031
Report on
IMMEDIATE WATER POLLUTION CONTROL NEEDS
INTERSTATE AND INTRASTATE WATERS
LONG ISLAND REGION
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
HUDSON-CHAMPLAIN AND METROPOLITAN COASTAL
COMPREHENSIVE WATER POLLUTION CONTROL PROJECT
Metuchen, New Jersey
APRIL 1967
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ERRATA
for
November 24, 1967
Report on
Immediate Water Pollution Control Needs
Interstate and Intrastate Waters
Long Island Region
Page or Table
Number
Page 1-1
Page II-3
Page III-l
Paragraph 1, line 2. After the first sentence add,
"The region also includes the waters of Long Island
Sound and the New York Bight (Atlantic Ocean)."
Paragraph j, line 3. Revise to read, "...obtaining
maximum waste treatment efficiencies; and ..."
Paragraph k, line 4. Revise to read, "...operations."
Paragraph 6, lines 1 .and 2.
"industries."
Revise "industires" to
Table III-2,
pages 111-6,7,8
Table III-3,
page III-9
Table III-6,
page 111-13
Table III-9,
page 111-18
Immediately following the table heading "Population
served" add a reference mark for a footnote "c".
Footnote "c", to be placed at the end of the table
on page III-8, reads, "Population served for municipal
sources; Population equivalent for industrial sources
on a BOD basis, assuming an estimated daily per capi-
ta loading of 0.167 pounds of BOD.
In this table delete all references to the present
footnote "b". Immediately following the table head-
ing "Population Served" add a new reference mark for
a footnote "b" at the end of the table, "Population
served for municipal sources; Population equivalent
for industrial sources on a BOD basis, assuming an
estimated daily per capita loading of 0.167 pounds
o£ BOD." In the column of "Pop. Served" delete Totals
of Pop. Served, 109,110 b/.
Revise footnote a/ to read,
III-5 for definition..."
'See Table III-4 and
Delete "New York State" at top of table.
Revise footnote a/ to read, "See Table III-ll for
definitions of construction activity codes." Revise
footnote b/ to read "Population equivalent on BOD
basis for industrial sources."
Table 111-10,
page 111-19
Revise footnote c/ to read, "See Table III-ll for
definitions..."
ERRATA-1
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Page or Table
Number
Table 111-12, Delete "New York State" at top of table,
page 111-23 Revise footnote a/ to read, "See Table III-ll..."
Page IV-1 Paragraph 3, line 3. Revise to read, "...consisting
of water pumped from the aquifer, and..."
Page IV-2 Paragraph 3, line 3. Revise to read, "...Nassau County
Disposal District No. 2..."
Page V-l After paragraph 1, insert the following paragraph.
"The Commission has the power to make rules,
regulations and orders with regard to pollution of
coastal, estuarial and tidal waters of the Interstate
Sanitation District which extends from Sandy Hook on
the New Jersey Coast to include all of New York Harbor,
and north on the Hudson River to northerly boundaries
of Westchester and Rockland Counties. The district
extends easterly into Long Island Sound to New Haven
on the Connecticut shore and Port Jefferson on the
north shore of Long Island. Along the south shore
of Long Island, the district extends easterly to Fire
Island Inlet."
Page VI-2 Paragraph 2, line 8. Immediately following "...three
duck farm operations.", add the following sentence,
"Duck farms on tributaries to this bay are listed in
Table VI-3 on page VI-19."
Paragraph 4, line 1. Revise to read, "...at least
24 duck farms—"
Paragraph k, line 4. Immediately after "Bay", add
the following sentence, "Duck farms on tributaries to
this bay are listed in Table VI-3 on page VI-19."
Page VI-4 Paragraph 2 (Flanders Bay), line 2. Revise to read,
"Major causes of this pollution are one municipal
treatment plant and...".
Paragraph 2, line 4. Revise to read, "...approximate-
ly 12 duck farms...".
Paragraph 2,.line 5. After "...major sources of pol-
lution." add "Duck farms on tributaries to this bay
are listed in Table VI-3, on page VI-19."
Paragraph 5, line 1. Revise to read, "There are 75
industrial..."
Page VI-6 Paragraph 4, line 1. Revise to read, "There are 131
industrial..."
Page VI-7 Paragraph 1, line 1. Revise to read, "...of the 170
municipal;..
ERRATA-2
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Page or Table
Number
Page VI-8 Paragraph 2, line 6. Revise to read, "Sixty-four of
these...
Page VI-10 Paragraph 2, line 1. Revise to read, "There are
approximately 39 duck farms..."
Paragraph 2, line 5. Revise to read, "...Long Island
Sound or Atlantic Ocean..."
Paragraph 2, line 19. Add this sentence, "Duck farms
on tributaries to this bay are listed in Table VI-3,
on page VI-19."
Page VI-12 Paragraph 6, line 6. Revise to read, "...in the map
following Table VI-4 on page VI-21. Table VI-4 sum-
marizes ...".
Page VI-13 Paragraph 2, line 5. Revise to read, "...Research
Center, Public Health Service, USDHEW."
Table VI-1, Revise table heading to read, "Number of Pollution
page VI-15 Discharges Excluding Duck Farms."
Table VI-1, Revise "Total Number of Pollution Discharges, Munici-
page VI-16 pal and Federal, to Long Island Sound Basin", to "16."
Table VI-1, Revise, "Number of Pollution Discharges, Municipal
page VI-17 and Federal, to Flanders Bay", to "1".
Revise, "Number of Pollution Discharges, Industrial,
Subsurface Drainage", to "75".
Revise, "Number of Pollution Discharges, Municipal
and Federal, Grand Totals" to "39".
Revise, "Number of Pollution Discharges, Industrial,
Grand Total" to "131".
Table VI-2, Revise, "Waste Sources, Intrastate Waters, Industrial,
page VI-18 No." to "75".
Revise, "Waste Sources, Total Inter- and Intrastate
Waters, Industrial, No." to "131".
Revise, "Waste Sources, Total Inter- and Intrastate
Waters, Total, No." to "170".
Page VII-1 Paragraph 1, line 4. After "...south and east." add,
"The Region also includes the waters of Long Island
Sound and the New York Bight (Atlantic Ocean)."
Page VII-2 After paragraph 2 add the following paragraph.
"In the ocean area adjacent to the Long Island Region--
New York Bight--the general drift is southerly. Close
ERRATA-3
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Page or Table
Number
to shore, the currents, though variable, tend to flow
towards the New York Harbor mouth along the New Jersey
and southern Long Island coasts. The bottom,currents
in the Bight have a definite onshore component,
necessitating great care in the disposal of long lived
pollutants. The Hudson Channel across the continental
shelf to the Canyon is punctuated by isolated basins
which preclude the possibility of large scale disposal
along it to the edge of the continental shelf."
Table VIII-1, Revise column heading "Consumption" to read "Consumption"
page VIII-6 MGD
ERRATA-4
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REPORT ON
IMMEDIATE WATER POLLUTION CONTROL NEEDS
INTERSTATE AND INTRASTATE WATERS
LONG ISLAND REGION
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
HUDSON-CHAMPLAIN AND METROPOLITAN COASTAL
COMPREHENSIVE WATER POLLUTION CONTROL PROJECT
Metuchen, New Jersey
April 1967
uk-.;>y -
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
LIST OF TABLES
I. INTRODUCTION 1-1
II. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS II-l
III. IMMEDIATE CONTROL NEEDS
Introduction III-l
Interstate Construction Needs III-l
Needs by Priority III-l
Needs by Type of Construction III-2
Immediate Construction Costs, Interstate
Waters Ill-2
Intrastate Construction Needs III-3
Needs by Priority. III-3
Needs by Type of Construction. . . • • . III-3
Immediate Construction Costs, Intrastate
Waters Ill -4
IV. OTHER MANAGEMENT AND RESEARCH NEEDS
Stream Surveillance Programs IV-1
Ground Water Surveillance Programs IV-1
Ground Water Recharge IV-1
Operation and Maintenance IV-2
Special Studies and Surveys IV-3
V. RECENT PROGRESS IN POLLUTION CONTROL
Interstate Action V-l
New York State* - V-l
Naasau-Sutfolk Regional Planning Board. . . V-3
Nassau County. V-U
Suffolk County V-4
Federal V-4
VI. BACKGROUND FOR RECOMMENDATIONS
Known Water Quality Problems. . . ... . .. VT-1
Atlantic Ocean Basin VT-1
Long Island Basin VI-2
Ground Aquifers VI-4
Stream Categorization VI-5
Municipal & Industrial Pollution Sources. . VT-6
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Page
Other Pollution Problems VI-8
Septic Tanks and Cess Pools VI-8
Dredging VI-9
Sanitary Landfill Vl-9
Duck Farms VI-10
Bottom Deposits VI-10
Eutrophication and A-quatic Vegetation. . VI-10
Pesticides * VI-11
Recreational and Commercial Navigation . VI-11
Ocean Disposal VI-12
Salt Intrusion VI-13
VII. DESCRIPTION OF THE REGION
Location VII-1
Geology VII-1
Hydrography VII-1
Socio-Economic Characteristics VII-2
VIII. WATER USE
Water Supply VIII-1
Present Demands VIII-1
Future Requirements VIII-1
Recreation VIII-3
Bathing VIII-3
Recreational Boating VIII-3
Parks VIII-3
Sport Fishing. VIII-3
Waterfowl VIII-k
Commercial Fishing. VIII-4
Shellfishing VIII-U
Finfishing . . VIII-5
IX. BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDIX A . . . CRITERIA FOR PRIORITY DETERMINATION
APPENDIX B . . . CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITY CODING
APPENDIX C . . . COST ESTIMATING PROCEDURES
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LIST OF TABLES
Table
Number Title Page
II-l Estimated Costs for Upgrading Existing Municipal H-5
and Industrial Waste Facilities Through 1990 for
Inter- and Intrastate Waters, Long Island Region,
New York, Summary
¦III-l Immediate Construction Needs by Priority, Inter- III-5
state Waters, Long Island Region, New York, Summary
III-2 Immediate Construction Needs by Priority, Inter- III-6
state Waters, Long Island Region
III-3 Immediate Construction Needs by Type, Interstate III-9
Waters, Long Island Region, New York, Summary
III-4 Immediate Construction Needs by Type, Interstate 111-10
Waters, Long Island Region, Municipal Needs
III-5 Immediate Construction Needs by Type, Interstate III-ll
Waters, Long Island Region, Industrial Needs
III-6 Immediate Construction Costs, Interstate Waters, 111-13
Long Island Region, Municipal, Institutional and
Industrial Needs Through 1990
III-7 Estimated Cost of Replacing Individual Cesspools III-l^
and Septic Tanks with Municipal Facilities to Serve
Long Island Region, New York Through 1990
III-8 Immediate Construction Needs by Priority, Intra- 111-15
state Waters, Long Island Region, New York, Summary
III-9 Immediate Construction Needs by Priority, Intra- III-16
state Waters, Long Island Region
111-10 Immediate Construction Needs by Type, Intrastate 111-19
Waters, Long Island Region, New York, Summary
III-ll Immediate Construction Needs by Type, Intrastate 111-20
Waters, Long Island Region, Industrial Needs
111-12 Immediate Construction Costs, Intrastate Waters 111-23
Long Island Region, Industrial Needs Through 1990
VI-1 Long Island Region Water Quality Problem Areas VI-15
VI-2 Waste Sources in the Long Island Region, Summary VI-18
in
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LIST OF TABLES (Cont'd)
Table
Number
VI-3
VI-if
VII-1
VIII-1
VIII-2
A-l
A-2
B-l
B-2
Title Page
Long Island Duck Farm VI-19
Total Volume of Several Wastes Dumped in the VI-21
New York Bight
Distribution and Projection of Population in the VII-4
Long Island Region, by Region ajid County, i960
and 1990
Municipal Water Facilities Serving 1000 Persons VIII-6
or More, Long Island Region, Summary
Major Water Supply Systems, Long Island Region VIII-7
Priority Criteria - Municipal Wastes Appendix A
Priority Criteria - Industrial Wastes Appendix A
Municipal Construction Activity Codes Appendix B
Industrial Construction Activity Codes Appendix B
LIST OF MAPS
Number
Waste Disposal Areas of Long Island Sound and
New York Bight
Long Island Region Municipal and Industrial
Waste Sources, April 1967
Following
Page VI-21
Appendix C
IV
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I - INTRODUCTION
This report reviews the water pollution problems in the Long
Island Region, which consists of Nassau and Suffolk Counties in New
York State. The discharge of waste from municipalities and numer-
ous other sources degrades water quality and prevents full utiliza-
tion of this natural resource throughout the Region.
The purpose of this report is to delineate those actions which
should be undertaken immediately to prevent further degradation of
these waters. Such actions include not only construction of new or
improved municipal and industrial waste treatment facilities, but
also those studies, surveys and research which must be completed
prior to development of sound water quality management programs for
the future.
The recommendations included in this report are based on exist-
ing data, known to be inadequate in certain cases. These data, ob-
tained from published documents, from State agency files, and from
the files of the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration in-
dicate the need for additional studies to augment available informa-
tion. Using the available data, and a scoring procedure described
in the Appendix, the needed construction activities were determined
in order of priority of urgency.
This report has been prepared under the authority of the provi-
sions of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as amended, and
in accordance with Presidential Executive Order 11288, "Prevention,
Control and Abatement of Water Pollution by Federal Activities."
1-1
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II - SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
1. The Long Island Region encompasses all surface-and groundwaters of
Nassau and Suffolk Counties, Long Island Sound, and the New York Bight, that
portion of the Atlantic Ocean near New York City. The inter- and intrastate
waters receive the discharge of wastes from municipal waste systems, factories,
individual sewerage systems, duck farms, watercraft and land drainage. As a
result, these waters are polluted with bacteria, organic wastes, suspended
solids, toxic chemicals and nutrients.
2. The governmental agencies within the Region which have primary re-
sponsibility for water pollution control are the New York State Department
of Health and the Interstate Sanitation Commission. Assistance and/or co-
ordination is provided by the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration.
3. Pollution of these waters not only presents a hazard to the health
of persons using them for water supply and water contact recreation, but also
restricts full utilization for fish and wildlife, industrial and agricultural
needs, and presents an unsightly and objectionable appearance. Such degradation
can result in deterioration of much of the regional economy which is based in
large part on recreation and similar water-based activities.
4. The major sources of pollution of these waters are raw and inadequately
treated municipal, industrial and duck farm wastes. There are 97 known industrial
and municipal sources of waste which affect interstate or intrastate waters and
which require pollution abatement action. The major industrial source is the
food and beverage industry. No Federal sources require pollution abatement
action.
5. The interstate waters of the Region are affected by the discharge of
inadequately treated wastes from eight municipal and 36 industrial waste sources.
Of the municipal sources, one provides no treatment and the remaining seven have
primary plants which are obsolete. Only one municipality does not disinfect
waste prior to discharge.
6. Thirty-nine duck farms, situated on or near streams, contribute water
loads which deteriorate the water quality of the streams. No data are available
on costs for eliminating this pollution.
7. There are no municipal or Federal sources degrading intrastate waters
within the Regibn. Approximately 53 industrial waste sources were identified
as pollution problems to intrastate water areas of the Region.
8. To achieve satisfactory water quality, all municipal and industrial
sources should receive a minimum of secondary treatment which, for the purpose
of this report, is defined as 90 percent BOD removal and 95 percent removal
of suspended solids. In addition, all municipal and most industrial wastes
should receive effective disinfection. In certain cases, removal of nutrients
and toxic materials is required in addition to the above. These treatment
requirements are established for purposes of this report and serve as the
guideline by which the immediate water pollution control needs and their esti-
mated costs could be determined.
9. The greatest need is to provide municipal collection and treatment
facilities to treat those wastes now going into septic tanks and cesspools.
II-l
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The estimated cost to achieve this is, $119,200,000 for Nassau County and
$409,000,000 for Suffolk County. It is calculated that these expenditures
would serve a population projected to 1990 of 3,190,000. These communal
sewerage systems will eliminate most of the pollution entering the ground-
water supplies.
10. The estimated cost of upgrading existing municipal facilities
discharging into interstate waters totals $7,501,000 with the major portion
($7,340,000) required to replace obsolete primary plants.
11. The estimated cost to abate industrial pollution on inter- and
intrastate waters of the Region totals $16,000,000.
12. A summary of immediate needs costs to correct municipal and
industrial sources of pollution on inter- and intrastate waters is pre-
sented in Table II-l.
13. In addition to the waste discharges from individual cesspools and
septic tanks, municipalities and industries, water quality within the Region
is degraded to an unknown degree by wastes from such sources as duck farms,
dredging, ocean disposal, salt water intrusion, recreational and commercial
watercraft, agricultural runoff, pesticides, by heat from power plants and
industries, bottom deposits, aquatic vegetation, and by natural aging and
enrichment of the lakes and ponds.
14. To make possible the control of pollution from these sources,
and to ensure the funds required as above for immediate construction
activity result in improvement of water quality, additional legislation,
studies and planning will be required.
15. The State of New York should expand its manual and automated
surveillance network.
16. The State of New York should adopt and implement additional laws
Which recognize the need for regional planning in water resource develop-
ment and require local governments to consider regional plans in terms of
water supply and waste treatment.
17. The Federal Water Pollution Control Administration should assist
on-going state programs by undertaking cooperative studies, surveys and
research in the following areas:
a. Location of areas with high densities of individual septic
tanks and cesspools, and the effects of such systems on
surface and ground water quality;
b. Effects of stormwater overflow and urban runoff on water
quality, and methods to control such sources;
c. Field sampling and laboratory analyses to determine present
water quality in those areas where existing data are in-
adequate;
II-2
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d. Types and amounts of agricultural chemicals used in
the Region, with a determination of the effects of
runoff of such pollutants on the receiving waters;
e. Location of areas with obnoxious growths of aquatic
weeds and algae, with control measures to reduce
nutrient inflow to such waters as well as to elimin-
ate present problems by physical removal or chemical
control;
f. Location and extent of thermal pollution problems;
g. Accurate and current inventories of all sources of
municipal and industrial waste, to include waste
volumes and characteristics;
h. Feasibility of joint municipal-industrial treatment
facilities, to include any needed pre-treatment of
industrial waste;
i. Magnitude of the problem of pollution by recreational
and commercial watercraft, to include oil pollution, and
needed control procedures to abate this source of
pollution;
j. Training of both waste treatment operators and state
regulatory personnel in the need for and means of
obtaining maximum waste treatment efficiencies;
k. Extent of water quality degradation due to dredging
and associated activities to include coordination of
Federal, state, local and private interests in dredging
operations; and
17. New York State should undertake additional studies, surveys
and programs of the following:
a. Feasibility of replacing individual waste disposal
systems by municipal collection and treatment
facilities;
b. Inventory boat marinas to determine the adequacy of
present on-shore treatment devices, and the need
for such devices to handle waste from recreational
boating; and
c. Determination of the magnitude of pollution from
camping facilities, and means to control such sources.
II-3
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18. An investigation of the existing legal and institutional
arrangements which deal with water quality problems on a local,
regional or statewide basis must be undertaken to determine their
adequacy in effecting and implementing water pollution control
programs.
19. Investigations must be carried out to determine the fiscal
contribution of each basin entity (government and private) to meet
expenditures required for immediate and long range pollution control
and resource management programs. The role of Federal, state, local
and private bodies must be evaluated in terms of costs and benefits.
An indication of the economic impact water pollution abatement may
have on the Region as a whole should be determined if programs aimed
at achieving better water quality are to receive an appropriate share
of public and private expenditures.
20. A need for close coordination of water quality problems
indicates that a regional approach is best suited to promote inter-
local cooperation between municipalities, to coordinate planning among
townships and counties, and to administer state and Federal programs.
Regional water management authorities must ensure that the needs of
the minor or tributary river basins are reviewed, weighted and/or
integrated into the major river drainage basin programs.
II-4
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TABLE II-l
(SUMMARY)
ESTIMATED COSTS FOR UPDATING EXISTING MUNICIPAL
AND INDUSTRIAL WASTE FACILITIES THROUGH 1990
FOR INTER- AND INTRASTATE WATERS,
LONG ISLAND REGION, NEW YORKg/
Construction^/
Activity Code
(MUNICIPAL)
Interstate
Number Cost
Plants ($000)
Intrastate
Number Cost
Plants ($000)
Total
Number Cost
Plants ($000)
01
02
1
JL
8
161
!2.
7,501
1
JL
8
161
0
7,501
Construction^
Activity Code
(INDUSTRIAL)
A
3
3,707
3
606
6
^,313
B
5
1,120
1,318
7
2,730
12
3,850
C
20
38
1,680
58
2,998
D
8
?
li?28
13
4,90*+
36
9,721
53
6,3Mf
89
16,065
Priority^/
I
-
-
if
177
k
177
II
3
13^
29
3,886
32
k ,020
19,369
III
kl
17,088
20
2,281
61
IV
^ 17,222 53 6,3V* 97 23,566
Does not include costs for abatement of pollution from duck farms.
b/ See Table III-A- and III-5 for construction activity codes and Appendix A
for priority criteria.
II-5
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Ill - IMMEDIATE CONTROL NEEDS
To determine the immediate corrective actions necessary to ensure
the preservation, development and enhancement of natural waters within
the Region, an evaluation was made of immediate construction needs for
each known municipal and industrial waste source. Non-construction needs,
including research and field studies, are discussed in Section IV of this
Report. In developing the needed construction activity, it was recognized
that secondary treatment was the minimum permissible to provide that the
need for such water uses as water supply, recreation and sport fishing
could be met. Using this criteria, as well as such additional factors as
dilution water available, strength and volume of waste discharge, existing
treatment, and the use of the receiving water, a system of priorities was
formulated to identify the most significant problem areas.
All waste sources (except individual systems) requiring corrective
action were classified into one of four priority groupings ranked in
descending order of urgency. Further details on the criteria used to
develop these priorities are provided in the Appendix, but in general,
those sources with relatively high population equivalents in terms of
BOD loading, those with little or no treatment and those which discharge
into streams which have only small amounts of dilution water were assigned
the highest priorities.
The following sections present these immediate construction needs,
together with estimated costs and priority, for both the interstate and
intrastate waters of the Long Island Region.
INTERSTATE CONSTRUCTION NEEDS
The interstate waters of the Long Island Region are effected by
eight known municipal and 36 industrial waste sources which require
some form of immediate abatement. The municipal waste sources serve
an estimated 24,000 persons. Only one is not chlorinated. On a BOD
basis, the industrial waste loadings needing abatement, are estimated
to be equivalent to that from 85,000 persons, approximately three and
one-half times the municipal loading heeding abatement. No Federal waste
sources require abatement.
Needs by Priority
Table III-l summarizes the needed construction activity by priority
of urgency. Table III-2 indicates the specific sources in each priority.
No municipal or industrial waste sources were classified into a Priority
I category, sources demanding the most urgent attention.
Priority II includes three industires, whose discharge data are not
available. These three industires are: the Wittnauer Division of the
III-l
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Longines-Wittnauer Watch Co., Lynbrook, N. Y., and the Long Island
Produce and Fertilizer Co., Bayshore, N. Y., both of which are sus-
spected of discharging toxic materials with their wastewater, and Rason
Asphalt, Port Jefferson Station, N. Y. which discharges a waste con-
taining suspended solids in concentrations of 10,000 mg/1.
Included in Priority III are eight municipal waste systems which
serve 24,250 persons. Of these sources, the obsolescent and overloaded
primary plants at Northport and Ocean Beach and the obsolescent primary
plant at Port Jefferson are the largest. In addition, Priority III in-
cludes 33 industrial sources. These sources represent an estimated pop-
ulation equivalent of 84,860 persons, of which Long Island Packers, East-
port, contributes 33 percent and Riverhead Duck Processing Co-op, River-
head, another 18 percent.
No municipal or industrial systems were placed in the least urgent
Priority IV category.
Needs by Type of Construction
Table III-3 summarizes immediate construction needs in the inter-
state waters by type of construction required. Table III-4 presents de-
tailed needs by source for municipal systems and Table III-5 for indus-
trial sources. Over 24,000 persons are served by seven obsolescent pri-
mary treatment facilities which will require construction of complete
secondary treatment facilities.
Of the industrial sources requiring corrective constructions, three
food plants account for almost 60 percent of the total estimated indus-
trial load needing secondary treatment facilities. and disinfection.
Eight other industrial firms need segregation of wastes with biological
treatment plus chlorination. Twenty industries need segregation of waste
and non-biological treatment. The remaining five industrial" plants require
only construction of appropriate secondary treatment facilities.
Immediate Construction Costs, Interstate Waters
The estimated costs of needed construction for sewered systems on
interstate waters are summarized in Table III-6 for both municipal and
industrial systems. To finance this program of immediate corrective
action to existing facilities will require an estimated expenditure of
at least $17,200,000. Of this total, $7,500,000 is needed to provide
new secondary facilities for all eight municipal systems on interstate
waters. Almost $10,000,000 is the estimated amount required to correct
III-2
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industrial pollution. The cost estimates are based on plant capacity
sufficient to handle anticipated organic loads projected to 1990. De-
tails on the procedures used for cost estimation are in the Appendix.
Because more than three-quarters of the Region's resident population
are presently obliged to use individual waste systems (septic tanks and
cesspools), cost estimates for replacing these inferior and often unsafe
systems are presented in Table III-7. It should be pointed out that the
estimated cost of $119,200,000 will purchase treatment for all of the
presently unsewered and untreated areas of Nassau County. Less than half
a million dollars more is required to upgrade existing Nassau County treat-
ment facilities to service the remainder of the 1990 projected population.
The magnitude of the unsewered population problem in Suffolk County
is estimated to be almost four times as great (replacement of individual
systems will cost $409,000,000). This can be attributed to the fact that
only a minor fraction of the county is presently sewered and that by 1990
Suffolk County's estimated population of 2.5 million will be 50 percent
greater than Nassau's. Suffolk County's population's anticipated quad-
ruppling between 1960 and 1990 contrasts sharply with Nassau's expected
growth of only 25 percent.
INTRASTATE CONSTRUCTION NEEDS
There are 53 industrial waste sources and no municipal waste sources
which discharge raw or inadequately treated sewage to the intrastate waters
of the Long Island Region. In almost all cases, the industries discharge
to the ground rather than to any recognized stream. The industrial sources
account for an estimated BOD loading equivalent to approximately 31,500
persons.
Needs by Priority
Table III-8 summarizes the immediate construction needs for intra-
state waters by priority of urgency. Table III-9 presents the priorities
by individual sources. Priority I includes four industrial sources, all
in the field of metal finishing, which are producing toxic wastes. In-
cluded in Priority II are 29 industries with a BOD population equivalent
of 21,900. The other 20 industries are in Priority III. Many of the
Priority II and III industries are also producing metal finishing wastes.
Needs by Type o£ 'Construction
Construction needs by type of facility are summarized in Table IIIi-lO
while Table III-ll presents detailed needed construction for the industrial
waste sources. Seven industries, accounting for 65 percent of the known
BOD loading need only construction' of appropriate secondary treatment
III-3
-------
facilities. Five other firms need segregation of waste and biological
treatment. The1, remaining 38 industries require segregation of wastes
and non-biological treatment.
Immediate Construction Costs, Intrastate Waters
The estimated costs to construct the needed treatment facilities
to abate industrial wastes discharged into intrastate waters and/or to
ground are presented in Table 111-12. The total cost to abate industrial
pollution is roughly estimated to be $6.3 million, the largest portion of
which would go^to provide secondary treatment for organic wastes. There
are no municipal waste sources on intrastate waters.
III-4
-------
TABLE III-l
IMMEDIATE CONSTRUCTION NEEDS BY PRIORITY
INTERSTATE WATERS, LONG ISLAND REGION,
NEW YORK, SUMMARY a/
Priority
y
i
ii-
iii
Municipal
No.
Plants
n6ne
none
8
Pop. Servedfs/
2k,250
24,250
I
II
III
Industrial
none
3
33
36
Pop. Equiv.^
na
84,860
84,860
Totals
I
II
III
none
3
4l
44
na = Data not available.
a/ See Table III-2 for listing of individual sources,
b/ See Appendix A for priority criteria.
cI Population served for municipal sources; Population equivalent on a
BOD basis, assuming an estimated daily per capita loading of 0.167
pounds of BOD, for industrial sources.
III-5
-------
TABLE III-2
IMMEDIATE CONSTRUCTION. NEEDS
BY PRIORITY, INTERSTATE WATERS,
LONG ISLAND REGION
8./
Construction -J Population
Source Activity Code Served
Priority I
A. Municipal
None
B. Industrial
None
Priority II ^
A. Municipal
None'
B. 'Industrial
Wittronics Div. Longines
Witnauer Watch Co., Lynbrook
C
na
L.I. Produce & Fertilizer
Co., Riverhead
C
na
Rason Asphalt, Port Jeffer-
son Station
C
na
Priority III ^
Municipal
Glen Cove STP (Morgan Is.),
Glen Cove
02
1,100
Northport STP, Northport
02
6,000
Port Jefferson SD, Port
Jefferson
02
3,000
Greenport STP, Greenport
02-
2,600
Shelter Is., Hgts., Shelter
Island
02
350
Sag.Harbor, Sag Harbor
01
200
Ocean Beach STP, Ocean Beach
02
6,000
Patchogue SD, Patchogue
02
5,000
III-6
-------
TABLE III-2
IMMEDIATE CONSTRUCTION NEEDS
BY PRIORITY, INTERSTATE WATERS,
LONG ISLAND REGION (Cont'd)
Source
Construction
Activity Code
®/
Population
Served
Priority III ^ (Cont'd)
B. Industrial
Sperry Rand Corp. Sperry
Gyroscope Co. Div., Greatneck
Photocitcuits Corp., Glen Cove
Long Island Packers, East Port
Riverhead Duck Processing Co-op,
Riverhead
Agawara Aircraft, Sag Harbor
Fairchild Hiller Electronic
Systems Div., Bayshore
Clermont Polychemical, Roslyn
Heights
Telephonies, Huntington
American Aviation Mfg., Oceanside
Young J & A, Inc., Copiague
Stylecraft Corp., Copiague
Cuddle Knit, Inc., Deer Park
Colonial Sand & Stone, Port
Washington
Long Island Paint & Chemical,
Glen Cove
Lizza Asphalt Construction Co.,
Oyster Bay
Rason Asphalt, Inc., Cedarhurst
Atlantic Processing Co.,
Amogansett
Precision Metal Finishing,
Freeport
Helena Rubenstein, Greenlawn
Hazeltine Corp., Greenlawn
East Coast Food Corp., Riverhead
Margus Corp., Lindenhurst
H. R. Laboratories, Greenvale
Penthouse Mfg., Freeport
C
C
A
A
C
C
C
C
D
D
D
C
C
D
C
C
C
B
C
D
D
na
na
28,000
15,000
na
na
na
na
na
7,000
6,500
if, 000
na
950
na
na
7,000
na
3,600
na
2,500
na
1,900
800
III-7
-------
TABLE III-2
IMMEDIATE CONSTEUCTION NEEDS
BY PRIORITY, INTERSTATE WATERS,
LONG ISLAND REGION (Cont'd)
8t/
Construction Population
Source Activity Code Served
Priority III (Cont'd)
B. Industrial (Cont'd)
Wah Chang Smelting & Refining
Co. of America, Glen Cove C na
Shelter Island Oyster, Greenport A 3iOOO
Barrows Chemical Co., Inwood B 2,000
Evsco Pharmaceutical, Oceanside B 1,650
Justus Roe & Sons, Patchogue C na
Mary Chess Inc., Glen Cove B 300
Islip Sanit. Laundry, Islip D MfO
Ziegler Chemical & Mineral Corp.,
Greatneck B 220
Peck & Hale Inc., West Sayville C na
Total known population equivalent 84,860
na = Data not available.
See Table III-4 and Table III-5 for definitions of construction activity
codes.
b/ See Appendix A for priority criteria.
III-8
-------
TABLE III-3
IMMEDIATE CONSTRUCTION NEEDS BY TYPE,
INTERSTATE WATERS, LONG ISLAND REGION,
NEW YORK, SUMMARY
a/
Construction
Activity Code
No.
Plants
Pop. Served
01
02
Municipal
1
x
8
200
2k,050
24,250
Industrial
A
B
C
D
3
5
20
8
36
46,000
6,670
3,600
28,590
84,860
TOTALS
kk
109,110
See Table III-4 and Table III-5 for definitions of construction activity
codes.
b/ Total of known population equivalents.
III-9
-------
TABLE Ill-k
IMMEDIATE CONSTRUCTION NEEDS BY TYPE
INTERSTATE WATERS, LONG ISLAND REGION,
MUNICIPAL NEEDS
Code 01: Discharging raw sewage ¦*build secondary plant
Waste Source Population Served
New York
Sag Harbor 200
200
Code 02: Not suitable for upgrading to secondary. Build new primary
and upgrade to secondary.
Waste Source Population Served
New York
Glen Cove STP (Morgan Is.) 1,100
Nort hport STP < 6,000
Port Jefferson SD 3»000
Greenport STP 2,600
Shelter Is. Hgts. 350
Ocean Beach STP 6,000
Pachogue SD 5,000
k
2h,050
111-10
-------
TABLE III-5
I
IMMEDIATE CONSTRUCTION NEEDS BY TYPE
INTERSTATE WATERS, LONG ISLAND REGION,
INDUSTRIAL NEEDS
Code A: Provide secondary treatment or equivalent, including chlorination.
Waste Source Population Equivalent
New York
Long Island Packers, East Port 28,000
Riverhead Duck Processing Co-op, Riverhead 15,000
Shelter Island Oyster, Greenport 3>000
46,000
Code B: Provide secondary treatment or equivalent.
Waste Source Population Equivalent
New York
East Coast Food Corp., Greenlawn 2,500
Barrows Chemical Co., Inwood 2,000
Evsco Pharmaceutical, Oceanside 1,650
Mary- Chess Inc., Glen Cove 300
Ziegler Chemical and Mineral Corp., Great Neck 220
6,670
Code C: Provide for segregation and separate treatment of one or more
typesiof waste.
Waste Source Population Equivalent
New York
Witt'ronics Div. Longines Witnauer Watch Co.,
Lynbrook na
L.I."Produce and Fertilizer Co., Riverhead na
Rason Asphalt, Port Jefferson Sta. na
Sperry Rand Corp., Sperry Gyroscope Co. Div.,
Great Neck na
Photocircuits Corp., Glen Cove na
Agawam Aircraft, Sag Harbor na
Fairchild Hiller Electronic Systems Div.,
Bayshore na
Claremont Polychemical, Roslyn Heights na
III-ll
-------
JABLE III-5
¦ IMMEDIATE CONSTRUCTION NEEDS BY TYPE
INTERSTATE WATERS, LONG ISLAND REGION,
INDUSTRIAL NEEDS (CONT'D)
Code C: Provide for segregation and separate treatment of one or more
types of waste-(Cont'd).
Waste Source Population Equivalent g/
New York (Cont'd)
Telephonies, Huntington na
American Aviation Mfg., Oceanside na
Colonial Sand & Stone, Port Washington na
Lizza Asphalt Construction Co., Oyster Bay na
Rason Asphalt, Inc., Cedarhurst na
Precision Metal Finishing, Freeport na
Helena Rubinstein, Greenlawn 3,600
Hazeltine Corp., Greenlawn na
Margus Corp., Lindenhurst na
Wah Chang Smelting & Refining Co. of America,
Glen Cove na
Justus Roe & Sons, Patchogue' na
Peck 8c Hale Inc., West Sayville na
Total of known population equivalent 3,600
Code D: Same as C; with biological treatment plus chlorination for all or
part of the waste load.
Waste Source
Population Equivalent g/
New York
Young J & A, Inc., Copiague
Stylecraft Corp., Copiague
Cuddle Knit, Inc., Deer Park
Long Island Paint and Chemical, Glen Cove
Atlantic Processing Co., Amogansett
H. R. Laboratories, Greenvale
Penthouse Mfg., Freeport
Islip Sanitary Laundry, Islip
7,000
6,500
4,000
7,000
1,900
950
800
kho
28,590
Grand total of known population equivalent
84,860
na = Data not available.
«/ Population on a BOD basis, assuming an estimated daily per capita loading
of 0.167 pounds of BOD.
111-12
-------
TABLE III-6
NEW YORK STATE
IMMEDIATE CONSTRUCTION COSTS
INTERSTATE WATERS, LONG ISLAND REGION, MUNICIPAL,
INSTITUTIONAL, MD INDUSTRIAL NEEDS THROUGH 1990
Estimated , Estimated Cost , Total
Cost
/ iJO U XlilCX tCU f, UiDOlUiai/CU ou&u ,
Priority-' No. Plants Plant Cost—/ Ancillary Worka^
MUNICIPAL
II -
III 8 $4,108,000 $3,393,000 $7,501,000
IV -
8 $4,108,000 $3,393,000 $7,501,000
INDUSTRIAL
I
II
III
IV
3
33
$89,000
6,391,000
$45,000
3,196,000
$134,000
9,587,000
36
.,480,000
$3,241,000
1,721,000
Construction
Activity Code£/
MUNICIPAL
01
02
1
7
$88,000
4,020,000
{4,108,000
¦$73,000
3,320,000
$3,393,000
$161,000
7,340,000
$7,501,000
INDUSTRIAL
A
B
C
D
3
5
20
8
36
$2,471,000
746,000
879,000
2,384,000
$6,480,000
$1,236,000
374,000
439,000
1,192,000
$3,241,000
$3,707,000
1,120,000
1,318,000
3,576,000
$9,721,000
£/ See Table III-2 for Construction Activity Code and Appendix for priority
criteria.
Estimated plant cost = (1966 population served x factor projected to year
1990) x (unit cost per capita) x (projected 1970 FWPCA construction cost
index) x (factor for engineering, legal and other fees).
£/ Estimated cost for ancillary work = (Estimated cost of Plant) x (.83).
111-13
-------
.TABLE III-7
ESTIMATE? COST OF REPLACING INDIVIDUAL CESSPOOLS
AND SEPTIC TANKS WITH MUNICIPAL FACILITIES,
TO SERVE LONG ISLAND REGION, NEW YORK, THROUGH 1990
Estimated 1990
Population Served Cost
Nassau County
840,000 $119,200,000
Suffolk County
2,350,000 $409,000,000 ^
TOTAL $528,200,000
S/ Data for Nassau County were obtained from a 1966 report by Manganaro,
Martin and Lincoln entitled "Outfall Sewer Location Sludge Disposal
Facilities Disposal District No. 3".
b/ Construction costs were estimated by multiplying the estimated 1990
county population not served by upgraded existing facilities by a per
capita cost. The capita cost factor was derived by dividing the pop-
ulation of the proposed Suffolk County Sewage District #1 into the
estimated cost of that disposal system. The costs include the plant,
the interceptor system, the ocean outfall, and the ground water recharge
facilities. These data were obtained from a 1965 report by Bowe, Al-
bertson and Walsh, entitled "Comprehensive Sewerage Studies, Five Western
Towns, Suffolk County New York, Disposal District No. 1".
III-U
-------
TABLE II1-8
IMMEDIATE CONSTRUCTION NEEDS BY PRIORITY
INTRASTATE WATERS, LONG ISLAND REGION,
NEW YORK,SUMMARY a/
Priority ^
Municipal
I
II
III
• No.
Plants
none
none
none
£2Ei. Served
Industrial Pop. Equiv
I
II 2 i 21,900
111 2 ' 9,516
31,^16
na
.2/
Totals
I ^ na
II 29 21,900
III 20 9,516
3i!4l6«/
na = Data r.ot available.
a/ See Table III-9 for listing of individual sources.
b/ See Appendix A for priority criteria.
c/ Population equivalent on BOD basis for industrial source,
d/ Total of known population equivalent.
111-15
-------
TABLE III-9
IMMEDIATE CONSTRUCTION NEEDS BY PRIORITY,
INTRASTATE WATERS, LONG ISLAND REGION
Construction ^ Population ^
Source Activity Code Served
c/
Priority I
A. Municipal
None
B. Industrial
American Nickeloid Co., Garden City C na
Preferred Mfg. Co., Farmingdale C na
Davidson Corp. of Fairchild Camera
& Instru., Commack C na
Sperry Rand Corp. Sperry Gyroscope
Co. Div., MacArthur Field, Holebrook C na
Priority II 2/
A. Municipal
None
B. Industrial
Circle Wire & Cable, Syosset
C
na
Photo-Chemical Prod. Inc., Garden
City
C
na
Empire Extrusions Corp., Garden City
C
na
Monitor Boxart Corp., Farmingdale
C
na
Maradel Products, Farmingdale
D
2,000
Edmos Products, Plainview
D
3,300
Viewlex, Inc., Holebrook
C
na
Weba, Inc., New Hyde Park
C
na
Ehrenreich Photo-Optical, Garden City
C
na
Poly Repro International, Garden City
C
na
Vanguard Instr., Roosevelt
C
na
111-16
-------
TABLE III-9
IMMEDIATE CONSTRUCTION NEEDS BY PRIORITY,
INTRASTATE WATERS, LONG ISLAND REGION (Cont'd)
Construction ^ Population ^
Source Activity Code Served
Priority II ^(Cont1d)
B. Industrial (Cont'd)
G & M Products, Hicksville C na
Eagle Beef Cloth Co., Hicksville B 7,000
Optomechanisms, Inc., Plainview C na
Stop Motion Devices, Plainview C na
Aeroflex Lab., Inc., Plainview C na
Liberty Industrial Finishing Corp.,
Farmingdale C na
Kinemotive Corp., E. Farmingdale C na
Fairchild Stratos Corp. Electronics
System Div., Wyandanch C na
Park Asphalt Corp., Deer Park C na
Colonial Sand & Stone, Farmingdale C na
CFI Div., ~Alloys Unlimited, Melville C na
Jarco Metal Prod., Westbury C na
Amperex Electronic Corp., Hicksville C na
Metalab Equipment Co., Hicksville C na
Budd Stanley, Syosset C na
Barth Vitamin Corp., Valley Stream B ^,000
Natcon Chemical Co., Plainview B ^,100
Dilectrix Corp., Farmingdale B 1,500
Total of known population equivalent 21,900
Priority III ^1
A. Municipal
None
B. Industrial
Coca-Cola Bottling Co. of New York,
Jericho A 1,560
na
Servo Corp. of America, Hicksville C
Judy Ann Ice Cream, Hicksville A k26
Seven-Up Brooklyn Bottling Co.,
Melville A 1,160
111-17
-------
TABLE III-9
IMMEDIATE CONSTRUCTION NEEDS BY PRIORITY
INTRASTATE WATERS, LONG ISLAND REGION (Cont'd)
£1/
Construction —' Population
Source Activity Code Served
Priority III ^ (Cont'd)
B. Industrial (Cont'd)
Continental Confections, Westbury
Farmingdale Industrial Laundry
Service, Farmingdale
Knit Fabs, Garden City
Germaine - Monteil, Pinelawn
Suval Industries, Westbury
Plastic Papers, Inc., Hicksville
Van Son Holland Ink Corp. of America,
Mineola
All-Q-Matic Mfg., New Hyde Park
Irving Air Chute Co., New Hyde Park
Genzale Plating Co., New Hyde Park
Allmetal Screw Prod., Garden City
Seasonmasters, Inc., Westbury
General Instrument Semiconductor Prod.
Group, Hicksville
Diamond National Corp. (U.S. Printing
& Litho. Div.), Mineola
Secoa Electronics, Inc., Westbury
Anthonsen's All>Metal Products Co.,
Westbury
Grand Total of 'known population equivalent
na = Data, not available
a/ Population equivalent on BOD basis for industrial source,
b/ See Table III-ll for definitions of construction activity codes,
c/ See Appendix A for priority criteria.
B 1,^50
D 700
D 2,200
D 20
B 500
B 1,500
C na
C na
C na
C na
C na
C na
C na
C na
C na
C na
9,516
2,148,000
111-18
-------
TABLE 111-10
IMMEDIATE CONSTRUCTION NEEDS BY TYPE,
INTRASTATE WATERS, LONG ISLAND REGION,
NEW YORK STATE, SUMMARY a/
Industrial
&
Construction , ,
Activity Code ^ No. Plants Pop. Equiv.
A 3 3,3,46
B 7 20,050
C 38 na
D 5 8,220
TOTAL 53 31.416^
na = Data not available.
a/ See Table III-ll for listing of individual sources.
b( No municipal or Federal facilities discharging into Long Island Region
intrastate waters require construction.
c/ See Table III-ll for difinitions of construction activity codes.
d/ Population equivalent on BOD basis for industrial source.
ef Total of known population equivalent.
111-19
-------
TABLE III-ll
IMMEDIATE CONSTRUCTION NEEDS BY TYPE,
INTRASTATE WATERS, LONG ISLAND REGION,
INDUSTRIAL NEEDS
Code A: Provide secondary treatment or equivalent, including chlorination.
Waste Source Population Served
New York
Coca-Cola Bottling Co. of New
York, Jericho 1,560
Judy Ann Ice Cream, Hicksville 426
Seven-up Brooklyn Bottling Co.,
Melville 1,160
3,146
Code B: Provide secondary treatment or equivalent.
Waste Source Population Served
New York
Eagle Beef Cloth Co., Hicksville
7,000
Barth Vitamin Corp., Valley Stream
4,000
Natcon Chemical Co., Plainview
4,100
Dilectrix Corp., Farmingdale
1,500
Continental Confections, Westbury
1,450
Suval Industries, Westbury
500
Plastic Papers, Inc., Hicksville
1,500
.20,050
Code C: 'Provide for segregation and separate treatment of'one or more
types of waste.
Waste Source Population Served
New York
American Nickeloid Co., Garden City na
Preferred Mfg. Co., Farmingdale na
Davidson Corp. of Fairchild Camera
& Instr., Commack na
Sperry Rand Corp., Sperry na
Gyroscope Co. Div., Mac Arthur
Field, Holebrook na
111-20
-------
TABLE III-ll
IMMEDIATE CONSTRUCTION NEEDS BY TYPE
INTRASTATE WATERS,' LONG ISLAND REGION,
INDUSTRIAL NEEDS (Cont'd)
Code C: Provide for segregation and separate treatment of one or more
types of waste. (Cont'd).
Waste Source Population Served
New York (Cont'd)
Circle Wire & Cable, Syosset na
Photo-Chemical Prod. Inc., Garden
City na
Empire Extrusions Corp., Garden City na
Monitor Boxart Corp., Farmingdale na
Viewlex, Inc., Holebrook na
Weba, Inc., New Hyde Park na
Ehrenreich.Photo-Optical, Garden
City na
Poly Repro International, Garden
City na
Vanguard Instr., Roosevelt na
G & M Products Co., Hicksville na
Optomechanisms, Inc., Plainview na
Stop.Motion Devices, Plainview na
Aeroflex Lab., Inc., Plainview na
Liberty Industrial Finishing Corp.,
Farmingdale na
Kinemotive Corp., E. Farmingdale na
Fairchild Stratos Corp., Electronics
System Div., Wyandanch na
Park Asphalt Corp., Deer Park na
Colonial Sand & Stone, Farmingdale na
CFI Div., Alloys Unlimited, Melville na
Jarco Metal Products, Westbury na
Amperex Electronic Corp., Hicksville na
Metalab Equipment Co. na
Budd Stanley, Syosset na
Servo Corp. of America, Hicksville na
Van Son Holland Ink Corp. of
America, Mineola na
All-O-Matic Mfg. New Hyde Park na
Irving Air Chute Co., New Hyde Park na
Genzale Plating Co., Franklin Square na
Allmetal Screw Products, Garden City na
Seasonmasters, Inc., Westbury na
III-21
-------
TABLE III-ll
IMMEDIATE CONSTRUCTION NEEDS BY TYPE,
INTRASTATE WATERS, LONG ISLAND REGION,
INDUSTRIAL NEEDS (Cont'd)
Code C: Provide for segregation and separate treatment of one or more
types of waste. (Cont'd).
Waste Source Population Served
• New York (Cont'd)
General Instrument Semiconductor Prod.'
Group, Hicksville na
Diamond National Corp. (U.S. Printing &
Litho. Div.), Mineola na
Secoa Electronics, Inc. Westbury na
Anthonsen's All Metal Products Co.,
Westbury na
na
Code D: Same as C; with biological treatment for all or part of the waste
load including chlorination.
Waste Source Population Served
New York
Maradel Products, Farmingdale
Edmos Products, Plainview
Farmingdale Industrial Laundry
Service, Farmingdale
Knit Fabs, Garden City
Germaine-Monteil, Pinelawn
2,000
3,300
700
2,200
20
8,220
Grand Total of known population equivalent
31,^16
na = Data not available
111-22
-------
TABLE 111-12
NEW YORK STATE
IMMEDIATE CONSTRUCTION COSTS
INTRASTATE WATERS, LONG ISLAND REGION,
INDUSTRIAL NEEDS THROUGH 1990
Priority
£/
I
II
III
IV
No.
Plants
29
20
53
Est. Plant b/
Cost ($000)
118
2,591
1,520
it, 229
Est. Cost 2/
Ancillary
Work ($000)
59
1,295
761
2,115
Total
($000)
177
3,886
2,281
6,3^
Construction
Activity Code
A
B
C
D
3
7
38
5
53
kok
1,820
1,120
885
^,229
202
910
560
bbj>
2,115
606
2,730
1,680
1,328
6,3^
aj See Table III-5 for construction activity code and Appendix for priority
criteria.
b/ Estimated plant cost = (1966 population served x factor projected to year
1990) x (unit cost per capita) x (projected 1970 FWPCA construction cost
index) x (factor for engineering, legal and other fees).
2/ Estimated cost for ancillary work = (Estimated cost of plant) x (.83).
111-23
-------
IV - OTHER MANAGEMENT AND RESEARCH NEEDS
STREAM SURVEILLANCE PROGRAMS
To effectively accomplish the objectives of a water quality
management program designed to protect and enhance prime water usages
as established by State authorities, it is necessary that adequate
stream surveillance programs be established. Such programs should
include a network of manual and automated' sampling stations which
permit the collection, evaluation, and dissemination of water quality
data, so as to present a clear picture of conditions in any section
of the Long Island Region. These monitoring stations should be stra-
tegically situated near major wastewater sources so as to alert pollu-
tion control authorities to irresponsible or accidental discharge of
harmful material. Hence, appropriate corrective actions can be taken
immediately.
GROUND WATER SURVEILLANCE PROGRAMS
Ground water is much more important in the Long Island Region
than in many, other parts of the Hudson-Champlain Project area. Domes-
tic, commercial, agricultural and industrial water needs are supplied
almost entirely from aquifers. The water quality of the streams on
Long Island is almost wholly dependent upon the quality of the ground
water. Therefore, to effectively accomplish the objectives of a water
quality management program, adequate ground water programs should be
established. An ideal program would include a network of manual and
automated sampling stations to provide the necessary data on conditions
throughout the aquifers. These monitoring stations would provide a
warning when undesirable levels of toxic wastes are found in the ground
water. At the present time the best method of monitoring probably
would be to sample waste water discharges before injection or seepage
into the aquifer and analyze these waste waters for suspected contam-
inants .
GROUND WATER RECHARGE
During recent years parts of the aquifer underlying the Long
Island Region have been affected by salt water intrusion. The dis-
charge of the aquifer consisting of water pumped from the aquifer,
surface and underground runoff to the Ocean and Sound has exceeded
the recharge of the aquifer from precipitation, industrial wastes,
and domestic septic tanks and cesspools. Because the discharge has
exceeded the recharge, ground water levels are declining. One result
of these lowered ground water levels has been the intrusion of salty
water into the fresh water aquifer in some areas.
To supplement the present recharge of the aquifer, the recharge
of treated domestic waste water is being investigated and is thought
to have a great potential. One method under investigation is to inject
into the aquifer renovated water—that is domestic waste water that
IV-1
-------
has been given tertiary -treatment. This renovated water would meet
all the standards promulgated by the U. S. Public Health Service for
drinking water.- The injection of reclaimed water could-permit the
pumping of additional water from the aquifer without causing further
salt water intrusion. The degree of treatment and the techniques to
be used for injecting the reclaimed water into the ground are important
facets of the overall water supply problem and require intensive study.
Greater emphasis should be placed on the application of advanced
waste treatment techniques, particularly in those areas where the dis-
charge of secondary waste treatment effluent into small receiving
waters results in degradation of water quality. The application of
such advanced treatment techniques should be considered for both muni-
cipal" and industrial wastes.
Two projects to study ground water recharge are being financially
supported to a large extent by the Federal Government. One is located
at Nassau County Sewage District No. 2 and will be operating at a rate
of 400^gallons per minute. The other is located in Suffolk County and
will use the effluent of the Riverhead secondary treatment plant. This
second pilot plant will have an injection.^well constructed in a ground-
simulator tank that will permit visual observation and microscopic
bacterial, chemical, and physical examination of the soil and gravel
envelope around the well screen.
OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
i
An adequate program of operation and maintenance at waste treat-
ment plants is necessary to ensure that the existing and recommended
new municipal treatment facilities will be effective in maintaining
adequate water quality. Proper operation of a waste treatment plant
requires qualified personnel, proper laboratory control, and accurate
record keeping. State, interstate and Federal agencies must provide
programs aimed at ensuring these three factors are included at each
plant.
Because of the limited supply of qualified operating personnel,
there is an' urgent need for both long and short term training courses
in treatment plant operation. Such training should be continual, and
shouldi lead to state licensing of operators. Federal grants to aid
the state in meeting its responsibility for the training of qualified
personnel should be made available. Federally sponsored and conducted
training programs should also be established to assist in the training
of personnel.
In order to ensure the successful implementation of any operation
and maintenance program, the state must have a sufficient number of
trained inspectors to periodically visit plants to review operation
and laboratory control methods, and to provide technical assistance to
plant personnel.
IV-2
-------
In recent years, New York State has taken positive action to up-
grade plant performance by improving operation and maintenance. Legis-
lation enacted in 196^ established a fund which provides for the pay-
ment to municipalities of one-third the cost of operation and mainte-
nance of adequate treatment plants. To qualify, municipalities must
have standard operating reports which show performance and laboratory
test data, a qualified operator in charge of the plant and the collec-
tion and conveyance system must minimize the amount of untreated waste
discharged.
SPECIAL STUDIES AND SURVEYS
Municipal and Industrial Waste Inventory
A review of the available data on location, volumes and charac-
teristics of existing municipal and industrial waste discharges with-
in the Region indicates the need for more adequate information. The
information contained in this report should be validated, in many
cases requiring field surveys. In addition, once an adequate base
inventory has1 been established, there is a need to keep the data
current. The state should develop adequate records providing the
latest:information on all waste loads for use in planning and deter-
mination of further pollution abatement needs.
Septic Tank'^Survey
Within the Long Island Region there are more than 1,500,000 persons
who dispose of domestic wastes by individual septic tanks or cesspools.
The pollution affects many areas in the Region. Surveys should be conr
ducted to determine the exact locations of pollution and the extent
of its effects, and more important,-.to determine the feasibility of
eliminating individual disposal systems by connection to existing or
new municipal collection systems. Planning of such systems should be
based on regional, inter-county and inter-municipal areas.
While the first two items could be accomplished by the Federal
Water Pollution Control Administration in cooperation with State and
Federal agencies, the third item is the responsibility of State and
local government. Existing Federal grant programs could be used to
accelerate the planning, design and construction of such regional
collection systems.
Boat Pollution
There is a need to determine the magnitude of the problem asso-
ciated with the discharge of litter; sewage, and oil from the large
numbers of watercraft in the Region. Investigations should include
research to develop practical means of controlling this source, sur-
veys to determine the need for adequate disposal facilities at marinas,
and a determination of adequate legislation to control such pollution.
IV-3
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In the latter respect, the State of New York has recently enacted
legislation governing the discharge of wastes from vessels. These
regulations, however, must be revised to include tidal waters, and
require shore line facilities. Assuming the development of adequate
legislation and satisfactory control devices, there will be a need
for extensive enforcement activity throughout the waters of the
Region to ensure control of this source.
Agricultural Runoff
There are no data available to indicate the extent of water pol-
lution attributable to agricultural runoff. Since runoff from culti-
vated fields may convey fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides to the
receiving waters, the potential dangers of such pollution require a
thorough investigation. Such a study should include a determination
of the types and amounts of agricultural chemicals being used, analyt-
ical data to measure the concentration of these chemicals in the
receiving streams, and research into allowable concentrations and
adequate control measures.
Water Quality Studies
The data included in Section VI indicate the extent to which
existing water quality data are inadequate-. Necessary field and
laboratory sampling and analyses must be conducted to provide adequate
data on existing water quality. Such information will not only confirm
suspected problem areas and locate those areas with problems as yet
unknown, but will establish a base against which future changes in
water quality can be measured.
Dredging
Since extensive dredging activities are carried out in the
Long Island Region, studies should be made to determine the extent
to which suchi operations are affecting water quality. These investi-
gations should result in the formation of plans which will help coor-
dinate dredging activities with water resource management, and provide
guidelines and practices to be followed during dredging operations.
Bottom Deposits
The extent to which banks of sludge and other substances have
accumulated and are affecting the waters of the Region is not well
known. A combination laboratory and field study is needed to deter-
mine the depth and rate of sludge buildup and the oxygen-uptake rate.
The effects of toxic substances and/or oil buildup on the waters,
oxygen resources and organisms should also be determined.
Sanitary Landfill
There is a need to study and evaluate sanitary landfill opera-
tions throughout the Long Island Region. These investigations should
IV-4
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determine the number and location of all landfill operations and the
extent to which such areas are affecting water quality. The increas-
ing amount of solid waste associated with the Region's growing popula-
tion must also be considered in the study.
Ocean Disposal
There is a need to determine to what extent the disposal of
sewage sludge and other wastes are affecting the waters of the New
York Bight and Long Island Sound. A comprehensive evaluation of all
aspects of the problem is required. Such a study should determine
the general oceanography of the area, the effect of pollution on shal-
low inshore fish production, the migratory habits of fish in the area,
and the extent of sludge buildup on the ocean floor and its effect on
the ecology of the area. In addition, the study should determine the
effect on marine life of dumping cellar dirt and dredged spoil mate-
rial and the importance of river-borne wastes flowing into these waters.
There is an increasing demand for ocean disposal of a variety of wastes,
including radioactive materials, and their cumulative effects on fish-
ing and other legitimate water uses must also be considered as part
of any study in the Region.
Desalination Plants
If the proposed nuclear powered joint desalination and electric
generating plant is built on Long Island, studies will be required
to minimize the effects of disposing of the hot concentrated brines
on the marine environment.
Data Systems
With the increasing tempo of data collection by a number of
agencies at all levels of government, there is a need for an inte-
grated system of handling water quality and water use data within
the Region. Such a system which might be based on the existing
Federal Water iPollution Control Administration STORET program will
make possible better interchange of knowledge and eliminate duplica-
tion of studies. Such an integrated system would further be of great
value in permitting the application of such techniques as mathematical
modelling and systems analysis in the development of overall water
quality management programs.
Regional Cooperation
A review ,of water quality problems and water needs within the
Long Island Region points out the interrelationship throughout the
entire area. There is a need for close coordination and water qua-
lity management to ensure that on-going and future programs consider
not only the immediate locality but also the effects upon the Region
as a whole.
IV-5
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Before comprehensive water management programs can be formulated,
studies must be carried out to determine the appropriate legislative
and institutional responsibilities needed to integrate planning pro-
grams for major drainage basins. Studies recommending the creation
of regional authorities must ensure that the needs of the smaller
basins are represented, weighed and/or integrated into the regional
water management programs.
Legal Framework
To ensure that adequate water pollution control programs can be
formulated and implemented, there is a need to evaluate existing
legal mechanisms and institutional arrangements to determine their
adequacy to deal with water quality problems on both a local and a
regional basis. At the present time there is a lack of data on the
adequacy of existing framework, as well as a lack of information on
the interrelationships between various authorities and governmental
agencies in dealing with the problem of resource management. In a
number of localities there is a requirement for additional legisla-
tion to zone present and future shoreline (.developments.
Financial Arrangements
Investigations must be carried out to determine the amount of
financial participation each basin entity (government and private)
should produce to meet expenditures required for immediate and long
range pollution control programs. The role of Federal, State, local
and private bodies must be evaluated in terms of cost and benefits
to give an indication of the economic impact of water pollution control
programs and their effects upon the Region as a whole. Such problems
as competition between various public works programs such as highways,
education, and water pollution control must be evaluated to ensure
that programs aimed at achieving water quality management receive a
proportionate share of total public and private expenditures.
Miscellaneous Studies
In addition to the outline of studies listed above there is a
need to survey a variety of other existing pollutional sources and
potential problem areas.
IV-6
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V - RECENT PROGRESS IN POLLUTION CONTROL
INTERSTATE ACTION
The Interstate Sanitation Commission was created by compact
between New York, New Jersey and Connecticut for the abatement of
existing and control of future pollution in the waters of the
Metropolitan New York Region and the Long Island Region. The
Commission has established standards which assure that treatment
facilities in the Region will meet Commission requirements. The
Commission endeavors to convince municipalities and industries of
the need for voluntary abatement before it takes legal measures.
During 1966, the Commission reported that four projects
representing an expenditure of $1,319,000 were completed in Nassau
County. The most important was the Secondary Treatment plant
installed at Lawrence, N. Y. The Commission reported three other
plants actively undergoing alteration and/or construction in Nassau
County. Two treatment plants of the Great Neck Sewer District are
being modernized, expanded and extended at a cost of $1,250,000.
The third project, a ground water re-charge operation at Nassau
County Sewage District #2 costs $513,000 and uses 400 gallons per
minute! of tertiary effluent to investigate the feasibility of inject-
ing renovated water deep into an aquifer. This plant design was
based on the results of an earlier pilot study.
Future projects cited by the Commission for corrective action
are treatment facilities at the following locations or sewage districts:
Cedarhurst, Glen Cove, Great Neck Village', Lawrence, Long Beach, Nassau
County, Districts No. 3 and No. 4, and Suffolk County Sewerage Districts
No. 1,4,5,6,7 and 8.
NEW YQRK STATE
In 1965 the State of New York completed a comprehensive survey
of its pollution abatement needs. This survey showed that more than
100 municipalities provided no treatment, and an additional 43 com-
munities provided inadequate treatment. This survey also indicated
that the most important pollution control challenge in New York State
is the need for control of industrial wastes.
August 1965, the State Health Department adopted new treatment
requirements which prescribe minimum treatment levels for each class
of wat
-------
Classification
Minimum Required Treatment
AA
A & B
C
D
Tertiary Treatment and Chlorination
Secondary Treatment and Chlorination
Secondary Treatment
Primary Treatment
In November of 1965 New York State enacted a Pure Waters Act with
an accompanying 1.7 billion dollar program for water pollution control.
The Principal features of this Act included:
1. A one billion dollar fund to pre-finance Federal construction
grant money so as to make possible total State and Federal
grants of 60% of the cost of treatment plants, outfalls and
interceptors.
2. Tax incentives to increase pollution control activities by
industry.
3. Payment of one-third of the operation and maintenance costs
of municipal plants providing adequate treatment.
4. Established an automated water quality monitoring network
throughout the State.
5;. Provides accelerated enforcement iprocedures.
6. Establishes a program to control:waste discharges from State
installations.
7. Promotes basic and applied research.
During the 1966 legislative session the State passed additional
statutes to further the water pollution control program. These new
laws included the following provisions:
1. Municipalities under orders by the State Health Department
are denied the right of referendum on bond issues for the
construction of treatment facilities.
2. Cities are permitted to anticipate future waste control needs
in the purchase of land and in the construction of treatment
plants, to provide capacity for future growth.
3.« Bacteriological standards were set for waters used for potable
water supply and bathing and for-streams that traverse urban-
ized areas. This statute requires higher treatment efficien-
cies when coliform counts in the receiving water reach speci-
fied maxima.
V-2
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4. Local authorities were given enforcement power to abate wastes
from individual homes and small businesses.
5. Regulations were established to control pollutional discharges
from boating.
6. Both municipalities and industries must maintain records on
the quantity and quality of waste discharges and must make
these records available to the Commissioner of Health. This
law also prohibited the use of any existing or new outlet
for waste discharge unless such use complies with all rules
and regulations of the State Health Department.
7. An authorization for injunctive action when a violation of
water pollution control law occurs.
8. Local financing laws were liberalized to encourage greater
local initiative in construction of waste treatment facili-
ties.
NASSAUtSUFFOLK regional planning board
According to the 1966 report of the Oceanographic Committee of
the Nassau-Suffolk Regional Planning Boards the following steps have
been taken byr State and/or County authorities in the Region because
of pollution.to the marine environment:
1. Eleven beaches have been closed or refused permits for public
bathing.
2. More than 10,000 acres have been iclosed to shellfishing.
3. A pilot project is underway to control some aspects of duck
pollution.
k. The Mosquito Control authorities have suspended use of DDT
in wet land areas.
5. Suffolk County is in the process of establishing a Sewer
Authority.
In addition, contamination of several:bays and harbors has been
reduced by dredging operations which help improve circulation and
remove settled pollutants.
V-3
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NASSAU COUNTY
A $513,000 pontract has been awarded for the construction of a
400 gallon per minute tertiary treatment plant in the East Rockaway
area, which will use the secondary effluent from the Bay Park Sewage
Treatment Plant. The tertiary treated effluent from this project will
help the County to determine the feasibility of large scale injection
of renovated water to halt the salt-water contamination of the prin-
cipal fresh water aquifer.
The total amount of water under Long Island is estimated at 20
trillion gallons. It is estimated that 27-million gallons of potable
water a day are being lost because of salt-water intrusion and under-
flow. About 75 million gallons a day are lost through sanitary sewers.
Per capita consumption in Nassau County averages about 105 gallons a
day.
SUFFOLK COUNTY
Suffolk County's proposed First Sewerage District was rejected
by almost 6 to 1 in a referendum voted upon in February 1967, despite
warning by authorities that the County's drinking water was being
dangerously polluted by cesspool water. The proposed District would
have served about one third of the County's population, and was planned
as the keystone of a county wide system costing more than $1 billion.
FEDERAL;
Federal Water Pollution Control^Administration personnel and
resources havfe been employed in the ^investigation and abatement pf
pollution in the Long Island Region.-
Two Federal grants received by Nassau County in connection
with the new "East Rockaway - Bay Park Sewage Treatment Plant will
help to determine the feasibility of large scale injection of
renovated water to halt salt-water contamination of the fresh water
supply. The .project is of national importance. In addition to the
activity of the construction grants program, a number of laboratory
and field studies have been carried out.
In. September 1966 a report was issued;-in conjunction with a
conference held on "Pollution of the Navigable Waters of Moriches
Bay and Eastern Section of Great South Bay, Long Island, New York".
The report indicated that the waters of Moriches Bay and the Eastern
Section of Great South Bay were polluted by bacteria, suspended solids
and nutrients, as a result of waste discharges from numerous duck
V-4
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farms, municipal and domestic sewerage systems, industrial operations,
recreational boats, and land drainage. As the result of bacterial
contamination of the overlying waters, the Report stated that sub-
stantial areas in Moriches and Great South Bays have been closed by
New York State Authorities to the harvesting of shellfish, resulting
in an economic loss of more than $2,500,000 annually. At this and
subsequent conferences, the amount and degree of treatment required to
abate pollution from duck farms were decided upon and the following time
schedules were established.
All the duck farms in the conference area:
(a) On or before August 1, 1967 shall submit to the New York
State Department of Health final construction plans for
adequate waste treatment facilities to remove at least
85 percent of the suspended solids and at least 85 percent
of the biochemical oxygen demand, and a substantial portion
of the phosphates, and facilities for disinfecting such
wastes.
(b) On or before November 1, 1967, initiate construction of
such facilities.
(c) On or before April 30, 1968, complete construction of
such facilities.
(d) Thereafter maintain and operate such facilities in such
manner that they at all times meet the above performance
criteria.
It was also agreed that the maximum amount of domestic wastes shall
be collected in sewers and given secondary treatment plus chlorination
of the effluent and that regional or area-wide drainage collection systems
and treatment are necessary for the protection of the waters of Moriches
and Great South Bay for all beneficial purposes.
In 1962, a series of dye experiments to determine the pattern of water
circulation in the western portion of Great South Bay was conducted and
evaluated by the Public Health Service, the predecessor to the federal Water
Pollution Control Administration.
V-5
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VI - BACKGROUND FOR RECOMMENDATIONS
KNOWN WATER QUALITY PROBLEMS
To determine the extent that municipal, industrial and other
waste discharges have affected the quality and use of the Long Island
Region waters, an evaluation was made, based on existing data from
limited Project field surveys, State reports and records, and the New
England-New York Inter-Agency Committee Report. Analytical data were
compared with parameter values regarded as acceptable for such water
uses as water supply, recreational bathing and boating, and sport
fishing. The following streams and water bodies, arranged by river
basin, were found to have water quality below that required for the
expected water uses. Specific problems and those areas requiring
further study are also indicated.
Atlantic Ocean Basin
Jamaica Bay,
A 'small 'portion of Jamaica Bay falls within the Long Island
Region. All of these waters, which include parts of Head of Bay
Basin and Head of Bay, are in a polluted condition. Three municipal
and two industrial facilities located in the Long Island Region dis-
charge wastewaters into the Bay. The Bay also receives the combined
sewer overflows from New York City. Poor hydrographic conditions
further complicate the water quality!problem in this area. Recrea-
tional .boating, dredging activities and sludge deposits also contri-
bute to the degradation of these waters. Further studies are needed
in theqe areas.
Reynolds Channel and Hempstead Bay
Five industrial and four municipal treatment facilities are
discharging wastes into Hempstead Bay and Reynolds Channel. These
discharges contribute to the serious degradation of these waters.
At least three industries are suspected of discharging toxic chemi-
cals with their wastewater. Dredging activities and recreational
boating, are also suspected of contributing, to the poor quality of
these waters. Additional information is needed to determine all of
the causes of pollution.
Middle Bay, East Bay and Sloop Channel
Middle Bay, East Bay and Sloop Channel, which empty Into the
Atlantic Ocean through Jones Inlet, are extensively used for recre-
ation and are generally of good quality. However, there are localized
VI-1
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pollution problems near some residential areas with septic tank
systems and ne^r some marinas. Wastewater discharges from four
industrial and two municipal secondary treatment facilities may also
be contributing to these isolated problem areas. Additional inves-
tigation is needed to determine the significance of each of these
factors.
Great South Bay
There are two municipal sewage treatment plants and 16 indus-
trial facilities which discharge wastes into Great South Bay. Gen-
erally, the-central and western portions-of the Bay, including South
Oyster Bay are of good quality, although there are problems on some
of the tributary waters. However, Patchogue Bay and Bellport Bay in
the eastern section of the Bay are being seriously polluted by the
discharges of the obsolete primary treatment plant at Patchogue,
septic tank discharges and seepage, and three duck farm operations.
Industrial wastewater discharges, particularly those which contain
toxic chemicals, also contribute toi the degradation of these waters.
:i i
High bacterial levels and high concentrations of nutrients and
suspended solids have been recorded throughout these waters. As a
result., extensive areas have been closed to the harvesting of shell-
fish. In addition, objectionable odors, and excessive growths of
algae and other aquatic plants reduce the use of these waters for
recreational*and other associated activities. Other factors that may
be contributing to the poor water quality of these waters are agri-
cultural runoff, recreational boating, dredging activities, sludge
deposits, and poor hydrographic conditions. Further study is needed
to determine* the extent of pollution by these sources.
Moriches Bay;
The discharges of wastes from at least 30 duck farms, one poultry
processing plant and numerous individual septic tank systems have re-
sulted in the serious pollution of the navigable waters of Moriches
Bay. As a result, high bacterial levels and high nutrient suspended
and dissolved solids concentrations have decreased the esthetic enjoy-
ment, iproduqed offensive odors, decreased productivity of shell- and
finfish and other aquatic life, and interfered with recreational uses
of the,se waters. Recreational boating, agricultural land runoff,
sludge deposits, dredging operations, and;poor circulation of Bay
waters may also be contributing to the water quality degradation of
the waters. Additional study in these areas is needed.
Long Island Sound Bapin
Little Neck Bay
i i
Vittle,Neck Bay waters within the Long Island Region receive
the wastewater discharge from one municipal plant and two industrial
VI-2
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facilities. Tfye significant carry-over of pollutional material from
the East River, however, makes it difficult to determine to what ex-
tent these discharges affect the water quality of the Bay. Additional
study of this complex problem is needed.
Manhasset Bay
At present, Manhasset Bay is closed to the harvest of shellfish.
These waters receive the discharges from three municipal secondary
sewage treatment plants. Carry-aver pollution from the East River
and discharges from recreational boating are believed to be the main
causes of pollution. Additional studies are needed.
Hempstead Harbor
Hempstead Harbor receives the discharges from two municipal
plants and ten industries. These wastewater discharges have resulted
in the closure of portions of these waters to shellfish harvesting and
restrict recreational activities in the area.
Oyster Bay
The waters of Oyster Bay are relatively free of pollution. They
receive effluent from a secondary treatment plant, and one industry.
Additional information is needed to fully evaluate the condition of
these watersi
Huntington Harbor
The southern portion of Huntington Harbor is presently polluted.
The wastewater discharges from one municipal secondary sewage plant
and one industry, which releases toxic chemicals, are the major sources
of pollutional material. Other suspected sources of pollution are
septic=tank seepage and and the discharges from recreational boating.
Additional field and analytical work must be performed to determine
the extent of pollution of these waters by all of these sources.
Northport Harbor
Northport Harbor is presently being polluted by the discharges
from the obsolete and overloaded primary treatment plant at Northport
and two industrial facilities. Recreational boating activities and
septic tank seepage contribute further to this pollution. Additional
study is needed to determine to what extent each of these waste sources
affect the waters of the Harbor.
Smithtown Bay
The waters of Smithtown Bay receive the discharge from two indus-
tries and recreational boaters. Additional study is needed to assess
VI-3
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their effects more accurately.
Port Jefferson Harbor
1
A large portion of Port Jefferson Harbor waters is polluted.
A major source of pollution is the obsolete primary treatment plant
at Port Jefferson. Two industrial facilities also discharge wastes
into these waters. Other sources of pollution are septic tank seep-
age and boating discharges. Further studies are needed in these areas.
Flanders Bay
Limited information indicates that these waters are seriously
polluted. Major causes of this pollution are two municipal treatment
plants and three industrial waste discharges. The operation of approx-
imately 21 duck farms on the Peconic River, a major tributary to these
waters, is another major source of pollution. Seepage from septic
tank systems and recreational boating may also be contributing to the
degradation of these waters. These areas need further study.
Eastern Long Island
The waters in this area, including Shelter Island Sound, Green-
port, Sag Harbor, Block Island Sound, Gardiners Bay, the Peconic Bays
and their connecting waterways, are not extensively polluted. There
are, however? two municipal waste sourcesjand two industrial facilities
expelling wastes into these waters, causiftg localized pollution, prob-
lems. The untreated wastes from the Village of Sag Harbor is the major
source of municipal pollutional material. One industrial facility is
suspected of(discharging liquid wastes containing toxic chemicals.
Other suspected sources of pollution are seepage from individual stores
and homes fronting the waters of the area, and recreational boating.
Long Island Sound
Except for the western portion,, which receives pollutional mate-
rial from the East River, these waters are generally of good quality.
There are three municipal sewage plants and three industrial outfalls
which discharge waste along the shores. There may also be local
pollution problems associated with recreational boating facilities
and inefficient septic tanks in built-up areas. Additional field and
analytical work is needed to determine the extent these waste sources
are affecting the water quality of Long Island Sound.
GROUND WATER AQUIFERS
There are 77 industrial and 11 Federal installations discharging
wastes into the ground water aquifers of the Region. The extensive
use of individual septic tank systems throughout the Region contributes
further wastes to the ground water supply via percolation and seepage.
These discharges degrade the ground water, and in some cases have re-
sulted in the abandonment of these waters for water supply purposes.
VI-4
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The industrial .wastes of major concern to the degradation of these
ground waters are produced by the 37 plating operations which release
acids, copper, zinc, nickel, cadmium, chromium and cyanides. Other
industries add phenols and dyes to the ground water aquifers. In
addition laundry1 wastes from at least 60 launderettes are discharged
into the ground.
Leaching cesspools and septic tanks discharge substantial quan-
tities of bacteria and the chemical substances normally present in
sewage into groundwater. Synthetic detergents have also been added
to these waters through the use of individual systems. Other sources
of pollution which require more detailed field and analytical work are
leakage from sanitary landfill and ash dumping operations and salt
water intrusion.
STREAM CATEGORIZATION
To highlight the extent of existing information on present water
quality of the various streams, inlets and bays within the Region,
a system of categorization was used to summarize existing data. This
system, assigns to each water body one or more of the following cate-
gories :
Category I
Category II
Category III
Category IV
No water quality problems;
Water quality problems are known and solutions
readily identified;;
Water quality problems are indicated by avail-
able data, but causes and/or solutions are
unknown;
Insufficient data to indicate presence or
absence of problems.
The categories assigned to the receiving waters, as shown in
Table VI-1, point out that little or no information is available as
to the extent of pollution other than that from certain municipal
and industrial waste discharges. Where available data indicate a
need for increased treatment at existing plants, or for construction
of new facilities, a Category II was assigned. In many cases, how-
ever, lack of information on other sources of pollution, or the
seriousness of the problem, resulted in the additional assignment of
Category III and/or IV.
Table Vl-l also indicates suspected sources and problems for
the various streams. These data, which are based on limited analyt-
ical work, combined with knowledge of the particular water body, in-
dicate a need for further studies to determine the extent and control
VI-5
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of such pollutional problems as:
1.
Septic Tanks and Cesspools
2.
Dredging
3.
Sanitary Landfill
4.
Duck Farms
5.
Bottom Deposits
6.
Eutrophication and Aquatic Vegetation
7.
Pesticides
8,
Recreational and Commercial Navigation
9.
Ocean Disposal
10.
Salt Intrusion
Since the categories have been assigned on the basis of present
knowledge and conditions, continued surveillance should be undertaken
to identify new problems as they arise.
MUNICIPAL, INSTITUTIONAL, FEDERAL AND INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION SOURCES
Data have been collected for 26 municipal and institutional waste
sources and for 13 Federal waste systems that discharge into the inter-
and intrastate waters of the Long Island Region. These plants can treat
the wastes of an estimated 878,600 persons of which about 822,200 per-
sons are in Nassau County and 56,400 in Suffolk County. It is estimated
that municipal waste treatment facilities serve less than half of the
resident population of Nassau County and r^ot more than seven percent of
Suffolk County's residents. This points up the fact that the major
wastewater problem in the Region is the replacement of hundreds-of-
thousands of individual septic tanks or cesspool systems with adequate
municipal collection and treatment facilities,
rl
Ten of t;he existing municipal facilities discharge into surface
waters that drain to the Atlantic Ocean basin and 16 discharge into
the Long Island Sound basin. Federal installations are scattered
throughout the Region, with the majority discharging into the ground
via septic tanks or cesspools.
There are 133 industrial operations discharging wastes in the
Region. These operations include metal finishing and plating acti-
vities, electronic manufacturing, aircraft manufacturing and metal
works, and manufacturing. Other important industries are dairy,
pharmaceutical, toilet preparations, laundries, textile, highway
and paying materials and beverages.
VI-6
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Of the 172t municipal, Federal and industrial facilities, no
immediate corrective construction is required for 18 municipal and
institutional, 13 or all of the Federal, and 44 industrial waste
sources. The remaining 97 waste sources provide no treatment or
inadequate treatment.
Table VI-2 is a summary of the information regarding all known
waste sources. Data for this table were obtained from Project reports
and records, FWPCA Municipal Waste Inventory of 1962 and records of
the Nassau and Suffolk County Health Departments. Given in Table VT-2
is the number of facilities that discharge into interstate waters,
which are defined as water bodies that cross or form international or
state boundaries, the tidal portions of rivers and streams flowing
into coastal waters and the coastal waters themselves. Included in
the interstate total is the number located on intrastate waters that
adversely affect the quality of interstate waters. The table also
lists the number of treatment facilities located on intrastate waters,
which are defined as those rivers, streams or lakes situated entirely
within and not adjacent to state boundaries. Those waste sources
adversely affecting the ground waters of the Region were also considered
in the intrastate category.
Municipal and Institutional Waste Discharges
There are eight municipal waste sources discharging into the
Region's interstate waters which are in need of corrective construc-
tion activity. These sources handle the waste load of approximately
24,000 persons, only one percent of the total Region's 1960 popula-
tion. One plant is located in Nassau County and seven other systems
in Suffolk. . Project data disclose that seven of these eight waste
sources provide primary treatment for an estimated 24,000 persons.
The remaining source discharges the raw wastes of at least 200 persons.
There are no:inadequate municipal discharges into intrastate waters.
Industrial Waste Discharges
Of the 89 industrial sources found to be in need of corrective
action, 36 are on interstate waters. Seventeen of these plants dis-
charge into the Atlantic Ocean waters, and the remaining 19 discharge
wastewaters into Long Island Sound. On an estimated population
equivalent basis, these sources represent .the wastes of 85,000 per-
sons. Thirteen industries also discharge toxic substances in
their respective wastewaters. The majority of these are involved in
small metal plating and finishing operations.
i
There ar;e 53 industrial waste sources discharging into the intra-
state waters of the Region. All of these wastewater discharges are
released to the ground with ultimate disposal into the aquifers. The
majority of the plants (32) are manufacturing operations with plat-
ing facilities and discharge toxic and/or oil substances, with
VI-7
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their effluents. The remaining 21 industrial facilities include
such operations as dairy, pharmaceuticals, textiles, soft drinks,
candy and confectionery, and cosmetics and account for an organic
load estimated to be equivalent to 31,000 persons*
OTHER POLLUTION PROBLEMS
Septic Tanks and Cesspools
Within the Long Island Region, more than 1,650,000 persons
occupying 450,000 housing units, or over 75 percent of the total
1960 resident population of the Region, dispose of domestic wastes
by individual septic tanks and cesspools. In 1960, 96 municipali-
ties with populations between 2,500 and 66,000 were dependent at
least in part on septic tanks and cesspools. Sixyt-four of these
municipalities are in Nassau County. In addition, an unknown number
of business establishments also discharge wastes into individual
systems. When the overflow from septic tanks is discharged directly
into surface waters, significant bacteriali pollution results.
In many portions of the Region where the soil is porous and the
ground water level high, the wastes from such systems contaminate
and become a part of the ground water flow. This ground water contam-
ination has been demonstrated by pollution of many wells in the Region.
In 1963, for example, the Suffolk County Health Department estimated
that 35 percent of the individual wells in the Center Moriches Area
were polluted.
In non-porous soils, tile fields often fail to handle septic
tank overflows in a satisfactory manner, resulting in the overflow
of effluent in backyards, streets and finally as surface runoff.
Septic tank discharges which become a part of ground water flow
are of]ben injected into adjoining surface-waters. Previous studies
of ground water flow in the area of Brookhaven, Suffolk County, have
shown a general southwesterly movement ofjground water. This move-
ment through the soil although often reducing bacterial contamination,
and suspended solids, transports nutrient materials such as nitrogen
and phpsphates which can trigger algae blooms and contribute to
eutrophication.
In addition to bacteria and nutrients, there are other substances
which are ineffectively treated by cesspools and septic tanks and
which have been found entering subsurface aquifers. In this region
the increased use of detergents in the home and commercial laundries•
has caused high concentrations of surfactants in the sewage which, in
unsewered areas, has caused high concentrations in the ground water
VI-8
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which impart aq objectionable taste and cause foaming in water supply
wells. Concentrations of surfactants have exceeded the U. S, Public
Health Drinking1 Water Standards (maximum levels of 0.5 mg/1) at some
locations throughout the Region. To prevent such problems will re-
quire detailed investigations of the extent and location of individual
waste disposal systems as well as geology of the underlying soil.
Dredging
Additional degradation of the water quality within the Long
Island Region can occur as a result of extensive dredging activities.
Dredging authorized or carried out by the Corps of Engineers for the
improvement and/or maintenance of navigation channels and for con-
struction or fill materials can have deleterious effects on resources
in the area of activity as well as the area of disposal. The disturb-
ance of the bottom by dredges causes a re-suspension of accumulated
organic sludges and silt which results in a greatly increased BOD.
Material resuspended by dredging can also seriously disturb the shell-
fish and finfish resources. Uncontrolledpdredging can alter flow
patterns anderesult in the formation of large pot holes whose bottoms
are deeper than and do not have free connection with other waterways.
Disposal of dredged material can create serious pollutional
problems, if*the return of spoil material back to the water and the
creation of new public health hazards is not prevented. Such opera-
tions can destroy the flats and marshes which serve as a nursery for
fish and as a refuge for wildlife.
Dredging within the Region may also affect the salt-fresh water
balance and "cause salt water intrusion of the ground waters used for
water supply-.
Guidelines should be devised to coordinate and facilitate the
mutualiinterests of all Federal, State, and local resource agencies
concerned with dredge and spoil areas. Procedures must be established
to ensure that dredging projects will not create water pollution prob-
lems, public'health hazards or destroy the natural resources.
Sanitary Landfill
There are various sanitary landfill operations scattered through-
out the Region which are used for the disposal of refuse, garbage,
incinerator residue and sludge from public sewage treatment plants.
The pumpings from individual septic tank systems may also be discharged
into these landfill operations.
VI-9
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These landfill operations may be adversely affecting the ground
and surface waters of the Region. The growing population and the
abandonment of private sewage facilities in favor of disposal through
public collection and treatment facilities and their corresponding
increase in refuse, garbage, sludge, etc., further point to the need
for investigation and comprehensive planning of sanitary landfill
operations in the Region.
Duck Farms
There are approximately 40 duck farms, all of which are in Suffolk
County, operating in the Region. The total production from these farms
during the March through November growing season is estimated to be
4,350,000 ducks. In general, many of the duck growing farms are loca-
ted along the banks of the tributary streams to Long Island Sound and
use these streams for watering purposes. Holding pens and dikes are
built across the stream or other body of water, and the ducks are allowed
to move freely between land and water, depositing their wastes either
directly into the stream or on the banks. During rainfall, accumulated
organic matter is washed into the stream. Using 20 lbs of BOD per day
per 1,000 ducks, the total potential annual duck waste from all farms
amounts1 to approximately 16,000 lbs of BOD and is equivalent to a popu-
lation of 92,000 persons. In addition, these waste discharges contri-
bute to bacterial contamination, unsightly appearance, production of
objectionable odors, and excessive growths of algae and other aquatic
plants. Such conditions limit the use of the waters of the Region for
shellfish harvesting, recreational bathing and boating, and esthetic
enjoyment. The navigable waters of Moriches Bay and the easterly end
of Great South Bay have been seriously affected by duck farming wastes.
Bottom Deposits
The continual discharge of duck farm wastes and inadequately
treated domestic and industrial wastewaters have resulted in the form-
ation of extensive, sludge deposits throughout the Long Island Region.
The highly organic bottom deposits exert ah additional oxygen demand
on the Region's waters and destroy and/or inhibit the desirable growth
of aquatic and marine organisms. Decomposition of these organic mate-
rials can also produce obnoxious hydrogen sulfide gas which breaks
loose masses of bottom sludge and lifts them to the surface where they
form unsightly gray or black odorous clumps and rafts. These.possible
contributors to the water quality problems of the Region must be in-
vestigated further.
Eutrophication and Aquatic Vegetation
Many waters in the Long Island Region are sufficiently rich in
both phosphorus and nitrogen to support prolific growths of aquatic
weeds and algae. Such growths may interfere with pleasure boating
VI-10
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bathing and other recreational water use. In addition, the growth
of undesirable minute suspended algae have significantly reduced the
quality and production of the shellfish resources in the Region.
Vegetation that is cut free by boats or by heavy seas also con-
tributes to the pollution problems. Heavy mats of this vegetation
can be cast upon the shore and decompose, producing objectionable odors.
The major sources of nutrients are duck farm wastes, raw and
treated municipal wastes, septic tank and cesspool overflow and seep-
age, direct discharges from recreational boating, and runoff from
agricultural, areas. The problem is further complicated by the restrict-
ed water movement and shallow waters in many of the bays, coves, and
inlets in the Region. Data available indicate that nutrient pollution
has created serious water quality problems in Moriches, Bellport and
Shinnecock Bays and the entire Great South Bay.
Much of the nutrient pollution has been attributed to the duck
farming operations located on the tributary streams to these waters.
The complete treatment of these wastes before discharge into the bays
can significantly improve the present condition. Other causes and con-
trol methods that can be used to prevent interference with water use
should be the subject of further study.
Pesticides
Another:source of pollution results from the use of agricultural
chemicals associated with the intense truck farming activities in the
Long Island Region. Large amounts of chlorinated hydrocarbons and
other pesticides are spread over the surface of the land. During
periods of rainfall, excess chemicals areawashed into the surface
waters or percolate into the subsurface aquifers. Hence, much of
these materials eventually enter the bays-of the Region. Recent meas-
urements in the soils of the marshes of the mouth of Carmens River on
Great South Bay, and in various organisms from that area indicate high
residual DDT concentrations. In many cases these concentrations ap-
proached those in organisms known to have died of DDT poisoning. Some
long-t^rm studies have shown a substantial reduction during the past
decade in local fauna known to be sensitive to DDT.
The extent of this problem and the methods for its control are
not fully understood and should be the subject of further study and
research.
Recreational and Commercial Navigation
Both reqreational and commercial navigation are important water
uses throughout the Long Island Region. Recreational boating can
constitute a significant source of pollution as a result of the dis-
charge of human fecal matter, litter, motor exhaust and oil. The
VI-11
-------
discharge of untreated human feces from the many boats in the Region
represents a significant health hazard, which is particularly acute
in crowded marinas where people virtually live aboard ships. The
State of New York has recently established regulations governing the
disposal of wastewater from watercraft, but treatment devices such
as macerator-chlorinators, incinerator toilets, and holding tanks are
not generally in use. In the case of holding tanks, there is a lack
of adequate shoreside facilities to receive and treat the waste.
The rapid growth of pleasure boating,has resulted in an appre-
ciable increase in dumping of litter, including such materials as
plastic food wrap, and glass, metal and cardboard containers. Much
of this material floats and is carried onto beaches and other areas,
resulting in destruction of the aesthetic value.
The exhaust from outboard and certain inboard motors is discharged
directly into the water, resulting in contamination of the water by
hydrocarbon residues. In restricted waters, such as the numerous
coves and bays found along the shores of this Region, the concentration
of these chemicals could increase to levels detrimental to aquatic life.
Oil pollution can occur as the result of careless operation of
recreational boats, but due to the volume'of oil involved,this phase
of the 'problem is usually limited to those areas where large numbers
of boats are concentrated, such as marinas. Of much greater signifi-
cance is the problem of oil pollution by commercial navigation in
Long Island Sound and the New York Bight.
The discharge of oil by commercial traffic may be the result
of bilge pumping or physical damage to a tanker or barge, as well
as spillages which can occur during ship-to-shore transfer. At the
present time this problem is confined to beaches fronting the ocean
and sound.
Ocean Disposal
The ocean area adjacent to the Long Island Region, generally
known as the New York Bight, has long been used as a site for the
disposal of rocks, mud, dredgings, sewage sludge and industrial
wastes. Long Island Sound is also used as a dump area. The major
areas of the New York Bight which are now used as dumping grounds
are shown in the map following the Appendices. Table Vl-3 summarizes
the total volume of wastes dumped at these sites for the years 1965
and 1966.
A preliminary appraisal indicates that the sewage sludge and
waste acid may have the most significant pollutional effect on the
ocean waters. Consistent criticism has be:en directed at the National
Lead Company (Sayreville, N. J.) which dumps large quantities of acid
VT-12
-------
wastes containing ferrous sulfate, sulfuric acid and trace materials.
Although scientific studies have been conducted in the acid dump area,
no conclusive evidence as yet is available to indicate the extent
these substances are affecting fish and other marine organisms, as
well as migration and other related factors. However, some fishermen,
based upon their years of experience and personal observation, report
that since the acicf dumping began in 1948, fishing in the area has
declined.
The discharge of sewage sludge originating in New York City and
other municipalities has not generally been the subject of complaint
by local fishermen. There has been some limited investigation in
this area. A preliminary study conducted by the Northeast Shellfish
Sanitation Research Center reported a rapid reduction in bacteria
in sewage sludge after it was discharged into the sea. The Center
found that the MPN in the sludge before dumping was high, and decreased
rapidly with distance from the center of the dump area. Coliform
counts were found to be insignificant six miles from the dump. The
study also found indications of considerable buildup of sediments
on the ocean bottom.
The extent to which the disposal of the acid wastes and sewage
sludge may be interfering with the beneficial use of the ocean waters
of the New York Bight is not completely known. A comprehensive evalu-
ation is necessary to accurately determine the effects of these pollu-
tional sources on the ocean resource and fisheries. In addition, stud-
ies are necessary to determine whether the disposal of cellar dirt
and dredged materials are adversely affecting the ecology of the ocean
waters. The importance of river-borne wastes flowing into the Bight
should also be determined.
In addition, Nassau County is considering plans to construct a
large ocean outfall for the disposal of treated industrial and domes-
tic wastes in the New York Bight. Some studies have been conducted,
but more are needed, particularly on the question of ocean assimila-
tion of digested sludge.
The disposal of radioactive wastes in the waters of the Bight is
another area needing investigation. The increasing demand for ocean
disposal of a variety of wastes and their possible cumulative effect
on fishing and other legitimate water uses further emphasizes a need
for comprehensive study in"this area.
Salt Intrusion
Salt water encroachment into ground water aquifers is a slow
phenomena, generally measured in a few hundreds of feet per year.
There has been some salt water intrusion of the aquifers in north-
western and southwestern Nassau County. To emphasize the potential
seriousness of the problem, in Brooklyn, overpumping of ground water
did not cause sea water intrusion for many years. However, once salt
VI-13
-------
water intrusion occurred all of the public water supplies were aband-
oned. Suffice it to recall that the entire public water supply in
the Region is obtained from ground water sources. Continued investi-
gation and study will be necessary to define the trends and to anti-
cipate critical situations. Particular attention must be given to
the effect of public sewerage facilities which will discharge wastes
to the sea where it was formerly returned to the ground water through
cesspools. Experiments involving aquifer recharge with treated waste
water are now being conducted by the Counties.
VI-14
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TABLE VI-1
LONG ISLAND REGION
WATER QUALITY PROBLEM AREAS
Name of Water
Number of Pollution Discharges
Municipal
& Federal
Industrial
Category Problem
Atlantic Ocean Basin
Atlantic Ocean
Basin Total
Atlantic Ocean
Jamaica Bay
Reynolds Channel &
Hempstead Bay
Middle Bay
East Bay
Sloop Channel
Great South Bay
12
1
3
28
0
2
16
IV Insufficient data
II Mun.-Ind. Waste disc.
Ill Hydrographic cond.,
sludge deposits,
rec. boating, dredging
activities
III Mun.-Ind. Waste disc.,
dredging activities,
and rec. boating.
Ill Mun.-Ind. Waste disc.,
rec. boating, marinas,
septic tank seepage
III Ind. Waste disc.,
rec. boating, marinas,
septic tank seepage
III Mun. Waste disc.»
rec. boating, marinas,
septic tank seepage
II Mun.-Ind. Waste disc.,
duck farm wastes, and
septic tank seepage
III Agri. runoff, rec.
boating, poor hydro-
graphic cond.,
dredging activities*
sludge buildup
VI-15
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TABLE VI-1
LONG ISLAND REGION
WATER QUALITY PROBLEM AREAS (Cont'd)
Name of Water
Number of Pollution Discharges
Industrial Category Problem
Municipal
& Federal
Moriches Bay
Atlantic Ocean Basin (Cont'd)
0 1 II
III
Duck farm wastes,
Ind. Waste disc.,
septic tank seepage
Rec. boating, agri.
runoff, dredging
operations, poor
hydrographic cond.,
sludge deposits
Long Island Sound Basin
Long Island Sound
Basin Total
Little Neck Bay »
Manhasset Bay
Hempstead Harbor
Oyster Bay
Huntington Harbor
17
1
2
1
28
2
10
1
III Mun.-Ind. Waste disc,
and pollutional
intrusion from East
River
II Mun. Waste disc.
Ill Carry-over of poll.
from East River and
rec. boating
II Mun.-Ind. Waste disc.
Ill Mun.-Ind. Waste disc,
and other unknown
disc.
Ill Mun.-Ind. Waste disc*
Septic tank seepage
and rec. boating
VI-16
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TABLE VI-1
LONG ISLAND REGION
WATER QUALITY PROBLEM AREAS (Cont'd)
Name of Water
Number of Pollution Discharges
Industrial Category Problem
Municipal
& Federal
Long Island Sound Basin (Cont'd)
Northport Harbor
Smithtown Bay
Port Jefferson
Harbor
Flanders Bay
Eastern Long
Island
Long Island
Sound
II Mun.-Ind. Waste disc.
Ill Rec. boating and
septic tank seepage
III Ind. Waste disc., and
rec. boating
II Mun.-Ind. Waste disc.
Ill Septic tank seepage
and boating activities
II Mun.-Ind. Waste disc.,
duck farm wastes
III Septic tank seepage
and Rec. boating
II Mun.-Ind. Waste disc.
Ill Septic tank seepage
and Rec. boating
III Mun.-Ind. Waste disc.,
Septic tank seepage
and Rec. boating
Subsurface Drainage
Ground Water Aquifers 11 77
II Ind. Waste disc.
Septic tank seepage
III San. landfill le'ekage,
salt intrusion
GRANS TOTALS
*f0
133
VI-17
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TABLE VI-2
WASTE SOURCES IN LONG ISLAND REGION
SUMMARY
INTERSTATE WATERS
Municipal and
Institutional
No. Pop. Served
26 868,090
Federal
No. Pop. Served
5,500
Industrial
No. Pop. Served
56 108,750
«/
Total
No. Pop. Served
88 982,3^0
INTRASTATE WATERS
5,050
77
53,106
Sk
58,156
TOTAL INTER- AND INTRASTATE WATERS
26
868,090
13
10,550
133
161,856
172 1,0^0,^96
a/ Population served for industrial sources is the population equivalent on BOD basis.
-------
TABLE VI-3
LONG ISLAND DUCK FARMS
y
FARM NAME
ADDRESS
SIZE
2/
Tributary to Great South Bay
Gallo Duck Farm
Leszkowicz Duck Farm
Carmens River 8c Duck Farm
Tributary to Moriches Bay
Swift Stream Duck Farm
De Piazzy Duck Farm
Ben Jurgielwicz Duck Farm
John Borak
Hallock Brookside Farm
Forge River Duck Farm
Harry A. Smith
Robert H. Smith
Stanley Chornoma
Chi-Dux Duck Farm
Joseph Podloski
Charles Vigliotta & Sons
John Romanowski
Adam Kanas
Breezy Acres
Zygmunt Babinski
C. W. Massey & Son
Big Seatuck Duck Farm
Peter Kostuk 8c Son
Emory Tuttle Duck Farm
Spring Water Duck Farm
Anna Pacholk
Leroy Wilcox
C 8c R Duck Farm
E. Patchogue
Brook Haven
Brook Haven
Moriches
Moriches
Moriches
Moriches
Center Moriches
Center Moriches
E. Moriches
E„ Moriches
E. Moriches
E. Moriches
E. Moriches
E. Moriches
E. Moriches
E„ Moriches
E. Moriches
East Port
East Port
East Port
East Port
East Port
East Port
Speonk
Speonk
Speonk
Large
Large
Large
Medium
Medium
Large
Large
Large
Medium
Medium
Medium
Medium
Medium
Medium
Large
Medium
Medium
Medium
Medium
Medium
Medium
Large
Medium
Medium
Medium
Medium
Large
VI-19
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TABLE VI-3
LONG ISLAND DUCK FARMS ^ (Cont'd)
FARM NAME
Tributary to Flanders Bay
Harold T. Hubbard
H. F. Corwin & Son
Schubert Duck Farm
William G. Hubbard 8s Son
J. Wesley Warner
Trout Brook Duck Farm
J. P. Celic's Eroad
Cove Duck Farm
Bridgeview Duck Farm
Olin F. Warner
Carmine Bruno
Mecox Bay Poultry Farm
Stanley Ozeka
ADDRESS
Riverhead
Aquebogue
Riverhead
Riverhead
Riverhead
Riverhead
Riverhead
Riverhead
Calverton
Riverhead
Watermill
SIZE
2/
Medium
Large
Medium
Medium
Medium
Small
Large
Medium
Medium
Medium
Large
Small
1/ A few of these farms will cease operation in the near future.
2/ Number of ducks produced annually for market:
Small = up to 50,000
Medium = 50,000 - 100,000
Large = over 100,000
VI-20
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Table VI-4
TOTAL VOLUME OF SEVERAL WASTES
DUMPED IN THE NEW YORK BIGHT
(cubic yards)
Year
1965
1966
2 Year Total
Waste Acid
2,589,519
2,85^,6^6
5,Wt,l65
Sewage Sludge
3,^17,318
k,202,OOk
7,619,322
Gov't Dredging
3,322,183
3.772,8^7
7,095,030
Cellar Dirt
851,575
816,79^
1,668,369
Mud & Steam Ashes
2,109,508
3,939,187
6,0^8,695
Source: U. S. Army Corps of Engineers,
ro
t-1
-------
FIGURE 1
-------
VII - DESCRIPTION OF THE REGION
LOCATION
The Long Island Region is made up of Nassau and Suffolk Counties
in New York State and is bounded on the west by the Queens County
boundary line, by Long Island Sound on the north, and by the Atlantic
Ocean on the south and east. The land area of the two counties is
approximately 1,200 square miles. The area is about 100 miles long
and 40 miles wide at its widest point.
GEOLOGY
The entire Region lies within the Atlantic Coastal Plain, which
consists of unconsolidated deposits of sand, gravel, and clay on a
hard bedrock surface. The rock floor tilts downward in a southeast-
erly direction from close to the surface on the north to depths of
some 2,100 feet below sea level on the south shore. Surface material
is chiefly glacial debris of low relief.
HYDROGRAPHY
Long Island has an average annual precipitation of 42 inches per
year with about 3.5 inches falling each month. Approximately half
of the precipitation is lost by evaporation and stream flow. Surface
waters in the Region eventually drain to the Atlantic Ocean either
directly or via Long Island Sound or the other estuaries. The remain-
der becomes part of the groundwater reservoir, which supplies all of
the Region's domestic and industrial needs.
The estuarine waters in the area include Long Island Sound, the
bar-built estuaries along Long Island's south shore and the subestu-
aries of the tributary rivers. Long Island Sound is about 90 miles
long, has a maximum width of about 15 miles, and averages about 60
feet in depth. Maximum depths are about 300 feet in the eastern basin
and about 100 feet in the central and western basins. The estuary
may be considered partially stratified. Surface tidal currents may
exceed five knots in the Race and 2% knots in the eastern basin, but
are less than one knot elsewhere with the exception of local currents
of one and a half knots near certain harbors and promontories. The
net surface flow is to the east, while the deep flow tends to be
westerly. Tidal interchange is equivalent to about 8.5 percent of
the Sound's mean low water volume and the annual freshwater inflow
is about 35 percent. Surface temperatures range from 3 to 19° C in
the eastern end of the Sound and 0 to 23° C in the western. The total
normal salinity range is about 23 to 31 parts per thousand, with an
east-west salinity gradient of some 5 ppt. Riley (1955) feels that
some 1,100 cubic meters per second enter the Sound from the East River
VII-1
-------
(about four times the total surface drainage in the summer). Three-
quarters of the river water enters the east portion of the Sound.
During periods of high flow it forms a distinct surface layer, but
affects only a small portion of the estuary because it enters so
near the Race. In general, tidal mixing is strong enough to prevent
the formation of a strong seasonal thermocline. Dissolved oxygen
concentrations in the summer are about 40 percent of saturation in
the western basin, 50 percent in the central basin, and 85 percent
in the eastern portion.
The bar-built estuaries along Long Island's south shore have
maximum depths of about twelve feet and extensive areas which are
much shallower. The narrow inlets restrict the tidal inflow and
the circulation is poor. Currents in the inlets are around two
knots but are less than half that in the estuaries themselves, where
the wind is responsible for a large part of the feeble circulation.
There is evidence of an eastward flow of water from Great South Bay
to Moriches Bay to Shinnecock Bay through the narrow straits connect-
ing them. These estuaries are generally not stratified, but the sub-
estuaries of:the small streams entering them may be. These estuaries
have a low pollution assimilation capacity and are occasionally sub-
ject to algae blooms. Like Long Island Sound, nitrogen appears to
be the limiting nutrient.
SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS
Population in the Long Island Region was 1,966,955 in 1960, the
year of the last complete U. S. Census. It is estimated that the
population in this Region will grow to 4,211,000 or 114 percent by
1990. Nassau County population will increase from 1,300,171 in 1960
to 1,674,000*or 29 percent, but Suffolk County population is expected
to advance by 280 percent, from a 1960 figure of 666,784 to 2,537,000
in 1990, as shown in Table VII-1.
According to a private survey conducted in January 1966, the
Nassau County population had increased nine percent in the five-year
interval, 1960-1965, and the Suffolk County population advanced by
41 percent during the same period. The results of this recent survey
would seem to support the 1990 population growth projections.
The main reason for the Suffolk County population growth can be
attributed to demographic factors, such as high birth rates, and
younger-than-average heads-of-households.
Nassau County, with 300 square miles, had a 1960 population den-
sity of 4,333 persons per square mile and by 1990 it should increase
to 5,580. The Suffolk County (922 square miles) population density
will be 2,751 persons per square mile in 1990 compared to 723 persons
VII-2
-------
per square mile in 1960.
For the entire Region (Nassau and Suffolk Counties), the I960
population density was 1,610 persons per square mile, and by 1990 is
estimated to be' 3,446 persons per square mile, representing a 114
percent change over the 30 year period.
Analysis of the employment patterns (wage and salary employment
covered by Social Security) in the Region show that 139,000 or 32 per-
cent of the total 433,000 covered workers were in manufacturing posi-
tions. Trade (both wholesale and retail) provided the second largest
source of employment, 129,000 jobs for workers in the Region. Persons
engaged in a wide range of service activities (bartenders, bankers,
and bus drivers) comprised the third largest employment category,
numbering nearly 78,000.
The 433,000 employed in the Region represent eight percent of
the total New York State covered emplpyment of 5,276,000, and 14 per-
cent of the New York City total employment of 3,072,000.
Manufacturing in the Region is diffused among all major industries
usually found in this part of the Nation, but four major industries
provide 68 percent of the total factory employment here. These four
and their share of all manufacturing jobs are transportation equipment
(motor vehicles, aircraft and ships) with 29 percent, electrical mach-
inery with 26 percent, printing and publishing with 7 percent, and
apparel with~6 percent.
VII-3
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TABLE VII-1
DISTRIBUTION AND PROJECTION OF POPULATION
IN THE LONG ISLAND REGION, BY REGION
AND COUNTY, i960 AND 1990
Region and
County
Total County
Population
I960
HCMC Project
% Population
I960 1/
Long Island Region
Population
I960 2/
Population
I960 1990
Nassau
Suffolk
1,300,171
666,784
100.0
100.0
100.0 1,300,171 1,674,000
100.0 666,784 2,337,000
Long Island Region Total
10.2 1,966,935 4,211,000
1/ Total i960 HCMC Project Population - 19,292,000.
2/ Refers only to the Long Island portion within HCMC Project.
Sources: U.S. Bureau of the Census, I960; Demographic Projections,
New York State Office of Planning Coordination.
VII-4
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VIII - WATER USE
WATER SUPPLY
Present Demands
The following information on present water supply systems in
the Long Island Region, serving more than 1,000 persons each, is
based on the 1963 FWPCA Municipal Water Facilities Inventory and
on State and other data, and summarized in Table VIII-1
Within the Region, there are 52 known municipal water supply
systems which serve approximately 1,7^3^000 persons, with an average
daily consumption of 161.5 MGD or 93 gallons per capita per day. Of
these systems, 51 serving 1,7^0,000 persons (99.8% of the total) with
l6l.3 MGD rely solely on ground water sources. Qne system serving
3,000 persons relies on a combination of both surface and ground water
sources.
There are eleven systems on Long Island that furnish 67 percent
(108.0 MGD) of the total daily consumption to a population of approxi-
mately 1,242,000 persons. These systems are listed in Table VIII-2.
The total average industrial water demand in the Long Island
Region! for 1962 was 77 MGD. Of the 77 MGD, an estimated 39 MGD was
supplied by municipal sources and 38 MGD was supplied by privately
owned wells.
An estimated 389>700 persons utilize individual wells and other
private water supply sources. These systems supply an estimated
^0 MGD of domestic and agricultural water. Almost 95 percent of the
persons served by private supplies live in Suffolk County. Ground
water aquifers serve the great majority. Separate supplies for
irrigation are not considered significant.
Future Requirements
The following estimates of future water supply needs in the
Long Island Region are- based upon population projections as outlined
in Section VII and the present per capita water consumption for the
Region as reported by the Senate Select Committee on Water Resources.
Average daily water consumption in the Region in 1966 is estimated
as 122 gallons per capita. It is projected that by the year 1990 this
usage will have increased to approximately 230 gallons per capita, of
which 76 percent is attributed to domestic, commercial and other public
use and the remainder allocated to industrial use. This distribution
VIII-1
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of the projected 1990 per capita water use can vary markedly
depending on the dynamics of growth and demand registered by
industry and all other users. Technological advances in home
appliances, and changing recreational uses and commercial de-
mands may accelerate the projected upward trend towards more
liberal water use patterns.
It is estimated that by 1990 the municipal water needs in
the Long Island Region will amount to 920 MGD, with 700 MGD for
domestic, commercial and other public use and the balance for
industrial requirements. This estimated future consumption
will be almost six times the current water usage.
The self-supplied industrial demand is estimated to be
5^ MGD by 1990. The demand by industry in Suffolk County is
expected to grow at a rate nearly double that in Nassau County.
As the population density in Suffolk County increases, a
high percentage of the population will be served by municipal
systems that will be expanded from present systems or created
where none now exist. It is estimated that in 1990, 95 percent
of the population of the Long Island Region will be served by
municipal water supply systems while 89 percent of the persons
in the Region are now served. The number of persons who are
privately supplied will decrease to 211,000 and the amount of
water consumed by such users will decrease to 30 MGD as per
capita consumption for private owners jumps from 100 gpcd to
130 gpcd.
Future needs (1990) which exceed dependable yields in parts
of the Region can only be met by programs aimed at the comprehen-
sive development of the Region's limited surface water resources
and endangered ground water supplies.
Resource development projects presently being considered are:
(1) Waste water renovation by tertiary treatment. Pilot
plant studies are now being made in Nassau County.
(2) Was,te water reclamation by ground water recharge. Treated
waste waters which have not had sufficient treatment for
immediate public use would be injected into aquifers to
prevent salt water intrusion and to allow time for further
natural treatment of the waste water in the aquifer so
that the water could be reused.
(3) Desalination of sea water and brackish water, which is
not yet considered economically feasible.
VIII-2
-------
(k) Purchase and transfer of water from New York City if
water becomes available through development of their
supplies.
RECREATION
The waters of the Long Island Region are used intensively
for bathing, sport fishing, boating, skin-diving, and water-skiing.
Bathing
Recreational bathing is a major water use in the Region. The
almost continuous barrier beach along the south shore of Nassau and
Suffolk Counties provides excellent bathing and associated sports.
Jones Beach State Park, with facilities for over 100,000 bathers and
20,000 automobiles, a Marine Theater, a two-mile boardwalk, game
areas and play areas, is considered to be the finest ocean front
recreational area in the nation. County, town and community beaches
along the shores of Nassau and Suffolk County similarly serve the
resident population and many New York and New Jersey visitors.
Recreational Boating
Recreational boating is widespread throughout the Region. The
many sheltered bays and inlets of the north and south shores of the
Region1are used extensively by more than 175»0OO pleasure boats.
The development of marinas and associated facilities (159 marinas
with 11,^00 marina berths are presently in the Long Island Region)
to meet present and future recreational boating needs will result
in greater pollution unless closer regulatory and surveillance
activity is provided.
Parks
Jones Beach State Park with many recreational facilities, is
the largest (2*fl3 acres) and most popular (12,412,600 total visits
in 1963) state park in the Region. In addition to Jones Beach State
Park, there are l^f other state parks and several county parks in the
Region, which presently serve the resident population and visitors
from New Jersey and other parts of New York State.
Sport Fishing
Fresh water fishing is very intensive and increasing each
year west of Patchogue in Suffolk County, but is rather limited
in eastern Suffolk County and in Nassau County. The New York
State Conservation Department stocks several lakes and ponds in
Suffolk County with bass, pickerel and panfish. Five lakes and
VIII-3
-------
streams in Suffolk County are stocked with trout by the New York
State Conservation Department.
Salt water fishing is a very important activity in the Region,
particularly in Great South Bay where 380,000 anglers fish each
year between April and October. Each year between one and 1.5 million
fluke are landed in the Bay by hook and line, and similar numbers of
winter flounder are also taken.
Waterfowl
The Long Island Region affords only moderately abundant water-
fowl hunting, which attracts some resident and non-resident recreation
seekers and stimulates business activities. Many of the marshes and
wetlands provide good hunting, but pollution caused by the discharge
of domestic and industrial wastes and by drainage from agricultural
lands, dredging, and the filling of marsh lands to meet expanded resi-
dential and commercial needs have depleted the waterfowl population
and significantly limited the development of this natural recreational
resource.
COMMERCIAL FISHING
Shellfishing
In 1966, the total New York State output of hard and soft clams,
bay scallops and oysters came from Nassau and Suffolk Counties. This
output had a dockside value of $6.5 million and accounted for 77 per-
cent of New York State's 1966 shellfish dollar volume. Long Island
is the Nation's leader in hard clam production, in spite of the fact
that output today is only 60 percent of what it was 20 years ago.
Bay scallop production has varied from $100,000 to $700,000 due to
year to year variations in setting and survival conditions. The
value of oyster output in this Region has declined 99 percent in the
past 50 years from $50 million to less than half a million dollars.
This can be attributed to such factors as bacterial sewage pollution,
duck waste nutrient pollution, destruction of the wetlands by uncon-
trolled dredging and filling (which has curtailed the growth of micro-
organisms necessary for shellfish production), spraying of DDT and
other insecticides on wetlands, and dredging of shellfish bottom lands.
Alone and in combination, these factors have resulted in the closing
of approximately 50,000 acres, or almost eight percent of the total
shellfish growing area in the Region. Nassau County shellfish industry
has been hit the hardest since almost a quarter of its total shellfish
acreage has been closed. The principal natural factors which have
contributed to the oyster industry decline are the destruction of
VIII
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natural seed beds by adverse weather conditions, the encroachment
of predators detrimental to shellfish and the silting of Moriches
and other inlets which has lowered the flushing ability of Great
South and Moriches Bays.
Finfishing
Commercial finfishing in this Region declined 62 percent from
133*6 million pounds in 1965 to 50.5 million pounds in 1966. In
dollar value, the industry decline was 17 percent, from $3»5 million
to $2.9 million.
VIII-5
-------
TABLE VIII-1
Source
Surface
Welle
Both
GRAND TOTAL
MUNICIPAL WATER FACILITIES
SERVING 1000 PERSONS OR MORE,
LONG ISLAND REGION
SUMMARY
Facilities No.
none
51
1__
52
Est. Pop. Served
none
1,740,055'
3,000
1,743,055
Consumption
none
161.3
0.2
161.5
VIII-6
-------
Name
Suffolk County
Water Authority
Jamaica Water
Supply Co.
Manilas set -Lake ville
Water District
Jericho W.D.
Hicksville W.D.
Long Island Water
Corp.
N. Y. Water Service
Corp.
Levittown W.D.
Massapequa W.D.
East Meadow W.D.
South Farmingdale
TABLE VIII-2
MAJOR WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS,
LONG ISLAND REGION
Est. Pop. Consumption
Served MGD Source^jof^Sugg^
375,450 28.2 wells
130,820 13.9 wells
42,870 3.7 wells
44,800 6.6 wells
49,000 6.1 wells
247,000 22.4 wells
156,000 11.7 wells
55.000 4.5 wells
46,360 3.5 wells
50,000 3.8 wells
4-5,000 3.6 wells
VII1-7
-------
IX - BIBLIOGRAPHY
Inventory of Municipal and Industrial Waste Facilities in Connecticut
July If 1956,. A Cooperative State Federal Report.
Report of Northeastern States Boating. Administrative Conference,
May 17-19, 1966.
Anderson, B.A. and C.B. Ham, Index of Surface Water Records to December 31,
1963, Part 1 - North Atlantic Slope Basins, Geological Survey, Circular
501, Washington, 1965.
Bumpus, Dean F. Limnology and Oceanography, Supplement to Volume 10.
November 1965.
Bumpus, Dean F. and Louis M. Lauzier. Surface Circulation on the Con-
tinental Shelf. Serial Atlas of the Marine Environment, Folio 7,
American Geographical Society, 1965.
Description Data of Sewerage and Sewage Treatment Systems in New York
State Bulletin No. 20.
Statistical Abstract of Nassau & Suffolk Counties, Long Island, N.Y.
The Franklin National Bank of Long Island, 1962.
Hudson-Champlain and Metropolitan Coastal Comprehensive Water Pollution
Control Project, FWPCA, Metuchen, New Jersey. (Various unpublished
reports and studies).
Hagstroms Atlas of Nassau County, Long Island, N.Y. 3rd Edition
Hagstrom Co., Inc. 1962.
Waterway Guide 1967, Northern Edition Inland Waterway Guide, Inc., 1966.
Interstate Sanitation Commission, 1966, on the Water Pollution Control
Activities and the Interstate Air Pollution Program.
Metzler, D.F., "States Plan Ahead for Pollution Abatement", Journal WPCF,
January 1967, pp. 13-20.
Municipal Water Facilities Communities of 25,000 Population and Over
United States and Possessions As of January 1, 1964.
Apartments - Their Past and Future Impact on.Suburban Living Patterns,
Nassau County Planning Commission, Mineola,* Long Island, New York,
December 1963.
Aspects - An Analysis of Social, Economic and Housing Characteristics of
Nassau County, New York, Parts 1-7, Nassau County Planning Commission,
Mineola, Long Island, New York, 1962.
IX-1
-------
A Study of the Availability for Transportation Centers in Nassau,
Nassau County Planning Commission, May, 1965.
Building in the Fifties - A Summary of Building Activity Reports,
Nassau County Planning Commission, 1960.
Industrial Land and Taxation; A Supplement to "Industry's Nassau County",
Nassau County Planning Commission, Mineola, New York, December, 1965.
Industry in Nassau County, Nassau County Planning Commission, 1962.
Parks and Recreation, Nassau County Planning Commission, July, 1964.
Population Sixty, Nassau County Planning Commission, February, 1961.
Selected Population and Economic Data, Nassau County, Nassau County
Planning Commission, April, 1965.
Senior Citizens; Social and Economic Characteristics, Nassau County
Planning Commission, July, 1965.
Estimated Population Projections. Research and Statistics Section, New
Jersey Department of Conservation and Economic Development, 1966.
New York State Industrial Directory. New York, 1966.
Water Resources Management, N.Y. State Commission on Water Resources
Planning, 1965 & 1966.
Business Fact Book, Nassau - Suffolk District, Pt. 1, Business & Manu-
facturing, N.Y. State Dept. of Commerce 1962.
Business Fact Book, Nassau - Suffolk District, Pt. 2, Population &
Housing, N.Y. State Dept. of Commerce 1963.
Classifications and Standards of Quality and Purity for Fresh Surface
Waters and Tidal Salt Waters Within the Great South Bay - Easterly
Section Drainage Basin in Suffolk County, N.Y., New York State Depart-
ment of Health, Water Pollution Control Board, 1954.
Classifications and Standards of Quality and Purity for Fresh Surface
Waters and Tidal Salt Waters Within the Shinnecock Bay - Mecox Bay
Drainage Basin in Suffolk County, N.Y., New York State Department of
Health, Water Pollution Control Board, 1954.
Periodic Report of the Water Quality Surveillance Network 1960 thru 1964.
New York State Department of Health, December 1965.
Surface Waters of Eastern Suffolk County» N.Y. State Dept. of Health 1963.
Surface Waters of Nassau County. N.Y. State Dept. of Health 1963.
IX-2
-------
Surface Waters of Western Suffolk County, N.Y. State Dept. of Health 1963.
Survey Report #62 Underground Waters of Nassau County New York State
Dept* of Health 1964.
Effect of Cabin Cruiser Waste Discharge on Eaton's Neck, Long Island
Harbor Waters, New York University College of Engineering Research
Division, Air and Water Pollution Research Section, December, 1953.
The States & Potential of the Marine Environment, Oceanographic Committee
of the Nassau - Suffolk Regional Planning Board, Dec., 1966.
Demographic Projections for New York State Counties. Office of Planning
Coordination, Albany, New York, July 1966.
Reappraisal of Drought in Northeastern United States, 1965.
Report on the Costs of Secondary and Tertiary Sewage Treatment Plants, 1966.
The Resources of the New England - New York Region, Part 2, Chapter XXVIII,
St. Lawrence Drainage Basin, New York 1954.
Schlirck, Louis B. Man in M&tropolis.
Annual Report, 1965, Suffolk County Department of Health, 1965.
U.S. Bureau of Census. Census of Housing; 1960. Washington, 1960.
U.S. Bureau of Census. County Business Patterns: 1964 and 1956.
U.S. Bureau of Census. Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1966,
Washington, D.C., 1966.
Fishery Statistics of the U.S. - 1964. Statistical Digest No. 58, U.S.
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries.
U.S. Census of Population, 1960 Connecticut.
U.S. Census of Population, 1960 Connecticut General Social and Economic
Characteristics.
Recreational Boating Statistics, 1965. U.S. Coast Guard.
N.Y. Landings, U.S. Dept of the Interior Fish & Wildlife Service Bureau
of Commercial Fisheries N.Y. Conservation Dept. Bureau of Marine
Fisheries 1966.
Public Sector Inventory, U.S. Dept. of the Interior Bureau of Outdoor
Recreation 1963.
IX-3
-------
Modern Sewage Treatment Plant; How Much Do They Cost, U.S. Dept. of
Health, Education and Welfare,Public Health Service, Division of
Water Supply and Pollution Control, Washington, 1964. (PHS Publi-
cation No. 1229)
Municipal Water Facilities, 1962 Inventory, U.S. Department of Health,
Education and Welfare, Public Health Service, Division of Water Supply
and Pollution Gontrol, Basic Data Branch, PHS Publication No. 1165,
Vol. 1-2, 1963.
Municipal Water Facilities, 1963 Inventory, U.S. Department of Health,
Education and Welfare, Public Health Service, Division of Water Supply
and Pollution Control, Basic Data Branch, PHS Publication No. 775
(revised) Vol. 1-2, 1964.
Waste Water Disposal Practices at Federal Installations 1960 Volume 33 -
New York, 1960.
Waterborne Commerce of the United States Calendar Year 1960 Part I
Waterways and Harbors Atlantic Coast.
Col. Thomas H. Wiggan, Report on a Comprehensive Plan for the Development
and Distribution of the Available Water Supply of Suffolk County, Long
Island, N.Y. (Suffolk County, New York, Suffolk County Water Authority,
January, 1957). p 2A.
Manganaro, Martin & Lincoln, 1966, Repott, Outfall Sewer Location Sludge
Disposal Facilities Disposal District No. 3.
I
Bowe, Albertson and Walsh, 1965, Report, Comprehensive Sewerage Studies,
Five Western Towns, Suffolk County New York, Disposal District No. 1.
IX-4
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APPENDIX A
CRITERIA FOR PRIORITY DETERMINATION
A system of priority ranking was developed for municipal and
industrial construction needs, based on a series of criteria which
indicate the urgency of abatement for each waste source. These
criteria, which are in the form of a weighted scoring system, were
applied to each known waste source. All sources were then ranked
on the basis of final score, and divided into four priority groups,
on the basis of engineering and economic judgment.
The criteria used to evaluate and rank the municipal treatment
needs are presented in Table A-l. The scoring system includes such
factors as existing treatment type, BOD loading discharged, size
and use of the receiving stream, and previous enforcement activity.
A separate set of criteria which recognize the variation in
industrial waste characteristics, were developed to rank industrial
needs by priority. These criteria, shown in Table A-2, include
such factors as waste toxicity, solids and color in addition to the
factors used for municipal waste.
-------
TABLE A-l
PRIORITY CRITERIA - MUNICIPAL WASTES
Aggregate Weight Adjusting Factors
Percent
I Type of Treatment 35
II Population Equivalents (P.E.)-Discharged (BOD) ... 25
III Receiving Water Use and Dilution 35
IV Prior Orders Issued 5
Enumerated Categories by Weight
I.A Type of Treatment
Bases Wt.
No Treatment 100
Primary - No Chlorine - Overloaded 90
Primary - Chlorine - Overloaded 80
Primary - No Chlorine - Within design 70
Primary - Chlorine - Within design 60
Intermediate - No Chlorine - Overloaded 80
Intermediate - Chlorine - Overloaded 70
Intermediate - No Chlorine - Within design 50
Intermediate - Chlorine - Within design ^0
Secondary - No Chlorine - Overloaded 70
Secondary - Chlorine - Overloaded 60
Secondary - No Chlorine - Within design 30
Secondary - Chlorine - Within design 0
II.A P. E. Discharged
BOD Range
0-100 5
100 - 1000 10
1000 - 10,000 25
10,000 - 100,000 50
Over 100,000 100
III.A Receiving Water Use and Dilution
A Use
Drinking Water 80
Shell Fishing and/or Recreation 38
Sport Fishing 25
Other Uses 10
B Dilution
Large 0
Med ium 15
Small 50
-------
TABLE A-l (CONT'D.)
Prior Orders Issued
Wt.
Yes 100
No 0
-------
TABLE A-2
PRIORITY CRITERIA - INDUSTRIAL WASTES
Aggregate Weight Adjusting Factors
Percent
I Effluent Waste Characteristics 30*
II Volume of Wastes 30
III Receiving Water Use and Dilution 40
Enumerated Categories by Weight.
I Effluent Waste Characteristics* Percent of Wt.
A. Bacteria
less than 1 x 10^ total coliform/100 ml 5
between 1 x 105 to 1 x 10® total coliform/100 ml 20
greater than 1 x 10® total coliform 100 ml 30
B. BOD
less than 20 mg/1 0
20 - 100 mg/1 5
100 - 300 mg/1 10
300 - 600''mg/1 15
greater than 600 mg/1 20
C. Color and/or foam
if significant in stream 5
D. Floating Solids - oil, grease
if significant in stream 10
E. pH
less than 5 or greater than 10 5
F. Temperature rise
greater than 5°F in stream 10
-------
H.
TABLE A-2 (CONT'D.)
Total Suspended Solids
less than 75 mg/1
75 - 200 mg/1
greater than 200 mg/1
Toxic Chemicals
toxic to fish in stream
0
10
20
50
*It can be noted that on the basis of the percent of
weight, that the total weight of 30 can be exceeded.
This is necessary in order to develop the proper priority
when considering highly significant waste characteristics.
II A. Volume of Wastes
Item
1,000
10,000
100,000
1,000,000
10,000 gal. per day
100,000 gal. per day
1,000,000 gal. per day
5,000,000 gal. per day
greater than 5,000,000 gal. per day
III Receiving Water Use & Dilution
A. Use
Drinking Water
Shell Fishing and/or Recreation
Sport Fishing
Other
B.
Dilution
Large
Medium
Percent of Wt.
10
20
50
100
150
Percent of Wt,
80
38
25
10
0
15
Small
50
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APPENDIX B
CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITY CODING
Two basic assumptions were used throughout in determining construc-
tion needs. Minimum acceptable treatment was defined as secondary
treatment for municipal waste or its equivalent for industrial waste.
All existing treatment plants constructed more than 20 years ago were
considered obsolete and in need of complete replacement.
A system of construction coding was formulated to indicate the
kind and amount of construction activity required to abate each
municipal and industrial waste discharge. Each source was coded by
an activity as shown in Tables B-l (Municipal) or B-2 (Industrial).
-------
TABLE B-l
MUNICIPAL CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITY CODES
Type of Facility
No Plant
Primary Plant
Intermediate Plant
Secondary Plant
Any Plant or No Plant
Status of Waste Source
Discharging raw sewage-build
primary and secondary plant
Not suitable for upgrading to
secondary, build a new secondary
plant
Code Number
01
Not suitable for upgrading to
secondary, build a new secondary
plant
02
Suitable for upgrading to secondary, 04
if overloaded build secondary for
overload
03
Suitable for upgrading to secondary, 05
if overloaded build secondary for
overload
Condition Good - if overloaded 06
build secondary for overload only
Condition Fair to Poor - if not 07
overloaded continue to use
Condition Fair to Poor - If over- 08
loaded build new secondary for
total load
Do not build or reconstruct, plant 09
to be shut down and load picked up
by another plant (load has been
added to other unit)
Replace septic tanks with new plant 10
and collect i.on system
-------
TABLE B-2
INDUSTRIAL CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITY CODES
Code Number Type of Activity
A Provide secondary treatment or equivalent,
including chlorination
B Provide secondary treatment or equivalent
C Provide for segregation and separate
treatment of one or more types of waste
that may include suspended solids, toxic
.matter, oil and/or grease, color and
high or low pH
D Same as C; plus biological treatment for
all or part of the wastes, including
chlorination
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APPENDIX C
COST ESTIMATING PROCEDURES
Estimated costs of needed municipal construction activities were
developed, using as a basis an unpublished study of sewage treatment
needs in the Hudson River basin above Chelsea, New York.— This study
presented a sliding scale of unit cost by population served and by type
of construction required.
In developing cost estimates, it was recognized that waste treat-
ment facilities constructed in the immediate future should be designed
for anticipated population growth through 1990, to allow for a plant
life of 20 years. However, since no data are available to provide
reasonable projections of sewered population on an individual plant
basis, estimates were prepared for the region as a whole and then
adjusted to reflect the needed additional capacity.
A basic cost was calculated for each municipal plant, using the
present population served, the needed construction activity and the
unit cost data. The results were summed for each priority and con-
struction activity code and corrected by the FWPCA constructian..cost
index' projected to 1970. A 20 percent factor was then added to cover
engineering, legal and other services, after which the cost estimates
were revised to reflect the anticipated regional growth through 1390.
Cost estimates for ancillary works, such as interceptor sewers, pump-
ing stations and force mains were calculated as 83 percent of the
treatment plant cost, based on the Study referred to above.
Industrial cost estimates were prepared by assuming equivalency
between the costs of industrial and municipal plants to treat the
same magnitude of organic loadings, expressed in terms of population
equivalents, with the results projected to 1990 on the basis of anti-
cipated growth of industrial water use. Ancillary works, such as
process changes and segregation of wastes, were estimated as 50 per-
cent of the treatment plant cost.
1/ Basic Data Branch, DWSPC, Public Health Service (now Division of
Pollution Surveillance, Technical Programs, FWPCA) August 10, 1965,
Subject "Sewage Treatment Needs in Hudson River Basin above Chelsea"
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