DOSSIER
ON
ANTIMONY AND ANTIMONY COMPOUNDS
By
Clement Associates, Inc.
1055 Thomas Jefferson Street, NW
Washington, DC 20007
March 7, 1978
Contract No. NSF-C-ENV77-15417
Prepared for
TSCA Interagency Testing Committee
Washington, DC
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FOREWORD
This document has been prepared for the Toxic Substances
Control Act (TSCA) Interagency Testing Committee by its technical
contractor, Clement Associates, Inc. The Committee is charged
with the responsibility for making recommendations to the Adminis-
trator of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regarding
chemical substances which should be given priority by EPA for test-
ing to determine adverse effects on man or the environment.
The dossiers in this document were originally drafted by Clement
and were reviewed in detail by the Committee, which in certain in-
stances added additional information. Conclusions presented in the
dossiers about specific studies were made by Clement scientists and
were reviewed by the Committee. The information in the dossiers thus
reflects the collective knowledge and judgment of the Committee and
its technical contractor. It has been used as the primary basis for
the designation of the chemicals involved for priority testing in the
Committee's Initial Report to the Administrator, Environmental Protec-
tion Agency (Federal Register 42, 55026, October 12, 1977).
The dossiers were designed to provide the Committee with informa-
tion on the chemicals' physical and chemical properties, exposure
characteristics, and biological properties in sufficient detail to
support an informed judgment on whether the substances could be given
priority for testing. The dossiers are not comprehensive critical re-
views. Such reviews could not be performed with the constraints im-
posed upon the Committee (and, therefore, the contractor) by the
statutory deadlines of TSCA.
Faced with the task of preparing dossiers which could be quickly
assembled and yet contain sufficient information for the Committee's
purposes, Clement proceeded along the following lines.
Literature searches were conducted using the National Library of
Medicine's TOXLINE and the Environmental Mutagen Information Center
(EMIC) automated data banks. Each reference on a list of sources of
general information (see General References - Appendix A) was reviewed.
Further references and information were obtained from monographs, cri-
teria documents, reviews, and reports available from government agency
files and trade association libraries. Information received in re-
sponse to the Committee's July 1977 Federal Register notice requesting
information on certain substances was reviewed. Clement scientists
relied upon their own knowledge of the literature to augment the data
sources.
In general, secondary sources were consulted first in preparing
the dossiers. When an article was judged to contain information of
i
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major significance or to require a critical review, the primary
source was consulted. Except when specifically noted otherwise,
the information cited in these dossiers was derived from the pri-
mary sources.
ii
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ANTIMONY AND ANTIMONY COMPOUNDS
(ANTIMONY, ANTIMONY (III) CHLORIDE, ANTIMONY TRIOXIDE,
ANTIMONY TRISULFIDE)
PART I
GENERAL INFORMATION
ANTIMONY
1.1 Identification CAS No.: 007440360
NIOSH No.: CC40250
1.2 Synonyms and Trade Names
Antimony Black; antimony, regulus; C.I. 77050; (G16)
stibium
1.3 Chemical Formula and Atomic Weight
Sb At. wt. 121.75 (G22)
1.4 Chemical and Physical Properties
1.4.1 Description: Silver-white solid metal, (G21,G22)
hexagonal crystals
1.4.2 Boiling Point: 1/750°C (G22)
1.4.3 Melting Point: 630.74°C (G22)
1.4.4 Absorption Spectrometry:
No information found in sources searched
1.4.5 Solubility: Insoluble in water; soluble in hot
concentrated t^SO^ and aqua regia (G22)
1.4.6 Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient:
No information found in sources searched
1.5 Production and Use
1.5.1 Production: 1° Antimony (recovered from ore)--
24.0 million lb
2° Antimony (recovered from antimony-
bearing scrap)--42.0 million lb
(G32)
1.5.2 Use: Hardening alloy for lead, especially in
storage batteries and cable sheaths; bearing
metal; type metal; solder; collapsible tubes
and foil; sheet and pipe; semiconductor tech-
nology (99.999% grade); pyrotechnics, bullets,
blackening iron, coating metals (G21,G23)
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1.6 Exposure Estimates
1.6.1 Release Rate: No information found in
sources searched
1.6.2 NOHS Occupational Exposure:
Rank: 13 9
Estimated no. of persons exposed: 1,351,000*
*rough estimate (G28)
1.7 Manufacturers:
Alloychem, Inc.
Belmont Metals, Inc.
Copalco International Ltd.
Gehning, Inc.
ICC Industries
ICC Metals Co.
Indussa Corp.
Kawecki Berylco Industries, Inc.
A. D. Mackay, Inc.
Monson Chemicals, Inc.
Morgan Chemicals, Inc.
Pesses Co.
United Mineral & Chemical Corp.
(G37)
2
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ANTIMONY (III) CHLORIDE
1.1 Identification CAS No.: 010025919
NIOSH No.: CC49000
1.2 Synonyms and Trade Names
Antimony butter; antimony trichloride; caustic antimony;
antimonous chloride; C.I. 77056; butter of antimony
(G16,G21;
1.3 Chemical Formula and Molecular Weight
SbCl3 Mol. wt. 223.11 (G22)
1.4 Chemical and Physical Properties
1.4.1 Description: Colorless, rhombic, deliquescent
(G22)
1.4.2 Boiling Point: 283°C (G22)
1.4.3 Melting Point: 73.4°C (G22)
1.4.4 Absorption Spectrometry:
No information found in sources searched
1.4.5 Solubility: Insoluble in pyridine, quinoline, and
other organic bases; soluble in cold
water (601.6 g/100 cc at o°C); solu-
ble in all proportions in hot water
(80°C); soluble in absolute alcohol,
HCl, tartaric acid, CHCl^ (about 22%),
acetone, CS21 dioxane, benzene, ether,
cci4
(G22,G23)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient:
No information found in sources searched
1.5 Production and Use
1.5.1 Production:
No information found in sources searched
1.5.2 Use: in the manufacture of antimony salts; in bronz-
ing irons; as a mordant; manufacturing lakes;
as a chlorinating agent and catalyst in organic
synthesis; reagent for chloral, aromatic hydro-
carbons, and Vitamin A; for molecular weight
determinations; in chemical microscopy for
the identification of drugs (forms adducts and
addition compounds)
(G21,G2 3)
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1.6 Exposure Estimates
1.6.1 Release Rate:
No information found in sources searched
1.6.2 NOHS Occupational Exposure:
Rank: 87 6
Estimated no. of persons exposed: 142,000*
*rough estimate (G29)
1.7 Manufacturers:
American Hoechst Corp.
Chemical Dynamics Corp.
Conray Chemicals, Inc.
EM Laboratories, Inc.
Great Western Inorganics
McGean Chemical Co., Inc. (G37)
Stauffer Chemical Co.
(G37)
4
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ANTIMONY TRIOXIDE
1.1 Identification CAS Mo.: 001309644
NIOSH No.:
1.2 Synonyms and Trade Names
Nat. Valentinite, Nat. Senarmontite; diantimony trioxide;
flowers of antimony; Exitelite; Weisspiessglanz; antimony
white; antimony oxide
(G22,G23)
1.3 Chemical Formula and Molecular Weight
Sb20^ (or Sb^Og) Mol. wt. 291. 50 (G22)
1.4 Chemical ana Physical Properties
1.4.1 Description: Nat. Senarmontite: white, cubic
crystals
Nat. Valentinite: colorless, rhombic
crystals
(G2 2:
1.4.2 Boiling Point:
Nat. Senarmontite: sublimes at 1,550°C
Nat. Valentinite: 1,550°C
(G22)
1.4.3 Melting Point: 656°C (G22)
1.4.4 Absorption Spectrometry:
No information found in sources searched
1.4.5 Solubility:
Nat. Senarmontite: Very slightly soluble in
cold water; slightly soluble
in hot water; soluble in KOH,
HC1 (3%), tartaric acid (0.03 g/
100 cc at 20°C), and acetic
acid
Nat. Valentinite: Very slightly soluble in cold
water; slightly soluble in hot
water; soluble in KOH, HC1, tar-
taric acid, and acetic acid
(G22)
1.4.6 Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient:
No information found in sources searched
5
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1.5 Production and Use
1.5.1 Production: No information found in sources
searched
1.5.2 Use: In the manufacture of tartar emetic; as
paint pigments; in enamels and glasses; as
mordants; in flameproofing canvas textiles,
paper,, and plastics (chiefly polyvinyl chlor-
ide) ; ceramic opacifier; as a catalyst; as
an intermediate; in staining iron and copper;
in phosphors; as a glass decolorizer
(G21,G23)
Paints, varnishes, shellac,
rust preventatives, etc.
No. of products
containing an-
timony trioxide
X 1C
No. of antimony
trioxide products
in category
Total no. of
products in category
0.009%
Flame retardant chemicals
45
7.6%
The 46 products surveyed contained an average of 14.7% antimony
trioxide.
(G27)
1.6 Exposure Estimates
1.6.1 Release Rate:
No information found in sources searched
1.6.2 NOHS Occupational Exposure:
Rank: 117 3
Estimated no. of persons exposed: 89,000*
*rough estimate (G29)
1.7 Manufacturers:
Agrimet, Inc.
Allied Chemical Corp.
Alloychem, Inc.
Alpha International Chemical, Inc.
American Hoechst Corp.
American International Chemical Inc.
Asher-Moore Co.
Chemetron Corp.
Cometals, Inc.
Conray. Chemicals, Inc.
Derby & Co., Inc.
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East Falls Corp.
EM Laboratories, Inc.
Great Western Inorganics
Harshaw Chemical Co.
Hetako Chemical Corp.
Helm Houston Chemical Corp.
Holtrachem, Inc.
ICC Industries
ICD Chemicals., Inc.
IMC Chemical Group, Inc.
Indussa Corp.
Keyser International Inc.
Kingsley & Keith Chemical Corp.
Kock Chemical Co.
Kraft Chemical Co.
M & T Chemicals, Inc.
A. D. Mackay, Inc.
McGean Chemical co., Inc.
McKesson Chemical Co.
Monson Chemicals, Inc.
NL Industries, Inc.
Nyacol Inc.
Orlex Chemicals Corp.
Park Trading Co.
Philipp Brothers Chemicals, Inc.
Pyramid Chemical Sales Co.
Revelli Chemicals, Inc.
Samincorp Inc.
. Shepard Chemical Industries, Inc.
Sylvan Chemical Corp.
T. R. American Inc.
Robert I. Webber Co., Inc.
Wellman, Inc.
(G37)
7
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ANTIMONY TRISULFIDE
1.1 Identification CAS No.: 001345046
NIOSH No.: CC94500
1.2 Synonyms and Trade Names
Antimonous sulfide; antimony glance; antimony orange;
antimony sulfide, solid; C.I. 77060; C.I. Pigment Red 107;
crimson antimony; needle antimony; nat. stibnite; black
antimony
(G16,G21,G22)
1.3 Chemical Formula and Molecular Weight
Sb2S3 Mol. wt. 339.69 (G22).
1.4 Chemical and Physical Properties
1.4.1 Description: occurs in nature as black crystalline
stibnite; is orange-red when precipi-
tated from solutions of salts of antimony
(G21)
1.4.2 Boiling Point: ~ ljl 5 0 0 C (G22)
1.4.3 Melting Point: 550°C (G22)
1.4.4 Absorption Spectrometry:
No information found in sources searched
1.4.5 Solubility: Insoluble in acetic acid; soluble in
cold water (0.000175 g/100 cc at 13°C) ,
alcohol, NH.SH, K^S, HC1, and solutions
of the fixed alkali hydroxides
(G22, G23)
1.4.6 Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient:
No information found in sources searched
1.5 Production and Use
1.5.1 Production: No information found in sources
searched
1.5.2 Use: In pyrotechnics (Bengal fires); in the manu-
facture of ruby glass, matches, explosives,
paint pigments (vermillion or yellow), anti-
mony salts, and camouflage paints (reflects
IR radiation in same way as green vegetation)
(G21,G23)
8
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1.6 Exposure Estimates
1.6.1 Release Rate: No information found in sources
searched
1.6.2 NOHS Occupational Exposure:
Rank: 17 6
Estimated no. of persons exposed: 1,221,000*
*rough estimate (G29)
1.7 Manufacturers
Barium and Chemicals, Inc.
EM Laboratories, Inc.
General Metallic Oxides Co.
Hummel Chemical Co., Inc.
Indussa Corp.
A. D. Mackay, Inc.
McGean Chemical Co., Inc.
Philipp Brothers Chemicals, Inc.
(G37)
9
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ANTIMONY AND ANTIMONY COMPOUNDS
PART II
BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES
General Information on Toxicity
Antimony poisoning closely parallels arsenic poisoning, ex-
cept that vomiting from antimony may be more prominent, perhaps
because antimony compounds are less readily absorbed than ar-
senicals. Temporary ECG changes in humans and severe cardiac
damage in animals have been reported. Trivalent antimony com-
pounds are reportedly much more lethal than pentavalent deriva-
tives (G26). The distribution of antimony after intravenous or
intramuscular administration is variable and cannot be explained
solely by valence. The trivalent forms generally concentrate in
red blood cells, while the pentavalent compounds are found in
the plasma. Acute antimony poisoning results in vomiting,
watery diarrhea, collapse, irregular respiration, and lowered
temperature. In fatal cases, death occurs within a few hours
after ingestion (G33). Trivalent antimony is highly reactive
towards thiol groups in enzymes (G10).
ANTIMONY
2.1 Bioaccumulation
Because of its extremely low solubility in water or any
other solvent, antimony metal is unlikely to bioaccumulate. Salts
of antimony are known to bioaccumulate. The oxides are rather
insoluble in water, so perhaps no appreciable bioaccumulation
would occur in a reasonably short time.
Bertine and Goldberg (1) showed bioaccumulation of antimony
10
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in the dissolved, ionic state by measuring concentrations in
both sea water and the flesh of invertebrates. They found the
concentration of antimony to be 500 times greater in shrimp than
it was in the water.
Evidence that inhaled antimony can be stored in the bones
of mice with a retention time of several weeks was also found (2).
2.2 Impurities and Environmental Degradation or Conversion
Antimony itself is very stable in the environment. It will
tarnish in moist air but not in dry air. Antimony oxide at
high temperatures, e.g., in soldering, may release toxic fumes (G4}
If used in storage batteries, the highly toxic stibine may be
released (G23). Environmental effects from these sources are
expected to be minimal. Since the trivalent antimony compounds
(e.g., tartar emetic), are many more times toxic than the pen-
tavalent analogs (G8), the oxidation of trivalent antimony com-
pounds to the pentavalent state will reduce toxicity and vice
versa. Antimony and its compounds, as inorganics, are persis-
tent. They are often associated with lead and arsenic (G4),
which may add to their toxicity.
2.3 Acute Toxicity
The NIOSH Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (G16)
reported the acute toxicity of antimony as follows:
Products
Dosage
Species
Route
LD50
10 0 mg/kg
Rat
Oral
LDLo
10 0 mg/kg
ll
Intraperitoneal
I!
150 mg/kg
Guinea Pig
If
11
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Antimony fumes have been described as toxic (G21). In in-
dustry, the reported effects of antimony include upper respira-
tory tract irritation, pneumonitis, dizziness, diarrhea, vomit-
ing, and dermatitis (G33). Headache, nausea, thirst, pains in
the limbs, and a feeling of exhaustion are symptoms that occurred
in workers exposed to antimony fumes (3).
The ACGIH TLV-TWA for antimony in air is 500 jug/m"^ (Gil) .
2.4 Other Toxic Effects
Cardiac effects, including death from atrial fibrillation
in a few cases, liver toxicity characterized by jaundice and fat-
ty degeneration, p.ulmo.nary congestion and edema, and papular
skin eruptions have been reported (G33). Occupational poisoning
by antimony is difficult to establish since traces of arsenic
may be present. Antimony miners have been reported to develop
silicosis.
Low hemoglobin levels and lower levels of total and reduced
glutathione were noted in workers who were in contact with anti-
mony (4) .
An unusual finding in rats given antimony at 5 ppm in
drinking water, from weaning until death, was that nonfasting
serum glucose levels were lower than fasting levels (5). Also,
serum cholesterol was found to be abnormal, and antimony accumu-
lated in soft tissue.
2.5 Carcinogenicity
No reports were found of evidence suggesting that antimony
or its oxide is carcinogenic in workers or experimental animals.
One lifetime feeding study in mice was reported (5). No tumors
12
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were induced but the dose administered was only 5 ppm in drinking
water.
2.6 Mutagenicity
No information was found in the sources searched.
2.7 Teratogenicity
Soluble salts of antimony at fairly low doses have been
tested for teratogenicity in two species, sheep (6) and chicks
(7). In both, results were negative.
2.8 Metabolic Information
No information was found in the sources searched.
2.9 Ecological Effects
Antimony is one of the elements classified by Wood (8) as
"very toxic and relatively accessible" in the environment. Al-
though not specifically discussed by Wood, it has the capacity
to undergo natural cycling in the environment. It is known to
accumulate in marine organisms (9).
The National Academy of Sciences Committee on Water Qual-
ity Criteria concluded in 1973 that "there are insufficient
data available at this time to recommend a level (of antimony)
that would present minimal risk of deleterious effects" (10).
On the basis of scanty data on toxicity, this Committee sug-
gested that concentrations of antimony equal to or exceeding
0.2 mg/liter would constitute a hazard in the marine environment.
13
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ANTIMONY (III) CHLORIDE
2.1 Bioaccumulation
See Antimony, 2.1.
2.2 Impurities and Environmental Degradation or Conversion
Products
See Antimony, 2.2.
2.3 Acute Toxicity
The NIOSH Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances
(G16) reported the acute toxicity of antimony (III) chloride as
follows:
TCLo*
TCLo
LD50
Dosage
7 3 mg/kg
73 mg/m"^
67 5 mg/kg
574 mg/kg
Species
Human
H
Rat
Guinea Pig
Route
Inhalation
Oral
*Pulmonary and gastrointestinal effects
The primary acute systemic effects of exposure were reported
to-be usually caused by breathing of the released hydrogen chlor-
ide gas. (Note: Antimony trichloride reacts with moisture to
form hydrogen chloride gas and in the presence of larger quanti-
ties of water to form hydrochloric acid and antimony oxychloride.
The acidic nature of these compounds is the cause of injury.)
Mild exposure may cause only irritation of the nose, throat, and
air passages. Skin exposure to dry antimony trichloride reportedly
may result in deep chemical burns with blister formation.
Burns may also appear in the nose if the dry powder is inhaled.
Strong solutions cause burning of the skin and possibly redness .
14
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and swelling. Eye contact may cause severe burns (G5) .
The ACGIH TLV-TWA for antimony (III) chloride in air is
500 jag Sb/m3 (Gil) .
2.4 Other Toxic Effects
The trivalent forms of antimony generally concentrate in
red blood cells. They accumulate in the liver and are slowly
excreted principally in the feces. In experimental animals,
significantly high concentrations have been found in the thyroid
after administration of trivalent compounds (G33).
Repeated skin contact with powder or solutions may result
in dermatitis of the primary irritant type (G5).
Repeated inhalation of powder or mists of solutions may
cause chronic nasal irritation with the development of ulcers
on the nasal septum
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2.8 Metabolic Information
No information was found in the sources searched.
2.9 Ecological Effects
See Antimony, 2.9.
16
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ANTIMONY TRIOXIDE
2.1 Bioaccumulation
See Antimony, 2.1.
2.2 Impurities and Environmental Degradation or Conversion
Products
See Antimony, 2.2.
2.3 Acute Toxicity
No information was found in the sources searched.
2.4 Other Toxic Effects
When antimony trioxide at 100 mg/kg was added to the daily
diet of mice, it was reported to be highly toxic, causing early
death (12).
Serotonin, adrenaline, and noradrenaline levels and mono-
amine oxidase activity were periodically determined in the adre-
nal glands of rats injected subcutaneously with this compound
(165 mg Sb/kg, five times weekly for several months). The adreno-
cortical functions were reported to be initially stimulated but
later were restored to normal or were somewhat depressed.
Development of habituation was reported to apparently involve
inhibition of the hypophyseal-adrenal system and depletion of
catechol amine reserves (13).
Antimony trioxide administered to rats subcutaneously at
165 mg Sb/kg, five times a week, for 3 months, or to swine in
smaller doses was reported to have produced a biphasic effect
on biogenic amine metabolism in cardiac muscle, brain, and
liver. It was said to have activated monamine oxidase and
reduced the serotonin tissue level; both later reverted to nor-
mal. Noradrenaline tissue level was reduced and did not re-
17
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vert (14).
Catarrhal penumonia in rats was attributed to antimony
oxide dust. In the presence of 10% silica, it induced fibrous
pneumonia with sclerosis (15).
2.5 Carcinogenicity
See Antimony, 2.5.
2.6 Mutagenicity
No information was found in the sources searched.
2.7 Teratogenicity
See Antimony, 2.7.
2.8 Metabolic Information
No information was found in the sources searched.
2.9 Ecological Effects
See Antimony, 2.9.
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ANTIMONY TRISULFIDE
2.1 Bioaccumulation
See Antimony, 2.1.
2.2 Impurities and Environmental Degradation or Conversion
Products
See Antimony, 2.2.
2.3 Acute Toxicity
The NIOSH Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances
(G16) reported the acute toxicity of antimony trisulfide as follows:
Dosage Species Route
TCLo
(gastrointestinal 580 jug/m /35 wk Human Inhalation
effects)
TCLo
(blood effects) 580 jag/m /35 wk " "
LDLo 1,000 mg/kg Rat Intraperitoneal
The ACGIH TLV-TWA for antimony trisulfide in air is 500
jjg (Sb) /m3 ' (Gil) .
2.4 Other Toxic Effects
•No information was found in the sources searched.
2.5 Carcinogenicity
No information was found in the sources searched.
2.6 Mutagenicity
No information was found in the sources searched.
2.7 Teratogenicity
See Antimony, 2.7.
19
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2. 8 Metabolic Information
No information was found in the sources searched.
2.9 Ecological Effects
See Antimony, 2.9.
20
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REFERENCES
1. Bertine, K. , and Goldberg,- E. Trace elements in clams,
mussels, and shrimp. Limnol. Ocreanog. 17:877-84 (1972)
2. Thomas, R., et al. Retention patterns of antimony in mice
following inhalation of particles formed at different tem-
peratures. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 144:544-50 (1973)
3. Alexander, W.G. Welding hazards. Proc. Mine, Med. Off.
Assoc's. Afr: 49 (406): 98-100 (1970)
4. Batolska, A., and Marinova, H. Glutathione changes in
employees of a metallurgical works. Arch. Mai. Prof. Med.
Trav. Secur. Soc. 31 (3).-117-22 (1970)
5. Schroeder, H.A., Mitchener, M., and Nason, A.P. Zirconium,
niobium, antimony, vanadium and lead in rats; life term
studies. J. Nutr. 100 (1), 59-68 (1970)
6. James, L., et al. Effects of sublethal doses of certain
minerals on pregnant ewes and fetal development. Am. J.
Vet. Res. 27:132-35 (1966)
7. Ridgway, L., and Karnofsky, D. The effects of metals on
the chick embryo: toxicity and production of abnormalities
in development. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 55:203-15 (1952)
8. Wood, J.D. Biological cycles for toxic elements in the
environment. Science 183:1049-52 (1974)
9. Goldberg, E.D. Biogeochemistry of trace metals. In Treat-
ise on Marine Ecology and Palaecology, Geol. Soc. Amer.
Mem. 67 (1):345-57 (1957)
10. National Academy of Sciences. Water Quality Criteria 1972,
EPA, Ecol. Res. Series EPA R3/73-033 (1973)
11. Djuric, D., Thomas, R.G., and Lie, R. The distribution
and excretion of trivalent antimony in the rat following
inhalation. Int. Archiv. fur Gewerbepath. und Gewerbehyg.
19:529-45 (1962)
12. Erusalimskii, E.I. Effect of antimony trioxide and urethane
on the weight and peripheral blood of mice. Vopr. klin Eksp.
onkol. 9:214-19 (1973)
13. Minkana, N.A., Chekunova, M.P., and Levina, E.N. Effect
of antimony and lead on the adrenal glands and biogenic
amines. Gig. tr. Prof, azbol. (3):21-4 (1973)
21
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14. Chekunova, M. P., Levina, E. N. , and Minkina, N. A. Prolonged
action of antimony on the state of biogenic amines. Gig.
Sanit. 1:99-100 (1973)
15. Petrovic, L., et al. Experimental pneumoconioses caused by
antimony, radon, cement, and copper ore. Stud. Laboris.
Salutis. 10:73-85 (1971)
22
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APPENDIX A
GENERAL REFERENCES
G1. Browning, E. Toxicity and Metabolism of Industrial Solvents.
Elsevier, Amsterdam (1965)
G2. Browning, E. Toxicity of Industrial Metals, 2nd ed. Appleton-
Century-Crofts, New York (1969;
G3. Fairhall, L.T. Industrial Toxicology, 2nd ed. Williams
& Wilkins Co. (1969)
G4. Sax, N.I. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials,
3rd ed. Reinhold Publishing Corp., New York (1975)
G5. Chemical Safety Data Sheets. Manufacturing Chemists Asso-
ciation, Washington, D.C.
G6 . Industrial Safety Data Sheets. National Safety Council,
Chicago, Illinois
G7. Shepard, T.H. Catalog of Teratogenic Agents. Johns Hopkins
University 'Press, Baltimore (1973)
G8. Thienes, C.L., and Haley, T.J. Clinical Toxicology. Lea &
Febiger, Philadelphia (1972)
G9. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of
Chemicals to Man. Lyon, France. WHO, International Agency
for Research on Cancer
G10. Debruin, A. Biochemical Toxicology of Environmental Agents.
Elsevier/North-Holland, Inc., New York (1976)
G.ll. Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical
Agents in the Workroom Environment with Intended Changes
for 19.76. American Conference of Government Industrial
Hygienists
G12. Chemicals Being Tested for Carcinogenicity by the Bioassay
Program, DCCP. National Cancer Institute (1977)
Gl'3. Information Bulletin on the Survey of Chemicals Being Tested
For Carcinogenicity, No. 6. WHO, Lyon, France (1976)
G14. Brown, S.L., et al. Research Program on Hazard Priority
Ranking of Manufactured Chemicals, Phase II - Final Report
to National Science Foundation. Stanford Research Institute,
Menlo Park, California (1975)
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G15. Dorigan, J., et al. Scoring of Organic Air Pollutants,
Chemistry, Production and Tcxic.i ty of Selected Synthetic
Organic Chemicals. MITRE, MTR-7248 (1976)
G16. NIOSH Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (1976)
G17. Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. Edited
Standen,A (ed.) ,Interscience Publishers, New York (1963, 1972)
G18. Survey of Compounds Which Have Been Tested for Carcinogenic
Activity Through 1972-1973 Volume. DHEW Publication No.
NIH73-453, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland
G19. Criteria for a Recommended Standard - Occupational Exposure
to .... / prepared oy NIOSH
G20. Suspected Carcinogens - A subfile of the NIOSH Toxic Sub-
stance List (1975)
G21. The Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 9th ed. Van Nostrand
Reinhold Co., New York (1977)
G22. Handbook of Chemistry and Physics , 57th ed. The Chemical
Rubber Company, Cleveland, Onio (1976)
G2 3. The Merck Index, 9th ed. Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, N.J.
(1976)
G24. Synthetic Organic Chemicals, United States Production and
Sales. 1966-76. U.S. International Trade Commission, U.S.
¦Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
G25. Lowenheim, F.A., and Moran, M.K. Faith, Keyes, and Clark's
Industrial Chemicals, 4th ed. John wiley & Sons, New York
(1975)
G26. Gosselin, Hodge, Smith, and Gleason. Clinical Toxicology of
Commercial Products, 4th ed. The Wiiliams and Wilkins Co.,
Baltimore (1976) .
G27. Chemical Consumer Hazard Information System. Consumer Product
Safety Commission, Washington, D.C. (1977)
G28. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Toxic Substance
A study of industrial data on candidate chemicals for testing.
EPA Contract No, 68-01-4109, November 1976
G29. National Occupational Hazard Survey (NOHS). National
Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati
Ohio (1976).
G30. The Aldrich Catalog/Handbook of Organic and Biochemicals.
Aldrich Chemicai Co., Inc. (1977-78)
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G31. McCutcheon's Functional Materials 1977 Annual. McCutcheon
Division, MC Publishing Co. (1977).
G32. Hampel & Hawley. The Encyclopedia of Chemistry, 3rd ed.
Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York (1973).
G33. Casarett, L. J. & Doull, J. Toxicology, the Basic Science
of Poisons. Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., New York (1975).
G34. EPA/Office of Research and Development, Chemical Production.
G35. CTCP/Rochester Computer Service. (See Reference No. G26.)
G36. Leo, A., Hansch, C. & Elkins, D. Partition coefficients
and their uses. Chem. Rev. 71:525-616 (1971) .
G37. 1977-78 OPD Chemical Buyers Directory.
G38. Patty, F.A. Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, Vol. 2, 2nd ed.
Wiley Interscience, New York (1963).
G39. Directory of Chemical Producers. Stanford Research Institute,
tMenlo Park, California (1977) .
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APPENDIX B
KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS
TCLo - Lowest published toxic concentration
- the concentration of a substance in air which has
been reported to produce any toxic effect in animals
or humans over any given exposure time.
TDLo - Lowest published toxic dose
- the lowest dose of a substance introduced by any
route other than inhalation over any given period
of time that has been reported to produce any toxic
effect in animals or humans.
LCLo - Lowest published lethal concentration
- the lowest concentration of a substance, other than
an LC50, in air that has been reported to have
caused death in humans or animals over any given
exposure time.
LDLo - Lowest published lethal dose
- the lowest dose of a substance other than LD50
introduced by any route other than inhalation over
any given period of time that has been reported to
have caused death in humans or animals.
LC50 - Median lethal concentration
- the concentration of a test material that kills 50
per cent of an experimental animal population
within a given time period.
LD50 - Median lethal dose
- the dose of a test material, introduced by any route
other than inhalation, that kills 50 percent of an
experimental animal population within a given time
period.
LT50 - Median Lethal Response Time
-Statistical estimate of the time from dosage to the
death of 50 percent of the organisms in the population
subjected to a toxicant under specified conditions.
TLm - Median tolerance limit
- the concentration of a test material at which 50 per
cent of an experimental animal population are able
to survive for a specified time period.
TLV®- Threshold limit value
- the airborne concentration of a substance to which
nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed day
after day without adverse effect.
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TLV-TWA - Threshold limit value - time weighted average
- the time-weighted average concentration of a
substance for an 8-hour workday or 40-hour
workweek, to which nearly all workers may be
repeatedly exposed, day after day, without
adverse effect.
TLV--STEL- Threshold limit value - short term exposure limit-
- the maximal concentration of a substance to which
workers can be exposed for up to 15 minutes
without suffering acute or chronic toxic effects.
No more than four excursions per day are per-
mitted. There must be at least 60 minutes
between exposure periods. The daily TLV-TWA
must not be exceeded.
BOD - Biochemical oxygen demand
- a measure of the presence of organic materials
which will be oxidized biologically in bodies
of water.
NOHS Occupational Exposure:
- Rank
- an ordering of the approximately 7 000 hazards
occurring in the workplace from most common to
least common
- Estimated number of persons exposed
- includes full- and part-time workers. For hazards
ranked 1 through 200, the figure projected to
national statistics by NIOSH is given; for the re-
maining hazards the number of people exposed given
in the survey was multiplied by a fixed number to
give a rough estimate of national exposure. The
fixed number used, --30--, is derived from the sta-
tistical sampling technique used in this survey.
i - insoluble
ss - slightly soluble
s - soluble
vs - very soluble
00 - soluble in all proportions
bz - benzene
chl
- chloroform
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eth - ether
oeth - petroleum ether
ace - acetone
lig - ligroin
ale - alcohol
CC1, - carbon tetrachloride
4
oil. alk. - dilute alkalis
CS2 ~ carbon disulfide
OS - organic solvents
00s - ordinary organic .solvents
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