United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Emergency and Remedial Response Emergency Response Division Environmental Response Team vvEPA Hazardous Materials Incident Response Operations Workbook ------- HAZARDOUS MATERIALS INCIDENT RESPONSE OPERATIONS WORKBOOK TABLE OF CONTENTS EXERCISE PAGE USING AIR MONITORING INSTRUMENTS I 1 USING AIR MONITORING INSTRUMENTS II 13 AIR-PURIFYING RESPIRATORS 21 SELF-CONTAINED BREATHING APPARATUS 27 RADIATION SURVEY INSTRUMENTS 33 LEVEL B DRESSOUT 37 LEVEL A DRESSOUT 41 DECONTAMINATION 45 SITE SAFETY AND WORK PLAN DEVELOPMENT 51 ------- USING AIR MONITORING INSTRUMENTS I I. OBJECTIVE In this exercise, students will operate air monitoring instruments including: Combustible Gas Indicators, Oxygen Indicators, and Colorimetric Indicator Tubes and Pumps. Students will analyze and interpret the data gathered from the instruments. II. PROCEDURE The exercise has been divided into three stations. Each station will be equipped with air monitoring instruments and gas sampling bags. Each team (consisting of at least two students) must complete the following tasks at the appropriate station. Station A Combustible Gas Indicators (CGI's) Three gas sampling bags contain mixtures of flammable gas/vapors in air, one each at concentrations: • below the LEL • between the LEL and UEL • above the UEL Measure each bag using both CGI's. Record concentrations on the answer sheet at the end of this exercise. In Column 4, identify the mixture in each bag. Station B Oxygen Indicators Two gas sampling bags contain different concentrations of oxygen. Sample each bag with each of the two instruments. Record results on the answer sheet. Station C Colorimetric Indicator Tubes and Pumps Two gas sampling bags contain mixtures of toluene in air and carbon dioxide in air. Using the colorimetric indicator tubes and pumps, measure each bag according to manufacturer's instructions. (See end of this exercise.) Record type of gas and concentrations on answer sheet. -1 - ------- USING AIR MONITORING INSTRUMENTS I CCONT.') III. GENERAL OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS General operating instructions for combustible gas indicators, oxygen indicators and colorimetric indicator tubes and pumps are as follows. Specific air monitoring instrument instructions are also given for all equipment used in this exercise. When performing the exercise procedures at each station, use these instructions as a guide to proper instrument use. The following instructions have been rewritten for brevity and clarity. In actual use, instruments should be operated and calibrated according to the manufacturer's instructions. Combustible Gas Indicators (CGIs) & Oxygen Indicators (02ls) In addition to the following instructions, the instruments should be checked prior to use in a noncontaminated, fresh air environment. Furthermore, units incorporating an aspirator bulb or other air-drawing device should be checked for leaks in the following manner: • Attach all hoses, probes, and other air-drawing devices. • If instrument has a battery operated pump, turn instrument on. Place a finger over probe or hose end.* • If instrument is equipped with an aspirator bulb, place a finger over probe or hose end. Squeeze the bulb.* • In a leak-free system, the bulb remains collapsed or pump labors. In a leaking system, the bulb regains its shape or pump does not labor. If the instrument does not pass a leak test, notify an instructor. Colorimetric Indicator Tubes and Pumps In addition to the following instructions, all colorimetric indicator tubes and pumps should be field checked prior to use. This check tests for leaks in the following manner: • Insert unbroken tube into pump's tube holder. • If using a bellows-type pump, squeeze bellows. After 30 minutes (per Draeger), bellows should not regain its original shape nor should chain be taut. Start this test and move to piston pump (returning to bellows after using the piston pump). • If using a piston-tvpe pump, align index marks on handle and cap of pump. Pull back and lock handle. After 60 seconds rotate handle 1/4 turn. Handle should return within 1/4 inch of zero cc mark. If a pump fails these tests, it should be serviced according to manufacturer's instructions. -2- ------- USING AIR MONITORING INSTRUMENTS I (CONT.) MSA Model 2A Explosimeter Combustible Gas Indicator 1. Turn the Explosimeter on by lifting the end of the "locking" bar on the "Rheostat" knob and rotating the "Rheostat" knob clockwise 1/4 turn. The bar stays up while the instrument is in use. Do not attempt to depress the bar. 2. Flush the instrument with fresh air by squeezing and releasing the aspirator bulb at least ten times. 3. Rotate the "Rheostat" knob until the meter needle rests at zero. (Avoid large clockwise rotation which sends large current through the filament, perhaps shortening its useful life.) 4. To sample, place the hose or probe end in the atmosphere to be measured and operate the aspirator bulb at least ten times. 5. While squeezing the bulb, read the percent of Lower Explosive Limit (% LEL) as the meter needle reaches the maximum level. 6. Before sampling the next bag, purge the instrument with clean air by aspirating the bulb 5 times or until the needle drops back to zero. 7. Turn the Explosimeter "Off" by rotating the "Rheostat" knob counterclockwise until it "clicks". The locking bar will then retract into the "Rheostat" knob. -3 - ------- USING AIR MONITORING INSTRUMENTS I fCONT^ Bacharach Model GPK Oxygen/Combustible Gas Indicator 1. Rotate the "Function" switch clockwise to the "Volt Test" position. The motor starts and the " % Oxygen" and "Sniffer" needles move up scale. 2. Lift and rotate the "Volt Adj" knob to bring the "Gas Detector" needle over the green arrow. The knob is supplied with a clutch to prevent accidental decalibration). 3. Turn the "Function" switch clockwise to "On". The "% Oxygen" needle should be at about 20.8% and the "Gas Detector" needle should drop to about zero. 4. Lift and rotate the "Oxy Cal" knob to adjust the "% Oxygen" needle to black "Calibrate" line. 5. Lift and rotate the "Zero Adj" knob to adjust the "Gas Detector" needle to zero. 6. Momentarily place finger over hose or thread "Air Intake" nipple and observe the pump laboring. 7. To sample, place hose end or probe in atmosphere to be measured. Within 30 seconds, steady-state readings are indicated on "% Oxygen" and "Gas Detector" scales. 8. Before sampling the next bag, allow the instrument to purge itself by pulling in clean air until the "Gas Detector" needle drops to zero and the "% Oxygen" returns to normal. If they do not, repeat steps 4. and 5. 9. After readings have been taken, allow instrument to purge, then rotate "Function" switch counterclockwise to "Off". -4- ------- USING AIR MONITORING INSTRUMENTS I (CONT.) MSA Model 245 Oxygen Indicator 1. To calibrate the instrument in normal air, remove the "Remote Sampling Adaptor" or draw clean air into the sampler by squeezing the aspirator bulb 6-7 times. 2. Press the "Read" switch. The meter needle should indicate 21% oxygen, represented by the hash mark on "Meter Scale". 3. If the needle does not indicate 21%, adjust by rotating the "Calibration Potentiometer" (on top of instrument) clockwise to increase reading or counterclockwise to decrease it. Use the screwdriver provided. 4. Connect the "Remote Sampling Adaptor" to the face of the sensor. 5. To sample, place the hose or probe in the atmosphere to be sampled, press the "Read" button and squeeze aspirator at least 6 or 7 times. 6. Read the meter needle once it has stabilized. Reading can be done while aspirator bulb is being squeezed. 7. After taking a reading, clean the unit by flushing fresh air through it until the meter returns to normal. If the meter does not return to normal, repeat step 3. 8. Turn the instrument off by releasing "Read" switch. -5- ------- USING AIR MONITORING INSTRUMENTS I (CONT.) MSA Model 260 Oxygen/Combustible Gas Indicator 1. Turn the center "On-Off" control clockwise to the far right "Horn-Off" position. Both meter needles will move, one or both lights may light. 2. Adjust the meter needle on the % oxygen meter by pulling up and turning the "02 Calibrate" knob. (The knob is supplied with a clutch to prevent accidental field decalibration). Adjust the needle to read 20.8% 02 represented by the hash mark located directly below the 21 % mark. 3. Adjust the meter needle on the % LEL meter by pulling up and turning the "LEL Zero" knob. Adjust the needle to read 0% on the meter face. 4. Press the red alarm "Reset" button to deactivate the alarm circuit. If either of the alarm lamps located in the upper corners of the control panel were lit, they will extinguish upon depressing this button. 5. Press the black check button and observe the needle movement on the % LEL meter. The needle should fall within the black battery arc on the meter face. If it fails to reach this level, the battery needs recharging. 6. Momentarily hold finger over the threaded "Air Intake" nipple or over the end of the hose (if attached) and listen and watch the "Flow" indicator for signs of pump laboring. 7. Turn the "02 Calibrate" knob counterclockwise while observing the % oxygen meter. At the 19.5% reading, the left alarm lamp will illuminate. Return the needle to the 20.8% 02. Depress the red "Reset" button to reactivate the alarm circuit. 8. Turn the "LEL Zero" knob clockwise until the needle reads 25%. The right alarm lamp will illuminate. Return the needle to zero % LEL. Depress the red "Reset" button to reactivate the alarm circuit. 9. To operate the "Combo" unit, place the hose or probe end in the atmosphere to be sampled and wait for the needle deflection to stabilize on the 02 and % LEL meter. 10. If the unit senses an oxygen deficient (< 19.5% 02) or a combustible (>25% LEL) atmosphere, the alarm circuit will activate and remain so until the atmosphere concentrations return to normal levels. When back at normal levels, the red reset button must be pushed to silence and reactivate the alarm. 11. After all readings are at baseline, turn the unit off by turning the function knob counterclockwise to "Off". -6- ------- USING AIR MONITORING INSTRUMENTS I (CONT.) MSA Model 261 Oxveen/Combustible Gas Indicator 1. Turn the center "On-Off" control clockwise to the far right "Horn-Off" position. Both meter needles will move, one or both lights may light. 2. Adjust the meter needle on the % oxygen meter by pulling up and turning the "02 Calibrate" knob. (The knob is supplied with a clutch to prevent accidental field decalibration). Adjust the needle to read 20.8% 02 represented by the hash mark located directly below the 21% mark. 3. Adjust the meter needle on the % LEL meter by pulling up and turning the "LEL Zero" knob. Adjust the needle to read 0% on the meter face. 4. Press the red alarm "Reset" button to deactivate the alarm circuit. If either of the alarm lamps located in the upper corners of the control panel were lit, they will extinguish upon depressing this button, and the center green lamp will periodically illuminate. If the red lights continue to flash and/or the green lamp is not illuminated, do not use the unit. Consult an instructor. 5. Press the black check button and observe the needle movement on the % LEL meter. The needle should fall within the black battery arc on the meter face. If it fails to reach this level, the battery needs recharging. 6. Return the center function knob to the "On" position while observing the green "Horn- Off" lamp. The lamp will change from a flashing state to a continuous illuminated state when the knob is placed in the "on" position. This indicates the pump is operating and the audible alarm is activated. 7. Turn the "02 Calibrate" knob counterclockwise while observing the % oxygen meter. At the 19.5% reading, the left alarm lamp will illuminate and the horn will sound. Return the needle to the 20.8% reading. Depress the red "Reset" button to reactivate the alarm circuit. 8. Turn the "LEL Zero" knob clockwise until the needle reads 25%. The right alarm lamp will illuminate and the horn will sound. Return the needle to zero % LEL. Depress the red reset button to reactivate the alarm circuit. 9. To operate the "Combo" unit, place the hose or probe end in the atmosphere to be sampled and wait for the needle deflection to stabilize on the 02 and % LEL meter. -7 - ------- USING AIR MONITORING INSTRUMENTS I (CONT.t MSA Model 261 Oxvgen/Combustible Gas Indicator fcont.') 10. If the unit senses an 02 deficient (< 19.5% O2) or a combustible (>25% LEL) atmosphere, the alarm circuit will activate and remain so until the atmosphere concentrations return to normal levels. When back at normal levels, the red reset button must be pushed to silence and reactivate the alarm. 11. The Model 261 is equipped with a locking mechanism that locks the needle if the LEL meter reaches 100% or higher. The needle will stay at 100 even if subsequent concentrations are greater than the UEL or drop below the LEL. To unlock, the unit must be turned off and then on. 12. When done sampling and all readings return to normal, turn the unit off by rotating the function knob counterclockwise to "Off". -8- ------- USING AIR MONITORING INSTRUMENTS I fCONT.) Sensidvne/Gastec Gas Sampling System 1. Break off both tips of a fresh colorimetric indicator tube in the tube breaker hole in the side of the pump head. 2. Insert the tube into the tube holder with the arrow on the tube pointing towards the pump. Insert the other end of the tube in the test atmosphere. 3. Align the index marks on the handle and the cap of the pump. 4. Pull the handle straight back to the desired volume of 1/2 (50 cc), or 1 pump stroke (100 cc's) as specified in the tube's instruction. The handle automatically locks at these volumes. 5. Wait for the time specified in the tube's instructions, or wait until the red button pops up to the blue line on the "Flow Finish Indicator" if the pump is equipped with one. 6. Rotate the handle 90° to unlock it and push the handle in. 7. Realign the index marks for next stroke or test. Refer to the tube's instructions for required number of strokes. 8. Read the concentration of the chemical in air at the stained-unstained interface. -9- ------- USING AIR MONITORING INSTRUMENTS I (CONT.1 Draeger Indicator Tube Pump 1. Break off both tips of a fresh colorimetric indicator tube in the break-off eyelet on the front cover plate or in break-off husk (an accessory). 2. Insert the tube into the pump head with the arrow on the tube pointing towards the pump. 3. Hold the pump between your thumb and the base of your index finger with the front cover plate contacting your finger. 4. Insert the end of the tube into the sample atmosphere. 5. Compress the bellows completely with a squeezing motion assuring that the total volume of the bellows is used. 6. Release your grip and allow the chain to become taut, signifying that 100 cc of air have been pulled through the tube. Be sure to keep the tube end in the sample atmosphere during the specified time. 7. Complete steps 4 and 5 as many times as the tube's instructions state. 8. Read the concentration of the material in air at stained-unstained interface. -10- ------- USING AIR MONITORING INSTRUMENTS I tCONT.l ANSWER SHEET STATION A: Combustible Gas Indicators Concentrations MSA Model 2A Bacharach Model GPK Mixture (check one1) % LEL % LEL % Oxygen Bag A < LEL LEL - UEL > UEL Bag B < LEL LEL-UEL > UEL Bag C < LEL LEL - UEL STATION B: Oxygen Meters % Oxygen MSA Model 245 MSA Model 260/261 Bag 1 % LEL: Bag 2 % LEL: STATION C: Colorimetric Indicator Tubes and Pumps Concentrations > UEL Sensidvne/Gastec Draeger Gas: -11 - ------- NOTES -12 - ------- USING AIR MONITORING INSTRUMENTS II I. OBJECTIVE The students will calibrate an HNU PI-101 and measure concentrations of various gas samples. The students will learn how to operate the instrument and record pertinent data gathered. II. PROCEDURE A. Students will divide into groups as directed by the instructor. B. Each station contains an HNU PI-101 and four gas bags. The gas bags are: • 100 ppm Toluene • 100 ppm Acetone • 50 ppm Hexane • 100 ppm Methane If the actual concentrations differ from above, the instructor will inform you of the changes. C. Read the following instructions for the instrument. The instructor will demonstrate the check-out of the instrument and explain the function of the controls. -13 ------- USING AIR MONITORING INSTRUMENTS II fCONT.) HNU PI-101 Photoionizer Operating Instructions 1. Turn the six position "Function Switch" to the BATTERY CHECK position. The needle on the meter should read within or above the green "Battery Check" on the scale. If not, recharge the battery. If the red battery indicator light comes on, the battery must be recharged. Inform the instructor if the battery is not at optimum charge. 2. Turn the "Function Switch" to any "Range Setting" (i.e. 0-20, 0-200, or 0-2000). The lamp can be checked by holding the exposed tip of a solvent-based marking pen next to the end of the probe. The meter will show a deflection. 3. Turn the "Function Switch" to the STANDBY position and rotate the "Zero Adjustment" until the meter reads zero. Note: No zero gas is needed since this is an electronic zero adjustment. If the span adjustment setting is changed after the zero is set, the zero should be rechecked and adjusted, if necessary. Wait 15 to 20 seconds to ensure that the zero reading is stable. If necessary, readjust the zero. The instrument is ready for operation. - 14 - ------- USING AIR MONITORING INSTRUMENTS II (CONT.l STEP 1 Record the following. The EPA sticker number can be used if no serial number is found. HNU Serial Number: HNU Probe Number: HNU Lamp Energy: STEP 2 With the assistance of the instructor and/or the technician, calibrate the instrument using isobutylene. To calibrate the HNU PI-101, connect the probe inlet to the calibration gas source. Set the "Function Switch" to the correct range setting for the concentration of the test gas. Unlock the "Span Control" by moving the black lever counter clockwise. Adjust the "Span Control" the desired reading is obtained. Turning the "Span Control" knob clockwise increases the numbers on the span. The span will not turn past 0 or 10 (window number). The number on the "Span Control" is the calibration setting for the test gas. The setting is read with the number in the "window" as the integer and the number on the dial as a decimal. HNU span setting - 15 - ------- USING AIR MONITORING INSTRUMENTS II (CONT.) STEP 3 With the instruments at the same span settings from Step 1, make and record readings for the following gas bags. Actual HNU Concentration Reading Toluene 100 ppm Acetone 100 ppm Hexane 50 ppm Methane 100 ppm Calculate the relative response for each of the chemicals. Relative response = 100% times INSTRUMENT READING divided by ACTUAL CONCENTRATION HNU Toluene Acetone Hexane Methane STEP 4 Calibrate the instrument to acetone using the 100 ppm Acetone bag. Adjust the span setting until the instrument reads 100. Record the span setting. HNU span setting -16 - ------- USING AIR MONITORING INSTRUMENTS II (CONT.l STEP 5 Take a reading of the atmosphere in and around the container of solvent at the front of the room. Take care that the probe does not come in contact with the liquid. Record your results below. LOCATION READING 1 foot from opening 6 inches from opening over opening inside container STEP 6 Conduct a room survey and record your readings at each of the containers. READING Container tt\ Container #2 Container #3 Container M After obtaining the readings, the instructor will then reveal the contents of each container. From what you learned in steps three and four, obtain the actual concentration of acetone in container M. Actual Concentration Acetone (Container #4) - 17 - ------- USING AIR MONITORING INSTRUMENTS II (CONT.l STEP 7 The instructor will demonstrate the effects of electromagnetic radiation on the instruments. STEP 8 Answer the following questions. 1. Does the instrument respond the same for all chemicals? 2. Is it important to know what energy lamp you are using? Why? 3. What is the span control used for? Why would you change the span from its original setting for benzene (isobutylene) calibration. 4. Your instrument is calibrated to benzene. You read 200 on your meter during an investigation of a hazardous waste site. How do you report your findings? What additional information is needed? -18- ------- NOTES -19 - ------- NOTES -20- ------- AIR-PURIFYING RESPIRATORS OBJECTIVE Students will be able to perform a qualitative fit test for a full-face air-purifying respirator. While wearing full-face air-purifying respirators, students will operate communication devices (Motorola HT600 radios). In this exercise, students will also demonstrate proper donning and doffing of escape masks. PROCEDURE A. The instructor demonstrates fit-testing methods using the isoamyl acetate. B. Select at least two styles of full-face APRs. With the assistance of another student, fit test each APR using the isoamyl acetate. Select the proper cartridge for the particular testing method: • Isoamyl Acetate - Organic Vapor Cartridge C. Check radios for proper operation (see following instructions). D. Don air-purifying respirators and separate into two groups (group number indicated at bottom of handout). E. Transmit messages given on handouts and write down messages received. Speak slowly and clearly. Verify that a message has been received before proceeding to the next one. You may need to repeat a message several times. (If there is more than one person per radio, take turns transmitting and receiving.) -21 - ------- AIR-PURIFYING RESPIRATORS (CQNT.^ Respirator Fit-Testing Instructions 1. Place head into the test atmosphere and breath normally for about ten seconds. If no odor is detected proceed to the next step. 2. Breath deeply for 10 seconds. If no odor is detected, proceed to the next step. 3. Move head from side to side pausing at each extreme to inhale once. If no odor is detected, proceed to next step. 4. Move head up and down, hold head up and inhale deeply at least once. If no odor is detected, proceed to next step. 5. Speak loudly and slowly while counting backwards from 100 to 75. Recite name, address or other script (i.e. the rainbow passage). If no odor is detected, proceed to next step. 6. Make an exaggerated face or expression. If no odor is detected, proceed to next step. 7. Bend at the waist and move head around. If no odor is detected, proceed to next step. 8. Jog in place for 10 seconds. If no odor has been detected, the fit test has passed. -22 - ------- AIR-PURIFYING RESPIRATORS (CONT.) FIT-TEST RECORD Name: Location: Date: Isoamvl Acetate Type of mask: pass/fail Manufacturer: Model/Size: Type of mask: pass/fail Manufacturer: Model/Size: Type of mask: pass/fail Manufacturer: Model/Size: Type of mask: pass/fail Manufacturer: Model/Size: Type of mask: pass/fail Manufacturer: Model/Size: Comments: -23 - ------- AIR-PURIFYING RESPIRATORS (CONT.l Motorola HT60Q Radio Operating Instructions To check radio controls: 1. Turn on radio by rotating the on-off/volume control clockwise 1/2 turn. A power- up alert tone is generated for approximately one half second. If this short alert tone is not heard or if a continuous alert tone is generated, inform the instructor. 2. Select channel 1, 2, 3 or 4 using the channel selector switch. For this exercise the instructor will assign channels. Channels 5 and 6 are not useable. 3. Push one of the monitor buttons (small buttons on side near top of unit) and adjust the volume. 4. Place toggle switch (squelch select switch) to the left position (speaker with a slash symbol). This helps to eliminate interference from other users on these channels. 5. The bi-color light-emitting diode (LED) indicates normal transmission (continuous red), low battery (flashing red), or channel busy (flashing green). To transmit message: 1. To transmit, hold radio approximately 2 inches from your mouth and speak slowly and clearly while depressing the push-to-talk button on the left side. If the green LED on top is flashing, or other persons are heard, do not transmit until they are finished. If the radio beeps when you attempt to transmit, there is another user on the channel. 2. When finished transmitting, release the push-to-talk button. 3. Do not transmit unnecessarily. Do not use profanity. These are not CB radios. They are business band radios that operate on shared channels with other businesses. (continued) -24 - ------- AIR-PURIFYING RESPIRATORS (CONT.) 4. When reading chemical names or other difficult words it is best to spell the words. Many chemicals may differ by only one or two letters or numbers. For example, potassium chloride (salt substitute) and potassium chlorate (shock sensitive oxidizer used in explosives). 5. Answer a question by using "affirmative" or "negative" for yes or no. 6. When you are finished transmitting and expect a reply, say "over". When you are finished and do not expect a reply say "out" or "clear". 7. Turn the radio off when done using. Radio safety: 1. Avoid physical abuse of the radio such as carrying it by the antenna. 2. DO NOT hold the radio such that the antenna is very close to, or touching, exposed parts of the body, especially the face or eyes, while transmitting. The radio will perform best if the microphone is two or three inches away from the lips and the radio is vertical. 3. DO NOT hold the transmit switch on when not actually desiring to transmit. 4. DO NOT operate a portable transmitter near unshielded electrical blasting caps or in an explosive atmosphere unless it is a type especially qualified for such use. -25 - ------- AIR-PURIFYING RESPIRATORS (CONT.) Escape Mask Donning and Doffing Donning Procedures: 1. Choose an escape mask to don. 2. Don the North 845, Scott Scat-Pak, or ISI ELSA. 3. Lift flap and remove hood. 4. Turn valve ON by turning knob counterclockwise. 5. Slip hood over head making sure that the hose outlet is in front of the face. Doffing Procedures: 1. Remove hood. 2. Turn valve OFF by turning clockwise. -26- ------- SELF-CONTAINED BREATHING APPARATUS I. OBJECTIVE Given an MSA Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) unit, the student will be able to conduct a regular SCBA inspection and check-out. II. PROCEDURE A. The instructor will review monthly SCBA inspection procedures and demonstrate the regular SCBA inspection and check-out procedures for the class. B. Using the following instructions, each student will perform a regular SCBA check- out. Students should repeat the check-out until they have successfully completed the checkout. -27- ------- SELF-CONTAINED BREATHING APPARATUS (CONT.) MONTHLY SCBA INSPECTION 1. Check cylinder label for current hydrostatic test date. 2. Inspect cylinder for large dents or gouges in metal or fiberglass. 3. Inspect cylinder gauge for damage. 4. Perform a complete SCBA checkout. 5. Fill out appropriate records with results and recommendations. REGULAR SCBA CHECK-OUT PROCEDURES Preliminary Checks 1. High pressure hose connector is tight on cylinder fitting 2. By-pass valve is closed. 3. Mainline valve is closed. 4. Regulator outlet is not covered or obstructed. Backpack/Harness Assembly 1. Inspect straps for wear, damage, and completeness. 2. Inspect buckle for wear and proper functioning. 3. Inspect backplate for damage and proper fastening to cylinder. Cylinder and High Pressure Hose Assembly 1. Check cylinder to assure that it is firmly fastened to backplate. 2. Open cylinder valve. Listen or feel for leakage around packing and hose connection. 3. Check high pressure hose assembly for damage or leaks. -28- ------- SELF-CONTAINED BREATHING APPARATUS (CONT.) Regulator 1. Cover regulator outlet with palm of hand. 2. Open mainline valve. 3. Note stoppage of air flow after positive pressure builds. 4. Close mainline valve. 5. Remove hand from regulator outlet. 6. Open by-pass valve slowly to assure proper function. 7. Close by-pass valve. 8. Cover regulator outlet again with palm of hand. 9. Open mainline valve. 10. Note pressure reading on regulator gauge. 11. Close cylinder valve while keeping hand over regulator outlet. 12. Slowly move hand on the outlet to allow air to flow slowly. 13. Note pressure when low-pressure warning alarm sounds; it should read between 550-650 psi. 14. Remove hand from regulator outlet. 15. Close mainline valve. -29- ------- SELF-CONTAINED BREATHING APPARATUS (CONT.l Facepiece and Breathing Tube 1. Inspect head harness and facepiece for damage, serrations, and deteriorated rubber. 2. Inspect lens for damage and proper seal in facepiece. 3. Inspect exhalation valve for damage and dirt build-up. 4. Stretch breathing tube and inspect for holes and deterioration. 5. Inspect connector for damage and presence of washer. 6. Perform negative pressure test with facepiece donned. Storage of SCBA Unit 1. Fully extend all straps. 2. Close cylinder valve. 3. Bleed pressure from high pressure hose by opening mainline valve. 4. Disconnect high pressure hose from cylinder. 5. Remove empty cylinder and replace with a full cylinder (approximately 1500 psi). 6. Reconnect high pressure hose to cylinder. 7. Close by-pass valve. 8. Close mainline valve. 9. Store facepiece and breathing tube. -30- ------- SELF-CONTAINED BREATHING APPARATUS fCONT.) Emergency Hand Signals 1. Hand Gripping Throat: "Out of air, can't breathe!" 2. Gripping partner's wrist or placing both hands around waist: "Leave area immediately, no debating!" 3. Hands on top of head: "Need Assistance." 4. Thumbs up: "Yes," "affirmative," "I understand." 5. Thumbs down: "No," "negative," "I do not understand." -31 - ------- NOTES -32 - ------- RADIATION SURVEY INSTRUMENTS I. OBJECTIVE This exercise familiarizes students with the operation of radiation survey instruments. Students will operate instruments under controlled conditions to determine the type of radiation being emitted; to interpret instrument readings; and, to learn radiation survey techniques. II. INSTRUMENT OPERATING PROCEDURES A wide variety of monitoring instruments are available for radiation surveys. Although each instrument is unique in its uses and limitations, in general, many features are common to all instruments. Therefore, familiarity with the operation of one instrument should transfer over to other instruments. This exercise features a Ludlum, Model 19 Micro R Meter. The instrument utilizes an internally-mounted 1" x 1" Nal(Tl) scintillator. Ludlum Model 19 Controls The following controls are essential to operation of the Model 19: • "AUDIO ON-OFF" Toggle Switch: In the ON position, operates the unimorph speaker, located on the left side of the instrument. The frequency of the clicks is relative to the rate of the incoming pulses. The higher the rate is, the higher the audio frequency. The audio should be turned OFF when not required to reduce battery drain. • "F/S": Fast-Slow Toggle Switch provides meter response. Selecting the" F" position of the toggle switch provides 90% of full scale meter deflection in 3 seconds. In "S" position, 90% of full scale meter deflection takes 11 seconds. In "F" position, there is fast response and large meter deviation. "S" position should be used for slow response and damped, meter deviation. • "BAT": BATTERY Pushbutton Switch, when depressed, indicates the battery charge status on the meter. The range selector switch must be out of the OFF position. • "RES" Button: when depressed, provides a rapid means to drive the meter to zero. -33- ------- RADIATION SURVEY INSTRUMENTS (CONT.l • "L": Light Pushbutton Switch, when depressed, lights the meter face. • "Range Selector Switch" is a 6-position switch marked OFF, 5000, 500, 250, 50 and 25. Moving the range selector switch to one of the range positions provides the operator with an overall range of 0-5000 Micro R/hr. • The meter face is made up of two scales, 0-50 and 0-25, plus battery test. The 0- 50 scale corresponds to the 50, 500 and 5000 positions on the range selector switch. The 0-25 scale corresponds to the 25 and 250 positions on the range selector switch. Note that range positions 5000, 500, and 50 are printed in black and correspond to the meter scale, printed in black. The range positions 250 and 25 are printed in red and correspond to the meter scale, printed in red. Ludlum Model 19 Operation 1. Range Selector Switch: Select the 0-5000 range. 2. BAT TEST Button: Depress. Check the BAT test on the appropriate scale. Replace the batteries if die meter pointer is below the battery CHK line. 3. Light Button: Depress. Check for light on the meter face. 4. Meter Response Switch: Check the response in the "F" and "S" positions. 5. Audio ON-OFF Switch: Check for audio indication. 6. Check the instrument for the proper scale indication with a known source. Check all the ranges for the appropriate scale indication. 7. Reset Button: Depress. Check to see that the meter pointer returns to the zero position. 8. The instrument is ready for monitoring. 9. During monitoring, use the lowest range scale that will still provide an on-scale reading. 10. Please remember that the Model 19 gives readings in micro- Roentgens (microR). 1000 microR = 1 milliR. -34- ------- RADIATION SURVEY INSTRUMENTS (CONT.l EXERCISE PROCEDURES A. Using the Model 19, perform the requested operations at the following stations. Record results on the following answer sheet. Station 1: Record a background reading for the room. Station 2: Measure the exposure rate due to the source at the 3 distances, as marked. Station 3: Screen the "samples" for the presence of radiation and record the reading for radiation present (if any). Station 4: Locate the "contamination" and record reading. -35- ------- RADIATION SURVEY INSTRUMENTS (CONT.) ANSWER SHEET Serial Number: Station 1: Background micro R/HR Station 2: Source 1 foot (30.5 cm) 2 feet (61 cm) micro R/HR micro R/HR micro R/HR Station 3: Radioactive Sample(s) Reading at surface of container (letter) micro R/HR Station 4: Location of contamination: Answer the following: 1. How does distance between the source of radiation and probe affect the reading? 2. If an instrument indicates an exposure of 50 mR/hr and a person worked in that area for 5 hours, what would be the total exposure? 3. Differentiate radiation monitoring procedures for unknown versus known situations. 4. What type of protection is adequate to perform a survey at a site that may have radioactive materials? -36 ------- LEVEL B DRESSOUT OBJECTIVE In this exercise, students will don and doff level B protection and operate air monitoring in a drum sampling exercise. PROCEDURE A. Level B dressout will be demonstrated. B. Don level B. 1. Gather rain suit, gloves (inner gloves and outer gloves), boots, hardhat and SCBA. 2. Inspect and check out SCBA. 3. Put on rain suit. , 4. Put on boots. 5. Put on SCBA (with a buddy's assistance). 6. Put on SCBA facepiece (with breathing tube connected). 7. Put on gloves (when taping, tuck glove inside sleeve and tape sleeve to glove leaving a pull tab). 8. When instructed, connect breathing tube to SCBA regulator outlet and go on air. C. When instructed, use air monitoring instruments to sample drums and write down results. -37 - ------- LEVEL B DRESSOUT fCONT.) D. Doff level B protection. 1. Remove outer gloves (remove tape if used). 2. Remove hardhat and boots. 3. Remove SCBA. 4. Remove rain suit. 5. Remove facepiece. 6. Remove inner gloves. 7. Store SCBA. -38- ------- LEVEL B DRESSOIJT (rONT/l HNU (Span = 9.8) Sampling Results INSTRUMENT CONCENTRATION MIXTURE Combustible Gas Indicator Oxygen Indicator < LEL LEL to UEL > LEL Colorimetric Indicator Tubes and Pumps Acetone Alcohol Toluene -39- ------- NOTES -40- ------- LEVEL A DRESSOUT OBJECTIVE Following the Level A demonstration, students will don and doff level A protection. Students will perform tasks and activities while dressed in level A in order to experience the physical limitations associated with wearing level A protection. PROCEDURE A. Collect and lay out level A protective equipment: 1. SCBA 2. Fully encapsulating suit 3. 3 pairs of gloves • inner gloves • suit gloves • outer (line man's gloves) gloves 4. Boots B. Wipe the inside and outside of the SCBA facepiece lens and the inside of the suit lens with anti-fog solution. C. Follow the Level A donning procedures as demonstrated (see following procedures). D. Follow instructions for specific tasks and activities to be performed. E. After completing the exercise, doff equipment and properly store it (see following procedures). -41 - ------- LEVEL A DRESSOUT (CONT.) Donning Level A Prior to wearing a fully encapsulating suit, inspect it thoroughly for damage and potential malfunction. 1. While sitting, step into legs, place feet properly, and gather suit around waist. 2. Put on steel toe/shank boots over feet of suit. 3. Put on disposable boot covers (optional). 4. Don SCBA with assistance of partner. 5. Don SCBA facepiece and perform negative pressure check. 6. Put on hardhat if one is to be worn with suit. If suit has built-in headband or hardhat see step 10. 7. Put on inner gloves. 8. Put arms into sleeves of suit. 9. Pull suit up and over SCBA, placing hood on top of air cylinder. 10. Adjust headband of suit or of hardhat if suit in suit by reaching up inside suit behind head or having partner adjust it (this adjustment may be made prior to donning the suit). 11. Put on outer gloves. 12. Place hood on head. 13. Connect breathing tube to regulator. 14. Secure suit by closing all fasteners. -42 - ------- LEVEL A DRESSOUT (CONT.) Doffing Level A During removal, protect wearer's air supply and prevent transfer of contaminants from suit to wearer. 1. Remove disposable outer clothing such as gloves, boot covers, etc., 2. Remove boots. 3. Open suit. 4. Raise hood over head and place on air cylinder. 5. Remove arms from suit (one at a time). 6. Lower suit to waist. 7. While sitting (preferably) remove both legs from suit. 8. Remove SCBA. 9. Roll off inner gloves. 10. Store SCBA. 11. Dry suit, properly fold, and store. -43- ------- NOTES -44- ------- DECONTAMINATION OBJECTIVE In this exercise, personnel decontamination methods and techniques are demonstrated and practiced. Students gain practical experience in setting up decontamination lines and practicing decontamination procedures. PROCEDURE A. The instructor gives a brief review of the decontamination procedure for Levels B and C protection. B. The instructor divides students into two groups: Level B Decontamination and Level C Decontamination. One volunteer from each group dons Level B* or Level C** protection as appropriate for their respective group. C. Students construct a decontamination line applicable for the assigned level of protection and scenario given by the instructor. Decontamination equipment provided for each group includes: D. Justify any decisions to add, combine, or eliminate steps or procedures. A set of decontamination equipment will be made available to each subgroup in the exercise E. Don appropriate level of protection (i.e., PVC splash gear and air purifying respirators) and decontaminate the volunteer entering the line from the "Exclusion Zone". F. Discuss each group's decontamination line. G. Disassemble the decontamination lines and properly store the equipment. Level B equipment: SCBA, two piece splash suit, inner gloves, outer gloves, boots, disposable boot covers, hardhat, and taped joints at outer gloves and boots. Level C equipment: full-face APR, two piece splash suit, inner gloves, outer gloves, boots, disposable boot covers, hardhat, and taped joints at outer gloves and boots. • 3 Wash tubs • 6 Hudson sprayers • 6 Brushes • 6 Step Stools • 7 Garbage cans • 2 Buckets • 3 Sponges area. -45 - ------- DECONTAMINATION (CONT/t -46- ------- DECONTAMINATION tCONT.) TANK CHANGE CONTAMINATION REDUCTION ZONE EXCLUSION ZONE 0 SEGREGATED EQUIPMENT DROP 0 ^ OUTER GARMENT, BOOTS, AND 1 GLOVES WASH AND RINSE & § 0 0 OUTER BOOT AND GLOVE REMOVAL BOOTS, GLOVES, AND OUTER GARMENT REMOVAL »- HOTLINE-x- MINIMUM DECONTAMINATION LAYOUT LEVEL A PROTECTION SCBA REMOVAL CONTAMINATION CONTROL LINE 0 7 FIELD WASH SUPPORT ZONE -47- ------- DECONTAMINATION (CONT.l -48- ------- DECONTAMINATION (CONT.) -49- ------- NOTES -so- ------- SITE SAFETY AND WORK PLAN DEVELOPMENT I. OBJECTIVE Students will plan and develop a site safety plan and work plan for the given exercise scenario. II. PROCEDURE A. Given the exercise scenario, each team of students will plan and develop a site safety plan using the following Generic Site Safety Plan. B. Each team submits one site safety plan and work plan to the instructor for review before implementation. -51 - ------- SITE SAFETY AND WORK PLAN DEVELOPMENT Generic Site Safety Plan * SITE DESCRIPTION Date Location Hazards Area affected Surrounding population Topography Weather conditions Additional Info. ENTRY OBJECTIVES (actions, tasks to be accomplished, etc.,) ONSITE ORGANIZATION/COORDINATION Team Leader Scientific Advisor Site Safety Officer Public Info. Officer Security Officer Recordkeeper Financial Officer Field Team Leader Field Team Members * Generic Plan based on a plan developed from the U.S. Coast Guard. It is not all inclusive and should only be used as a guide, not a standard. From Occupational Safety and Health Guidance Manual for Hazardous Waste Site Activities. NIOSH/OSHA/USCG/EPA. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. October 1985. -52 - ------- SITE SAFETY AND WORK PLAN DEVELOPMENT (CONT.) Generic Site Safety Plan ONSTTE ORGANIZATION/COORDINATION cont., Federal Agency Representatives State Agency Representatives Local Agency Representatives Contractors) ONSITE CONTROL has been designated to coordinate access control and security on site. A safe perimeter has been established at (distance and description of controlled areas') No authorized person should be within this area. The on site Command Post and staging area have been established at The prevailing wind conditions are . This location is upwind from the Exclusion Zone. Control boundaries have been established, and the Exclusion Zone, hotline, Contamination Reduction Zone, and Support Zone have been identified and designated as follows: These boundaries are identified by: (marking of zones, i.e. red boundary tape - hotline: traffic cones - Support Zone: etc..) -53 - ------- SITE SAFETY AND WORK PLAN DEVELOPMENT (CONT.) t Generic Site Safety Plan HAZARD EVALUATION Hazards known or suspected to be on site. The primary hazards of each are identified. Substances Involved Concentrations (if known> Primary Hazard (i.e. toxic, inhalation, etc.') Additional hazards found on site include: (i.e. slippery ground, uneven terrain. etc..1 Hazardous substance information form(s) for the involved substance(s) have been completed and are attached. PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT Based on the evaluation of potential hazards, the following levels of personal protection have been designated for the applicable work areas or tasks: Work Area/Zone Job Function/Task Level of Protection A B C D Other A B C D Other A B C D Other A B C D Other A B C D Other A B C D Other Specific protective equipment for each level of protection is as follows: Level A Level C Level B Level D Other: -54- ------- SITE SAFETY AND WORK PLAN DEVELOPMENT (CONT.) Generic Site Safety Plan PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT cont., The following protective clothing materials are required for the involved substances: Substance Material Type (i.e. PVC. Viton) If air-purifying respirators are used, (filter type') is the appropriate canister for use with the involved substances and concentrations. A competent individual has determined that all criteria for using this type of respiratory protection have been met. NO CHANGES TO THE SPECIFIED LEVELS OF PROTECTION SHALL BE MADE WITHOUT THE APPROVAL OF THE SITE SAFETY OFFICER AND THE TEAM LEADER. ONSITE WORK PLANS Work parties consisting of persons will perform the following tasks: Project Team Leader (name') (function') Work Party § 1 Work Party W1 Rescue Team Decon. Team The work parties were briefed on the contents of this plan at -55- ------- SITE SAFETY AND WORK PLAN DEVELOPMENT (CONT.l Generic Site Safety Plan COMMUNICATION PROCEDURES Channel has been designated as the radio frequency for personnel in the exclusion zone. All other onsite communications will use channel . Personnel in the Exclusion Zone should remain in constant radio communication or within site of the Project Team Leader. Any failure of radio communication requires an evaluation of whether personnel should leave the Exclusion Zone. is the emergency signal to indicate that all personnel should leave the Exclusion Zone. The following standard hand signals will be used in case of failure of radio communications: - hand gripping throat: "Out of air, can't breathe" - gripping partner's wrist or both hands around waist: "Leave area immediately" - hands on top of head: "Need assistance" - thumbs up: "OK, I am alright, I understand" - thumbs down: "No, negative" Telephone communication to the Command Post should be established as soon as possible. The phone number is DECONTAMINATION PROCEDURES Personnel and equipment leaving the Exclusion Zone shall be thoroughly decontaminated. The standard level decontamination protocol shall be used with the following decontamination stations: 1. 5. 9. 2. 6. 10. 3. 7. Other 4. 8. Emergency decontamination will include the following stations: The following decontamination equipment is required: (detergent & water, etc.) will be used as the decontamination solution. -56- ------- SITE SAFETY AND WORK PLAN DEVELOPMENT (CONT.) Generic Site Safety Plan SITE SAFETY AND HEALTH PLAN Site Safety Officer is the designated Site Safety Officer and is directly responsible to the Project Team Leader for safety recommendations on site. Emergency Medical. Care (names of qualified personnel) are the qualified EMTs on site. (medical facility, address, and tel. no.') is located within minutes of this location, (name of person) was contacted at (time) and briefed on the situation, the potential hazards, and the substances involved. A map of alternative routes to this medical facility is available at (command post, etc.) First aid equipment is available on site at the following locations: Equipment Location (i.e. first-aid kit, emergency eye wash, shower) Emergency medical information for substance present: Substance Exposure Symptoms First-Aid Instructions List of Emergency Phone Numbers: Police Fire Hospital Airport Public Health Advisor -57- ------- SITE SAFETY AND WORK PLAN DEVELOPMENT (CONT.) Generic Site Safety Plan SITE SAFETY AND HEALTH PLAN cont., Environmental Monitoring The following monitoring instruments shall be used on site at the specified intervals: Combustible Gas Indicator continuous/hourly/daily/other Oxygen Meters continuous/hourly/daily/other HNU/OVA continuous/hourly/daily/other Colorimetric Tubes (type) continuous/hourly/daily/other Other continuous/hourly/daily/other continuous/hourly/daily/other Emergency Procedures (modified as required for site) The following standard procedures will be used by onsite personnel. The Site Safety Officer shall be notified of any onsite emergencies and shall be responsible for ensuring that the appropriate procedures are followed. Personnel Injury in the Exclusion Zone: Upon notification of an injury in the Exclusion Zone, the designated emergency signal shall be sounded. All site personnel shall assemble at the decontamination line. The rescue team will enter the Exclusion Zone (if required) to remove the injured person to the hotline. The Site Safety Officer and Project Team Leader should evaluated the nature of the injury and the affected person should be decontaminated to the extent possible prior to movement to the Support Zone. The onsite EMT shall initiate the appropriate first aid, and contact should be made with an ambulance and the designated medical facility. No persons shall reenter the Exclusion Zone until the cause of the injury (or symptoms) is determined. Personnel Injury in the Support Zone. Upon notification of an injury in the Support Zone, the Project Team Leader and Site Safety Officer will assess the nature of the injury. If the cause of the injury or loss of the injured person does not affect the performance of site personnel, operations may continue, with the onsite EMT initiating the appropriate first aid and necessary follow-up as stated above. If the injury increases the risk to others, the designated emergence signal shall be sounded and all site personnel shall move to the decontamination line for further instructions. Activities on site will stop until the added risk is removed or minimized. Fire/Explosion. Upon notification of a fire or explosion on site, the designated emergency signal shall be sounded and all site personnel assembled at the decontamination line. The fire department shall be alerted and all personnel moved to safe distance from the involved area. Personal Protective Equipment Failure. If any site worker experiences a failure or alteration of protective equipment that affects the protection factor, that person and his/her buddy shall immediately leave the Exclusion Zone. Reentry shall not be permitted until the equipment has been repaired or replaced. -58- ------- SITE SAFETY AND WORK PLAN DEVELOPMENT (CONT.) Generic Site Safety Plan SITE SAFETY AND HEALTH PLAN cont., Other Equipment Failure. If any other equipment on site fails to operate properly, the Project Team Leader and Site Safety Officer shall be notified and then determine the effect of this failure on continuing operations on site. If the failure affects the safety of personnel or prevents completion of the Work Plan tasks, all personnel shall leave the Exclusion Zone until the situation is evaluated and appropriate actions taken. The following emergency escape routes are designated for use in those situations where escape from the Exclusion Zone cannot occur through the decontamination line: (describe alternate routes for evacuation') In all situations, when an onsite emergency results in evacuation of the Exclusion Zone, personnel shall not reenter until: 1. The conditions resulting in the emergency have been corrected. 2. The hazards have been reassessed. 3. The Site Safety Plan has been reviewed. 4. Site Personnel have been briefed on any changes in the Site Safety Plan. Personal Monitoring The following personal monitoring will be in effect on site: Personal exposure sampling: fuse of personal sampling pumps, air monitors etc.. worn by personnel to monitor exposure-) Medical monitoring: The expected air temperature will be *F . If it is determined that heat stress monitoring is required (mandatory if over 70 *F) the following procedures shall be followed: All site personnel have read the above plan and are familiar with its provisions. (name) (signature) Site Safety Officer Project Team Leader Other Site Personnel -59- ------- NOTES -60- * U.S. G.P.0.:1992-311-893:60715 ------- |