NVIRONMENTAL
ESEARCH ¦ INFORMATION HeNTER
ECHNOLOGY
The Bridge Between Research and Use
SSZZ
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OCTOBER 1 977
LAND TREATMENT MANUAL TO BE
FEATURED AT 1977 WPCF CONFERENCE
ERIC is once again participating in the Annual
Conference and Exhibition of theWater Pollution
Control Federation. This year's conference -
WPCF's 50th - is being held in Philadelphia,
October 2-7, 1977. The Regional Administrator for
EPA Region III is Jack J. Schramm and the
Regional Technology Transfer chairman is
Albert Montague.
For this year's meeting, six EPA programs
concerned with wastewater pollution control have
worked together to develop one major EPA
exhibit. These programs are: ERIC, Effluent
Guidelines, 208 Planning, Construction Grants,
Municipal Operations, and Training. In addition
to the exhibit, a referral room has been set up to
handle distribution of publications from each of the
programs. Personnel from each of the programs
will be available at the exhibit and in the referral
room to answer questions, discuss EPA policy, etc.
The Process Design Manual for Land Treat-
ment of Municipal Wastewater (a joint effort of
EPA, Army Corps of Engineers, and Dept. of
Agriculture) will be made available for the first
time at the WPCF Conference. This manual
presents a rational procedure for the design of
land treatment systems. Flow rate, rapid infiltra-
tion, and overland flow processes for the
treatment of municipal wastewaters are given
emphasis. The basic unit operations and unit
processes are discussed in detail, and the design
concepts and criteria are presented. The manual
includes design examples as well as actual case
study descriptions of operational systems.
Information on planning and field investigations
is presented along with the process design criteria
for both large and small scale systems.
We invite you to visit the EPA exhibit (Booth
No. 953) and Referral Room (Booth No. 1304).
ERIC'S exhibit at last year's WPCF's Annual Conference held
in Minneapolis, Minn.
EPA'S RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT REPORT
IN WASTEWATER DISINFECTION
Introduction
The program for disinfection is directed
toward development of methodology (or destruc-
tion of pathogens that is safe from the standpoint
of public health and is environmentally acceptable.
Documentation of results in the form of symposia,
regional seminars, technical publications, and a
Design Manual will be delivered. The effort is
being directed primarily to municipal design
engineers to allow them to make rational decisions
regarding selection and design of disinfection
processes. Present practice has been to duplicate
old designs because a familiar data base of
experience existed.
Both in-house pilot and extramural field scale
evaluations are being utilized to improve dis-
infection technology. Studies concern chlorine,
chlorine dioxide, dechlorination, ozone, and
ultraviolet light. Emphasis is being placed on
contacting efficiency, chemical utilization, capital
and operating costs, and efficiency. In order to
guage environmental acceptability, toxicity and
chemical side product formation are being
investigated.
Objectives
The primary objective of the Wastewater
Disinfection Program is to protect the public
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health from the spread of disease by controlling
the point-source discharge of pathogenic micro-
organisms and viruses. This objective is
achievable. Pursuant to that goal, the disinfection
processes to be developed must not be inherently
toxic to the receiving water flora and fauna.
Furthermore, formation of by-products potentially
toxigenic to man must be minimized.
The Municipal Environmental Research
Laboratory (MERL) Wastewater Disinfection
Program, under the direction of Mr. Albert D.
Venosa, is organized to investigate all aspects
explicit and implicit in the above-stated objective.
Optimization of the chlorination process and
development of cost-effective alternatives are
being pursued vigorously. Direct quantification
of the effect of the various disinfection processes
on pathogenic microorganisms and naturally
occuring viruses is being carried out. Someof the
volatile and non-volatile organic constituents of
wastewater effluents which have been disinfected
by various means are being evaluated, to provide
an initial assessment of the potential human
toxigenicity of each disinfection system.
State of Art
Regulation Changed
On July 26, 1976, the EPA officially deleted
the fecal coliform standard from the Secondary
Treatment Information Regulation (40 CFR 133)
defining secondary treatment as mandated in
Public Law 92-500. Reliance on the site-specific
water quality standards of each State to set
disinfection requirements for municipal waste-
water treatment plants shall now be the practice.
Thus, disinfection will still be required by State
regulation, but no uniform Federal requirement
has to be achieved.
Chlorine
Chlorination is practiced widely, but too often
the practices are careless, wasteful, and inadequate.
Recently, chlorine has been identified as being
toxic to certain aquatic fish species at very low
concentrations. Furthermore, chlorine has been
implicated as a major contributing factor to the
formation of compounds potentially carcinogenic
to man. Nevertheless, it is a cost-effective
disinfectant, and fairly precise methods of
continuous feedback control are available. The
most pressing need in chlorine development
technology is engineering optimization. Rapid
mixing of the chlorine and improved design of
contact chambers to provide long contact times
are essential for achieving the desired bacterio-
logical effects and minimum residual discharge.
This need is being addressed in a project
funded jointly by EPA and the State of California.
An idealized chlorine mixing and contacting
system is being constructed and a trailor-mounted
bioassay laboratory is being prepared for use in
evaluating the disinfection efficiency and reduc-
tion in toxicity emission from such an idealized
system compared with full-scale chlorination
facilities at several California treatment plants.
Information obtained will be used to develop a
manual of design and practice for wastewater
chlorination systems.
An EPA-funded project with Utah State
University was recently completed. This project
was designed to evaluate the amenability of
algae-laden lagoon effluent to chlorine disinfec-
tion. Extensive data were gathered and statistically
analyzed, and a mathematical computer-based
model was developed to aid consulting engineers
in designing wastewater chlorination systems.
The model, called Chlor I, incorporates as the
most significant factors influencing disinfection
efficiency the following parameters: coliform
density, chlorine residual, contact time, tempera-
ture, sulfide, total chemical oxygen demand, and
suspended solids.
Dechlorination
Dechlorination with sulfur dioxide, which is
practiced mostly in the State of California, has
been shown to eliminate the toxic effects of
residual chlorine to aquatic species. Methods are
available to control sulfur dioxide dosage with
fluctuations in chlorine residual. Reliability and
operation and maintenance (O&M) costs need to
be determined. A potential drawback with sulfur
dioxide dechlorination is that if dosage control is
not precise, an excess amount may cause a
depression in pH and dissolved oxygen. In the
latter case, reaeration would be necessary, result-
ing in an increase in disinfection cost.
A study is underway with the Los Angeles
County Sanitation District to evaluate efficiency
and reliability of sulfur dioxide dechlorination at
one or more California treatment plants currently
utilizing the process. Parameters to be investi-
gated include total and fecal coliform densities at
the outfall and downstream from the discharge,
dosage requirements, chlorine residual before
SO2 injection, pH and dissolved oxygen before
and after SO2 injection, and reaeration require-
ments. The method of feed forward control,
requiring two continuous residual chlorine
analyzers, will be thoroughly evaluated for
reliability.
Ozone
Ozone appears to be the most promising
alternative to chlorine. Several full-scale waste-
water ozonation facilities are in the design stages,
under construction, or already on-line in the U.S.
Ozone is non-toxic to aquatic organisms, is a
good virucide, and contributes to high dissolved
oxygen levels in the treated effluent. Its major
drawback is the relatively high cost of generation.
Furthermore, because of the short half-life of
ozone in aqueous solution and its extremely low
partial pressure, gas-liquid contacting must be
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efficient. Thus, there is a pressing need to improve
the economics of ozone generation and to
develop design guidelines for efficient gas-
liquid contacting.
In response to these needs, several projects
are underway. At the Upper Thompson San it at ion
District, Esfes Park, Colorado, the cost-
effectiveness of ozone generated from air, using a
water-cooled, corona-discharge ozone genera-
tion sysiero, is being investigated on a fuJJ-scale
tertiary treatment plant effluent The ozone
contractor is a covered, sparged diffuser chamber,
baffled to provide over-and-under serpenltne flow
hydraulics, At the Mahoning County Sanitation
District, Youngstown, Ohio, the cost-effectiveness
of ozone generated from pure oxygen, using an
air-cooled, corona-discharge ozone generation
system, is being investigated in like manner. The
contactor is a positive pressure injection system.
Results from these two projects will provide the
necessary comparativecost-effectivenessinform-
ation to aid design engineers in choosing the best
means of wastewater disinsection suhable for
specific needs.
At EPA's Environmental Research Center,
Cincinnati, Ohio, an in-hcuse study is being
conducted to optimize contacting of ozone with
wastewater Several generic-type contactors are
being evaluated in parallel for disinfection
efficiency and oplimum ozone utilization. Para-
meters being investigated include totat fecal
conforms, fecal streptococci, Salmonella spp.,
physical-chemical characterization parameters
{COD, TSS, turbidity, Fe, Mn, pH, temperature,
etc.), ozone concentrations in the gas streams
and in the liquid, electrical power levels, and
various liquid/gas flow ratios. A comprehensive
design manual will result at the completion of the
experimental phase of work.
The popularity oi ozone m the U.S. is on the
upswing. Several treatment plants utilizing ozone
for disinfection are being started up this year in
addition to those mentioned above. They include:
Springfield, Missouri; Potomac Heights, Maryland;
and Santa Ctara, California; Woodlands, Texas
and Indiantown, Florida are already in operation.
Concord, North Carolina, Murphreesboro,
Tennessee, and Pensacola, Flortda are under
construction, and at least 12 more plants are
known to be in the design stages
Ultraviolet Light
Ultraviolet light is an other promising alterna-
tive to chlorine. Ultraviolet has been demonstrated
to be feasible under certain conditions, but
reliability is hampered by wastewater quality and
inadequate design. Because UV is not itself a
chemical agent, there is no lasting, toxic residual
imparted to the treated effluent. However, certain
chemical compounds may be altered by UV
radiation, resulting in a possible source of
chemical contamination. Most UV units available
on the market are designed for treating potable
water. It is only recently that equipment manu-
facturers have focused their attention on waste-
water applications.
In recently completed projectwith theCityof
Dallas, Texas, ultraviolet transmissability of the
wastewater was shown to increase with nitrifica-
tion. Since a nitrified effluent wtll contain lower
levels of soluble organic compounds whicrt wou/d
absorb UV, improved UV light transmission would
resuJt in such an affluent and consequently better
disinfection would be achieved. Indeed, a direct
correlation wasfound between mean log coliform
reduction and percent transmittance at fixed
operational conditions. An inverse relationship
was found between mean log coliform reduction
and wastewatertlowrate, indicating, as expected,
that if 1he intensity is fixed, better disinfection will
occur at longer detention times.
These and other effects wifi be studied and
quantified in greater detail in a project recently
funded at the University of North Carolina,
Chapel Hiil. Twogeneric type ultraviolet unrtswill
be compared under identical conditions to
provide much needed design information. The
thin film, high UV intensity short detention time
concept wiN be compared with the thicker water
wall, lower intensity, longer detention time
concept, in addition, the effects of filtration and
cleaning frequency will be intensively evaluated,
as well as UV intensity monitoring to establish
proper dosage criteria. The sensitivity of polio-
virus to ultraviolet exposure will be compared
with that of coliform bacteria.
A full-scale demonstration project on ultra-
violet disinfection was recently funded at the
Northwest Bergen County Sewer Authority,
Waldwick, New Jersey. A 30,000 m3/day (8 mgti)
prototype ultraviolet system will be tested on a
full-scale conventional activated sludge effluent
to obtain cost-effectiveness data on UV disinfec-
tion. Reliability of achieving the desired coliform
reduction, maintenance requirements, and
electrical power needs are the key factors under
investigation. This project and the Cfiapei Hill
project are both scheduled for completion by
early 1979. Interim reports will be made available
as progress ensues.
Chlorine Dioxide
Chlorine dioxide (C102) technology for
wastewater treatment is in its infancy Ukeozone,
C102 must be generated on site, and the methods
available are energy intensive. An advantage of
C102 is the fact that formation of halogenated
organic compounds does not take place lo any
appreciable extent. Safety and handling precau-
tions are at least as great as the precautions
with chlorine.
A project is being funded at Stanford
University lo evaluate the feasibility of wastewater
disinfection with chlorine dioxide. Asuivey of the
ex pe rience with the use of C10g i n water treatment
practice ir> Europe and the U.S.. and an evaluation
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of the applicability of that experience to waste-
water disinfection are planned. Existing
manufacturing processes and the potential for
scale-down will be evaluated. A design concept
for a reactor system will be formulated and tested
in the laboratory. Effects of CIO2 on production
of chlorinated organic compounds will also be
tested. Completion of this project is scheduled
for mid-1979.
Other Research Projects Funded by EPA
As stated earlier, one of the objectives of the
MERL Wastewater Disinfection Program is to
minimize the spread of communicable disease in
the environment while at the same time mini-
mizing the formation of by-products potentially
toxigenic to man. Thus, when considering
alternatives to chlorine, the effects of such
alternatives on viruses and on chemical reactions
in the wastewater must be assessed. Two projects
are underway to evaluate these effects.
An Interagency Agreement with the Energy
Research and Development Administration
(ERDA), utilizing personnel at the Oak Ridge
National Laboratory, has been funded in which
assessment of the formation of non-volatile
organic compounds in wastewater exposed to
chlorine, ultraviolet light, and ozone will be made.
Furthermore, the mutagenicity of the non-volatile
organic constituents and their disinfection
reaction products will be assessed using bacteria
and mammalian test species. Project duration is
18 months.
The other study is a grant with the
Carborundum Company to determine whether
chlorine, ozone, and ultraviolet light are effective
under actual operating conditions in achieving
natural virus inactivation in secondary and
advanced wastewater treatment plant effluents.
Two Aquella™ virus concentrators are being
used to process all samples in the field. Con-
comitant runs will be made during each operating
day: one sampling prior to disinfection and the
other subsequent to disinfection. Project duration
will be approximately 1.5 years.
Thus, the MERL Wastewater Disinfection
Program is actively and earnestly pursuing all
aspects of the field. A wastewater disinfection
symposium is planned in late Fiscal Year 1978 to
present the findings from most of the projects
mentioned above. There will, in addition, be
numerous interim and final reports appearing in
the upcoming months as more and more data are
gathered, analyzed, and evaluated. The objectives
stated at the beginning of this report will be
achieved and a safer environment will be ensured.
Recent Results from In-House
Ozone Contactors Disinfection Study
Recently, the first phase of the in-house
ozone contactor study was completed. A packed
column, which is serving as the base unit to which
all other contactors will be compared, was
evaluated in parallel with a jet scrubber. The latter
is an atomizer-type contactor manufactured by
R. P. Industries under the trade name Dynactor.
The research was performed at MERL's experi-
mental activated sludge pilot plant located in
Cincinnati, Ohio.
The characteristics of the secondary effluent
prior to ozonation during the study period are
summarized in Table 1.
Table 1.
CHARACTERISTICS OF PILOT PLANT
EFFLUENT PRIOR TO OZONE TREATMENT
Mean'
Range
Parameter
mg/1
mg/1
Temperature, "C
14
13-14
TCOD
76
41 - 106
SCOD
65
34 - 105
TOC
20
8 - 30
TSS
6
2-11
Turb, JTU
113
1 6 - 40
TKN
16.0
6 5 - 27
NH4+-N
8 6
3 6 - 14 1
Organic-N
7 4
2 2 - 30 5
24 Data Points
Testing was performed according to a pre-
determined factorial arrangement, called a
"split-split-plot design." Secondary effluent was
pumped to each ozone contactor at a rate of
75l/min, while ozone gas, generated from air at a
constant concentration of approximately 10 mg
ozone/I air, was fed to both contactors at various
gas flow rates. Dosage was determined by
multiplying the concentration of ozone in the inlet
gas by the ratio of the gas to liquid flow rates. Four
different pre-selected dosage levels were used,
and grab samples of ozonated wastewater from
both contactors were taken for bacteriological
and chemical analysis. Both contactors received
the same dosage at any given time, but the order
in which the four dosage levels were applied in
any given experiment was randomized. Each
entire experiment was considered a "whole plot"
and was replicated on six different days (Rj). The
"split-plot" consisted of the four dosage levels (Dj)
within a replicate experiment, and the "split-split-
plot" consisted of the two contactors (C|<) com-
pared at each dosage level within each replicate
experiment. The basis of comparison was disin-
fection efficiency, defined as total and fecal
coliform log reduction (log No/N, where No = total
or fecal coliform MPN before ozonation, and
N = total or fecal coliform MPN after ozonation),
because achievement of target coliform standards
(i.e., 1000 total coliforms/100 ml or 200 fecal
coliforms/100 ml) does not account for the initial
number of coliforms present in the wastewater
prior to ozonation.
Data analyses were facilitated by an IBM 370
computer, using a standard Biomed Package
program BMD 02V (Analysis of Variance for
Factorial Design). In each analysis of variance
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(ANOVA) there were three "main affects" (i.e.,
C^, Dj , and Rj ) "under investigation, and two
interaction effects" (i.e. RjCk, and DjCk). The
contactor main effect (Ck) tested the difference in
total or fecal coliform log reduction (TCLR or
FCLR) between the two contactors. The dose
main effect (Dj) tested the effect of ozone dosage
on the performance of both contactors. The repli-
cation main effect (R j) tested the effect of different
days on the performance of both contactors.
Since the only variable which changed from day
to day was wastewater quality, Rj actually tested
the effect of wastewater quality on contactor
performance. The contactor-dosage interaction
effect (DkDj) tested whether the difference in
performance between the two contactors was
consistent or changed at each dosage level.
Finally, the contactor-replication interaction
effect (CkRj) tested whether the difference in
performance between the two contactors was
consistent or changed from day to day. Because
of the nature of the factorial design used in this
study, the RjDj and the RjDjCk interations could
not be tested.
In addition to the ANOVA's described above,
data were further subjected to linear regression
analyses to evaluate the effects of the wastewater
quality characteristics, individually or in concert,
on the selected performance criteria.
Results
The data for total coliform log reduction
(TCLR) in both contactors are presented inTable2,
and the analysis of variance of those data is illus-
trated in Table 3. The fecal coliform data are not
presented because the results were similar to the
TCLR data.
Table 2.
SPLIT-SPLIT-PLOT LAYOUT FOR
TOTAL COLIFORM LOG REDUCTION DATA
Packed Column
Jet Scrubber
(TCLR)
(TCLR)
Replicates
Dose, mg/1
Dose, mg/1
4.9 9.7 13.1 19.5
4.9 9.7 13.1 19.5
(days)
1
2.03 3.09 4.15 3.14
1.00 1.86 3.00 2.52
2
1.00 2.15 2.22 2.00
1.00 0.30 0.07 0.31
3
2.00 2.46 3.35 2.86
0.14 1.79 2.54 2.27
4
1.00 3.02 3.22 3.31
0.16 0.81 0.91 2.16
5
0.03 0.85 1.35 4.02
0.00 0.03 0.00 2.48
6
0.24 1.16 1.27 3.43
0.07 0.43 0.03 1.16
Mean
1.05 2.12 2.59 3.13
0.40 0.87 1.09 1.82
Standard
0.84 0.94 1.17 0.67
0.47 0.78 1.35 0.89
Deviation
If the computed F-statistic in Table 3, with the
appropriate degrees of freedom, is greater than
the corresponding F-value from the F-Distribution
table [significance level («*) = 0.05], the effect
under examination is significant. The various
F-statistics were computed as follows: (1) Dose
Table 3.
ANOVA OF TOTAL COLIFORM
LOG REDUCTION DATA
Source of
Degrees of Sums of
Mean
F
F
Variation
Freedom
Squares
Squares
(<*= 0.05)
Contactors (C|() 1
16.697
16.697
51.8
37.0
Doses (Dj)
3
19.141
6.380
7.9
3.29
Replicates (Rj
) 5
17.920
3.584
4.45
2.90
C|
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the performance of both contactors (replication
main effect). The ANOVA in Table 3 revealed that
there was no significant interaction between
contactor performance and dosage (CkDj). This
means that the slopes of the regression equations
in Figure 1 are not significantly different. Thus,
not only did the packed column outperform the
jet scrubber with respect to TCLR, but also that
difference was constant at each dosage level
studied.
Figure 5-1
LOG TOTAL COLIFORM REDUCTION AS A
FUNCTION OF OZONE DOSE IN THE
PACKED COLUMN AND JET SCRUBBER
z
o
I—
o
D
Q
LLl
CE
5
cr
O
O
O
<
I-
O
t-
o
o
O-O Packed Column
TCLR - 0.14D + 0.58
~ O Jet Scrubber
TCLR - 0 10 D — 0.09
5 10 — 15
OZONE DOSE, mg/l
20
The data from Table 2 were subjected to linear
regression analyses to determine which factors in
the wastewatercontributed to the variation in the
total coliform reduction data at each dosage level.
Correlations between TCLR and each wastewater
quality variable at each dosage level in the packed
column are summarized in Table 4.
Table 4.
CORRELATION OF TOTAL COLIFORM LOG
REDUCTION IN THE PACKED COLUMN AT
DIFFERENT OZONE DOSAGE LEVELS WITH
WASTEWATER QUALITY VARIABLES
Correlation Coefficients (r) *
O3 Dose, mg/1
Variable
4.9
9 7
13 1
19.5
TCOD
-0.963
-0.843
-0.979
0.215
SCOD
-0.958
-0.910
-0.970
0.143
TOC
-0.900
-0.676
-0.939
0.185
TSS
-0.832
0.102
-0.294
0.640
TKN
0.765
0.438
0.162
-0.875
TURB
-0.105
0.031
-0.111
-0.711
NH4—N
0.869
0.718
0.817
-0.247
ORG-N
0.381
0.132
-0.078
-0.884
"6 replicate data points used to derive each r-value
Any correlation coefficient (r-value) in Table 4
greater than 0.73 indicates TCLR is positively
affected by the wastewaterquality variable, while
an r-value less than -0.73 indicates TCLR is
adversely affected by the variable.
The data in Table 4 indicate that total chemical
oxygen demand (TCOD), soluble chemical oxygen
demand (SCOD), and total organic carbon (TOC)
significantly and adversely affected disinfection
efficiency in the packed column at ozone dosage
levels ranging from 4.9to 13.1 mg/1. At 19.5 mg/1
TCLR was no longer affected by changes in
TCOD, SCOD, orTOC. Conversely, total Kjeldahl
nitrogen (TKN) and organic nitrogen did not
significantly affect disinfection efficiency in the
packed column until the ozone dosage was 19.5
mg/1. These observations suggest that disinfec-
tion efficiency in the packed column was not mass
transfer limited, because the magnitude of the
TCLR at each dosage level wasdependentonthe
concentration of organic material present in
the wastewater.
Results from the jet scrubber were similar,
except that no significant correlations between
TCLR and TCOD, SCOD, TOC, TKN ororganic-N
were found at the lowest dosage (4.9mg/1) orthe
highest dosage (19.5 mg/1). The reason for the
lack of correlation at the low dosage level was
that very little disinfection occured anyway.
Disinfection at the highest dosage level may have
been mass transfer limited.
The two ozone contactors were also evaluated
from an ozone utilization standpoint, but space
limitation preclude a detailed discussion in this
bulletin. A final report will be published shorlty,
describing the findings from this study in a com-
prehensive manner. The investigation will now
focus attentionon other generic type contactors,
so that eventually design guidelines for ozone
contacting devices can be published to aid
consulting engineers in designing the most cost-
effective ozonation system that present tech-
nology will permit.
ASPHALT INDUSTRY SEMINAR
SERIES SCHEDULED
ERIC has subcontracted JACA Corp. to
conduct a series of seminars discussing the
environmental problems in the asphalt industry.
The seminars will be held in early 1978; tenative
sites are Phoenix, Arizona, Salt Lake City, Utah,
Tampa, Florida, and Cincinnati, Ohio. The con-
ferences will be co-sponsored by EPA, NAPA
(National Asphalt Pavement Association) and
APCA (Air Pollution Control Association).
There are over 1500 automated, stationary,
and portable hot mix asphalt plants in the country,
with an average of 3.5 employees per plant. This
series of seminars will be especially beneficial to
the smaller plant owner or operator needing
assistance with air and water pollution re-
quirements.
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ERRATA SHEET FOR "MANUAL OF TREATMENT
TECHNIQUES FOR MEETING INTERIM
PRIMARY DRINKING WATER REGULATIONS"
With the pending implementation of the
Interim Primary Drinking Water Regulations, the
Municipal Environmental Research Laboratory's
Water Supply Research Division published a
booklet entitled"Manual of Treatment Techniques
for Meeting the Interim Primary Drinking Water
Regulations," EPA-600/8-77-005 in May 1977. An
errata sheet for this booklet has been prepared
and is available. Persons who obtained the treat-
ment manual at the 1977 AWWA Annual Conven-
tion or at one of the Technology Transfer
Seminars on Designing and Upgrading Drinking
Water Treatment Systems may wish to obtain the
errata sheet. Requests should be directed to the
Water Supply Research Division, Municipal
Environmental Research Laboratory, USEPA,
26 West St. Clair Street, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268.
"WASTEWATER FILTRATION"
SEMINAR HANDOUT REVISED
The Technology Transfer seminar publica-
tion entitled "Wastewater Filtration," originally
published in July 1974, has been revised and is
available upon request. The revision includes an
update on Filter Design Considerations and results
from pilot scale testing. Also included is a
summary of performance data for wastewater
filtration.
This publication was revised by John L.
Cleasby, E. Robert Baumann, and Anson Marston,
Iowa State University, all of whom contributed to
the preparation of the original version.
This revised publication can be obtained by
checking the appropriate box (#4007) on the order
form in the back of this newsletter.
Wastewater
Filtration
Design ConSkteraflOfis
technology 'twister Seminar Put Jeation
I
\ i
J
-
r • y
> t J
THE PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF
COAL MINING RECLAMATION AND
POLLUTION CONTROL
Over 180 mining representatives attended a
2-day seminar, "The Practical Aspects of Coal
Mining Pollution Control," held in Zanesville, Ohio
on July 19 and 20, 1977. The seminar was co-
sponsored by U.S. EPA—Cincinnati, the Co-
operative Extension Service—Ohio State University,
Ohio Department of Natural Resources—Division
of Reclamation and Division of Soil and Water
Districts, Ohio Environmental Protection Agency,
Ohio Federation of Soil and Water Districts, Ohio
Mining and Reclamation Association, and U.S.
Department of Agriculture—Soil Conservation
Service.
The seminar was designed for the partici-
pants and attendees to exchange and share
information on current practices for defining and
controlling coal mining pollution. The topics
presented included information on the working
role of the involved organizations, Pre-planning
considerations, Techniques and Practices for
Sedimentation and Erosion Control During
Mining and After Extraction—Reclamation. This
seminar was the second in the series of Coal
Mining Pollution Control seminars.
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DESIGN SEMINARS FOR
SMALL WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS
Technology Transfer conducted the last
scheduled Design Seminar on Small Wastewater
Treatment Systems for FY 1977 in Syracuse,
New York, September 7-8, 1977.
This seminar series has been one of
Technology Transfer's most successful and will
have been presented in all ten geographical
regions, including Seattle, Philadelphia,
Kansas City, Concord, San Francisco, Denver,
Atlanta, Chicago, Dallas, and finally Syracuse.
Contributing to the success of this seminar
series by their timely and pertinent presentations
were Gordon Culp and H. H. Benjes, Clean Water
Consultants; Richard Otis, William Boyle, Jerry
Tyler, and James Converse, University of
Wisconsin; Joseph Rezek and Ivan Cooper,
Rezek, Henry, Meisenheimer and Gende; Joseph
Middlebrooks and James Reynolds, Utah State
University; Jerry Troyan, Brown and Caldwell;
William Bowne, Douglas County, Oregon; and
James Kreissl, U.S. EPA, Cincinnati, Ohio.
Material presented at these seminars is
currently being edited for bulk publication and
distribution. Notice of availability of these
documents will appear in this newsletter.
Gary Plews, State of Washington, speaking at Seattle Design
Seminar lor Small Wastewater Treatment Systems.
Keith Dearth, EPA Office of Water Programs Operations,
Washington, D.C. addressing the attendees at the Seattle
Design Seminar for Small Wastewater Treatment Systems.
James F. Kreissl, U.S. EPA. Municipal Environmental Research
Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio, during Technical Session on
Alternative Collection Systems at Design Seminar for Small
Wastewater Treatment Systems.
FIRST CAPSULE REPORTS
IN MUNICIPAL AREA PUBLISHED
The first three Technology Transfer Capsule
Reports dealing with municipal pollution control
technology have been printed and are now avail-
able. They are:
• Swirl Device for Regulating and Treating
Combined Sewer Overflows (#2012) - This
Capsule Report describes the results of a
full-scale prototype SWIRL unit that con-
trolled real overflows in Syracuse, N.Y.,
and discusses other areas of application.
• First Progress Report on Static Pile Compost-
ing of Wastewater Sludge (#2014) - Static pile
composting and its application to the munici-
palities of Bangor, Maine, and Durham,
New Hampshire are described.
• Efficient Treatment of Small Municipal Flows
at Dawson, Minnesota (#2015) - The Dawson
project demonstrated that small plants can
provide highly reliableand efficient removal of
BOD and SS, and consistent nitrification.
These publications can be obtained by
checking the appropriate boxes on the order form
in the back of this newsletter. Additional Capsule
Reports in the municipal area are being prepared
and their availability will be announced in this
newsletter.
INDUSTRIAL INITIATIVES CONFERENCE
Methods for reducing industrial pollution
and achieving substantial cost benefits at the
same time was the focus of a top-level govern-
ment/industry conference in Boston, June 8th
and 9th, at the Boston Park Hotel. It was patterned
after the very successful Chicago conference in
January.
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This unique conference brought together
members of Congress, executives from leading
corporations and top federal, state and local
government officials to discuss a variety of new
and important pollution control issues and tech-
nologies.
An audience of 250 were at the workshops
covering specific technical approaches, including
the key elements of selecting and managing a
pollution abatement program. The conference
was sponsored by Region I and ERIC, in coopera-
tion with the U.S. Department of Commerce, state
manufacturing associations and Chambers of
Commerce from Massachusetts, Maine, Rhode
Island, Vermont, New Hampshire and Connecticut.
EPA Administrator Douglas Costle addresses the Boston
EPA/DOC Conference audience.
Sid Galler, DOC Deputy Assistant Sec'y discusses incentives
to improving industrial pollution control.
Jack Bays of Coors points out resource recovery methods in
the brewing industry.
EPA's OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
RESEARCH PROGRAM IS
GAINING MOMENTUM
The Operation and Maintenance Program
within the Municipal Environmental Research
Laboratory in Cincinnati has made significant
progress in accomplishing its overall objectives
of demonstrating methods, processes and pro-
cedures for improved operaion and maintenance
of municipal wastewater treatment plants during
the past two years.
One of the major objectives of this program is
to identify, evaluate, quantify and document
factors contributing to poor municipal treatment
plant performance. This effort is being accom-
plished by a three and one-half year, two-phase
National O&M cause and effect survey concen-
trating on plants located in the eastern and
western sections of the United States. The two-
years first phase of this project has recently been
completed whereby 180 half-day to one-day plant
site visits and 60 three- to five-day comprehensive
plant evaluations were completed by two con-
tractors. Phase I survey results have identified
and quantified the impact of over sixty different
factors affecting plant performance. These factors
were grouped into four major categories (admin-
istration, maintenance, design and operation) and
were evaluated using a ranking and weighting
table developed as a part of this project. Adverse
factors at all facilities evaluated were ranked in
order of frequency and severity of occurrence.
The highest ranking factor identified was "operator
application of concepts and testing to process
control."
Based on observations noted during the first
phase effort, recommendations were made in the
areas of technical assistance, training,incentives,
staffing, and enforcement with respect to an over-
all approach to improve plant operation and
maintenance. Final reports describing the first
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phase results will be published by November 1977
and will be available from:
U.S. EPA
Urban Systems Management Section
26 W. St. Clair
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
Other areas of O&M program emphasis
include demonstrating the cost and effectiveness
of flow equalization, initiation of a four-year
reliability engineering and analysis program
consisting of biological, mechanical component,
physical/chemical process and overall system
reliability; demonstration of low-cost improved
operating efficiency of groups of small municipal
treatment plants through implementation of
centralized management concepts, and establish-
ment of a centralized computerized data base for
storage, analysis and retrieval of field verified
O&M cost, performance and reliability data.
Flow equalization research will culminate
this year with the development and publication of
a comprehensive flow equalization manual of
practice that presents the cost and effectiveness
of flow equalization based on the results of three
EPA demonstration projects, one in-house pilot
investigation and field operating experience from
fifty full-scale flow equalization facilities.
Furture high priority activities of the O&M
program will include examination of the cost
benefits of novel materials and methods of con-
struction, analysis of energy utilization of
municipal treatment facilities, investigation of the
O&M cost of sludge management alternatives,
and O&M cost of land application systems.
NEW PROCESS DESIGN MANUAL:
WASTEWATER TREATMENT FACILITIES
FOR SEWERED SMALL COMMUNITIES
A new Technology Transfer Process Design
Manual presenting information for the planning,
design and operation of present and future waste-
water treatment facilities for sewered small
communities is now available.
The manual addresses such topics as flow
equalization, package plants, treatment ponds,
nutrient removal, and sludge handling, with
specific emphasis on application at small plants
(less than 1 mgd). There are also chapters on
Operation and Maintenance and Cost Effectiveness.
Prepared by Camp, Dresser & McKee, this
manual can be obtained by checking theapprop-
riate box (#1009) on the order form in the back of
this newsletter.
Where to Get Further Information
In order to get details on items appearing in this publication, or any other aspects
of the Technology Transfer Program, contact your EPA Regional Technology
Transfer Committee Chairman from the list below:
REGION
I
CHAIRMAN
Lester Sutton
IV
Robert Olson
Albert Montague
Asa B. Foster, Jr.
ADDRESS
Environmental Protection Agency
John F. Kennedy Federal Building
Room 2313
Boston, Massachusetts 02203
617 223-2226
(Maine, N.H., Vt., Mass., R.I., Conn.)
Environmental Protection Agency
26 Federal Plaza
New, York, New York 10007
212 264-1867
(N.Y., N.J., P.R., V.I.)
Environmental Protection Agency
6th & Walnut Streets
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19106
215 597-9856
(Pa., W.Va., Md„ Del., D.C., Va.)
Environmental Protection Agency
345 Courttand Street, N.E.
Atlanta, Georgia 30308
404 881-3454
(N.C., S.C., Ky., Tenn., Ga„ Ala.,
Miss., Fla.)
REGION CHAIRMAN
VI Mildred Smith
VII
John Coakley
VIII Elmer Chenault
William 8ishop
ADDRESS
Environmental Protection Agency
1201 Elm Street
First International Building
Dallas, Texas 75270
214 749-3971
Texas, Okla., Arl., La., N. Max.)
Environmental Protection Agency
1735 Baltimore Avenue
Kansas City, Missouri 64108
816 374-5971
(Kansas, Nebr., Iowa, Mo.)
Environmental Protection Agency
1860 Lincoln Street
Denver, Colorado 80203
303 837-4343
(Colo., Mont., Wyo., Utah, N.D.,
S.D.)
Environmental Protection Agency
100 California Street
San Francisco, Calif. 94111
415 556-6925
(Calif., Ariz., Nev., Hawaii)
Clifford Risley Environmental Protection Agency
230 S. Dearborn Street
Chicago, Illinois 60604
312 353-2200
(Mich., Wl«„ Minn., III., Ind., Ohio)
John Osborn Environmental Protection Agency
1200 6th Avenue
Seattle, Washington 98101
206 442-1296
(Wash., Ore., Idaho, Alaska)
For the following audio-visual material, please contact your Regional Transfer Chairman. (See above)
MOTION PICTURES (16mm sound)
• Richardson, Texas Project-Title: "Somebody around here • The Seattle METRO Story. (28 min.)
must be doing something good." (15 min.) • "Breakthrough at Clear Lake" (28 min.)
• Phosphorus Removal (5 min.)
• Water Quality Management, Alameda Creek, Calif.—Title:
"The Water Plan." (2854 min.)
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REQUEST FOR TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER MATERIAL
The publications listed on this form are the only ones available through the Office of Technology Transfer.
Please send me the following
PROCESS DESIGN MANUALS
Phosphorus Removal (April 1976) 1001 D
Carbon Adsorption (Oct. 1973) 1002 CD
Suspended Solids Removal (Jan. 1975) 1003 ~
Upgrading Existing Wastewater Treatment Plants
(Oct. 1974) 1004 ~
SulfideControl in Sanitary Sewerage Systems
(Oct. 1974) 1005 ~
Sludge Treatment and Disposal (Oct. 1974) 1006 Q
Nitrogen Control (Oct. 1975) 1007 ~
• Land Treatment of Municipal Wastewater 1008 ~
• Wastewater Treatment Facilities for Sewered
Small Communities 1009 CD
TECHNICAL CAPSULE REPORTS
Recycling Zinc in Viscose Rayon Plants 2001 CD
Color Removal from Kraft Pulping Effluent by
Lime Addition 2002 CD
Pollution Abatement in a Copper Wire Mill 2003 D
First Interim Report on EPA Alkali SO2
Scrubbing Test Facility 2004 CD
Dry Caustic Peeling of Peaches 2005 CD
Pollution Abatement in a Brewing Facility 2006 CD
SOg Scrubbing and Sulfuric Acid Production Via
Magnesia Scrubbing 2007 CD
Second Interim Report on EPA Alkali Scrubbing
Test Facility 2008 CD
Magnesium Carbonate Process for Water
Treatment 2009 CD
Third Interim Report on EPA Alkali Scrubbing
Test Facility 2010 CD
First Progress Report Wellman-Lord Flue Gas
Desulfurization 2011 CD
* SWIRL Device for Regulating and Treating
Combined Sewer Overflows 2012 CD
' First Progress Report on Static Pile Composting
of Wastewater Sludge 2014 CD
* Effluent Treatment of Small Municipal
Flows at Dawson, Minn 2015 CD
INDUSTRIAL SEMINAR PUBLICATIONS
Upgrading Poultry Processing Facilities to Reduce CD
Pollution (3 Vols.) 3001 CD
Upgrading Metal Finishing Facilities to Reduce
Pollution (2 Vols.) 3002 ~
Upgrading Meat Packing Facilities to Reduce
Pollution (3 Vols.) 3003 ~
at no charge. (Check appropriate boxes)
Upgrading Textile Operations to Reduce
Pollution (2 Vols.) 3004 ~
Choosing the Optimum Financial Strategies for
Pollution Control Investments 3005 CD
Erosion and Sediment Control from Surface
Mining (2 Vols.) 3006 CD
Pollution Abatement in the Fruit and Vegetable
Industry (3 Vols.) 3007 CD
Choosing Optimum Management Strategies 3008 D
Controlling Pollution from the Manufacturing and
Coating of Metal Products (2 Vols.) 3009 CD
MUNICIPAL SEMINAR PUBLICATIONS
Upgrading Lagoons 4001 ~
Physical-Chemical Treatment 4002 CD
Nitrification/Dentrification 4004 CD
Upgrading Existing Wastewater Treatment
Facilities—Case Histories 4005 CD
Flow Equalization 4006 CD
Wastewater Filtration 4007 CD
Physical-Chemical Nitrogen Removal 4008 P
Air Pollution Aspects of Sludge Incineration 4009 CD
Land Treatment of Municipal Wastewater
Effluents (3 Vols.) 4010 CD
BROCHURES
Logging Roads and Water Quality 5011 CD
Municipal Wastewater Alternatives 5012 CD
Forest Harvesting and Water Quality 5013 CD
HANDBOOKS
Analytical Quality Control in Water and
Wastewater Laboratories (1972) 6001 O
Monitoring Industrial Wastewater (1973) 6002 ~
Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water
end Wastes (1974) 6003 ~
INDUSTRIAL ENVIRONMENTAL
POLLUTION CONTROL MANUALS
Pulp and Paper Industry — Part I/Air 7001 0
EXECUTIVE BRIEFINGS
Industrial Energy Conservation Measures 9001 CD
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*lt is not necessary to fill in this block if your name and address on reverse are correct.
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Note: Forward to Technology Transfer, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268
U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFHCE: 1977-757-056/6500 Region No. 5-II
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