WORKING DRAFT
WATER SUPPLY AND
WATER QUALITY CONTROL STUDY
SIERKS RESERVOIR
TONAWANDA CREEK BASIN
NEW YORK
STUDY OF NEEDS AND VALUE OF STORAGE, FOR
MUNICIPAL AND INDUSTRIAL WATER SUPPLY
AND WATER QUALITY CONTROL
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
REGION2E
NEW YORK, NEW YORK
MASS,
CONN.
riOtfEflte* YW5
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WATER SUPPLT
AND
WATER QUALITT CQOTRQL STUET
SIEKKS RJSSSRVOIR
TONAMANCA CREEK BASIN
Now Torlc
A survagr has been *ade which discloses a future need for storage for
municipal and industrial water supplies and an ta»ediate need for
storage for atreamfloftr regulation for the purpose of water quality
control. These conclusions are based on results of engineering,
econanio and dsnographic studies. Future needs are based on projected
population and industrial growth.
Prepared for
DEPARTMENT OP THE ABMX
0. 3. A ray Engineer District
Buffalo, Hew Xoxk
9* S, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EHICATION, AND WELFARE
Public Health Service, Region IX
Prepared by
Public Health Service, Rerion T
Great Lakes-Illinois River Basins Project
Chicago, Illinois
Eoveober, 1965
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ZJS7 07 TAH£3 . . • . iv
LIST OF EXHIBITS v
LIST OF FIGURES . . . «••*••».»*« vi
I. I>TPR0D0CTIC3J
Eaqueat and Authority 1-1
Puypoaa and Scop* .................. X-l
Admowladgauents ............. X-2
IX. oUKMART OF EffiDINGS A® C0HGLU3I0K3
dtsnary of findings .•••»•«*«•««••••• 1I»1
Coneluaiwia ..................... H-2
III. PROJECT DESCKIPTION
Location nu
StraaoOoir . . » XXX-1
VfeU* duality m~2
Fartinant Data . .................. IH-3
IV. STUDY AHEA 2E5CEIPTI0K
location and Bonndarfaa •»•«•••••••••*« 17*1
Gaojpraphy and Topography »*»««•« HWL
Clisate « . * ~ IV-3
Pfrlneipal Cwsmitlee and Indwtriaa X7-3
V. VAT3R RESOURCES OP IMS STOUT AREA
Quantity of Waiar Available 7-1
Quality of Watar Available ••¦•••••••«•• ?-2
ii
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Pfcfie
VZ« TIE BOOHCKT
FNMnt ?I4
Mun ~ • . ~ 7H2
vii, hher mmmaar&~imni&iL akd bhwstrial
Plaat and Praaant fe'&ter Uaa 7H-J.
Existing Jouroaa of Watar-Surtfaca and Ground 'rfatar • VXU3
Attar* Municipal and Induatrlal Vteter Baquirananta » YI2~4
7UL mm man camci
Canaral . . .. . . • . mi-a
Munlaipal, Industrial and Agricultural Jbllution * • VIH-3
Fntura Waata load* 7IH-5
Katar Quality Objaetivaa ~ ~ . . . . . . . VXU-7
Plow Regulation VUX-9
IX* BSlfSFXTS
Gnnti. XX»1
Watar 3qpply - Municipal and IwJuatrlal H-l
Water ijuality Control *•**••»•«*«*«*•• XZ>*2
X. HTHUDORAFWr
APPENDODC
lil
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USX OP TABUS
Tabl* Bo. Title Paga Ko.
V-l Choslcsl Analyses of Water in Strea&s
at Moderate end Low Flows Daring 19&S V-3
VI-1 Population of Counties in Tongwanda Creek
Stu4jr Area, 1940-1960 VX-2
VI-v2 Zand Use in Acrss - Gmesee and Wycoin^
Counties VI-4
VI-3 Manufacturing ^ploytMnt in Counties of
Tonawanda Creek Study Area, 1947-1962 VI-3
VI-4 Ifaaber of Plant* - Viator Using Industrial YI-9
VX-5 Value Added by Manufacture in Counties of
Tonamnda Creek Study Area, 1947-1962 VI-10
VX-6 Population Treads and Projections of
Genesee and Wyoaing Counties and of
Betavia City and Town VI-13
VH-1 Municipal Water Supplies, Tonawsnda Cre«k
Watershed Water Supply Study Area 7ZZ-1
VHI-1 Infiltration into Satavla and Attica Sewer
System (ngd) Vm-6
YIU-2 Waste loading Projection Factors 7IH-6
VJLH-3 Waste Effluent Loads Discharged VHI-7
V1II-U Sstiaated Water Temperatures in Tonawands
Creek VIII-11
Vm-5 Required Minimum flows at Batavia and
Sstiaated Reservoir Release Schedule (cfs) VHI-11
IX-1 Water Quality Reqpiranents JX»%
iv
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LIST OF EXHIBITS
(kpmxix)
Miiu* mi
1 Streaaflovs in Tonawaod* Creole Drainage Basin
2 Analytical Results, Tonsranda Creek
New Tork Deportment of Health * 1952
3 Analytical Result*, Tonawanda Creak
Hew Tork State Cepartaent of Conservation - 1952
A Analytical Results, Tonwanda Creek
Eatavia Haw Vater Supply, The Cheater Engineers
5 Tonawanda Creak Basin, Masts and Waste Loads
6 Future Growth of Genesee and Wycnlng Counties
7 Sstinated JUture Water Demands for Batavia
a Estimated Future Per Capita Vater Use for I&tavia
9 Estimated FUture Water Detaands for Attica
v
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LIST OF HGUBJtS
FUture Growth of Geneeee and Vycttiii# Counties
Bsttactad Future Water D«*anda far Betavia
Setineted Future Per Capita Mater U«e for
Batarla
Setiaated future Water Scnapdt for Attica
location Hap
Issi&m
Appendix - (Kxh.6)
Appendix - (£xh.7)
Appendix - (Exh.8)
Appendix - (£xb«9)
Back of Report
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i mmouucTiGH
Request and Authority
The District Engineer, Corpa of Engineers, Buffalo, New York, in a
letter dated June 7, 1962 requested the Public Health Service to make
estimates of water supply and water quality control needs in the Tonawaoda
Creek' and the potential benefits that Kay be provided by the construction
of a dan and reservoir on Tonawanda Creek at Sierks Crossing.
The U. 3. Department of Health* Education, and Welfare - Public
Health Service, has conducted the water quality portion of this study under
the authority contained in 'The Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as
amended (33 U.5.C. 466 et seq.)" Authority for the water supply portion
of this study is the tte&orandum of Agreement, dated November 4, 1958,
between the Eepartaent of the Arsgr and the Department of Health, Education,
and Welfare, relative to the Water Supply Act of 19££» as amended (43 U.S.C.
390b).
The purpose of this study is to determine the need for and the
value of storage for municipal and industrial water supply- and water quality
control in the proposed Sierks Reservoir on Tonawanda Creek at 3ierka,
Hew York. Tonawanda Creek has a drainage area of 649 square miles and is
trlbutazy to the Niagara River. Its drainage basin encoepasses parts of
Erie, Niagara, Wyoming, Genesee, and Orleans Counties located in north-
western New York State.
Since Tonawanda Creek is tributazy to the Niagara River, and is
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part of the Great Lakes system, thia study was made by the Great lakes-
Illinois filvar Basins Pro J act, Chicago, Illinois. The Groat lakes-Illinois
River fiaslna Project la engaged in asking a comprehensive study of the
Great lakes and ULinoia River Baains.
Thia study covers water storage needs and benefits during the 100
year study period, 1970 to 2070, aa requested by the Corps of Engineers.
The cooperation and assistance of the following Federal, State, and
local agencies has made thia study possible. Their help is gratefully
acknowledged.
1. New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York*
2. How York State Water Resources Coemission, Albany, New York.
3» U« S. Aj*y Ehgineer District, Buffalo, Hew Tork.
4# V. S. Geological Survey, Albany, Heir Tork.
5. Municipal Officials- a)Batavia„ Nav Toxic- b) Attica, Hew York.
6. Erie County Planning Association, Buffalo, New York,
7. ftrle-Kiagant Basin Regional Water Resources Planning and
Development Board, Bast Aurora, New York.
8. fiatavia Chamber of Coraaerce, Batavia, Sew Tork.
9. The Chester Engineers, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
10. Bussbauaer, Clark, and Yelsy; Consulting fogineera,
Efcjffalo, Heir Tork.
M
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IX SUMKABX or PXHDXHCS AND COHCUISIOHS
of fttafthgg
1* The Corps of Eagineers It naking a study of a araltipl*-
purpose reservoir to bo located on Tonawaoda Creek at Sierks, Voir York.
Siorke is located about three miles south of Attica* Km Xork. (3ee
tho Location Hap at the back of the report.)
2» Tho Tonswanda Creek watershed iaeludes portion* of Erie*
Wyoming, Orleans, Genesee, and Kiasaura Counties in northwestern New
Torlc State.
3* The study area for the report ie that section of the
Tonauanda Creek vatarahed located upetresa of the confluence of the
Hew York State Barge Csnsl with Tonewsnrit Creek,
U* The vaterahsd of the study area is 415 equate miles* The
drainage Area upstreso of the alto of the proposed Sierk* Reservoir la
65 sqpare feiles.
5* The population of the study area «ts 61)000 in I960* Of
this total population 5#>000 are urban and 3»000 are rural*
6. The principal eooBmitiea in the study area, Kith their 1960
populations, are the City of Botavia - IB, 173, the Tillage of Akron -
2,t*41, and the Village of Attica - 2*751.
7. In the economic section the growth rate of the study area ie
tied to the growth rate of the adjoining Buffalo and Rochester Standard
Metropolitan Statistical Areas*
3. Avenge daily water use in the Batavia and Attica service
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area was 106 gped (gallons per capita per day) In 1962* This asounted
to 2.64 a&d (alllion gallons per day) supplyifl^ 25*000 people* By 1964
this had inereasod to about 110 gpod*
9. The rev waatee produced ky the Batavia and Attica service
area anxmt to 30,700 PE (population equivalents) and the discharged
treated wastes equal 4,900 ?£*
y-CTc'totf'iWrt
1* The study area will grow at a rate about equal to the Kation,
being primarily inelueueed bj the neartogr expending Bocheeter aad Buffalo
Metropolitan areas. The population of the study area is projected to be
400,000 in 2070, while Batavia City And Town is expected to have a popu-
lation of 69 #100 In 2070.
2. The projected average daily dtnand for Municipal and indus-
trial water la the Batavia service area will increase from the present
1,7 ogd to 7*3 a&i in 2020 and 14.7 ajgd for 2070. In the Attica serrico
area, the deaand will Increase troa the present 0.6 agd to 1*3 agd in
2020 am 2.6 aed for 2070.
3* The present water supply source for Attica was found adequate
to meet its aaeds for the foil study period, and therefore waxieipal and
industrial water supply storage la Slexks fteeervoir would have no value
to Attica.
4, The nunicipal and industrial water supply needs in the
Batavia service area would require, in addition to the present supplies,
storage capacity in the proposed reservoir to provide for the projected
average animal desuutd of 2.7 tag! in 2070. The averse* annual value of
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the benefits froo water supply storage 1b $34*500 beginning in 1970,
the year of first need,
5* 3trea»flow regulation for wat«r quality control in the
BataYisr-Attica ssrvice srea 1* needed now* Flow regulation for wtir qual-
ity control is based on maintaining a dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration
of 4 sllligraas per liter (*gA) ft>r the support of fish {facultative) and
aquatic life below Bat*via. The amwal draft-on-storagsi* required to
«eet this criterion, considering drought conditions of anco-in-20-year
imrity, presently eooBitted water supply vitbdrawls, and waste inputs
to the stre«a projected to the year 2070, is estimated to be 20,000 aore-'
feet per year* An estimated reservoir release schedule is presented in
Table ¥1X1-5 of the report.
6« The al.nljpwi annual value of the storage capacity is $141,000
in 1970, the earliest it wait expected the reservoir could be put into
operation and benefits derived,
7# If the minima flows required for water quality control at
B&tavia are provided, by storage upstream from Attica, then the How
past Attica will be snore than adequate to aaintain water quality in
the atrest between Attica and Batavia*
<8, Maintenance of satisfactory water quality in Tonamnda Creek
will benefit a wide spectrw of water uses in the study area* Approxi-
mately 55 stiles of Tonawanda Creek fro© the proposed Sierks Reservoir
dovnstreck to Pondleton will be improved through the flow regulation
~Annual draft-on-storage is the sun of the incroamtal excesses of
nseded releases over Inflows during a climatic year.
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*Zt>t '**
/ jp/t^-T
r-t4^
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for water quality control. This will improve the quality of the raw
water withdrawn in this stretch of the streaa for municipal and
industrial Mater supplies which will reduce the treatment costs*
Recreational opportunities for fishing vill be enhanced and the esthetic
value of the streca will be increased. These benefits extend beyond the
study area and are available to peoples of the Buffalo metropolitan
area* Property values in areas contiguous to the stream will be main-
tained or improved. these benefits of atrearXLow regulation are
considered to be widespread, but full benefits will be realised only
the beat practical treatment or rercoval qjrsttfa available is also
provided for wastes at their source*
XX-4
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HI PRQJSCT MSCRIFTIOH
Location
The project *9 proposed by the Corp* of Engineers is a oiulttplo-
purpose reservoir to be located on Tonswanda Creek at Sialics, Mm Tort.
Toncmnda Creek is located in northwestern Hew Tort State* It has a
length of 109 miles and a watershed area of 649 square stiles before it
enters the Niagara River at Ton wands. New York* Sierks is located about
three sdlee south of Attica and eight idles south of Bat avis, New York,
(See location Map at the back of the report.)
strwftaf
The 96 niles of Tonavanda Creek shore the canal remain* essentially
a natural strewn in that few 5japror«Bents have been asde on the channel.
Ho Improvements for flood control hare been nade by the Federal Government.
The City of Batavia and the Stat* of Kew Tork have performed soste ainor
channel work and renoved obstruct ions in the vicinity of the city* The
state also has performed work of a minor nature at other points in the
Basin.
On the upper reaches three dans have been constructed across the
Creek. They are at North Pembroke* Sast Ponbroke* and Batavia. There is
no appreciable storage behind these doss, and they vary between & and 10
feet in height*
Channel capacities (at bankfull) are: 1,500 to 2,000 cfs above
Batavia^ 2,000 to 3,600 cfs through Batavia^ and 2,000 cfs in the western
ni-i
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plain* are* (l).*
The flow has been reversed In the lower reach of Tori«
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and Batavia. However, the Creek recover* rapidly below each ccsnunity
and by the tin* it roaches Batavia the colifom density and BOD have
returned to & low value and the 00 oonteat is again near saturation.
Below the Batavla sewage treatment plant, under nenaal sunmr conditions
of low flow, the Creak la grossly polluted downstream to £ast Pembroke.
Below East Pembroke the Creek reoovera and at ita confluence with the
Barge Canal la vail recovered(2). Kore detailed wator quality data Are
ehown In E«Mblta 2, 3 and 4 in the Appendix.
The proposed daa will control about 65 square nilee of the
Tonawanria Creek drainage area. The reservoir will have a capacity of
AO,000 acre feet, or approximately 11 inches of runoff. A six Inch Hood
control pool and a five inch conservation pool are under consideration fcy
the Corps of Saglneers.
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IV DESCRIPTIQM OF STUEH AfiEA
The TonsMuida Creek drainage bavin is located in the northwestern
part of New York State. Tonawanda. Creek joine the b'iagar* River about
13 nilee Aran lake Erie, and drains an area of about 649 square ailea.
The watershed ia roughly L-ahaped with the broader and loiter atm
of the t extending east-southeast from the Niagara Elver to Eatavia,
Mew fork. The nailer lobe then extends at about a right angle frost
Batavia to the sooth-southwest* The larger st«s is about 40 Biles long
and 15 Miles widej the amaller about 11 miles long and seven miles vide* (1).
Within this rough}/ I^ehaped watershed Tonawanda Creek pursues a
very meandering course* especially that section of the Creek upstream of
the Barge Canal* It achieves a total length of 109 miles in a basin
roughly 60 nlles long.
The area considered for water supply and water quality purposes is
that part of the watershed upstream of the junction of Tonawanda Creek
and the New York State Barge Canal at Pendleton, Hew fork, with a
drainage area of 415 square miles* Below this junction the flow of the
Creek has been reversed by the Canal* Water diverted from the Niagara
River for operation of the Canal has a much greater effect on water
quality in this stretch than could be provided by atreemflow regulation at
Slerks Heservoir*
Ctyanrtar infl fowgirir
Ton mm Creek rises in the highlands in Wyoming County near Horth
IV-1
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Java *t elevation of about 1,900 fo«t above aoan soft level* It flows
generally nortlwanl between steep hills through Varysburg ant Attica to
Alexander* from. Alexander it meanders through flat land to Batavia at an
elevation of about 390 feet. At Batavia it turns abruptly westward,
flowing to Indian Falls, where it drops 160 feet, and than flews northerly
to the OsnssseKrie County line* From this point it foma ths boundary
betwesn Srie and Niagara Counties, meandering generally westsrly to the
Niagara River. Ths lower L$ i<1w wast of Pendleton to ths Niagara
Hirer, fojtt a part of ths Hew Toxic Stats Barge Canal and hat* a navigable
depth of 12 fsst.
The hsadwaters of Tonmanda Croek are in ths stssp foothills of ths
Allegany Wateaa. Ths lower portion of ths Cresic is located in ths
rolling flatlanrts of ths JSris Plain* Ths valleys in ths headwaters ars
generally desp and narrow, indented by short stssp gullies, Hilltops
range up to 2>100 feet above ftsan sea level. (1,2),
Tonawanda Cresic enters ths plains region near slsvation 940 about
3 adles south of Batavia* In ths iflaina region, the slopes are generally
flat with elevations ranging free about 890 feet in Batavia to about 590
feet in ths wssterly flood area on ths Black-fin sain Crssk divide* Ths
watsrahsd divides on the plains ars poarly dsfinsd, and swampland occurs
in nan? locations (l).
Ths awanplands wtare cleared end drained are cultivated intensively
for truck faming. However, no large acale drainage efforts have been
nade*
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Climate
mmSXtSSSOtM*
The climate of the Tonawanda Creek Basin la tmperate du« largely
to the naarneae of Lakes Srie and Ontario* The prevailing wind ia firm
the southwest, The average annual teaperature of the watershed ia about
47* Fahrenheit. The Biaxlaran and wlnliw recorded temperatures In the
vicinity are 103* and -33* respectively. The average annual precipitation
ranges froe 30 to 35 laches. The average growing season in the lowlands
iv about I60 days, end In the highlands about 145 days (1).
The principal ocwaunitiea in the study area, along with their I960
populations are: Village of Akron, 2,s41; City of Batavia, 18,173* and
the Village of Attica, 2,751 (4).
the principal industries in the etudy area are tbe railroads, food
processing* electronics, metal die cartings, faat machinery, wood and
paper products, clothing (ehirts), gypsum products, linestone q*»rrying,
and sand and gravel mining (1,2,5).
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V WATER RESOURCES OP THE STOW AREA
r
Surface Water
The now in Tooawanda Creek are 280 cfa down to K> cfs* with an
average of 376 cfa for $ years of record. In the headwaters area* the
Little Tonswanda Creek at Linden, with 22 square Miles of drainage area
and 50 years of record has a raxJnun rate of discharge of 2,700 cfs and
a ttinHww of O.OB cfs (3)»
At Batavia with 19 years of record and 172 equare miles of drainage
area the flow has varied from a high of 7,200 cfs to a low of 0.4 cfs,
with an average of 197 cfa (3)* Tte this flow should be added abost 2.7
cfs used for the Batavia water supply* The water supply is pumped out
above the Batavia gage and the waste flow is returned below* Therefore*
the flow in the Creek above the Batavia water intake haa an avenge of
about 200 cfs for 19 years of record*
Airing the drought Months of August and Septoaber 1952* July and
August 1955 and Sepi^ber 1959* the actual flow in the Creek above the
Batavia waterworks intake was less than 9 cfs for an average of 13
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Niagara Pdver drew their water supplies tran. either lake 2rlo or the
Niagara kiver. The three ccnarunities of Batavia, Attica, and Akron* lying
back from lake £rle and the Niagara fliver, draw their water supplies fraa
impoundments on streaae* The City of Batavia has recently developed
several veils to au^tent its present supply but this au&untattan
only suffice until about 197^ (6)*
The ground water in the area north of a line between Buffalo and
Batavia (this includes the ares north of Tonswanda Creek, and most of the
northerly flow tributaries) is available in large supplies frost the
underlying aquifers of the Salina Croup* Hie ground water in the rest of
the Basin oones from the Kiddle and Upper Devonian shale and inteztedded
sandstone bedrock aquifers that underline this area.
Surface Water
The quality of the surface water at the Batavia raw water intake is
shown in Exhibits 2, 3, and 4 in the Appendix. They indicate that after
conventional treatment the surface water is satisfactory for municipal and
most industrial uses*
The quality of the surface water at other locations in the Basin
is shown in Tfcble V-l. On. Tonauanda Creek frost the aost upstreasi asKpling
point to the aost downstream point, the dissolved solids concentration
increases frc* 19C mgA to 650 agA which exceeds the 500 mg/1 limit
reccnsended by the 1962 PHS Drinking Water Standards (7). From the head-
waters to Batavia there is relatively little change in the chw&ical quality
of the water. Between Batavia and Indian Flails, the concentration of
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dissolved eolid* lncreaaes doe to rwy hard water entering the sti
frm the Onondaga Aquifer. Tram Indian Falls to Rapids, the dissolved
solids in the at nun increase because of the inflow of water tnm the Salina
Group which ia vwry high in sulfate content (a) ¦
Table T-l
(8)
Chenieal Analyses of Water in Streaaa
at Moderate and low Howe During 1963
feiretBftnfttott, Ja igflJ
Die-
rate of Streaa- Sul- Chlo- Hardness solved
Mane of Creek Colleo- fXov fate ride aa aolida
(4t..ar am vtof* M-fW) taw, (rff) (goU, (cti OtfOg ^ 3^9%
Toruwaada (Batavia) Kay 8 73 36 13 204 23^
July 2 21 U 12 167 236
Tanawenda (Alabama) May 3 116 73 31 257 333
July 2 35 64 46 282 41/0
Tonawanda (Kapids) May 8 109 134 31 321 437
July 2 48 240 48 455 650
Ground Water
The quality of the well water in the Batavia region ie indicated 1ay
a comparison with the surface water* The raw creek water has a hardness
ranging tr(M 115 to 245 *gA and averaging 169 ttgA, The hardness of the
well water ranges {pom. 270 to 340 mg/l.
The ground water froa the Salina Group (which underlies the area
north of Tonawanda Creek and aoat of its northerly flowing tributaries) ia
too highly mineralised for general uae. Discharge of thia ainexaliaed
water fn» the ground substantially raises the dissolved-eolids content
of the Creek during low flow.
The ground water in the reat of the Baain* which generally cooes
froa the Kiddle and Upper Devonian ahale and intexfeedded sandstone, has
V-3
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ft hardnww ranging fron 138 to 263. ag/l* although in placas It exeeeds
600 ag/l* Sulfate «nd chloride eoaeentmtlona are lour, ranging from 6 to
86 ngA for chloride and 13 to 82 ngfl for aulfata although at a fur
places tbcqr aacoood 100 ag/L (d) •
\W»
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VI THE EOOHCKT
The econraic and demographic data presented here serve as a
basis for eatdaating future samlcipal and Industrial water use re-
qutmnants and anticipated watte loads. Although past trends are
important la evaluating the likelihood of future growth, considerable
Judgment oust be exercised in cxtecding past trends Into the long-
range future finall areas frequently experience rapid and erratic
growth. For this reason basic trends in larger surrounding areas
oust be considered. Furthernore* the pressures for land area for
residential, industrial and related purposes, and for basic resources,
including water supply, in nearby developed areas ray create new
pressures on undeveloped areas*
Present
The present situation beccoea store understandable when a re-
view of past trends of econcnio and population data is undertaken*
When historic data is available in cmparable terns for such factors
they are presented herein.
ISeonosdc Geography
The Tonawanda Greek Basin is located in northwestern New Toxic
State. The two principal counties of concern in this study are
Genesee and Wyanlng. Other nearby counties considered are Erie, Monroe
and Niagara, Genesee and Wyoiaing Counties are considered as part of
VX-1
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the Central Plain Region in 4 larger area known as the Cmim Biver
Basin sttafcr a*ea* The t*o oemntias am adjacent to Aria County to th*
vast which i» part of ths BofAlo Standard Mstropolitao Statistical Arse
(Srie and Niagara Counties). Sortheast of Genesee Count/ and adjaaeot
to it la the Rochester Standard Hstropolitsn Statistical Area which
consists lit this analysis of Monro* County (in October, 1963, 0*Is
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during the 1950 - i960 deeade aa eorapared with that of the 1940 - 1950
period. This my attributed in part to the rapid growth within the
aatropolitan counties and also to the fact that Ceneeee and A^oeing
Counties contain sons of the best famland in Hew Toxic State. Qmerelly*
however* ocree^ In fun land vts* in the larger Genesee i&w Basin
study area declined significantly (17 percent) during the 1940 - i960
period* Population class! fiert as urfcan in the five county study area
increased f*ota 1,390>00Q in 1950 to 1,645»000 in i960. As a percent of
the total, however, it rex&lned aoastant at 83 percent* Although swainp-
land occurs in aacy locations In the area, land availability in Oeneeee
and Wycnlng Counties is believed to be sufficient for the degree of
population and industrial growth described later in this report*
Major sconced© activity in the five oounty study area is
presently located in the two Buffalo Standard Metropolitan Statistical
Area oountlea of Krie and Niagara and in Monroe County* Aa described
previously Genesee and tearing County are centrally loeated with ref-
erence to these aetrepolitaa areas* Within Genesee County the najor
Industrial activities are loeated in or near the City of Sstavia*
Resources Within the Area
The following table of land use in Genesee and Wyoraing Counties
is froa data furnished to the U* S. Amy Engineer District, Buffalo,
by the ti. 3« Department of Agriculture*
WW
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TABLE NO. ri-2
land Use in Acres
Genesee and Wyocdng Counties
Genesee
% of
Wyoming
2 of
County
Total
Cropland
64,600
50*
92,200
50%
Pasture
22,300
17*
26,300
14*
Forest
21,400
16%
50,300
26*
Other
13,760
U%
14,090
7%
Water
900
1*
800
~5*
Urban
6,500
5*
5,400
3*
129,660
100%
193,090
100%
Bureau of the Census report* indicate that land in fame in
Genesee County declined from 253*000 scree in 1954 to 23V,000 in 1959}
in Wyoning County the decline was fro* 330,000 seres to 237,000 acres.
Generally, the overall supply of lsnd is likely to be Adequate for
urban or industrial uses in the foreseeable future* Aa indicated in
the above table urban land use is presently only a ftaall part of total
land use* whereas cropland use predominates.
dtreaoflow and water resources are described in detail in other
sections of this report. Water resources are vital to the continued
growth of the area both for Municipal and Industrial purposes. Between
1954 and 1959 the rruaber of Jfacms and seres irrigated increased in
both Genesee and Vtyooing Counties. In 1959# acres irrigated totalled
1,178 in Genesee County and 447 in tfyaalng County* Irrigation is there-
fore not extensive even though it is increasing* It asy be significant,
however, for sons agricultural products.
VI^4
-------
Considerable ndneral production takes place In the two-county
am* United States Qypsw Coopany produces crude and calcined gypatn
«t it* Oakfield pCLant. Uaeatone used ehiefly for concrete aggregate
and railroad ballast is quarried by General Crushed iitone Co&pony
(North Leftoy), Genesee Stone Products Corporation (Stafford), and laRoy
line and Crushed 3tone Corporation (LaRoy), £and and gravel uaad
chiefly for structural purposes is produced by Fray 3and and Gravel
Corporation (Alexander), and Satavia ^ashad Sand and Gravel Coapany,
Inc., Western Hew York Gravel & Concrete Corporation, and B« R» DeWitt,
Inc., all near Betavia.
the najor Mineral product of Wyosdng County is aalt evaporated
froa brina by tha Morton Salt Company. &»e natural gas and building
stone ara alao produced in tha County*
Between 1954 and 1959 Genesee County aales of forest products
increased froa approcdaataly $26,000 to $70,000; Wyooing County sales
increased froa $19&,000 to $241,000* These figures do not include any
coranercial forest products for which inforaation was not available.
According to a representative of the Sew York State Departaent of
Coanarce there is soae evidence that in the larger Genesee area, the
south end of the Basin is undergoing a transition fron agriculture use
to forestry.
Agriculture has been and is now a very Important part , of the
economy of Genesee and Vtyonlng Counties.
In the two-county ares as in the entire itate of New York, sales
of livestock and livestock products are acre important than sales of
VI-5
-------
crops* Livestock and livestock produota accounted for 75% of all faro
products sales in 1959 in Genesee and Vftroaing Counties. The oost in*
portant single agricultural activity is dairying and sales of dairy
products totalled $19.5 pillion in 1959* Major crops sold include
wheat, oats, and potatoes*
in important part of the regional picture is the New York dtate
Thruway which cuts through the heart of the area. U. 3. Highway 20,
roughly parallel to the Thruway and close to Attica, also is a mjor
asset to both population and industrial expansion.
There Is an interchange on the Thruway near Batavia. Experiences
in recent years in or near other large metropolitan areas have indicated
a strong tendency for light Manufacturing industries to locate near
such interchanges to facilitate truck transportation to large regional
narkete. Both Rochester and Buffalo have large airports which are
within 30 minutes of the B&tavia-Attiea area.
The two-county area is served by five major railroads. Ffcssenger
service is provided by two of them, the Ihw York Central at Batavia and
the Krls-Lackawwna at Warsaw.
Electric light and power service in Genesee County is supplied
by the Niagara ffchawk Power Corporation* Through its interconnected
high voltage t ran emission system, the Company is the central system of
a large power pool* An ample supply of natural gas is furnished by the
Iroquois Gas Corporation of Aiffalo* The Brie-Lackawana, the New Xorfc
TX*6
-------
Central, and the LeKigh Valid/ provide daily railroad flight service
to and froM Batavia. The proposed nuclear power plants at Oswego, New
York and aaat of Rochester on Laka Ontario will further increase the
area's econozsie resources.
Manufacturing
It was previously atatad that in long rang* projections it is
important to look at the econoay of tha larger region in which a
specific smaller area of study Is located* Tha following tabulations
of manufacturing tmfHojn»nt and value added by manufacture in constant
dollars indicate trends from 1947 to 1962 in the fire-county area of
Erie, Genesee, Monroe, Niagara and tyoadng. Table VI-3 suenarlsea the
"Mke up" of the total eaploymnt picture in the five country-area,
Manufacturing enploynsnt declined in both the five-county and
two-county area during the period 1947-1962. As shown in Table VI-3
Genesee and kfyoning Counties have Maintained their share of the five-
county region's Manufacturing cMploytterit* In nany industrial areas,
including Buffalo and Rochester, manufacturing essployasnt declined
during the past 15 years* Automation has played an important role in
thin trend* It is therefore necessary to look at trends in value added
by manufacture to supplement this picture of what is happening in both
large arses and in specific anallsr areas of study. Value added by
Manufacture has increased significantly in oonatant dollars since 1947
in both the Buffalo and Rochester metropolitan areas* As shown In
Table VI-5 it has also increased significantly in both the five-oounty
VI-7
-------
TABLE KO. VI-3
Kaimfaoturlng Etapleyiaant
in (9,1D)
Countiaa of Tbnawanda Creak Study Araa(a)
1947 - 1962
County
Uhl
? of
Area
* of
toaa
1958
* of
*of
i£S*
Erlo
139,985
46*6
140,247
46,1
125,320
44.9
122,246
45.Q
CatMnao
6,169
2.0
6,700
2,1
5,732
2,0
5,041
1,8
24onro«
107,493
35.8
111,385
34*6
100,876
36.1
104,912
38,6
Niagara
43,891
14.6
52,554
16,3
44,557
15.9
37,046
13.6
Wyotaing
3,138
1*0
2,930
.9
2,863
1,0
2,700(b)
1.0
Total 300,676 100.0 321,376 IXfc.O 279,348 100.0 271*945 100,0
(a) All Qnployaeo
(b) Sstlsatod
-------
and two-county stud/ areas mimd in this study* Between 1947 and
1?62 -value addsd by manufacture (In oonstant 1957-1959 dollars) in ths
five-ceunty area Increased alaoet 75 percent} in ths two-oounty area,
it increased about 50 percent, with Genesee County increasing abcot 60
percent. Although water us# and vasts returns probably hare not and
ars not likely to increase at such rates in ths future, it is evident
that industrial activity has increased and is likely to continue to
increase substanitally in future decades, especially in the long range
period upon which this study is based.
In addition to eraployaent and value added by manufacture sens
indication of econoanic development cay be seen in a review of the
nuober of plants in ths category of water using industries. Changes
in this indicator frao 1947 to 1958 are shown in Table VX-<4*
Table Ho, V3-4
Kuaber of KLmts - Water Using Industries
2
County Hejdon
SIC Hop
1947
mt
1955
ISk1
1954
mi
20
536
609
576
22
41
35
22
38
22
30
9
9
3
26
85
96
154
4
4
3
28
179
166
131
5
4
7
29
22
16
45
2
3
2
33
#9
94
50
1
1
2
Total
949
1003
986
43
62
57
With respect to the total ntssber of plants both the five-oounty
area and the two counties (Genesee and iteming contained) showed an
increase between 1947 and 195&« Beth groups, however, showed a decline
?i-9
-------
TABLE 1(0. VI-5
Value Added by Manufacture
in (9,10)
Counties of Tonananda Creek Study Am
1947-1962
(In Constant 1957-1959 Dollar#)
($1,000'a)
County
1947
sc of
A£oa
mt
$ of
&&
£ of
&£&
196S>
3S of
&S&
Erlo
$968,623
47.5
$1,328,112
45.4
11,236,226
43.2
*1,393*505
40.3
Genesee
43,494
2.1
61,737
2.1
57,126
2.0
69,601
2.0
Monroe
662,217
32.4
1,006,321
34.4
1,071,636
37.4
1,454,072
42.0
Niagara.
348,275
17»1
507,528
17.4
477,686
16.7
519,712
15.0
'nfcraaiing
17,495
.8
19,841
.7
20,525
.7
22,000(a)
.6
Total
$2,040,104
100.0
$2,923,539
100.0
$2,863,199
100.0
$3,458,890
100.0
(a) Estimated
-------
froa 1954 to 1958. Soma of thia daolina was probably «b» to tha fact
that 1958 ganarally *aa a y«r of coaparativaly low aooooode Activity
throughout moat of the Nation, gpaoiflc watar using induatriae ahovad
varying tranda. For exaapla* Urn Food and lindrad Product# group
followed tha traoi for the total of all water uaing aetabliahMuts of
ineraaaing trm 1947 to 1953 tat declining froa 1954 to 19 58 J tha Paper
a/id Allied Product* group showed laoreaaee froa 1947 to 1954 to 1956
for tha five-county are* but deolinad elightly froa 1954 to 1958 in tha
two-oounty total*
Other Industries In the Araa
Genaaee and Wycmdng Counties (especially Oaoeaee) although In*
creasing substantially in vmlua added l>y auumfi&etiu* ar» still
characterised by agricultural esplojaant being a large percentage of
total wployswut. With tha likaly growth of iiansfSotttrlng activity
in future yeare thia condition ia eoqpeeted to change greatly in the
long range future* Evan in 1958 manufacturing •^xLojuent accounted
for about 42 paroant of tha labor force of Qanaaaa County*
Genesee County ami Batavia City already ham a substantial
nucleus for future industrial growth, Major industrial and ooonereial
•nplcysrs In Genesee County Armludo tha RrU~Lacka*ann& Railroad Ccnparor,
General foods Corporation, Cananl Telephone and Electronics Corporation,
Lapp Insulator Co., Xne«, P. W. Kanor and 3©n, Inc., National Load Co.,
timt Xaik Central 9yst«o, I, It* Hawaii Co., lne« and tr. 3* typaus*
Tba industrial plant aottthwt of tha araa for handling nuclear
oaterlals should be an attraction to Industry. Thia plant will proeeea
Tt.ll
-------
nuclear fuel elerasnts not only to dispose of nuclear waste tutorials
but also to paroduoe laportant by-products for a variety of uses.
ZSt&OL
Projeotioaa of future population to tho year 2070 are shown in
Exhibit 6 of tho Appendix, Projections for tho two countiea of aoet
direct ooooem, and of tho "City and flown* of Batavla are shown in
Table 7X-6, Tho total for tho City and Tom of Batavla la presented
since thia are* ia likely to aaproxiwito tbo eervioe area for water
supply purposes at thia location. It is possible that tho servioe
arsa aight e*en bo larger* 4 review of tho dsneity of populatioiwof
towns in or noar metropolitan areas indioates that the density of popu-
lation which would arise by the year 2020 or 2070 would not be caeesaive.
frm this standpoint promotions for other places shown in Ssddbit 6
also appear reasonable in the 50 and 100 year outlook*
The growth in industrial and other supporting eaploTftont
categories should be adequate to support the projected population growth*
It is also likely that aany waring* aay live in the tbwn or City of
Batavla due to the availability of eonnmity aaenitiea sueh as water
sapply* and oasaste to plants within a reasonable cosssuting distanoe
of the area* The highway systso described earlier would facilitate this*
C'
In the pasty Batavia has grown at a slower rate than Oenesee
County, Closer scrutiny showed that it was growing at a fkirly constant
decreasing percentage of Oenesee County* This is understandable especially
in the vsoent years as the population of Buffalo and Boehester overflowed
V1-1Z
-------
TABLE 80, VI-6
Population Trends and Projections
of
Genesee and V-ycwing Counties
and of /i\
BftUvla City and To*nV4'
(1,000'S>
Betavia City
*ticatia«L5fiti3tz. Town q>)
19A0 44.5 31.4 19.5
1950 47.6 32.8 20.6
I960 54.0 34.8 22.5
1970 6U.0 37.0 25.6
2020 150.0 38.0 48.7
2070 350.0 90.0 89.1
(b) In Gwwe County) population figure* for Genesee County
include tht total of "Bataria City tad Town.*
71-13
-------
Into Genesee County. Batavia City and Town were therefore projected
aa a constantly decreasing percentage of Genesee County,
Attica and Alexander are vary Mall a r to Batavla City and Town
In that they are located close together and Attica serres Alexander
with its water supply, Therefore, Attica and Alexander have bean pro-
jected together. Since Attica is also very oiailar to Batavla geograph-
ically and economically aaeojyt for its size, it ie fait that Attica will
be subject to the sasie general pressures to growj therefore, Attica*a
population has been projected parallel to Batavla*
Projected population and intaetrial growth Mill be aceonpanied
by an increase in municipal and industrial water need and a corresponding
increase in waste dischargee. The effect on water supply and water
quality control needs is covered in later sections of this report.
The future long range growth in manufacturing activity and more
specifically of water using industries in a araall area is difficult to
detenxine. In view of the diversity of industry in Genesee County and
of the growth and diversity of industry In surrounding Metropolitan
areas it is likely that industry will increase five fold by the year
2020, with substantially larger growth by 2070.
The growth in manufacturing activity will result in. larger per
capita water use even though increased efficiency in the use of water
is likely to materialise. It is also likely in terms of gross water
needs that industrial water requirements in future years will be a
larger percentage of total water requirenants.
-------
VII WATER REQUIREMENTS - HUNICIPAL AMD INDUSTRIAL
Pift *p4 Prwrt I'-AiU _ 1>L*<
There are five ccssrunities in the study area that draw their water
supplies tram within the area* Three of these towns draw their water from.
surface water supplies, one town draws its supply from a well* and one
town draws from a spring and well combination. (See Table VII-l). All of
these five co&nunities have nunicipal systems which supply the industrial
water as well as the domestic and &u—urcial water used in their respective
service areas. Sc*e industries supplement their water supply by private
wells or puapage from Tonawanda or Murder Creeke, but this anounts to a
relatively snail quantity,
Table VXX-l
Municipal Water Supplies
Tonawanda Creek Watershed
Water Supply Study Area (U)
Source Bstiaated Average fiaily
Co—unity
1
I
Population
Served
Output
msd
rood
Attica
Crow Creek & 2 Reservoirs
6,000
0.60
300
Batavia
Tonawanda Creek 4 Wells
19,000
2.00
105
Varysburg
Springs and Wells
250
-
•
Akron
Murder Creek (lap.)
3,000
0.38
127
Corfu
Well
615
0.04
65
Of these five ccaonnities only Batavia and Attica would be in a
position to benefit frca water impounded in SiexScs Reservoir* Vaxysburg,
ra-i
-------
upstream of the ressrvoir, could box* economically procure water directly
frost Toneweoda Creek without retorting to a water supply Una from tha
reservoir to town*
Corfu, which presently procures its water supply front wells, could
augment this ground water supply by talcing surface water directly from
Murder Creek. Akron procures its water supply from Harder Creek* It
augneats this flow by releases fron a reservoir in the headwaters area of
Murder Creek. Both Corfu and Akron cam more economically procure additional
water supplies directly froa .Murder Creek rather than taking water fron the
proposed Sisrks Reservoir.
The three towns, (Attica, Ba&avia and Akron), drawing their water
supplies frost impoundments have a total estimated population served of
23,000, and use a total daily average of 2.96 agd (million gallons per day).
This Mtwunts to a daily per capita us* of 106 gallons as of 1962*
Curing the 1956-1961 period, both the color and turbidity of the
Batavia rmt water supply exceeded the limits established by the Public
Health Service Drinking Water Standards (7)«
3w?«i pf w»tff ,r sqtftc? iwLPryffld W$\
The present average par capita water use for the Attica and Batavia
sorviae area is about HO gpcd. The yearly fluctuation of this water use
varies fron 15$ higher (125 gpcd) in the suaner to lOJf lower (100 gped) in
the winter months. Exhibit No. 7 in the Appendix shows the estimated
future water supply demands at Batavia, and the average daily water
pumpage per month for a typical year, I960*
The town of Attica has built two reservoirs in series on Crow Creek,
VII-2
-------
a mil tributary of Tonawanda Croak. Water in the upper reservoir la
released in such a way a* to keep the lower reservoir full* Water is then
withdrawn fro* the lower reservoir* treated and allowed to £k*r by gravity
through a pipe to town. The water treatment plant is located near tho
lower reservoir and is approximately 170* above the town* This gravity
flow frost the treatment plant to town results in significant savings in
punping costs to the town* The towns of Attica and Alexander are located
close together and Attica serves Alexander with its water supply. Attica
also furnishes Attica State Prison with ite water supply.
The caanunity of Vaiysburg obtains its present water supply froa &
spring| supplmented by wells. They hove elevated storage with a capacity
of 100,000 gallons* This is equivalent to a five day supply at present
rates of usage*
Corfu obtains its present water supply frcn wells* They have a
maxlww dependable draft of 0*15 agd. This aiwimaa dependable draft is
defined as the mrrlium dependable 24-hour draft of a well field or fields*
or other ground water source, which can be sustained for a period of high
demand through five dtys*
Akron obtains its present water supply front Murder Creek* It has
constructed a reservoir in the headwater area of Murder Creek that impounds
the runoff froa 2*3 square miles of drainage area and had so initial
capacity of 100 Billion gallons* This reservoir releases water into Murder
Creek, where it then flows downstrena to Akron. On the basis of a 6-aonth
drought which could be expected once in 30 years, and a once-in-20 year
low flow, the net yield of the Akron Reservoir, at the present time, would
VH-3
-------
be about 0.43 *gd for the sixHsooth drought period. At the mm tiae the
yield of Murder Creek between the reservoir and Akron mold be 1.61 agd.
This yield is pro-rated frca the linden gag* on little Tonawanria Creek*
Therefore* the present net fins yield of Itorder Creek at Akron for a
aixHsonth drought period and once-lo-\20 year lov flow ia 2.24 agd.
The City of Bafcavia obtains its present water supply trm Tonawanda
Creek and wells. A nil dan provides a holding pool for imping fran the
Ontk, but is of insignificant sise as far as its storage capacity is
concerned. Batavia has found the fflnfaww dry veather flow in Ttaawanda
Creek inadequate for their currant uriw deaand, which reached 2*2 ngi.
during 5epfanber of 1961. Therefore, supplementary wells have been de-
veloped which can eupply at least 1.$ agd. The consulting engineer to the
City of Batavia doubts that the aquifer can continuously supply aore than
4 to 5 agd no natter how aany additional wells are drilled* At the present
tlae a dairy, with its own well, aay also be using 1.5 to 2 agd from this
aquifer. The consulting engineer estimates that the supplementary well
supply will be adequate to augaent the diy weather flows in the creek to
provide sufficient water to meet the denands of both the city and the town
until about 1974. The average annual d«mtnd in 1974 is estimated to be
3.1 ogd* (6)
The increase in wmilclpwl and industrial water requirenents during
the study period is based on projected population and industrial growth*
Industrial water requirements will accelerate the future per capita water
use as asw water-using devices are developed and industry expands. Increases
m-4
-------
In productivity per employee Kill also accelerate per capita water uses.
This will be aeooaplished as a aore sophisticated production technology
also pemits an increase in output par employee. This will result in a
greater total output by the sans ranker of employees or the eaae total
output by * lesser number of employees, both resulting in a greater per
capita water use.
The trend in the past has been for aunicipal water use to increase.
It is felt that this trend will continue, although at a slower rate, as
store people acquire water using appliances, such as dishwashers, gu&age
grinders, ets., and as people gain bigger lawn areas to water*
Public water supply systems serve the Batavia said Attica areas for
domestic, ccanerdal, and industrial purposes* A. few industries supple-
ment their purchases of ' city" water with puspage fax* their own wells,
but this punpage is a email aaount. It is anticipated that the public
water supplies will continue to be the principal source of water for all
usages in these two areas*
In projecting the future per eapita water usage a study of the water
used in the Batavia area frcei 1943-1961 reveals wide yearly variations in
per capita usage. However, there appears to be a general upward trend of
about 0*($ per year (6). It is felt that this rate will slew down in the
second half of the study period as per eapita water use for Municipal
purposes becomes stabilised, and the yearly increase will be due primarily
to Increased industrial oonxuaption. For estimating purposes it is assuasd
that per capita water use in the area will increase fron a present average
of about HO gped to 150 gpod in 2Q20 and to 165 gped in 2070* (See
VII-5
-------
Exhibit Ho, & in the Appendix.)
The swage dally daauwd for the Eatavia service are* i* projected
to be 7*3 B0d in 2020 and 1A.7 »fi4 la 2070. (See Exhibit No* 7 in the
Appendix*) Of this projected daily danand, the present water supply
eourcee, consisting of wells and water trm Tonawanda Creek* will be
sufficient until 1974 (6) • After this snpplanentai7 eoursee will be
necessary. These supplattentary sources will hare to provide storage to
yield, on an annual basis, 0?5 mgsL in 2020 and 2.7 *8* 2070.
The average daily demand for the Attica aerviee area in 2020 ia
projected to be 1*3 and 2*6 a&l ia 2070. (See Adhibit Ko» 9 in the
Appendix.) A flow analysis was aade on Crow Creek to detsndne the yield
of Attica's two reservoirs* It was assisted that both reservoirs were full
at the beginning of a drought period and 25$ of reservoir capacity was
allowed for evaporation, percolation and any other lossee* Matural runoff
to each reservoir was adjusted on a flow per square Mile basis frco the
flow records of the US05 gages at Linden and Batavia using onco-in-£0-year
drought flows. It is concluded that this water supply would be sufficient
to supply Attisa throughout the 100 year study period*
Xn projecting future needs for Akron, Corfu, and Varysburg the sans
factors (population and industrial growth and increase in sped) were used
that were used for Batavia and Attica* The yields of Tonswaada Creak at
Yaxysburg, and Hirder Creak at Akxon and Corfu were determined by adjust-.
Ing the drainage areas upstreaa of those cooomnitise to the drainage area
of the U3GS gage at Linden and using the once-in-20-year drought flaw frow
linden. Ob this basis it is concluded that the yields of these two creaks
VXX-6
-------
at these thn« caanamitiM is •mfficicat to twpply thair needs thrwjghout
th« 100 ye*r ctu4y period.
UH-7
-------
VIII WATER 3UAOTC CONTROL
GppMptfr
Under provision* of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as
amended (33 U*5*C* 466 et seq.), In the survey or planning of a reservoir
by argr Federal Agency, consideration oust be given to the inclusion of
storage for regulation of streanfloir for the purpose of water quality
control. The law expressly states that any such storage and water re-
leases shall not be provided as a substitute for adequate treatment or
other oethoda of controlling wastes At their sources. Adequate treatment
is considered to be the best practical treatment or reooval systen
available*
The need for controlling water quality is daoonstrated by tho nature
of the following listing of competitive uses of our streams* In addition
to being used for the assimilation of wastes, streaks are utilised as
sources of water supply for caeasmitles and industries; thqr are canters
of recreation in the form of boating, bathing and fishing; thcgr yield
crops of foodstuffs to support animal life such as fish; and finally they
serve as arteries of cctamerce and for power development. The disposal of
waste by discharge into natural waters, therefore, suet be studied with
regard to the varied purposes the waters nay have to serve*
The relationship of waste loads, waste treatment and the assimi-
lative capacity of surface waters to flow and to resultant water quality
is best shown by an explanation of what happens when a waste load id
discharged to * etreasu
vrn-i
-------
St row into which waste is discharged are limited in the pollu-
tions! Load they are able to receive without giving rise to objectionable
conditions. The limiting loads are determined ly the wast* assimilation
capacity of the stroma* The waste assimilation capacity of the straa* is
dependant upon its ability to purify itself and this ability to purUy
itself is detexmined by the ptyaical* chmalcal and biological conditions
of the waters into which the waste is discharged*
In streaR self-purification the organic pollution added to a
flowing itnM la attacked as food by the strew bacteria. As a part of
this process the bacteria require cogrgen, and utilise the dissolved
oxygen of the stream. In turn, the strata's oxygen resources are steadily
replenished, primarily fcy a higher quality tributary inflow and by
atmospheric reaeration. Thus, in any flowing strsaa, there is a continuous
action and reaction in a balancing process between the riaaanris for cogrgen
and the available oxygen resources. The extent to which the ojgrgen
resources are depleted is the measure of whether the stress renins in
good condition or becomes seriously degraded by an excess of organic
pollution*
The two primary sources for the replenishment of the stream*s
dissolved oxygen are tributary flow and atmospheric reaeration. Dilation
water or water supplied as drafWoo-atoimge may be considered aa added
tributary flew. This water improves the ooqrgen balance in essentially
one major respect - it supplies aa added oxygen resource available to
meet ooqrgea deaands.
Atooapfcaric reaeration is a physical prooeaa by which unsaturatsd
water in contact with the atmosphere, takea up oxygen from the air in
V2XX-2
-------
an eva**»psresent attempt to ogpiaUm the prsssures in the water and air.
The greater the degree of ozygen depletion in the water* the greater the
partial pressure difference, and hence the faeter the reaarsfcion process*
Reaeration 1a a flowing streaat is a ouch faster process than is atill
water because turbulence and Mixing cause the water to be aore fre-
quently brought in contact with the air*
Waste trsataent provides a aethod of reducing the total load
delivered to the strew, thereby relieving the natural purifying agencies*
However discharge of wastes, even when treated so that 85 to 9# of the
organic load is renoved, will still cause an unsatisfactory qpality con-
dition in receiving waters, if the regaining load being discharged exceeds
the waste assimilation capacity of the stream. This condition usually,
though not always, occurs during periods of low flow and atay be avoided by
the addition of water to maintain flows at higher levels* Recognition
oust be given to the need for required flows in receiving strews if the
water quality is to be maintained at acceptable levels*
foni
-------
etudy area develops a large agricultural bass involving crope wideh re-
quire math fertilising and spraying, then agricultural pollution could
beoccie a setter of concern in maintaining water quality in Tonawanda
Creek.
Storm water discharges and urban drainage constitute an inteneittant
source of pollution to the stream. With their loads of street washing*,
leaves and grass dippings ttaqr «an cany a heavy organic pollution load
to ths strew* If etoim water drains have illegal sanitary connections
they may also carry raw sewage to the streaau Although the concentration
of the organic load tuqr be reduced fcy dilution during runoff periods,
pathogenic organisms from raw sewage would remain a serious acnace to any
public use of the strew.
Within the area served by the Batavia Sewage Treatment riant, the
Chester Sigineers found that industry does not discharge industrial wasts
of unusual character to the sanitary sewers, with the exception of three
dairies and a milk products caapaiy* tthen compared to normal aunicipsl
sewage, ailk wastes are higher in BOD and lower in suspended solids. It
is the conclusion of the Chester Engineers that the abnormally hifjh BOD
load of the raw sewage is due to the contribution of ailk wastes fey thsae
industries* These mates contribute to Batavia's raw sewage which is 34#
low in suspended solids and Jflfc high in BOO wh«a oampared to normal muni-
cipal sewage* The nitrogen content is normal and the grease content is
sfiBsswhat lower than nozmal. The pH and alkalinity of the sswags also
appear normal (12).
vnx-4
-------
Pttture y—tr |ev\e
Future wast* loadings fxaa the Batavia and Attica eerrice ams
have been eetioated on the basis of population growth projections and. on
the projected increase in municipal and. industrial water donands.
Assumptions about othar oonditlens that need to bo eoosidorod in pro-
jecting future vast* loads are as follow#t
1. Tba waste load discharged to the stress will continue to b«
prlaarily organic in nature*.
2. The Gataria and Attic* Sewage Treatment Plants will continue
to handle the bulk of the industrial waste and that specific
industrial wastes will not be a significant problee.
3. The t«nperatttre of the swag* was neglected in calculations
since daring the critical ttaes the dilution ratio would be
great enough so that the change would be insignificant*
4* The wount added for infiltration into the sewer agrstoas
will rwain the sane in 2020 and 2070 as it is todsp* 3t is
estimated that under current conditions, infiltration into the
sanitary eewer aaounte to 10? of the sumsr waste flow and 3C& of
the winter waate flow* Smner waste flew is 15£ higher and winter
waste flow 10 less than the yearly average* Table Ko. YIXI-1
shows the infiltration allowances.
VX3X-5
-------
T«bi« vux-i
Infiltration Into Batavia and Attica Sewer (®gd)
2020 2070 2020 2070
flawr tthftic aware fttotac *amr Mintat {toMnr.fflTfttc
Water 0m 8.3 6.6 16*7 23*5 1.53 1*23 2.90 2.32
Base Return Flat 6.7 $.3 13.4 20.8 1.22 .9« 2*32 1.34
Infiltration 0.2 0.5 0*2 0.5 »05 .12 .05 .12
Total Waste Flo* 6.9 5.8 03*6 U.3 1.27 1.10 2.37 1.96
Oth«r Miiii factors used In estimating the future waste loads in
shown la Table Ko. VIII-2.
Table ttIX-2
Wasta loading Projection Factors
Batavia Attica
frnrn ffl» apffl Pmurt 3029 2979
Water Dtnani (C3»Cd) 110 150 165 110 150 165
Return Wsate Flow
(GPC&-80? of
demand) as 120 132 88 120 132
BOIL Raneval
Efficiency (?) S3 33 63 90 85 85
BODc (Ib/capita-
d*y) .24 »26 *26 .17 .20 .20
£fflu«mt £0 (ftg/1) - 3 3- 33
vm-6
-------
The Chester Engineers found In their analysis that the average per
capita production af 5-day BOD reaching the Batavia Sewage Treatment
Plant was 0,24 lb** p*r day (12).
Bo»aally the 00 of trickling filter plant effluent will range
between 50fc and 75? of saturation (13)* With the temperature reaching
30*C in the amner the saturated concentration would be 7.6 wjl of £0.
The lower range of 5(# would yield an effluent with a DO of 3»B ngA hut to he
on the conservative aide 3 *gA was need for the effluents of both the
Attica and Batavia trickling filter plants.
Table Ho, VIII-3 presents the estimated effluent loads die charged
during the study period baaed on the assumptions and factor* presented
above. The population equivalents are based on one P£ equaling 0*167
pounds of 5«day BOD par day.
Table VTH-3
Waste Effluent Loads Discharged
&3WR& 2222 22ZSL
Batavia 4450 12*800 23*700
Attica 450 1,620 2,750
w»t*r ,WUfar qfeiyftfrrct
Vitbin the study area the quality objectives were detemined by
present usage of the strewn and by the projected development of the area
as outlined in The Econosgr Section of the report.
At present Tonawanda Creek below Batavia is used principally for
rat-7
-------
fishing* It support* a waro-vstsr fiahaigr baas, northern piks, boll*
hssds and sunflshss (2). land usags is dsvotsd to agrUnttart witti *sry
littls irrigation practiced. Bo towns drew th«ir vat«r supplies trcn
this stretch of ths crssk.,
Abors Batsri* ths crssk alto supports a mm wat»r f iahaxy
althoagh in ths baartwit wi ths «r*sli is osld scumgh to sappsrt tro«t»
Land usags is prlaariljr dairying and agxlaoltors vith littls irrigation*
ths crssk also mwi as ths aoaarco of Batavia's vatsr supply, although
four iw—iiii1t1s> or institutions discharge thsir vasts into ths starsaa
upstroaa of Baiavia.
Ths prsasnt principal usss of ths strsas aro Municipal watsr supply
stow Batavia and fishing sad rsnraaglon bslov Bstavia. It is not s
psetsd that thoss ussgs* will change in ths faturs. In dotondning ths
bsst usagss ws oonear with ths fork Stats Hsalth Dspartatsot. Tb
-------
Begnlstlfln r*f«ri to the action of artificially iapoundad water lit
Ktodiiying a&rea* flow* Hegnlat.ton otn b« defined aa the atst of all the
drafte-on~et©rage over a parlod of tiaw, Jtequiroasnta for regulation for
water quality control are wcpreased as draft-co-atorage in aero foot par
ye*r, aftd for this study are sufficient to aaintain a «1nS«n flow daring
a once^in-20 year drought. The mm«3, draft-on*«torage ia deteminad aa
the difference batman the rsqudrad atraan flcve in the future and the
ttoccamltted flow of tha stream. These difference* arc calculated on a
wwithly Man basis, totaled and ooorerted into yearly seluaee for all tha
years of reoord* Tha once-in-20-year required annual drafv-an-etorag* ia then
determined statistically.
In our studies, as deteminad under tha section on Water Quality
Objectives, tha DO paraneter was found to ba tha aoat critical and
therefore vu uaad in detenainiag How mgolation reqrtrosieate.
& detexaining whan atrawflov regulation would be naadad to Main-
tain tha 4 ngA CO balow Eatetia, tha rsqplred alniwmw flow in a critical
smear aooth was calculated using pvooant conditions. In 7 of tha last
12 yaars tha average monthly flow has bean balow tha rsqplred ninimaa,
indicating streanflxat regulation for quality control is needed now.
This conclusion is supported by a Bew Xork State Department of
Coaservation survey made in June 1952* Th«y determined trm. thia gamy
that the aoat serious pollution affeating fish life waa found to be the
discharge of sewage fron the City of Eatsvia. At tJjeea this reduoes the
oaqrgen to critically low levels (2).
mx~9
-------
The Chester Ifa&ineers in saapling Tonawanda Cresk in Septeaber, 1959
found the BO below 4 *gA ton the Creek below the Batavia sewage treatment
plant outfall. Thqjr alao concluded that the DO concent ration would be lews
than 4 during all periods when flow at the U3GS Batavia paging
station la lees than 20 efs and water fcssperaturee are 50 °P or higher.
These water temperatures generally prevail during May to October inclusive*
Strew flow records for 13 years indicate that average *mthly straw flows
of 20 cfs or Isss were encountered during Jons in one of these years,
during July in five of thsse years> during August in eight of these years#
daring Septwber in eight of these years and during October in seven of
thess years# It was concluded that for at least 2£$ of the tine the IX)
in the Creak is leas than 4 ®gA (12) •
Natural strewflow is aasuwed to have a DO of 85^ of saturation, a
5-day BOD of 2 mg/l and tsMpsraturs varying Aran an average of 30 *C in July
and August to an average of 2*C in the winter smiths.
Strew twperatures, as shewn in Table VHI-4, were estimated frc*
reeerds of occasional sampling hjr the USGS (&) snd Mew Tork State Depart*
stent of Health (2) and one year (1955) of daily average tonperatures of
the neaxtor Genesee Kiver at Sclo, New Tork (14)« Tt is felt that these
ttfnperafbures give a reasonable apparcsdaation of the twpsraturee to be
expected in TonsMsnda Creek at BatsviA.
?m-ao
-------
TABLE VIII-4
Estimated Water Tesperatures in Tonawanda Creek
Month T<»poratiir» - *C Honth Teapereture-'C
April 10 Oct. 20
Majr 16 Nov, 12
June 2$ Dec. 2
July 30 Jan. 2
Aug. 30 Peb. 2
Sept. 20 Mar. 4
Table No. VIII-5 shows the wlnlro required Xlows at Batarla for
water quality control for the low flow aonths of the /ears 2020 and 2070,
based on the assisted conditions. For this study a 1(9 loss was assumed in the
•treanflow between the reservoir and Btlavia to allow for in-transit evapora-
tion and seepage. Coincidontially this lOjC loss equalled the uncontrolled
runoff between the reservoir and fiataria* so that the ulnieun required
flows at Fatavia beccne the reservoir releases.
TABLE TCX1-5
Required Minim* Flows at Eatavia
and
fstlaated Beservoir Release Schedule (cfs)
Kg&h sm sm
June 34.6 63.2
JuJjr 53-4 94.6
August 53*4 94*6
September 23*6 42.2
October 26.6 43*3
Nov«nber 16.5 24*2
This release schedule is not to be interpreted as a hard and fast
reservoir operating plan, but is provided as an indication of a possible
releass pattern. When the reservoir became operational, releases for
VHI-11
-------
•treaa quality control should be based on a etre*a wmitoring systeat
which will seasure the actual existing conditions on a dap-to-dagr basis*
The once in 20 Tear draft-on-etorage is 9000 acre feet per year
by the year 2020, and 20,000 acre feet per year by the year 2070.
¥111-12
-------
n bjbusfus
CfflESZtii
horntaty benefits for water supply and water quality control
storage sre estimated by determining the annual cost of providing the
ins benefits by the most likely alternative in the absence of the project,
Adjuataeots to the annual cost of the alternates are Bade for any dif-
ference* in costs of tratuniasion, puuping and treatment between the
alternative and the Federal Beaervoir.
The average annual water supply dound for the Batavia servioe
ares is estimated to be 7*3 «gfi for the year 2020 and 14*7 s»gd for 2070.
Of this total dtaand, 8Uppl«a*nt**7 storage will have to supply an average
annual dwand of 0.5 sgd in 2020 and 2.7 agd in 2070. The average annual
value of the benefits frcn water supply storage necessaxy to supply an
average of 2.7 JBgd in 2070 to Batavi* is $34>500, beginning in 1970, which
is considered to be the year of first need. Water supply storage would
have no value to Attica since our analysis showed that its present water
supply would be sufficient until 2070.
The aost likely alternate for water supply storage for Batavia is
a single-purpose reservoir located upstream of Sierks Reservoir on an
unnamed tributary near fioyae School* Selection of this site was based
only on study of a topograpiiic map and therefore geologic studies could
rule this site out as an alternate*
BC-1
-------
ko. equal alternate to the Royce School site would be a single*
purpose reservoir located at the Linden site. The Chester Engineers, in
their July 19&» report to BstarLa, estiaated that the cost of a water
(6)
supply reservoir at Linden would have a oost equivalent to the Ropce site.
Wfor
Maintensnoe of satisfactory water quality in Tonswanda Creek will
benefit a vide spectrin of water users* These benefits will not only be
available to the water users in the study area, but will be available to
people of the Buffalo metropolitan area. The people of this metropolitan
area, with its i960 population of 1,300,000 are within sinutes driving tlae
of the study area* The ready availability of good fishing and rsersationsl
facilities will become increasingly more important as the denands of the
expanding metropolitan population exceed the supply of existing fishing
and recreational facilities. The availability of building sites along
Tonawanda Creek will becone important as the trend continues toward
fsallies having sinner hones.
Approximately 55 ailes of Tonanenda Creek fma the proposed 3ierks
Reservoir to Pendleton will be Improved through flow regulation for water
quality control, fy virtue of the multiplicity of values (tangible and
intangible) that are derived through Maintenance of etreaa quality, and
the msiber and varied nature of the people to whota these benefits will
accrue, the benefits attributable to stre—flow regulation are considered
to be widespread.
An important tangible benefit in the study area will be the added
recreational opportunity for fishing. The cost serious pollution
ZX-2
-------
affecting fish life ws found to be the waste discharges free the City of
Batavla* At tines the dissolved axygtn concentration is reduced to lees
than 2 ag/1. With Hour regulation the DO of the stream in the eruelal
ares belcw Batavia will be maintained above 4 «g/l. This will clicdnate
fish kills which have occurred due to oaygsn deficiency during the critical
lc%*-flow ranths*
The intangible benefits will include the prevention of nuisance
conditions* an Increase in the quality of the water, an enchancement of
the esthetic value of the stream and adjacent area* and continued munic-
ipal and industrial growth.
the impoundment and regulation of natural runoff provided by a
storage reservoir tends to snooth out extreme variations in both quantity
and quality of the water. The quality of the stored water can be improved
by judicious operation of a reservoir* This would include flushing out
the reservoir in tines of flood flow and capturing part of the higher
quality water, and by designing the outlet structure for selectivity in
the elevation of the draw-off point* This would, counteract the tendency
toward stratification of waters of different density in the reservoir.
As noted in Section V of the report the concwitratton of dissolved
eolids Increases between Batavia and Rapids due to water entering the
stress; fron the Qnonadaga Lineatone. Theee concentrations increase
noticably during low flow periods when ground water becoaes the most
portent source in sustaining streanZLow. Water released for flow
XXrZ
-------
augmentation would dilute the low flows and decrease the conoentratioo
of dissolved solids. It would also decrease the hardness (as Caft^)*
The grsater streamflow, and the reservoir that provides It, have
additional esthetic, recreation, and fish and wildlife benefits. These
benefits have bean evaluated by other Federal agencies.
The Flah and Wildlife Service have deteminod that the annual
benefits of Hah and wildlife anount to $9*000 in tha reservoir and
$62,000 for the wildlife refuge below Batavia. The recreational benefits
from the reservoir would aaount to &28»000 annually, Tijsir releaae
aohedule would differ substantially from the eehadule in this report in
that they would etore water for release In the autism to flood the swampy
areas below Batavia that are used as a wildlife refuge.
It is possible that the maxinuw use of tha water resources pro*
vided by this reservoir nay best be served by adjusting the storage re*
quired for the various purposes according to the future time when this
storage will be needed* Perhaps the reservoir water budget could be
based on tha $0 year requirsnants, thereby releasing aora water during
the early life of the reservoir for other uses such as fish and wildlife
or recreation. At the end of the first 50 years, the dttaands for the
different uses eould be reevaluated, and the water budget could then be
adjusted to allow for increased idthdrtmals for water supply and water
quality and a decreased allotnsnt for the other uses. If an adequate
reserve storage of water for quality oontrol is maintained, releasee of
excess water eould be aade to flood the swoops below B&tavia to obtain Hut
wildlife benefits described by the RLsh and Wildlife Service. Xn this
way the benefits derived from this ssulti-parpose reservoir will be
oaadnised.
-------
If the minimum flows required for water quality control at
Batavla are provided then the flow past Attica will be more than adequate
to maintain the water quality in the atreem between Attica ami Batavla.
The steady flow should nake tor a nore unifom quality at tha Batavla
water supply intake, thereby redwing treatment problen*.
If required storage for atraenAow regulation is not provided aa
recamaended, the benefits described above will not be realised. Lossee
will be suffered due to increased water oosts, and property values will
decline in areas contiguous to the streams. Lacking a water supply of
assured quality as well as quantity, industry will be likely to select
other plant sites, and the industrial growth of the study area will not
progreaa aa the economic studies have projected it.
Tonawenda Creek below the Batavla sewage treatment plant is grosaly
(2)
polluted. At extreme low stream flows the aewage of Batavla oonstittttee
aLaoat the entire stress; flow and the BO is near aero. There la no fiah
life present, The color of the water varies float brownish to greenish
color with a sewage odor* There are sludge deposits present* As waste
loads increase the dissolved oxygen will reaeh aero and ether conditions
in the Creek will worsen unless adequate treatment is supplemented by
streaoflow regulation.
In order to evaluate the benefits of water quality aaintananee or
lnprovenent* the cost of achieving the same results by the met likely
alternative in the absence of the project «ay be used aa an approximation
of mlnlwurt value* In determining the most likely alternative, eeverel
plans for supplying the required animal draft~oi>-atorage from other reservoir
sites or ooiahinationa of sites were investigated,
H-5
-------
The aost feaaihle alternative consisted of a three part plan*
In the firat part of the plan the Hoyoe School reservoir would be btdit*
This reeervoir would be araaller than Linden but could supply the re-
quired dr&ft~orv~3torttge for flew regulation, until about 1985* A* the
seeond stage, Linden reeervoir would be boilt in 1935 and would be
sufficient until 2020* In 202) a single-purpose reservoir would be
built at the Sierks site as the third part of the alternative plan, and
this would be sufficient to supply the additional needs to the eod of
the study period, 2070. The reservoir near Royoe School oould supply the
storage required to asaiailata the adequately treated wastes of Attiea,
for the full study period.
liable IX-1 ahovre the required annual draft-on-atoraee in order to
naintain the desired flows at Batavia.
TUOe DML
Water vjoality Hequinwrote
Tear of Di*ft-on-SU>«»ge Minima Annual Value
AIM V'fit/Tfy qf ,r IMP,..
1970 3,400 $32,100
1935 5,600 64,800
2020 11,000 44,100
Total for Study Period 20,000 1141,000
In estimating the eosts of the alternate, the aise of reservoirs
was calculated to include a 25# nUowiTW* for losses such as evaporation,
eto»
sinos capital expenditures for construction of the alternative
would be aade at three different tiiass, 1970, 1935, and 2020, the faderal
EU6
-------
rate of interest (3-1/BjC) ws used to adjust the cost of the oeeond and
third atage of construction to 1970, the year of first need.
IX-7
-------
X BBUOGBAFHT
3-* BaPttrt an Tonawnria Creak. Mot lark. Utter tram tha Secretary of
Waitranaaitting to the rhili—n of the Caaalttee on Public Worka,
United States Senate, Docueeat Bo* 45, U. S. Cowraiwt Printing
Office, Washington, C. G. (1948).
2. limM* %i) yajMnan Bt^tr ifrilnigft R«i»rt Mo. 3, He*
York State Department of Health, Albany.(Ma/ 1953)*
3* flirftgf fltttr ftottlUft 1963 tamZ&n.* Public Health/?abllcation
*o* 755» Volnaa 2. 0. 3. Gowrrnent Printing Office, Waahington, 0. C*
(1964).
rS°^«^er^togiaeertt*P^t!Swr^^1pa»^^July^ 1961$.^°*^*
13. ?ms» Tm^wt Flint Pitlm* ASCR Mamal of togii^eriag Practice
Mo. 36. ASCC, Bev Tork (1959).
-------
14* ifepabllthtd Inventory Bat»> l4k« Erie Progran OTfic«, Grtat l4ricte~
Illinois Biwr Bttlnft Project, Public Kttlth Sendee, Clrrtland, Ohio*
15- Pwafcmr, Public K«ath
3«rvlc« Publication No. 1065, Volum 2. U, S. Cownwmt Printing
Office* Washington, b. C. (1963).
-------
APPENDIX
-------
xxHzncr 1
Streomflow* in Tonewsnds Cradc ttraiaag* BmIa (1*3)
Dsvlnae*
Am In
StiUAf* W1m
Riw
KUm
(From MouUi
•f Ton- Crk.)
Ittri
of
Baoord
Nudum*
F3*«r
(af>)
mninM
flow
Avaraga
Flow
(cfa)
Littlo Ton—»nni Creak
at IdLodvn* S. I.
22
62.4
50
2,700
o.oe
27.3
Tonewuals Cr»«k at
Eatavia, n, T.
172
67.7
19
7*200
0.04
197
TonammmU Cr%«k n«ar
AXefcWBB,* • I.
230
44*5
8
9#000
8.5
262
ToiunNUKta Creak at
Rapid•, K» I,
358
20.2
a
6,260
10
376
-------
EXH, 2
Analytical Results - Tonawanda Creek
New York State Department of Health— 1952
Appearance of Stream ^
-d O . _ ^
a) E *H **» CO (D
a> -cf • -p +>, „ e p. *
nJ a> tJ « i o 3 > a> Jh O c. 2? v? Z
yH i—I fn » >j to ft5 M 2<-0 C 6 ^ ^ S3
»hS -P o rH o £ j2 3 ~ 2° W 0 E -^E 2 cS-"
¦p rJ o -a 3 3 S-p id -H O
-------
EXHIBI'. (CONT'D.)
Analytical Results - Tonawanda Creek
New York State Department of Health - 1952
Appearance of Stream H
® E
tt> -P TJ * *tJ
bfl o O O C
nj d) »-< I ° 2
« 0 i-l
d H i-l ^ I >, © .p « J> «0 O h
(!) -rj 0) O O f~i £> -P 0< -P B- t ^ n jf
fcjy +JU iH o H -h m «3 R 5s no
-p o -d p x> 2 « ^
to O O o E-h -H cn h o) p, o
87.0
6/10/52 N
Sw3 1
3
21
8.3
11.5
127.9
3.5
139
169
93j000
( Down
stream of Attica)
87.8
6/10/52 N
0 0
0
21
8.2
9.2
102.2
0.8
143
174
23j000
89.5
6/10/52 G2
0 0
0
23
8.3
8.9
102.5
0.8
.139
166
930
94.5
6/12/52 N
0 0
0
19
8.3
9.5
101.6
0.7
140
193
750
96.4
6/12/52 N
0 0
0
19
8.3
9.1
97.4
2.3
138
CO
r-i
2,300
98.0
6/12/52 N
0 0
0
20
8.3
9.2
100.2
0.4
141
191
36
0.4
5/12/52 Br4
Mu2 4
2
13
7.6
6.6
62.3
5.4
152
491
9,300
5/22/52
11
4.0
36.1
6/24/52
22
2.0
22.6
Odor
Figures
Color
A Aromatic
R
Rotten
0 None
B1
Black
or Blackish
C Chemical
S
Sweet
1 Very slight
Br
Brown
or Brownish
CI Chlorinous
Sm
Smoky
2 Slight
Bu
Blue or Bluish
D Disagreeable
So
Soapy
3 Distinct
G
Green
or Greenish
E Earthy
Sp
Septic
4 Decided
Gr
Grey or Greyish
F Fishy
Sr
Sour
M
Muddy
Gs Grassy
Sw
Sewage
Mi
Milky
L Laundry
Sy
Swampy
N
Natural
Mu Musty
Vg
Vegetable
Y/h
Y/hite
Pp Pigpen
£
o
•H
-p
rf
CO
&
a
I
LT\
Q
o
CQ
bu
E
P
•H
C
•H
3
«<
bJ
e
gP
« o
£
o • e
^ ~ o
Hft. O
O • iH
o >•;
-------
EXHIBIT 3
Analytical Results - Tonav.randa Creek
Nev; York State Department of Conservation - 1952
Stream
Temp.
Alkalinity
Oxygen
C0?
BOD
Miles
Date
Time
•F.
eH.
Mo.
rcg/I
rcg/1
pH
5-Day-68
0.3
6/25/52
9:10
A.
-
-
102
7.4
2.2
7.5
1.6
0.7
6/25/52
9:30
A.
-
-
102
7.3
4.4
7.5
1.9
12.3
6/25/52
11:30
A.
-
4.0
182
10.8
-
8.0
1.8
44*0
6/26/52
12:30
P.
80°
20
170
9.8
-
9.1
4.7.
56.7
6/24/52
7:30
P
78°
-
-
1.0
-
-
-
56.7
6/27/52
-
-
-
-
5.0
-
-
-
60.5
6/24/52
2:30
P.
72°
2.0
186
7.3
-
8.0
0.9
64.5
6/24/52
2:00
P.
72°
-
188
6.9
4.0
7.9
0.9
69.0
6/24/52
1:15
P.
74°
12
163
10.8
-
8.1
2.1
73.0
6/24/52
12:15
P.
73°
4.0
156
7.9
-
8.0
0.1
79.5
6/24/52
11:30
A.
72°
14.0
167
8.4
-
8.1
0.7
-------
EXHIBl'i 4
Analytical Results - Tonav/anda Creek
Batavia Raw Uater Supply
The Chester Engineers
Year
Temp.
Range
of
pH
Range
Color
nig/1
Ran^e
Turbidity
mg/1
Alkalinity
as CaCOo
mg/1
Hardness
as CaC03
mg/1
Total
per
on
Bacteria
cc 0 37°
Agar
max
min
max
iriln
max
min
max
min
Ave
max
min Ave
max min ave
max
min ave
1953
76
32
7.9
7.3
130
25
900
10
62
• —
- -
20,000
50 1115
Aug.,Nov.,Dec.
only for 1959
Aug.,Mov.,Dec.
only for 1959
1959
78
34
7.9
7.3
110
20
440
15
60
145
70 105
232 140 182
18,000
140 1211
I960
76
36
7.9
7.3
120
30
L200
10
32
190
65 142
256 80 189
-
-
1961
76
36
7.9
7.3
90
30
1500
10
53
212
60 156
260 84 189
-
-------
SXHXBH 80. 5
TormwarvU Crook fcaein
WASTE AKD WASTE LOADS (14, 15)
Estimated Severed
Population &|u±v*lent
Waste*
(BOB Baal*) (*>
?m qr.JpiffrtoVim
Sarored Treatment
Pop,
Untreated Percent £
Reduction
lachaa
Alexander
335
Hons
335
0
335
Alexander Central
School
900
Secondaay
900
S6
130
Attic*
2,760
S«CCQdA37
4,500
90
450
Attic* Friaon
2,400
Secondary
2,650
66
900
Batavia
lcJ,210
Secondary
26,200
83
4,450
Wycadng County
Home
125
Kent
125
0
125
(*) Considering ono P.£. as producing 0*167 pounds 5-day BOD per day.
Sfchibit 5
-------
WATER SUPPLY AND WATER
QUALITY CONTROL STUDY
TONAWANDA CREEK WATERSHED
SIERKS RESERVOIR
FUTURE GROWTH OF
GENESEE a WYOMING COUNTIES
U.S.DE PARTMENT OF HEALTH,EDUCATION,a WELFARE
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
(teaION V CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
EkLlsit. (Oft. 4
-------
J
WATER SUPPLY AND WATER
QUALITY CONTROL STUDY
TONAWANDA CREEK WATERSHED
SIER.KS RESERVOIR
ESTIMATED FUTURE WATER
DEMANDS FOR EATAVIA
U.S.DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH.EDUCATION,a WELFARE
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
REGION V CHICAGO.ILLINOIS
-------
190
Average for 2070*165
1960 70
2000 10 20
YEAR
WATER SUPPLY AND WATER
QUALITY CONTROL STUDY
TONAWANDA CREEK WATERSHED.
SIERKS RESERVOIR
ESTIMATED FUTURE PER CAPITA
WATER USE FOR SATAViA
U.S.DEPARTMENTOF HEALTH,EDUCATION^V/ELFARE
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
REGION V. CHIC AGO .ILLINOIS
-------
)
M 0 N T H
WATER SUPPLY AND WATER
QUALITY CONTROL STUDY
TONAWANDA CREEK WATERSHED
S1ERKS RESERVOIR
ESTIMATED FUTURE WATER
DEMANDS FOR ATTICA
{U.S.DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH,EDUCATION,a WELFARE
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
j REGION! V CHIC ASO.ILUNOIS
Exhibit No. 9
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