CWT 10-14
CLEAN
WATER
REPORT ON
THE WATER QUALITY
OF
LONG ISLAND SOUND
NOVEMBER 1969
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION • U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
HUDSON-DELAWARE BASINS OFFICE, EDISON, NEW JERSEY

-------
REPORT
ON THE
WATER QUALITY
OF
LONG ISLAND SOUND
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
HUDSON-DELAWARE BASINS OFFICE
EDISON, NEW JERSEY
November, 1969

-------
SUMMARY
Long Island Sound is an estuarine water body of generally good quality.
Localized areas of lower quality exist in the harbors and embayments which are
surrounded by densely populated areas.
During the week starting September 29, 1969, a preliminary water quality
survey of the Sound was made by the Hudson-Delaware Basins Office, Federal Water
Pollution Control Administration. The objective of this survey was to obtain
water quality data for the Sound and adjacent waters to provide the basis for
development of a comprehensive study of the Sound. Water samples were taken at
70 locations and analyzed for biological, bacteriological and chemical character-
istics. While these data are not sufficient to verify a violation of the water
quality standards, they indicate where potential water quality problem areas
exist.
In July 1970, the FWPCA will initiate brief water quality surveys on Long
Island Sound. The information acquired will determine whether specific areas
are presently in compliance with water quality standards and will also serve as
a basis for developing a comprehensive water quality management program for the
Sound.
DESCRIPTION OF AREA
Long Island Sound^ is an estuary located between Long Island, New York, and
Connecticut. The state line bisects the Sound along its 90 mile length. The
Sound has a maximum width of about 15 miles, and an average depth of about 60
feet. Maximum depths are about 300 feet in the eastern basin and about 100 feet
in the central and western basins.
1

-------
URBAN AREAS
The areas around Long Island Sound are part of the rapidly growing east
coast megalopolis. Generally, the population densities on both the north and
south shores of the Sound increase from east to west. Current estimates of
population adjacent to the Sound are 600,000 in Connecticut, 2,500,000 in
Nassau and Suffolk Counties of New York and 7,800,000 in New York City. Thus,
nearly 11,000,000 people are in close proximity to the Sound.
HYDROGRAPHY
Long Island Sound is partially stratified. The net surface flow is to
the east, while the deep flow tends to be westerly. The major volume of the
fresh water inflow to the Sound enters the eastern portion from the Connecticut
and Thames River basins. During periods of high runoff, this inflow results
in a distinct surface layer in the eastern end of the Sound near The Race,
an opening connecting eastern Long Island Sound with Block Island Sound and
the Atlantic Ocean. The limited data available indicate that the net tidal
exchange with the East River is tcward Long Island Sound but the volume of this
flow has not been determined.
Surface tidal currents may exceed five knots in The Race and 2-1/2 knots in
the eastern basin. Elsewhere, currents are less than one knot with the excep-
tion of local currents of 1-1/2 knots near certain harbors and promontories.
Tidal interchange is equivalent to about 8.5 percent of the Sound's mean low
water volume and the annual fresh water inflow is about 35 percent. In general,
tidal mixing is strong enough to prevent formation of a strong seasonal thermo-
cline (vertical stratification resulting from large temperature and/or salinity
differentials).
2

-------
WATER USE
The waters of Long Island Sound are used extensively for shellfishing
and many forms of recreation including bathing, boating, sport fishing, and
skin diving. The larger rivers are navigable for short distances by
commercial traffic, and provide terminal points for the shipment of petroleum
products, lumber, concrete, sand and gravel.
The waters of the Sound are not used for domestic water supply, but do
serve as a source of industrial cooling water. The major demand for cooling
water is by electric power generating facilities. This demand can be expected
to increase as new power plants are built.
WATER QUALITY CLASSIFICATIONS
The major portion of the Sound has been classified as SA by both New York
and Connecticut (see the attached map). This designation means that the waters
are classified for all salt water uses including shellfish harvesting for
market purposes and direct human consumption (in approved shellfish areas),
bathing and other water contact sports, navigation and industrial water supply.
A lower class, SB, was established for coves, bays and river mouths where
there are significant pollutional discharges, associated with concentrations
of people and/or industry, which place a burden on these waters. Class SB
waters are suitable for all the above uses except shellfishing for market pur-
poses. The classifications are contained in the water quality standards sub-
mitted to the Secretary of the Interior by New York and Connecticut under the
provisions of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as amended, which were
approved by the Secretary. A copy of the water quality criteria for the
pertinent classifications is attached.
3

-------
WASTE SOURCES
There are approximately 179 wastewater discharges of municipal (includes
institutional, private and Federal) and industrial origin to Long Island Sound
or its embayments and estuaries. Sixty-one (61) of these are municipal sources
of which 36 are located in Connecticut and 25 in New York. Twenty-one (21)
of the sources in Connecticut receive primary treatment, fourteen (14) receive
secondary treatment and one, a state park with seasonal operation, discharges
untreated wastewater. This one source of untreated wastewater will soon be
corrected by remedial facilities which are under construction. Industrial
wastewater is also received by most of the municipal systems along with
domestic sewage. The major constituents of concern in the municipal discharges
are bacteria, suspended and dissolved solids and nutrients, along with organic
substances which utilize oxygen in the receiving waters.
Of the 118 industrial discharges which have been identified, ninety-one
(91) are located in Connecticut and twenty-seven (27) in New York. Many of
the industrial wastewater discharges contain chemicals, oils or toxic materials.
Seventeen (17) of the industries are conventional steam electric power generating
plants which use large volumes of cooling water. One nuclear fueled plant is in
operation on the Connecticut River 20 miles upstream from Long Island Sound, and
5 additional nuclear powered generating plants are proposed for the area. The
capacity of the existing power generating plants is 3,472 megawatts (MWE) while
capacity of the proposed nuclear power plants is 7,177 MWE. These additional
power plants may contribute a significant quantity of waste heat to the water
environment.
4

-------
There are other activities which may contribute to pollutional problems
in specific areas of Long Island Sound. The more important of these are
commercial navigation, recreational boating and dredging.
The spillage of petroleum products is a potential water pollution problem
resulting from the mass movement of these products by boat on Long Island Sound
and their storage near the waterfront. In the past year, there have been 10
recorded oil pollution incidents in Long Island Sound. Along with a yet
unknown effect on marine life, such spills may result in damage to boats and
shorefront properties. Through the National Oil and Hazardous Materials Contin-
gency Plan, the coordinated efforts of Federal, State and local agencies has
resulted in quicker response to detect, contain and clean up these spills.
The U- S- Army Corps of Engineers controls all dredging and dumping opera-
tions in Long Island Sound. During 1968, more than 1,400,000 cubic yards of
material dredged from nearby rivers and harbors was dumped in 19 disposal areas
located throughout the Sound (see attached map). Sewage sludge from Glen Cove,
Roslyn, Belgrave and Portchester is barged for ocean disposal to New York Bight,
12 miles east of Sandy Hook, N. J.; sludge from the remaining municipal plants
is disposed of via sanitary landfill.
POLLUTION ABATEMENT PROGRAMS
Long Island Sound receives the wastewater discharges from municipal water
pollution control facilities and from industries located along the banks of
the North Shore of Long Island and the Mainland. Although less than one half
of the municipal facilities discharging into the Sound from Connecticut now
provide secondary treatment, all these municipal facilities are scheduled to have
secondary treatment by 1972. Properly designed and operated secondary treatment
5

-------
facilities will remove at least 85% of the BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand)
present in most domestic wastewater. Industries in Connecticut that discharge
into the Sound have received pollution abatement orders which require completion
of waste treatment facilities by 1972.
Many of the municipal water pollution control facilities located in New York
whose wastewaters affect Long Island Sound are presently providing secondary
treatment. All New York State municipal waste discharges into the Sound are
scheduled to provide secondary treatment by 1972. The program of water pollu-
tion control plant expansion and improvement by New York City will continue to
improve water quality in the East River and western end of Long Island Sound.
A comprehensive study of a sewer district to serve the entire area of the
northern shore of Nassau County was recently completed. No firm target date for
implementation of this regional sewer plan has been established. The sewerage
needs of the northern shore of Suffolk County, New York, have been studied by a
consulting firm which has recommended activated sludge treatment for the sewer
districts which will serve the Huntington, Smithtown and Port Jefferson areas.
RESULTS OF SEPTEMBER, 1969, WATER QUALITY SURVEY
The open waters of the Sound, from the boundary of New York City in the
west to The Race, near Fishers Island, in the east, (stations 5 to 23), con-
tained surface dissolved oxygen concentrations which ranged from 84 to 100
percent of saturation. Dissolved oxygen concentrations in the deeper waters
were five to ten percent lower than concentrations near the surface, due mainly
to the higher salinity of the bottom waters. Total and fecal coliform bacteria
levels were less than 10 per 100 milliliters except at the extreme western end
near the New York City line. Concentrations of phosphate ranged from a high
6

-------
of 0.8 mg/1 in the western end to 0.1 mg/1 in the eastern end and nitrate con-
centrations ranged from 0.18 mg/1 to 0.06 mg/1. Although these phosphate levels
are above those considered capable of supporting algal blooms in fresh water,
no blooms were observed during the survey. Chlorophyll a levels, a measure of
the concentration of phytoplankton (microscopic green plants), were generally
less than 14.5 milligrams per cubic meter which indicates that a problem from
excessive algal growth is not likely.
At the west end of the Sound and the adjacent waters of the East River
(stations 1 to 4, 24, 25, 35 and 36), surface dissolved oxygen concentrations
ranged from 59 to 99 percent of saturation. Total coliform bacteria levels
ranged from 27,000 per 100 milliliters in the East River to 180 per 100 milli-
liters at the entrance to Manhasset Bay. Fecal coliform levels ranged from 6600
per 100 milliliters to 12 per 100 milliliters for the same stations. Phosphate
concentrations ranged from 1.1 mg/1 to 0.8 mg/1 and nitrate concentrations from
0.25 to 0.19 mg/1. Chlorophyll a levels were generally less 'than 8.3 milligrams
per cubic meter except in Eastchester Bay where it was 19.6 milligrams per cubic
meter. In Eastchester Bay and near Orchard Beach, dissolved oxygen concentra-
tions were relatively high and coliform levels low. Lower water quality exists
in the East River and quality in the Sound improves on a gradient from west to
east.
Along the southern shoreline from the entrance of Hempstead Harbor to
Fishers Island (stations 26 to 34), dissolved oxygen concentrations were greater
than 100 percent saturation at 5 locations and not less than 97 percent at any
location. Total coliform levels were less than 4 per 100 milliliters except in
Port Jefferson Harbor and near Inlet Point (which is approximately at the Greenport
7

-------
STP outfall) where levels were 50 per 100 milliliters and 22 per 100 milli-
liters, respectively. Fecal coliform levels were all less than 8 per 100
milliliters. Phosphate concentrations declined from west to east (0.7 mg/1
to 0.1 mg/1) and nitrate concentrations showed the same general trend (0.22
mg/1 to 0.07 mg/1). Chlorophyll a values were about twice those of the open
Sound waters reaching a high of 19.7 milligrams per cubic meter. The super-
saturated dissolved oxygen conditions and higher nutrient levels of these
waters is probably attributable to the proximity of the runoff from the
Long Island shoreline and the shallow depth.
Along the shoreline of Westchester County (stations 37 to 45), dissolved
oxygen concentrations were generally from 90 to 100 percent of saturation
except in Mamaroneck Harbor and the entrance to Port Chester Harbor where
they were 71 and 80 percent respectively. Total coliform levels greater
than 1000 per 100 milliliters were found at five of the nine station locations
and levels greater than 100 per 100 milliliters were found at all station loca-
tions. Nutrient concentrations were fairly constant throughout the area and
averaged 0.7 mg/1 and 0.15 mg/1 for phosphate and nitrate, respectively. In
Larchmont Harbor, Chlorophyll a concentration was 52.1 milligrams per cubic
meter, the highest value recorded on the survey, and averaged 22.0 milligrams
per cubic meter at other locations in the area, indicating a possibility of
excessive growth of aquatic plants. Wastewater discharges are probably contri-
buting to the potential water quality problems in this area.
Along the Connecticut shore, dissolved oxygen concentrations ranged from
50 to 120 percent of saturation (stations 4-6 to 69). At 10 near shore locations,
total coliform levels were found to range from 1000 per 100 milliliters to
8

-------
100,000 per 100 milliliters. At the other locations counts were generally
less than 100 per 100 milliliters. Phosphate concentrations ranged from
0.07 mg/1 to 0.32 mg/1, averaging 0.13 mg/1, and nitrate concentrations
ranged from 0.1 mg/1 to 1.1 mg/1 averaging 0.5 mg/1. Chlorophyll ^ values
ranged from 3.3 milligrams per cubic meter to 18.6 milligrams per cubic
meter and averaged 8.5 milligrams per cubic meter. Localized areas of lower
quality exist in the harbors and embayments which are surrounded by densely
populated areas.
A listing of the sampling stations and the analytical results of the
Survey are attached.
FUTURE PROGRAM
A series of short-term water quality surveys will be initiated on Long
Island Sound by the FWPCA in 1970. The purpose of these studies will be to
determine which areas have critical water quality problems. Program emphasis
will be directed toward determination of water quality standards compliance
in the selected areas concentrating on those factors which will affect the
safe use of the water for recreational activities such as swimming, boating,
fishing, and shellfishing.
In any areas where non-compliance with accepted water quality standards
is found, further work will be done to determine the extent of and the responsi-
bility for the pollution problem. Once the magnitude of the problem is known,
the alternative methods of remedial action will be defined. Through cooperative
action between the FWPCA and the State involved, a combined program of legal,
administrative and technological procedures to eliminate the pollution will be
initiated.
9

-------
An additional objective of this work will be to determine the effect
which-the pollution sources have on water quality. A water quality manage-
ment program will then be designed to enhance and preserve the water of Long
Island Sound and its tributaries so as to assure water quality levels con-
sistent with all established uses. The water uses have been determined and
were included in the water quality standards submitted by the States and
accepted by the Secretary of the Interior. Additionally, the State Water
Quality Standards contain individual parameter limits which are the numerical
definition of the water quality levels necessary to secure the desired water
uses. With the water quality standards as a goal, systems analysis methodology
will be used to formulate a rational water quality management program.
10

-------
WATER QUALITY CRITERIA
STATE OF NEW YORK
CLASS SA
DEFINITION OR BEST USAGE: Shellfishing for market purposes, and any other
usages.
FLOW CONDITIONS:
1
Floating
Solids
None attributable to sewage, industrial wastes or other
wastes.
2
Settleable
Solids
None attributable to sewage, industrial wastes or other
wastes.
3
Sludge
Deposits
None attributable to sewage, industrial wastes or other
wastes.
4
Solid Refuse,Gar-
bage, Cinders,
Ashes,Oils,Sludge
or Other Refuse
Garbage, Cinders, Ashes, Oils, Sludge or Other Refuse:
None in any waters of the "Marine District" as defined
by State Conservation Law. (See Remarks)
5
Sewage or
Other Effluent
None which are not effectively disinfected.
6
Oil, Grease, Oil
Slicks, or Scum
Oil: None attributable to sewage, industrial wastes, or
other wastes.
7
Coliform
Density
For series of ^ or more samples collected during any 30-
day period in the waters of a shellfish growing area:
Median MPN not to exceed 70/lOOml.; MPN exceeding 70 per
lOOml. in not more than 20$ of samples collected.
8
pH
Not Specified.
9
Dissolved
Oxygen
Not less than 5.0 ppm.
10
Color
See Number 13.
11
Turbidity
Not Specified.
12
Taste,
Odor
Not Specified.
13
Toxic Wastes, Deleterious Substances: See over.
l4
Heated Effluents and Temperature Criteria: See over.
REMARKS: "The Marine District shall include the waters of the Atlantic Ocean
within three nautical miles from the coastline and all other tidal waters within
the State except the Hudson River northerly of the south end of (Cont'd.)

-------
WATER QUALITY CRITERIA
STATE OF NEW YORK
CLASS SA (Cont'd.)
13 Toxic Wastes, Deleterious Substances:
None alone or in combination with other substances or wastes in
sufficient amounts or at such temperatures as to be injurious to edible fish
or shellfish or the culture or propagation thereof, or which in any manner
shall adversely affect the flavor, color, odor, or sanitary condition there-
of or impair the waters for any other best usage as determined for the
specific waters which are assigned to this class.
lMa) Heated Effluents:
See Number 13.
(b) Temperature Criteria:
Within the mixing zone, water temperature shall not exceed 90°F.
Outside the mixing zone, water temperature shall not exceed 86°F
after mixing; no permanent change in excess of 5 F° above normal will be
permitted; discharges shall not raise monthly means of maximum daily
temperatures more than 4 F° from September through May, nor more than
1.5 F° during June, July, and August; rate of temperature change shall
be limited to 1 F° per hour,not to exceed 7 F° in any 2^-hour period at
maximum, except when natural phenomena cause these limits to be exceeded.
REMARKS (Cont'd.):
Manhattan Island." — from Paragraph 301, Part IX, New York State Fish and Game
Law.

-------
WATER QUALITY CRITERIA
STATE OF NEW YORK
CLASS SB
DEFINITION OR BEST USAGE: Bathing and any other usages, except shellfishing for
market purposes.
FLOW CONDITIONS:
1
Floating
Solids
None attributable to sewage, industrial wastes or other
wastes.
2
Settleable
Solids
None attributable to sewage, industrial wastes or other
wastes.
3
Sludge
Deposits
None attributable to sewage, industrial wastes or other
wastes.
k
Solid Refuse,Gar-
bage, Cinders,
Ashes,Oils,Sludge
or Other Refuse
Garbage, Cinders, Ashes, Oils, Sludge or Other Refuse:
None in any waters of the "Marine District" as defined by
State Conservation Law. (See Remarks)
5
Sewage or
Other Effluent
None which are not effectively disinfected.
6
Oil, Grease, Oil
Slicks, or Scum
Oil: None attributable to sewage, industrial wastes or
other wastes.
7
Coliforra
Density
For series of 4 or more samples collected during any 30-
day period; Average MPN not to exceed 2^+00/100 ml.; MPN
exceeding 2^00/100ml. in not more than 20$ of samples
collected.
8
pH
Not specified.
9
Dissolved
Oxygen
Not less than 3-0 ppm.
10
Color
See Number 13.
n
Turbidity
Not Specified.
12
Taste,
Odor
Nfot Specified.
13
Toxic Wastes, Deleterious Substances: See over.
Ik
Heated Effluents and Temperature Criteria: See over.
REMARKS: "The Marine District shall include the waters of the Atlantic Ocean
within three nautical miles from the coastline and all other tidal waters within
the State except the Hudson River northerly of the south end of (Cont'd.)

-------
WATER QUALITY CRITERIA
STATE OF NEW YORK
CLASS SB (Cont'd.)
13 Toxic Wastes, Deleterious Substances:
None alone or in combination with other substances or wastes in
sufficient amounts or at such temperatures as to be injurious to edible fish
or shellfish or the culture or propagation thereof, or which in any manner
shall adversely affect the flavor, color, odor or sanitary condition there-
of; and otherwise, none in sufficient amounts to make the waters unsafe or
unsuitable for bathing or impair the waters for any other best usage as de-
termined for the specific waters which are assigned to this class.
14(a) Heated Effluents:
See Number 13.
(b) Temperature Criteria:
Within the mixing zone, water temperature shall not exceed 90°F.
Outside the mixing zone, water temperature shall not exceed 86°F.
after mixing; no permanent change in excess of 5 above normal will be
permitted; discharges shall not raise monthly means of maximum daily
temperatures more than ^ F° from September through May, nor more than
1.5 F° during June, July, and August; rate of temperature change shall
be limited to 1 F° per hour,not to exceed 7 F° in any Z^-hour period at
maximum, except when natural phenomena cause these limits to be exceeded.
REMARKS (Cont'd.):
Manhattan Island." — from Paragraph 301, Part IX, New York State Fish and Game
Law.

-------
WATER QUALITY CRITERIA
STATE OF CONNECTICUT
CLASS SA
DEFINITION OR BEST USAGE: Suitable for all sea water uses including shellfish
harvesting for direct human consumption (approved shellfish areas), bathing, and
other water contact sports.
FLOW CONDITIONS:
1
Floating
Solids
None allowable.
2
Settleable
Solids
Not Specified.
3
Sludge
Deposits
None allowable.
4
Solid Refuse,Gar-
bage, Cinders,
Ashes,Oils,Sludge
or Other Refuse
Solid Refuse: None allowable.
5
Sewage or
Other Effluent
All sewage treatment plant effluents shall receive disin-
fection before discharge to coastal and marine waters.
Degree of treatment and disinfection shall be as required
by the State.
6
Oil, Grease, Oil
Slicks, or Scum
Oils, Grease, Scum: None allowable.
7
Coliform
Density
Not to exceed a median MPN of 70/100ml. and not more than
10% of samples shall ordinarily exceed an MPN of 230/100ml.
for 5-tube decimal dilution or 330/100ml. for 3-tube decimal
dilution.
8
pH
6.a to 8.5.
9
Dissolved
Oxygen
Not less than 6.0 mg/1 at any time.
10
Color
None in such concentrations that will impair any usages
specifically assigned to this Class.
n
Turbidity
None in such concentrations that will impair any usages
specifically assigned to this Class.
12
Taste,
Odor
Odor: None allowable.
13
Toxic Wastes, Deleterious Substances: See over.
ik
Heated Effluents and Temperature Criteria: See over.
REMARKS: Surveys to determine coliform concentrations shall include (Cont'd.)

-------
WATER QUALITY CRITERIA
STATE OF CONNECTICUT
CLASS SA (Cont'd.)
13, Toxic Wastes, Deleterious Substances:
None in concentrations or combinations which would be harmful to human,
animal, or aquatic life or which would make the waters unsafe or unsuitable
for fish or shellfish or their propagation, impair the palatability of same
or impair the waters for any other uses.
l*+(a) Heated Effluents:
Not Specified.
(b) Temperature Criteria - Allowable Temperature Increase:
None except where the increase will not exceed the recommended limits
for the most sensitive water use.
REMARKS (Cont'd.j:
those areas most probably exposed to fecal contamination during the most unfav-
orable hydrographic and pollution conditions.
These criteria do not apply to conditions brought about by natural causes.
The waters shall be substantially free of pollutants that will: a) unduly affect
the composition of bottom fauna; b) unduly affect the physical or chemical
nature of the bottom; and c) interfere with the propagation of fish.
These criteria shall apply at all times in coastal and marine waters.
The discharge of radioactive materials in concentrations or combinations which
would be harmful to human, animal, or aquatic life shall not be allowed.

-------
WATER QUALITY CRITERIA	STATE OF CONNECTICUT
(NOTE: Except where noted by an asterisk
(*), these criteria have been approved by the	CLASS SB
Secretary of the Interior).		—
DEFINITION OR BEST USAGE: Suitable for bathing, other recreational purposes,
industrial cooling and shellfish harvesting for human consumption after depura-
tion; excellent fish and wildlife habitat; good aesthetic value.
FLOW CONDITIONS: '
1
Floating
Solids
None except that amount that may result from the discharge
from a waste treatment facility providing appropriate
treatment.
2
Settleable
Solids
Not Specified.
3
Sludge
Deposits
See Number 1.
k
Solid Refuse,Gar-
bage, Cinders
Ashes,Oils,Sludge
or Other Refuse
Solid Refuse: See Number 1.
5
Sewage or
Other Effluent
All sewage treatment plant effluents shall receive disin-
fection before discharge to coastal and marine waters.
Degree of treatment and disinfection shall be as required
by the State.
6
Oil, Grease, Oil
Slicks, or Scum
Oils, Grease, Scum: See Number 1.
7
Coliform
Density
Not to exceed a median value of 700/100ml. and not more
than 2300/l00ml. in more than 10# of the samples.
8
pH
b.y to 8.5.
9
Dissolved
Oxygen
Vot less than 5.0 mg/1 at any time.
10
Color
tfone in such concentrations that would impair any usages
specifically assigned to this Class.
11
Turbidity
Vone in such concentrations that would impair any usages
specifically assigned to this Class.
12
Taste,
Odor
Vone in such concentrations that would impair any usages
specifically assigned to this Class and none that would
;ause taste and odor in edible fish or shellfish.
13
Toxic Wastes, Deleterious Substances: See over.
l4
Heated Effluents-and Temperature Criteria: See over.
REMARKS: Surveys to determine coliform concentrations shall include (Cont'd.)

-------
WATER QUALITY CRITERIA
STATE OF CONNECTICUT
CLASS SB (Cont'd.)
13 Toxic Wastes, Deleterious Substances:
None in concentrations or combinations which would be harmful to human,
animal, or aquatic life or which would make the waters unsafe or unsuitable
for fish or shellfish or their propagation or impair the water for any other
usage assigned to this Class.
l*t(a) Heated Effluents:
Not Specified.
(b) Temperature Criteria - Allowable Temperature Increase:
None except where the increase will not exceed the recommended limits
on the most sensitive water use assigned to this Class.
REMARKS (Cont'd.):	'
those areas most probably exposed to fecal contamination during the most unfav-
orable hydrographic and pollution conditions.
These criteria do not apply to conditions brought about by natural causes.
The waters shall be substantially free of pollutants that will: a) unduly affect
the composition of bottom fauna; b) unduly affect the physical or chemical
nature of the bottom; and c) interfere with the propagation of fish.
These criteria shall apply at all times in coastal and marine waters.
The discharge of radioactive materials in concentrations or combinations which
would be harmful to human, animal, or aquatic life shall not be allowed.

-------
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
Long Island Sound Survey
September 29-October 3, 19&9
Station
Description
1
2
3
k
5
6
7'
8
9
10
11
12
13
Ik
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
2k
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32'
33
3k
Open
Sound
Waters
\k
South
Shore
Whitestone Bridge
Throggs Neck Bridge
Near Stepping Stones
Near City Island
Near Execution Rocks
Outside Mamaroneck Harbor
Off Fox Point
Near Great Captain Island
Off Lloyd Point
Outside Cove Harbor
Off Eatons Neck
Off Norwalk Islands
Outside Sraithtovm Bay
Outside Bridgeport Harbor
Outside Mt. Sinai Harbor
Off Pond Point
Off Herod Point
Outside Branford Harbor
Off Jacobs Point
Off Orient Point
Off Hatchett Point
Near The Race
Outside New London Harbor
Little Neck Bay
Manhasset Bay
Hempstead Harbor
Matinecock Point
Oyster Bay
Huntington Bay
Nissequoque River
Stony Brook
Port Jefferson Harbor
Inlet Point
Fishers Island

-------
Description
Eastchester Bay|
Near Orchard Beach
New Rochelle outfall
Larchmont Harbor
Mouth of Larchmont Harbor
Mamaroneck Harbor
Mamaroneck outfall
Off Peningo Neck
Blind Brook outfall
Port Chester Harbor
Near Bluefish Shoal
Captain Harbor
Greenwich Harbor
Stamford Harbor
Mouth Stamford Harbor
Darien River
Norwalk Harbor entrance channel
Saugatuck River
Southport Harbor
Black Rock Harbor
Off Bridgeport
Bridgeport Harbor
Housatonic River
Mouth Housatonic River
Mouth Milford Harbor
New Haven Harbor
Mouth New Haven Harbor
Branford Harbor
The Thimbles
Guilford Harbor
Clinton Harbor
Connecticut River
Mouth Connecticut River
New London Harbor
Mouth New London Harbor

-------
DATA, FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
SURVEY OF LONG ISLAND SOUND, SEPT. 29-OCT. 3, 1969
batlon
Depth
Feet
Water
Temp. °C
Conductivity
umhos
Salinitv
k/i
Chloride
m
-------
DATA, FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
SURVEY OF LONO ISLAND SOUND, SEPT. 29-OCT. 3. 1969 (Cont.'d.)
Station
Depth
Feet
Water
Temp. °C
Conductivity
umhos
Salinity
Chloride
me/l
DO
hir/I
Percent
Sat.
BOD
m*/l
TOC
mn/l
Turbidity
PJMI
NOt-N
tnfi/1
mft/1
Chlorophyll a
ra#t/to3
Total
Goli form/100 ml
Fecal
Coliform/100
15-S
5.0
20.2
37,600
26.8
15,700
7.3
95.5

2
1.0
0.12
• It

02
02
15-D
100.0
20.0
37,900
27.2
16,000
6.U
83.7

16
1.0
0.12
.3
-
02
02
16-S
5.0
19.8
37,700
26.8
15,600
6.8
88.2
.8
3
1.0
0.15
.It
2.6
02
02
16-D
5o.o
19.7
37,600
26.7
15,700
6.5
8I1.2

2
1.0
O.llt
• 3
-
02
02
17-S
5.0
19.9
38,300
27.U
I5,li00
7.It
95.9
.9
5
1.0
0.13
.3
2.8
02
02
17-D
90.0
19.5
38,100
27.6
Hi,600
6.7
85.3

3
1.0
0.12
.3
-
02
02
18-S
5.0
19.5
37,300
27.0
111,600
7.6
96.8

3
1.0
0.13
• It
-
02
02
18-D
1.8.0
19.3
32,200
27.0
111,900
6.9
87.8

3
1.0
O.llt
¦ It
-
02
02
19-S
5.0
19.7
37,900
27.1
15,700
7.6
98.5

2
1.0
0.10
.3
-
02
02
19-D
76.0
19.7
37,900
27.1
I5,ii00
7.1
91.6

3
1.0
0.10
.3
-
02
02
20-S
5.0
16.8
38,300
28.0
16,300
7.5
96.2

2
1.0
0.07
.3
-
02
02
20-D
100.0
I8.lt
38,900
28.8
I6,lt00
7.1
90.5

3
1.0
0.07
.1
-
02
02
21-S
5.o
18.2
39,000
28.9
16,700
7.5
95.6
1.0
2
1.0
0.08
.1
3-lt
02
02
21-D
li5.o
18.0
39,200
29.2
16,900
7.3
92.9

3
1.0
0.08
.1
-
02
02
22-S
5.0
18.1
38,800
28.8
16,800
7.5
95.5
.6
2
1.0
0.08
.1
3-3
02
02
22-D
100.0
17.8
39,200
29. U
16,800
7.3
92.lt

2
1.0
0.06
.1
-
02
02
23-S
S.o
18.3
39,ltOO
29.1
17,100
7.7
98.8

2
1.0
0.08
.1
-
02
02
23-D
60.0
18.2
39,300
29.2
17,600
7.U
9U.6

2
1.0
0.07
.1
-
02
02
2li-S
8.5
19.6
3U.700
21i.7
llt.ltOO
5.1
6I1.9

It
1.0
0.20
1.1
I1.6S
12,000
It,200
2S-S
5.0
19.8
35,300
25-0
111, 200
6.2
79.0
2.0
5
1.0
0.20
.9
7.6
180
12L
26-S
5.0
19.8
35,700
25.3
15,700
8.7
112.9
3.7
It
1.0
0.15
.6
18.6
OitL
02L
26-D
27.0
19.5
35,500
25.5
lit,600
8.2
lOlt.tt

U
1.0
0.18
.7
-
OltL
02
27-S
5.0
19.7
36,000
25.6
lit, 700
7.7
98.5
2.3
a
1.0
0.20
.6
10.7
Olt
Olt
28-S
5.0
19.8
36.UOO
26.2
15,100
7.9
101.8
2.0
a
1.0
O.llt
.6
7.6
02L
02
28-D
20.0
19.6
36,500
25.8
lit,900
7.1
90.9

7
1.0
O.llt
.6
-
02
02
29-3
5.0
18.6
35,500
25.8
lit, 500
7.8
97.lt
1.2
3
1.0
0.22
.5
7.6
02L
02
29-D
25.0
18.8
35,600
25.9
lit,600
7.5
9 It. 2

3
1.0
0.12
.5
-
02L
02
30-S
5.0
19.7
36,800
26.5
15,300
8.9
93.7

12
1.0
0.10
• 5
19.7
02
02
-------
DATA, FJEEHAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
SURVET OF LONO ISIAND SOUND, SEPT. 29-OCT. 3, 1969 (Cont'd.)
Station
Depth
Feet
Water
Temp. °C
Conductivity
umhos
Salinity
r/i
Chloride
KIRA
DO
mg/l
Percent
Sat.
BOD
mn/1
TOC
"ir/1
Turbidity
ppm
NOj-N
mn/1
rot,
mg/l
Chlorophyll a
mfc/m
Total
ColiformAOO ml
Fecal
Coll forrn/lOO
31-S
5.0
19-6
36,700
26.2
15,500
8.6
110.9

«
1.0
0.1b
• b
-
ObL
02
32-S
5.0
19.9
37,100
26.b
15,600
9.2
119.5
2.3
3
1.0
0.08
-b
18.6
50
ObL
32-D
33.0
20.2
37,100
26.b
16,200
9. b
123.7

12
1.0
0.09
• b
-
18 L
06L
33-S
5.0
18.9
38,100
27.7
15,900
7.7
98.5
1.2
u
1.0
0.11
.2
7.1
22L
08L
33-D
19.0
18.9
38,200
28.0
15,800
7.5
95.8

2
1.0
0.07
.2
-
16L
02L
3b-S
5.0
18.0
39,200
29.3
16,800
7.6
96.8

2
1.0
0.08
.1
-
02
02
3b-D
2b.0
18.0
39,200
29.b
17,000
7.5
95.5

2
1.0
0.08
.1
-
02L
02
35-s
5.5
18. b
3b,000
2b.7
lb,300
8.0
99.3
b.2
h
1.0
0.21
.8
19.6S
210
32L
36-S
5.0
20.0
35,500
25.0
lb,500
6.6
8b.7
1.9
5

0.19
.9
-
390
80
37-S
5.0
19.7
35,bOO
25.3
lb,600
7.7
98.b
3.3
2

0.19
.7
22.1
100
38L
37-D
21.0
19.5
35,700
25.3
lb, 700
6.1
77.7

6

0.18
.7
-
2,800
230
38-s
5.0
20.1
35,300
25.0
lb,600
7.7
99.2
3.9
2

0.1b
.6
52.1
320
bOL
39-s
5-0
19.7
35,500
25.3
lb,bOO
8.0
102.0
3-b
2

0.18
.8
-
b20
230
39-D
26.0
19.7
36,000
25.7
lb,800
6.0
76.9

2

0.17
.8
-
1,200
380
bo-s
5-0
19.5
3b,800
2b.7
lb,500
5.6
72.2
2.5
2

0.1b
.7
15.0
b20
180
Ijl-S
5.0
19.6
35,bOO
25.3
lb,200
7.9
100.3
3-b
2

0.17
.8
29.0
b,000
6b0
bl-D
39.0
19.7
36,800
26.3
lb,200
5.5
6 9.9

2

0.1b
.6
-
120L
12L
U2-S
5.0
19.5
36,000
25.8
lb,800
7.3
93.2
2.b
2

0.16
.7
-
2,500
blO
U2-D
39.0
19.5
36,600
26.3
15,200
5.6
69.b

2

0.1b
.5
-
130
b6
U3-S
5.0
19.6
36,100
25.8
15,100
7.5
96.3
2.2
3

0.1b
.7
2b. 3
220
56
U3-D
37.0
19.7
36,700
26.1
15,100
S.b
69.b

3

0.13
.6
-
08L
02L
bb-s
5.0
19.5
35,700
25.7
lb,800
6.3
80. b
2.0
2

0.13
.7
18.6
lb,000
2,100
b5-s
5.0
19.7
36,200
25.9
lb,900
7.5
96.2
2.5
2

0.1b
.6
-
100
2BL
bS-D
31».o
19.6
36,500
26.3
lb,800
6.8
86.9

a

0.13
.5
-
28L
02
U6-S
5.0
19.b
36,500
26.3
lb, 700
7.b
9b.1
1.6
5

0.13
.6
15.2
92
36L
i»7-S
5.0
19.2
35,800
25.7
lb,bOO
6.b
80.8
3-5
2

0.11
1.0
18.6
18,000
9,800
US-s
5.0
19.6
36,700
26.3
lb,900
6.8
87.1
2.b
3

0.10
.6
lb. 9
15,000
8.900H
U8-D
17.0
19.5
36,700
26.3
15,100
7.2
92.2

2

0.12
.5
-
7,600
3,600
-------
DATA, FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL AEHINISTRAITON
SURVEY OF LONQ ISLAND SOUND, SEPT. 29-OCT. 3, 1969 (Cont'd.)
Station
Depth
Feet
Water
Temp. "C
Conductivity
umhog
Salinity
k/1
Chloride
msc/l
DO
itirA
Percent
Sat.
BOD
ms/l
TOC
nw/l
Turbidity
ppm
N03-N
tng/1
POit
nw/1
Chlorophyll a
mR/m
Total
Coliforn/lOO ml
Fecal
Coliform/lOO
U9-S
5.0
19.lt
36,700
26. It
15,200
7.7
98.6
1.8
It

0.10
.5
lit.9
960
260
U9-D
20.0
19.lt
36,700
26.3
15,200
7.6
97.3

2

0.12
.5
-
1,100
230
50-s
5.0
19.U
36,800
26.5
15,600
7.7
99.0
1.5
3

0.11
.5
13.6
Olt
02
Si-s
5.0
18.9
36,300
26.6
15,1»00
7.2
91.5
1.0
2

0.10
.5
8.0
36L
2ltL
52-S
5.0
18.9
36,300
26.3
15,300
8.9
113.0
2.5
3

0.08
•It
12.2
02L
02
53-S
5.0
19.3
36,900
26.2
13,300
9.6
119.8
2.3
3

0.09
• It
11.6
OltL
02
SU-s
5.0
19.5
36,600
26.3
15,100
5.3
67.9
2.3
2

O.llt
.6
11.6
2,lt00
230
51t-D
15.0
19.3
36,800
26.5
15,700
5.5
70.7

3

0.12
.5
-
130
22L
55-s
5.0
19.9
37,100
26.5
15,500
7.It
96.0
1.5
2

0.12
.5
10.2
2,900
210
55-D
17.0
19.6
37,000
26.6
15,300
7.a
95.2

3

0.15
.It
-
l,lt00
120
56-S
5.0
21.6
37,ltOO
25.8
lit, 800
5.9
78.lt
1.9
2

0.15
.7
8.0
>30,000
2,300
56-d
32.0
19.9
37,000
26.2
15,000
6.3
81.2

2

0.1X
.5
-
lltO
18L
57-S
5.0
20.3
26,000
17.7
io,5ooAo,300
5.5
55.lt
2.3
3
2.0
0.32
.7
9.2
2,200
100
57-d
22.0
19.7
33,300
23.5
13,900
5.7
72.2

3
1.0
0.19
• 5
-
760
30L
58-s
5.0
19.1
35,300
25-5
llt.ltOO
6.2
78.1
l.lt
2
1.0
0.18
¦ It
-
U80
32L
58-d
15.0
19.3
36,600
26.6
15,500
6.8
87.2

2
1.0
O.llt
• It
6.It
26L
lltL
59-s
5.0
19.3
35,800
25.9
lit, 000
5.1
61t. 2
1.0
3
2.0
0.22
l.l
-5.1
160
ItO
60-3
5.0
18.5
35,000
25.6
llt.ltOO
lt.0
U9.8
2.7
3
2.0
0.19
.9
lt.0
lOO.OOOH
36,OOOH
60-D
3l».0
18.5
36,000
26.5
15,200
6.0
75.lt

3
2.0
O.llt
.5
-
660
100
61-S
5.0
18.2
35,600
26.2
15,100
6.1
76.1
.9
3
1.0
0.13
.5
2.h
2,600
310
61-D
33.0
18.3
35,900
26.5
15,800
6.3
79.5

1
1.0
0.17
.5
-
1,800
210
62-S
5.0
19.0
36,600
26.6
15,300
6.9
83.9
1.3
2
3.0
0.12
•It
5.It
12L
12L
63-S
5.0
18.8
37,000
26.9
15,800
6.9
87.9
1.1
2
2.0
0.12
•It
5.1
08 L
02
6U-S
5.0
18.8
37,300
27.0
15,900
7.0
89.3
.9
2
lt.0
0.11
•It
lt.lt
OltL
02
65-s
5.0
18.6
37,700
27.5
16,700
7.6
97.6
1.1
2
3.0
0.10
.2
It.9
02L
02
66-3
5.0
18.2
37,900
28.2
lit, 700
7.3
90.7
.8
3
3.0
0.12
.2
5.3
ItO
06L
67-S
5.0
18.0
37,200
27.It
I6,lt00
7.It
92.5
.8
3
5.0
0.10
.3
5.It
OltL
02
66-3
5.0
18.3
37,600
27.8
16,100
5.1
61t. 6
>5.1
It
1.0
0.12
.2
5.6
It,000
1,200
68-D
31t.O
17.8
39,000
29. It
16,700
6.8
85.9

2
1.0
0.07
.1
-
600
260
69-3
5.0
18.0
39,250
29.lt
19,000
7.6
93.2
.7
2
1.0
0.09
.1
3.3
ItBL
02L
69-D
31.0
17.9
39,200
29.lt
15,800
7.6
96.lt

2
1.0
0.07
.1
-
60L
06L
-------
PAGE NOT
AVAILABLE
DIGITALLY
-------
PAGE NOT
AVAILABLE
DIGITALLY
-------