CWR 10-1 OIL AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS EMERGENCY PROCEDURES IN THE WATER ENVIRONMENT U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION NORTHEAST REGION NORTH ATLANTIC WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT CENTER Edison, New Jersey OCTOBER, 1968 ------- CWR 10-1 OIL AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS EMERGENCY PROCEDURES IN THE WATER ENVIRONMENT U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION NORTHEAST REGION NORTH ATLANTIC WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT CENTER Edison, New Jersey OCTOBER 1968 ------- TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Introduction-Purpose 1 Description Physical Properties 3 Water Pollution Hazard Data U Water Pollution Control Measures 5 Fire & Explosion Hazard Data 6 Health Hazard Data . 8 Reactivity Data. . . . 9 Oil & Hazardous Materials Included in First Edition Acetaldehyde Acetic Acid (Glacial) Acetic Anhydride Acetone Acetonitrile Acrylonitrile Ammonia i-Amyl Acetate Aniline Asphalt, Typical Benzene Bunker "C" Butane n-Butyl Alcohol Carbon Disulfide Carbon Tetrachloride Caustic Potash Solution Caustic Soda Solutions Chlorine Chloroform Cresol Crude Oil Dieldrin Diesel Oil Ethyl Alcohol Append ix Ethylene Diamine 2-Ethyl Hexanol Formaldehyde Solutions Furfural Gasoline Glycerine Hydrochloric Acid Hydrofluoric Acid Hydrogen (Liquified) Hydrogen Chloride Kerosine Methyl Chloride Methyl Ethyl Ketone Naphthalene Nitrogen Tetraoxide Oleum Oxygen Difluoride Phenol Phosphoric Acid Propane n-Propyl Alcohol Sulfur Sulfuric Acid Tetraethyl Lead Compounds Toluene Xylene Cross Reference to Compounds ------- INTRODUCTION The Clean Waters Restoration Act of 1966 assigned responsi- bility for the amended Oil Pollution Act of 1924 to the Secretary of the Interior. Subsequently, the President of the United States directed the Secretary of the Interior and the Secretary of Transportation to prepare a special study and report upon pollution of the Nation's waters by oil and hazardous materials. This report, also providing contingency planning in the event of significant spills, vas completed in February 1968. These various activities in the Department of Interior are delegated to the Commissioner of the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration. The Assistant Commissioner for Research and Development of the FWPCA has assigned responsibility for oil and hazardous materials research to the North Atlantic Water Quality Management Center located in Edison, New Jersey. The initial elements of the research program are currently under development. The first effort consists of an information and procedures manual on spills primarily intended for use in the FWPCA Regions. This manual will be expanded in the future to include many more significant hazardous substances. Com- ments and suggestions are desired from those having interest in this subject area and will be given serious consideration. This booklet will be revised and appended periodically as additional information is obtained. PURPOSE Very large amounts of petroleum and chemical products are shipped in bulk via waterways and by rail, truck and pipeline. The number and quantity of these materials is steadily increasing as industrial needs expand and advances are made in transportation technology. Spills and other accidental discharges of such products can seriously impair water uses proximate or remote from the source of discharge. The purpose of this manual is to provide basic information on the characteristics and the effects of the pollutants and procedures to be followed in the event of a significant release of oil or other hazardous materials to the water environment. This booklet initially covers about 50 petroleum products and chemicals shipped in bulk. The data are intended for general guidance because it is impossible to provide tailor-made solutions on the diverse situations that may occur. ------- DESCRIPTION This manual was prepared by the research staff at the North Atlantic Water Quality Management Center, FWPCA, Edison, New Jersey. Information was compiled from the following sources: American Petroleum Institute, 1963, Manual on Disposal of Refinery Wastes, 7th Edition, V. 1 and 3: American Petroleum Institute, Division of Refining, New York. Baker, Robert A., 1965,, Threshold Odors of Organic Chemicals: Am. Water Works Assoc. Jour. 55, p., 913-916. Gerarde, H. W., 1960, Toxicology and Biochemistry of Aromatic Hydrocarbons: New York, Elsevier. Hager, Donald G. and Flentje, Martin E., 1965, Removal of Organic Contaminants by Granular-Carbon Filtration: Am. Water Works Assoc. Jour.,57, p. 1440-1450. McKee, Jack E. and Wolfe, Harold.W., Eds., 1963, Water Quality Criteria, 2nd Edition: Sacramento, California, State Water Quality Control. Bd., Publication 3-A. Sax, N. Irving, 1963, Dangerous Properties of Industrial Mater- ials, 2nd Edition: New York, Reinhold. Spector, William S., Ed., 1956, Handbook of Toxicology, Vol. 1: National Academy of Sciences: Philadelphia, Saunders. U. S. Coast Guard, 1966, Chemical. Data Guide for Bulk Shipment by Water, CG-388: Washington, U. S. Government Printing Office^ 131 p. The information for each material is classified into four cate- gories: 1. Physical properties. 2. Data on water pollution hazard. 3.. Water pollution control measures. 4-. Data on hazard (fire and explosion, health and reactivity) in the immediate vicinity of incident. - 2 - ------- A standard form is employed for each product for rapid refer- ence and to group the data. Data sheets are arranged alphabetically by the most commonly-used chemical name. Since the data will be used by personnel with varying amounts of experience, non-technical terms are used whenever possible. Physical Properties (Explanation of Terms) Synonyms: Alternate and common names are generally listed. Formula: A simplified structural formula is shown. Specific Gravity: The gravity of the weight of a volume of the liquid to the weight of an equal volume of water. In the case of liquids of limited solubility, specific gravity greater than one indicates that the product will sink, and a specific gravity of less than one shows that the product will float on fresh water. Chemical Family: Important in predicting compatibility of materials. Boiling Point: Given at a pressure of 760 mm Hg. which is equivalent to one atmosphere, or 14.7 psia. Vapor Pressure: Equilibrium pressure of the saturated vapor above the liquid at 20°C (68°F). Vapor Density: Ratio of the weight of the vapor or gas to that of an equal volume of air. Values less than one indicate that the vapor or gas will rise and values greater than one that it will settle. Temperature effects must be considered; e.g. methane at 20°C (68°F) has a vapor density of 0.6, whereas at its boiling point, -113 C (-172°F), the vapor is heavier than air, and will settle rather than rise. Solubility in Water: Solubility of the product in cold water is defined as follows: - 3 - ------- Negligible less than 0.1% Slight 0.1% - 1% Moderate 1% - 10% Appreciable more than 10% Complete in all proportions The % by weight or parts per million (ppm) will be given when the solubility is deemed important. Water Pollution Hazard Data General guidance is provided on the effects of the material on aquatic life and important water uses, such as municipal and indus- trial supplies, commercial fishing, agriculture, and recreation. In many cases, particularly in diversified industrial usages, data is not sufficient to define other than general effects. Important effects are toxicity to man and mammals, aquatic life and vegetation; taste and odor; corrosion; and. aesthetic and other problems. The toxicity of a material may be immediately lethal or accumu- lative. There may also be synergism or antagonism with substances already in the water or a reaction with chemicals added during treat- ment. The toxic level for humans is ordinarily estimated from results of animal experimentation and normally expressed as LD50, the single dose which will kill one-half of the animals in the test group. Chronic toxicity generally is not a problem with spills since the material will not remain in the vicinity sufficiently long. The toxicological effect of materials on aquatic life may be direct, or indirect by precipitating changes in the environment, and is normally expressed as TLm, the concentration at which 50% of the aquatic animals can survive. In cases where protection against chronic toxicity is necessary, safety factors of 20 or more are applied to the TLm values. Substances in water may produce odors directly or by reactions with other materials through oxidation, reduction, etc. The products of these reactions may be more or less odorous than the original substance. The threshold odors of pure compounds may also be modified by synergistic or antagonistic effects. Taste-producing substances in water can be absorbed by the flesh of fish, making them inedible or at least unpleasantly flavored. The effect of acid and alkali spills will be strongly influenced by the nature of the substance, degree of ionization, natural alkalin- ity, dilution available in the water body, and particular construction - 4 - ------- materials comprising pipes, equipment and appurtenances coming in contact with the substance. Acids and alkalis may be toxic to the aquatic environment, harm crops, cause corrosion, impart taste to drinking water or irritate the skin of those using the water for recreational purposes. Oil, foam and suspended matter may severely reduce the recrea- tional value of waters, and also induce damage to fish and other aquatic life. Suspended solids, emulsified oil and color can cause many water supply problems in industry. Water Pollution Control Measures Numerous factors may be responsible for the concentration to be found in the critical zone and the degree of associated water pollution hazards. The more important factors includes 1. Quantity and type of material spilled. 2. Distance of spill from the use area. 3. Available dilution. '+. Type and nature of the water body. 5. Flow rate and tidal patterns. 6. Temperature. 7. Biodegradability and other properties of spilled material. 8. Effect of the material or reaction compounds on the water use. Pollution control measures are intended as possible alternatives to denying a use until natural conditions dissipate the spilled mater- ial from the use area. Control measures would normally be applied when the concentration is low enough to permit effective and practical neutralization, removal or destruction of the pollutant. However, when the spill occurs relatively close to the use and the material is highly resistant to degradation or cannot be rapidly dispersed, the use may be denied until treatment measures can feasibly be employed. Since the procedures are intended only as a guide, some judgment should be made in each case to assure the safest course of action. For example, it should be noted that many of the procedures listed for organic compounds are based on taste and odor controls because these threshold ranges apparently provide a large margin of safety compared to the toxic levels. However, toxic levels are generally derived from tests conducted with rats and other animals. As to taste and odor thresholds, there can be substantial variation among individuals tested, - 5 - ------- conditions of the test, and effects of other compounds present in the water. Therefore, it is suggested that taste and odor measure- ment be conducted simultaneously with analytical measurement. If taste or odor are not detected but the concentration is above the maximum of the threshold range reported, the water use should be shut down and reopened only after careful consideration of the actual con- centration and toxicological data shown under Pollution Hazard Data. In order to estimate a safe limit of concentration for compounds in water supplies where no such limit was previously established, safety factors of 100 to 1000 were applied to the LD..Q values. In certain cases, the water pollution control agency may decide to establish a concentration limit lower than the taste and odor thresholds shown herein. Carbon treatment is the primary procedure recommended for removal of organic contaminants. Effectiveness of adsorption depends on the size and structure of the organic molecule and other factors. How- ever, it appears that 12 to 24 inches of fresh activated carbon placed on top of the sand filter beds would be the most satisfactory treatment method for the organic materials given in the following sheets. Exhausted carbon is removed by backwashing the filter and collecting the material in a screen container. An alternate method is to slurry powdered carbon in water and to effect removal in the settling basins. Organic pollutants may also be removed by oxidation with chlorine or other oxidizing agents. Although breakthrough chlorination may be appropriate with some of the organics, carbon adsorption appears more generally applicable, dependable and practical. When recreational activities may be affected, it is particularly important to immediately contact the state and local health departments for expediting necessary actions in the affected areas. Fire & Explosion Hazard Data Grade: Liquids which burn are classified as follows: A. Flammable liquid with a flash point of 27°C (80°F) or below. B. Combustible liquid with a flash point above 27°C (80°F), but below 66°C (150°F). C. Combustible liquid with a flash point above 66°C (150°F). Flash Point: The temperature at which a liquid will give off sufficient flammable- vapors to ignite. Values are open cup except where designated "c.c.", indicating closed cup values. The open cup values are generally about 6 to 11°C (10 to 15°F) higher than the c.c. determinations. - 6 - ------- Flammable Limits: Percent by volume in air of the gas or vapor which will bum or explode if an ignition source is present. Limiting con- centrations are commonly called the "lower explosive limit" (LEL) and the "upper explosive limit" (UEL). Below the LEL the mixture is too lean to burn, and above the UEL the mixture is too rich. Autoignition Temperatures: Minimum temperature required to ignite the gas or vapor without a spark or flame being present. Values given are only approxi- mate and may vary substantially with change in geometry, gas or vapor concentrations, presence of catalysts, or other factors. Extinguishing Media: Various firefighting agents may be suitable for use on the burn- ing material. Specific formulations are not mentioned in this report because of the large number of these available under various trade names. The general firefighting agents are listed as follows: Water fog - a finely-divided mist produced by high or low- velocity fog nozzles used for knocking down flames and cooling hot surfaces. Foam - mechanical or chemical form produced by a special foam nozzle or by a fixed system used to form a sufficient blanket over the surface of burning liquids. Foam is effective only with liquids which do not mix with water. Alcohol foam - this material functions similar to conven- tional foam, but is intended for use with liquids that mix with water, such as alcohol, acetone, etc. Alcohol foam must be more carefully applied than regular foam because the bubbles have a lower mechanical strength. CO2 - Carbon dioxide gas stored in cylinders and applied manually through fixed or semi-fixed systems; is used for extinguishing small fires or inerting and sealing from reentering air. Dry chemical - sodium or potassium bicarbonate powder is dispersed from semi-fixed or portable extinguishers. - 7 - ------- Special Fire Procedures: Certain precautions to be observed because of unusual proper- ties of the materials under firefighting conditions, e.g., formation of toxic combustion products, reactivity with extinguishing media, protective clothing, etc. For large-scale chemical fires aboard a vessel, water would probably be used in preference to more effective agents, because of its unlimited availability. Water should also be used to cool tanks containing chemicals to prevent their ignition or explosion and tank rupture. Water would not be employed when violent reaction between a chemical and water may occur. Health Hazard Data A substance is given a numerical rating based upon practical considerations which consider the effect apart from the means by which the effect is produced. Certain materials are dangerous because they are systemic poisons whereas others are, strictly speaking, irritants or corrosive in nature. This rating particular- ly recognizes inhalation and physical contact hazards. The rating describes effects of a single exposure, although many substances produce chronic effects after repeated exposures over a protracted period of time. These are not listed because they are not normally experienced during a spill. The following toxic rating is employed: Toxic Rating: 0 - Nontoxic 1 - Practically nontoxic 2 - Slightly toxic 3 - Moderately toxic 4 - Highly toxic Odor Threshold: The minimum concentration of a substance volume in air that can be detected by smell by most people. Odor thresholds will vary between individuals and from day-to-day for any one person. Also, the odor of a potentially dangerous vapor may be masked by other odors. Certain vapors produce olfactory fatigue which is a deadening of the sense of smell. For these reasons, the threshold odor alone is not a reliable indicator ofthe presence or absence of dangerous vapors. - 8 - ------- Threshold Limit Value (TLV): Concentration of a substance volume in air believed to be safe for eight hours daily exposure on a continuous basis. The susceptibility of individuals will vary and the values given in this report are those accepted by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) for 1965. These values should NOT be used to compare the relative toxicities of different inaterials. Short Exposure Tolerance: Gas and vapor concentrations of a substance volume in air which should not be exceeded for the exposure times specified. In many cases there is limited data on human exposure. Exposure Procedures: First aid procedures recommended by manufacturers, safety organizations, and others, which are emergency procedures only. The victim should be examined by a physician as soon as possible after exposure. Reactivity Data Stability: The susceptibility of the product to dangerous reactions when exposed to conditions such as high temperature, shock, oxidizing agents, etc. Compatability: The inertness or reactivity of the substance with other material it is likely to contact. This list is by no means complete or all inclusive. In certain cases small quantities of the material may act as a catalyst producing violent reactions such as polymerization, dissociation, condensation, etc. Catalysts, when known, are noted. - 9 - ------- ACETALDEHYDE Synonyms : Ethanal Appearance-Odor: Colorless liquid; pungent suffocating odor; fruity odor when dilute Chemical Family: Aldehyde Formula CH3CHO Boiling Point 20.2°C(69.4°F) Vapor Pressure 755 mm Hg Vapor Density 1.52 Freezing Point -123.5°C(-186°F) Solubility in Water..Complete Specific Gravity... .0.78 POLLUTION HAZARD DATA Aquatic Life Domestic Use Agricultural Use Industrial Uses A 24-hour TLm of 70 mg/1 is reported for marine perch and the maximum concentration at which no deaths occurred is 60 mg/1. With bluegill sunfish in soft water at 18-20°C, a 96-hour TLm of 53 mg/1 is reported. Oral 11)50 for rats reported as 1.93 gAg of body weight. Insufficient information to determine hazard. Substance may cause taste, odor or other problems depend- ing on particular use. POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES Domestic Supply Treat with sufficient powdered or activated carbon to reduce concentration below 20 mg/1 as well as the taste and odor threshold level. Agriculture Industry Hazard undetermined. Treat as described above where material will cause taste, odor or other problems. FIRE & EXPLOSION HAZARD DATA Grade A Flash Point -37.8°C(-36°F)cc. Flammable Limits, % 4.0-57 Autoignition Temp 185°C(365°F) Extinguishing Media CO2, dry chemical, alcohol foam, water fog. Special Fire Procedures ....Avoid exposure to vapors. Cool tank with water spray. General If pressure is used to unload tank, nitrogen or other inert gas must be used. Air under pres- sure may cause explosive peroxides to form. In case of spill, secure ignition sources. ------- HEALTH HAZARD DATA Toxic Rating: 3 Odor Threshold (ppm): 2.3 TLV (ppm): 200 Toxic Characteristics Irritates eyes and respiratory tract. Prolonged exposure to high vapor concentrations will cause eye burns. Symptoms Burning of eyes, nose and throat; headache, rapid heartbeat. Short Exposure Tolerance 1,100 ppm for 2 hours is severely irritating to mucous membranes. 11,000 ppm for 1-2 hours has been reported as fatal. Exposure Procedures Vapor - remove victim to fresh air; if breathing stops, apply artificial respiration. Skin or eye contact - remove contaminated clothing and gently flush affected areas with water for 15 minutes. Get medical advice or attention. General Avoid contact with liquid chemical. REACTIVITY DATA Stability Highly reactive. Can form explosive peroxide under air pressure. Slowly polymerizes to paralde- hyde. Can react vigorously with oxidizing materials. Compat ib il ity Little or no corrosion of mild steel. May dissolve rubber. ------- ACETIC ACID (Glacial) Synonyms Ethanoic acid, Formula CH3COOH vinegar acid Boiling Point 118.1°C(240°F) Vapor Pressure 11.3 mm Hg Appearance-Odor: Colorless liquid; Vapor Density 2.07 pungent vinegar-like odor Freezing Point 16.6°C(62°F; Solubility in Water....Complete Chemical Family: Acid Specific Gravity 1.05 POLLUTION HAZARD DATA Aquatic Life Fish can stand 5000 mg/1 of acet?.c acid for short periods. For long exposures much lower concentrations are lethal. Acetic acid can be toxic to fish without lowering the pH value to 5, as toxicity appears to be attributable primar- ily to the undissociated acid in water. Hardness appears to be antagonistic to the toxicity of acetic acid. Concen- trations as low as 50 mg/1 have been reported as lethal to fish in a 24-hour period. Acetates appear to be much less toxic than undissociated acetic acid. Domestic Use Agricultural Use Industrial Uses The odor threshold of acetic acid is 5 to 80 mg/1 in drinking water. Acetates impart a taste to drinking water at the 300 to 1000 mg/1 level. Oral LD50 of acetic acid for rats has been reported as 3.31 gAg and for mice 4.46 g/kg of body weight. Low pH may be detrimental depending on soil and crop. May cause corrosion in metal pipes and equipment. POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES Domestic Supply Neutralize with sufficient alkali to prevent taste and odor, corrosion or interference with water treatment. Acetates appear to be much less toxic than undissociated acetic acid and have higher taste threshold levels. Treat with sufficient powdered or activated carbon to reduce concentration below taste and odor threshold level. Polish off with neutralization if necessary. Agriculture Neutralize with sufficient alkali, if necessary. ------- Industry Treat as described above where corrosion may occur and in industries that will be adversely affected by taste and odor (food, beverage, etc.) or exces- sive acetate concentration. FIRE & EXPLOSION HAZARD DATA Grade B Flash Point 40°C(104°F) Flammable Limits, % 5.4-16 at 100°C (212°F) Autoignition Temp 427°C (800°F) Extinguishing Media C02> dry chemical, alcohol foam, water fog. Special Fire Procedures....Use personal protective equipment when contact with liquid is likely. Skin or clothing contact can cause serious burns. Toxic Rating: k* Toxic Characteristics HEALTH HAZARD DATA Odor Threshold (ppm): -below 10 TLV (ppm): 50 Inhalation of vapors is harmful. Contact with glacial acid can cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Symptoms Burning of skin in contact with liquid. Irritation of eyes and respiratory system. Short Exposure Tolerance Extreme irritation is effected by 200-500 ppm. This concentration may be tolerated by some individuals for a short time. Exposure Procedures Vapor - remove victim to fresh air; if breathing stops, apply artificial respiration. Skin or eye contact - remove contaminated clothing and gently flush affected areas with water for 15 minutes. Get medical attention. Stability REACTIVITY DATA Carl react vigorously with oxidizing materials. Compatibility Highly corrosive to metals when dilute. 316 and 318 stainless steels and aluminum are satisfactory construction materials. ------- Remarks: Note that the freezing point is 16.6cC(62°F). Below this temperature the ac -d may freeze and burst its container. *The toxicity rating is due to the corrosive properties of the acid. ------- ACETIC ANHYDRIDE Synonyms Acetic oxide Appearance-Odor: Colorless liquid; pungent, highly irritating odor Chemical Family: Acid anhydride Aquatic Life Domestic Use Agricultural Use Industrial Uses Domestic Supply Agriculture See acetic acid. Industry See acetic acid. Formula (Cl^CO^O Boiling Point 140°C(284°F) Vapor Pressure 4 mm Hg Vapor Density 3.5 Freezing Point -73°C(-100°F) Solubility in Water.. 12% Specific Gravity 1.08 POLLUTION HAZARD DATA See acetic acid. See acetic acid. See acetic acid. See acetic acid. POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES See acetic acid (material decomposes to acetic acid in water). FIRE & EXPLOSION HAZARD DATA Grade B Flash Point 54°C(130°F) Flammable Limits, % 2.7-10 Autoignition Temp A-00°C(752°F) Special Fire Procedures ••• • Cool outside of tanks with water spray. Apply water cautiously. DO NOT contaminate anhydride system with water. Use self-contained respira- tory protection and orotective clothing. General Reacts vigorously with water generating dangerous heat and pressure in confined spaces. ------- HEALTH HAZARD DATA Toxic Rating: 4 Odor Threshold (ppm) TLV (ppm) 5 Toxic Characteristics Vapors highly irritating to eyes and mucous mem- branes. Liquid is corrosive to living tissue. Eye, respiratory and body protection are required when exposed to vapor or liquid. Symptoms Coughing; burning sensation in nose and throat. Severe eye and skin bums. Short Exposure Tolerance Exposure Procedures Vapor - remove victim to fresh air; if breathing stops, apply artificial respiration. Skin or eye contact - remove contaminated clothing and gently flush affected areas with water for 15 minutes. Get medical attention. REACTIVITY DATA Stability Reacts with water to form acetic acid and produces considerable heat. Compatibility Highly corrosive to iron and steel when moist. Softens many plastics. Usually stored in aluminum or stainless steel tanks. Avoid getting water into anhydride tanks. Reacts with water to foim Acetic Acid. ------- ACETONE Synonyms ketone Propanone, dimethyl Appearance-Odor: Colorless liquid; sweetish odor Jhemical Family: Ketone Formula CH3COCH3 Boiling Point 56.2°C(134°F) Vapor Pressure 180 mm Hg Vapor Density 2.0 Freezing Point -94.8°C(-139°F) Solubility in Water..Complete Specific Gravity 0.79 Aquatic Life Domestic Use Agricultural Use Industrial Uses POLLUTION HAZARD DATA Threshold concentrations for immobilization of miscellane- ous fish reported to be about 14,000 mg/1. Oral LD50 values reported as 5.34 and 9.75 g/kg of body weight for rats and rabbits, respectively. Odor threshold concentrations are from 1 to 300 mg/1. Insufficient information available to establish hazard. Substance may cause taste, odor or other problems depend- ing on use. Domestic Supply POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES Treat with sufficient powdered or activated carbon to reduce concentration below taste and odor threshold level. Agriculture Industry Hazard undetermined. Treat as described above in industries where material will cause taste, odor or other problems. FIRE & EXPLOSION HAZARD DATA Grade A Flash Point -9.4°C(15°F) Flammable Limits, % 2.6 - 12.8 Autoignition Temp 560°C(1040°F) Extinguishing Media CO2, dry chemical, alcohol foam, water fog. Special ?ire Procedures If water is used, large quantities must be applied in order to prevent re-ignition. A solution of 4% acetone and 96% water has a flash point of 54°C(120°F). Shut down ignition sources. Do not flush into confined space such as a sewer because of danger of explosion. ------- HEALTH HAZARD DATA Toxic Rating: 1 Odor Threshold (ppm): 200-400 TLV (ppm): 1000 Toxic Characteristics Symptoms Short Exposure Tolerance Exposure Procedures Drowsiness and throat irritation. 10,000 ppm has been reported as endurable for 30-60 minutes without symptoms. Vapor - remove victim to fresh air; if breathing stops, apply artificial respiration. Skin or eye contact - remove contaminated clothing and gently flush affected areas with water for 15 minutes. Get medical advice or attention. REACTIVITY DATA Stability Stable compound. Compatibility Will dissolve many plastics. ------- ACETONITRILE Syno.nyms : Methyl cyanide, ethanenitrile Appearance-Odor: Colorless liquid, aromatic odor Chemical Family: Nitrile Formula CHgCN Boiling Point 80.1°C(178°F) Vapor Pressure 73 mm Hg Vapor Density 1.41 Freezing Point -41°C(-40°F) Solubility in Water..Complete Specific Gravity 0.78 Aquatic Life POLLUTION HAZARD DATA Bioassays conducted with a variety of fish showed 24-hour TLm values from 1150 to 1650 mg/1 in hard and soft water saturated with oxygen. No taste effects were noted with adult bluegills exposed up to 4 weeks in water containing 100 mg/1 of acetonitrile. Domestic Use An oral LDjq value of 3.8 gAg of body weight has been reported for rats. Acetonitrile can dissociate to cya- nide; USPHS Drinking Water Standards set a recommended limit of 0.01 mg/1 and a mandatory limit of 0.2 mg/1 for cyanide. Agricultural Use Industrial Uses Insufficient information to establish hazard. Substance may cause taste, odor or other problems. POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES Domestic Supply Treat with sufficient powdered or activated carbon to re- duce concentration below 0.5 mg/1 as well as the taste and odor threshold level. If associated cyanide concen- tration is above 0.1 mg/1 shut down water supply. Agriculture Industry Hazard undetermined. Treat as described above in industries that may be ad- versely affected such as food and beverage* If associ- ated cyanide is above 0.1 mg/1 shut off supply. FIRE & EXPLOSION HAZARD DATA Grade ... A Flash Point 5.6°C(42°F) Flammable Limits , % unknown Autoignition Temp unknown Extinguishing Media C02, dry chemical, alcohol foam ------- Special Fire Procedures....Care must be taken not to expose fire fighters to the fumes of this material. Any who must enter a contaminated atmosphere must be provided with respiratory protection. Cool tank with water spray. Secure ignition sources. General Reacts with water, steam and acids to produce toxic and flammable vapors. Toxic Rating: 3 Toxic Characteristics HEALTH HAZARD DATA Odor Threshold (ppm): 40* TLV (ppm): 40 Symptoms Short Exposure Tolerance Exposure Procedures Toxic amounts of concentrated solution may be ab- sorbed through the skin. Dizziness, headache, nausea, and blueness of the lips and fingernails. Brief exposure to 500 ppm has produced some nose and throat irritation. Remove victim to fresh air. Apply artificial res- piration if he stops breathing. Get medical atten- tion. If liquid contacts skin, wash off with plenty of water. Stability Compatibility REACTIVITY DATA See fire and explosion hazard data. Remarks: *N0TE! Odor threshold is not considered adequate warning of poten- tially dangerous vapor concentrations. Users of ACETONrTRILE should have readily available for the doctor a kit containing the following items: 1 sterile syringe, 10 cc. 1 sterile syringe, 50 cc. 2 ampules of sodium nitrite (10 cc., 3% solution) 2 ampules of sodium thiosulfate (50 cc., 25% solution) 12 pearls of amyl nitrite If cyanide vapors are inhaled, break an amyl nitrite pearl in a cloth ------- and hold it lightly under the nose of the victim (but away from the person giving first aid) for 15 seconds. Repeat five times at about 15 second intervals. ------- ACR YLONITRILE Synonyms : Vinyl cyanide, propenenitrile Appearance-Odor : Colorless liquid; odor resembles that of peach seed kernels Chemical Family : Nitrile Formula CH2CHCN Boiling Point 77.3°C(171°F) Vapor Pressure 83 mm Hg Vapor Density 1.8 Freezing Point -83°C(-117°F) Solubility in Water..3% Specific Gravity 0.81 POLLUTION HAZARD DATA Aquatic Life Fish had a lower tolerance limit of 20-25 mg/1, and all fish were killed within 2k hours by 100 mg/1. It has been found that 10-25 mg/1 of acrylonitrile did not interfere with mixed biota in stream purifications but at 50 mg/1 the growth was predominately fungal. No taste effects were apparent with adult bluegills exposed up to k weeks in water containing 5 mg/1 of acrylonitrile. Domestic Use Agricultural Use Industrial Uses Oral LD50 values of 0.09 and 0.05 gAg of body weight have been reported for rats and guinea pigs, respectively. Acrylonitrile can dissociate to cyanide. USPHS Drinking Water Standards set a recommended limit of 0.01 mg/1 and a mandatory limit of 0.2 mg/1 for cyanide in water. Insufficient information to establish hazard. Substance may cause taste, odor or other problems. Domestic Supply Agriculture Industry POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES Treat with sufficient powdered or activated carbon to re- duce concentration below 0.5 mg/1 as well as the taste and odor threshold level. If associated cyanide concentration is above 0.1 mg/1, shut down water supply. Hazard undetermined. Treat as described above in industries that may be adverse- ly affected such as food and beverage. If associated cya- nide is above 0.1 mg/1, shut off supply. FIRE & EXPLOSION HAZARD DATA Grade A Flash Point 0°C(32°F) Flammable Limits, % 3.0 - 17.0 Autoignition Temp 480°C(898°F> ------- Extinguishing Media CO2, dry chemical, alcohol foam Special Fire Procedures....DO NOT use dry chemical for a large, confined fire. Fire parties must wear respiratory protection. Keep tank cool with water spray. Secure ignition sources. General When heated this material may evolve toxic cyanide gas, or explode, or both. Must be inhibited prior to bulk shipment. HEALTH HAZARD DATA Toxic Rating: 4 Odor Threshold (ppm): * TLV (ppm): 20 Toxic Characteristics May be absorbed through the skin. Contact with skin may also cause dermatitis. Symptoms Eye irritation, headache, nausea, blueness of lips and fingertips. Short Exposure Tolerance Exposure Procedures Remove victim to fresh air. If he is not breathing, apply artificial respiration. Remove contaminated clothing and wash chemical from skin with a gentle flow of water. Get medical attention. REACTIVITY DATA Stability Sensitive to light. Very reactive; may polymerize explosively in the presence of strong bases. Compatibility Copper and copper alloys are attacked and should not be used. This material penetrates leather, so con- taminated leather shoes and gloves should be des- troyed . Remarks: *Dulls sense of smell; odor is not reliable to indicate potentially dangerous vapor concentrations. Users of ACRYLONITRILE should have readily available for the doctor a kit containing the following items: 1 sterile syringe, 10 cc. 1 sterile syringe, 50 cc. 2 ampules of sodium nitrite (10 cc., 3% solution) ------- 2 ampules of sodium thiosulfate (50 cc., 25% solution) 12 pearls of amyl nitrite. If acrylonitrile is inhaled, break an amyl pearl in a cloth and hold it lightly under the nose of the victim (but away from the person giving first aid) for 15 seconds. Repeat five times at about 15 second intervals. ------- AMMONIA Synonyms Formula.................NH^ Boiling Point -33°C(-36°F) Appearance-Odor: Colorless liquid or Vapor Pressure 6428 mm Hg gas; pungent, highly irritating odor Vapor Density 0.6 Freezing Point -78°C(-107.9°F) Chemical Family: Alkali Solubility in Water 10% Specific Gravity liquid at B.P. 0.6*7 POLLUTION HAZARD DATA Anhydrous ammonia reacts with water to form ammonium hydroxide which in turn ionizes to give a high pH. Upper pH limit tolerated by most fresh-water fish is 8.4 and algae arfc destroyed above 8.5. Ammonia concentrations as low as 2.5 mg/1 are harmful to fish at pH 7.4 to 8.5. In brackish waters, oyster larvae have been injured at pH 9 and die at pH 9.1 in a few hours. For crabs, the upper limit of pH has been found to be 10.2. The odor threshold for ammonia is reported as 0.034 mg/1 in water. Coffee taste has been found to be affected at 34 mg/1. Excessive alkalinity in irrigation water can be detrimen- tal depending on type of crop and physical and chemical properties of soil. High alkalinities in water have been detrimental to stock. When caustic alkalinity reaches 50 mg/1, trouble with diarrhea in chickens begins, and at a total alkalinity of 170 mg/1, animals were reported to develop diarrhea. Alkalinity can cause corrosion of aluminum, tin or lead parts or equipment, and is detrimental in many processes, especially those involving the production of food and beverages. The range of recommended threshold values for total alkalinities in water supplies are: brewing 75-150 mg/1, carbonated beverages 50-170 mg/1, food products 30- 250 mg/1, and pulp and paper making 45-150 mg/1. An am- monia content above 5 mg/1 in water will corrode copper. POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES Domestic Supply Apply breakthrough chlorination if practical with particu- lar water (activated carbon treatment may also be helpful). Aquatic Life Domestic Use Agricultural Use Industrial Use ------- Agriculture Generally no problem. Temporarily shut off supply or neutralize where pH increase may be detrimental. Industry Temporarily shut off supply or treat to reduce below level that would corrode copper equipment or adversely affect processing operation. FIRE & EXPLOSION HAZARD DATA Grade Liquified compressed gas Flash Point indefinite Flammable Limits, % 16-25. Autoignition Temp /79°Cvi204°F) Extinguishing Media Stop flow of gas; cool tank with water spray. Special Fire Procedures....Use respiratory and body protection when approaching ammonia-contaminated atmosphere. Liberal use of water fog, where possible, will reduce vapor con- centration. General Some fire hazard in high concentrations and at high temperature. Oil or other combustible vapors in- crease the fire hazard. The explosive range is extended by increases in temperature and pressure. In case of rupture, secure ignition sources. Eva- cuate all unprotected personnel. Toxic Rating: 4 Toxic Characteristics HEALTH HAZARD DATA Odor Threshold (ppm): approx 50 TLV (ppm): 50 Symptoms Short Exposure Tolerance Exposure. Procedures Both liquid and gas are strong irritants and are severely corrosive to respiratory and other body tissue. Contact with liquid causes severe frost- bite. Coughing; burning sensation, eye irritation or pain. Frozen areas turn white. A 2500 ppm (0.25%") concentration of ammonia in air is dangerous for 30 minutes exposure. Remove victim to fresh air. Flush affected area of body with plenty of water for 15 minutes. DO NOT FLUSH FROZEN AREAS. Remove contaminated clothing and shoes. Get prompt medical attention. Low-velo- city fog is effective for decontaminating the atmo- sphere . ------- REACTIVITY DATA Stability Normally stable. Reacts with acid materials. Compatibility Corrosive to galvanized surfaces, copper and copper alloys. Iron and steel are suitable for the construction of con- tainers, fittings and piping. Remarks: Coast Guard Regulations require a warning sign to be displayed by barges carrying this commodity. The following is an example of acceptable wording: danger: anhydrous ammonia NONFLAMMABLE COMPRESSED GAS TOXIC - NO VISITORS NO SMOKING OR OPEN LIGHTS ------- i-AMYL ACETATE Synonyms : Banana oil, pear oil Formula CH3COO(CH2)2CH(CH3)2 Boiling Point....142oc(290°F) Appearance-Odor : Colorless liquid; Vapor Pressure...5 mm Hg at 25°C pleasant fruity, banana-like odor Vapor Density....4.5 Freezing Point...-70°C(-94°F) Chemical Family : Ester Solubility in Water..0.25% Specific Gravity 0.88 POLLUTION HAZARD DATA Aquatic Life Toxicity tests with creek chub, a fish considered to be average in tolerance, showed that all four test fish lived for 24 hours at concentrations of 50 mg/1 or less, and all died at concentrations exceeding 120 mg/1. Domestic Use The threshold odor has been reported as 0.002 to 0.86 mg/1 of amyl acetate in water. Oral LD50 of 6.5 gAg of body weight for rats has been reported. Agricultural Use Insufficient information to establish hazard. Industrial Uses Substance may cause taste, odor or other problems depend- ing on use. POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES Domestic Supply Treat with sufficient powdered or activated carbon to re- duce concentration below taste and odor threshold level. Agriculture Hazard undetermined. Industry Treat as described above, where material will cause taste, odor or other problems. FIRE & EXPLOSION HAZARD DATA Grade....... Flash Point 25°C(77°F) Flammable Limits, %. 1.1 - 7.5 Autoignition Temp 379°C(714°F) Extinguishing Media- CO2, dry chemical, alcohol foam, water fog. Special Fire Procedures.... General Secure ignition sources in case of spill. ------- HEALTH HAZARD DATA Toxic Rating: 2 Odor Threshold (ppm): 7-10 TLV (ppm): 200 Toxic Characteristics The odor of iso-amyl acetate may disguise the pre- sence -of other toxic vapors in the area. Symptoms Headache, dizziness, nausea. Short Exposure Tolerance Irritation to eyes and respiratory tract occurs at 500-1,000 ppm in 30-60 minutes. Exposure Procedures Vapor - remove victim to fresh air; if breathing stops, apply artificial respiration. Skin or eye contact - remove contaminated clothing and gently flush affected areas with water for 15 minutes. Get medical advice or attention. REACTIVITY DATA Stability Chemically stable. Compatibility This compound will soften, then dissolve, many plastic materials. ------- ANILINE Synonyms : Aniline oil, phenylamine, aminobenzene Appearance-Odor : Oily c>...lorless-to brown liquid; odor not unpleasant Chemical Family : Amine Formula CgHgNl^ Boiling Point 184.4°C(364°F) Vapor Pressure 2.4 mm Hg Vapor Density 3.22 Freezing Point -6.2°C(21°F) Solubility in Water...4% Specific Gravity 1.02 Aquatic Life Domestic Use Agricultural Use Industrial Uses Domestic Supply Agriculture Industry POLLUTION HAZARD DATA Toxic levels have been reported as 100-1,100 mg/l for fish. A maximum allowable concentration in water has been given as 5.0 mg/l. The oral LD50 for dogs is 500 mgAg of body weight. The odor threshold level has been found to be 2-128 mg/l in water. Insufficient information to establish hazard. Substance may cause taste, odor or other problems depend- ing use. POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES Treat with sufficient powdered or activated carbon to re- duce concentration below 5 mg/l as well as the taste or odor threshold level. Hazard undetermined Treat as described above where material will cause a taste, odor or other problem. FIRE & EXPLOSION HAZARD DATA Grade C Flash Point 76°C(168°F) Flammable Limits, %. LEL 1.3; UGL not listed Autoignition Temp 562°C(1143°F) Extinguishing Media........CO2> dry chemical, alcohol foam, water spray Special Fire Procedures... .Protect personnel against exposure to either the vapor or liquid. General....................In case of spill, secure ignition sources. Vapor and liquid is poisonous. ------- Toxic Rating: it- HEALTH HAZARD DATA Odor Threshold (ppm): approx. 0.5 TLV (ppm): 5 Toxic Characteristics Class B poison, Readily absorbed through the skin. Anemic >ersons and heavy drinkers are especially susceptible. May also cause allergic reactions. Symptoms Headache, weakness, irritability, dizziness, bluish discoloration of lips and fingernails, drowsiness, and unconsciousness. Short Exposure Tolerance Concentration of 50-100 ppm probably can be tolerated for 60 minutes. Exposure Procedures Remove victim to fresh air. Apply artificial res- piration if needed. Remove any clothing wet with aniline. Flush exposed skin area thoroughly with water. Get medical attention as soon as possible. Administer oxygen if available. Keep patient at rest. Stability REACTIVITY DATA Gives off toxic fumes when heated. Compatibility •Reacts with oxidizing materials. Rubber is suitable for protective clothing. Not corrosive to iron or steel. Remarks: Coast Guard Regulations require a warning sign to be displayed by barges carrying this commodity. The following is an example of acceptable wording: DA.NGERI ANILINE COMBUSTIBLE "B" POISON NO VISITORS NO SMOKING OR OPEN LIGHTS ------- ASPHALT,Typical Synonyms Petroleum pitch Appearance-Odor: Thick brown-to- black semisolid; tarry odor Chemical Family: Hydrocarbon Formula Boiling Point >700°C(>1300°F) Vapor Pressure varies Vapor Density varies Freezing Point varies Solubility in Water..negligible Specific Gravity 0.9 - 1.1 Aquatic Life Domestic Use Agricultural Use Industrial Uses POLLUTION HAZARD DATA Material may adhere to the gills of fish and interfere with respiration. Asphalt sinking to bottom may retard growth of bottom organisms, or interfere with spawning areas. Water soluble components may be harmful to fish or fishfood organisms, or affect the taste of fish flesh. Floating or suspended material may interfere with photo- synthesis. Taste and odor may be imparted to drinking water source by soluble components, or effectiveness of water treatment process may be decreased by insoluble suspended material. Asphalt may accumulate in distribution system reducing its capacity. Major deleterious effect is that soluble components may impart a taste and odor to manufactured products. Pro- cesses where this may occur include brewing, carbonated beverages, food canning and freezing, sugar production, and food equipment washing. Domestic Supply Agriculture Industry POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES Treat with sufficient powdered or activated carbon to pre- vent taste and odor problems. Temporarily shut off supply if quantity of suspended mater- ial interferes with water treatment. Temporarily shut off supply when large amount of suspended material is present. Treat with activated carbon in those industries such as brewing, carbonated1 beverages, food canning and sugar pro- duction, which are affected by taste and odor. ------- Temporarily shut off supply if suspended material is pre- sent in sufficient concentration to interfere with opera- tion. FIRE & EXPLOSION HAZARD DATA Grade Varies with composition. Flash Point lO-ZOOOCCSO-^OOOF) depending on grade of asphalt. Flammable Limits, % varies Autoignition Temp 480°C(905°F) Extinguishing Media CO2, dry chemical, foam, water fog. Special Fire Procedures....Water spray or foam may be ineffective because of frothing; apply cautiously. DO NOT direct a solid stream of water into hot asphalt. General There are many grades of asphall;, each with differ- ent properties. If asphalt heated above 212°F is spilled into water, persons nearby risk being scalded by the steam or hot water formed. Most grades of asphalt will present little or no pro- blem if spilled. HEALTH HAZARD DATA Toxic Rating: 1 Odor Threshold (ppm): TLV (ppm): Toxic Characteristics Vapors are strong and unpleasant. Hot liquid asphalt can cause serious burns with a possibility of skin poisoning. Symptoms Fumes of hot asphalt can cause nausea and dizziness. Short Exposure Tolerance Exposure Procedures If spilled onto skin, flood with water and get medi- cal attention. Do not bind up, and do not try to scrub off adhering material. REACTIVITY DATA Stability Most grades are stable. Compatibility Because of the many grades, each should be considered separately. ------- BENZENE Synonyms : Appearance-Odor : sweetish odor Benzol, Coal naphtha Colorless liquid; Chemical Family : Aromatic hydrocarbon Formula C6H6 Boiling Point 80.1°C(176°F) Vapor Pressure.......75 mm Hg Vapor Density........2.80 Freezing Point 5.5°C(42°F) Solubility in Water..0.07% Specific Gravity 0.88 Aquatic Life Domestic Use Agricultural Use Industrial Uses POLLUTION HAZARD DATA Benzene concentrations as low as 5 mg/1 and as high as 395 mg/1 have been reported as toxic to fish. The taste threshold was found to be 0.5 mg/1 of water. The odor threshold level is 0.8 to 54 mg/1 of benzene in water. Oral LD50 is 5.6 g/kg of body weight for rats. Insufficient information to establish hazard. Substance may cause taste, odor or other problems. Domestic Supply POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES Treat with sufficient powdered or activated carbon to reduce concentration below taste and odor threshold level. Agriculture Industry Hazard undetermined. Treat as described above where material will cause taste, odor or other problems. FIRE & EXPLOSION HAZARD DATA Grade A Flash Point 11.1°C(12°F) Flammable Limits, % 1.4-7.1 Autoignition Temp 562°C(1044°F) Extinguishing Media co2> dry chemical, foam, water fog. Special Fire Procedures....Fire parties must wear respiratory protection and rubber boots. In other respects, fight like a gasoline fire. General.. .The vapors of benzene are more toxic than those of comparable petroleum products. In case of spill, secure ignition sources. ------- HEALTH HAZARD DATA Toxic Rating: 3 Odor Threshold (ppm): 100* TLV (ppm): 25 Toxic Characteristics Exposure to high concentrations irritates the res- piratory tract, and may cause serious damage. The liquid is absorbed through the skin. The vapors are toxic, and dangerous to personnel. Symptoms Dizziness, headache, and drowsiness. Short Exposure Tolerance Vapor concentrations of 3,000 ppm are endurable for 30-60 minutes for a single exposure; 7,500 ppm are dangerous in 30-60 minutes for a single exposure; and 20,000 ppm have been fatal in 5-10 minutes. Exposure Procedures Vapor - remove victim to fresh air; if breathing stops, apply artificial respiration. Skin or eye contact - remove contaminated clothing and gently flush affected areas with water for 15 minutes. Get medical advice or attention. REACTIVITY DATA Stability Stable under normal conditions. Compatibility Rubber on prolonged exposure to benzene first swells, then softens. Remarks: *N0TEI Product may not be detected by smell although potentially dangerous vapor concentrations are present. ------- BUNKER "C" Synonyms : No 6 fuel oil Appearance-Odor : Very viscous, dark-colored, odoriferous liquid Chemical Family : Hydrocarbon Formula Boiling Point >400°C(>750°F) Vapor Pressure Vapor Density Freezing Point Solubility in Water.. Specific Gravity less than 1 POLLUTION HAZARD DATA Aquatic Life The effects vary with Bunker C composition species and environmental conditions. An approximate measure of toxicity may be estimated from the reported 48-hour TLm of about 2400 mg/1 obtained for fish (Juvenile American Shad, Alosa Sapidissima). Free oil and emulsions may ad- here to the gills of fish, or coat and destroy algae and other plankton. Soluble and emulsified material ingested by fish may taint the flavor of the flesh. Water-soluble components may exert toxic action on fish or fishfood or- ganisms. Floating oil may reduce reaeration at water sur- face and in conjunction with emulsified oil may interfere with photosynthesis. Domestic Use Taste and odor may be imparted to a drinking water source by soluble components, or the effectiveness of water treatment process may be decreased by emulsified oil. The TON (dilution ratio at which odor is just detectable) is reported to be 2,000,000. Agricultural Use Insufficient information to establish hazard. Industrial Uses Oil in boiler feed water may cause foaming, and decreased heat exchange resulting in overheating of tubes. Oil in water used for hydraulic transport may coat the product being conveyed. In many processing and production opera- tions, the material may impart taste and odor to manufact- ured products. Processes which are affected include brew- ing, carbonated beverages, food canning and freezing, sugar production, and food equipment washing. Oil is also par- ticularly objectionable in papermaking and textile manu- facture . General The presence of oil in a water body is essentially re- stricted to the surface of the water and the shoreface. The oil will be degraded by physical, chemical and bac- teriological actions, which on the shoreface will be en- ------- hanced by wave motion. Complete removal of the oil by these actions will normally require at least several weeks (probably several months), depending on the en- vironmental factors such as temperature, nutrients, etc. As the lighter components are removed from oil, the re- sidue that does not reach the shore may sink to the bottom. Domestic Supply Agriculture Industry POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES Treat with sufficient powdered or activated carbon to prevent taste and odor problems. Temporarily shut off supply when large amount of emulsi- fied oil is present. Treat with activated carbon in those industries such as brewing, carbonated beverages, etc., which are affected by taste and odor. Temporarily shut off supply, or make required adjustment with existing water treatment equipment, when emulsified oil is present in sufficient quantity to interfere. General Control measures for oil spills include (1) use of booms for containment close to source and the protection of high value shore lines, (2) pumping and skimming devices, (3) collecting agents such as straw and plastic foam, (4) sink- ing agents consisting of powdered or fine granular splids of high density materials, and (5) the use of chemical agents such as detergents to disperse the material by emulsification. Due to the limited knowledge of the ecological effects of emulsifiers, the use of these mat- erials should be restricted at the present time to rela- tively small oil spills and slicks and in situations where danger to life and property overrides considerations for water quality. FIRE & EXPLOSION HAZARD DATA Grade C Flash Foint 66°C(150°F) Flammable Limits, Autoignition Temp 407°C(765°F) Extinguishing Media Foam, carbon dioxide, dry chemicals, or carbon tetra- chloride Special Fire Procedures.... General Heat must be added to sustain combustion. ------- HEALTH HAZARD DATA Toxic Rating: unknown Odor Threshold (ppm): TLV (ppm): Toxic Characteristics Symptoms Short Exposure Tolerance Exposure Procedures REACTIVITY DATA Stability Material is stable Compatibility Material is compatible with most materials of con- struction. ------- BUTANE Synonyms : Normal butane, Formula C4H1Q n-butane Boiling Point -0.5°C(31.1°F) Vapor Pressure 1520 mm Hg at Appearance-Odor: Colorless, odorless 18.8°C gas Vapor Density 3.07 Freezing Point -138.6°C(-217°F) Chemical Family: Hydrocarbon Solubility in Water.Negligible Specific Gravity....0.58 POLLUTION HAZARD DATA Aquatic Life No toxicological data are available. However, material should quickly dissipate from the water due to its in- solubility, low boiling point and density. Domestic Use Because of above mentioned properties,' material should not enter intake. Agricultural Use Same as above. Industrial Uses Same as above. POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES Domestic Supply No problem. Agriculture No problem. Industry No problem. FIRE & EXPLOSION HAZARD DATA Grade Liquified Flammable Gas (LIG) Flashpoint gas under normal conditions Flammable Limits, % 1.9 - 8.5 Autoignition Temp 404°C(761°F) Extinguishing Media Stop flow of gas, CO2, dry chemical, water fog. Special Fire Procedures....Keep burning tank and tanks adjacent to it cool with a water spray. General Unless the flow of gas can be stopped, putting out a butane fire will permit the accumulation of an ex- plosive concentration of vapor, and subsequent ex- plosion or re-flash. Secure ignition sources. ------- HEALTH HAZARD DATA Toxic Rating: 1 Odor Threshold (ppm): 5000 TLV (ppm): Toxic Characteristics Butane acts more like a simple asphyxiant, diluting the oxygen content to below that needed Cor survival. Symptoms Dizziness and drowsiness. Short Exposure Tolerance Drowsiness is caused by 10,000 ppm in 10 minutes. Exposure Procedures Remove victim to fresh air; if breathing stops, apply artificial respiration. Get medical attention. REACTtVITY DATA Stability Stable product. Compatibility Non-corrosive to most materials of construction. ------- Appearance-Odors Colorless liquid, Vapor Pressure 4.7 mm Hg n-BUTYL ALCOHOL Boiling Point 118°C(243°F) Appearance-Odors Colorless liquid, Vapor Pressure 4.7 mm Hg pungent alcoholic odor Vapor Density 2.6 Freezing Point -89.8°C(-120°F) Chemical Family: Alcohol Solubility in Water..10% Specific Gravity 0.81 POLLUTION HAZARD DATA Aquatic Life An n-butyl alcohol concentration of 400 mg/1 has killed fish in 51 minutes. Levels of 20-30 mg/1 have been re- ported lethal to fish in 15 to 96 hrs. Domestic Use Oral LDjq for rats of 2.75 and 4,36 g/kg of body weight has been given. The odor threshold level is from 0.012 to 25 mg/1. Agricultural Use Insufficient information to establish hazard. Industrial Uses Substance may cause taste, odor or other problems depend- ing on use. POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES Domestic Supply Treat with sufficient powdered or activated carbon to re- duce concentration below the taste and odor threshold level. Agriculture Hazard undetermined Industry Treat as described above where material will cause taste, odor or other problems. FIRE & EXPLOSION HAZARD DATA Grade B Flash Point 43°C(110°F) Flammable Limits, % 1.4 - 11.2 Autoignition Temp 343°C(650°F) Extinguishing Media........dry chemical, CO2, alcohol foam, water fog Special Fire Procedures.... General Secure ignition sources in case of spill ------- Toxic Rating: 2 Toxic Characteristics HEALTH HAZARD DATA Odor Threshold (ppm): 25 TLV (ppm)s 100 Symptoms Short Exposure Tolerance Exposure Procedures Causes minor skin irritation. Prolonged exposure will cause eye irritation. Headache, dizziness and respiratory irritation. May cause eye irritation with several hours exposure at 200 ppm. Vapor - remove victim to fresh air; if breathing stops, apply artificial respiration. Skin or eye contact - remove contaminated clothing and gently flush affected areas with water for 15 minutes. Get medical advice or attention. Stability Compatibility REACTIVITY DATA Stable ------- CARBON DISULFIDE Synonyms Carbon bisulfide Appearance-Odor: Colorless liquid, strong disagreeable odor Chemical Family: Sulfide Formula ..OS? Boiling Point 46®C(115°F) Vapor Pressure 297 mm Hg Vapor Density.........2,64 Freezing Point -112°C(-167°F) Solubility in Water...0.22% Specific Gravity 1.26 Aquatic Life Domestic Use Agricultural Use Industrial Uses POLLUTION HAZARD DATA Concentrations of carbon disulfide as low as 35 mg/1 have been toxic to fish. A 7-minute exposure to 5,000 mg/1 has caused trout to die in two days. Maximum permissible concentration of carbon disulfide in public water supplies has been set by USSR at 1 mg/1. Insufficient information to establish hazard. Substance may cause taste, odor or other problems depend- ing on industrial use. Domestic Supply Agriculture Industry POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES Treat with sufficient powdered or activated carbon to re- duce concentration below 1 mg/1. Hazard undetermined. Treat as described above in industries where material will cause taste, odor or other problems. FIRE & EXPLOSION HAZARD DATA Grade. Flash Point............ Flammable Limits, %.... Autoignition Temp...... Extinguishing Media.... Special Fire Procedures ..-30°C(-22°F) c.c. ...1.3 - kA ...100°C(212°F) ...CC>2, dry chemical, water spray or fog ...A self-contained breathing mask is recommended when burning carbon disulfide; produces sulfur dioxide, which is toxic (TLV of 5) and highly irritating. General Highly flammable liquid with low autoignition tem- perature; contact with stedm line or hot, bare electric light bulb can cause ignition. Secure all ignition sources. ------- HEALTH HAZARD DATA Toxic Rating: 3 Odor Threshold (ppm)s 1.2 TLV (ppm): 20 Toxic Characteristics Affects the nervous system. Inhalation causes nar- cosis and possible loss of consciousness; chronic exposure may result in permanent disability. Symptoms Light-headedness, dizziness; prolonged contact with skin may cause burns. Short Exposure Tolerance Severe symptoms and unconsciousness are caused by 1,100 ppm in \ hour; exposure to ^,815 ppm for 1 hour has been fatal. Exposure Procedures Remove to fresh air. Give artificial respiration if unconscious. Get medical attention as soon as poss- ible. REACTIVITY DAIm Stability Under conditions encountered on tankships and barges, CS2 is not dangerously reactive. Compatibility Slightly corrosive to metals due to impurities. Softens rubber and many plastics. ------- CARBON TETRACHLORIDE Synonyms Tetrachloromethane Appearance-Odor: Colorless liquid; sweetish odor Chemical Family: Halocarbon Formula CCl^ Boiling Point 77°C(168°F) Vapor Pressure *100 mm Hg at 23°C Vapor Density 5.49 Freezing Point -22°C(-8°F) Solubility in Water...0.08% Specific Gravity 1.59 POLLUTION HAZARD DATA Aquatic Life Insufficient information to establish hazard. Domestic Use Oral LD50 values of 7.5 and 12.8 gAg of body weight have been reported for rats and mice, respectively. A maximum permissible concentration of 5 mg/1 of CCl^ in surface waters has been set by the Soviet Union, based on its organoleptic (taste and odor) properties. Agricultural Use Industrial Uses Insufficient information to establish hazard. Substance may cause taste, odor or other problems depend- ing on use. POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES Domestic Supply Treat with sufficient powdered or activated carbon to re- duce concentration below 5 mg/1 as well as taste and odor threshold level. Agriculture Industry Hazard undetermined. Treat as described above in industries where material will cause taste, odor or other problems. FIRE & EXPLOSION HAZARD DATA Grade Hazardous liquid Flash Point Flammable Limits, % Autoignition Temp Extinguishing Media Special Fire Procedures....The liquid or vapor in contact with hot metal can de- compose into phosgene, a highly toxic gas. Cool tanks near fire with water spray. General Does not burn ------- HEALTH HAZARD DATA Toxic Rating: 4 Odor Threshold (ppm): 50* TLV (ppm): 10 Toxic Characteristics Readily absorbed through skin in toxic amounts. Vapors are toxic. Attacks liver and kidneys. May cause dermatitis. Persons having even a small amount of alcohol in their system are particularly suscept- ible. Symptoms Drowsiness followed by unconsciousness and by res- piratory failure if exposure is prolonged. Short Exposure Tolerance Human fatalities have been reported after exposure to 1000-2000 ppm for 30-60 minutes. Exposure Procedures Vapor - remove victim to fresh air; if breathing stops, apply artificial respiration. Skin or eye contact - remove contaminated clothing and gently flush affected areas with water for 15 minutes. Get medical advice or attention. DO NOT give victim any preparation containing alcohol, because it could be fatal. REACTIVITY DATA Stability Stable Compatibility Becomes corrosive when in contact with water. Remarks: *N0TEJ Odor threshold is not considered adequate warning of poten- tially dangerous vapor concentrations. ------- CAUSTIC POTASH SOLUTION Synonyms : Potassium hydroxide Formula KOH Boiling Point varies Appearance-Odor: Colorless or light Vapor Pressure varies yellow syrupy liquid; odorless Vapor Density varies Freezing Point varies Chemical Family: Alkali Solubility in Water..complete Specific Gravity up to 1.54 POLLUTION HAZARD DATA Aquatic Life Upper pH limit tolerated by most freshwater fish is 8.4; algae are destroyed above 8.5. The potassium threshold concentration for fish in different kinds of water was found to be about 400 mg/1 when potassium chloride, ni- trate and sulfate was used. Potassiuip can be toxic to fish in soft waters at concentrations of 50-200 mg/1 when present as the chloride and nitrate. Domestic Use Agricultural Use A dose of 1-2 grams of potassium is cathartic, and 1,000 to 2,000 mg/1 is regarded as the extreme limit of potas- sium permissible in drinking water. Taste threshold for potassium hydroxide and chloride are 1-50 and 340 mg/1, respectively. Increased pH can be deleterious to water treatment processes. Excessive alkalinity in irrigation water can be detri- mental to certain types of crops depending on the physi- cal and chemical properties of the soil. High alkalini- ties in water can harm stock. When caustic alkalinity reaches 50 mg/1, chickens develop diarrhea, and at a total alkalinity of 170 mg/1, other animals are similarily af- fected. Industrial Uses Alkalinity can cause corrosion of aluminum, tin or lead parts or equipment, and is detrimental to certain pro- cesses, which are involved in the production of food and beverages. Recommended threshold values for total alka- linities in water supplies are: brewing 50-170 mg/1, car- bonated beverages 50-170 mg/1, food products 30-250 mg/1, and pulp and paper making 45-150 mg/1. Foaming can be caused in boilers by more than 50 mg/1 of potassium plus sodium in the water. ------- POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES Domestic Supply Neutralize with sufficient acid (sulfuric or hydro- chloric) to reduce concentration below taste threshold of potassium hydroxide. Temporarily shut off supply when concentration of material will result in over 250 mg/1 of chloride or sulfate when neutralized. Agriculture Temporarily shut off supply or provide neutralization when high pH may be harmful to crop. Industry Neutralize with sufficient acid to prevent corrosion of aluminum, tin and lead parts, as well .as in those indus- trial operations where excessive alkalinity may be detri- mental . Temporarily shut off supply where excessive potassium may be harmful to operation. FIRE & EXPLOSION HAZARD DATA Grade Corrosive liquid Flash Point....•«•*••••.... Flammable Limits, % Autoignition Temp Extinguishing Media Special Fire Procedures.... General....................Does not burn Toxic Rating: it- Toxic Characteristics Symptoms HEALTH HAZARD DATA Odor Threshold (ppte): TLV (ppm): 2 mg/nr** Causes serious burns when in contact with skin. Contact with eyes causes serious injury. If solution splashes on skin no pain may be felt, but hair and skin touched by the liquid will begin to dissolve on contact. Short Exposure Tolerance ------- Exposure Procedures DO NOT DELAY! Flush affected part gently with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. Remove contaminated shoes or clothing. Get medical atten- tion. REACTIVITY DATA Stability Stable Compatibi1ity Aluminum is corroded rapidly. Animal products as leather and wool are attacked to the extent they dissolve. such that * In the form of a fine spray or mist; value suggested by comparison witn TLV of caustic soda. ------- CAUSTIC SODA SOLUTIONS Synonyms : Appearance-Odor : syrupy liquid Sodium hydroxide, lye Colorless or gray Chemical Family : Alkali Formula NaOH Boiling Point varies Vapor Pressure ..varies Vapor Density varies Freezing Point varies Solubility in Water..complete Specific Gravity up to 1.53 Aquatic Life POLLUTION HAZARD DATA Upper pH limit tolerated by most freshwater fish is 8.4; Algae are destroyed above pH 8.5. Concentrations of 500- 1000 mg/1 of sodium have been found toxic to fish in salt waters, when present as the chloride or nitrate. In brackish waters, oyster larvae have been injured at pH 9 and found to die at pH 9.1 in a few hours. For crabs, the upper limit of pH has been found as 10.2. Domestic Use The taste threshold of sodium hydroxide in water is 1-50 mg/1. Sodium in drinking water may be harmful to persons suffering from cardiac, renal and circulatory diseases, and 200 mg of sodium in drinking water may be injurous. Agricultural Use Excessive alkalinity in irrigation water can be detri- mental to certain crops and depending on the physical and chemical properties of the soil. High alkalinities in water can harm stock. When caustic alkalinity reaches 50 mg/1, chickens develpp diarrhea and at total alkali- nity of 170 mg/1, other animals are similarly affected. Industrial Uses Alkalinity can cause corrosion of aluminum, tin or lead parts or equipment and is detrimental to certain pro- cesses , such as those involved in the production of food and beverages. The range of recommended threshold values for total alkalinities in water supplies are: brewing 50-170 mg/1, carbonated beverages 50-170 mg/1, food pro- ducts 30-250 mg/1, and pulp and paper making 45-150 mg/1. I'oaming may be caused in boilers by more than 50 mg/1 of potassium plus sodium in the water. POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES Domestic Supply Neutralize with sufficient acid (sulfuric or hydrochloric) to reduce concentrations below taste threshold of sodium hydroxide (1-50 mg/1). ------- Temporarily shut off supply when neutralization would re- sult in a sulfate or chloride level above 250 mg/1. Temporarily shut off supply or provide neutralization when excess alkalinity may be harmful to crop. Neutralize with sufficient acid to prevent corrosion of aluminum, tin or lead parts as well as in those industrial operations where alkalinity is detrimental such as the pro- duction of carbonated and acid fruit beverages. Temporarily shut off supply in industries where excessive salt concentration may be harmful to operation. FIRE & EXPLOSION HAZARD DATA Grade Corrosive liquid Flash Point... Flammable Limits, % Autoignition Temp Extinguishing Media Special Fire Procedures.... General .Does not burn HEALTH HAZARD DATA Odor Threshold (ppm): TLV! 2 mg/m^ Causes serious burns when in contact with skin. Contact with eyes causes serious injury. If the solution splashes onto skin no pain may be felt, but hair and skin touched by caustic will be- gin to dissolve on contact. Short Exposure Tolerance Exposure Procedures Do not delayl Flush affected areas gently with plen- ty of water for at least 15 minutes. Remove conta- minated shoes or clothing. Get medical attention. Agriculture Industry Toxic Rating: it- Toxic Characteristics Symptoms Stability REACTIVITY DATA Stable ------- Compatibility Aluminum is attacked vigorously. Animal products such as leather and wool are attacked to the extent that they dissolve. * in the form of a fine mist or spray. ------- CHLORINE Synonyms Appearance-Odors Brown liquid or greenish yellow gas; choking odor Chemical Family: Formula Cl2 Boiling Point 35°C(-29°F) Vapor Pressure £+800 mm Hg Vapor Density 2.4 Freezing Point -101.6°C(-149.1°F) Solubility in Water..1% at 10°C(60°F) Specific Gravity 1.4 POLLUTION HAZARD DATA Aquatic Life Free available chlorine may be toxic to fish and other aquatic life at low concentrations; lethality increased with decreasing pH values. Concentrations of 0.03 mg/1 free chlorine have been reported toxic or harmful to fish. Most algae have been controlled by 0.25 to 3.0 mg/1, and killed at 5 to 10 mg/1. Minute Crustacea, rotifers, and diatoms have been killed by 1.0 mg/1, but worms, mullusks, mites and larvae were not affected. Domestic Use Agricultural Use Chlorine in drinking water may cause asthma, colitis, and eczema, but generally concentrations of up to 90 mg/1 have been used by humans without adverse effect. Chlorine con- centrations of 2.0 mg/1 have not been found to cause ob- jectionable tastes and odors. Reaction with certain or- ganic materials, such as phenols and benzenes, produces com- pounds which affect the taste and odor of water at lower levels than chlorine or the parent organic compounds. No injury to plants occurred when irrigation water con- tained 50 mg/1 or less residual chlorine; concentrations of 100 to 150 mg/1 injured or retarded some plants and did not affect others; 200 to 300 mg/1 injured tops but did not harm roots of plants and 500 to 1000 mg/1 retard- ed growth of seedlings and killed tops and roots of plants. Industrial Uses Chlorine may cause taste and odor problems in food and canning industries as well as cause the corrosion of cans. In metal plating baths, chlorine may affect brightness and smoothness of deposits. "LA.P.P.I. recommends a limit of 2 mg/1 in the manufacture of fine papers. POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES Domestic Supply Treat with sufficient powdered or activated carbon to re- ------- duce concentration below taste and odor threshold level (granular carbon has long been used for removing residual chlorine from water). Agriculture Generally no problem up to 50 mg/1 of residual chlorine. Above this concentration, shut off supply when level of material is above concentration that will affect particu- lar crop. Industry Treat as described above in certain industries, such as brewing, soft drinks, fine papers and electroplating, where material will adversely affect product or process- ing. FIRE & EXPLOSION HAZARD DATA Grade ..Nonflammable compressed poisonous gas Flash Point Flammable Limits, %. Autoignition Temp Extinguishing Media Special Fire Procedures....Chlorine tanks exposed to fire should be cooled with a water spray to decrease the buildup of pressure. General ..........Chlorine is non-explosive and non-flammable. How- ever, it can support combustion of certain sub- stances . HEALTH HAZARD DATA Toxic Rating: k Odor Threshold (ppm): 3-5* TLV (ppm): 1 Toxic Characteristics Skin irritant; it causas severe eye injury. The gas is a respiratory irritant; persons with chronic respiratory ailments are particularly susceptible to severe discomfort. Symptoms Vapor - coughing, choking, burning sensation in eyes and throat, and shortness of breath. Liquid - severe irritation or blistering. Frostbite can also result. Short Exposure Tolerance Exposure to a vapor concentration of 1000 ppm for 10 minutes has caused death. Exposure Procedures Remove victim to fresh air. If breathing stops, apply artificial respiration. Oxygen, administered by trained personnel, is often helpful. If eyes are ------- General affected, wash gently with water for 15 minutes. If liquid chlorine has spilled onto the skin, remove contaminated clothing and flood the exposed area gently with water for 15 minutes. Get medical atten- tion. In case of accidental release, evacuate all downwind personnel not equipped with gas masks. REACTIVITY DATA Stability Will react with many inorganic and organic compounds, usually with the evolution of heat. Compatibility Dry chlorine does not corrode steel. When wet, chlo- rine is highly corrosive as a result of the forma- tion of acids. Avoid contact with both spilled li- quid and the gas it gives off. Remarks: * NOTEI Odor threshold is higher than the TLV. Exposure to poten- tially dangerous vapor concentrations can occur before the product can be detected by smell. Coast Guard Regulations require a warning sign to be displayed by barges carrying this commodity. The following is an example of acceptable wording: eanger: chlorine NONFLAMMABLE COMPRESSED GAS TOXIC - NO VISITORS ------- CHLOROFORM Synonyms : Trichloromethane Formula CHCI3 Boiling Point 61.2°C(142°F) Appearance-Odor: Colorless liquid; Vapor Pressure 159.6 mm Hg sweet odor Vapor Density 4.25 Freezing Point -63.5°C(-82°F) Chemical Family: Halocarbon Solubility in Water..0.76% Specific Gravity 1.48 POLLUTION HAZARD DATA Aquatic Life At l concentration of 10 mg/1 of chloroform, fish struggle for 20-30 minutes and then sink to the bottom. They re- vived when placed in fresh water. Domestic Use Oral LD50 values are 2.2 gAg of body.weight for rats, and 10 gAg for rabbits. Agricultural Use Insufficient information to establish hazard. Industrial Uses Substance may cause taste, odor or other problems depend- ing on use. POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES Domestic Supply Treat with sufficient powdered or activated carbon to re- duce concentration below 20 mg/1 and the taste and odor threshold level. Agriculture Hazard undetermined. Industry Treat as described above where material will cause taste, odor or other problems. FIRE & EXPLOSION HAZARD DATA Grade............ Flash Point..... Flammable Limits, % Autoignition Temp Extinguishing Media Special Fire Procedures....When heated or exposed to a naked flame, chloroform decomposes to form phosgene, a poison gas. In case of fire tanks containing chloroform should be kept cool with a water spray. General........... Does not burn. ------- HEALTH HAZARD DATA Toxic Rating: 4 Odor Threshold (ppm): * TLV Cppm): 50 Toxic Characteristics Contact with skin can cause burns. It is a narcotic and an anaesthetic. It has a harmful cumulative ef- fect on the liver. Symptoms Irritation of mucous membranes and skin; drowsiness. Short Exposure Tolerance Inhalation of 400 to 600 ppm for 30 minutes or less can prove fatal.** Exposure Procedures Vapor - remove victim to fresh air; if breathing stops, apply artificial respiration. Skin or eye contact - remove contaminated clothing and gently flush affected areas with water for 15 minutes. Get medical advice or attention. REACTIVITY DATA Stability Decomposes in the presence of excess water or at high temperature to give phosgene and hydrogen chloride, which are very toxic. Can become explosive in the presence of strong alkalies and water. Compatability Non-corrosive at normal atmospheric temperatures when free of moisture. In contact with water and at high temperatures it becomes corrosive. * NOTE! Odor threshold is higher than the TLV. Exposure to potentially dan- gerous vapor concentrations can occur before the product can be detected by smell. ~~Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology - Kirk-Othmer Second Edition, Volume 5. ------- CRESOL Synonyms : Cresylic acid Formula CH3C6H4OH Boiling Point 191-203°C Appearance-Odor: Colorless-to-brown (378-395°F) liquid; smells like "Lysol" disin- Vapor Pressure 1.7-3.55 mm Hg fectant @ 60°C Vapor Density 3.72 Chemical Family: Phenol Freezing Point 18-35°C(54-95°F) Solubility in Water...2% Specific Gravity 1.03 - 1.05 POLLUTION HAZARD DATA Aquatic Life A concentration of cresol of 5 mg/1 has been found to be toxic to fish. Domestic Use The 1962 Public Health Service Drinking Water Standards recommend a limit of 0.001 mg/1 for "phenols" (understood to include cresols). The limit has been set on the basis of taste and odor in chlorinated waters. Unchlorinated cresols have an odor threshold level of 0.02 - U mg/1 in water. Oral LD50 for rats has been given as 1.35 - 2.0 gAg of body weight for the isomers. Agricultural Use Industrial Uses Insufficient information to establish hazard. Substance may cause taste, odor or other problem depending on use. POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES Domestic Supply Treat with sufficient activated or powdered carbon to re- duce cresol concentration to 0.001 mg/1 or below (basis for limit is undesirable taste often resulting from chlo- rination). Agriculture Hazard undetermined. Industry Treat with sufficient activated or powdered carbon in in- dustries, such as food and beverage, where material will cause a taste, odor or other problem. FIRE & EXPLOSION HAZARD DATA Grade B or C Flash Point 43-82°C(110-180°F); varies with composition and pur- ity. Flammable Limits, % LEL 1.1; UGL not available ------- Autoignition Temp... 560-650°C(1038-1195°F) Extinguishing Media. ..CO2, dry chemical, foam, water fog Special Fire Procedures....Cresol corrodes the skin and the fumes are poisonous. Full body and respiratory protection should be provided. General When heated, toxic vapors are given off. HEALTH HAZARD DATA Toxic Rating: 3 Odor Threshold (ppm): 5* TLV (ppm): 5 Toxic Characteristics Cresol causes flesh burns. It is readily absorbed through the skin, causing systemic poisoning. The vapors are irritating to the eyes and/respiratory tissue. When handled at elevated tjemperatures, greater amounts of vapor are given off and the toxic hazard is increased. Symptoms Burning sensation in throat, nose and eyes. Burning sensation at the site of contact; skin may turn white. Short Exposure Tolerance Exposure Procedures Vapor - remove victim to fresh air; if breathing stops, apply artificial respiration. Skin or eye contact - remove contaminated clothing and gently flush affected area with water for 15 minutes. Get medical advice or attention. REACTIVITY DATA Stability Not dangerously reactive. Compatibility Not considered corrosive to most of the usual mater- ials of construction. *NOTEJ Odor threshold is about the same as the- TLV. Exposure to potentially dangerous vapor concentration can occur before the product can be detected by smell. ------- CRUDE OIL Synonyms : petroleum, crude petroleum, earth oil, seneca oil Appearance-Odor : Varies in color from black, amber, red, brown to fluores- cent green; odor varies from asphalt- ic to that of H2S. Chemical Family : Hydrocarbon Formula..............Mixture of par- affinic, naphthenic, and aromatic hydrocarbons and minor amounts of nitrogenous, sulfur, oxygenated, and trace metals. Boiling Point varies Vapor Pressure varies Vapor Density varies Freezing Point varies Solubility in Water...negligible Specific Gravity 0.68 - 1.0 Aquatic Life Domestic Use POLLUTION HAZARD DATA Oil and emulsions may adhere to the gills of fish, or coat and destroy algae and other plankton. Soluble and emulsified material ingested by fish may taint the flavor of the flesh. Water-soluble components may exert a toxic action on fish or fishfood organisms. Floating oil may reduce reaeration at water surface and in conjunction with emulsified oil may interfere with photosynthesis. Taste and odor may be imparted to a drinking water source by soluble components, or the effectiveness of water treat- ment process may be decreased by emulsified oil. Agricultural Use Industrial Uses General Insufficient information to establish hazard. Oil in boiler feed water may cause foaming and decreased heat exchange causing overheating of tubes. Oil in water used for hydraulic transport may coat the product being conveyed. In many processing and production operations, the material may impart taste and odor to manufactured products. Industrial operations where this may occur in- clude brewing, carbonated beverages, food canning and freezing, sugar production, and food equipment washing. Oil interferes in the manufacture of paper and textiles. The majority of oil in a water body is usually found on the surface of the water and the shoreface. The oil will be degraded by physical, chemical and bacteriological actions, which will be enhanced on the shoreface by wave motion. Complete removal of the oil by these actions will normally require several weeks to several months, depending on en- vironmental factors such as temperature, nutrients, etc. ------- As the lighter components are removed from oil, some of the residue that does not reach the shore may sink to the bottom. POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES Domestic Supply Treat with sufficient powdered or activated carbon to pre- vent taste and odor problems. Agriculture Temporarily shut off supply when large amount of emulsified oil is present. Industry Treat with activated carbon in those industries such as brewing, carbonated beverages, etc., which are affected by taste and odor. Temporarily shut off supply, or make required adjustment with existing water treatment equipment, when emulsified oil interferes with industrial operation. General Control measures for oil spills include (1) use of booms for containment close to source and the protection of high value shore lines, (2) pumping and skimming devices, (3) collecting agents such as straw and plastic foam, (4) sinking agents consisting of powdered or fine granular solids of high density materials, and (5) the use of chem- ical agents such as detergents to disperse the material by emulsification. Due to the very limited knowledge regard- ing the ecological effects of emulsifiers, the use of these materials should be restricted at the present time to relatively small oil spills and slicks and in situations where water quality will not be significantly affected or where danger to life and property overrides considerations for water quality. Due to the changing character of crude oil by weathering, the most effective treatment and re- covery is accomplished within the first few hours follow- ing a spill. FIRE & EXPLOSION HAZARD DATA Grade.• A or B depending on composition. Flash Point varies with composition Flammable Limits, % varies with composition Autoignition Temp varies with composition Extinguishing Media co2» dry chemical, carbon tetrachloride, foam Special Fire Procedures....Tanks exposed to fire should be kept cool with water spray. ------- General ..The lower molecular weight hydrocarbons are the most flammable, and are therefore related to the degree of combustibility of a particular oil. HEALTH HAZARD DATA Toxic Ratings 2 Odor Threshold (ppm): varies TLV (ppm): varies Toxic Characteristics Symptoms Dizziness, drowsiness Short Exposure Tolerance Exposure Procedures Stability Compatibility REACTIVITY DATA May emit toxic fumes when heated to decomposition. Natural rubber is softened and will deteriorate rapidly. May react with oxidizing agents. ------- DIELDRIN Synonyms : 1,2,3,4,10,10-hexa- Formula chloro-6, 7-ep y-1,4,4a,5,6,7,8, 8a-octahydro-1,4-endoexo-5,8-dime- thanonaphthalene, compound 497, HEOD CI CI :o Appearance-Odor: Pure compound is white, odor-free and crystalline. The 85% product, which is marketed as dieldrin, is a brown flaky material having a musty odor. CI1 CI Chemical Family: Chlorinated hydro- carbon Boiling Point n.a. _ Vapor Pressure 1.8 x 10" Vapor Density 13.2 Freezing Point 176°C(348.8°F) Solubility in Water...0.1 mg/1 Bulk Density 0.8 g/ml Aquatic Life Domestic Use Agricultural Use Industrial Uses General POLLUTION HAZARD DATA Dieldrin gave 96-hour Tim values ranging from 0.0056 to 0.042 mg/1, depending on the formulation, species of fish, and water hardness. Acute oral LD50 values of dieldrin for rats range from 37 to 87 mgAg of body weight. Differences in dieldrin toxicities are ascribed to the grade of dieldrin employed and to the nature of its formulation. The estimated fatal dose of dieldrin for a man of 70 kg is 5 grams. In several cases of dieldrin intoxication, contamination of water even with small quantities was found to be very dangerous. Dieldrin is used as an insecticide. The application of dieldrin at 3 lbs/acre caused most losses in wildlife dur- ing the week following application. Ground squirrels, muskrats, and rabbits were virtually eliminated, short- tailed shrews, fox squirrels, woodchucks, and meadow mice sustained heavy losses. Substance may cause taste, odor or other problems. DO NOT flush into body of water. POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES Domestic Supply Treat with sufficient powdered or activated carbon to re- duce concentration to below 0.1 mg/1. Special care should be used in operation of coagulation and filtering system ------- to assure effective removal of turbidity and colloidal matter (dieldrin will be associated with these suspended solids). Agriculture Industry No known problem. Treat as described above to reduce below tolerable level in those industries which may be adversely affected such as the food and beverage. FIRE & EXPLOSION HAZARD DATA Grade C Flash Point depends on solvent composition Flammable Limits, % depends on solvent composition Autoignition Temp unknown Extinguishing Media C02, dry chemical, foam, water fog Special Fire Procedures Highly toxic HC1 fumes emitted on heating General Although dieldrin is nonflammable, many of its liq- uid emulsible concentrate formulations using organic solvents burn. Toxic Rating: 2 Toxic Characteristics Symptoms Short Exposure Tolerance Exposure Procedures HEALTH HAZARD DATA Odor Threshold (ppm): TLV: 0.25 mg/m3 Dieldrin is absorbed through skin and other portals. It acts as nervous system stimulant. It greatly re- duces or stops appetite. Initial symptoms are ner- vousness or anorexia. Appetite may recur occasion- ally in extremely sick animals. Loss of appetite, headache, nausea, vomiting, gen- eral malaise, and dizziness. With more severe poi- soning, clonic and tonic convulsions ensue without premonitory symptoms just mentioned. Hyperexitabi- lity and hyperirritability are common. unknown If spilled on skin, remove by thorough washing with soapwater emulsion. Remove from alimentary canal by the use of lavage and/or saline laxatives. Do not use oily laxatives. ------- REACTIVITY DATA Stability Material is stable Compatibility Compatible with most materials, except strong bases or acids. ------- DIESEL OIL Synonyms : oil Appearance Odor: viscous liquid; Fuel oil No. 2, gas Formula. Brown, slightly smells like kerosene Chemical Family: Hydrocarbon Boiling Point 232-430oC (450-800°f: Vapor Pressure varies Vapor Density varies Freezing Point varies Solubility in Water..slight Specific Gravity 0.8 - 0.9 POLLUTION HAZARD DATA Aquatic Life The effects of diesel oil on aquatic life, which vary with species and environmental conditions, have not been pre- cisely determined. An approximate measure of toxicity of diesel oil may be estimated from the reported 24-hour TLm of about 200 mg/1 for fish (Juvenile American Shad, Alosa Sapidissima). Soluble and emulsified material ingested by fish taints the flavor of the flesh. Water-soluble com- ponents may exert a toxic action on fish or fishfood or- ganisms. Floating oil on water may recace reaeration at water surface and along with emulsified oil may interfere with photosynthesis. Domestic Use Taste and odor may be imparted to drinking water by the soluble components, or effectiveness of water treatment may be decreased by emulsified oil. For deodorized kero- sene, a related product, a threshold odor concentration of 0.082 mg/1 and an oral LD50 for rabbits of 28.35 gAg of body weight has been reported. Agricultural Use Industrial Uses Insufficient information to establish hazard. Oil in boiler feed water may cause foaming, and decreased heat exchange causing overheating of tubes. Oil in water used for hydraulic transport may coat the product being conveyed. In many process and nroduction operations, the material may impart taste and odor to manufactured pro- ducts. Certain operations such as brewing, carbonated beverages, food canning and freezing, sugar production, and food equipment washing may be affected. Oil inter- feres with the manufacture of paper and textiles. General Most of the spill is usually found on the surface of the water. The oil will generally dissipate in a few hours to several days, mostly by spreading and evaporation, depend- ------- ing on the amount spilled, water movement, temperature and other factors. POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES Domestic Supply Treat witn sufficient powdered or activated carbon to pre- vent taste and odor problems. Temporarily shut off supply if quantity of emulsified oil interferes with water treatment. Agriculture Industry General Temporarily shut off supply when large amount of emulsified oil is present. Treat with activated carbon in those industries such as brewing, carbonated beverages, etc., which are affected by taste f.ri'l odor.. Temporarily shut off supply, or make required adjustment with existing water treatment equipment, when emulsified ' ?.l is present in sufficient quantity to interfere with industrial operation. Diesel fuel, due to its elevated flash point, will gener- ally not constitute a fire hazard. Control measures for spills include (1) use of booms for containment close to source and the protection of high value shore lines, (2) pumping and skimming devices, (3) collecting agents such as straw and plastic foam, (4) sinking agents consisting of powdered or fine granular solids of high density mater- ials, and (5) the use of chemical agents such as deter- gerts to disperse the material by emulsification. Due to limited knowledge regarding the ecological effects of emul- sifiers, the use of these materials should be restricted at the present time to relatively small cil spills anu slicks and to situations where water quality will not be signifi- cantly affected or where danger to life and property over- rides considerations for water quality. As the nature of the residual oil changes with weathering, the most effect- ive recovery and treatment is accomplished within the first few hours following the spill. ------- FIRE & EXPLOSION HAZARD DATA Grade . ...B Flash Point ....43-88°C(110-190°F) Flammable Limits, %...« Autoignition Temp ....257°C(494°F) Extinguishing Media.... ....CC>2» dry chemical, foam, water fog. Special Fire Procedures ....Do not direct water directly into fire. General ....Flash point and other physical characteristics de- pend upon composition of oil. HEALTH HAZARD DATA Toxic Rating: 1 Odor Threshold (ppm): TLV (ppm): Toxic Characteristics Inhalation of high concentration of vapor can cause headache and stupor. Ingestion causes irritation of stomach and intestines with nausea and vomiting. Symptoms See toxic characteristics. Short Exposure Tolerance Exposure procedures REACTIVITY DATA Stability Material is stable Compatibility Does not react with most materials of construction or with common chemicals. ------- ETHYL ALCOHOL Synonyms : Ethanol Formula C2H5OH Boiling Point 78°C(173°F) Appearance-Odor: Colorless liquid; Vapor Pressure 42.3 mm Hg smells like wine or shellac thinner Vapor Density 1.6 Freezing Point -114.50C(-178°F) Chemical Family: Alcohol Solubility in Water..Complete Specific Gravity 0.79 POLLUTION HAZARD DATA Aquatic Life Fish and other aquatic life withstand high concentrations of ethyl alcohol but, like humans, fish become intoxicated. Sticklebacks in tap water containing 40,000 mg/1 became intoxicated. The lethal range for gudgeon, a European fresh water fish is 7,000 - 9,000 mg/1. Domestic Use The oral LD^q is 7.4 gAg of body weight for rats. Agricultural Use Insufficient information to establish hazard. Industrial Uses Substance may cause taste, odor or other problems. POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES Domestic Supply Treat with sufficient powdered or activated carbon to re- duce concentration below 50 mg/1 and the taste and odor threshold level. Agriculture Hazard undetermined. Industry Treat as described above where material will cause taste, odor or other problems. FIRE A EXPLOSION HAZARD DATA Grade , Flash Point 21°C(70°F) Flammable Limits, % 4.3-19 Autoignition Temp 423°C(793°F) Extinguishing Media CO2, dry chemical, alcohol foam, water fog. Special Fire Procedures....Water may not be effective unless large quantities are used. General In case of spill, secure ignition sources. ------- HEALTH HAZARD DATA | Toxic Rating: 1 Odor Threshold (ppm): 350 TLV (ppm): 1000 Toxic Characteristics Usually made unfit for drinking by the addition of denaturants which may be foul-smelling or tasting. Symptoms Dizziness, double vision, and other classic alcohol intoxication symptoms. These may be accompanied by symptoms such as vomiting, attributable to the de- naturant. Short Exposure Tolerance Exposure Procedures Eyes and upper respiratory tract are irritated by 5000-10,000 ppm. Stupor and drowsiness may result after an hour at this concentration. Headache and eye irritation are caused by 1000 ppm. Vapor - remove victim to fresh air; if breathing stops, apply artificial respiration. Eye contact - gently flush with water for 15 minutes. Get medical advice or attention. Stability Compatibility REACTIVITY DATA Stable Compatible with most materials of construction. ------- ETHYLENE DIAMINE S ynonyms : 1,2-Diaminoethane; 1,2-Ethanediamine Appearance-Odor : Colorless liquid; mildly ammonia-like odor Chemical Family : Amine Formul a NH2 CH2CH2NH2 Boiling Point....117.20C(242.60F) Vapor Pressure...10.7 mm Hg Vapor Density....2.1 Freezing Point...8.5°C(47.3°F) Solubility in Water..Complete Specific Gravity 0.91 Aquatic Life Domestic Use Agricultural Use Industrial Uses POLLUTION HAZARD DATA Fish of average tolerance exposed for 24 hours in well aerated water have all survived at 30 mg/1, but all died at 60 mg/1. Oral LD5Q for rats is 1.16 g/kg of body weight. Insufficient information to establish hazard. Substance may cause taste, odor or other problems. POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES Domestic Supply Treat with sufficient powdered or activated carbon to re- duce concentration below 10 mg/1 and the taste and odor threshold level. Agriculture Industry Hazard undetermined. Treat as described above where material will cause taste, odor or other problems. FIRE & EXPLOSION HAZARD DATA Grade B Flash Point 43°C(110°F) Flammable Limits, % not available Autoignition Temp Extinguishing Media CO2, dry chemical, alcohol foam, water fog. Special Fire Procedures....Because this material can cause severe eye and skin burns and respiratory distress, fire parties must wear full body and respiratory protection. HEALTH HAZARD DATA Toxic Rating: 2 Odor Threshold (ppm): TLV (ppm): 10 ------- Toxic Characteristics The primary effects of acute inhalation exposure are irritation of the respiratory passages and the eyes. Liquid contact can cause immediate skin damage and blistering. Symptoms Coughing, redness of eyes, wheezing breath. Short Exposure Tolerance Immediate and severe irritation to nose and throat has been caused by 400 ppm. Exposure Procedures Vapor - remove victim to fresh air; if breathing stops, apply artificial respiration. Oxygen, ad- ministered by trained personnel, can prove helpful. Skin or eye contact - remove contaminated clothing and gently flush affected areas with water for 15 minutes. Get medical advice or attention. General On-scene supervisors should avoid exposing to the vapors persons who have asthma or other respiratory ailments. REACTIVITY DATA Stability Reacts with oxidizing materials. Compatibility Copper and its alloys are corroded readily and should be avoided. ------- 2-ETHYL HEXANOL Synonyms : 2-ethylhexyl alcohol, Formula C/jH9CH(C2H5)CH20H octyl alcohol Boiling Point 182°C(359°F) Vapor Pressure 0.2 mm Hg Appearance-Odor: Colorless liquid Vapor Density 4.5 Freezing Point -76°C( -105°F) Chemical Family: Alcohol Solubility in Water 0.1% Specific Gravity 0.83 POLLUTION HAZARD DATA Aquatic Life Of the 23 octyl alcohols, of which 2-ethyl hexanol is one of the most common, the least toxic produced paralysis in goldfish in four hours at 200 mg/1. No effect was noted when sea lamprey were exposed for 24-hour in Lake Huron to 5 mg/1 at 12°C. Domestic Use Oral LD50 for rats is 3.2 gAg of body weight. The octyl alcohols are colorless liquids, generally with a penetrat' ing aromatic odor. Agricultural Use Insufficient information to establish hazard. Industrial Uses Substance may cause taste, odor or other problems. POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES Domestic Supply Treat with sufficient powdered and activated carbon to re> duce concentration below 30 mg/1 and the taste and odor threshold level. Agriculture Hazard undetermined. Industry Treat as described above where material will cause taste, odor or other problems. FIRE & EXPLOSION HAZARD DATA Grade Flash Point 85°C(185°F) Flammable Limits, % not available Autoignition Temp... Extinguishing Media C02» dry chemical, alcohol foam, water fog Special Fire Procedures ------- HEALTH HAZARD DATA Toxic Rating: 2 Odor Threshold (ppm): TLV (ppm): Toxic Characteristics Symptoms Short Exposure Tolerance Exposure Procedures Little data available. A spill onto skin or eyes should be washed off immediately with water. Medi- cal attention should be sought if any skin rash develops, if liquid splashed into the eyes, or if a person exposed to the vapor shows signs of respira- tory difficulty. Stability Compatibility REACTIVITY DATA Stable compound. ------- FORMALDEHYDE SOLUTIONS Synonyms : Formalin, methylene oxide Appearance-Odor : Colorless liquid; pungent, irritating odor Chemical Family : Aldehyde Formula HCHO Boiling Point 97°C(206°F) for 37% solution. Vapor Pressure 1*3 mm Hg for 37% solution. Vapor Density ...Approx. 1.03 Freezing Point ..varies Solubility in Water..Complete Specific Gravity 1.11 - 1.13 Aquatic Life POLLUTION HAZARD DATA Concentrations of 25 mg/1 of formaldehyde have been harm- ful to fish and between 130 and 175 mg/1 are toxic to ae- robic organisms. Domestic Use Oral LD50 for rats is 800 mg/kg of body weight. The odor threshold level is 0.8 to 102 mg/1 in water. Agricultural Use Industrial Uses Insufficient information to establish hazard. Substance may cause taste, odor or other problems. Domestic Supply POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES. Treat with sufficient powdered or activated carbon to reduce concentration below 10 mg/1 and the taste and odor threshold level. Agriculture Industry Hazard undetermined. Treat as described above where material will present a taste, odor or other problem. FIRE & EXPLOSION HAZARD DATA Grade B or C liquid depending upon concentration. Flash Point 50-85oc(122-185°F) Flammable Limits, %........7.0 - 73 (formaldehyde vapor in air) Autoignition Temp 430°C(806°F) Extinguishing Media........C02, dry chemical, alcohol foam, water fog Special Fire Procedures....The vapors are highly irritating, so fire parties should wear respiratory protection. Secure ig- nition sources in case of spill. General..... When the solution is heated, highly flammable vapors are given off. ------- Toxic Rating: 3 Toxic Characteristics HEALTH HAZARD DATA Odor Threshold (ppm): below 1 TL\ < ppm): 5 Symptoms Short Exposure Tolerance Exposure Procedures The vapors are highly irritating to the eyes and respiratory passages* Contact with liquid causes hardening of the slcin. Coughing, copious watering of the eyes, severe res- piratory irritation. At a vapor concentration of 10 to 20 ppm breathing becomes difficult. Exposure to 650 ppm for a few minutes may cause death. Vapor - remove victim to fresh air; if breathing stops, apply artificial respiration. Skin or eye contact - remove contaminated clothing and gently flush affected areas with water for 15 minutes. Get medical advice or attention. REACTIVITY DATA Stability Solutions are often shipped at elevated temperatures to prevent polymer formation. Compatibility Corrosive to steel and to copper and its alloys. The commercial material is shipped as water solution of from about 37% to 50% concentration. Methanol is often used to inhibit polymerization. ------- FURFURAL Synonyms : Furfuraldehyde, furfurol Appearance-Odor: Colorless-to- reddish-brown liquid; penetrating almond-like odor Chemical Family: Aldehyde Formula C4H3OCHO Boiling Point 1610C(322°F) Vapor Pressure 1 mm Hg at 18.5°C Vapor Density 3.31 Freezing Point .-37°C(-34°F) Solubility in Water.8.3% Specific Gravity....1.16 Aquatic Life Domestic Use Agricultural Use Industrial Uses POLLUTION HAZARD DATA A 24-hour TLm of 32 mg/1 has been reported for bluegill sunfish. Oral LD50 value for dogs is 2.3 g/kg of body weight. Concentrations of 10,000 to 50,000 mg/1 was found to be lethal in 114 to 548 days in the drinking water of albino rats. The odor threshold is 4 mg/1, when a musty odor is evident. Insufficient information to establish hazard. Substance may cause taste, odor or other problems. POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES Domestic Supply Treat with sufficient powdered or activated carbon to reduce concentration below taste and odor threshold level. Agriculture Industry Hazard undetermined. Treat as described above where material will cause taste, odor or other problems. HRE & EXPLOSION HAZARD DATA G'-ade. C Flash Point.......... 68°C(155°F) Flammable Limits, % LEL 2.1; UEL not available Autoignition Temp.... .......395°C( 743°F) Extinguishing Media CO2, dry chemical, alcohol foam, water fog. Special Fire Procedures....When heated, the liquid gives off vapor which Lb poisonous. ------- Toxic Rating: 3 Toxic Characteristics HEALTH HAZARD DATA Odor Threshold (ppm): 0.4 TLV (ppm): 5 Symptoms Short Exposure Tolerance Exposure Procedures Ordinarily there is little danger from vapors be- cause of the low vapor pressure. The liquid is ir- ritating to the eyes, and the vapor to the mucous membranes• Irritation of respiratory passages. Vapor - remove victim to fresh air; if breathing stops, apply artificial respiration. Skin or eye contact - remove contaminated clothing and gently flush affected areas with water for 15 minutes. Get medical advice or attention; REACTIVITY DATA Stability Furfural can explode on contact with strong mineral acids and alkalis. Reacts with numerous organic materials. Compatibility Dissolves or softens many plastics and rubber for- mulations. ------- GASOLINE Synonyms : Petrol Appearance-Odor: Clear, aromatic, volatile liquid Chemical Family: Hydrocarbon Formula Mixture of alipha- tic, naphthenic and aromatic hydro- carbons Boiling Point 0-200<>C(32-392OF) Vapor Pressure.......varies Vapor Density 3.0 - 4.0 Freezing Point varies Solubility in Water..varies Specific Gravity less than 1 Aquatic Life POLLUTION HAZARD DATA The effects of gasoline on aquatic life, which vary with species and environmental conditions, have not been pre- cisely determined. An approximate measure of the toxi- city of gasoline may be estimated from the reported 24- hour TLm of about. 90 mg/1 for fish (Juvenile American Shad, Alosa Sapidissima). Soluble and emulsified material in- gested by fish may taint the flavor of the flesh. Water soluble components may exert a direct toxic action on fish or fishfood organisms. Domestic Use Agricultural Use Industrial Uses General Taste and odor may be imparted to drinking water source by soluble components, or effectiveness of water treatment process may be decreased by emulsified oil. Some persons can detect gasoline in water at a TON (dilution ratio at which odor is just detectable) of 1,100,000, most people notice it at 500,000, and it is quite evident at 100,000. Insufficient information to establish hazard. In many processing and production operations, oily sub- stances may impart taste and odor to manufactured products.' Industrial operations where this may occur include brewing, carbonated beverages, food canning and freezing, sugar pro- duction, and food equipment washing. The presence of oil in a water body is essentially restrict- ed to the surface of the water. Due to its volatility, a gasoline spill will normally dissipate within a few hours to a day, depending on amount, environmental factors such as temperature, nutrients, etc. Gasoline due to its low flash point constitutes an extreme fire hazard which should be considered when treating spills near shore in- stallations and ships. ------- POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES Treat with sufficient powdered or activated carbon to prevent taste and odor problem. Temporarily shut off supply if quantity of emulsified oil interferes with water treatment. Temporarily shut off supply when large amount of emulsified oil is present. Treat with activated carbon in those industries such as brewing, carbonated beverages, etc., which are affected by taste and odor. Temporarily shut off supply, or make required adjustment with existing water treatment equipment, when emulsified oil is present in sufficient quantity to interfere with industrial operation. FIRE & EXPLOSION HAZARD DATA Grade •.•...A Flash Point..* ..-46°C(-50°F) Flammable Limits, % 1.3 - 6.0 Autoignition Temp 257°C(495°F) Extinguishing Media Foam, C02» dry chemical Special Fire Procedures.... HEALTH HAZARD DATA Toxic Rating: 2 Odor Threshold Cppm): TLV (ppm): 500 Toxic Characteristics Vapors are not considered very poisonous, unless its vapor concentration, is high enough to reduce the oxygen content causing asphyxiation. Symptoms Can cause hyperemia of the conjunctiva and other disturbances of the eye. Short Exposure Tolerance Exposure Procedures Domestic Supply Agriculture Industry ------- REACTIVITY DATA Stability Material is stable Compatibility Will soften rubber and certain plastics ------- GLYCERINE Synonyms : Glycerol, 1,2,3 Formula.... CH0H(CH20H)2 propanetriol Boiling Point 290°C(554°F) Vapor Pressure 0.0025 mm Hg at Appearance-Odor: Colorless liquid; 50°C faint, pleasant odor Vapor Density 3.17 Freezing Point 18°C(64°F)* Chemical Family: alcohol Solubility in Water...Complete Specific Gravity 0.94 POLLUTION HAZARD DATA In natural waters, glycerol appears to exert no inimical effect other than an oxygen demand arising from decompo- sition. Tench have survived 16 hours in tap water (8 C) containing 100,000 mg/1 of glycerol without apparent harm. Oral LD50 is 8-32 g/kg of body weight for rats, mice and guinea pigs. Insufficient information to establish hazard. Substance may cause taste, odor or other problems. POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES Treat with sufficient powdered or activated carbon to re- duce concentration below taste and odor threshold level. Hazard undetermined. Treat as above where material will cause taste, odor or other problems. FIRE & EXPLOSION HAZARD DATA Grade C Flash Point 177°C(350°F) Flammable Limits, % not available Autoignition Temp 392°C(739°F) Extinguishing Media C02, dry chemical, alcohol foam, water fog Special Fire Procedures.... Aquatic Life Domestic Use Agricultural Use Industrial Uses Domestic Supply Agriculture Industry * Small amounts of water or other impurities will lower the freezing point. ------- HEALTH HAZARD DATA Toxic Rating: 1 Odor Threshold (ppm): TLV (ppm): Not established Toxic Characteristics Symptoms Liquid can cause skin irritation. Short Exposure Tolerance Exposure Procedures Wash glycerine from skin with water. Launder cloth- ing contaminated by the liquid. REACTIVITY DATA Stability Reacts with strong oxidizing agents. Polymerizes above 150°C(300°F) Compatibility ------- HYDROCHLORIC ACID Synonyms : Muriatic acid Appearance-Odor: Colorless liquid; sharp, sour odor Chemical Family: Acid Formula HC1 (dissolved in water) Boiling Point 110°C (230°F) Vapor Pressure 212 mm Hg * Vapor Density 1.26 Freezing Point Solubility in Water...complete Specific Gravity 1.01 ,21 * Aquatic Life Domestic Use POLLUTION HAZARD DATA Lower tolerable limit for most fish is pH 5 and for the most resistant species pH value of 4 is given. At a pH below 5, specialized flora and fauna may develop. Excessive acidity may result in corrosion, as well as af- fect taste, efficiency of chlorination, and treatment pro- cesses such as coagulation. Water acquires a "sour" taste at pH 3.9 or below, except in highly buffered solutions. HC1 can be tasted at concentrations of about 32 mg/1 in water, although this threshold is dependent upon the buf- fering power of the water. USPHS Drinking Water Standards (1962) recommend that chlorides do not exceed 250 mg/1. Agricultural Use Low pH can be detrimental to crops depending on the nature of the soil. At concentrations below 100 mg/1, chloride is not generally harmful in irrigation water. Levels in excess of 4,000 mg/1 can cause injury to livestock. Industrial Uses Low pH will cause corrosion and chlorides can exert a sig- nificant effect on the rate of corrosion of steel and alum- inum. Recommended threshold concentrations for chlorides are: brewing 60-100 mg/1, carbonated beverages 250 mg/1, dairy industry 30 mg/1, papermaking 75-200 mg/1, steel manufacturing 175 mg/1, sugar making 20 mg/1, and textile processes 100 mg/1. POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES Domestic Supply Neutralize with lime or other available alkali to prevent taste, corrosion or interference with water treatment. Temporarily shut down supply when chloride concentrations exceed 250 mg/1. * Values change with concentration- ------- Agriculture Neutralize with alkali or shut down supply when low pH may cause corrosion of distribution system or is harmful to crop. Industry Neutralize with alkali or temporarily shut down supply when low pH may cause corrosion of distribution system and equipment. Temporarily shut down supply in industries such as brewing, carbonated beverages, dairy, food, paper, steel manufactur- ing, sugar making and textile, when excessive chloride con- centrations may adversely affect operation. FIRE & EXPLOSION HAZARD DATA Grade Nonflammable Flash Point. Flammable Limits, Autoignition Temp Extinguishing Media Special Fire Pfocedures....Acid tanks exposed to a fire should be cooled by a water spray. Fire parties must wear respiratory protection in order to avoid breathing acid vapor. General Hydrochloric acid will not burn. It will react with many metals, giving off hydrogen gas which is high- ly flammable. If hydrogen is trapped in confined spaces it can form an explosive mixture with air. See data sheet for hydrogen. Toxic Rating: 4 Toxic Characteristics Symptoms Short Exposure Tolerance Exposure Procedures HEALTH HAZARD DATA Odor Threshold (ppm): 1-5 TLV (ppm): 5 Highly corrosive to skin. The vapor will irritate the ayes and respiratory system. Where touched by liquid, the skin may tingle or burn. Breathing the vapors wil/l cause severe coughing and watering of the eyes. Vapor - remove victim to fresh air; if breathing stops, apply artificial respiration. Oxygen, ad- ministered by trained personnel, is often helpful. Skin or eye contact - remove contaminated clothing and gently flush affected areas with water for 15 ------- minutes. Get medical attention or advice. REACTIVITY DATA Stability Reacts with bases to generate heat. Compatibility Corrodes many metals, causing the evolution of hydrogen gas. Iron and aluminum are corroded readily. Remarks: Coast Guard Regulations require a warning sign to be displayed by barges carrying this commodity. The following is an example of acceptable wording: danger: HYDROCHLORIC ACID CORROSIVE LIQUID TOXIC - NO VISITORS NO SMOKING OR OPEN LIGHTS ------- HYDROFLUORIC ACID Synonyms Aqueous Hydrogen fluoride Appearance Odor: Colorless liquid; pungent irritating odor Chemical Family: Acid Formula HF Boiling Point 49-110°C(120- 230°F) Vapor Pressure varies Vapor Density varies Freezing Point varies Solubility in Water..complete Specific Gravity 1.12-1.26 POLLUTION HAZARD DATA Aquatic Life Lower tolerable limit for most fish is pH-5. The most resistant species may survive at pH 4. At a pH below 5, specialized flora and fauna may develop. Hydrogen fluo- ride, per se, is harmful to fish at 40 mg/1 and lethal at 60 mg/1. Domestic Use USPHS Drinking Water Standards for 1962 set a mandatory limit on fluorides ranging from 0.6 to 1.5 mg/1 in drink- ing water (mottled teeth) depending on the annual average maximum daily air temperatures. Fluorides in doses of 250 to 450 mg give severe symptoms and 4 grams cause death in humans. Agricultural Use Fluoride concentrations of 10 mg/1 caused no injury to peach, tomato, and buckwheat plantsPeach and buckwheat plants were severely injured by fluoride concentration of 100 mg/1 in 3 days. Fluoride concentration of 1,000 mg/1 stunted growth of large bean plants. Industrial Uses Excess acidity causes corrosion. Excess fluorides may be harmful to certain industries, such as those manufacturing the food, beverages, pharmaceutical and medical items. POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES Domestic Supply Temporarily shut down supply when fluoride concentration is above 1 mg/1. Agriculture Neutralize with alkali or shut down supply when low pH may cause corrosion or harm crops. Temporarily shut down supply when concentration of fluo- ride is above 10 mg/1 for peach, tomato or buck-wheat crops (information not available for other crops). ------- Industry Neutralize with alkali or shut down supply when pH is low to prevent corrosion. Temporarily shut down supply when fluoride is detrimental. Recommended threshold value for brewing, carbonated bever- ages and food processing is 1 mg/1. FIRE & EXPLOSION HAZARD DATA Grade Non flammable Flash Point Flammable Limits, % Autoignition Temp Extinguishing Media Special Fire Procedures....Tanks exposed to a fire should be cooled by a water spray. Fire parties must wear respiratory protec- tion in order to avoid breathing acid vapors. General Hydrofluoric acid will not burn. It will react with 'many metals, giving off hydrogen gas which is high- ly flammable. If hydrogen is trapped in a confined space it can form an explosive mixture with air. See data sheet for hydrogen. HEALTH HAZARD DATA Odor Threshold (ppm): TLV (ppm): 3 In contact with any part of the body it causes ser- ious burns. Extremely dangerous to eyes, lungs, and mucous tissue. Severe burning, choking sensation in throat and nasal passages. Skin contact may not be felt at ont>p_. Short Exposure Tolerance Vapor concentrations above 50 ppm are dangerous for short exposures. Exposure Procedures Remove victim to fresh air. If he has inhaled the vapor, do not permit him to get up or exert himself in any way until checked by a physician. Oxygen, administered by trained personnel, may be helpful. Wash spilled liquid from skin with water while re- moving contaminated clothing, or from eyes by flood- ing gently with water for at least 15 minutes. All inhalation or contact cases should be seen by a phy- sician. Toxic Rating: 4 Toxic Characteristics Symptoms ------- REACTIVITY DATA Stability Highly reactive with many substances. Compatibility Corrodes many metals, causing the evolution of hydrogen gas. Lead, rubber and a limited number of plastics are often used for lining tanks. Reacts with glass containers. ------- HYDROGEN (Liquified) Synonyms : Appearance-Odor: odorless Chemical Family: LH2 Formula ^ Boiling Point -252.7°C(-423°F) Colorless liquid; Vapor Pressure Vapor Density 0.07 Freezing Point -259. l^C-^SU. 6°F) Solubility in Water..Negligible Specific Gravity at b.p. 0.07 POLLUTION HAZARD DATA Material should quickly dissipate from water due to its low solubility, boiling point and density. Material should not enter intake because of the above men- tioned properties. Material should not enter intake because of the above men- tioned properties. Material should not enter intake because of the above men- tioned properties. POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES Treatment not generally required. Treatment not generally required. Treatment not generally required. Aquatic Life Domestic Use Agricultural Use Industrial Uses Domestic Supply Agriculture Industry FIRE & EXPLOSION HAZARD DATA Grade LIG (Liquefied flammable gas) Flash Point Flammable Limits, % 4.0 - 75 Autoignition Temp 580°C (1075°F) Extinguishing Media Shut off hydrogen source; CO2, dry chemical, water Special Fire Procedures Source of hydrogen MUST be eliminated before fire is put out to prevent accumulation of explosive vapors. If the insulation fails on a liquid hydrogen tank exposed to fire, the tank will explode; evacuate firefighters and have them take cover. ------- General Will react violently with strong oxidizers. Will ignite easily with oxygen. Vapors form explosive or combustible mixtures with air over a wide range of concentrations. Toxic Rating: 1 Toxic Characteristics Symptoms Short Exposure Tolerance Exposure Procedures HEALTH HAZARD DATA Odor Threshold (ppm) TLV:(ppm) : Skin contact with liquid hydrogen will cause severe frostbite. The vapor acts as an asphyxiant. Inhalation: drowsiness and high-pitched, squeaky voice. Skin contact: numbness and whitening of skin at the area of contact. Remove victim to fresh air; if breathing stops, apply artificial respiration. In case of skin con- tact with liquid or cold gas, thaw frosted parts with cold water. DO NOT RUB. Get medical attention immediately. Avoid sparks and open flames. REACTIVITY DATA Stability Will ignite readily when exposed to spark source. Liquid hydrogen will flash into vapor at tempera- tures above -^00°F resulting in a sudden and large increase in pressure if confined. Compatibility Mild steel and most iron alloys become brittle at liquid hydrogen temperatures. Aluminum and stain- less steel (300 series) may be used. Remarks: Coast Guard Regulations require a warning sign to be displayed by barges carrying this commodity. The following is an example of ac- ceptable wording: danger: liquid hyerogen LIQUEFIED FLAMMABLE GAS NO VISITORS, SMOKING OR OPEN LIGHTS ------- HYDROGEN CHLORIDE Synonyms : Hydrochloric acid, Formula .HC1 anhydrous Boiling Point .-85°C(-121°F) Vapor Pressure .632 mm Hg Appearance-Odor: Colorless gas or Vapor Density .1.3 liquid; sharp, biting odor Freezing Point .-112°C(-169°F) Solubility in Water.. .67% Chemical Family: Acid anhydride Specific Gravity POLLUTION HAZARD DATA Aquatic Life See hydrochloric acid. Domestic Use See hydrochloric acid. Agricultural Use See hydrochloric acid. Industrial Uses See hydrochloric acid. POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES Domestic Supply See hydrochloric acid. Agriculture See hydrochloric acid. Industry See hydrochloric acid. FIRE & EXPLOSION HAZARD DATA Grade Non flammable Flash Point Flammable Limits, % Autoignition Temp Extinguishing Media Special Fire Procedures....A tank exposed to fire should be cooled by a water spray. General When wet HC1 forms hydrochloric acid. Although the acid does not burn, it will react with many metals, giving off hydrogen gas which is highly flammable. If hydrogen is trapped in confined spaces it can form an explosive mixture with air. See data sheet for hydrogen.. HEALTH HAZARD DATA Toxic Rating: 4 Odor Threshold (ppm): 1-5 TLV (ppm): 5 ------- Toacic Characteristics Corrosive to skin and irritating to eyes and res- piratory system. Symptoms Short Exposure Tolerance Severe eye and respiratory irritation. If liquid is sprayed onto the skin it will boil off rapidly and produce severe frostbite. Exposure Procedures Remove victim to fresh air. Give artificial respira- tion if unconscious. Oxygen administered by trained personnel^ is often helpful. Frostbitten areas should be handled gently. Get medical attention. General When release occurs, clear away personnel without respiratory protection and protective clothing. Water fog will help to remove the gas from the at- mosphere. REACTIVITY DATA Stability Hydrogen chloride is stable when dry. When wet it forms hydrochloric acid, which is quite reactive. Compatibility Hydrogen chloride is not corrosive to steel when dry, but highly corrosive when wet. ------- KEROSINE Synonyms : Fuel oil No. 1, coal Formula mixture of petro- oil, range oil leum hydrocarbons, mostly aliphatic containing from 10 to 16 carbon atoms Appearance-Odor: pale yellow to water- Boiling Point 175-345°C white oily liquid (293-653°F) Vapor Pressure varies Chemical Family: Hydrocarbon Vapor Density 4.5 Freezing Point varies Solubility in Water..negligible Specific Gravity 0.8 - 0.9 POLLUTION HAZARD DATA Aquatic Life The approximate toxicity of kerosine may be estimated from the value reported for diesel, which had a 24-hour TLm of about 200 m&'l with fish (Juvenile American Shad, Alosa Sapidissima). Ingestion by fish may taint the flavor of the flesh. Water-soluble components may exert a direct toxic action on fisii or fishfood organisms. Domestic Use Taste and odor may be imparted to a drinking water source, or effectiveness of water treatment may be decreased. A threshold odor concentration of 0.082 mg/1 has been re- ported for deodorized kerosine. An oral LD5Q of kerosine for rabbits has been given as 28.35 gAg of body weight. The values are expected to change with composition. Agricultural Use Insufficient information to establish hazard. Industrial Uses Oil in boiler feed water may cause foaming, and decreased heat exchange causing overheating of tubes. Kerosine may impart taste and odor to manufactured products. Industrial operations where this may occur include brewing, carbonated beverages, food canning and freezing, sugar production, and food equipment washing. Oil interferes with the manufac- ture of paper and textiles. General The presence of kerosine in a water body is essentially restricted to the surface of the water. Complete removal of the oil, mostly by evaporation normally requires sever- al hours to a day, depending on the quantity and environ- mental factors such as temperature, wind, nutrients, etc. ------- POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES Domestic Supply Treat with sufficient powdered or activated carbon to prevent taste and odor problem. Temporarily shut off supply if quantity of oil interferes with water treatment. Agriculture Temporarily shut off supply when large amount of oil is present. Industry Treat with activated carbon in those industries such as brewing, carbonated beverages, etc., which are affected by taste and odor. Temporarily shut off supply, or make required adjustment with existing water treatment equipment, when oil is pre- sent in sufficient quantity to interfere. General Control measures for kerosine spills include (1) use of booms for containment close to source and the protection of high value shore lines, (2) pumping and skimming de- vices, (3) the use of chemical agents such as detergents to disperse the material by emulsification. Due to limit- ed knowledge regarding the ecological effects of emulsi- fiers, the latter should be restricted to relatively small oil spills and slicks and to situations where water qual- ity will not be significantly affected or where danger to life and property overrides considerations for water qual- ity. FIRE & EXPLOSION HAZARD DATA Grade B Flash Point 38-74°C (100-165°F) Flammable Limits, % 1.2-6.0 Autoignition Temp 25U°C (490°F) Extinguishing Media foam, carbon dioxide, dry chemical, carbon tetra- chloride Special Fire Procedures.... General Moderate fire hazard ------- HEALTH HAZARD DATA Toxic Rating: 1 Odor Threshold (ppm): TLV (ppm): Toxic Characteristics Symptoms High concentrations of vapor cause headache and stupor. Ingestion causes irritation of stomach and intestines with nausea and vomiting. Short Exposure Tolerance Exposure Procedures Stability Compatibility REACTIVITY DATA ------- METHYL CHLORIDE Synonyms Chi oromethane Appearance-Odor: Colorless gas or liquid, faintly sweet odor Chemical Family: Halocarbon Formula CHjCl Boiling Point 24°C(-11°F) Vapor Pressure 3800 mm Hg Vapor Density 1.78 Freezing Point -97°C(-142°F) Solubility in Water..0.5% Specific Gravity 0.92 Aquatic Life Domestic Use Agricultural Use Industrial Uses POLLUTION HAZARD DATAJ Insufficient information to establish hazard. Water saturated with methyl chloride at 20QC is sharp, sickening and sweetish when first taken into the mouth, followed immediately by a burning sensation. Ingestion of water containing almost 6,000 of methyl chloride caused no apparent symptom of poisoning or changes in the hemoglou^n or blood cells of dogs. Insufficient information to establish hti^.d. Substance may cause taste, odor or other problems depend- ing on industrial use. POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES Domestic Supply Treat with sufficient powdered or activated carbon to re- duce coacentration below 10 mg/1 and the taste and odor threshold level. Agriculture Industry Hazard undetermined. Treat as described above where material will cause taste, odor or other problems. FIRE & EXPLOSION HAZARD DATA Grade Flash Point Flammable Limits, % 8.1 - 17.2 Autoignition Temp.. 632°C( 1170°F) Extinguishing Media Stop flow of gas; CO2 dry chemical, water fog Special Fire Procedures....Keep tank cool with water spray. Both the vapor of the product and of its combustion products are poisonous. Provide firefighters with respiratory protection. In case of release, secure ignition sources. ------- General Extinguishing the fire without stopping the gas leakage may increase the danger by permitting the accumulation of an explosive mixture. HEALTH HAZARD DATA Toxic Rating: 3 Odor Threshold (ppm): * TLV (ppm): 100 Toxic Characteristics Hazard is high for both acute and chronic exposures Death may result from a single high exposure or re- peated moderate exposures. Symptoms Dizziness, staggering gait, drowsiness; recovery is slow. Frostbitten areas will be white. Short Exposure Tolerance Dizziness is produced in 20 minutes by 800-1000 ppm. Exposure Procedures Remove victim to fresh air. Apply artificial res- piration if breathing stops. If the liquid has spilled onto the person, points of contact may be frostbitten. Protect any frozen areas from mechan- ical damage. Get medical attention. REACTIVITY DATA Stability Decomposes upon contact with moisture. At high tem- peratures it may decompose to phosgene, chlorine and carbon monoxide. Compatibility When in contact with aluminum, the product which forms may ignite spontaneously in air. Do not use aluminum, aluminum alloys, zinc, die castings, mag- nisium or magnesium alloys. Remarks: *NOTEI Detectable odor is higher than TLV. Exposure to potentially dangerous vapor concentrations can occur before the product can be smelled. Coast Guard Regulations require a warning sign to be displayed by barges carrying this commodity. The following is an example of acceptable wording: danger:, methyl chloride ------- FLAMMABLE COMPRESSED GAS TOXIC - NO VISITORS NO SMOKING OR OPEN LIGHTS ------- METHYL ETHYL KETONE Synonyms : 2-Butanone, MEK Appearance-Odor: Colorless liquid; pleasant odor-smells like lacquer thinner Chemical Family: Ketone Formula CH3COC2H5 Boiling Point 79.6°C(176°F) Vapor Pressure 100 mm Hg at 25°C Vapor Density 2.48 Freezing Point -86.9°C (-123°F) Solubility in Water..37% Specific Gravity.....0.80 Aquatic Life Domestic Use Agricultural Use Industrial Use POLLUTION HAZARD DATA A 24-hour TLm value of 5,600 mg/1 has been obtained for blue-gill sunfish in tap water and mosquito fish in highly turbid water. The sunfish were visibly affected by 3,400 mg/1. Oral LD50 is 4 gAg of body weight for rats. Insufficient information to establish hazard. Substance may cause taste, odor or other problems. Domestic Supply Agriculture Industry POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES Treat with sufficient powdered or activated carbon to re- duce concentrations below 40 mg/1 and the taste and odor threshold level. Hazard undetermined. Treat as described above where material will cause taste, odor or other problems. FIRE & EXPLOSION HAZARD DATA Grade A Flash Point -1°C(30°F) Flammable Limits, % 1.8-10 Autoignition Temp 515°C(960°F) Extinguishing Media CO2, dry chemical, alcohol foam, water fog Special Fire PTocedures.... General In case of spill, secure ignition sources. ------- HEALTH HAZARD DATA Toxic Rating: 2 Odor Threshold (ppm): below 25 TLV (ppm): 200 Toxic Characteristics Causes narcotic symptoms, and skin irritations. Symptoms Dizziness, headache, nausea, and lack of coordina- tion. Short Exposure Tolerance Exposure Procedures Vapor - remove victim to fresh air; if breathing stops, apply artificial respiration. Skin or eye contact - remove contaminated clothing and gently flush affected areas with water for 15 minutes. Get medical advice or attention. REACTIVITY DATA Stability Stable Compatibility Will soften and dissolve many plastics. ------- NAPHTHALENE Synonyms Appearance-Odor: Colorless liquid or white solid; odor of mothballs Chemical Family: Aromatic hydrocarbon Aquatic Life Domestic Use Agricultural Use Industrial Use General Domestic Supply Agriculture Industry Grade C Flash Point 88°C(190°F) Formula c10h8 Boiling Point 218°C(424°F) Vapor Pressure 1 mm Hg at 52.6°C Vapor Density 4.42 Freezing Point 80.2°C(176°F) Solubility in Water..30 ppm Specific Gravity 1.145 POLLUTION HAZARD DATA Concentrations of 5 mg/1 have killed sunfish in one hour. An exposure to 17 mg/1 for one hour did not kill minnows but caused them to stop eating. The killing strength for perch has been given as 20 and 40 mg/1. The critical level for fingerling silver salmon in aerated seawater for a 72-hour exposure was found to be between 1.8 and 3.2 mg/1. A concentration of 1.0 mg/1 affected the taste of the flesh of bleak. The probable lethal oral dose of naphthalene for a man is 5-15 g. A dose of 2 g given over a period of 2 days kill- ed a 6-year old child. Insufficient information to establish hazard. Substance may cause taste, odor or other problems. Upon spilling, th^ materials will solidify and can be shoveled into a waste container. Napthalene spilling into water will either solidify and sink or solidify into a foam and float. POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES Treat with sufficient activated or powdered carbon to re- duce concentration below the taste and odor threshold level. Hazard undetermined. Treat as above in industries where material will cause taste, odor or other problems. FIRE & EXPLOSION HAZARD DATA ------- Flammable Limits, % ...0.9 - 5.9 Autoignition Temp ...558°C(1038°F) Extinguishing Media . ..CC>2, dry chemical, foam, water fog Special Fire Procedures. ... Do not direct a hose into a tank of napthalene un- less the temperature is below 212^". Otherwise the naphthalene will be spattered about with ex^-sive force. Water or foam must be applied carefully to molten naphthalene to prevent ex- cessive frothing. General ...Combustible Grade C solid which, because of its low melting point, is often carried in the molten state. When carried molten, it presents a fire hazard comparable to that of a Grade B flammable liquid. HEALTH HAZARD DATA Toxic Rating: 1 Odor Threshold Cppm): 25* TLV (ppm): 25 Toxic Characteristics Vapors cause irritation to skin; prolonged exposure can cause injury to eyes and systemic poisoning to respiratory system. Symptoms Short Exposure Tolerance Exposure Procedures Vapor - remove victim to fresh air; if breathing stops, apply artificial respiration. Skin or eye contact - remove contaminated clothing and gently flush affected areas with water for 15 minutes. Get medical advice or attention. REACTIVITY DATA Stability Stable Compatibility Most materials of construction are satisfactory. Remarks: Normally transported at elevated- temperatures. ~NOTE'.' Exposure to potentially dangerous vapor concentration can occur before the product is detected by smell. ------- NITROGEN TETRAOXIDE Synonyms : NTO, nitrogen peroxide, nitrogen dioxide Appearance-Odors Reddish-brown liquid, irritating acid-like odor Chemical Family: Acid anhydride Formula ^O^Cor NO2) Boiling Point 21.3°C(70°F) Vapor Pressure 760+ mm Hg Vapor Density 3.2 Freezing Point -11°C(12°F) Solubility in Water..decomposes Specific Gravity 1.45 Aquatic Life Domestic Use Agricultural Use Industrial Uses POLLUTION HAZARD DATA N2O4 reacts with water to form HNO3. See nitric acid See nitric acid See nitric acid See nitric acid. Domestic Supply Agriculture Industry POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES See nitric acid See nitric acid See nitric acid FIRE & EXPLOSION HAZARD DATA Grade Flash Point Flammable Limits, % Autoignition Temp Extinguishing Media Water spray or fog Special Fire Procedures....Remove or shut off source of nitrogen tetraoxide. The vapors are extremely toxic; respiratory equip- ment is required. Protective clothing required. Do not use carbon tetrachloride extinguisher. Tanks exposed to fire should be cooled by a water spray. General Does not burn, but under certain conditions it will support combustion. It may form explosive mixtures with combustible materials. HEALTH HAZARD DATA Toxic Rating: 4 Odor Threshold (ppm): 5* TLV (ppm): 5 ------- Toxic Characteristics Symptoms Short Exposure Tolerance Exposure Procedures General Class A poison! skin and eyes. Liquid can cause severe burns to Irritation of eyes and throat, coughing, tightness of chest, and nausea. Severe symptoms may be de- layed several hours. Eyes, nose and throat are irritated by 10-20 ppm. Liquid - immediately flush skin or eyes gently with water. Remove contaminated clothing. Get medical attention. Continue to flush affected areas until doctor arrives. Vapor - remove victim to fresh air. All exposures to vapor MUST receive medical atten- tion. Evacuate personnel not equipped with protective clothing and respiratory equipment. Flush area with large quantities of water. Protective cloth- ing should be worn during all handling operations. Stability Compatibility REACTIVITY DATA Highly reactive oxidizing agent which will react readily with organic materials. Although not corrosive to common structural metals when dry, NTO is highly corrosive when wet. Copper and its alloys are attacked severely by NTO whether wet or dry. *N0TEJ The odor of NTO IS NOT sufficient to give adequate warning against ex- posure to dangerous vapor concentrations. ------- OLEUM Synonyms : Fuming sulfuric acid Formula Boiling Point 135-77°C (275 to Appearance-Odor: Colorless, oily liquid; 170°F) sharp, penetrating odor Vapor Pressure 0 *-o 190 mm Hg Vapor Density 2./6 Chemical Family: Acid anhydride Freezing Point * Solubility in Water.Complete Specific Gravity....1.88 to 1.98 POLLUTION HAZARD DATA Aquatic Life See sulfuric acid. Much heat is generated by spill into open water which may kill fish in the vicinity of the spill No toxic hazard on dilution below 1%. Domestic Use See sulfuric acid. Agricultural Use See sulfuric acid. Industrial Uses See sulfuric acid. POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES Domestic Supply See sulfuric acid. Agriculture See sulfuric acid. Industry See sulfuric acid. FIRE & EXPLOSION HAZARD DATA Grade Flash Point Flammable Limits, % Autoignition Temp Extinguishing Media Special Fire Procedures....DO NOT USE WATER to put out a fire if the water can get into oleum. In case of a fire next to an oleum tank, wear respiratory protection against fumes. General..... .....Oleum will not burn. It will react with many metals, giving off hydrogen gas which is highly flammable. If hydrogen is trapped in confined spaces it can form an explosive mixture with air. See data sheet for hydrogen. *The freezing point for 20% S03 is about -4°C(25°F). It rises with S03 concen- tration to about 35°C(95°F) at 45%, then falls off to about -1°C(30°F) at 66%. ------- HEALTH HAZARD DATA Toxic Rating: 4 Odor Threshold (ppm): TLV (ppm): 1 rng/m^* Toxic Characteristics Extremely dangerous to eyes, skin, respiratory tract, etc. Symptoms Severe respiratory irritation. Skin burns will re- sult from contact with the liquid. Short Exposure Tolerance Exposure Procedures Vapor - remove victim to fresh air; if breathing stops, apply artificial respiration. Skin or eye contact - remove contaminated clothing and gently flush affected area with water for 15 minutes. Get medical attention as soon as possible. REACTIVITY DATA Stability Reacts violently with water, producing a great deal of heat. Compatibility Remarks: *The TLV is given for acid as a mist or spray. Coast Guard Regulations require a warning sign to be displayed by barges carrying this commodity. The following is an example of ac- ceptable wording: danger: oleum CORROSIVE LIQUID TCKIC - NO VISITORS NO SMOKING OR OPEN LIGHTS ------- OXYGEN DIFLUORIDE Synonyms Fluorine monoxide Appearance-Odor: Yellow-brown liquid or colorless gas Chemical Family: Formula 0F2 Boiling Point -145°C(-229°F) Vapor Pressure Vapor Density 1.9 Freezing Point -224°C(-371°F) Solubility in Mater.•.reacts Specific Gravity (liq.) 1.90 Aquatic Life Domestic Use Agricultural Use Industrial Uses POLLUTION HAZARD DATA Insufficient information to establish hazard. Insufficient information to establish hazard. Insufficient information to establish hazard. Insufficient information to establish hazard. Domestic Supply Agriculture POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES Temporarily shut off supply when fluoride concentration is above 1 mg/1. If sufficient acidity should develop, provide neutraliza- tion where low pH may cause corrosion or harm crops. Temporarily shut off supply when concentration of fluoride is above 10 mg/1 for peach, tomato or buckwheat crops (in- formation not available for others). If low pH develops, provide sufficient neutralization to prevent corrosion. Temporarily shut off supply when fluo- ride level is detrimental to industrial use (recommended threshold value for brewing, carbonated beverages and food processing is 1 mg/1). Industry FIRE & EXPLOSION HAZARD DATA Grade Nonflammable gas Flash Point Flammable Limits, % Autoignition Temp Extinguishing Media Use media suitable for material which is burning. Special Fire Procedures....Provide respiratory protection. If a fire breaks out near an OF2 tank and the tank insulation fails, the tank will explode. Evacuate fire fighters to a safe distance and have them take cover. ------- General Will not burn, but supports combustion vigorously. Toxic Rating: 4* Toxic Characteristics Symptoms Short Exposure Tolerance Exposure Procedures HEALTH HAZARD DATA Odor Threshold (ppm): TLV (ppm): 0.05* General Toxicity data are limited. There may be delayed effects. Contact with liquid will cause severe frostbite and should be avoided. Choking, coughing Remove victim to fresh air. Give artificial respir- ation if breathing stops. Oxygen administered by trained personnel may be helpful. Keep him still. Skin or eye contact - remove contaminated clothing and gently flush affected areas with water for 15 minutes. DO NOT RUB frostbitten areas. Persons ex- posed to this material should be placed under medi- cal observation for several days because of possible delayed effects. In case of spill, evacuate and rope off contaminated area. Keep unprotected personnel upwind. REACTIVITY DATA Stability Stable at room temperature, but decomposes to oxygen an'5 fluorine at higher temperatures. OF2 will flash into vapor at -58°C(-72°F) with attendant volume and'or pressure increase. It reacts slowly with water. Compatibility OF2 is a strong oxidizing agent and should be kept away from combustible materials. ~tentative ------- PHENOL Synonyms : Carbolic acid, mono- Formula CgH^OH hydroxybenzene Boiling Point.......182°C(360°F) Vapor Pressure 0.35 mm Hg at Appearance-Odor: Colorless-to-pink solid; 25°C sweet, disinfectant-like odor (like Vapor Density 3.24 Lysol) Freezing Point 40°C(106°F) Solubility in Water.8.2% Chemical Family: Phenol Specific Gravity....1.05 Aquatic Life Domestic Use Agricultural Use Industrial Uses POLLUTION HAZARD DATA The 24-, 48- and 96-hour TLm concentrations for fish are 1 to 20 mg/1 at 20°C. The threshold concentration for fish is about 1 mg/1. Phenols are less toxic toward fish- food organisms and other lower aquatic life than to fish. Taste may be imparted to the flesh of fish. USPHS Drinking Water Standards (1962) limit the concentra- tion of phenolic compounds to 0.001 mg/1, because of tastes resulting from the action of chlorine on such waters. It is not likely that harmful concentrations of phenol will be consumed in drinking water because such concentrations are much higher than the taste threshold. No known deleterious effects have been noted on crops ir- rigated with phenol-containing water. Phenol is deleterious in the food and beverage industries. Domestic Supply POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES Treat with sufficient activated or powdered carbon to re- duce phenol concentration to 0.001 or below (basis for limit is undesirable taste often resulting from chlorina- tion>. Agriculture Industrial Not considered to be deleterious to crops. Treat with sufficient activated or powdered carbon in industries such as food and beverage which are adversely affected. ------- FIRE & EXPLOSION HAZARD DATA Grade ...C Flash Point ...85°C(185°F) Flammable Limits, % Autoignition Temp ...715°C(1319°F) Extinguishing Media ...CC>2, dry chemical, foam, water fog Special Fire Procedures. ...When there is a danger of skin contact, provide full body protection. Full respiratory protection should be worn by fire parties at all times. General ...Do not permit anyone near spill unless he is suitably protected. HEALTH HAZARD DATA Toxic Rating: 4 Odor Threshold (ppm): TLV (ppm): 5 Tcocic Characteristics Class B poison. Corrosive to living tissue. Ab- sorption through skin is rapid and can cause death within 30 minutes after exposure. The vapors are also harmful. Eye contact is extremely dangerous. Symptoms Headache, weakness, ringing of the ears, and irre- gular breathing. Skin contact will cause white, wrinkled, soft skin at site of contact. Short Exposure Tolerance Exposure Procedures Vapor - remove victim to fresh air; if breathing stops, apply artificial respiration. Skin or eye contact - remove contaminated clothing and gently flush affected areas with water for 15 minutes. Get victim to a hospital or treatment center as soon as possible. All exposure victims should get medical attention. General Breathing the fumes or getting phenol on the skin can cause death in a short time. REACTIVITY DATA Stability Not dangerously reactive. Compatibility Aluminum and its alloys and zinc and lead are at- tacked by phenol. ------- Remarks: In order to be shipped in liquid form, it may be at elevated tempera- ture or it may be shipped in solution with cresols. Coast Guard Regulations require a warning sign to be displayed by barges carrying this commodity. The following is an example of ac- ceptable wording: danger: phenol COMBUSTIBLE "B" POISON no visrroRs NO SMOKING OR OPEN LIGHTS- ------- PHOSPHORIC ACID Synonyms Orthophosphoric Acid Appearance-Odor: Clear, syrupy liquid; practically odorless Chemical Family: Acid Formula H3PO4 Boiling Point 260°C(500°F)* (approximate) Vapor Pressure 0.02 mm Hg Vapor Density Freezing Point 61°C(108°F>* Solubility in Water..Complete Specific Gravity 1.8* POLLUTION HAZARD DATA Aquatic Life Lower tolerable pH limit for most fish is 5 and for the most resistant species, b. At pH 5, specialized flora and fauna are reported to develop. Domestic Use Agricultural Use Excessive acidity may cause corrosion, affect taste, de- crease efficiency of chlorination, and treatment processes, such as coagulation. Water is reported to acquire a "sour" taste below pH 3.9, except in highly buffered so- lutions. The taste threshold for trisodium phosphate is 225 mg/1. A concentration of 450 mg/1 phosphate may cause diarrhea. Low pH may be detrimental, depending on the nature of soil and crop. Industrial Uses Low pH may cause corrosion and is detrimental to many oper- ations. Phosphate may be harmful to certain operations. Domestic Supply POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES Neutralize with sufficient alkali to prevent taste, corro- sion or interference with water treatment. Agriculture Industry Temporarily shut down supply when concentration of phos- phate is above taste threshold value. Temporarily shut down supply or neutralize with sufficient alkali when low pH of surface water may corrode distribu- tion system or harm crop. Neutralize with sufficient alkali or temporarily shut down supply when pH of surface water is low (corrosive of dis- tribution system and equipment). ------- Temporarily shut down supply in industries such as brewing and food which may be adversely affected by excess phos- phate concentration. FIRE & EXPLOSION HAZARD DATA Grade Nonflammable liquid Flash Point Flammable Limits, % Autoignition Temp Extinguishing Media Special Fire Procedures.... General Reacts with many metals, giving off hydrogen gas which is highly flammable. If hydrogen is trapped in a confined space it can form an explosive mix- ture with air. See data sheet for hydrogen. Toxic Rating: 3 Toxic Characteristics Symptoms Short Exposure Tolerance Exposure Procedures HEALTH HAZARD DATA Odor Threshold (ppm): TLV (ppm): 1 mg/m ** The acid may cause skin burns and severe eye damage. Because of the low vapor pressure, the vapors pre- sent little hazard. Irritation of skin in contact with liquid; burning of eyes. Skin contact - remove contaminated clothing and flush affected areas gently with large amounts of water. Eye contact - immediately flush eyes gently with water; continue to flush for 15 minutes. Get medical attention. REACTIVITY DATA Stability Stable Compatibility Hot phosphoric acid attacks most metals. * The information given is for 100% H^PO^. The most common strengths are 75%, ------- 80% and 85% aqueous solutions. For these concentrations the specific gra- vity is lower and the other physical properties vary widely. ** The TLV is given tor acid as a mist or spray. ------- PROPANE Synonyms : Dimethy lmethane Formula C3H0 Boiling Point -42°C(-*i40F) Appearance-Odor: Colorless gas or Vapor Pressure.......6800 mm Hg liquid; natural-gas odor Vapor Density 1.55 Freezing Point -187°C(-305°F) Chemical Family: Hydrocarbon Solubility in Water..Negligible Specific Gravity (liq.) 0.53 POLLUTION HAZARD DATA Aquatic Life No toxicological data is available. However, material should quickly dissipate from water due to its low solu- bility, boiling point and density. Domestic Use Material should not enter intake because of above mentioned properties. Agricultural Use Material should not enter intake because of above mentioned properties. Industrial Uses Material should not enter intake because of above mentioned properties. POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES Domestic Supply Treatment is not generally required. Agriculture Treatment is not generally required. Industry Treatment is not generally required. FIRE & EXPLOSION HAZARD DATA Grade............ LIG (Liquefied Flammable Gas) Flash Point Gas Flammable Limits, % 2.2 - 9.5 Autoignition Temp..........466°C(871°F) Extinguishing Media Stop flow of gas; CO2, dry chemical, water fog. Special Fire Procedures....Tanks exposed to fire should be kept cool with a con- tinuous spray of water. General Shut off the fuel (gas) supply. Otherwise, putting out the fire will permit the accumulation of an ex- plosive concentration of vapor. Secure all igni- tion sources. ------- Toxic Rating: 2 Toxic Characteristics Symptoms Short Exposure Tolerance Exposure Procedures HEALTH HAZARD DATA Odor Threshold (ppm): * TLV (ppm): 1000 The gas acts as an asphyxiant, diluting the oxygen content of the air to below that needed to sustain life. Contact with the liquid will cause frostbite. Headache, dizziness, drowsiness. A vapor concentration of 10,000 ppm for brief periods has produced no symptoms. Remove victim to fresh air. Give artificial respira- tion if breathing stops. Get medical attention. If liquid has spilled onto the skin, the areas touched will probably be frostbitten and should be handled gently. All cases of frostbite should receive medi- cal attention. REACTIVITY DATA Stability Stable Compatibility Remarks: *NOTE] Exposure to potentially dangerous vapor concentrations can occur before the product can be detected by smell. ------- n-PROPYL ALCOHOL Synonyms : n-propanol Appearance-Odor: Colorless liquid; alcohol-like odor Chemical Family: Alcohol Formula C3H7OH Boiling Point 97.2°C(207°F) Vapor Pressure 10 mm Hg at 14.7°C Vapor Density 2.07 Freezing Point -127°C(-197°F) Solubility in Water..Complete Specific Gravity 0.80 Aquatic Life Domestic Use Agricultural Use Industrial Uses POLLUTION HAZARD DATA Lethal range for gudgeon (a European fresh water fish) is 200 to 500 mg/1. Oral LD5q values of 1.9 and 3.3 gAg of body weight have been reported for rats. Insufficient information to establish hazard. Substance may cause taste, odor or other problems. POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES Domestic Supply Treat with sufficient powdered or activated carbon to re- duce concentration below 20 mg/1 and the taste and odor threshold levels. Agriculture Industry Hazard undetermined. Treat as described above where material will cause a taste, odor or other problem. FIRE & EXPLOSION HAZARD DATA Grade B Flash Point 29°C(85°F) Flammable Limits, % 2.0 - 12 Autoignition Temp..........371°C(700°F) Extinguishing Media CO2, dry chemical, alcohol foam, water fog. Special Fire Procedures.... General Secure ignition sources in case of spill. HEALTH HAZARD DATA Toxic Rating: 1 Odor Threshold (ppm): TLV (ppm): Toxic Characteristics The vapor has a narcotic effect. Recovery is gener- ally rapid and complete. ------- Symptoms Short Exposure Tolerance Exposure Procedures Remove victim to fresh air. Apply artificial res- piration if needed. For eye contact, wash eyes gently with fresh water. REACTIVITY DATA Stability Stable Compatibility Compatible with most metals. ------- SULFUR Synonyms : Sulphur, brimstone, Formula S, Sg flowers of sulfur Boiling Point 445°C(832°F) Vapor Pressure 10"^ mm Hg Appearance-Odor: yellow-to-brown solid; Vapor Density amber liquid above 238°F; sharp chok- Freezing Point 120°C(238°F) ing SOo fumes usually present Solubility in water..Negligible Specific Gravity 1.8* Chemical Family: POLLUTION HAZARD DATA Aquatic Life Liquid sulfur will solidify and sink if spill occurs. Colloidal sulfur will cause problems similar to those of other suspended solids. Suspended solids may kill fish and shellfish by causing abrasive injuries or clogging the gills and respiratory passages of various aquatic fauna. The sulfur that settles will blanket the stream bottom, killing eggs, young and food organisms, as well as destroy spawning beds. Indirectly, suspended solids may be inimi- cal to aquatic life by reducing light penetration suffi- ciently to reduce photosynthesis, thereby decreasing the primary productivity upon which the fish food organisms de- pend. Sulfur in colloidal suspension has been found toxic to fish at levels from 1,600 - 10,000 mg/1 over several hours. Domestic Use Colloidal sulfur should be considered as part of the over- all turbidity problem. The 1962 USPHS Drinking Water Standards specify that turbidity shall not exceed 5 units. Doses of 1-4 g of pharmaceutical sulfur have been used in- ternally as a laxative and parasiticide. Agricultural Use Insufficient information to establish hazard. Industrial Uses Traces of sulfur in water used for plating baths will af- fect the smoothness or brightness of deposits and in photographic developers will react and cause fog. Re- commended limits of turbidity for some uses are as fol- lows: beverages 12 mg/1, food products 10 mg/1, breweries 1-10 mg/1, boiler feed water 1-20 (depending on pressure), pulp and paper making 5-50 mg/1, textile 0.3-25 mg/1, and tanning 20 mg/1. POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES Domestic Supply If colloidal sulfur is present special attention should be given to coagulation system to assure removal. * Liquid at 129°C(265°F); density of solid sulfur is 2. ------- Agriculture Hazard undetermined. Industry Shut down water supply or remove by treatment if colloidal sulfur is present in sufficient amount to cause problems. FIRE & EXPLOSION HAZARD DATA Grade..... C Flash Point 168-188°C(335-370°F) Flammable Limits, % Autoignition Temp. . .. 2A-8-261°C(478-502°F) Extinguishing Media CC>2, dry chemicals, steam, water fog. Special Fire Procedures....Do not direct a solid stream of water into burning liquid sulfur or a steam explosion may result. When sulfur burns, sulfur dioxide is given off. This gas is highly toxic, so .firefighting per- sonnel must be provided with respiratory protec- tion. General.... Sulfur in the molten state gives off hydrogen sul- fide (H2S) gas, which is highly flammable. The rate of gas evolution depends on conditions, par- ticularly the amount of hydrocarbon impurities present. Toxic Rating: 2 Toxic Characteristics HEALTH HAZARD DATA Odor Threshold (ppm): ** Symptoms TLV (ppm): *** Short Exposure Tolerance Exposure Procedures The contained H2S is extremely toxic; it dulls the sense of smell and may not be noticed. Sulfur dio- xide (SO2), formed when sulfur burns, is highly ir- ritating to mucous membranes. H2S - headache, nausea, dizziness; loss of sense of smell. SO2 - severe eye and respiratory irritation, Remove victim to fresh air. If breathing stops, apply artificial respiration. Oxygen, administered by trained personnel, is often helpful. Body con- tact with hot liquid sulfur can cause severe scald- ing. Do not try to remove the solidified sulfur from such a burn. Get medical attention. ------- REACTIVITY DATA Stability Reacts with oxidizing agents and reactive metals. Compatibility Liquid sulfur is noncorrosive to steel, but corrodes copper and its alloys. Moist sulfur is corrosive to steel. ** Odor alone does not give adequate warning of dangerous H2S concentrations. ***TLV for H2S 10 ppm TLV for SO2 5 ppm ------- SULFURIC ACID Synonyms : Oil of vitriol Formula H2SO4 Boiling Point 151-280°C Appearance-Odor: Colorless-to-brown, (304-535°F) oily liquid; no odor Vapor Pressure low Vapor Density 3.40 Chemical Family: Acid Freezing Point -37 to -30°C (_3U to -21°F) Solubility in Water Complete Specific Gravity 1.56-1.84 POLLUTION HAZARD DATA Lower tolerable pH limit for most fish is 5 and for the most resistant species, 4. At pH below 5, specialized flora and fauna develop. Excessive acidity may cause corrosion, affect taste, and decrease the efficiency of chlorination, and treatment processes, such as coagulation. Water acquires a "sour" taste below pH 3.9, except in highly buffered solutions. USPHS Drinking Water Standards recommend that sulfates not exceed 250 mg/1. Low pH can be detrimental depending on the nature of soil and crop. Low pH may cause corrosion and is detrimental to many oper- ations. Excessive sulfate may also cause problems. Aquatic Life Domestic Use Agricultural Use Industrial Uses POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES Domestic Supply Neutralize with lime or other available alkali to prevent taste, corrosion or interference with water treatment. Temporarily shut down supply in case of high sulfate con- centration (above 250 mg/1). Agriculture Neutralize with alkali or shut down supply when low pH may cause corrosion of distribution system or is harmful to crop. Temporarily shut down supply when sulfate concentration may be harmful to crop. ------- Industry Neutralize with alkali or temporarily shut down supply when low pH may cause corrosion of distribution system or equipment. Temporarily shut down supply in certain industries such as milk, brewing, ice making, carbonated beverages, sugar making and textiles, when excessive sulfate concentration may adversely affect operation. FIRE & EXPLOSION HAZARD DATA Grade Nonflammable liquid Flash Point Flammable Limits, % Autoignition Temp Extinguishing Media Special Fire Procedures....DO NOT USE WATER to put out a fire if the water can get into concentrated sulfuric acid. In case of a fire next to a sulfuric acid tank, use respira- tory protection against fumes. General Reacts with many metals, giving off hydrogen gas which is highly flammable. If hydrogen is trapped in confined spaces it can form an explosive mix- ture with air. See data sheet for hydrogen. Toxic Rating: k Toxic Characteristics Symptoms Short Exposure Tolerance Exposure Procedures HEALTH HAZARD DATA Odor Threshold (ppm): TLV (ppm): 1 mg/nr** Will cause severe burns to skin, eyes and respiratory tract. The inhalation hazard is slight at ordinary tempera- tures. The skin on which acid is spilled may feel hot or it may sting or itch. Drench with water. Remove contaminated clothing and flow water onto affected area for 15 minutes. For eye contact, immediately flush eyes gently with large amounts of water for 15 minutes. Get medical atten- tion. ------- REACTIVITY DATA Stability Avoid adding water to the acid, since a large amount of heat is produced. Compatibility Highly corrosive. May ignite wood and cellulose. Remarks: * the TLV is given for acid as a mist or spray. Coast Guard Regulations require a warning sign to be displayed by barges carrying this commodity. The following is an example of acceptable wording: danger: sulfuric acid CORROSIVE LIQUID NO VISITORS NO SMOKING OR OPEN LIGHTS ------- TETRAETHYL LEAD COMPOUNDS Synonyms : Motor fuel antiknock Formula (C2H5>4Pb in compounds mixture Boiling Point 110°C* (230°F)* Appearance-Odor: Oily liquid; contain- Vapor Pressure 5 to 35 mm Hg ing dye; pleasant, sweet ocor Vapor Density 6 to 8 Freezing Point -53 to -9°C Chemical Family: (-63 to +16°F) Solubility in Water..0.03% Specific Gravity 1.5 - 1.7 POLLUTION HAZARD DATA Aquatic Life Domestic Use Estimated safe concentration of lead tetraethyl for fish is 0.20 mg/1 as lead. The 24-hour TLm for bluegill sun- fish in tap water was found to be 2.0 mg/1 as lead. USPHS Drinking Water Standards (1963) is 0.05 mg/1 for lead. U. S. government has also established the tolerance of lead in food at 7 mgAg- Agricultural Use Industrial Uses Lead in irrigation water is toxic to certain plants. A concentration of 51.8 mg/1 has been found to slightly in- jure sugar beets grown in sand culture. Lead nitrate in concentrations of over 50 mg/1 killed oats and potato plants in one week's time. Chronic poisoning of farm animals has been caused by approximately 2 mg/1 in water. Traces of lead in metal plating baths will affect the smoothness and brightness of deposits. POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES Domestic Supply Agriculture Industry Shut off supply until lead concentration drops below 0.05 mg/1. Shut off supply until lead concentration drops below level harmful to crop or stock (50 mg/1 for sugar beets, etc.). Shut off supply until concentration drops below 0.05 mg/1 in food and beverage industries and below harmful levels for others. ------- FIRE & EXPLOSION HAZARD DATA Grade ,-A Flash Point 20°C (68°F)** Flammable Limits, % Autoignition Temp Extinguishing Media CC>2> dry chemical, foam, water fog Special Fire Procedures....Tanks exposed to fire should be kept cool with a water spray to prevent decomposition of the lead compounds. Because of the high toxicity of the compound and its combustion products, only person- nel with full respiratory protection should ap- proach the fire - ALL OTHERS SHOULD BE EVACUATED AS QUICKLY AS POSSIBLE. General The mixture may contain several lead components, one or more halocarbons (ethylene dibromide, ethylene dichloride, etc.), various hydrocarbon solvents and stabilizing compounds. Toxic Rating: 4 HEALTH HAZARD DATA Odor Threshold (ppm): TLV (ppm): 0.15 mg Pb/m3 Toxic Characteristics Class B poison. Breathing the vapors or absorption of the liquid through the skin causes lead poisoning. The effects are cumulative. Symptoms Abdominal cramps, diarrhea, headache, nausea, dizzi- ness . Short Exposure Tolerance Exposure Procedures THERE IS NO KNOWN ANTIDOTE I Personnel MUST avoid inhaling the vapors or allowing the liquid to touch the skin. Clothing and other absorbent material touched by the liquid should be destroyed since they cannot be decontaminated. Liquid spilled onto skin should be scrubbed off with kerosine at once. Get medical attention. Stability REACTIVITY DATA Relatively stable at ambient temperatures, but de- composes above 100°C(212°F). ------- Compatibility May be carried in steel tanks. Avoid contact with oxidizing agents or concentrated acids. Remarks: * The boiling point of a mixture will vary considerably from the value given. **Other components in the mixture will affect the flash point and may change the grade to a B or C combustible Class B poison. DO NOT ENTER TANK which has held lead-containing antiknock compounds. There is no decontaminating procedure known which will effectively remove the lead compounds from inside a tank. Coast Guard Regulations require a warning sign to be displayed by barges carrying this commodity. The following is an example of ac- ceptable wording: mnger: tetraethyl lead compounds (or danger: anti-knock compounds) FLAMMABLE "B" POISON NO VISITORS NO SMOKING OR OPEN LIGHTS ------- TOLUENE Synonyms : Toluol, methyl benzene Formula C5H3CH Boiling Point 111°C(231°F) Appearance-Odc Colorless liquid; Vapor Pressure 36.7 mm Hg at benzene-like „dor 30°C Vapor Density 3.14 Chemical Family: Aromatic hydro- Freezing Point -95°C(-139°F) carbon Solubility in Water.. 10~3% Specific Gravity 0.87 POLLUTION HAZARD DATA Aquatic Life Concentrations of 10 to over 90 mg/1 have been found leth- al to fish in fresh water, depending on the temperature and the species of fish. Lower organisms have toxicity thres- holds from 60 to 200 mg/1. Domestic Use Oral LD50 is 7 gAg of body weight for white rats. Agricultural Use Insufficient information to establish hazard. Industrial Uses Substance may cause taste, odor or other problems. POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES Domestic Supply Treat with sufficient powdered or activated carbon to re- duce concentration below 50 mg/1 and the taste and odor threshold level. Agriculture Hazard undetermined. Industry Treat as described above where material will cause taste, odor or other problems. FIRE & EXPLOSION HAZARD DATA Grade A Flash Point 7°C(45°F) Flammable Limits, % 1.27 - 7.0 Autoignition Temp 551°C( 1026°F) Extinguishing Media CO2, dry chemical, foam, water fog Special Fire Procedures....Fight the same as a petroleum fire. The vapors are more toxic than those of petroleum and should be avoided. A fire should be fought in the same man- ner as any Grade A flammable petroleum product. General Toluene vapors are more toxic than those of compar- able petroleum hydrocarbons. Secure ignition sources in case of spill. ------- HEALTH HAZARD DATA Toxic Rating: 2 Odor Threshold (ppm): TLV (ppm): 200 Tovic Characteristics Toluene is similar to benzene in its toxic action. Symptoms Nausea, dizziness and headache. The victim may ap- pear to be drunk. Short Exposure Tolerance Inhalation of 600 ppm for 3 hours has caused severe fatigue, mental confusion, nausea, dizziness and headache. Exposure Procedures Vapor - remove victim to fresh air; if breathing stops, apply artificial respiration. Skin or eye contact - remove contaminated clothing and gently flush affected areas with water for 15 minutes. Get medical advice or attention. REACTIVITY DATA Stability Toluene is stable. Compatibility Rubber exposed to toluene will swell, soften, and deteriorate. Toluene is compatible with most metals, ------- XYLENE Synonyms : Xylol* Appearance-Odor: Chemical Family: Aromatic Hydrocarbon Formula 05^4(0113)2 Boiling Point approx. 140°C (284°F) Vapor Pressure 7 mm Hg Vapor Density Freezing Point Solubility in Water..10~2% Specific Gravity 0.86 - 0.88 Aquatic Life Domestic Use POLLUTION CONTROL MEASURES Concentrations of 10 to 90 mg/1 kill fish, depending on the species, temperature and isomer. The m-isomer appears to be most toxic and o-xylene least toxic. The oral LD50 value is U.3 g per kilogram of body weight for white rats. A concentration of 0.3 to 4 mg/1 of xyr- lene causes a detectable taste or odor in water. Agricultural Use Industrial Uses Insufficient information to establish hazard. May cause taste, odor or other problems. POLLUTION HAZARD DATA Domestic Supply Treat with sufficient powdered or activated carbon to re- duce concentration below taste and odor threshold level. Agriculture Hazard undetermined. Industry Treat as described above where material will cause taste, odor or other problems. FIRE & EXPLOSION HAZARD DATA Grade B Flash Point 38°C(100°F) Flammable Limits LEL 17o, UEL unknown (for o-xylene) Autoignition Temp 493°C (920°F) (for o-xylene) Extinguishing Media CO2, dry chemical foam, water fog Special Fire Procedures....A fire should be fought in the same manner as any Grade A or B petroleum product. General The vapors are more toxic than those of comparable petroleum products. In case of spill, secure ig- nition sources. ------- HEALTH HAZARD DATA Toxic Rating: 2 /dor Threshold (ppm): TLV (ppm): 200 Toxic Characteristics Xylene is similar to benzene in its toxic action. Symptoms Dizziness, nausea, headache Short Exposure Tolerance Exposure Procedures Vapor - remove victim to fresh air; if breathing stops, apply artificial respiration. Skin or eye contact - remove contaminated clothing and gently flush affected areas with water for 15 minutes. Get medical advice or attention. REACTIVITY DATA Stability Xylene is stable Compatibility Softens rubber. Not corrosive to most metals. ~Xylene is a mixture of three isomers; ortho, meta and para. The physical, fire and toxic properties will vary depending on the composition. Usually the meta and para isomers predominate. ------- APPENDIX ------- CROSS-REFERENCE TO COMPOUNDS Most chemicals have several names which are acceptable. The chemicals in this selection are listed alphabetically according to the name considered most widely used in bulk shipments. COMPOUND Acetaldehyde Acetic acid Acetic anhydride Acetic oxide Acetone Acetonitrile Acrylonitrile Alcohol Aminobenzene Ammonia i-Amyl acetate Aniline Aniline oil Aqueous hydrogen fluoride Asphalt ALPHABETICAL LISTING Acetaldehyde Acetic acid Acetic anhydride Acetic anhydride Acetone Acetonitrile Acrylonitrile Ethyl alcohol Aniline Ammonia i-Amyl acetate Aniline Aniline Hydrofluoric acid Asphalt Banana oil Benzene Benzol Brimstone Bunker "C" Bu tane Butanol 2-Butanone n-Butyl alcohol i-Amyl acetate Benzene Benzene Sulfur Bunker "C" Butane n-Butyl alcohol Methyl ethyl ketone n-Butyl alcohol Carbolic acid Carbon bisulfide Carbon disulfide Phenol Carbon disulfide Carbon disulfide ------- COMPOUND AUHABETICAL LISTING Carbon tetrachloride Caustic potash Caustic soda Chlorine Chloroform Chi oromethane Coal naphtha Coal oil Compound 497 Cresol Cresylic acid Crude oil Crude petroleum Carbon tetrachloride Caustic potash Caustic soda Chlorine Chloroform Methyl chloride Benzene Kerosine Dieldrin Cresol Cresol Crude oil Crude oil D 1, 2-Diaminoethane Dieldrin Diesel oil Dimethylbenzene Dimethylketone Dimethylmethane Ethylene diamine Dieldrin Diesel oil Xylene Acetone Propane Earth oil Ethanal 1, 2-Ethanediamine Ethanenitrile Ethanoic acid' Ethanol Ethylene diamine 2-Ethylhexano1 2-Ethylhexyl alcohol Crude oil Acetaldehyde Ethylene diamine Acetonitrile Acetic acid Ethyl alcohol Ethylene diamine 2-Ethylhexanol 2-Ethylhexano1 Flowers of sulfur Fluorine monoxide Formaldehyde solutions Formalin Fuel oil No. 1 Sulfur Oxygen difluoride Formaldehyde solutions Fbrmaldehyde solutions Kerosine ------- COMPOUND ALPHABETICAL LISTING F Fuel oil No. 2 Fuel oil No. 6 Fuming sulfuric acid Furfural Furfuraldehyde Furfurol G Gas oil Gasoline Glycerine Glycerol H HEOD 1,2,3,4,10,10-hexachloro-6, 7-epoxy-1,4,ka,5,6,7,8,8a- octahydro-1,4-endo-exo-5,8- dime thanonaphtha1ene Hydrochloric acid Hydrochloric acid, anhydrous Hydrofluoric acid Hydrogen Hydrogen chloride K Kerosine L lh2 Lye M Methyl benzene Methyl chloride Methyl cyanide Methylene oxide Methyl ethyl ketone MEK Monohydroxybenzene Diesel oil Bunker "C" Oleum Furfural Furfural Furfural Diesel oil Gasoline Glycerin Glycerin Dieldrin Dieldrin Hydrochloric acid Hydrogen chloride Hydrofluoric acid Hydrogen Hydrogen chloride Kerosine Hydrogen Caustic sod^ Toluene Methyl chloride Acetonitrile Formaldehyde Methyl ethyl ketone Methyl ethyl ketone Phenol ------- COMPOUND ALPHABETICAL LISTING M Motor fuel antiknock compounds Tetraethyllead compounds Muriatic acid Hydrochloric acid Naphthalene Nitrogen dioxide Nitrogen peroxide Nitrogen tetraoxide NTO Normal butane Naphthalene Nitrogen tetraoxide Nitrogen tetraoxide Nitrogen tetraoxide Nitrogen tetraoxide n-Butane 0 Octyl alcohol Oil of vitriol Oleum Orthophosphoric acid Oxygen difluoride 2-Ethylhexanol sulfuric acid Oleum Phosphoric acid Oxygen difluoride P Pear oil Petrol Petroleum Petroleum pitch Phenol Phenylamine Phosphoric acid Potassium hydroxide Propane 1,2,3-propanediol n-Propanol Propanone Propenenitrile n-propyl alcohol i-Amyl acetate Gasoline Crude oil Asphalt Phenol Aniline Phosphoric acid Caustic potash Propane Glycerin n-Propyl alcohol Acetone Acrylonitrile n-Propyl alcohol R Range oil Kerosine ------- COMPOUND ALPHABETICAL LISTING Seneca oil Sodium hydroxide Sulfur Sulphur Sulfuric acid Tetrachloromethane Tetraethyl lead compounds Toluene Toluol Tr ich1oromethane Crude oil Caustic soda Sulfur Sulfur Sulfuric acid Carbon Tetrachloride Tetraethyl lead compounds Toluene Toluene Chloroform Vinegar acid Acetic acid Vinyl cyanide Acrylonitrile Xylene Xylol Xylene Xylene ------- |