodium hydroxide upon contact with water.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
ppm hrs species parm cond ref
as sodium ion
4 720 Stickleback Harmless Distilled 1
Water
Refer to sodium hydroxide
Salt Water Toxicity
as sodium ion
24,000- 48 Marine Fish TLm Salt Water 109
25,000
Refer to sodium hydroxide
-------
SODIUM BISULFITE
Sodium bisulfite is employed in food preserving, wool
bleaching, fermentation, pulp and paper production, synthetic
rubber production, chemical manufacture, laundering, and dis-
infecting. It is presently offered by numerous American
suppliers.
Sodium bisulfite is soluble in water* forming a weakly
acidic solution. As the pH moves above 4 the sulfite is
converted to sulfate. Hence, natural dilution will quickly
trans form sodium bisulfide to the more stable sodium sulfate
salt.
Sodium bisulfite is relatively toxic to fish and fish
food organisms. The minimum lethal dose for minnows is 80-85
ppm in hard water (1) . The 96 hr TLm for mosquito fish in
turbid water is 240 ppm (1) . Daphnia are affected in the
range 60-116 ppm depending on dissolved oxygen levels (1,59).
Toxic thresholds are lowered with the presence of other sodium
salts (1). Water hardness and solution pH will also be
important in determining resulting toxicity.
Sulfites are moderately toxic when inhaled or ingested (38).
The intravenous LD50 for rats is reported to be 115 mg/Kg
body weight (8). Concentrated solutions are irritating to
skin and mucous membranes.
-------
NAME Sodium Bisulfite
SYNONYMS Sodium Acid Sulfite, Sodium Hydrogen Sulfite
Sp.G. 1.4 8
SOLUBILITY 300,000 mg/1 at 25 °C
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc.
Converts to sulfate above pH 4.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
ppm
hrs
species
parm
cond
ref
102
100
Daphnia Magna
Toxic
23°C
1
Threshold
109
Daphnia Magna
Toxic
9.3 mg/1
°2
1
Threshold
61
Daphnia Magna
Toxic
6.5 mg/1
°2
1
Threshold
77
Daphnia Magna
Toxic
3.2 mg/1
°2
1
Threshold
70
Daphnia Magna
Toxic
1.6 mg/1
°2
1
Threshold
it
60-65
6
Minnows
MLD
Distilled,
1
19°C
80-85
6
Minnows
MLD
Hard, 18°
C
1
240
24,48,96
Mosquito Fish
TLm
Turbid,
1
17-22°C
116
48
Young Daphnia
TLm
59
Magna
102
96
Adult Daphnia
TLm
59
Magna
179
96
Dugesia sp
TLm
59
Mammalian
species mg/kg B. W. administration route ref
Rat 115 Intravenous 8
-------
SODIUM HYDROSULFIDE
Sodium hydrosulfide is employed in a variety of applications
The 59,000,000 lbs produced in 1971 were used in dehairing hides
desulfurizing viscose rayon, and manufacturing sulfur containing
dyes, and other thio compounds.
Sodium hydrasulfide is a white or colorless crystal freely
soluble in water. It is quickly hydrolyzed in moist air to sodium
hydroxide and sodium sulfide. The salt turns yellow upon heating
in dry air. Upon spillage, dilution will neutralize the alkalinity
produced while some of the sulfide will be precipitated as metal salts
If acid conditions prevail, hydrogen sulfide gas will be evolved
Under alkaline conditions, the sulfide will slowly be oxidized to
thiosulfate.
Sodium hydrosulfide has been found to be toxic to aquatic life
The minimum lethal concentration for king salmon, silver salmon and
cutthroat trout are reported as 3.3 ppm, 3.5 ppm, and 1.8 ppm
respectively.1 Turbidity appears to reduce the toxicity. Wallen
et al.,*18 found the 96 hour TLm for mosquito fish in turbid water
to be 206 ppm.
Sodium hydrosulfide can release toxic hydrogen sulfide gas
The intravenous LD5Q to rats is reported as 115 mg/kg bodv
y weight
(96).
-------
SODIUM HYDROSULFIDE
SYNONYMS - Sodium Sulfhydrate, Sodium Bisulfide, Sodium Hydrogen
Sulfide
PRODUCTION QUANTITY - 59,000,000 lbs - 1971
M.P. 350 °C
Sp. G. - 1.79
SOLUBILITY - Freely soluble
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. - Readily hydrolyzed in moist air to NaOH
and Na2S.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity
PPm
206
138
3.3
2.1
3.5
2.5
1.8
0.3
0.5
4-10
0.3-
2.5
hrs
24, 48,
96
Species
Parm
Cond.
144
Mosquito Fish
Mosquito Fish
King Salmon
King Salmon
Silver Salmon
Silver Salmon
Cutthroat Trout
Cutthroat Trout
Wisconsin Minnows
Creek Chub
Salmonids
TL^ Turbid
TL Turbid
m
MLC
Max. Tolerated
MLC
Max. Tolerated
MLC
Max. Tolerated
MLC
Critical Range
Damage Threshold - 5 ppm 02
Lethality
Ref.
1
1
Mammalian Toxicity
Species mg/kg B. W. Administration Route Re ~.
Rat 115 Intravenous 96
-------
crtnTHM HYDROXIDE
Sodium hydroxide is used in the production of cellulose,
rubber, paper, rayon, and numerous chemical compounds. It
ls also a common waste constituent of fly ash slurries, dye
and ink plants, petroleum refineries, tanneries, soap
manufacturers, and food processors. The 19.3 billion lbs
produced in 1971 (199) shiPPed dry a"d in 30lutio11 ln
bottles, cans, drums, tank cars, and tank barges.
Sodium hydroxide is soluble in water and will soon
dissolve after spillage. The compound quickly dissociates
putting great upward pressure on solution pH. when initial
concentrations are high, various dissolved metals, calcium
and magnesium may be precipitated out as hydrous oxides
These will redissolve with dilution. Natural dilution and
buffer capacity will slowly neutralize spills.
Sodium hydroxide, while not inherently toxic, is
hazardous to aquatic life because of its ability to raise pH
Toxicity is generally exhibited well above pH 9. The lethal
limit for bluegill is reported as pH 10.5 while that for
goldfish is 10.9 (1). Toxic action on various species has
occurred at concentrations of 20-180 ppm (1). The 48 hr TL
for bluegill is reported as 99 ppm in tap water fl\ L
u' • Fish
food organisms like Daphnia are killed in the range 40-240
ppm(l). in seawater, oysters have been destroyed at 90-180
-------
ppm (1) while shrimp, pogge, and starfish exhibit an LC50
of 33-100 ppm (2). Solution pH, buffer capacity, and
alkalinity will be important in determining resulting
toxicity.
Sodium hydroxide can be highly toxic when ingested or
inhaled. The oral LDSO for rabbits administered a 10
percent solution was 500 mg/Kg body weight (8). A dose of
1.95 gms can be fatal to humans (1). Rats given 5000 mg/1
in drinking water showed no effects, while 10,000 mg/1
caused nervousness, sore eyes, diarrhea, and retarded growth(1).
Sodium hydroxide is also a strong irritant.
The taste threshold range for sodium hydroxide is
1-50 ppm (1).
-------
NAME Sodium Hydroxide
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 19.3 billion lbs-1971
SYNONYMS Caustic Soda, Sodium Hydrate, Soda Ash
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE Bottles, cans, drums, tank cars,
tank barges
DOT (Solution) Corrosive Liquid, White Label, 10 gal in
outside container
USCG Hazardous Material, (solution) corrosive liquid, white label
M.P. 318 °C
B.P. 1390 °C
Sp.G. 2.13
SOLUBILITY 420,000 mg/1 at 0 °C
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
EE™
hrs
species
parm
cond
ref
150-450
24
Vector Snails
Lethal
27°C
80
100
Daphnia
Lethal
1
100
Minnows
Lethal
1
40-240
Daphnia Magna
Toxicity
1
Threshold
125-1000
Various Insect
Lethal
1
Larvae
200
30
Roach,Perch
Lose
1
Equilibrium
400
Water
Stimulate
1
Beetles
Movement
20
Silver Salmon
Killed
1
25
24
Brook Trout
Killed
1
35
Cutthroat
Killed
1
Trout
40
24
Creek Chub
Killed
Fresh
1
48
King Salmon
Killed
1
70
5
Fish,Crabs
Killed
Stagnant
1
71.5
Carp,Shiners,
Killed
1
Suckers
90
4.5
Fish,Oysters
Killed
Circulating
1
96
2-10 min.
Carp,Shiners
Killed
Tap
1
99
48
Bluegill
TLm
Tap
1
Sunfish
-------
ppm
hrs
species
parm
cond
ref
100
Minnows
Killed
1
100
Fish
Killed
1
100
120
Shiners
Killed
1
100
3-20
Goldfish,Bass
Killed
1
125
96
Mosquito Fish
TLm
Turbid
1
180(pHl2)
23
Fish,Oysters
Killed
Circulating
1
10
Cutthroat
Safe
1
Trout
11
Silver Salmon
Safe
1
20
24
Creek Chub
Safe
Fresh
1
27
King Salmon
Safe
1
50
2
Perch,Roach
Safe
Distilled
1
50
7 days
Goldfish,Bass
Safe
1
55.5
Carp,Shiners,
Safe
1
Suckers
200
5
Some Fish
Safe
1
Salt Water
• Toxicity
90
4.5
Oysters
Lethal
Circulating
1
180
23
Oysters
Lethal
Circulating
1
33-100
48
Shrimp
LC50
Aerated
2
330-1000
48
Cockle
LC50
Aerated
2
33-100
48
Pogge
LC50
Aerated
2
33-100
48
Starfish
LC50
Aerated
2
Mammalian
species
mg/kg
B. W. administration
route
ref
Rabbits
500
Oral
-10% Solution
8
-------
SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE
Sodium hypochlorite is a bleaching solution used for
cleaning and disinfecting.
Sodium hypochlorite exists only in solution. When
spilled, it will rapidly disperse through the water column.
Sodium hypochlorite gives a strongly basic solution in water
due to the formation of weak hypochlorous acid. The hypo-
chlorite ion is a strong oxidizing agent and will attack
organics in natural waters leaving a chloride byproduct.
Hypochlorite can be extremely toxic to fish. Data per-
tinent to effects on aquatic life can be found with information
on chlorine and calcium hypochlorite. In general, calcium
hypochlorite at 0.5-10 ppm will kill trout and other fish (1).
Hypochlorite solutions are highly corrosive to mucous
membranes. Prolonged contact with skin may also be irritating.
They are also quite toxic when ingested. The oral LD50 for
rats has been reported as .12 mg/Kg body weight (323).
-------
NAME Sodium Hypochlorite
SYNONYMS Clorox, Eau de Javalle, Dazzle
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE Glass. Carboys, Drums
SOLUBILITY Freely soluble
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
Refer to Chlorine.
Salt Water Toxicity
Refer to chlorine.
Mammalian
species mg/kg B.W. administration route ref
Rat 12 Oral -323
-------
SODIUM METHYLATE
Sodium methylate is employed in organic synthesis. It
is presently marketed by six American suppliers.
Sodium methylate decomposes in water to form sodium
hydroxide and methanol. The hydroxide will be neutralized
with natural dilution; the methanol is biodegradable.
Aquatic toxicity and concentrations of concern will be
those for the sodium hydroxide and methanol produced. No
toxicity data are available on the pure material.
-------
NAME Sodium Methylate
SYNONYMS Sodium Methoxide
DOT (alcohol solution) Flammable Liquid, Red Label, 10 gal outside
container
(dry) Flammable Solid, Yellow Label, 100 lbs outside container
Sp.G. -.56
SOLUBILITY Decomposes
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
Refer to sodium hydroxide.
Salt Water Toxicity
Refer to sodium hydroxide.
-------
SODIUM NITRITE
Sodium nitrite is consumed in dye production, textile pro-
cessing/ photography, meat preparation, and chemical production
operations. It is presently marketed by more than a dozen
American firms.
Sodium nitrite is highly soluble and dissociated completely
in water. It forms an alkaline solution as some of the nitrite
combines with hydrogen ions to form undissociated nitrous acid.
In aerobic conditions nitrite ions are soon oxidized to nitrates.
Sodium nitrite can be toxic to aquatic organisms. While
17.1 mg/1 had no effect on minnows during a 24 hr period, 50 mg/1
was fatal in 14 days (1). The 96 hr TLm for mosquito fish in
turbid water is 7.5 ppm (1). The critical range for creek chub
is 400-2000 ppm (54). Daphnia are immobilized at levels below
100 ppm (1). Scenedesmus, however, were not affected at 1500 ppm
(1). Degree of aeration and dissolved oxygen content will be
important in determining toxicity. Nitrities can act as nitrogen
sources for algae and other aquatic life.
Sodium nitrite is highly toxic when ingested or inhaled. The
oral LD50 for rates is reported to be 180 mg/kg body weight (77).
The estimated LDg0 for humans is 20 mg/kg body weight for nitrite
ions (56). Water for consumption should not exceed 100 ppm (127).
Rats fed 60 mg/kg had increased fatal mortality and spontaneous
abortions (186). Concentrations of 50-200 ppm in drinking water
slows growth in chickens. Water for livestock in general should not
contain nitrite (41). Chronic application of 300 and 450 mg/kg
body weight in rat's drinking water for 56 days led to decreased
weight gain and increased methemoglobin levels (56).
-------
SODIUM NITRITE
SYNONYMS - Erinitrit
M.P. 271°C
B.P. 320°C
Sp. G. - 2.17
SOLUBILITY - 815,000 at 15°C
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity
ppm
hrs
Species
Parm
Cond
Ref
17.1
24
Minnows
No Effect
1
50
14 days
Minnows
Fatal
1
10 ,000
1.5
Minnows
Fatal
1
8.1
24
Mosquito-Fish
TLm
Turbid,
1
21-24°C
7.5
48,96
Mosquito-Fish
TLm
Turbid
1
21-24°C
42
Polycelis
Toxic
1
Nigra
Threshold
<28
Daphnia
Immobilized
Lake Erie
1
99
Daphnia
Immobilized
River Havel
1
195
E. Coli
Toxic
River Havel
1
Threshold
1500
Scenedesmus
Harmless
River Havel
1
400-2000
24
Creek Chub
Critical
Detroit
54
Range River
Mammalian Toxicity
Species mg/kg B. W. Administration Route Ref
Dog 330 Oral-MLD 1
Rat 180 Oral 77
Rat 15 Subcutaneous 176
Human 20 Oral-Nitrite Ion 56
-------
SODIUM PHOSPHATE
Sodium phosphate is employed in soldering, ceramics,
fireproofing, cheese manufacture, paper production, leat:
tanning, and detergent manufacture. Consumption reached
2,589,360,000 lbs in 1971 (199).
Sodium phosphate can be handled in many distinct forms
including monobasic (NaH2P04.H20), dibasic (Na2HP04.7H2),
tribasic (Na^PO^.12h20), tetrasodium pyrophosphate (Na^P 0
10H2O), sodium hexametaphosphate (NaP03)g, and sodium
tripolyphosphate (Na5P3Ol0). All are relatively soluble and
will be found in solution following spills into water. Each
form produces a characteristic pH when dissolved; all forms
buffer the water to a great extent. All forms are relatively
stable chemically. Iron, calcium, aluminum, and magnesium
are all capable of precipitating phosphates out of solution,
but the kinetics are generally slow so that supersaturated
calcium phosphate may exist for an extended period. Phos-
phates can also be utilized by bacteria. Typically, bacteria
first break down the pyro- and polyphosphates to the ortho-
phosphate forms. Then the orthophosphates are consumed as
nutrients.
The toxicity of sodium phosphates varies with the chem-
ical form. The 96 hr TLm values for Daphnia magna exposed to
monobasic and tribasic sodium phosphates are 426 ppm and 126 ppm
-------
respectively (59). In general, toxicity increases as
hydrogen is replaced by sodium. Similarly the 96 hr TLM
values for mosquito-fish exposed to monobasic and tribasic
salts are 720 ppm and 151 ppm, respectively (1). The 96
hr TLm for fathead minnows in sodium tripolyphosphate is
400 ppm (189). Solution pH and hardness will be critical
parameters in determining toxicity resulting from spills.
Sodium phosphates are not considered highly toxic.
The intraperitoneal LD50 for rats is reported to be 430
mg/Kg body weight (190). Large internal doses can cause
purging. Contact can lead to irritation of skin and mucous
membranes.
Other aquatic concentrations of interest include a
taste threshold of 200 ppm for Calgon and 225 ppm for
tribasic phosphate (1). Water for livestock should not
contain more than 1000-2000 ppm sodium (41).
-------
NAME Sodium Phosphate
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 2,589,360,000 lb (1971) (199)
SYNONYMS Phosphate of Soda, DSP, Exsiceated Sodium Phosphate
Mono, Di, and Tri basic forms.
Sp.G. |2.04, 1.52, 1.645 (mono, di, and tribasic)
SOLUBILITY 599,000, 41,500, and 15,000 ppm (mono, di, and tribasic)
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
PPm
hrs
species
parm
1154
24
Daphnia Magna
TLm
1089
48
Daphnia Magna
TLm
426
96
Daphnia Magna
TLm
237
24
Daphnia Magna
TLm
177
48
Daphnia Magna
TLm
126
96
Daphnia Magna
TLm
1560
Daphnia Magna
Immobilized
<59
Daphnia Magna
Immobilized
<52
Daphnia Magna
Immobilized
. 026M
48
Polycelis
Lethal
Nigra
400
24-96
Fathead
TLm
Minnow
720
24-96
Mosquito Fish
TLm
1380
24-96
Mosquito Fish
TLm
467
24,48
Mosquito Fish
TLm
151
96
Mosquito Fish
TLm
Mammalian
species
Rat
Mouse
Rat
cond
Mono Acid
Mono Acid
Mono Acid
Tribasic
Tribasic
Tribasic
Monobasic
Dibasic
Tribasic
pH 6.6
Tripoly
mg/kg B. W.
430
875
2000
administration route
Intraperitoneal - Tribasic
Subcutaneous - Hexasodium
Tetrapol^phosate
Intraperitoneal - Dibasic
ref
59
59
59
59
59
59
1
187
187
188
189
Monobasic l
Tetrasodium 1
Pyro
Tribasic l
Tribasic 1
ref
190
96
96
-------
SODIUM SULFIDE
Sodium sulfide is employed in tanning, dyeing, wool treat-
ing, metal refining, ore floatation, engraving, cotton printing
and chemical manufacture. The 14 8 million lbs produced in
1969 (198) were largely shipped in glass bottles, cans and
steel drums.
Sodium sulfide is quite soluble in water. When spilled
it will sink and disperse, forming an alkaline solution.
The rise in pH is due to the formation of hydrogen sulfide.
Strong buffer capacity or acid conditions will accelerate
the production of this toxic gas. When neutral or alkaline,
these solutions oxidize to thiosulfate or hydroxide upon
standing. The pure salt discolors to yellow, then brown
when left exposed. Heavy metal sulfides are quite insoluble
and precipitate out if metal cations are available.
Sodium sulfide is very toxic to aquatic life because of
its propensity to form hydrogen sulfide. The maximum safe
concentrations for king salmon, silver salmon, and cutthroat
trout have been reported as 1.8, 1.3, and 1.0 ppm, respectively.(1)
The 48 hr TLm for bluegill is 61 ppm (1). Lethal concentra-
tions have been reported in the range of 0.55 ppm for young
carp to a 96 hr TLm of 750 for mosquito fish in turbid water(1).
Fish food organisms are killed in the concentration range
1-97 ppm (1). Toxicity is highly dependent on solution
pH and alkalinity. One study has shown the critical toxic
-------
level to rise by a factor of 15 with a rise in pH from 5.2 to
8.2 (1). In general, sulfide concentrations should not exceed
.5 ppm for fresh or saltwater fishes (41). Fish will avoid
waters containing 3.1-39 ppm (1).
Sodium sulfide is quite toxic when ingested. The intra-
venous LD50 for rabbits has been recorded at 6 mg/Kg body
weight (8). The salt also has irritant properties.
Other aquatic concentrations of interest include a
maximum level of 1000-2000 ppm sodium for livestock drinking
water (41) and a chronic aquatic toxicity level of 1 ppm (42).
-------
NAME Sodium Sulfide
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 148 million lbs. (1969)
SYNONYMS Sodium Sulfuret
COMMON ship OR CONTAINER SIZE Glass bottles, cans, steel drums
DOT Flammable solid, Yellow Label?300 lbs. in an outside container
USCG Inflammable solid. Yellow Label
M.P. 920 °C decomposes
Sp.G. 1.856
SOLUBILITY 475,000 mg/1 at 25 °C
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, Etc.
Oxidizes in neutral or alkaline solutions upon standing.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
ppm hrs species parm cond ref
10 Daphnia Lethal 1
2-1000 Insect Larvae Lethal 1
4.55 Stickleback Lethal 145
15 S. Trutta Lethal 145
1.8 King Salmon Max. Safe 17.5 °C 1
Con.
1.3 Silver Salmon Max. Safe 15 °C 1
Con.
1.0 Cutthroat Max. Safe 12 °C 1
Con.
0.55 Young Carp Lethal pH 5.2 1
1.0 Salmonoid Fish Lethal Aerated 1
1.8 Salmonoid Fish Lethal Aerated 1
2.0 Minnows Lethal Distilled 1
2.4 Brown Trout Lethal 1
3.0 Minnows Lethal 1
3.0 Cutthroat Lethal 12 °C 1
Trout
3.0 Shiners, Lethal 1
Minnows
3.1 Silver Salmon Lethal 15 °C 1
3.2 48 Fathead Lethal 1
Minnows
-------
EEB
3.3
3.5
7.8
10-11
11
12-13
39
50
61
750
1-2
2-1000
2.44
3.2
9.4-10
10
34
63
97
226
1000
Mammalian
species
hrs
species
Young Carp
King Salmon
1.5
Minnows
6
Minnows
Stickleback
6
Minnows
.1
Minnows
Minnows
48
Bluegill Sun-
Pish
96
Mosquito fish
Mayfly Larvae
Insect Larvae
Bivalve Larvae
Mespcyclops
Leubkarti
Daphnia Magna
48
Daphnia Magna
Polycelis
Nigra
Daphnia
Scenedesmus
E. Coli
Chironomus
Larvae
parm
cond
Lethal
pH 7.4
Lethal
17.5 °C
Lethal
Lethal
Hard, 15 °C
Lethal
Lethal
Distilled
25 °C
Lethal
Lethal
Hard
TLm
Standard
TLm
Turbid
Killed
Killed
Lethal
Toxic
Threshold
Killed or
Immobilized
MLD
17 °C
Toxic
Threshold
Toxic
Threshold
Toxic
Threshold
Toxic
Threshold
Resisted
mq/kg B.W. administration route ref
Rabbit
Mice
6
53
Intravenous
Intraperitoneal
8
190
-------
Strychnine
Strychnine is a natural extract from mix vomica seeds.
It is a poisonous alkaloid used as a rodenticide in baits
usually dosed at 0.5-1 percent of the sulfate.
Strychnine is a white crystalline powder soluble to
160 ppm. No water chemistry data is available, but salts
forming with common anions in water may be moderately per-
sistent. No fish toxicity data is available, but Baldridge
(452) has determined that 1.7 ppm in water can incapacitate
lemon sharks in 10 minutes.
Strychnine is an ingestive poison for vertebrates. A
dose of 30-60 mg/kg can be fatal when ingested by man. The
oral LDj-q for rats is reported as 5 mg/kg body weight (8).
The mule deer is similarly affected by 20 mg/kg body weight
(165). Strychnine can also be toxic when inhaled. The TLV
3
has been established as 0.15 mg/m (38).
-------
STRYCHNINE
SYNONYMS - Strychnine Alkaloid, Strychnine Sulfate, Nux Vomica,
Dog Button, Quaker Button
DOT - Poison B, poison label, 200 pounds
USCG - Poison B, poison label
IATA - Poison B, poison label, 25/kg passenger, 95 kg cargo
M.P. - 268°C
B.P. - 270°C
Sp. G. " 1.36
SOLUBILITY - 160 ppm
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. - Moderately persistent.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity
EEE
1.7
Mammals
hrs
Species
Parm
Cond.
.16 Lemon Shark Incapacitated Nitrate Salt
Ref.
452
Species
Rat
Human
Mule Deer
Rat
Avian Toxicity
Pheasant
Small Game Birds
Golden Eagles
Sparrows
Amphibian Toxicity
Bullfrogs
ntg/kg B. W. Administration Route Ref.
16
30-60
20
5
4-40
5-16
5
4-8
2.2
Oral
Oral - Lethal Dose
Oral
Oral
Oral
Oral
Oral
Oral
Oral
453
405
165
8
165
165
165
165
165
-------
STYRENE
Styrene is an important organic precursor employed in
making plastics, resins, rubber, and insulators. The 4.4
billion lbs produced in 1971 (199) were shipped in containers
ranging from small glass bottles to tank barges.
Styrene has a very limited solubility in water. When
spilled it forms a colorless slick with only small amounts
dissolving very slowly. The surface slick, exposed to
air and light, will begin to oxidize and form peroxides
and/or aldehydes with a penetrating odor. Elevated
temperatures can lead to violent polymerization. The polymer
is insoluble. The limited amount of dissolved styrene is
subject to biodegradation. As much as 18 percent of the
theoretical oxygen demand can be utilized in the first half
day (5). The low solubility, however, should preclude
development of any oxygen sags in a spill area.
Styrene is toxic to fish at low levels. The 96 hr TLm
values for bluegill, fathead minnow, guppy, and goldfish
range from 22 to 68 ppm (37). Concentrations as low as .25
ppm have been shown to affect the taste of flesh in
native fish (4). Undissolved slicks pose a threat to water-
fowl and marine mammals. In saltwater, the 4 8 hour TLm to
brine shrimp is 52 ppm (425).
Styrene is considered more of an irritant than a toxic
material. The oral for rats is reported as 4920 mg/kg
-------
body weight (174). Styrene vapors at 2000 ppm in air can be
lethal to rats (8). Rats and rabbits exposed to 1300 ppm in
air for 7-8 hr per day, 7 days a week for 26 weeks showed
definite signs of eye and nasal irritation.
The odor threshold range for styrene solutions is .02-
2.6 ppm (30) .
-------
NAME Styrene
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 4.4 billion lbs (1971)
SYNONYMS Styrol, Styrolene, Phenylethylene, Vinylbenzene,
Cinnamol, Cinnamene
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE Glass bottles, 1-5 gal cans, 55 gal
metal drums, tank trucks, tank cars,
tank barges
M.P. -33 °C
B.P. 145 °C
Sp.G. 0.909
SOLUBILITY 320 mg/1 at 25°C
PERSISTENCE
Oxygen Demand
BOD.412 - 18% Theo. with treatment plant activated sludge-(5)
BOD36 - 11% Theo. measuring C02 evolution"(26)
BOD,., 10, 15, 20 - 65, 65, 78, 87% Thes. in freshwater - (425)
BOD5, 10, 15, 20 - 8, 12, 21, 80% Thes. in saltwater - (425)
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
ppm
hrs
species
parm cond
ref
51
22
68
68
96
96
96
96
Fathead
Minnow
Bluegill
Goldfish
Guppy
TLm
TLm
TLm
TLm
37
37
37
37
Saltwater
Toxicity
68
52
24
48
Brine Shrimp
Brine Shrimp
TLm
TLm
425
425
Mammalian
species
mg/kg
B. W. administration route
ref
Rat
4920
Oral
174
-------
SULFURIC ACID
Sulfuric acid is a strongly corrosive, dense, oily
liquid. It is colorless to dark brown depending on purity
The concentrated acid oxidizes, dehydrates, or sulfonates
most organic compounds and is employed mostly by the
fertilizer, chemical and petroleum industries. Users of
large tonnages include titanium pigments, steel pickling
rayon, dyes and intermediates, and detergents. The 59 billion
lbs produced in 1971 (199) in the United States were
shipped by barge, rail and truck in glass bottles and carboys
metal barrels or drums with or without linings, tank trucks
tank cars, and tank barges. Containers may be glass, rubber
or lead-lined.
Sulfuric acid is shipped in a concentrated form and
though freely soluble in water will first sink when spilled
forming a submerged layer along the bottom. Field studies
indicate this layer may persist for several days while
acid dissolves up from the interface. Sulfuric acid
dissociates in two stages. Below pH 3 some sulfate will
remain as acid sulfate, HSO^ , but above that point all will
be dissociated. Natural dilution and buffer capacity will
neutralize spills slowly. Sulfuric acid may interfere with
normal biological processes. A concentration of 58 pp^ c
inhibit sewage organisms 50 percent.
-------
Sulfuric acid is generally directly lethal to fish in
most natural waters only when the pH is reduced to 5.0 or
lower (1). Concentrations above 6.25 mg/1 have been
found lethal to trout (1). A 96-hour median tolerance
limit of 42 mg/1 has been reported for mosquito fish in
turbid water (1). A concentration of 29 mg/1 was harmful
for the waterflea, Daphnia magna, in soft water for 24-72
hours (1). The toxic threshold for the flatworm, Polycelis
nigra, was found to be 0.63 mg/1 in water of pH 3.2 (1).
Bivalve larvae are affected at 33 mg/1 (1). In salt water,
a concentration of 42.5 mg/1 for 48 hours killed half of
the test prawn population in aerated water. Concentrations
from 80-90 mg/1 had the same results on shrimp and pogge(2),
and 100 mg/1 killed 18 percent of the oysters tested over
a 120 hr period (1). Solution pH, buffer capacity and alkalinity
will be important in determining resulting toxicity.
Sulfuric acid is highly hazardous by all means of contact.
The oral LD50 for rats is reported to be 2140 mg/Kg body
weight (17) . Drinking water should be limited to 250 ppm
sulfates to avoid intestinal disturbances (7). Similarly,
water for livestock should not exceed 500 ppm sulfates(41).
-------
NAME Sulfuric Acid
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 59 billion lba-1971
SYNONYMS Oil of Vitriol, Oleum
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE Bottle k
tank trickf ^rrels, drums,
' tank cars, tank barges
DOT Corrosive Liquid, White Label, 10 Dt.
-------
PPM
hrs
species
parm
cond
1000
1/2-3/4
Goldfish
Lethal
143
2.5-5
Goldfish
Lethal
138
5-6
Goldfish
Lethal
134
6-96
Goldfish
Lethal
.63
Polycelis
Toxic
pH 3.2
Nigra
Threshold
29
24-72
Daphnia Magna
Harmful
Soft,pH 5
33.11
Bivalve Larvae
Harmful
50
All Aquatic
Harmful
Life
88
64
Daphnia Magna
Harmful
Lake Erie
138
Daphnia Magna
Harmful
1.2
Sunfish
Lethal
6.0-8.0
6
Minnows
Lethal
Distilled,
20°C
6.25
24
Trout
Lethal
7.36
60
Bluegills
Lethal
Distilled
10.0
Gamefish
Lethal
24.5
24
Bluegills
Lethal
26.0
.25
Minnows
Lethal
Tap
42
96
Mosquito Fish
TLrti
Turbid
49
48
Bluegill,
TLm
Tap,20°C
Sunfish
59.0
1-1.25
Goldfish
Lethal
Soft,pH3.2
71.2
Pickerel
Lethal
80.1
Whitefish
Lethal
110-120
6
Minnows
Lethal
Hard,20°C
138.0
4
Goldfish
Lethal
Hard,pH 4
167
48
Pish
Lethal
Salt Water Toxicity
100
120
Oysters
18% Lethal
42.5
48
Prawn
LC50
Aerated
80-90
48
Shrimp
LC50
Aerated
200-500
48
Cockle
LC50
Aerated
80-90
48
Pogge
LC50
Aerated
100-330
48
Flounder
LC50
Aerated
90
48
Crab
LC50
Aerated
Mammalian
species
mcf/kg
B. W. administration
route
ref
.09
09
09
09
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
ref
Rat
2140
Oral
17
-------
SULFUR MONOCHLORID&
Sulfur chloride is employed to produce synthetic rubber,
dyes, pesticides, and various organic chemicals. The 8,800
tons produced in 1951 (198) were shipped in metal drums,
tank cars, and tank trucks.
Sulfur chloride decomposes upon contact with water forming
hydrogen sulfide, sulfur, sulfites, thiosulfuric acid, and
hydrogen chloride. These materials have varying half-lives
in natural waters and are capable of undergoing additional
transformation.
The hazard posed by sulfur chloride to aquatic life
will be that of its hydrolysis products. Sulfur chloride
itself is a strong irritant with vapors which can kill mice
in one minute when present at 150 ppm or greater (38).
-------
NAME Sulfur Chloride
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 8,800 tons (1951) (198)
SYNONYMS Sulfur Subchloride, Disulfur Dichloride, Sulfur Monochloride
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE Metal drums, tank cars, tank trucks
DOT Corrosive Liquid, White Label, 1 gallon outside container
USCG Corrosive liquid, white label
M.P. -77. °C
B.P. 138. °C
Sp.G. 1.69
SOLUBILITY Decomposes
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc.
Decomposes in water to hydrogen sulfide, sulfur, sulfite,
thiosulfuric acid, and hydrochloric acid.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
See the various hydrolysis products. HCL will control toxicity.
Salt Water Toxicity
See the various hydrolysis products. HCL will control toxicity.
-------
2,4,5-T AND SILVEX
Silvex and 2,4,5-T are phenoxycarboxylie acid herbi-
cides used to control broadleaf plants. The six million lbs
of 2,4,5-T and three million lbs of silvex produced in 1971
(327) were applied as emulsion concentrates.
The phenoxy acid herbicides are relatively insoluble,
but can disperse through water when spilled as an emulsion
concentrate. In moist soil, .5-3 lb/acre silvex persisted
2-5 weeks at temperature climate. When applied at 25 ppm
to soil, persistence surpassed 103 days. A concentration
of 5 ppm 2,4,5-T to soil persisted for more than 190 days.
In moist soil, 2,4,5-T generally persists for three months
(22) .
The phenoxy carboxylic acid herbicides are generally
toxic to aquatic life. The 96 hr TLm for bluegill is 24 ppm
while corresponding 48 hr values for Chinook salmon, and
rainbow trout are 1.23 ppm (330) and 1.4 ppm (354). Fathead
minnows exhibit a 96 hr median threshold limit of 7.2 ppm
(39). Work with 2,4,5-T indicates somewhat higher limits
of 55 ppm for perch (1) . Fish food organisms are affected
in the same range (354) . Daphnia pulex are immobilized when
exposed to 2.9 ppm (335). in salt water, oysters display
20 percent reduced growth and phytoplankton 78 percent
inhibition when placed in l ppm. The EC50 values for brown
shrimp and spot are .24 ppm and .36 ppm (23) . Silvex at
1-5 ppm can kill fertilized fish eggs (6) .
-------
The 2,4,5-T formulation is somewhat more toxic than
Silvex. Oral LD50 values for the first average 300 mg/Kg
body weight in rats while for the second they are 650 mg/Kg
(1). It is estimated that 54 gms of 2,4,5-T is the lethal
dose for a 90 Kg man (1).
In birds, 2500-5000 ppm is sufficient to suppress
reproduction almost 100 percent. LC50 values fall in the
range 3000-5000 for upland game birds. Similar levels are
reported for 2,4,5-T (22).
As herbicides, the phenoxy carboxylic acids can affect
plant growth at low levels. Silvex at 1 ppm for four hours
can reduce phytoplankton productivity 78 percent. The same
level of 2,4,5-T had no such effects (22).
-------
NAME 2,4,5-T and Silvex
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 63 million lbs - 1971 (327)
SYNONYMS 2-(2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxy)-Propionic Acid; Silvex; Feno-
prop; 2-4-5-TCPPA; 2-4-5-TP
M.P. Silvex 181.6 °C 2,4,5-T 174 °C
Sp.G. Silvex 1.209 2,4,5-T 1.662
SOLUBILITY Silvex and 2,4,5-T 140 ppm at 25 °C
TOXICOLOGICAL
g£in
hrs
species
parm
cond
ref
Silvex
7
72
Shiners
50% Kill
1
1.23
48
Chinook
TLm
1
3.5
24
Bass
TLm
1
1.35
24
Chinook
TLm
330
2 0 lb/
Spatterdock
5-10%
350
acre
Control
0.32
96
Pteronarcys
TLm
Temp 60°F
303
Sp (Nymphs)
2.9
24
Bluegill
TLm
388
2.4
48
Bluegill
TLm
388
2.4
64
Simocephalus
Immobile
Temp 78°F
335
Serrulatus
2.0
64
D. Pulex
Immobile
Temp 78°F
335
.2-3
Aquatic Weeds
75-100%
Ponds
389
Lethal
83
48
Bluegill
TLm
K Salt
390
Liquid
2.4
96
Bluegill
TLm
391
7.2
96
Fathead
TLm
391
1.4
48
Rainbow
EC50
354
16.6
48
Bluegill
EC50
354
0.76
48
Pteronarcys
EC50
354
Cal.
2.4
48
Simocephalus
EC50
354
Serrulatus
2.0
48
D. Pulex
EC5 0
354
.00034
96
Pteronarcys
LC50
Temp 15.5°C
184
Cal. (Naiads)
2,4,5-T
55
Perch
Threshold
2,4,5-T
1
Limit
60
Bleak
Threshold
2,4,5-T
1
Limit
136
24
Salmon
TLm
Esters
329
2
72
Microcysts
Lethal
33
Aeruginosa
-------
pprc
21.8 lb/
acre
144
1.4
hrs
48
48
species
Spatterdock
Bluegill
Bluegill
parm
3% Control
TLm
TLm
26
17
48
48
Bluegill
Bluegill
TLm
TLm
2.9
24
Bluegill
TLm
I.8
53.7
II.0
75
50
24
24
24
72
72
Salt Water Toxicity
PPm
Silvex
0.32
0.41
0.36
1
.24
.36
2 / 4 ,5-T
1
.32
.14
hrs
48
24
48
96
48
48
Bluegill
Bluegill
Bluegill
Shiners
Shiners
S£e
cies
48
96
Spot
Sheepshead
Minnow
Sheepshead
Minnow
Oyster
Brown Shrimp
Spot
Phytoplank-
ton
Spot
Oyster
TLm
TLm
TLm
100% Kill
No Toxic
Effect
parm
50% Kill
EC50
EC50
20% Growth
Decline
EC50
EC50
78% Inhi-
bition
50% Kill
EC50
1
1
24
48
Brown Shrimp
Brown Shrimp
No Effect
20% Lethal
Phytoplank- 89% Inhib-
ton ited
cond
ref
Lakes
350
Dimethyl
352
Amine
Butoxy-
352
ethanol
Ester
Isooctyl
352
Ester
Propylene
352
Glycol Butyl
Ether Ester
Oleic 1,3-
357
Propylene
Diamine
Isopropy1
357
Ester
Triethyl
357
Amine
Acid
403
50®F, Huron
426
50°F, Huron
426
cond
ref
347
330
330
23
23
23
23
347
Polyglycol 23
Butyl Ether
Ester
Acid 23
Polyglycol 23
Butyl Ether
Ester
Polyglycol 23
Butyl Ether
Ester
-------
Mammalian
species
Silvex
Rat
Rabbit
2,4,5-T
mg/kg B.W.
650
>1000
administration route
Oral
Oral
ref
1
340
Rat
Dog
300
100
Oral
Oral
1
340
-------
TDE
TDE/ or DDD, was formerly an insecticide used on fruits and
vegetables. It is no longer in production.
The colorless crystals are insoluble in water and once released,
act very similar to DDT. The chemical is persistent and will be
associated with bottom sediments.
TDE is relatively toxic to aquatic life. The 96 hour TLm to
bluegill is 0.03 ppm.329 The 48 hour LC^q for rainbow trout is
0.009 ppm.22 The fish food organisms Simocephalus serrulatus and
Daphnia pulex are immobilized by 0.0045 and 0.0032 ppm respectively.335
In saltwater, the 48 hour TLm to brown and white shrimp is 0.15 ppm
and 0.075 ppm.330
TDE has been preferred to DDT when in use because of its lower
toxicity to mammals. The oral for rats is 3400 mg/kg body
weight.1 While toxicity to birds occurs at the same levels, TDE
poses a special threat to them through its ability to empare embryo
survival and reproduction success. Concentrations of 10-40 ppm
reduced productivity in mallards 50 percent.22 Tests have also
revealed TDE to be potentially carcinogenic, but teratogenic
response was negative.15
DDD has been designated a toxic substance under Section 307
of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972. As
such, continuous discharge standards are being established for
various sources. These levels relate to continual exposure and
therefore should not be compared directly with critical concen-
trations established here. Indeed, since spill events are pro-
bablistic, median receptors have been selected for use of deter-
mining critical concentrations in setting harmful quantities and
rates of penalty as opposed to the most sensitive receptor.
-------
TDE
SYNONYMS - 2,2-Bis (p-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dichloroethane, DDD, Rothane,
Tetrachlorodiphenylethane
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE - Fiber drums
M.P. 110°C
B.P. 193°C
Sp. G. - 1.29
SOLUBILITY - Practically insoluble
PERSISTENCE
Oxygen Demand - Similar to DDT and, therefore, considered persistent.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity
ppm
hrs
Species
Parm
Cond.
Ref •
<2.6
96
Catfish
TLm
1
1.0
Goldfish
TLm
1
0.03
96
Bluegill
TLm
329
30
24
Rainbow Trout
TLm
55°F
375
0.1 lb/acre
168
Chironomid Larvae
50% Kill
Lab
421
0.5 lb/acre
168
A. Aquaticus
50% Kill
Lab
421
2 lb/acre
168
Tubificid Worms
10% Kill
Lab
421
0.46
36
Mosquito Fish
Lethal
376
0.0045
48
Simocepholus Serrulatus
Immobilized
60 °F
335
0.0032
48
Daphnia Pulex
Immobilized
60°F
335
0. 38
96
P. Californica (Naiads)
LC50
15.5°C
184
0.056
24
Bluegill
LC50
22
0.009
48
Rainbow Trout
^50
22
0.0056
24
Gaimnarus Lacustris
LC50
22
3
24
P. Californica
LC50
22
0.0018
48
Ganutiarus Lacustris
LC50
22
0.0032
48
Daphnia Pulex
LC50
22
1.1
48
P. Californica
LC..-
22
303
0.042
96
Bluegill
50
LC50
-------
Saltwater Toxicity
ppm hrs Species Parm Cond. Ref.
0.0068 24 Brown Shrimp E^50 28°C 23
MAMMALIAN TOXICITY
Species mg/kg B. W. Administration Route Ref.
Rat 3400 Oral 1
Mouse 2280 Oral 22
Avian Toxicity
Mallards 4800-5200 ppm LC^q-5 days 2 2
Pheasants 560-600 ppm LC5Q-5 days 22
Bobwhites 2200-2400 ppm LC^q-5 days 22
Coturnix 330-3500 ppm LC5Q-5 days 22
-------
TETRAETHYL LEAD
Tetraethyl lead is a colorless, oily liquid with a
pleasant characteristic odor. The 370 million lbs produced
in 1969 (199> in the United States were used as a 9asoline
additive to prevent knocking in internal combustion engines
and for certain ethylation operations. It is shipped by
barge, rail, and truck in 55 gallon tight metal containers.
Tetraethyl lead is practically insoluble in water.
When spilled, it will seek the bottom and form-a submerged
layer. Dissolution will proceed very slowly. Exposure to
sunlight will degrade the tetraethyl lead to toxic triethyl
lead. Little biological action is predicted; rather the
subsurface blanket will persist in low spots and eddies,
providing a continuing source of lead to the water.
Tetraethyl lead is toxic to fish at low concentrations.
The 24, 48, and 96 hr TLm values for Bluegill have been
reported as 2.0 ppm, 1.4 ppm 11), and 0.2 ppm (15),
respectively. The latter concentration is estimated as
generally safe. Lead is bioconcentrative in fish and mammals.
Organic lead is especially hazardous in this sense because
of its affinity for lipid fluids.
Tetraethyl lead is toxxc by all routes of exposure•
The intraperitoneal LD50 for rats has been reported as 10
-------
rag/kg body weight (1). Drinking water should not contain
more than .05 ppm lead (7). Similarly, water for livestock
should not exceed .2 ppm lead (7). Tetraethyl lead can be
absorbed through skin at toxic levels(38).
-------
NAME Tetraethyl Lead
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 370 million lbs-1969
SYNONYMS Lead Tetraethyl, TEL
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE 55 gal drums
DOT Class B Poison, Poison Label, 55 gal in outside container
USCG Poison B, Poison Label
M.P. 125 °C Decomposes
B.P. 198 °C Decomposes
Sp•G• 1•659
SOLUBILITY 30 mg/1 at 25°C
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
EES
2
1.4
.2
Mammalian
species
Rat
hrs
24
48
96
species
Bluegill
Bluegill
Bluegill
parm
TLm
TLm
TLm
cond
Philadel-
phia Tap
Philadel-
phia Tap
mq/kq B. W,
10
administration route
Intraperitoneal
-------
Tetraethyl Pyrophosphate
Tetraethyl pyrophosphate, or TEPP, is a contact poison that
has been found to be highly effective against mites and soft bodied
insects. The less than 1 million lbs produced in 1971 were used on
many food crops because of the materials low residence time.
TEPP is a mobile, hygroscopic liquid miscible with water. It
is also readily hydrolyzed by moisture or water and, therefore, is
not persistent. The half life in water at 25°C (50 v/v mixture)
is Reported as 7 hours.8
TEPP is quite toxic to aquatic life. The 96 hour LC5Q values
for fathead minnow and bluegill are 1.7 and 0.84 ppm respectively. 0 2
Water quality does not appear to have a significant affect on toxicity.402
Some forms of algae are destroyed by a concentration of 500 ppm while
the amphipod Gammarus lacustris has 4 8 hour LCejq for oyster eggs
and larvae are greater than 10 ppm.*111
TEPP is a very toxic contact poison requiring special handling
precautions. It can be lethal through oral, dermal, or inhalation
contact. The oral for rats is 1.2-2 mg/kg body weight.22
Birds and amphibians are affected at similar levels.22 Small doses
at frequent intervals can be additive, but chronic poisoning does
not result from irreversible damage since the action is on the
cholinesterase enzyme which can be continually produced by the body.
A TLV of 0.5 mg/m has been recommended.38
-------
TETRAETHYL PYROPHOSPHATE
SYNONYMS - TEPP, Bladan, Nifos T, Vapotone, Tetron, Killox,
Mortopal, Killmite, Ethyl pyrophosphate, TEP
PRODUCTION QUANTITY - <1,000,000 lbs 1971
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE - 5 gal. cans, 50 and 55 gal. drums
DOT - Class B Poison, Poison lavel, 1 quart in an outside container
IATA - Poison B, Poison label, not acceptable passenger, 220 liters
M.P. 170-213°C decomposes
B.P. 138°C at 2.3 mm
Sp. G. - 1.185
SOLUBILITY - Miscible
PERSISTENCE
Chemical
at 25°C about
Hydrolysis, etc. - Rapidly hydrolyzes in water — half life
bout 7 hours in a 50 v/v mixture.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity
ppm hrs
Species
Parm.
0. 39
0.052
0.074
1.7
0.84
1.0
2.3
500
500
2.1
1.3
21
48
48
24
96
96
96
24
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC
LC,
50
50
50
50
50
96
96
Fathead Minnow
Gammarus Lacustris
Gammarus Lacustris
Fathead Minnow
Bluegill
Fathead Minnow
Channel Catfish
Protococcus sp, Chlorella sp No Growth
Phaeodactylum tricornectum,
Dunaliella sp, Monochysis
Latheri
Fathead Minnow
Bluegill
'50
Lethal
Killed
TLm
TLm
96 Goldfish
TLm
Cond. Ref.
22
22
22
402
402
402
Tap 402
402
402
Soft- 402
acetone
or alcohol
Soft- 402
acetone
or alcohol
Soft- 402
acetone
or alcohol
-------
1.8
96 Guppy
TLm
Saltwater Toxicity
>10 48 Oyster Eggs
>10 48 Oyster Larvae
MAMMALIAN TOXICITY
LC
LC
50
50
2-2.0
Species
Rat 1
Rabbit 5
Mouse 1.7
Avian Toxicity
Species
Young Mallards
Young Pheasants
Young Chucker Partridges
Oral
Topical
Intraperitoneal
Soft- 402
acetone
or alcohol
411
411
mg/kg B. W. Administration Route Ref.
22
8
96
mg/kg B. W. Administration Route Ref.
3.6
4.2
10.1
Oral
Oral
Oral
22
22
22
Amphibian Toxicity
Bullfrogs
89.1
Oral
22
-------
TOLUENE
Toluene is used in the manufacture of dyes, explosives,
benzaldehyde, benzoic acid and other organic compounds. it
is also used as a solvent and extractive. The 6 billion
lbs produced in 1971 (199) was shipped in a wide variety of
containers. Of importance from a spill hazard viewpoint
is the wide use of tank trucks, tank rail cars and tank
barges.-
Toluene is soluble in water to a very limited extent
When spilled, it will form a colorless slick and dissolve
very slowly. Toluene can be oxidized in air to form phenol,
but the reaction generally requires catalysis. Dissolved
toluene is biodegradable with acclimation. While sewage
seed consumed no oxygen during 5 days incubation (H)
acclimated seed may require up to 1.23 lb/per lb of toluene (4)
Excess toluene may interfere with biological action.
Concentrations greater than .05 percent inhibit sewage
sludge. This inhibition and toluene's low solubility
should preclude development of oxygen deficiencies in a
spill situation.
Toluene can be toxic to fish and fish food organisms.
The 96 hr TLm for fathead minnows, bluegill, goldfish,
and guppy have been reported as 44 ppm, 24 ppm, 62 ppm,
and 66 ppm, respectively (37) . A similar value for mosquito-
fish has been reported as 1180 ppm (1) . The toxic threshold
-------
for Daphnia is 60 ppm (1). In salt water, 10 ppm has been
found to reduce the photosynthetic activity of giant kelp (1).
Less than .25 ppm is sufficient to taint the flavor of fish
flesh. In saltwater, the 24 hour TLm to brine shrimp is
23 ppm (425).
Toluene is moderately toxic when ingested or inhaled(38).
The average oral LD50 for mammals is greater than 5000 mg/Kg
body weight (15) . It is suggested that human consumption
not exceed 1.7 mg/Kg (63). Chronic feeding of .25, 1.0,
and 10 mg/Kg for 19 1/2 and 5 mo. periods had no effect on
rabbits (15). Toluene is a slight hazard with absorption
through skin. Water likely to be used for prolonged human
contact should not exceed 600 ppm (7).
Tests for carcinogenesis have been negative (15).
-------
NAME Toluene
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 6 billion lbs-1971
SYNONYMS Phenylmethane, Toluol, Methyl Benzene
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE Bottles, cans, drums, tank cars,
tank trucks, tank barges
DOT Flammable Liquid, Red Label, 10 gal.
USCG Grade C flammable liquid
M.P. -95 °C
B.P. 110.6 °C
Sp.G. 0.866
SOLUBILITY 470 mg/1 at 25 °C
PERSISTENCE
Oxygen Demand
BOD 125 - 2% Theo. using a phenol acclimated pure bacterial
culture (5)
BOD.5 - 47% Theo. using phenol acclimated activated sludge (13\
BOD5 - 0 lb/lb with sewage seed (11) *
BOD5 - 1.23 lb/lb when acclimated (4)
BODg - 34.8% Theo. with aniline acclimated treatment plant
activated sludge (5)
COD - 1.88 lb/lb (4)
BOD,-, 10, 15, 20 - 53, 62, 70, 80% Thes. in freshwater - (425)
BODc/ 10, 15, 20 - 73, 74, 80, 86% Thes with acclimation - (425V
BODg, 10, 15, 20 - 3, 2, 3, 63% Thes. in saltwater - (425)
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
EES!
hrs
species
parm
cond
ref
61
1
Sunfish
Lethal
15
1118
96
Sunfish
TLm
15
1340
24
Mosquito
Fish
TLm
20°C
1
1260
48
Mosquito
Fish
TLm
20°C
1
1180
96
Mosquito
Fish
TLm
20°C
1
60
Daphnia
Threshold
1
44
96
Fathead
TLm
37
Minnow
24
96
Bluegill
TLm
37
62
96
Goldfish
TLm
37
66
96
Guppy
TLm
37
22-65
1
Sunfish
Lethal
109
-------
em
10
hrs
Saltwater Toxicity
33 24
species
Giant Kelp
parm
cond
Reduced
Photosynthesis
Brine Shrimp TLm
ref
425
Mammalian
spe
cies
Rat
White Rat
Young Rat
Rat
Rat
Mammals
mg/kg B. W,
5000
7000
2580
5850
800
>5000
administration route
Subcutaneous
Oral
Oral
Oral
Intraperitoneal-Lethal
Oral
ref
1
1
63
63
111
15
-------
TOXAPHENE
Toxaphene is one of the polychlorinated aromatic in-
secticides used on cotton, grains, vegetables, forage crops,
soybeans, and livestock. The 50 million lbs produced in
1971 (327) were applied in the dust, granule, wettable
powder, and emulsion concentrate forms.
Toxaphene is insoluble in water, but will disperse if
spilled in a wettable form. Pure toxaphene dehydrohalo-
genates in strong sunlight. Micro-organisms are also capable
of detoxifying the insecticide upon standing. Even at that,
however, some lakes treated with toxaphene have remained
toxic for 3-4 years (6) . When applied to soil at 140 ppm,
residues survived for more than six years. Applications of
50 ppm to soil were reduced 50 percent over an 11 year
period and after 14 years, 48 percent survived in sandy loam
soil originally treated with 100 ppm (22) .
Toxaphene is extremely toxic to most aquatic life. The
96 hr TLm values for fathead minnows, trout, chinook salmon,
and stickleback are .013 ppm (1), .0135 ppm (329), .0025 ppm
and .0078 ppm (342) respectively. Goldfish are killed by
.005 ppm (1) and total fish kill in lakes has resulted from
.015-.036 ppm (392). Fish food organisms are similarly
affected (335,354) . Daphnia pulex are immobilized at .015
ppm (335). In salt water, shrimp exhibit a 48 hr TLm of
.04-.09 ppm (330). Spot are killed in 24 hrs by .0032 ppm
(395) and mullet sustain .50 percent mortality (347).
-------
Aquatic life concentrates toxaphene readily. Daphnia
and periphyton accumulated chronic doses of .01-.02 ppm to
levels toxic to fish. Oysters exposed to 0.05 ppm for 10
days concentrated toxaphene by a factor of 2920. Aquatic
plants may also accumulate the toxicant (22).
Toxaphene is highly toxic when ingested. The oral LD50
for rats has been reported as 69-90 mg/Kg body weight (1),
while that for dogs was 25 mg/Kg (340). The estimated acute
oral do3e in man is 2-7 grins (1) . Drinking water should not
contain more than .001 ppm toxaphene'(337). In chronic
feeding studies, doses as low as 4 mg/Kg/day caused abnormal
reactions in dogs (1) .
Birds are also quite sensitive to toxaphene. The
reported LD50 values for young mallard ducks, young pheasants,
and sharp tailed grouse are 70.7 mg/Kg, 40 mg/Kg, and 10-20
mg/Kg respectively. LC50 values fall in the range 500-650
ppm. Low level diets of 25-50 ppm reduce reproduction.
Pelicans have displayed a much lower tolerance to toxaphene
than DDT. In the wild, fish eating birds suffer greatly
from accumulation of toxaphene in their diet (22).
Toxaphene has some phytotoxic properties. Exposure of
phytoplankton for four hrs to 1 ppm reduced productivity 91
percent (22) . Toxaphene in irrigation water is thought to
depress growth in seedlings (1).
Toxaphene has been designated a toxic substance under
Section 307 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amend-
ments of 1972. As such, continuous discharge standards are
-------
being established for various sources. These levels relate
to continual exposure and therefore should not be compared
directly with critical concentrations established here.
Indeed, since spill event are probablistic, median receptors
have been selected for use in determining critical concentrations
in setting harmful quantities and rates of penalty as opposed
to the most sensitive receptor.
-------
NAME Toxaphene
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 50 million lbs - 1971 (327)
SYNONYMS Chlorinated Camphene with 67-69% Chlorine; Chlorinated-
Camphene; Compound-3956; Alltox; Geniphene; Toxakil,
Toxadust; Phenacide Penphene
M.P. 90 °C
Sp.G. 1.66
SOLUBILITY 1.50 ppm at 25 °C
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
EEB
hrs
species
parm
cond
ref
.005
240
Goldfish
TLm
1
.05
Bass
100% Kill
1
.013
96
Fathead
TLm
1
0.1
72
Carp
100% Kill
1
.003
30
Goldfish
100% Kill
1
.02
Bluegill
100% Kill
1
.05
20
Goldfish
100% Kill
1
.0135
96
Trout
TLm
329
.0165
96
Trout
TLm
329
.0051
96
Fathead
TLm
330
2.5
24
Fingerling
Lethal
Tap
223
Channel Catfish
.015-.036
Total Fish.
Kill
Lakes
392
Kill
.0094
96
Coho
TLm
342
.0025
96
Chinook
TLm
342
.0084
96
Rainbow
TLm
342
.0078
96
Threespine
TLm
342
Stickleback
.0135-.0165
Rainbow
TLm
Lakes
374
96
.5
1.5
Gammarus
50% Kill
343
Lacustris
Lacustris
.04-.15
Algae
No Growth
95
or Kill
.5 lb/
24
Mosquito Fish
100% Kill
Ponds
344
acre
.5 lb/
24
Catesbeiana
100% Kill
Ponds
344
acre
Tadpoles
393
.005-.0059
Mosquito Fish
LC50
Temp 55°F
5.4
96
Rainbow
TLm
303
2.7
96
Rainbow
TLm
Temp 65°F
303
1.8
96
Rainbow
TLm
Temp 75°F
303
.019
48
Simocephalus
Immobile
Temp 60°F
335
Serrulatus
-------
Ppm
.015
.007
.047
.035
.0075
.0035
.0056
.020
.0076
.0072
.005
.0056
.010
.05
.013
.005
.014
.014
.004
.013
.018
.002
.011
.003
.008
.012
hrs
48
48
48
96
96
96
96
24
24
96
24
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
ppm
hrs
.0032
48
.04-.05
48
.075-.09
48
.0032
24
.1
4
.1
3-4
00
o
•
360-480
.0054
24
.0018
48
species
D. Pulex
Pteronarcys
Cal.
Bactis Sp
Resident Fish
Immobile
EC50
EC50
MLD
Fathead
TLm
Bluegill
TLm
Goldfish
TLm
Guppies
TLm
Rainbow
LC5 0
Bluegill
LC50
Rainbow &
Brown LC50
Goldfish
LC50
Bluegill
LC50
Rainbow
LC50
Catfish
TL50
Bullhead
TL50
Goldfish
TL50
Minnow
TL50
Carp
TL50
Sunfish
TL50
Bluegill
TL50
Bass
TL50
Rainbow
TL50
Brown
TL50
Co ho
TL50
Perch
TL50
^nlt Toxicity
species
Mullet
Brown Shrimp
White Shrimp
Spot
Larval
Lampreys
Small Fish
Petromyzon
parm
50% Kill
TLm
TLm
100% Kill
Began to
Die
Peak Mor-
tality
Killed
Marinus (Larvae)
Spot
Spot
Lethal
Lethal
cond
Temp 60°F
N. Dak.
Lakes
Predicted
Predicted
Predicted
Predicted
Predicted
Predicted
Predicted
Predicted
Predicted
Predicted
Predicted
Predicted
cond
Mich. Bay
Mich. Bay
Mich. Bay
Mammalian
species
Rat
Rat
Do 9
Mule Deer
mg/kq B.W_,
69
90
25
190
administration route
Oral
Oral
Oral
Oral
ref
335
354
354
394
330
330
330
330
330
330
331
331
331
331
360
360
360
360
360
360
360
36Q
360
360
360
360
ref
347
330
330
395
396
396
396
397
39 7
ref
1
1
340
165
-------
Trichlorfon
Trichlorfon, or Dylox, is an organophosphate insecticide.
It is registered for use on a wide variety of field crops, seed
crops, vegetables, and ornamentals to control many different
species of insects. In alternate forms it is also used as a bait
and livestock parasite control.
Trichlorfon is a crystaline substance soluble in water to
130,000 ppm. Like many organophosphates, it is subject to decom-
position under alkaline conditions. It is relatively persistent,
however, and has been found at detectable levels up to 256 days after
application in water at 20°C.22
Trichlorfon is toxie to aquatic life. The 96 hour TLm to
bluegill in soft waters is 3.8 ppm.1*23 Hardness appears to increase
toxicity. The 96 hour TLm values for fathead minnows in soft and
hard water are reported to be 180 ppm and 0.051 ppm respectively.330
The 96 hour value for striped bass fingerlings is 5.2 ppm."10
Anthropods such as Daphnia carinata, Simocephalus serrulatus, Daphnia
magna, and Daphnia pulex are immobilized in the range 0.00012-0.0007
ppm. 3 3 5 In salt water, the 336 hour LC50 to oyster larvae is 1.0 ppm.1,11
Marine plankton is destroyed in the range 100-1000 ppm.®5
Trichlorfon is a cholinesterase enzyme inhibitor, but is not as
toxic as materials such as TEPP. The oral LDj-q for rats is 450 mg/kg
body weight.22
-------
TRICHLORFON
SYNONYMS - Dipterex, Dylox, Dyrex, Negevon, Anthon, Bayer L 13/59,
Tugon, Chlorofos, Dipteres, 0,0-Dimethyl-2,2,2-trichloro-
1-hydroryethylphosphonate/ Bovinox, Equino-Aid, Trinox,
Trichlorphon '
M.P. 84°C
B.P. 100°C
Sp. G. - 1.73
SOLUBILITY - 130,000 ppm @ 20°C
PERSISTENCE
Oxygen Demand - Relatively persistent.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity
ppm
hrs
Species
Parm
Cond
50
60
Goldfish
100% Kill
51
96
Minnow
TLm
180
96
Fathead Minnow
TLm
Soft
0.051
96
Fathead Minnow
TLm
Hard
0.02
180
Trout
Toxic Effects
Strei
0.6
24
Chirolous Astictopus
Fourth Instar
Larvae
3.8
96
Bluegill
TLm
Soft
0.00012
64
Daphnia Magna
Immobili zation
78 °F
0.00025
64
D. Carinata
Immobili zation
78 °F
0.0007
64
Simocephalus Serrulatus
Immobili zation
78 °F
0.00018
64
Daphnia Pulex
Immobilization
78 °F
10.4
24
Striped Bass
LC50
3.2
48
Rainbow Trout
LC50
0.05
24
Pteronarcella Badia
LC50
0.092
24
Gammarus Lacustris
LC50
0.11
24
Claassenia Sabulosa
^50
0.32
24
P. Californica
LC50
0.00018
48
Daphnia Pulex
^50
0.0081
48
Daphnia Magna
^50
0.022
48
P. Badia
^50
0.06
48
Gammarus Lacustris
LC50
Reg
X
]
1
•
330
330
3
422
¦i
379
i
2/2:
*
3?
335
.¦¦.i
335
i|
s*
335
i
335
'
22
1
22
j
¦
22
22
\
22
22
22
22
22
22
'jl
-------
0.18 48 P. Californica LC50 22
5.2 96 Striped Bass Fingerlings LC5q 410
Saltwater Toxicity
1.0 336 Oyster Larvae "^SO 411
100-1000 Marine Plankton Lethal 95
MAMMALIAN TOXICITY
Species mq/kg B. W. Administration Route Ref.
Rat 450 Oral 22
Rat 750 Oral 1
Avian Toxicity
Bobwhite 700-800 ppm LC,-0-5 days 22
Coturnix 1800-2000 ppm LC^q-5 days 22
-------
TRICHLOROPHENOL
Trichlorophenol is used primarily as a bactericide.
Production reached 28 million lbs in 1969 (199) and appears
to be growing steadily.
Trichlorophenol is soluble to a small extent in water.
When spilled, it will sink and dissolve very slowly. Tests
for biodegradability indicate use of 4.1 percent of the
theoretical oxygen demand in .94 days (5). Within three
days, however, acclimated cultures may effect release of
75 percent of the chlorine (97) . The poor degradation
results from bactericidal properties. Concentrations
greater than 50 ppm can inhibit biological systems (64).
The TLm for sewage bacteria is reported as 60 ppm.
Trichlorophenol is quite toxic to fish. The 96 hr
TLm for fathead minnows is reported to be .1-1 ppm under
static conditions while 1.75 is lethal in 3 hrs under flow
through conditions.(64) Bluegill and trout exposed to 5
ppm die in 2 hrs (5). An average 24 hrs TLm of 3.2 ppm
has been reported for fish (97). Diatoms are inhibited
by 4 ppm while the same concentration may be 88-92 percent
fatal to stalked ciliates over a 2-4 wk period(64). The
undissolved layer of trichlorophenol also threatnes all
benthic life forms. Trichlorophenol is toxic to the algae
Chlorella pyrenoidosa at 1.5 ppm (4). Waterfowl may be
damaged by concentrations of phenols in excess of 25 ppm(41).
-------
Trichlorophenol is highly toxic by all routes of
exposure. The oral LD50 for rats has been reported as 2960
and 820 rag/Kg body weight for the 2,4,5 and 2,4,6 isomers,
respectively (8). Drinking water should not contain more
than .001 ppm phenols (49) , but this is predicted largely on
organoleptic properties. Trichlorophenol has an odor
threshold in water near 0.1 ppm (1). Chronic feeding of
300 and 500 mg/Kg body weight to rats has had no effect (1).
Water for livestock, however, should be kept free of
concentrations in excess of 1 ppm phenols (42) . Phenols
can be absorbed through the skin at toxic levels. Water
for body contact should.be limited to 10 ppm phenols if
fresh (40) and 1 ppm if saline (41).
-------
NAME Trichlorophenol
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 28 million lbs-1969
M.P. 67 °C
B.P. 252 °C
Sp.G. 1.49
SOLUBILITY 800 mg/1 at 25 °C
PERSISTENCE
Oxygen Demand
BOD. 94 ~ 4.1% Theo. with a pure bacterial culhiro-/^
BOD3 - 0.4 mg/l oxygen demand-(156) Ulture<5)
BOD3 - 75% chlorine release with acclimated culture-(97)
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh
Water Toxicity
EE2
hrs
5
2
5
2
3.2
24
.1-1
96
1.75
3
4
2-4 wks
4
2-4 wks
species
Bluegili
Trout
Fish
Fathead
Minnow
Fathead
Minnow
Stalked
Ciliates
Diatoms
Mammalian
species
Rat
Rat
parm
cond
ref
Lethal
5
Lethal
5
TLm
97
TLm
Static
64
Flow
64
88-92% Kill
Through
Flow
64
Inhibits
Through
Flow
Through
64
administration ^
2960
820
*4,5 isomer
ral""2,4,6 isomer
ref
8
8
-------
TRIETHYLAMINE
Triethylamine is used as a catalytic solvent in chemical
synthesis; in the manufacture of accelerator activators for
rubber, and wetting, penetrating and waterproofing agents
of quarternary ammonium types; as a solvent; as a corrosion
inhibitor, and as a propellant. The 5.6 million lbs sold
in 1969 (199) were shipped in 1-gallon and 5-gallon cans,
55-gallon drums, and in tank cars.
Triethylamine is miscible in water at temperatures
below 18.7 °C. When spilled, it will quickly disperse. Like
most amines, triethylamine has an alkaline reaction with
water resulting from the uptake of hydrogen ions by the
nitrogen atom. Very high pH levels may sponsor the evolution
of ammonia gas. No data are given on biodegradability, but
triethylamine is not likely to persist for extensive periods
of time.
Triethylamine is toxic to fish and fish food organisms.
The critical range for creek chub has been identified as
50-80 ppm (1). Daphnia display a toxic threshold of 200
ppm while that for microregma is 90 ppm (1). The algae
Scenedesmus is affected at 1 ppm (1).
Triethylamine is an ingestive and inhalative toxicant.
The average oral LD50 for mammals falls in the range 400-499
mg/Kg body weight (15). Consumption can lead to acute
-------
liver and kidney damage. Triethylamine is also a strong
irritant which can cause damage upon contact. A TLV of
¦j
100 mg/m has been established for the vapor in air.
-------
NAME Triethylamine
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 5.6 million lbs-1969
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE 1-5 gal cans, 55 gal drums, tank
cars
M.P. -114.7 °C
B.P. 89.4 °C
Sp.G. .729
SOLUBILITY Miscible
TOXICOLOGICAL
PPi"
hrs
species
parm
cond
ref
80
24
Fish
Lethal
5
50-80
24
Chub
Critical
Aerated,
1
Range
15-21°C
1
96
Scenedesmus
Toxic
24 °C
1
Threshold
200
48
Daphnia
Toxic
23 °C
1
Threshold
90
48
Microregma
Toxic
23 °C
1
Threshold
1000
E. Coli
No Effect
1
Mammalian
species
mg/kg
B. W.
administration
route
ref
Mammals
400-499
Oral
15
White Mouse
545-8
Oral
15
Rat
460
Oral
15
-------
TRIMETHYLAMINE
Trimethylamine is used in organic synthesis, especially
of choline salts; as a warning agent for gases, and in
disinfectants, flotation, insect attraction, and the productior
of quarternary ammonium compounds and synthetic resins.
The 21 million lbs produced in 1969 (199) were shipped as a
solution in glass bottles, drums and tank cars, and as an
anhydrous gas in cylinders and tank cars.
Trimethylamine is readily soluble in water. Spills of
anhydrous gas may not result in large concentrations of
dissolved amine because of poor interfacial contact, but
spills of solution will rapidly disperse through the water
column. Trimethylamine has an alkaline reaction with water
resulting from the attachment of an acid radical to the
nitrogen atom. Though no data are available, trimethylamine
should be susceptible to moderately rapid biodegradation.
Trimethylamine is a common product of putrifaction of plant
and animal tissue.
Trimethylamine was found to kill rainbow trout in 14
minutes when present at 268 ppm (1) . Its ability to raise
solution pH further threatens aquatic life.
Trimethylamine is moderately toxic with ingestion or
inhalation (38) . The oral MLD for rabbits has been reported
as 400 mg/Kg body (78) weight while mice have been killed by
an intraperitoneal dose of 75 mg/Kg (237).
-------
NAME Trimethylamine
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 21 million lbs-1969
SYNONYMS TMA
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE Solution: glass bottles, drums, tank cars
Anhydrous: Cylinders, tank cars
DOT (Anhydrous) Flammable Gas, Red Label, 200 lbs in outside containers
(Solution) Flammable Liquid, Red Label, 10 gal in outside container
USCG Inflammable gas or liquid, red label
M.P. -117.1 °C
B.P. 2.87 °C
Sp.G. 0.662 as liquid
SOLUBILITY 410,000 ppm at 25°C
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
ppm hrs species parm cond ref
268 .25 Rainbow Trout Lethal 13-13,5°C 1
pH 9.62
Mammalian
species mg/kg B. W. administration route ref
Rabbit 400 Oral-MLD 78
Rabbit 800 Intravenous-MLD 78
Mouse 75 Intraperitoneal-LD 237
-------
URANIUM
Uranium and uranyl salts in addition to their common
use in the production of atomic energy are employed in
photography, glazing and painting, and in chemical processes.
Typically, shipments of these materials are small and well
protected.
While elemental uranium is insoluble in water, many
of its salts are freely soluble. Natural waters have been
found to contain as much 0.139 mg/1 uranium (56). Drinking
water often contains .002-.05 mg/1 (56). Such data indicates
that uranium may persist once dissolved in water. Only
the uranyl oxides are insoluble enough to suggest precip-
itation out to low levels.
Uranium has been found to be quite toxic to aquatic
life when added in the uranyl salt form. The 96 hr TLm for
fathead minnows in soft water is reported as 2.8 ppm, 3.1
ppm, and 3.7 PPm with the sulfate, nitrate, and acetate,
respectively. In hard water, the value increased to 135
ppm for the sulfate (1) . Fish food organisms exhibit
threshold effects in the range 1.7-28 ppm (1). Solution
hardness is important in determing resulting toxicity. The
algae Ochromonas is reported to concentrate uranium.
Uranium can also be absorbed onto algal species but appears
-------
to be nontoxic to them (1). In salt water, Japanese
investigators have found inhibition of fertilization
processes leading to polyspermy in Urechis eggs at 250
ppm uranium (1).
Uranium is highly toxic aside from its natural
radioactive properties. The oral LD50 for rabbits is
reported as 400 mg/Kg body weight while that for rats
is 2083 mg/Kg (56) . Chronic feeding studies show marked
renal damage in dogs fed 25 mg/Kg/day uranyl fluoride
and 200 mg/Kg/day uranium fluoride (1). Diets containing
0.25-0.5 percent uranyl fluoride caused slight anemia
in rats (1). The Division of Industrial Hygiene, Ontario
Department of Health, suggests a maximum neutral uranium
level of .5-1 mg/1 for drinking water (1). Permissable
surface water levels for the U.S. have been set at 5 ppm
uranyl ion while the Soviet Union requires less than 0.6
ppm uranium in drinking water (56).
-------
NAME Uranium
DOT Poison D, Radioactive Material, Red Label
M.P. 1133 °C
B.P. Ign.
Sp.G. 18.7
SOLUBILITY Insoluble
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
ppm hrs
Uranyl Sulfate
2.8 96
species
135
96
Uranyl Nitrate
3.1 96
Uranyl Acetate
3.7 96
Fathead
Minnow
Fathead
Minnow
Fathead
Minnow
Fathead
Minnow
parm
TLm
TLm
TLm
TLm
Uranyl Nitrate expressed as Uranium
13 Daphnia Magna Threshold
22
1.7-22
28
Scenedesmus
E. Coli
Microregma
Effect
Threshold
Effect
Threshold
Effect
Threshold
Effect
cond
re^
PH 8.2, i
alk-18ppm,
Hard-20ppm
PH B.2, 1
alk-350ppm,
Hard-400ppm
PH 8.2, 1
alk-l8ppm,
Hard-20ppm
PH 8.2, i
alk-18ppm,
Hard-20ppm
River Havel 1
River Havel 1
River Havel 1
River Havel 1
-------
Salt Water Toxicity
ppm hrs
250
Mammalian
species
species
Unechis
Eggs
mg/kg B. W.
Rat 2083
Rabbit 400
parm
cond
Inhibited
Fertilization,
Polyspermy
administration route
Oral
Oral
ref
1
ref
56
56
-------
URANIUM PEROXIDE
M.P. - Decomposes @ 115°C
SOLUBILITY - 6 ppm in cold water
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. - UO. is generally stable, but if heater
above 90-195°C forms the alternate peroxide U2°7 decomposes^
in water to UO^ and oxygen.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity - Toxicity will be that for uranium ion.
-------
URANYL ACETATE
SYNONYMS - Uranium Oxyacetate, Bis (Acetato - 0) Dioxo Uranium
M.P. - Loses water at 110°C
B.P. - Decomposes at 275°C
Sp. G. - 2.893 @ 15°C
SOLUBILITY - 76/940 ppm
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. - Solutions are acid. Buffering or
neutralization will precipitate as uranium salt. Hardness reduces
toxicity considerably.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity
ppm hrs Species
3.7 96 Fathead Minnow
Mammalian Toxicity
Species mg/kg B. W.
Mouse 400
Parm Cond. Ref.
TLm Soft Water pH-7.4 1
Administration Route Ref.
Intraperitoneal 96
-------
URANYL NITRATE
SYNONYMS - Uranium Oxynitrate, Bis (Nitrato - O) Dioxo Uranium
Hexahydrate
M.P. 60.2 °C
B.P. - Decomposes at 100°C
Sp. G. - 2.807
SOLUBILITY - 1,703,000 ppm
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. - Solutions are acid. Buffering or
neutralization will precipitate uranium salts.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity
ppm hrs Species Parm Cond. Ref.
3.1 96 Fathead Minnow TLm Soft Water pH-7.4 i~~
Mammalian Toxicity
Species mg/kg B. W. Administration Route Ref.
Rat 135 Intraperitoreal 9g
-------
URANYL SULFATE (TRIHYDRATE)
SYNONYMS - Uranium Oxysulfate
M.P. - Decomposes at 100°C, anhydrous 300°C
Sp. G. - 3.28
SOLUBILITY - 205,000 ppm
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis/ etc. - Forms acid solution. Buffering or
neutralization leads to precipitation of uranium salts.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity
ppm hrs Species Parm Cond. Ref.
2.8 96 Fathead Minnow TLm Softwater pH-7.4 1
135 96 Fathead Minnow TLm Hardwater pH-8.2 1
-------
VANADIUM
Vanadium is commonly used as an additive to increase
the hardness and malleability of steel. Vanadyl sulfate is
the most important vanadium salt in commerce where it is
used as a dye mordant and in glazing ceramics. It is
shipped in glass bottles and kegs by rail and truck.
Although large amounts (13 x 106 lbs in 1968) of vanadium
ore are processed in the United States, it is believed
a relatively minor portion of this goes into the sulfate,
since the major use of vanadium is as a catalyst and in
steel alloys which require other compounds.
Vanadium itself is insoluble, but common salts like
vanadyl sulfate are not. Hence, spillage will result in
dispersion of ionic vanadium through the water column.
The insoluble hydroxide will be formed at neutral pH and
above and consequently will both lower the pH and the
vanadium levels. Natural dilution and buffer capcity will
dictate low equilibrium vanadium concentrations.
Vanadium has been found toxic tc aquatic life. The 96
hr TLm for fathead minnows in hard and soft water are 30 ppm
and 4.8 ppm, respectively for vanadium added as vanadyl
sulfate (239). similar tests with bluegill gave the values
55 ppm and 6 ppm (239). Corresponding values with fathead
-------
minnows exposed to vanadium pentoxide were 13 ppm and 55 ppm
as vanadium (1). A concentration of 0.1 mg/1 stimulates
growth of the algae Scenedesmus (1).
Vanadium can be quite toxic when ingested or inhaled.
The median lethal dose to rats has been reported as 1 mg/Kg
body weight (15). Chronic feeding studies show biochemical
changes in animals fed 1 mg/Kg or more (15). On the other
+4
hand, 5 mg/1 (0.5 and 0.7 mg/Kg) of Va ion to rats and
mice for life had no effects on growth, survival, or long-
evity (15). The Soviet Union has placed a limit of 0.1 mg/1
vanadium in drinking water. Tests with mice indicate 16
percent tumor development when fed 14.43 mg/1 vanadyl sulfate
for life in drinking water plus 9.23 mg/Kg in diet (15).
Vanadium fed to chicks as calcium vanadate inhibited growth
at 20 mg/Kg while the LD50 has 300-350 mg/Kg as vanadium (1).
Vanadium can both enhance and retard growth in plants
depending on its concentration. Solutions of 0.1 mg/1 had
no effect on soybeans or flax, while 10-20 mg/1 can be
harmful (1). A concentration of 50 mg/1 vanadate ion was
slightly injurious to sugar beets (1).
-------
VANADIUM PENTOXIDE
SYNONYMS - Vanadic Anhydride, Vanadic Acid Anhydride
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE - Drums, Multiwall Paper Sacks
M.P. 690°C
B.P. - Decomposes 0 1750°C
Sp. G. - 3.357 at 18°C
SOLUBILITY - 8000 ppm at 20°C
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. - Many vanadium salts are insoluble.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity
ppm hrs Species Parm Cond. Ref.
13 96 Fathead Minnow TLm Softwater 1
55 96 Fathead Minnow TLm Hardwater 1
Mammalian Toxicity
Species mg/kg B. W. Administration Route Ref
Human 6.1 mg/m/8 hr day Inhalation - TC low 9 6
-------
NAME Vanadyl Sulfate
SYNONYMS Minasragrite
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE Bottles kegs
SOLUBILITY Soluble
TOXICOLOGICAL
Salt Water Toxicity
ppm hrs species parm cond ref
30 96 Fathead TLm Hard 239
Minnow
4.8 96 Fathead TLm Soft 239
Minnow
55 96 Bluegill TLm Hard 239
6 96 Bluegill TLm Soft 239
Mammalian
species mg/kg B. W. administration route ref
Rat 1 Oral MLD as Vanadium 15
-------
VINYL ACETATE
Vinyl acetate is used to produce plastics, lacquers,
and film. The nearly 730 million lbs produced in 1969 (199)
were shipped in cans, drums, tank cars, tank trucks, and tank
barges.
Vinyl acetate is only partially soluble in water.
When spilled, it will form a slick and dissolve slowly.
Liquid exposed to sunlight will polymerize to an insoluble
solid. Dissolved vinyl acetate will slowly degrade due to
bacterial attack. As much as 42 percent of the theoretical
oxygen demand may be utilized in the first 10 days (10). The
rate of degradation will be too slow to cause oxygen sags in
spill situations.
Vinyl acetate is considered toxic to fish. The 96
hr TLm for fathead minnows, bluegill, goldfish, and guppies
have been reported as 22 ppm, 18 ppm, 42 ppm, and 26 ppm,
respectively (37) . In aerated salt water, shrimp display a
48 hr LC50 of 10-100 ppm, flounder greater than 100 ppm, and
starfish 330-1000 ppm (2). The undissolved slick poses a
hazard to waterfowl and marine mammals.
Health hazards have not been identified for vinyl acetate
(38). The average oral LD50 for mammals falls in the range
1000-2499 mg/Kg body weight (15). Direct contact may cause
mild irritation. Vapors are narcotic at high concentrations
3
and hence a TLV of 30 mg/m has been established.
-------
NAME Vinyl Acetate
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 730 million lbs - 1969
SYNONYMS Acetic Acid Ethylene Ester
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE Cans, drums, tank cars, tank trucks,
tank barges
DOT Flammable Liquid, Red Label, 10 gal in outside container
USCG Grade C flammable liquid.
M.P. -93.2 °C
B.P. 72.2 °C
Sp.G. 0.9317
SOLUBILITY* 20,000 mg/1 at 25 °C
PERSISTENCE
Oxygen Demand
BODio - 42% Theo. with sewage seed from C02 determinations-(10)
BOD19 - 27% Theo. from CO2 measurements-(26)
BOD22 ~ 58% Theo. with acclimated seed from CO2 determination-(26)
BOD38 -.49% Theo. from CO2 measurement-(26)
BOD-, 10, 15, 20 - 34, 34, 31, 32% Thes. in freshwater - (425)
BODe/ 10, 15, 20 - 62, 70, 66, 72^% Thes. acclimated - (425)
BOD,., 10, 15, 20 - 51, 61, 69, 58% Thes. in saltwater - (425)
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
ppm hrs species parm cond ref
22 96 Fathead Minnow TLm 37
18 96 Bluegill TLm 37
42 96 Goldfish TLm 37
26 96 Guppy TLm 37
Salt Water Toxicity
10-100
>100
||0-1000
Mammalian
species
Mammals
Rat
Mouse
48
48
48
24
Shrimp LC50
Flounder LC50
Starfish LC50
Brine Shrimp TLm
Aerated
Aerated
Aerated
mg/kg B. W.
1000-2499
2120
1613
administration route
Oral
Oral
Oral
2
2
2
425
ref
15
15
15
-------
XYLENE
Xylene is a commercial mixture of the three isomers,
ortho-, meta-, and para-xylene. Uses include addition as
a high-quality octane-blending agent in motor fuels, as a
solvent and as a chemical raw material. The 4.4 billion
lbs produced in 1971 (199) were shipped in glass bottles,
55 and 110 gallon metal drums, tank cars, tank trucks, and
tank barges.
Xylene is practically insoluble in water. When
spilled, it will form a colorless slick and dissolve very
slowly. Xylene is slightly basic. Xylene is quite stable
in water both to chemical and biological attack. Tests for
biochemical oxygen demand have shown xylene non-responsive
to sewage seed (11) and aniline acclimated activated sludge (5).
High concentrations may actually affect biological systems
adversely. A 0.1 percent level seriously retards sewage
digestion.
Xylene is toxic to fish and fish food organisms. For
ortho- and meta-xylene, 96 hr TLm values of 21,22,24, and 39
mg/liter were found for fathead minnows, bluegills, goldfish,
and guppies, respectively in constant temperature water C37) .
A concentration of 5 ppm of the meta isomer had no effect on
sea lamprey or rainbow trout, but caused illness in bluegili
after 10 hrs (1) . A 24 hour median tolerance limit range
-------
from 10-100 mg/1 was found for the waterflea, Daphnia magna,
in constant temperature water (59) . The undissolved slick
poses a threat to waterfowl and marine mammals.
Xylene is only slightly toxic (38). The oral LD50's
for rats and white mice are 4000 mg/Kg body weight (8),
and 4300 mg/Kg body weight (7), respectively. Low levels
of xylene can be absorbed through skin. A concentration
of 6000 ppm is lethal to mice in air (8).
Xylenes may cause detectable odors when present in
waters at 0.26-4.13 ppm (30).
-------
NAME Xylene
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 4.4 billion lbs in 1971
SYNONYMS Dimethyl Benzene
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE Bottles, 55 & 110 gal drums, tank
cars, tank trucks, tank barges
DOT Flammable Liquid, Red Label, 10 gal in outside container
USCG Grade C, flammable liquid
M.P. -47.4 °C
B.P. 139.3 °C
Sp.G. 0.8684
SOLUBILITY Insoluble
PERSISTENCE
Oxygen Demand
BOD5 - 0 lb/lb using sewage seed-(11)
BODg - 0% Theo. with aniline acclimated activated sludge-(5)
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
Met a
EHU
hrs
species
parm
cond
ref
5
24
Rainbow Trout
No Effect
Lake Huron
1
Water
5
24
Sea Lampreys
No Effect
Lake Huron
1
Water
5
24
Bluegill
Illness
Lake Huron
1
Sunfish
Water
Meta,
Ortho, & Para
10-100
24
Daphnia Magna
TLm
Temp. Con.
59
21
96
Fathead
TLm
Temp. Con.
37
Minnow
22
96
Bluegill
TLm
Temp. Con.
37
24
96
Goldfish
TLm
Temp. Con.
37
39
96
Guppy
TLm
Temp. Con.
37
Para
22-65
1
Sunfish
Lethal
109
-------
species mg/kg B. W. administration route
Rat 4000 Oral
White Rat 4300 Oral
-------
XYLENOL
Xylenol, diethyl phenol, is a whit. crystalline
chemical used in significant amounts in manufacture of
* Dai„s It occurs as isomers, of which
disinfectants and resins.
4=15 xvlenol. The 14.6 million lbs
the most reactive is 3. **
. .... (199) were shipped in a wide variety of
produced m 1968
containers.
Xylenols are only slightly soluble in water. «hen
•n the bottom and dissolve slowly,
spilled, they will see*
auite susceptible to oxidation in the
Phenols are typica-ny
THis process is accelerated in basic
presence of air.
wlenols are also quite susceptible to
solutions. Xyienox
chlorination which results in the production of abounds
ttat exhibit much lower taste and odor thresholds. Dissolved
xylenol is subject to biodegradation. As much as .85-1.5
iy, xvlenol may be utilized in 5 days
lbs of oxygen per lb or xy
This rate may be sufficient to produce oxygen
time (ID • AilJ"
sags in spill situations.
Data on various xylenols indicate that they are quite
, h Toxic action appears to occur in the range
toxic to risn.
n, mhe 24 hr TLm for tench exposed to 1,2,4-
4-70 ppro •
lenol is 17-8 PPm {1) ' Similar valAies for the 1^^4; 1,3,5?
i a 5 forms are 13 ppm, 51.5 ppm, and .9 ppm, respectively.(1)
and 1r*'
« onerm and fish eggs are reported to be more tolerant
While carp spei«>
„ 14. -Pi ah salmonide embryos display a 24 hr TLm
than adult fisn,
-------
value of 2 ppm (1). Fish food organisms appear more resistant
than fish. Various threshold levels fall in the range 10-
100 ppm (1). Bandt reports toxic effects from 1,3,4 xylenol
occur at 77 mg/1 for ciliates and rotatoria, 46 mg/1 for
crustacea, 108 mg/1 for molluscs, and 154 mg/1 for masti-
gophora (1). The algae Chlorella pyrenoidosa is affected
at 49-81 ppm (4). Phenols in general are toxic to aquatic
plants at 0.2 ppm (1), but 50 ppm xylenol had no effect on
the photosynthetic oxygenation of algae (6). Waterfowl
may be damaged if phenol levels exceed 25 ppm (41) . The
presence of 1 ppm in water may add tastes to fish flesh (1).
Xylenols can be highly toxic by all routes of admin-
istration. The oral LD50 values for irats fed the 2,6 and 3,4
isomers have been reported as 296 and 727 mg/Kg body weight,
respectively (241). Phenols in general should not be present
above .001 ppm in drinking water (1).. This level is
predicated on organoleptic properties, however. Xylenols
have a lower taste threshold at that level (1).
Xylenol can be absorbed through skin at toxic levels,
phenols in general should not exceed 10 ppm in fresh water (40)
or 1 PP11* sa.lt water (41) , when prolonged body contact is
likely to occur. Irrigation water should be limited to 20
ppm phenols if intended for use on vegetables (41).
-------
NAME Xylenol
PRODUCTION QUANTITY 14.6 million lbs-1968
SYNONYMS Dimethyl Phenol, Hydroxydimethyl Benzene
M.P. 64 °C
B.P. 219.5 °C
Sp.G. 1.04
SOLUBILITY Slightly soluble
PERSISTENCE
Oxygen Demand
BOD^ - 4.6% Theo. on 2,4 isomer (5)
1.4% Theo. on 2,6 isomer (5)
6.4% Theo. on 3,4 isomer (5)
2.4% Theo. on 3,5 isomer (5)
BOD5 - 31% Theo.-(126)
BOD5 - sewage seed-.82 lb/lb-1,3,5 isomer (11)
1.5 lb/lb-1,3,4 isomer (11)
TQXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
ppm hrs species
77
46
108
154
49-81
1,2,4-xylenol (m-xylenol)
4.0 24 Salmonide,
Embryos
5.0 Bream,Bleak
10 Carp
11 Perch
17.8 24 Tench
cond ref
Toxic 1
Toxic 1
Toxic 1
Toxic 1
Toxic 1
TLm 13°C 1
Threshold of 1
Toxicity
Threshold of 1
Toxicity
Lower Toxic 1
Limit
TLm 18°C 1
Rotatoria,
cliates
Crustacea
Molluscs
Mastigophora
Chlorella
Pyrenoidosa
-------
PPi"
hrs
species
parm cond
20
1
Minnows
Lethal Limit
21.
1 24
Carp
TLm 8 °C
26
.16
Perch
Lethal Limit
1,3,4-xylenol
(o-xylenol)
4
Perch
Lower
Toxic Limit
8
Bream,Bleak
Threshold of
Toxicity
10
Carp
Threshold of
Toxicity
13
24
Tench
TLm 18°C
16
.16
Perch
Lethal Limit
20
.25
Minnows
Lethal Limit
27.
7 24
Embryos
TLm 13 °C
30
24
Carp
TLm 18°C
1,2,5-xylenol
(p-xylenol)
2
Perch
Lower
Toxic Limit
5
Bream,Bleak
Threshold of
Toxicity
10
Carp
Threshold
of Toxicity
12
.16
Perch
Lethal Limit
20
.1
Minnows
Lethal Limit
20
.5
Eels
Lethal Limit
1,2,6-xylenol
7-9
Trout
Toxic Level
1,3,5-xylenol
15
Perch
Threshold of
Toxicity
18
Bleak
Threshold of
Toxicity
20
Bream
Threshold of
Toxicity
50
24
Salmonide
TLm 13°C
Embryos
51.
5 24
Tench
TLm 18°C
53
24
Carp
TLm 18°C
70
4.5
Roach
Lethal 9°C
1,4,5-xylenol
2
24
Salmonide
TLm 13°C
Embryos
9
24
Tench
TLm 18°C
10
24
Carp
TLm 18°C
35
4.5
Roach
Lethal 11°C
-------
EES ^ES.
1.2,4-xylenol
species
Daphnia
Scenedesmus
Microregma
E. Coli
Daphnia
Scenesdesmus
Microregma
E. Coli
Daphnia
Scenedesmus
Microregma
E. Coli
parm
Threshold
Threshold
Threshold
Threshold
Threshold
Threshold
Threshold
Threshold
Threshold
Threshold
Threshold
Threshold
cond
ref
River Havel 1
River Havel 1
River Havel 1
River Havel 1
River Havel 1
River Havel 1
River Havel 1
River Havel 1
River Havel 1
River Havel 1
River Havel 1
River Havel 1
Mammalian
species
Mice
Rat
Rat
Guinea Pig
mq/kg
B. W.
1070
296
727
1750
administration route
Oral
Oral-2,6 isomer
Oral-3,4 isomer
Subcutaneous MLD
ref
240
241
241
8
-------
Zectran
Zectran is a carbamate insecticide and acaricide used to control
a wide range of pests including foliage feeding insects and mites,
snails, and slugs on turf, shade trees, and shrubs. It is applied as
an emulsifiable concentrate, or a wettable powder.
Zectran is a crystalline material soluble to 100 ppm in water.
It is considered moderately resistent to biodegradation, and like
other carbamates may produce carcinogenic materials when metobolized.
Zectran is moderately toxic to aquatic life. The 96 hour LC5Q
values for most common fish fall in the range 1.73-19.14 ppm.22
Fish food organisms appear, more sensitive. The 48 hour LC^g values
for Daphnia pulex, P. californica, and Gammarus lacustris are 0.01
ppm, 0.016 ppm, and 0.076 ppm respectively.22 In saltwater, the 24 hour
E^50 to shrimp is reported as 0.0068 ppm while 1 ppm has no effect on
oysters or longnose killifish.14 0 2
Zectran is quite toxic to higher forms of life. The oral
LD for rats is 19 mg/kg body weight.22 Oral LD5Q values for
50
common game birds fall in the range 1-10 mg/kg body weight.22
-------
ZECTRAN
SYNONYMS - 4-Dimethylamino-3,5-Xylyl N-methylcarbamate
M.P. 85°C
SOLUBILITY - 100 ppm @ 25°C
PERSISTENCE
Oxygen Demand - Moderately persistent
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity
ppm ,
hrs
Species
8
48
Rainbow Trout
1.73
96
Coho Salmon
2.48
96
Yellow Perch
8.1
96
Brown Trout
10.2
96
Rainbow Trout
11.2
96
Bluegill
11.4
96
Channel Catfish
13.4
96
Carp
14.7
96
Largemouth Bass
16.7
96
Black Bullhead
16.7
96
Redear Sunfish
17.0
96
Fathead Minnow
19.14
96
Goldfish
0.032
24
P. Californica
0.086
24
Gammarus Lacustris
0.01
48
Daphnia Pulex
0.016
48
P. Californica
0.076
48
Gammarus Lacustris
0.013
48
Simocephalus Serrulatus
0.010
48
Daphnia Pulex
0.010
96
P. Californica
Parm Cond. Ref.
LC50 22
LC50 22
LC50 22
LC50 22
LC50 22
LC50 22
LC50 22
LC50 22
LC50 22
LC50 22
LC50 22
LC50 22
LC50 22
LC50 22
LC50 22
LC50 22
LC50 22
LC50 22
EC50 22
EC50 22
50 402
-------
Saltwater Toxicity
0.0068 24 Shrimp
1.0 24 Oyster
1.0 24 Longnose Killifish
MAMMALIAN TOXICITY
EC50
No Effect
No Effect
28°C 402
12°C 402
402
Species
Rat
Dog
Goat
Mule Deer
Avian Toxicity
Young Mallards
Pheasants
Young Chucker Partridges
Young Coturnix
Sharpe-Tailed Grouse
Pigeons
Young Morning Doves
House Sparrows
House Finches
Canada Geese
Lesser Sandhill Cranes
Amphibian Toxicity
Bullfrogs
»g/*q B.
19
15-30
15-30
20-30
3.7
4.5
5.2
3.2
10
6.5
2.8
50.4
4.8
2.6
1-4.5
283-800
W.
Administration Route
Oral
Oral
Oral
Oral
Oral
Oral
Oral
Oral
Oral
Oral
Oral
Oral
Oral
Oral
Oral
Oral
Ref.
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
-------
ZINC
Zinc is one of the most common heavy metals found in
fresh water. Kopp and Kroner reported that of 1577 surface
water analyses zinc was detected in 76.5 percent of the
samples and in these samples the zinc concentration ranged
from 2 to 1183 mg/1. (253) Zinc is found in seawater in a
concentration of 0.01 mg/1. (42) Zinc is introduced into
the environment in wastes from mining and ore processing;
in liquid wastes from the metal plating industry; and from
the manufacture of organic materials such as acrylic fibers,
rayon, and cellophane.
Most of the salts of zinc are shipped in cartons,
barrels, boxes and drums by rail and truck.
Zinc salts (sulfate, chloride, and nitrates) are very
soluble in distilled water. In natural water, however, the
solubility is greatly dependent on pH, hardness and alkalinity.
Bryan reports a concentration of 1,2-2.5 mg Zn/1 in a
saturated solution of sea water and indicates that ZnCO^
is the possible form of precipitate (246).
As little as 0.1 mg/1 of zinc will cause an effect upon
biochemical oxygen demand and 62.4 mg/1 will cause a 50
percent drop in the five day BOD (1). The maximum level of
zinc which will not produce a significant effect on treatment
efficiency of activated sludge plants is between 2.5-10 mg/1.
Mount has shown the uptake and accumulation of zinc by
different tissues of the bluegill and found very little accum-
ulation in muscle (247). Uthe & Bligh found that zinc con-
-------
centrations of dressed samples of several species of fish
varied from 11-20 ppm (wet weight). (248) Pequegnat et al.
summarizes measured concentrations of zinc in marine plants
and animals and states that there is considerable variation
among organisms but in all cases zinc is much higher than the
calculated zinc requirements.
Many environmental variables influence the toxicity of
zinc to aquatic life. The form of the metal in water is
important. Whether or not a complex form of zinc is less or
more toxic seems to depend on its stability and how easily
it can dissociate and give up the metal to the absorptive
system of the organism. Mount found that with continuous-flow
testing at 3 pH levels (6,7,3) and 3 total hardness levels
(50, 100, 200) zinc was more toxic at a pH of 8 and a hardness
of 50 mg/1, and least toxic at pH 6 and a hardness of 200 mg/1.
At any given hardness zinc was always more toxic at a higher
pH than at a lower pH. Precipitated zinc was shown to con-
tribute to toxicity. The 96 hr TL50 values ranged from 4.7
to 35.5 mg Zn/1. (249) Pickering and Henderson found that
for four species of warm water fishes tested in soft water
<20 mg/1 CaCO^) the 96 hr TL50 values varied from about 1 mg
Zn/1 for the fathead minnow to 6 mg Zn/1 for the goldfish. (250)
Sprague found that for rainbow trout the threshold avoidance
level was 5.6 mg Zn/1 above the natural background level. (251)
In a chronic toxicity study of the fathead minnow in hard water
(200 mg/1) Brungs found that 0.18 mg Zn/1 decreased egg pro-
duction to only 17 percent of the control fish. Beisinger &
Christensen found that the 48 hr LC50 for Daphnia magna in
-------
soft water (47 mg/1) with food was 0.28 mg Zn/1 and a con-
centration of 0.1 caused a 50 percent reproduction impair-
ment. (252}
Portman found zinc toxic to various marine organisms.
The 48 hr LC50's for prawn, shrimp, cockles, crabs and oysters
are reported as 9.5 ppm, 110 ppm, 257.5 ppm, 14.5 ppm, and
116.5 ppm when added as zinc sulfate. (2) A concentration of
157-180 ppm is lethal to mummichogs in 24-48 hrs. (254) In
general, the threshold concentration for fish is 0.1 ppm
Zn. (41)
Although 2inc is an essential nutrient for plants,
McKee & Wolf list 3 mg Zn/1 as toxic to oranges; 5 mg Zn/1
as toxic to flax, and 25-100 mg Zn/1 toxic to oats (1). For
irrigation purposes, zinc content should not exceed 5.0 ppm (40).
Zinc is also an essential element in the nutrition of
man, but can be toxic in high concentrations. The lethal dose
of various salts depends in part on the anion. The oral LD50
for rats fed the chloride is 350 mg/Kg body weight (15) while
that for the acetate is 2400 mg/Kg (1) and the nitrate is 2500
mg/Kg. (85) Large doses to humans can have corrosive action
on digestive membranes. (15) Lethal doses of 6000 mg zinc
chloride and 45,000 mg zinc sulfate have been reported in
humans. (15) Chronic feeding studies utilizing 0.96-1.92
percent zinc carbonate for 30 weeks in rats and 8-16 mg zinc
sulfate in dogs, rats, cats, frogs, and snails have shown
significant effects on cardiac and blood functions. (15)
Zinc can produce a bitter taste in water at 5.0 ppm and
hence is maintained below that level for drinking water. (1)
-------
NAME Zinc
PRODUCTION QUANTITY Chloride Salt - 95.8 million lbs. - 1969
Sulfate Salt - 84.5 million lbs, - 1971
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE Barrels, bags, boxes, drums
M.P. 419.4 °C
B.P. 907 °C
Sp•G. 7.14
SOLUBILITY Common salts are soluble
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, Etc.
Carbonate will precipitate out.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
PPM
hrs
species
parm
cond
ref
0.42
24
Cutthroat
TLm
Flowing
256
Trout
.0056
-
Rainbow Trout
Avoidance
Soft
257
46
24
Tubificid
TLm
pH 7.5
258
Worms
12
96
Platyfish
TLm
-
259
7.6
96
Fathead Minnow
TLm
-
259
9.2
96
Fathead Minnow
TLm
Continuous
260
Flow
1
-
Snail
Toxic
Natural H2O
.05-.1
-
Snail
Toxic
Distilled
1
.79-1.27
96
Pond Snail
TLm
Soft
1
Temp. 20 °C
•
to
1
•
00
96
Pond Snail
TLm
Soft
1
Temp. 30 °C
2.67-5.57
96
Pond Snail
TLm
Hard
1
Temp. 20 °C
2.36-6.36
96
Pond Snail
TLm
Hard
1
Temp. 20 °C
2.86
-
Bluegill
TLm
18 °C Soft
170
0.9
-
Bluegill
TLm
30 °C Soft
170
6.6
-
Bluegill
TLm
18 °C Hard
170
6.18
-
Bluegill
TLm
30 ®C Hard
170
1-10
—
Micro life
Lethal
-
209
1.8
—
Magna
Threshold
-
81
.3
Mayfly Nymphs
Lethal
-
81
-------
PPm
hrs
species
parm
cond
ref
3.03
96
Helisoma
TLm
13 *c
109
Campanulaturm
Hard
0.87
96
Helisoma
TLm
13 °C
109
cimpanulaturm
Soft
.6
—
Salmo Salar
Incipient
—
109
Lethal
0.05
—
Atlantic
Avoidance
Lab. Water
109
0.01
—
Trout Ova and
Lethal
-
1
Young
0.01-0.4
-
Young Rainbow
Lethal
-
1
Trout
0.13
12-24
Rainbow Fing-
Lethal
-
1
erlings
0.15
-
Guppy
Lethal
-
1
0.15
-
Salmon Fry
Lethal
-
1
0.3
—
Trout
Lethal
Soft
1
0.3
_
Mature Fish
Lethal
-
1
0.3-0.7
—
Sticklebacks
Lethal
-
1
0.4
_
Fish
Lethal
Soft
1
0.5
6 Days
Fish
Lethal
-
1
0.5
Mixed Warm-
Lethal
Soft
1
Water Fish
0.5
3 Days
Fingerling
Lethal
Soft
1
Rainbow Trout
0.65
3 Days
Rainbow Trout
Lethal
-
1
1.0
12
Eels
Lethal
Soft
1
1.9-3.6
24
Sticklebacks
Lethal
Soft 30 °C
1
2.0
96
Bluegill Sun-
TLm
Soft
1
fish
2.9-3.8
18
Fish
Lethal
Soft 20 °C
1
3.0
96
Bluegill Sun-
TLm
Soft
1
fish
3.0
8
Fingerling
Lethal
-
1
Rainbow Trout
3.5
48
Rainbow Fry
Lethal
Soft 30 °C
1
3.5
96
Bluegill Sun-
TLm
Std. dil.
1
fish
Water 20 °c
96
Bluegill Sun-
TLm
-
1
fish (medium)
4.0
3 Days
Rainbow Trout
Lethal
Hard
1
4.2
96
Bluegill Sun-
TLm
Soft 20 °C
1
fish
5-15
—
Fish
Lethal
-
1
6.0
48
Young Trout
Lethal
-
1
8.0
8
Fish
Lethal
Soft
1
8.02
96
Bluegill Sun-
TLm
Std. dil.
1
fish
Water
8-11
Trout
Lethal
-
1
10.1-12.5
96
Bluegill Sun-
TLm
Hard 18 °C
1
fish
and 30 °C
12.5-12.9
96
Bluegill Sun-
TLm
Hard 20 °C
1
fish
and 30 °C
-------
EEE
hrs
species
par m
cond
ref
15.0
8
Fish
Lethal
-
1
20.0
<6
Pish
Lethal
Soft
1
25-50
2
Rainbow Trout
Lethal
Tap
1
200
3.5
Fish
Lethal
Soft
1
0.003
28
Days
Rainbow Ale-
Safe
-
1
vins
0.003
20
Days
Brown Trout
Safe
-
1
Fingerlings
0.13
20
Days
Brown Trout
Safe
Hard
1
Fingerlings
1.0
10
Days
Sticklebacks
Safe
Hard
1
2.0
2 Days
Mature Fish
Safe
Hard
1
2.5-3.5
14
Days
Rainbow Trout
Safe
Hard
1
3.0
10
Days
Fingerling
Safe
Hard
1
Rainbow Trout
4.0
48
Young Trout
Safe
-
1
8.0-11.0
-
Some Individ-
Safe
-
1
ual Trout
Salt Water Toxicity
PPm
te.
species
parm
cond
ref
157-180
24-
-48
Mummichogs
Lethal
20 °C
254
As Sulfate
$.5
48
Prawn
LC50
Aerated
2
110
48
Shrimp
LC50
Aerated
2
257.5
48
Cockle
LC50
Aerated
2
14.5
48
Crab
LC50
Aerated
2
116.5
48
Oyster
lc50
Aerated
2
Mammalian
species
mg/kg
B.W. administration
route
ref
Rat
75
Intravenous-chloride
8
Rat
2500
Oral-
-Nitrate
85
Rat
40
Intraperitoneal
-Sulfate
Mice
12
Intraperitoneal
-Sulfate
88
Rat
2400
Oral-
-Acetate
1
Rat
350
Oral-
-Chloride
15
Mice
350
Oral-
-Chloride
15
Guinea Pig
250
Oral-
-Chloride
15
-------
ZINC ACETATE
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE - Bottles, Cartons, Fiber Drums
Car Lots (also available in '
solution
M.P. 237°C
B.P. -H20 at 100°C
Sp. G. - 1.735 (dihydrate), 1.84
SOLUBILITY - 310,000 ppm in cold water
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. - Dissociates in water. Zinc may be
precipitated as carbonate and hydroxide salt. Acetate is bio-
chemically oxidized.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity
ppm hrs Species Parm Cond. Ref.
0.88 96 Fathead Minnow TLm Soft 76
Mammalian Toxicity
Species mg/kd B. W. Administration Ref.
Rat 2460 Oral 77
-------
ZINC AMMONIUM CHLORIDE
Sp. G. -1.8
SOLUBILITY - Soluble in water
PERSISTENCE - Zinc can persist indefinitely as a cation
TOXICOLOGIC AL
FRESHWATER TOXICITY - Toxicity is that for zinc ion
-------
ZINC BORATE
M.P. 980°C
Sp. G. - 3.64 amorphous/ 4.22 as crystal
SOLUBILITY - Soluble in cold water
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. - Dissociates to zinc and borate ions.
Zinc may precipitate as carbonate or hydroxide salt.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity - Toxicity will be that for zinc ion except
for the case of plant life where borate ions can be influential.
-------
ZINC BROMIDE
M.P. 394 °C
B.P. 650°C
Sp. G. - 4.219 at 4°C
SOLUBILITY - 4,470,000 ppm at 20°C
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. - Dissociates in water. Zinc may be
precipitated as carbonate or hydroxide salt.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity - Toxicity will be that for zinc ion.
-------
ZINC CARBONATE
SYNONYMS - Smithsonite
M.P. - loses CC>2 at 300°C
Sp. G. - 4.42
SOLUBILITY - 10 ppm in cold water
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. - May be converted to less soluble
hydroxide salt.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity - Toxicity will be that for zinc ion.
-------
ZINC CHLORIDE
SYNONYMS - Butter of zinc
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE -
M.P. 290°C
Bottles, Drums, Solution in
Tank Cars and Tank Trucks
B.P. 732 °C
Sp. G. - 2.907
SOLUBILITY - 4,320,000 at 25°C
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. - Dissociates in water,
precipitate as carbonate and hydroxide salt.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity
Zinc will
ppm
hrs
Species
Parm
Cond.
Ref
1
24
Young Carp
Killed
Tap
1
.14
>50
Young Eels
Maximum Tolerated
1
.65
12
Young Eels
Killed
1
7.2
96
Bluegills
TLm
20°C
1
15
8
Fish
Killed
1
17.1
1
Minnows
No Effect
Tap
1
.17
24
Harlequin Fish
LC50
22
5.35
96
Bluegill
TLm
Soft
76
8.02
96
Bluegill
TLm
Normal D
1
4.9
96
Bluegill
TLm
DO-2ppm
1
1.36
<120
Daphnia Magna
Killed
1
<,15
-
Daphnia Magna
Immobilized
Lake Erie
1
Saltwater Toxicity
ppm hrs Species Parm Cond. Ref.
28 48 Zebrafish TLm 24 °C 424
Mammalian Toxicity
Species
Rat
Chicken (Bird)
Rat
mg/kg B. W.
75
1
350
Administration Route
Intravenous
Parenteral-TD
Oral
LO
Ref,
8
96
442
-------
ZINC FLUORIDE
M.P. 872°C
B.P. 1497°C
Sp. G. - 2.535 @ 15°C
SOLUBILITY - 16,000 ppm for tetrahydrate
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. - Dissociates upon dissolution.
Hydroxide and carbonate zinc salts precipitate as does
calcium fluoride.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity - Toxicity will be that for fluoride ion.
Saltwater Toxicity - Toxicity will be that for zinc ion.
Mammalian Toxicity
Species mg/kg B. W. Administration Route Ref.
Guinea Pig 200 Oral-Low Lethal Dose 96
Guinea Pig 100 Subcutaneous-Low 96
Lethal Dose
-------
ZINC FORMATE
B.P. - Decomposes
Sp» G. ~ 2.36
SOLUBILITY - 52,000 ppm @ 20°C
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. - Dissociates in water. Hydroxide and
carbonate salts of zinc will precipitate while formate is bio-
degradable.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity - Toxicity will be that for zinc ion.
-------
ZINC HYDROSULFITE
SYNONYMS - Zinc Dithionite
SOLUBILITY - Soluble
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. - Dissociates in water. Hydroxide and
carbonate salts of zinc precipitate while hydrosulfite ion oxidi
to sulfate.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity - Toxicity will be that for zinc ion.
-------
ZINC NITRATE
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE - Drums, Carlots
DOT - Oxidizing Material, yellow label, 100 pounds
USCG - Oxidizing Material
IATA - Oxidizing Material, yellow label, 12 kg passenger, 45 kg cargo
M.P. 36 °C
B.P.
105°C loses 6H20
Sp. G. - 2.07
SOLUBILITY - 1,840,000 ppm @ 20°C
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. - Dissociates in water. Hydroxide and
carbonate salts of -zinc will precipitate.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity
PPm
1.89
5. 7
94.7
189
0.87
hrs
3 mo.
Species
Parm
Cond. Ref.
15
Tadpoles
Tadpoles
Tadpoles
Daphnia magna
Stickleback
Survived, no limb buds
Killed most
Killed quickly
Killed
Toxic Threshold
Saltwater Toxicity
ppm hrs Species
32 48 Barnacles
Mammalian Toxicity
Parm
Cond.
Species
Rat
ittg/kg B. W.
2500
90% Lethal
Administration Route
Ref.
406
Oral
Ref.
85
-------
ZINC PHENOLSULFONATE
SYNONYMS - Zinc 1-Phenol 4-Sulfonate, Zinc Sulfocarbolate
»
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE - Glass Bottles, Drums
M.P. 125°C losses 8H20
SOLUBILITY - 625,000 ppm
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. - Zinc will precipitate as hydroxide
carbonate salts. Phenolsulfonate is degradable leaving residual
sul fate.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity - Toxicity will be that for zinc ion.
-------
ZINC PHOSPHIDE
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE - Tins, Glass Bottles
IATA - Class B Poison, Poison label, 25 kg passenger, 9 kg cargo
M.P. 420°C
B.P. 1100°C
Sp. G. - 4.55 @ 13°C
SOLUBILITY - Insoluble
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. - Zinc may precipitate as hydroxide and
carbonate salt. Phosphide will oxidize to phosphate.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity - Toxicity will be that for zinc ion.
Mammalian Toxicity
Species mg/kg B. W. Administration Route Ref.
Rat 41 Oral 96
Rat 45.7 Oral 8
-------
ZINC POTASSIUM CHROMATE
SOLUBILITY - Insoluble
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. - Zinc precipitates as hydroxide and
carbonate salts.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity - Toxicity is that for zinc ion.
-------
ZINC SILICOFLUORIDE
SYNONYMS - Zinc Fluosilicate
M.P. - Decomposes on heating
Sp. G. - 2.104
SOLUBILITY - Very soluble
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. - Dissociates in water. Zinc will
precipitate as hydroxide and carbonate salts.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater oxicity - Toxicity will be that for zinc ion.
Mammalian Toxicity
Species
Rat
Guinea Pig
Guinea Pig
rog/kg B. W. Administration Route Ref.
100 Oral-Low Lethal Dose 96
100 Oral-Low Lethal Dose 96
200 Subcutaneous-Low 96
-------
ZINC SULFATE
SYNONYMS - White Vitriol/ Zinc-Vitriol, Goslarite, Zinkosite
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE - Glass Bottles, Barrels, Fiber
Drums, Multiwalled Paper Sacks
M.P. 38°C loses H2O and again at 280°C
B.P. - Decomposes at 740°C
Sp. G. - 1.97
SOLUBILITY - 965,000
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. - Dissociates in water. Zinc precipitates
as hydroxide and carbonate salts.
TOXICOLOGICAL
PPm
1000
13.4
3.85
9.2
6
<404
.3 as Zn
0.13 as Zn
0.3 as Zn
0.4 as Zn
0.7 as Zn
0.8
1.5
3-6 as Zn
4.0
6.0 as Zn
8.1
10
10
10
16
25
hrs
Species
Parm
Cond.
1-4
Goldfish
Lethal
hard
96
Helisoma Campanulaturm
TLm
13°C, hard
96
Helisoma Campanulaturm
TLm
13°C, soft
96
Fathead Minnow
TLm
96
Rainbow Trout Fingerlings
Lethal
-
Minnow
Lethal
-
Stickleback
Lethal
Guppy
Lethal
Long Term
Stickleback
Lethal
168
Stickleback
Lethal
96
Stickleback
Lethal
2.5
Minnows
Lethal
24
Stickleback
Lethal
Soft
48
Young Trout
Lethal
Tap
2.51
Minnows
Lethal
14
Trout Fingerlings
Lethal
Tap
1.25
Minnow
Lethal
Fish
Lethal
Fresh
30
Trout
Lethal
48
Minnow
Lethal
Fresh
20
Young Eels
Lethal
21
Rainbow Trout
Lethal
Distilled
Ref _
109
109
407
109
145
-------
ppm
25-50 as Zn
100
400
1000
2.0 as Zn
2.5-3.5 as
Zn
4.0 as Zn
100 as Zn
Sulfate
200 as Zn
Sulfate
1000 as Zn
Sulfate
hrs
2
120
3.3
1
24
336
24
96
Species
24
Rainbow Trout
Goldfish
Minnow
Goldfish
Young Trout
Rainbow Trout
Old Trout
Fish
Minnows
Trout
Parm
Lethal
Lethal
Lethal
Lethal
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Safe
Saltwater Toxicity
ppm
hrs
Species
Parm
Cond.
Ref
0.16
Sea Urchin Eggs
Abnormal
1
20
48
Atlantic Salmon
TLm
408
20
48
Rainbow Trout
TLm
408
9.5
48
Prawn
LC50
Aerated
2
110
48
Shrimp
LC50
Aerated
2
257.5
48
Cockle
LC50
Aerated
2
14.5
48
Crab
L(*50
Aerated
2
116.5
48
Oys ter
^50
Aerated
2
Mammalian Toxicity
Species mg/kg B. W.
Cond.
Tap
Distilled
Hard
Hard
Hard
Sea
Ref.
Rat
Mice
40
12
Administration Route Ref.
Intraperitoneal 96
Intraperitoneal 96
-------
ZINC SULFATE. MONOHYDRATE
M. P. - Refer to Zinc Sulfate
B. P. - Refer to Zinc Sulfate
Sp. G. - Refer to Zinc Sulfate
SOLUBILITY - Soluble in water
PERSISTENCE - Zinc can persist indefinitely as a cation.
TOXICQLOGICAL
FRESHWATER TOXICITY - Toxicity will be that for zinc ion.
-------
ZIRCONIUM
Zirconium, though often considered a rare metal, is
present in the earth's crust to a greater extent than copper,
lead, or zinc. It is used in metallurgy to improve the wear
resistance of alloys, in electronics, in nuclear reactors for
shielding, in tanneries, and in pigmentation. Common salts
include the chloride, nitrate, and sulfate.
While the chloride, nitrate, and sulfate are quite
soluble (sul£ate-525,000 ppm), the silicate, hydroxide, oxide,
and carbonate are insoluble. Hence, though soluble when
spilled, zirconium salts do not persist in that form due to
the deposition of the insoluble forms.
Zirconium toxicity to fish depends largely on solution
hardness. Whereas the 96 hr TLm for fathead minnows is 14
ppm zirconium sulfate in sott water, the same value is 115
ppm in hard water (1). Similarly, the value for the oxy-
chloride goes from 18 ppm in soft water to 240 ppm in hard
water (1).
Zirconium displays a low order of toxicity to mammals,
in feeding studies of up to two yrs duration, 20 percent
zirconium oxide in rats' diets had no effect (1). The oral
LD50 values for salts fed to rats have been reported as 853
mg/Kg body weight for the nitrate (1)r and 1253 mg/Kg for
zirconium sulfate (129).
-------
NAME Zirconium
M.P. 19 00 °C
B.P. >2900 °C
Sp.G. 6.4
SOLUBILITY Insoluble
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, Etc.
Silicates, oxides and hydroxide are relatively soluble.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Fresh Water Toxicity
ppm hrs species parm cond
Zirconium Sulfate
14 96 Fathead Minnow TLm Soft
115 96 Fathead Minnow TLm Hard
Zirconium Oxychloride
18 96 Fathead Minnow TLm Soft
240 96 Fathead Minnow TLm Hard
15 96 Bluegill TLm Soft
270 96 Bluegill TLm Hard
Mammalian
species
Rat
Rat
Rat
Rabbits
mg/kg B.w,
administration route
853
2290
1253
150
£ef
Oral-Nitrate 1
Oral-Sodium Zirconyl Sulfate 1
Oral-Zirconium Sulfate 129
Intravenous-Death,Zirconium 3g
Sulfate
-------
ZIRCONIUM ACETATE
SYNONYMS - Diacetatozirconic Acid
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE - 500 lb Drums, 30,000 lb Carloads
Sp. G. - 1.46 @ 22% Zr02, 1.20 @ 13% Zr02
SOLUBILITY - Soluble
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. - Zirconium hydroxide salt precipitates.
Acetate is biodegradable.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity - Toxicity is that for zirconium ion.
-------
ZIRCONIUM POTASSIUM FLUORIDE
SOLUBILITY - Soluble
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis - Dissociates in water. Zirconium ions will
precipitate as hydroxide salt, fluoride ions as calcium salt.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity - Toxicity will be that for fluoride anion.
Saltwater Toxicity - Toxicity will be that for zirconium ion.
-------
ZIRCONIUM NITRATE
USCG - Oxidizing Material, yellow label
IATA - Oxidizing Material, yellow label, 12 Kg Passenger, 4 5 Kg cargo.
M.P. - Decomposes at 100°C
SOLUBILITY - Very soluble
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. - Zirconium hydroxide salt will precipitate.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity - Toxicity will be that for zirconium ion.
Mammalian Toxicity
Species mg/kg B. W. Administration Route Ref.
Rat 853 Oral 96
-------
ZIRCONIUM OXYCHLORIDE
SYNONYMS - Zirconyl Chloride, Basic Zirconium Chloride
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE - Barrels, 250 lb Fiber Drums,
30,000 lb Carloads
M.P. 150°C loses 6 H20, 8H20 @ 210°C
SOLUBILITY - Soluble in cold water
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. - Decomposes in hot water. End products
are likely to be zirconium hydroxide precipitate and chloride ion.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity
ppm
hrs
Species
Parm
Cond.
Ref
18 as
Zr
96
Fathead Minnow
TLm
Soft
1
240 as
Zr
96
Fathead Minnow
TLm
Hard
1
15 as
Zr
96
Bluegill
TLm
Soft
1
270 as
Zr
96
Bluegill
TLm
Hard
1
Mammalian Toxicity
Species mq/kg B. W. Administration Route Ref.
Rat 3500 Oral 96
Rat 400 Intraperitoneal 96
-------
ZIRCONIUM SULFATE
SYNONYMS - Disulfatozirconic Acid
COMMON SHIP OR CONTAINER SIZE - Glass Bottles, Steel Drums
M.P. 135°C loses 3 H20
Sp. G. - 3.22
SOLUBILITY - 525,000 ppm
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. - Dissociates on dissolution, zirconium
will precipitate out as hydroxide salt.
TOXICOLOTICAL
Freshwater Toxicity
ppm hrs Species Parm Cond. Ref.
14 as Zr 96 Fathead Minnow TLm Soft 1
115 as Zr 96 Fathead Minnow TLm Hard 1
Mammalian Toxicity
Species mg/kq B. W. Administration Route Ref.
Rat 843-2290 as Oral 1
Rat
Rat
Zr
175
1253
Intraperitoneal
Oral
96
448
-------
ZIRCONIUM TETRACHLORIDE
M.P. - Sublimes at 300°C
B. P. 331°C
Sp. G. 2.80
SOLUBILITY - Decomposes
PERSISTENCE
Chemical Hydrolysis, etc. - Decomposes in water to form zirconium
oxychloride and hydrochloric acid.
TOXICOLOGICAL
Freshwater Toxicity - Toxicity will be that for HC1 byproduct.
Mammalian Toxicity
Species mg/kg B. W. Administration Route Ref.
Rat 1688 Oral 96
-------
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. McKee, J. E., and H. W. Wolf. "Water Quality Criteria,"
USPHS, HEW, The Resources Agency of California.
State Water Resources Control Board, Pub. 3-A,
April 1971.
2. Portman, J. E. "The Toxicity of 120 Substances to
Marine Organisms," Shellfish Information Leaflet,
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