GUIDANCE MANUAL FOR LOCATION
STANDARDS AND SPECIAL ENVIRONMENTAL AREAS
OFFICE OF SOLID WASTE
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
6 August 1981
Prepared By:
The MITRE Corporation
1820 Dolley Madison Blvd.
McLean, Virginia 22102
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PREFACE
The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 (RCRA), as
amended (42 USC 6901 et seq.)» requires the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) to institute a hazardous waste management
program. Section 3004 of RCRA directs the EPA to promulgate
standards, including requirements respecting the location, design,
and construction of hazardous waste treatment, disposal, and storage
facilities. These location standards are found at 40 CFR 264.18.
They were promulgated on 12 January 1981 (46 FR 2848-2849).
The purpose of this Guidance Manual is to assist the permit
writers in EPA's Regional Offices in interpreting the requirements of
the location standards and in evaluating permit applications. Part I
of this manual provides guidance on the standards, and Part II
pertains to other Federal environmental laws that might affect the
permitting of hazardous waste management facilities. The information
contained in this Manual also will be of assistance to facility
owners and operators in interpreting and complying with the location
standards and other Federal environmental laws.
This Manual is not a regulatory action and the suggestions
contained herein are not mandatory or enforceable. The guidance
provided represents the best information available to the EPA.
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Comments are requested from EPA's Regional Offices on this
Guidance Manual. Comments should be mailed to:
Cindy Hoppmann
WH-565
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
401 M Street, S.W.
Washington, D.C. 20460
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PART I
GUIDANCE FOR THE LOCATION STANDARDS
Chapter I
Locating Hazardous Waste Facilities in Floodplains
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1-2
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
PART I GUIDANCE FOR THE LOCATION STANDARDS
1. Locating Hazardous Waste Facilities in Floodplains 1-1
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1-7
2.0 IDENTIFYING THE 100-YEAR FLOODPLAIN 1-9
2.1 The National Flood Insurance Program 1-9
2.2 Sources of Floodplain Identification Information 1-13
2.2.1 Obtaining FIA Maps 1-13
2.2.2 Additional Sources 1-16
2.3 Independent Analyses 1-18
3.0 TYPES OF FLOODS, ASPECTS OF FLOODS WHICH DETERMINE THE
DEGREE OF FLOOD DAMAGE, AND POTENTIAL FLOOD DAMAGES TO
HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT FACILITIES 1-47
3.1 Types of Floods 1-47
3.1.1 Riverine Floods 1-47
3.1.2 Shallow Floods 1-48
3.1.3 Lacustrine Floods 1-48
3.1.4 Alluvial Fan Flooding 1-48
3.1.5 Coastal Floods 1-49
3.2 Hazards Specific to Alluvial Fan Flooding and Coastal
Flooding 1-49
3.2.1 Alluvial Fan Flooding 1-49
3.2.2 Coastal Flooding 1-50
3.3 Aspects of Floods Which Determine the Degree of
Flood Damage 1-51
3.3.1 Depth i-51
3.3.2 Velocity 1-51
3.3.3 Duration 1-52
3.3.4 Rate of Rise and Fall 1-52
3.3.5 Advance Warning 1-52
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3.3.6 Debris Load
3.3.7 Wave Action
1-53
1-53
3.4 Potential Flood Damage to Management Units of a
Hazardous Waste Facility 1-54
3.4.1 Landfills 1-54
3.4.2 Land Treatment Areas 1-55
3.4.3 Surface Impoundments 1-55
3.4.4 haste Piles 1-55
3.4.5 Tanks 1-56
3.4.6 Incinerators 1-57
3.4.7 Containers 1-57
4.0 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF FACILITIES TO PREVENT WASHOUT 1-59
4.1 New vs. Existing Facilities 1-59
4.2 Flood Proofing 1-62
4.2.1 Freeboard 1-63
4.2.2 Grading of Landfills and Land Treatment Areas 1-63
4.2.3 Drainage Capacity 1-64
4.2.4 Fencing 1-64
4.2.5 Structural Integrity 1-65
4.3 Flood protection 1-68
4.3.1 Diversion Structures 1-69
4.3.2 Unit Elevation 1-76
4.4 General Design Manuals 1-77
5.0 OTHER FEDERAL AND STATE FLOODPLAIN MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS 1-79
5.1 The 100-Year Flood as a Regulatory Standard 1-80
5.2 Federal Legislation 1-80
5.3 Floodplain Management at the State Level 1-82
5.4 Coastal Zone Management 1-82
6.0 REFERENCES 1-95
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Figure Number Page
1 Example Flood Insurance Rate Map 1-14
2 Example Legend for Flood Insurance Rate M2p 1-15
3 Divisions and Districts Served by the U.S.
Army Corps of Engineers District Offices 1-31
4 Schematic Diagram of a Levee 1-73
5 Various Types of Floodvalls 1-75
LIST OF TABLES
Table Number Page
1 Federal Insurance Administration Regional
Offices 1-21
2 State Coordinating Agencies for Flood
Insurance 1-22
3 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers District Offices 1-29
4 Soil Conservation Service State
Conservationists 1-32
5 U.S. Geological Survey District Offices 1-37
6 Status of State Coastal Zone Management
Programs 1-86
7 State Coastal Zone Management Program Managers 1-87
1-5
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1-6
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
The Part 264 standards are permitting standards, standards that
EPA will use as the basis for writing hazardous waste permits. On
January 12, 1981 (46 FR 2803) EPA promulgated a portion of the Part
264 standards, including standards for the location of hazardous
waste facilities at 40 CFR 264.18. Location of facilities in
100-year floodplains is addressed. Facilities located in a 100-year
floodplain must be designed, constructed, operated, and maintained to
prevent washout of any hazardous waste unless the waste can be safely
removed from the site before the facility is flooded. Pages 2848 and
2849 of the January 12th Federal Register contain the full text of
the standards and associated definitions (i.e., 100-year flood,
100-year floodplain, and washout).
In order to determine if the location of a facility is of
concern with respect to the floodplain location standard, the owner
or operator must determine if the facility is within a 100-year
floodplain. Section 2.0 of this chapter presents guidance on this
subject, including information on the National Flood Insurance
Program. Section 3.0 summarizes the different conditions under which
flooding can occur, the characteristics of floods, and the potential
damages that floods are capable of rendering to hazardous waste
facilities. Parameters that should be considered in planning for and
design of flood control measures are presented in Section 4.0. That
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section also contains a description of flood proofing and flood
protection methods that may be employed at hazardous waste
facilities. Section 5.0 provides a brief discussion of the most
significant Federal legislation related to floodplain management, as
well as a discussion of state floodplain management programs.
Coastal zone management programs are discussed in Section 5.0.
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2.0 IDENTIFYING THE 100-YEAR FLOODPLAIN
As the floodplain standard specifies, owners or operators of
facilities located within the 100-vear floodplain must design,
construct, operate, and maintain their facility to prevent washout or
ensure safe removal of the waste before the facility is flooded.
This section offers guidance on the means that are available for
determining if a facility is located in a 100-year floodplain. This
determination may be simple for areas where the characteristics of
the 100-year frequency flood have been determined and mapped, or it
may be more time consuming and costly where no maps exist and a
determination must be made by consultants.
The Federal Insurance Administration, through the National Flood
Insurance Program, is the prime supplier of floodplain maps. Other
Federal agencies supply maps or information that will help in
determining the boundaries of the 100-year floodplain and the
characteristics of the 100-year flood.
2.1 The National Flood Insurance Program
The National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) is a Federal program
that enables property owners to buy flood insurance at a reasonable
cost if the communities in which they are located carry out local
floodplain management measures to protect lives and new construction
from the hazards of flooding. The NFIP was established through the
National Flood Insurance Act of 1968 and is administered by the
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Federal Insurance Administration (FIA) within the Federal Emergency
Management Agency (FEMA). Within the NFIP, a community may be in
either the Emergency Program or the Regular Program. The NFIP is a
phased system; certain regulations, studies, and mapping efforts are
triggered depending upon whether the community is in the "Emergency
Program" (the initial phase) or the "Regular Program" (the final
phase) (FEMA, 1980).
Communities in the Emergency Program receive a Flood Hazard
Boundary Map (FHBM), which shows the flood-prone areas within the
community which are subject to flooding from a 100-year flood. These
areas are labeled as "special flood hazard areas" or "A Zones" on
FRBMs. The boundary of the 100-year floodplain is approximate on
these initial maps and elevations of the 100-year flood are not
given.* FHBMs have been prepared for nearly all flood-prone
communities in the United States (FIA, 1977) .
FHBMs are useful for providing an initial rough indication of
whether the facility is in a 100-year floodplain. Where the facility
is located in a borderline situation, the EPA permitting official may
require a more precise determination of the 100-year floodplain
boundary, depending upon the location of the facility, with respect
*The FEMA publication "How to Read Flood Hazard Boundary Maps"
(October, 1978) is available from the FIA Regional Offices listed in
Table 1.
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to the flooding source^, the type of facility, and the type of waste
treated, stored, or disposed of.
If an owner or operator wishes to appeal the boundaries of the
100-year floodplain on a FHBM he may submit technical or scientific
data to the appropriate F1A Regional Office to prove that FIA's
boundaries are incorrect. This appeal process should be completed
before Part B of a RCRA permit is submitted to EPA.
Detailed field engineering surveys, called "Flood Insurance
Studies", are conducted while the community is in the Emergency
Program. Information obtained during the Flood Insurance Study is
used to prepare a Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM) and a Flood
Boundary and Floodway Map (commonly termed a "Floodway Map"). The
FIRM gives precise boundaries of the 100-year floodplain and
therefore should be used by the owner or operator, where available,
to determine if the facility is located in the 100-year floodplain.
In addition, FIRMs show the location of the expected whole-foot water
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surface elevation of the 100-year flood , and they delineate risk.
i2
zones used for insurance purposes .
The floodway map delineates the floodway, which is the channel
of a river or other watercourse and adjacent land areas that (1) are
ti
TIMA uses "base flood" when referring to the 100-year flood.
¦2^A FEMA publication which explains "How to Read a Flood Insurance
Rate Map" (April, 1980) is available from the FIA Regional Offices
listed in Table 1 (at the end of this section).
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flooded more frequently than areas farther away from the channel but
within the 100-year floodplain, and (2) are subject to high velocity
flows. FIA warns that development in this area is more susceptible
to flood damage than any other location in the 100-year floodplain
(FIA, 1978). Therefore, the floodway should be avoided in selecting
a site for a hazardous waste facility.
The Flood Insurance Study is published in preliminary form and
notice to this effect is published in local newspapers twice. A
90-day formal appeal period follows the second publication, during
which the community (or property owners via the community) can review
and appeal the data contained in the Study. If there are appeals,
these are resolved, and then the Flood Insurance Study, FIRM, and
Floodway Map are published as final.
After this formal appeal period, property owners have the right
to appeal information in the Flood Insurance Study or on the FIRM or
Floodway map at any time. Such an appear must be accompanied by
technical or scientific data proving FIA's conclusions are
incorrect. Appeals should be directed to the appropriate FIA
Regional Office (see Table 1 at the end of this section). Again, it
is essential that these appeals of FIA floodplain information and
maps be concluded before the owner or operator submits Part B of the
RCRA permit application to EPA.
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The Federal Insurance Administration also maps coastal areas as
part of the National Flood Insurance Program. The Flood Hazard
Boundary Map issued for coastal areas is very similar to that issued
for areas subject to riverine flooding. The A-zone or special flood
hazard area delineates the boundaries of the 100-year floodplain.
When a Flood Insurance Rate Map is prepared for a coastal community
the A-zone is partitioned into an A-zone and a V-zone (see Figures 1
and 2). The V-zone is closer to the source of flooding; it is the
area subject to [velocity] wave action. In general, the V-zone is
the area subject to three-foot (or greater) breaking wave. The
A-zone is the area which is subject to flooding by the 100-year flood
at the 100-year flood Stillwater elevation; this zone is not subject
to significant wave action.
2.2 Sources of Floodplain Identification Information
2.2.1 Obtaining FIA Maps
The National Flood Insurance Community Status Book, published by
FQiA, lists, by state, communities that are in the Emergency and
Regular Programs and also communities that are not participating in
the NFIP but which have FHBMs, FIRMs, or Floodway Maps. This book is
published bimonthly and is available in separately bound copies for
each state, or, if nationwide information is needed, in a bound copy
for the entire nation. Copies are free. In order to be put on the
distribution list for the states indicated below, call toll free the
following numbers:
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I
M
<1
J"1
AffftOMIMAU tCALC
__n_r
l-~y~A.
20NC A*
ZOMC A*-CL9
FIGURE 1
EXAMPLE FLOOD INSURANCE RATE MAP
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KEY TO MAP
100-Year flood Beundiry——— _
500-Year Flood Boundary —' ¦ > v
Zone Oeiicnauoni* With
Date of Identification
•4.. 12/3/74
100-Year flood from1*try
500-Vtv Flood Boundary ¦¦¦
20we a
KJNE B
Bjm Flood Eltrjclor lin«
Wlfli Elrxtion In F«w"
ft*M Flood EImiIoa In Fm(
When Uniform Wrtjttft Zont**
Elmdon Rtftrtnc* Mjrt
-513-
(It 087)
RM7X
• Ml 3
Rhr*r Mlla
"Referenced to the Natjonai Ceodettc Vertical Oitvm of 1929
NOTES TO USER
C*n*in vtu not in tha special flood ftuard areas (zones A and V|
(tbv be protected by Hood control structure!.
Thrs mao it for flood insurance purloin only; it doe* not necev
ttrily show ail anas tubtect to floodmt in the community or
all pianimetnc futures outside special flood huard vul
for adromint m*P panels,
PtfMlk
i separately printed Index To Map
for description of Elevation Reference Mtrli, mi Pine!
S10129 0015 &.
R*fer to the FLOOD INSURANCE RATE MAP EFFECTIVE
date shown on eft a mao co determine when tcxuaruJ rates apply to
HTVictures in the zones where elections or depths haw been
esiaOibhed.
To determine if Hood insurance b available in thb community,
contact your insurance atent, or call the National Flood Insurance
Profnm at (800) 63S-6620, or (S00) 414-U72.
•EXPLANATION OF ZONE DESIGNATIONS
ZONE explanation
A Areas of 100-year flood; base flood elevations and
flood hvard factors not determined.
AO Areat of 100-year tfta()0« flooding where deotM
are between one (1) and tnree (3) >eet; averafe depths
of inundation art mown, but no flood hazard Veto's
are determined.
AH Areas of 100-vear sMllow floodinj where depths
are between one (1) and three (3) feet; base flood
elevations are shown, twi no flood huard factors
are determined.
A1*A30 Areas of 100-year flood; base flood eievattons and
flood hazard factors determined.
AM Area of 100-year flood to be protected by flood
protection system under construction; base flood
«ie*at>ons and flood huard factors not determined.
0 Areas between limits of the 100-year flood and 500-
year flood; or certain areas subject to 10
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(800) 424-8872/73
Continental U.S. only
(800) 424-9080
Continental U.S. Hawaii,
Alaska, Puerto Rico, and
the Virgin Islands
755-9096
Washington, D.C.
Metropolitan Area
FIA flood maps may be ordered from:
National Flood Insurance Program
P.O. Box 34294
Bethesda, Maryland 20034
Telephone: (800) 638-6620 (toll free)
(800) 492-6605 (toll free) in Maryland only
(301) 897-5900 (Washington, D.C.
Metropolitan Area) (FIA, 1981)
These maps may also be obtained through the FIA Regional Offices
listed in Table 1 and the state coordinating agencies for flood
insurance listed in Table 2. These offices can also provide
information on the NFIP and can help in deciphering FIA flood maps.
2.2.2 Additional Sources
For areas that have not been mapped by FIA, information to
identify the 100-year floodplain can be obtained from the U.S. Army
Corps of Engineers (C0E), from the Soil Conservation Service (SCS),
or from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). The C0E is authorized to
do floodplain information studies, at the request of state and local
governments, that identify flood water elevations, flow velocities,
and the floodplain for a flood of a specified frequency (usually the
100-year flood). Many of these studies have been completed and are
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available from the State Coordinating Agencies for Flood Insurance
listed in Table 2 or from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers District
Offices listed in Table 3 and mapped in Figure 3. The COE also has a
Floodplain Management Services Program that provides assistance to
states and Federal agencies in interpreting hydrologic and hydraulic
data that might be submitted to EPA with an independent determination
of flood levels or flood boundaries. This assistance can be obtained
at the District Offices.
In some cases the SCS carries out detailed engineering studies
for FIA, which FIA publishes as Flood Insurance Studies. In some
instances SCS has completed a study but FIA has not yet published
it. The SCS State Conservationists listed in Table 4 can be
contacted to determine if the locale of interest falls into that
category. The State Conservationists will also provide Regional EPA
personnel with assistance in interpreting independent floodplain
analyses submitted to the Agency.
The U.S. Geological Survey operates a system of stream gauging
stations across the United States. The USGS publishes basic
hydrologic data from these stations, such as mean daily discharge
values. The USGC also publishes "Flood Reports," which contain
discharge data for floods and flood hydrographs. Lists of flood
discharge peaks and frequency analyses (i.e., 10-year flood
discharge) are also published for some stations. The USGS District
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Offices (listed in Table 5) can be contacted for these publications
and information about their stream gauging stations.
This basic hydrologic data is used in determining the magnitude
of the 100-year frequency flood in terms of discharge, velocity, and
/
elevation. These parameters are also needed for determining the
extent of the 100-year floodplain and for designing flood control
measures (e.g., dikes, flood-resistant tanks).
2.3 Independent Analyses
If an owner or operator of a facility is unable to obtain
floodplain studies from FIA, COE, SCS, or USGS, or if he would like
to appeal an existing study, he may choose to analyze the site
himself or he may contract with an engineer or hydrologist to do the
study for him. In either case, the sources of information and
methods cited in the next paragraph can be used for determining flood
frequency, elevations, and flood velocity.
Detailed information for defining the flooding potential at a
specific location in terms of peak discharge and exceedance
probability (e.g., 10-year, 50-year, 100-year floods) can be found in
Guidelines for Determining Flood Flow Frequency, Bulletin #17A of the
Hydrology Committee, revised June 1977, as published by the United
States Water Resources Council. However, this kind of hydrologic
analysis can be used only where stream gaging records are available
for at least ten years. Detailed information for determining if
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proposed development in a floodway (such as a hazardous waste
management facility) will increase 100-year flood elevations can be
found in "The Floodway: A Guide for Community Officials", Number 4
in the Community Assistance Series published by the Federal Insurance
Administration, Federal Emergency Management Agency, in September
1979.
1-19
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TABLE 1
FEDERAL INSURANCE ADMINISTRATION
REGIONAL OFFICES
REGION I (CT, ME, MA, NH, RI, VT)
15 New Chardon Street
Boston, Massachusetts 02114
617-223-2612 (CML)
223-6324 (FTS)
REGION II (NJ, NY, PR, VI)
90 Church Street, Room 801
New York, New York 10007
212-264-4756 (CML)
2 64-4 7 34 , 2 64 -4 7 3 5 (FTS)
Region III (DE, DC, KD, PA, VA,
WV)
Curtis Building
Sixth and Walnut Streets
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19106
215-597-9581 (CML)
597-9581 (FTS)
REGION IV (AL, FL, GA, KY, MS,
NC, SC, TN)
1371 Peachtree Street, NE
Atlanta, Georgia 30309
404-881-2391 (CML)
257-2391 (FTS)
REGION V (IL, IN, MI, OH, WI)
300 South Wacker Drive
Chicago, Illinois 60606
312-353-0757 (CML)
353-0757 (FTS)
REGION VI (AR, LA, NM, OK, TX)
Earle Cabell Building
1100 Commerce Street
Dallas Texas 75242
817-387-5811 (CML)
749-9271 (FTS)
REGION VII (IA, KS, MO, MB)
Federal Office Building
911 Walnut Street
Kansas City, Missouri
816-374-2161 (CML)
758-2161 (FTS)
REGION VIII (CO, MT, ND, SD, UT, WY)
Room 311
909 17th Street
Denver, Colorade 80202
303-234-6582 (CML)
234-6582 (FTS)
REGION IX (A2, CA, HI, NV)
450 Golden Gate Avenue
Post Office Box 36003
San Francisco, California 94102
415-556-3543 (CML)
556-3543 (FTS)
REGION X (AK, ID, QR, WA)
Room 3068
Arcade Plaza Building
1321 Second Avenue
Seattle, Washington 98101
206-486-0721 (CML)
396-0721 (FTS)
Adapted from: Federal Emergency Management Agency, 1980. Questions and
Answers: National Flood Insurance Program, FIA-2. Washington, DC.
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TABLE 2
STATE COORDINATING AGENCIES FOR FLOOD INSURANCE
STATE
AOENCY 4 AOOACSS
RESPONSIBLE OFFICIAL
contact person
TELEPHONE
NUMDER
ALABAMA
ALASKA
ARIZONA
ARKANSAS
CALIFORNIA
COLORADO
CONNECTICUT
DELAWARE
Alabama Development Olflce
Slate Planning Division
State Cnpllol Building
Montgomery, Alabama 36130
Department of Community and
Regional Allalrs
Olvlslon of Community and
Regional Plonnlng
225 Cordova. Uullding B
Anchorage, Alaska 99501
Arizona Wolor Commission
222 North Central
Suite 050
Phoenix, Arizona 05004
Stale Dept. of Commerce
Division of Soil & Water
Resources
1810 W. Capitol Building A
Little nock. Arkansas 72202
Stale of California
Doparlmenl of Walor Rosources
P O. Do* 300
Sacramento, California 95802
Colorado Walor Conservation
Board. Room 023
Stiilo Centennial Building
1313 Sliorman Stroot
Donver, Colorado 00202
Department of Environmental
t'roloctlon
Water Rosourcos Unit
Room 215. Stnto Olflco Bldg.
Hartford, Connecticut 00115
Ofllce of Managomont, Budget
nnd Planning
Town send Building, 3rd Floor
Dovor, Doloware 19901
Bob A. Davis
Director
Larry Kimball
Director
William Mathews
Chief
John Snxton
Director
nonold D. Robls
Director
Felix L. Sparks
Diroctor
Benjamin Warnor
Diroctor
Nathan Haywood
Director
Richard L. Dowdy
Edward Busch
Abram H. Apollo
John Saxton
Jack Pardee
Eugono Jencsock
Paul Dlsculll
Stevo Corazza
205-032-6400
907-279-0636
602-255-1566
50( 371-1611
916-445-7746
303-039-3441
203-5GG-7245
302-676-4271
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TABLE 2 (CONTINUED)
aocncv » address nespONsieic official com act person . wunotn
FLORIDA
Department of Community Affairs
2571 Executive Center Circle
East
Howard Building
Tallahassee, Florida 32301
Jonn M. Heggen
Secretary
Jim Sayes
904-488-7956
GEORGIA
Department of Natural Resources
Environmental Protocllon Division
Rosourco Planning Suction
Room 702
19 Martin Luther Klna Drive. S.W.
Allanla, Georgia 30334
Josoph Tanner
Commissioner
Mary Lynn Miller
404-656-3214
HAWAII
Board of Land and Natural
Rosources
Department of Land and
Natural Resources
P.O. Bo* 621
Honolulu, Hawaii 96809
William Y. Thompson
Chairman
Albeit Chlng
808-548-7642
IDAHO
Department of Water Resources
¦Slate Houso
Bolsa, Idaho 03720
Steve Allred
Director
Bill Gosselt
208-334-4440
ILLINOIS
Illinois Department of
Transportation
Division of Wator Resourcos
300 North Stale Slreel
noom 1010
Chicago, Illinois 60CIO
Frank Kudrna
Director
French Wetmore
312-793-38G4
INDIANA
Department of Natural Rasourco9
Division of Water
60A Stale Office Building
Indianapolis. Indiana 46204
Josoph D. Cloud
Director
Gordon Lanco
317-G33-52G7
IOWA
Iowa Natural Rosources Council
Wallace Slate Office Building
Dos Molnos. Iowa 50310
James R. Wobb
Director
Jack Rlosscn
515-201-5029
KANSAS
Kansas Dool. of Aqrlcullure
Division of Wator Rosources
1720 South Topeka Avomie
Topoka, Kansas 66612
Ouv E. Gibson
Chlof Englnoer
J. William Funk
913-757-3717
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TABLE 2 (CONTINUED)
STATE
AOCtlCY ft ADDRESS
RESPONSIBLE official
CONTACT PERSON
TELEPHONE
-NUMBER
KENTUCKY
LOUISIANA
MAINE
MARYLAND
MASSACHUSETTS
MICHIGAN
MINNESOTA
MISSISSIPPI
MISSOURI
Kentucky Department of
Notural Resources
Division of Water Resources
Old Wilkinson School Street Building
Frankfort. Kentucky 40G01
Donarlmont of Urban and
Community Affairs
5790 Florida Boulevard
Dnlon noiifio, Louisiana 70000
Ouropu of Civil Emorfloncy
Prooarodnoss
State House
Augusta, Maine 04330
Water Resources Administration
Flood Control Socllon
Towns Offico Buildina
Department of Natural Resources
Annapolis. Maryland 21401
-Water Resources Commission
Division of Watnr Resources
Slate Office Building
100 Cambrldqe Street
Doslon, Massachusetts 02202
Mlchlqan Dept. of Natural Resources
Wator Manaonment Division
P. O. Dox 30020
Lansing. Michigan 40309
Denartmeni of Natural Resources
Division of Water
Third Floor Space Center Building
444 Lafavclte Rond
St. Paul, Minnesota S5101
Misslsalopl Research
and Dovolooment Center
P. O. Drawer 2470
Jackson. Mississippi 39205
Disaster Plannina and
Operations Office
P. O. Box 116
Jefferson City. Missouri 65102
Dave Rosenbaum
Director
Hnrvoy H. R. Bdllon
Director
Llonol Cole
Dlroclor
Donna Covington
Regis Allison
Loslle Hlgglns
Thnmns C. Andrews Margie Whllden
Director
Charles Kennedy
Director
Dr. Howard A. Tanner
Director
Larry Svmour
Director
Dr. Kenneth Wagner
Director
Michael Beshara
Dan Morgan
Patricia Bloomgren
Willard Inman
George M. Atchison Ross Richardson
502-564-3900
504-925-3710
207-622-6201
301-269-3826
617-727-3267
517-373-3930
612-296-0444
601-962-6376
314-751-2321
-------
TABLE 2(CONTINUED)
STATE
nooncss
ntSPONSIOLC OFFICIAL
CONTACT PenSOM
TELEPHONE
NUMBER
MONTANA
NEBRASKA
NEVADA
NEW HAMPSHIRE
NEW JERSEY
NEW MEXICO
NEW YORK
Montana Department of Natural
Resources & Conservation
Water Resources Division
32 South tfwlnq Slronl
Helona. Montana 59601
Nebraska Natural Resources
Commission
301 Centennial Mall South
P. O. Box 94076
Lincoln, Nebraska 60509
Department of Conservation
and Natural Resources
Division of Wator Resources
201 S. Fall Stroet
Caison City, Novada 69710
Offlco of Slate Planning
Division of Community Planning
Slato of New Hampshire
2V4 Beacon Streot.
Concord, Now Hampshire 03301
Department of Environmental
Protection
Duroou ol Flood Plain Management
Division of Wator Resources
P. O. Box CN029
Tronton, New Jorsey 0B625
Slate Engineer's Office
Bataan Memorial Oullding
Santa Fe. Now Mexico 67501
New York Slato Department of
Environmental Conservation
Wator Management
50 Wolf Road—Room 610
Albany, New York 12233
Orrln Ferris
Administrator
Albert Matthews
Nell Mann
Bob Hendrlx
William Nowman Brian Randall
Slate Water Englneor
Ronald Pollack
Diroclor
John O'Oowd
Chlol
Sieve Roynolds
Stale Engineer
James Kelley
Chief
V. Michael Blake
Clark Oilman
Fred Allen
Frank Dwyer
406-449-2064
402-471-2001
702-470-5911
603-271-2155
609-292-2296
505-627-2135
518-457-3157
-------
TABLE 2 CONTINUED)
STATE
AQENCV a ADORESS
• RESPONSIBLE OFFICIAL
contact person
TELEPHONE
NUMUER
N. CAROLINA
Department of Natural &
Economic Resources
Division of Community Assistance
P. O. Box 27687
Raleigh, North Carolina 27611
Billy Ray Hall
Acting Director
June Beane
919-733-2850
N. DAKOTA
Stalo Water Commission
Slato Oflice Building
900 E. Boulevard
Blsmark, North Dakota 58501
Vernon Fahy
Stalo Engineer
William Hanson
701-224-2750
OHIO
Ohio Department of Natural
Resources
Flood Plain Management Unit
Ohio Dept. Building
Fountain Square—Building E
Columbus. Ohio 43224
Dr. Robert W. Teater
Dlroctor
Pole Flnke
614-468-6020
OKLAHOMA
Oklahoma Water Resources Board
Northeast 10th & Stonewall
12lh Floor
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73105
James Barnott
Execullvo Director
Harold Springer
405-271-2555
OREGON
Oregon Water Resources Dept.
Milcreek Offico Park
Salem, Oregon 97310
Jainos Sexson
Dlroctor
Jako Szromek
503-378-3671
PENNSYLVANIA
Dopartmenl of Community Allalrs
South Office Building
Capitol Complex—Rm. 508
Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 17120
William R. Davis
Secretary
Bruce Hoarn
Kerry Wilson
717-787-7400
PUERTO RICO
Puerto Rico Plannlna Board
P. O Box 41119. Mlnlllas Station
Santurce. Puerto Rico 00940
Miguel A. Rivera-Rlos
Boris L. Oxman
009-726-7110
RHODE ISLAND
R.I. Statewide Planning Program
265 Melrose Stroel
Providence, Rhode Island 02907
Danlol W. Varin
Chief
Victor J. Parmontior
401-277-2656
S. CAROLINA
South Carolina Water Resources
Commission
P. O. Box 4515
3630 Forosl Drive
Columbia. South Carolina 29240
Clair P. Quoss. Jr.
Executive Director
Bon Whotstone
803-758-2514
S. DAKOTA
State Planning Buronu
Slate Capitol
Pierre. South Dakota 57501
Ben Bucks
Commissioner
Kirk Gtau
605-224-3661
-------
TABLE 2 (CONTINUED)
STATE
AOENCV 4 AOODCSS
RESPONSIBLE OFFICIAL
TENNESSEE
TEXAS
UTAH
VERMONT
VIRGINIA
WASHINGTON
W. VIRGINIA
WISCONSIN
WYOMING
Tonnessee Stale Planning Office
660 Copilot Hill Building
Nashville, Tonnessee 37219
Texas Deportment of Water
Resources
Flood Protection & Disaster
Assistance
1700 North Congross Avenue
Austin. Texas 78701
Department of Natural Resources
Division of Water Resources
231 East 4th South
Salt Lako City. Utah 84114
Agency of Environmental
Conservation
Division of Water Quality
State Office Building
Monlpoller, Vermont 05602
State Water Control Board
P. O. Dox 11143
Richmond. Virginia 23220
Depnilmont of Ecology
Olympla, Washington 90504
Disaster Recovery Olllce
1591 Washington Street. East
Charleston, West Virginia 25305
Department of Natural Resources
Flood Plaln-Shorellne
Management Section
P. O. Box 7921
Madison, Wisconsin 53707
Wyoming Disaster and Civil
Defense Agency
P. O. Box 1709
5500 Bishop Boulevard
Cheycnno, Wyoming 82001
Donald Waller
Dlroclor of
Local Planning
Harvoy Dovlj
Executive Director
Gordon E. Hormslon
Exccullvo Olieclor
David L. Clough
Diroclor -
R. V. Davis
Wilbur Hallauer
Director
Daniel S. Green
Manager
Anthony Earl
Secretary
James L. Spence
Adjutant Goneral
Wyoming Nal'l Guard
CONTACT PCnSON
TELEPHONE
NUM0ER
Kenneth McKnlghl
615-741-2211
Eveielt W. Rowland
612-475-2171
Barry Saunders
Gone Blgler
601-533-5401
Roy Gaffney
802-828-2761
Date Jonos
804-257-0075
Edward Hammersmith 206-754-2040
Karen Farmer 304-348-0168
Larry Larson
608-266-0161
Bill Roiling
307-777-7566
-------
TABLE 2 (CONCLUDED)
•TATS
AQENCV • AODKEtS
RESPONSIBLE OFFICIAL
CONTACT PEHSON
TELEPHONE
NUMOEn
DISTRICT OF
COLUMBIA
VIRGIN ISLANDS
0((
-------
TABLE 3*
U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS DISTRICT OFFICES
Office, Chief of Engineers
Department of the Aray
Washington, D.C. 20314
(202) 272-0001
Districts:
U.S. Amy Engineer District, Meaphis
668 Federal Office Building
Memphis, Tennessee 38103
(901) 521-3221
O.S. Army Engineer District, New Orleans
P.O. Box 60267
New Orleans, Louisiana 70160
(304) 865-1121
U.S. Army Engineer District, Sc. Louis
210 North 12th Street
St. Louis, Missouri 63101
(314) 263-5545
O.S. Aray Engineer District, Vleksburg
P.O. Box 60
Vickaburg, Mississippi 39180
(601) 634-5000
U.S. Army Engineer District, Kansas City
700 Federal Building
601 East 12th Street
Kansas City, Missouri 64106
(601) 374-3896
U.S. Army Engineer Disci let, Omaha
6014 U.S. Post Office aid Court House
215 K. 17th Street
Osaha, Nebraska 68102
(402) 221-3020
U.S. Army Engineer Division, "av England
424 Trapelo Raod
Waithas, Massachusetts 02154
(.617) 894-2400
U.S. Army Engineer District, Baltimore
P.O. Box 1715
Baltimore, Maryland 21203
(301) 962-2020
U.S. Army Engineer District, New York
26 Federal Plaza
Kev York, New York 10007
(212) 264-7464
U.S. Army Engineer District, Norfolk
803 Front Street
Norfolk, Virginia 23510
(804) 441-3500
U.S. Army Engineer District, Philadelphia
U.S. Custom House
2nd and Chestnut Streets
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19106
(215) 597-4701
~See Figure 3.
1-29
U.S. Army Engineer District, Buffalo
1776 Niagara Street
Buffalo, New York 14207
(716) 876-5454
U.S. Aray Engineer District, Chicago
219 S. Dearborn Street
Chicago, Illinois 60604
(312) 353-6400
U.S. Army Engineer District, Detroit
P.O. Box 1027
Detroit, Michigan 48231
(313) 226-6413
U.S. Army Engineer District, Rock Island
Clock Tower Building
Rock Island, Illinois 61201
(309) 788-6361
U.S. Aray Engineer District, St. Paul
1210 U.S. Post Office and Custom House
St. Paul, Minnesota 55101
(612) 725-7506
U.S. Army Engineer District, Alaska
P.O. Cox 7002
Anchorage, Alaska 99510
(907) 864-0113
U.S. Aray Engineer District, Portland
P.O. Box 2946
Portland, Oregon 97208
(503) 665-4166
U.S. Aray Engineer District, Seattle
1519 Alaskan Uay, South
Seattle, Washington 98134
(206) 764-3742
U.S. Aray Engineer District, Valla Walla
Building 602
City-County Airport
Walla Walla, Washington 99362
(509) 525-5500
U.S. Aray Engineer District, Huntington
P.O. iox 2127
Huntljigton, West Virginia 25721
(304) 529-5253
U.S. Army Engineer District, Louisville
P.O. Box 59
Louisville, Kentucky 40201
(502) 582-5601
U.S. Aray Engineer District, Nashville
P.O. Box 1070
Vashvllle, Tennesee 37202
(615) 251-5646
-------
TABIX 3 (Concluded)
U.S. Aray Engineer District, Pittsburgh
Federal Building
1000 Liberty Avenue
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15222
(412) 644-6800
C.S. Aray Engineer District, Charleston
P.O. Box 919
Charleston, South Carolina 29402
(803) 724-4258
O.S. Aray Engineer District, Jacksonville
P.O. Box 4970
Jacksonville, Florida 32201
(904) 791-2234
U.S. Aray Engineer District, Mobil*
P.O. Box 2288
Mobile, Alabama 36628
(205) 690-2011
O.S. Aray Engineer District, Savannah
P.O. Box 889
Savannah, Georgia 31402
(912) 944-5822
O.S. Army Engineer District, Wilmington
P.O. Box 1890
Wilmington, North Carolina 28401
(919) 343-4647
U.S. Any Engineer Division, Pacific Ocean
building 96
Fort Armstrong
Honolulu, Hawaii 96813
(808) 438-1331
U.S. Aray Engineer District, Los Angeles
P.O. Box 2711
Los Angeles, California 90053
(213) 688-5522
U.S. Aray Engineer District, Sacramento
650 Capitol Mall
Sacramento, California 95814
(916) 440-2292
O.S. Aray Engineer District, San Francisco
100 McAllister Street
San Francisco, California 94102
(415) 556-0985
O.S. Army Engineer District, Albuquerque
P.O. Box 1580
Albuquerque, New Mexico 87103
(505) 292-4669
O.S. Aray Engineer District, Galveston
P.O. Box 1229
Calveston, Texas 77550
(713) 763-1211
O.S. Aray Engineer District, Little Roclc
P.O. Box 867
Little Rock, Arkansas 72203
(501) 378-5551
U.S. Aray Engineer District, Forth Worth
P.O. lox 17300
Fort Worth, Texas 76102
(817) 334-2150
O.S. Aray Engineer District, Tulsa
P.O. Box 61
Tulsa, Oklahoaa 74101
(918) 581-7395
1-30
-------
r- NORTH PACIFIC
NORTH CENTRAL
Ml W YUMK
rTi I Si:uhCm\ \ ,,,nn»^v1 f
" ^ north
ATLANTIC
JORIOIK
NEW r\
ENGLAND)
)i * I
l OS
AMGCKS
SOUTH PACIFIC ;
v I
SOUTHWESTERN
— district BOUNDARIES
a DIVISION HEADQUARTERS
O DISTRICT HEADOUARTEflS
A DIVISION AND OISTRICT HEAOOUARTERS
IVIIKINCION
cm*«us»on
VANHArt
ACKSOHVIllC
SOUTH ATLANTIC
LOWER
MISSISSIPPI
VALLEY
fThe Alaska District Headquarters, Anchorage, Alaska, Is Included in tlie North Pacific Division.
The State of Hawaii and Islands in the Pacific are included in Honolulu District, Pacific Ocean Division, with Headquarters
at Honolulu, Hawaii.
cThe Territory of Puerto Rico and adjacent Islands is included in Jacksonville District, South Atlantic Division.
FIGURE 3
DIVISIONS AND DISTRICES SERVED BY THE U.S. ARMY
CORPS OF ENGINEERS DISTRICT OFFICES0' ,C
-------
TABLE 4
SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE STATE CONSERVATIONISTS
William B. Lingle
Wright Building
138 South Cay Street
P.O. Box 311
Auburn, Alabama 36830
534-4535 (FTS)
205-821-8070 (CML)
Weymeth E. Long
Suite 129, Professional Bldg.
2221 E. Northern Lights Blvd.
Anchorage, Alaska 99504
907-276-4246 (FTS & CML)
Thomas G. Rockenbaugh
230 N. 1st Avenue
3008 Federal Building
Phoenix, Arizona 85025
602-261-6711 (FTS Si CML)
Maurice J. Spears
Federal Building, Room 5029
700 West Capitol Street
P.O. Box 2323
Little Rock, Arkansas 72203
740-5445 (FTS)
501-378-5445 (CML)
Francis C. H. Lum
2828 Chiles Road
Davis, California 95616
916-758-2200 ext. 210 (FTS &
Robert Halstead
2490 West 26th Avenue
P.O. Box 17107
Denver, Colorado 80217
327-4275 (FTS)
303-837-4275 (CML)
Jack G. Davis
Mansfield Professional Park
Route 44a
Storrs, Connecticut 06268
244-2547/2548 (FTS)
203-429-9361/9362 (CML)
Otis D. Fincher
Treadway Towers, Suite 2^4
9 East Loockerman Street
Dover, Delaware 19001
487-5148 (FTS)
302-678-0750 (CML)
William E. Austin
Federal Building
P.O. Box 1208
Gainesville, Florida 32602
946-3871 ext. 100 (FTS)
904-377-8732 (CML)
Dwight M. Treadway
Federal Building
355 E. Hancock Avenue
P.O. Box 832
Athens, Georgia 30603
250-2275 (FTS)
404-546-2274 (CML)
Jack P. Kanalz
300 Ala Moana Blvd.
Room 4316
P.O. Box 5004
Honolulu, Hawaii 96850
808-546-3165 (FTS & CML)
Amos I. Garrison, Jr.
Room 345
304 North 8th Street
Boise, Idaho 83702
554-1601 (FTS)
208-384-1601 ext. 1601 (CML)
1-32
-------
TABLE 4 (Continued)
Warren J. Fitzgerald
Federal Building
200 W. Church Street
P.O. Box 678
Champaign, Illinois 61820
958-9147/9125 (ITS)
217-356-3785 (CML)
Buell M. Ferguson
Atkinson Square-West
Suite 2200
5610 Crawfordsville Road
Indianapolis, Indiana 46224
331-6515 (FTS)
317-269-3785 (CML)
William J. Brune
693 Federal Building
210 Walnut Street
Des Moines, Iowa 50309
515-862-4260 (FTS & CML)
John W. Tippie
760 South Broadway
P.O. Box 600
Salina, Kansas 67401
752-2911 (FTS)
913-825-9535 (CML)
Glen E. Murray
333 Waller Avenue
Lexington, Kentucky 40504
355-2749 (FTS)
606-233-2749 ext. 2749 (CML)
Alton Mangum
3737 Government Street
P.O. Box 1630
Alexandria, Louisiana 71301
497-6611 ext. 233 (FTS)
318-448-3421 (CML)
Eddie L. Wood, Jr.
USDA Building
University of Maine
Orono, Maine 04473
833-7393 (FTS)
207-866-2132/2133 (CML)
Gerald R. Calhoun
Room 522, Hartwick Building
4321 Hartwick Road
College Park, Maryland 20740
301-344-4180 (FTS & CML)
Benjamin Isgur
29 Cottage Street
Amherst, Massachusetts 01002
413-549-0650 (FTS & CML)
Arthur H. Cratty
Room 101
1405 South Harrison Road
East Lansing, Michigan 48823
374-4242 (FTS)
517-372-1910 ext. 242 (CML)
Harry M. Major
200 Federal Bldg. & D.S. Courthouse
316 North Robert Street
St. Paul, Minnesota 55101
612-725-7675 (FTS & CML)
Chester F. Bellard
Milner Building, Room 590
210 South Lamar Street
P.O. Box 610
Jackson, Mississippi 39205
490-4335 (FTS)
601-969-4330 (CML)
Kenneth G. McManus
555 Vandiver Drive
Columbia, Missouri 65201
276-3145 (FTS)
314-442-2271 ext. 3155 (CML)
1-33
-------
TABLE 4 (Continued)
Van K. Haderlie
Federal Building
P.O. Box 970
Bozeman, Montana 59715
585-4322 (FTS)
406-587-5271 ext. 4322 (CML)
Benny Martin
Federal Building
U.S. Courthouse, Room 345
Lincoln, Nebraska 68508
541-5300 (FTS)
402-471-5301 (CML)
Gerald C. Thola
Room 308
O.S. Post Office Building
P.O. Box 4850
Reno, Nevada 89505
470-5304 (FTS)
702-784-5304 (CML)
Donald G. Burbank
Federal Building
Durham, New Hampshire 03824
834-0505 (FTS)
603-868-7581 (CML)
Plater T. Campbell
1370 Hamilton Street
P.O. Box 219
Somerset, New Jersey 08873
342-5225 (FTS)
201-246-1205 ext. 20 (CML)
Albert W. Hamelstrom
517 Gold Avenue, SW
P.O. Box 2007
Albuquerque, New Mexico 87103
474-2173 (FTS)
505-766-2173 (CML)
Robert L. Hilliard
U.S. Courthouse & Federal Bldg.
100 S. Clinton Street, Room 771
Syracuse, New York 13260
950-5494 (FTS)
315-423-5493 (CML)
Jesse L. Hicks
310 New Bern Avenue, Federal
Building, Room 544
P.O. Box 27307
Raleigh, North Carolina 27611
672-4210 (FTS)
919-755-4165 (CML)
Allen L. Fisk
Rosser Avenue S Third Street
Federal Building
P.O. Box 1458
Bismarck, North Dakota 58501
783-4421 (FTS)
701-255-4011 ext. 421 (CML)
Robert E. Quilliam
Room 522
200 North High Street
Columbus, Ohio 43215
943-6962 (FTS)
614-469-6785 (CML)
Roland E. Willis
Agriculture Building
Farm Road & Brumley Street
Stillwater, Oklahoma 74074
728-4360 (FTS)
'405-624-4360 (CML)
Guy V. Nutt
Federal Office Building
1220 S.W. 3rd Avenue
Portland, Oregon 97209
423-2751 (FTS)
503-221-2751 (CML)
1-34
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TABLE 4 (Continued)
Graham T. Munkittrick
Federal Bldg. & Courthouase
Box 985 Federal Square Station
Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 17108
590-2202 (FTS)
717-782-4403 (CML)
I. R. Emmanuelli
Caribbean Area
Federal Office Bldg., Room 633
Sixth Floor
Hato Rey, Puerto Rico 00918
Mailing Address:
GP0 Box 4868
San Juan, Puerto Rico 00936
809-753-4206
Donald M. McArthur
46 Quaker Lane
West Warwick, Rhode Island 02893
401-828-1300 (FTS)
George E. Huey
240 Stoneridge Drive
Columbia, South Carolina 29210
677-5681 (FTS)
803-765-5681 (CML)
Robert D. Swenson
Federal Building
200 4th Street, S.W.
P.O. Box 1357
Huron, South Dakota 57350
782-2333 (FTS)
605-352-8651 (CML)
Donald C. Bivens
675 U.S. Courthouse
Nashville, Tennessee 37203
852-5471 (FTS)
615-749-5471 (CML)
George C. Marks
W.R. Poage Federal Building
101 S. Main Street
P.O. Box 648
Temple, Texas 76501
736-1214 (FTS)
817-773-1711 ext. 331 (CML)
George McMillan
4012 Federal Building
125 South State Street
Salt Lake City, Utah 84138
588-5050 (FTS)
801-524-5051 (CML)
Robert Shaw
1 Burlington Square, Suite 205
Burlington, Vermont 05401
832-6794 (FTS)
802-862-6501 ext. 6261 (CML)
David N. Grimwood
Federal Bldg., Room 9201
400 N. 8th Street
P.O. Box 10026
Richmond, Virginia 23240
925-2457 (FTS)
804-782-2457 (CML)
Lynn A. Brown
360 U.S. Courthouse
W. 920 Riverside Avenue
Spokane, Washington 99201
439-3711 (FTS)
509-456-3711 (CML)
Craig M. Right
75 High Street
P.O. Box 865
Morgantown, West Virginia 26505
923-7151 (FTS)
304-599-7151 (CML)
1-35
-------
TABLE 4 (Concluded)
Jerome C. Hytry
4601 Hammersley Road
Madison, Wisconsin 53711
364-5351 (FTS)
608-252-5351 (CML)
Frank S. Dickson, Jr.
Federal Office Building
P.O. Box 2440
Casper, Wyoming 82601
328-5201 (FTS)
307-265-5550 ext. 3217 (CML)
Source: U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1980. Soil Conservation
Service, P.O. Box 2890, Washington, D.C. 20013. October.
1-36
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TABLE 5
U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
DISTRICT OFFICES
STATE
DISTRICT OFFICE
Alabama
District Office U.S.G.S.
Room 202
Oil and Gas Board Building
P.O. Box V
University, Alabama 34586
(205) 752-8104
Alaska
District Office U.S.G.S.
Skyline Building
213 E. Street
Anchorage, Alaska 99501
(907) 277-5526
Arizona
Arizona District Office U.S.G.S.
Federal Building
301 West Congress
Tucson, Arizona 85701
(602) 792-6671
Arkansas
Arkansas District Office U.S.G.S.
2301 Federal Building
700 W. Capital Avenue
Little Rock, Arkansas 72201
(501) 378-5246
California
California District Office U.S.G.S,
55 Oak Grove Avenue
Menlo ?ark, California 94025
(415) 323-8111
Colorado
Colorado District Office U.S.G.S.
Denver Federal Center, M.S. 415
P.O. Box 25046
Lakewood, Colorado 80225
(303) 234-5092
1-37
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TABLE 5 (Continued)
STATE
DISTRICT OFFICE
Connecticut
Connecticut District Office D.S.G.S.
135 High Street
Room 235
Hartford, Connecticut 06101
(203) 244-2528
Delaware
Subdistrict Office U.S.G.S.
200 New Street
Federal Building, Room 1201
Dover, Delaware 19901
(302) 734-2506
District of
Columbia
Public Inquiries Office
Room 1028
GSA Building
19th and F Streets, Northwest
Washington, D.C. 20244
(202) 343-8073
Florida
Florida District Office D.S.G.S,
Suite F-240
325 John Knox Road
Tallahasee, Florida 32303
(904) 386-1118
Georgia
Georgia District Office U.S.G.S.
6481 Peachtree Industrial Boulevard
Suite B
Doraville, Georgia 30360
(404) 221-4858
Guam
Subdistrict Office U.S.G.S.
P.O. Box Y
Building 104
Navy Public Works Center
Agana, Guam 96910
339-9123
District or Subdistrict Offices listed.
1-38
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TABLE 5 (Continued)
STATE
DISTRICT OFFICE
Hawaii
Hawaii District Office U.S.G.S.
5th Floor
1833 Kalakaya Avenue
Honolulu, Hawaii 96815
(808) 955-0251
Idaho
Idaho District Office U.S.G.S.
P.O. Box 036
Room 365 Federal Building
560 West Fort Street
Boise, Idaho 83724
(208) 384-1750
Illinois
Illinois District Office U.S.G.S.
P.O. Box 1026
605 North Neil Street
Champaigne, Illinois 61820
(217) 359-3918
Indiana
Indiana District Office U.S.G.S.
1819 North Meridian Street
Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
(317) 269-7101
Iowa
Iowa District Office U.S.G.S.
Room 269 Federal Building
400 South Capitol Street
P.O. Box 1230
Iowa City, Iowa 52240
(319) 338-0581
Kansas
Kansas District Office U.S.G.S.
1950 Avenue "A" - Campus West
University of Kansas
Lawrence, Kansas 66045
(913) 864-4321
Kentucky
Kentucky District Office U.S.G.S.
Room 572, Federal Building
600 Federal Place
Louisville, Kentucky 40202
(502) 582-5241
1-39
-------
TABLE 5 (Continued)
STATE DISTRICT OFFICE
Louisiana Louisiana District Office U.S.G.S,
P.O. Box 66492
6554 Florida Boulevard , Room 215
Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70896
(504) 387-0181
Maine Subdistrict Office U.S.G.S.
26 Ganneston Drive
Augusta, Maine 04330
(207) 623-4797
Maryland Maryland-Delaware DC District Office U.S.G.S.
208 Carroll Building
8000 LaSalle Road
Parkville, Maryland 21204
(301) 828-1535
Massachusetts New England District Office U.S.G.S.
Suite 1001, 10th Floor
156 Causeway Street
Boston, Massachusetts 02114
(617) 223-2822
Michigan Michigan District Office U.S.G.S.
2400 Science Parkway
Red Cedar Research Park
Okepos, Michigan 48864
(517) 372-1910
Minnesota Minnesota District Office U.S.G.S.
1033 New Post Office Building
St. Paul, Minnesota 55101
(612) 735-7841
Mississippi Mississippi District Office U.S.G.S.
430 Bounds Street
Jackson, Mississippi 39206
(601) 969-4600
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TABLE 5 (Continued)
STATE DISTRICT OFFICE
Missouri
Missouri District Office U.S.G.S.
1400 Independence Road
Mail Stop 260
Rolla, Missouri 05401
(314) 364-3680, ext. 185
Montana
District Office U.S.G.S.
Room 421, Federal Building
316 N. Park Avenue
P.O. Box 3698
Helena, Montana 59601
(406) 449-5263
Nebraska
Nebraska District Office U.S.G.S.
Room '»77
Federal Building and U.S. Courthouse
100 Centenial Mall North
Lincoln, Nebraska 68508
(402) 471-5082
Nevada Nevada District Office U.S.G.S.
227 Federal Building
705 North Plaza Street
Carson City, Nevada 89701
(702) 882-1388
New Hampshire Subdistrict Office U.S.G.S.
Room 210
Federal Building
55 Pleasant Street
Concord, New Hampshire 03301
(603) 224-7273
New Jersey New Jersey District Office U.S.G.S.
P.O. Box 1238
Room 420 Federal Building
402 East State Street
Trenton, New Jersey 08607
(609) 989-2162
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TABLE 5 (Continued)
STATE
DISTRICT OFFICE
New Mexico
New York
New Mexico District Office U.S.G.S.
Western Bank Building, Room 815
505 Marquette N.W.
Alburquerque, New Mexico 87125
(505) 766-2246
New York District Office U.S.G.S.
Room 341
P.O. and Courthouse
Albany, New York 12231
(518) 472-3107
North Carolina North Carolina District Office U.S.G.S.
P.O. Box 2857
Room 440 Century Station
P.O. Building
Raleigh, North Carolina 27602
(919) 755-4510
North Dakota North Dakota District Office U.S.G.S.
P.O. Box 773
Room 232
New Federal Building
Bismarck, North Dakota 58501
(701) 255-4011
Ohio Ohio District Office U.S.G.S.
271 West Third Avenue
Columbus, Ohio 41212
(614) 469-5553
Oklahoma Oklahoma District Office U.S.G.S.
Room 621
201 Northwest 3rd Street
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73102
(405) 231-4256
Oregon Oregon District Office U.S.G.S.
86 Northeast Holladay Street
P.O. Box 3202
Portland, Oregon 97208
(503) 234-3361
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TA3LE 5 (Continued)
STATE
DISTRICT OFFICE
Pennsylvania
District Office U.S.G.S.
4th Floor Federal Building
P.O. Box 1107
Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 17108
(717) 782-3468
Puerto Rico
Rhode Island
Caribbean District Office U.S.G.S.
Building 652 Fort Buchanan
P.O. Box 34168
San Juan, Puerto Rico 00934
(809) 783-4660
Subdistrict Offict U.S.G.S.
Federal Guilding and U.S. Post Office, Room 224
Providence, Rhode Island 02903
(401 528-4383
South Carolina
South Carolina District Office U.S.G.S.
Suite 200
2001 Assembly Street
Columbia, South Carolina 29201
(803) 765-5966
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
South Dakota District Office U.S.G.S.
Room 231 Federal Building
P.O. Box 1412
Huron, South Dakota 57350
(605) 352-8651
Tennessee District Office U.S.G.S.
A-413 Federal Building
Nashville, Tennessee 37203
(615) 7 49-5424
Texas District Office U.S.G.S.
649 Federal Building
300 East 8th Street
Austin, Texas 78701
(512) 397-5766
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TABLE 5 (Continued)
STATE DISTRICT OFFICE
Utah Utah District Office U.S.G.S.
8002 Federal Building
125 South State Street
Salt Lake City, Utah 84138
(801) 524-5663
Vermont Field Headquarters U.S.G.S.a
P.O. Box 628
8 East State Street
Hontpelier, Vermont 05602
(802) 223-8614
Virginia Virginia District Office U.S.G.S.
Room 304
200 West Grace Street
Richmond, Virginia 23220
(804) 782-2427
Virgin Islands Office of the U.S. Government
Comptroller for the Virgin Islands
P.O. Box 7730
Charlotte Amalie
St. Thomas, Virgin Islands 00801
(809) 774-1371
Washington Washington District Office U.S.G.S.
1201 Pacific Avenue
Suite 600
Tacoma, Washington 98402
(206) 573-6510
West Virginia West Virginia District Office U.S.G.S.
Federal Building and Court House, Room 3017
500 Quarrier Street, East
Charleston, West Virginia 25301
(304) 343-6181
Wisconsin Wisconsin District Office U.S.G.S.
1815 University Avenue, Room 200
Madison, Wisconsin 53706
(608) 262-2488
^o District of Subdistrict Offices listed.
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TABLE 5 (Concluded)
STATE DISTRICT OFFICE
Wyoming Wyoming District Office U.S.G.S.
4020 House Avenue
P.O. Box 2087
Cheyenne, Wyoming 82001
(307) 778-2220
Source: U.S. Department of the Interior, 1979. Information Sources
and Services Directory. Office of Library and Information
Services. Washington, D.C.
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3.0 TYPES OF FLOODS, ASPECTS OF FLOODS WHICH DETERMINE THE DEGREE
OF FLOOD DAMAGE, AND POTENTIAL FLOOD DAMAGES TO HAZARDOUS WASTE
MANAGEMENT FACILITIES
Wastes that are washed out of a facility during a flood
contaminate surface waters and may adversely affect aquatic and
vegetative life. Increased amounts of leachate from land disposal
and land treatment facilities produced during a flood are likely to
increase the risk of soil and groundwater contamination. Both of
these exposure pathways may result in adverse effects on human
health.
This chapter discusses different types of floods that can occur
in a 100-year floodplain, hazards specific to alluvial fan flooding
and coastal flooding, aspects of flooding which determine the degree
of damage a flood is capable of rendering (e.g., duration, velocity),
and potential flood damages to management units at a hazardous waste
facility.
3.1- Types of Floods
Floods are commonly classified according to their source (e.g.,
riverine and lacustrine) or by some distinguishing charcteristic
(e.g., sheet runoff and ponding). The most common types of floods
are described below.
3.1.1 Riverine Floods
Riverine floods inundate the floodplain surrounding a channeled
flow of water (e.g., a river) due to increases in the surface
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elevation or velocity of flow. The velocities of riverine floods can
reach up to thirty feet per second.
3.1.2 Shallow Floods
Sheet runoff and ponding are two types of shallow floods.
Sheet runoff is the broad, relatively unconfined downslope movement
of water across gently sloping terrain that results from many
sources, including intense rainfall and/or snowmelt and the overflow
from a channel which crosses a drainage divide. Sheet runoff is
typical in aras of low topographic relief (FIA, 1977). Ponding is a
result of runoff or other flows collecting in a depression. Ponding
may occur in depressions behind accumulations of soil and rock.
3.1.3 Lacustrine Floods
Lacustrine flooding is the increase in surface elevation of a
lake. Long-term fluctuations are caused by an increase or decrease
of precipitation over the lake basin. Short-term water fluctuations
can be caused by wind blowing over the lake. The wind can drive
surface water in large volumes to the shore, thereby raising the
level at one side of the lake and lowering it on the opposite side.
This effect is more pronounced in bays where the rising water is
concentrated in a restricted space within the shores (FIA, 1977).
3.1.4 Alluvial Fan Flooding
Alluvial fans are found in hilly or mountainous regions. The
flood is channelized near the apex of the fan but the water course
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becomes increasingly unpredictable as the flow nears the toe of the
fan.
3.1.5 Coastal Floods
Coastal flooding is the inundation of a coastal area that is
accompanied by wave action. The most significant causes of water
level fluctuations in coastal 100-year floodplains are storm surges
and tsunamis. Storm surges are increases in wave frequency and
height with resultant super-elevation of water on shore. These
abnormal rises in water level in near-shore regions will not only
flood low lying terrain, but provide a base on which high waves can
build to attack the upper part of a beach and penetrate farther
inland. This kind of flooding can cause severe damage. Tsunamis are
long-period gravity waves generated by such disturbances as
earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions, and explosions near the
sea surface. Stretches of the United States' coast line historically
susceptible to tsunamis are Puget Sound, Washington; Monterey and San
Francisco, California; and Hawaii.
3.2 Hazards Specific to Alluvial Fan Flooding and Coastal Flooding*
3.2.1 Alluvial Fan Flooding;
Alluvial flooding is similar to riverine flooding with the
exception that a chance always exists that a hazardous waste
management unit will not be subject to flooding at all due to the
fact that the location of the flood channel is unpredictable. For
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example, if levees are placed to protect a structure from a predicted
channelized flow, a chance exists that the flow will not run parallel
to the levee, but rather perpendicular to it. In such cases a four
to six foot per second velocity might be sufficient to disintegrate
an earthen levee. (See Chapter 4 for a discussion of svpes). In
addition, the location of obstructions that might influence the path
of the flood channel should also be considered when siting a facility
in an alluvial fan.
3.2.2 Coastal Flooding
Coastal areas may be subject to high velocity waters,
accompanied by waves greater than three feet. Structures between
1000 to 2000 feet inland from shore have been known to be vulnerable
to wave action, particularly if they were not elevated above the wave
hazard elevation (height of the incoming waves). Structures located
500 feet inland have been severely impacted by wave action associated
with the 100-year frequency storm (Department of the Army, 1975).
Within the 500-foot limit, conventional structures have been
completely destroyed and concrete and steel structures have been
gutted, with only the frame remaining intact. Also, cinder block
structures have proven to be more vulnerable to wave attack than wood
structures due to their rigid nature (Department of the Army, 1975).
Therefore, the distance that a facility is sited inland is critical
for purposes of determining the degree of flood damage that the
facility may be subject to.
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3.3 Aspects of Floods Which Determine the Degree of Flood Damage
The Department of the Army (1972) has identified aspects of
floods that are critical in determining the degree of damage that
floods may render. These are listed below with the most critical
aspects listed first.
3.3.1 Depth
Depth of flood waters around a structure is by far the most
critical element to be considered in planning and designing flood
control measures. The depth of flood waters determines to a great
extent the strength and stability requirements for the structure as a
whole and for individual structural elements below the design flood
level.
3.3.2 Velocity
Velocity of flood water during overbank flow conditions affects
scouring, sediment transportation, debris load, and dynamic loading
on structures and obstructions. Flood velocities vary from point to
point in a floodplain and over the area of inundation. From a
practical standpoint, velocities up to five feet per second are not
uncommon or unusual and their effects on structures may be dealt with
by application of normal design methods and procedures. Velocities
up to ten feet per second could occur, particularly in close
proximity to the channel, but are believed to be unusual and to
require special methods and techniques. A velocity of ten feet per
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second Is considered to be the upper limit for which flood control
measures are economically effective, except for special structures
and facilities built at the edge of a channel, where permitted.
3.3.3 Duration
The duration of a flood, as measured from the time the body of
water overflows its banks, reaches its crest elevation, and then
recedes to within its banks, is important from the standpoint of
saturation of soils and building materials, seepage, achievement of
full pressure in soils and under foundations, and other
time-dependent effects. In addition, the duration of the flood
affects the provisions of standby utilities and services.
3.3.A Rate of Rise and Fall
The rate of rise and fall of a flood to and from its crest
affects the sizing of flooding and draining provisions, where such
are required. It also affects in certain cases the implementation of
contlgent or emergency flood control measures and must be recognized
in investigations of slope stability for a condition of quick
drawdown.
3.3.5 Advance Warning
The length of advance warning available from flood forecasting
is all-important, particularly in relation to- contingent flood
control methods which require definite amounts of lead time for
protective measures to be placed into effect and for facilities which
plan to remove waste before flood waters reach the facility.
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3.3.6 Debris Load
The amount and type of floating debris carried by the flood
waters can result in substantial loads against buildings and
structures and can cause blockages of channels and passageways.
Debris load includes logs, tree branches and trees, lumber, displaced
sections of frame structures, drains, tanks, and runaway boats and
barges. Broken-up ice blocks and large masses of broken-up ice
sheets predominate in the floating solids borne by flood waters in
certain areas, of the country during early spring floods. Ice
blockage of channels or ice jams that frequently occur in certain
areas contribute significantly to the flood hazard and related
problems.
3.3.7 Wave Action
A degree of wave action is inherent to all large expanses of
water under the action of the wind. For typical riverine floods,
wave action is nominal and allowances can be made for it by providing
a suitable freeboard. Wave action is most significant for coastal
floods which are caused by persistent storms, for example,
nor'easters, tsunami waves, or hurricanes. These cases require
special design considerations and procedures.
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3.4 Potential Flood Damage to Management Units of a Hazardous
Waste Facility
3.4.1 Landfills
Potential damages to an operating landfill range from solution
of the waste to total washout. The effects on containerized waste in
landfills is also described below.
• Waste solution and suspension will be present during
flooding of a landfill containing bulk wastes, but these will
not present a problem in landfills containing drummed wastes,
unless the containers are leaking.
• All flooding, except for ponding, carries with it the
potential for erosion of loose landfill cover material, and-,
Erosion is particularly significant at landfills which are
constructed so that the waste is above the mean ground level.
• All -Hsvel flooding, with the exception of sheet runoff, can
cause increased leachate production by adding water to the
volume of wastes in the landfill and causing varying degrees
of landfill saturation. The greater the depth of water over
the landfill, the greater the pressure will be on the
contained material
• The steady rise of water associated with the flooding of
lakes and similar slow accumulations of water can cause
structural damage to waste containers in a,landfill due to
the pressures exerted by hydrostatic loads . This is more
likely to occur when the containers are structurally weak.
• The high flow velocities in conjunction with the large
volumes of water associated with riverine, alluvial, and
coastal flooding can completely washout a landfill, including
the removal of drummed wastes from the area.
Hydrostatic loads are caused by water either above or below the
ground surface, free or confined, which Is either stagnant or
moves at very low velocities (i.e., up to five feet per second)
(Department of the Army, 1972). For a more in-depth discussion of
water loads, see Section 4.2.5.
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3.4.2 Land Treatment Areas
Land treatment areas are subject to the following:
• Waste solution or suspension and leachate production from
all types of floods
• Erosion from all types of floods except ponding
• High volocity/high volume floods such as riverine, alluvial,
and coastal, which may completely remove soil layers with
incorporated waste
3.4.3 Surface Impoundments
Surface impoundments are potentially subject to waste solution
or suspension that would persist in the impoundment long after the
flood waters had receded. Impoundments are also subject to overflow
from all types of floods, and high velocity/high volume floods may
even remove sludges which have accumulated on the bottom.
3.4.4 Waste Piles
All types of flooding can result in solution or suspension of
waste in a pile. Depending upon the velocity of flood waters, the
pile may erode or it may be completely washed out. The high flow
velocities associted with riverine, alluvial, and coastal flooding
can result in complete washout of the pile. The waste pile may
remain saturated or partially saturated after the flood waters have
subsided, thereby causing increased leachate production in the pile.
Saturation of the pile can also weaken its lower "strata" and result
in collapse of the pile and subsequent washout.
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3.4.5 Tanks
During flood conditions, tanks are subject to overflow,
structural damage, and flotation. Tank overflow is dependent upon
the height of the above-ground portion of the tank, the level of the
waste in the tank, if the tank is covered or uncovered, and the
elevation of the flood waters. Structural damage can be caused by
hydrostatic pressure and impact loads^ in excess of the design
strength. Hydrostatic loads on underground and above-ground tanks
are of potential concern during all types of floods except sheet
runoff, which is too shallow to exert significant hydrostatic
pressure. Structural damage to above-ground or partially
above-ground tanks may be caused by Impact loads of floating debris
during all types of floods, but particularly by floods that are
characterized by high velocity waters.
Structural damage to the tank can also occur as a result of
saturation and erosion of soil that serves either as the base of the
tank or as the foundation for a base made of another material (e.g.,
concrete or asphalt). In both cases, the support capability of the
soil is decreased by removal or settling and tank damage can result.
Flotation of tanks is a concern during high velocity/high volume
floods and during lacustrine floods due to volume of water alone.
^Impact loads result from floating debris, ice, and any floatable
object or mass carried by flood waters striking against structures
or parts thereof (Department of the Army, 1972).
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Such removal of tanks is likely to result in structural damage and
release of hazardous waste.
3.4.6 Incinerators
Incinerators that are flooded may be subject to waste solution
or suspension or complete washout in the storage and operating
components of the unit. Incinerators are subject to the same
mechanisms of structural damage and flotation that were identified
above for tanks.
3.4.7 Containers
The effects of flooding on containers disposed of in a landfill
was discussed in Section 3.3.1. Containers also present hazards
because they float. Containers may be carried in flood waters and
may break open at some distance from the facility, releasing waste to
the environment; or, they may be transported some distance from the
facility where an unknowing person may open the drum, with lethal
consequences.
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4.0 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF FACILITIES TO PREVENT WASHOUT
If owners or operators do not opt to establish procedures which
result in hazardous waste at the facility being moved before flood
waters reach the facility, the regulation requires that the facility
be designed, constructed, operated, and maintained to prevent washout
of any hazardous waste by a 100-year flood. This chapter discusses
differences between new and existing facilities in this regard and
flood proofing and flood protection measures that can be applied to
hazardous waste facilities.
4.1 New vs. Existing Facilities
A number of different factors will be considered in determining
how a new facility will comply with the floodplain location standard
vs. how an existing facility will comply. A new facility has more
leeway with regard to placement of management units on the available
property. In the early stages of facility design, consideration
should be given to the orientation of the facility or management
units thereof, with respect to the probability of the facility being
flooded from all sides, as opposed to only the side exposed to the
flood source, and with respect to proximity to other structures.
Sites located closer to the flood sources will have a greater chance
of being inundated from all sides than would a site that is farther
away from the flood source, i.e., juxtaposed to the 500-year
floodplain. Flood water elevations and velocities associated with
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the 100-year flood must also be identified at the facility location
in order to design flood control measures that are adequate for the
potential flooding hazards at the facility. If a new facility is
sited near other existing structures, the addition of the facility
may increase flood water elevations and flow velocities upstream or
downstream, or it may expose the facility to an existing channel
effect created by the other structures or exacerbate the channel
effect on structures downstream from the facility. These analyses
can be made using existing topographic and flood data maps or from
aerial photographs. If none of these is available, a general
examination of the site and its surrounding area will have to be made
to gather the appropriate data from which to make the analyses.
In order to comply with the floodplain location standard,
existing hazardous waste management facilities located in a 100-year
floodplain may have to modify management units at the facility, build
diversion structures, or pursue other alternatives such as facility
relocation or, in the case of on-site facilities, off-site waste
management. The cost of retrofitting a facility with respect to unit
modification and diversion structure construction will probably be
greater than the cost of including these parameters in the initial
facility design. In addition, the cost of retrofitting will be very
site specific and will vary in economies of scale. In any case, cost
analysis data are not available for retrofitting off-site or on-site
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facilities and this topic is not addressed in this document, but only
mentioned as a potential problem that existing facilities may
encounter in complying with the floodplain standard.
The units in a facility may be modified in accordance with flood
proofing options presented in Section 4.2. Fencing can be added,
post-closure slope of a landfill increased, piles or incinerators
removed and placed at higher elevations, drainage capacity added, and
tanks anchored. However, it may be too difficult, impossible, or too
costly to regrade land treatment areas, to change the slope of
operating landfills, or to replace existing tanks and containers. In
most cases, diversion structures will have to be constructed instead
of, or in addition to, unit modification.
Diversion structures may be added to a facility in accordance
with the discussion presented in Section 4.3. The availability of
space and borrow material of acceptable quality will be one of the
factors that will determine the feasibility of constructing diversion
structures. If the geologic foundation is too permeable, or the
water table is too high, levee construction may not be feasible. If
space is limited, the slope of a levee may be too steep for the
compaction characteristics of the available borrow. Space must also
be available and the geologic foundation adequate for seepage control
materials to be installed. If the site borrow is inappropriate for
use in construction, or if no area for borrow exits, consideration
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must be given to acquiring acceptable borrow and to the associated
costs.
Facility relocation is probably the most costly alternative
among the four presented above (i.e., unit modification, diversion
structures, off-site management, relocation). This costly and
time-consuming process may be exacerbated if wastes have to be
removed from the site and if additional land has to be purchased.
For on-site facilities that handle smaller quantities of waste,
off-site treatment and disposal will probably be more cost-effective
than retrofitting.
4.2 Flood Proofing
The objective of flood proofing is to allow flood waters to come
into contact with structures but to prevent damage to them. It is
possible to flood proof structural components of facilities such as
tanks, containers, incinerators, and structures utilized in chemical,
physical, and biological treatment. Of course, flood protection, or
a barrier between the facility or a portion thereof and flood waters,
is also an option which can be used at these management units to
prevent washout.
The methods of flood proofing used, and specific design of flood
proofing at facilities, is tailored to the management units at the
facility and the type and degree of flood hazards which the facility
is subject to. However, general guidance can be given on flood
proofing methods which may be used at hazardous waste facilities.
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4.2.1 Freeboard
Freeboard is the allowance in a surface impoundment or a tank
for an additional volume of water to be contained with the waste
volume. Below-grade or partially above-grade surface impoundments
and tanks can be designed with a .<¦ board capacity sufficient to
contain flood waters of low elevation (e.g., sheet run-off). The
volume of freeboard necessary to prevent overflow will vary with the
size of the containment device, the maximum amount of precipitation
or run-off accompanying the 100-year storm or flood, and.whether
diversion systems are available to shunt the excess waste/water
mixture to containment devices or treatment systems. Drainage pipes
or channels and diversion systems are particularly important in areas
subject to heavy precipitation ant* wind-induced wave action.
4.2.2 Grading of Landfills and Land Treatment Areas
As precipitation on landfill and land treatment areas can
contribute to leachate production, the surface of these areas should
be sloped enough to cause most of the rainfall to run off. The
surface grade should be greater than two percent to promote run-off,
but less than five percent to reduce flow velocities and minimize
soil erosion (Sittig, 1979). In most cases, flood diversion
structures will also be needed to prevent washout of waste.
Procedures for evaluating surface slope inclination are provided in
the EPA publication "Evaluating Cover Systems for Solid and Hazardous
Waste", September 1980 (SW-867).
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4.2.3 Drainage Capacity
A drainage system should be available to drain run-off from land
treatment areas and landfills that have been graded to facilitate
run-off and from other areas of the facility where contaminated
run-off may be produced (e.g., loading/unloading areas). This
drainage system may also serve as a run-on diversion system for
run-off from areas surrounding the landfill or land treatment areas.
In the case of landfills, portable drainage structures may be more
economical than permanent structures because the location of fill
areas is constantly changing (U.S. EPA, 1978). Landfills should also
be equipped with leachate collection systems that can accommodate
increased leachate due to flooding.
Procedures for evaluating drainage systems, in particular,
drainage ditches and culvert design, are provided in the U.S. EPA
publication cited above, "Evaluating Cover Systems for Solid and
Hazardous Waste".
4.2.4 Fencing
Fencing that does not obstruct flood waters may be of use in
situations where it is likely that flood waters will carry debris,
which could damage tanks, containers, incinerators, and treatment
units, or enhance erosion of levees or waste piles. The entire
facility may be fenced or just those portions where damage may occur
from floating debris. Use of fencing will be limited to situations
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where flood water velocity is relatively low and debris is not likely
to exert an impact load greater than the fence can withstand.
Fencing of storage areas for containers will also prevent
flotation of containers provided that a "roof" (which may be
constructed of fencing) is provided which is extensive enough to
prevent the containers from floating up and out of the fenced area.
4.2.5 Structural Integrity
Containers, tanks, incinerators, and treatment units should be
designed to withstand hydrostatic and hydrodynamic loads or pressures
associated with the 100-year flood at the facility's location. A
brief discussion of hydrostatic and hydrodynamic loads follows*.
Flood waters surrounding a structure induce hydrostatic and
hydrodynamic loads on the structure iteself. Hydrostatic loads
(pressures) are induced by water which is either stagnant or moving
at low velocity. Hydrodynamic loads result from the flow of water
against and around a structure at moderate or high velocities.
Impact loads are imposed on the structure by water-borne objects, and
their effects become greater as the velocity of flow and the weight
of objects increase.
Hydrostatic loads or pressures, at any point of flood water
contact with the structure, are equal in all directions and always
^This discussion is exerpted from Flood-Proofing Regulations.
Department of the Army, June 1972.
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act perpendicular to the surface on which they are applied.
Pressures increase linearly with depth or "head" of water above the
point under consideration. The summation of pressures over the
surface under consideration represents the load acting on that
surface. For structural analysis purposes, hydrostatic loads are
defined to act vertically downward on structural elements such as
roofs, decks and similar overhead members having a depth of water
above them; vertically upward or in uplift when they act at the
underside of generally horizontal members such as slabs and footings
and the net effect is upward; laterally when they apt in a horizontal
direction on walls, piers, and similar vertical structural elements.
For purposes of their Flood-Proofing Regulations, the Corps of
Engineers has assumed that hydrostatic conditions prevail for still
water and water moving with a velocity of less than five feet per
second. It is estimated that hydrodynamic effects up to the stated
velocity can be conservatively recognized in the freeboard allowance.
As the flood waters flow around a structure at moderate to high
velocities, they impose additional hydrodynamic loads on the
structure. These loads consist of frontal impact by the mass of
moving water against the projected width of the obstruction
represented by the structure, draft effect along the sides of the
structure, and eddies or negative pressures on the downstream side.
For velocities ranging up to ten feet per second, it is considered
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most practical to make allowances for the hydrodynamic effects by
converting them into an equivalent hydrostatic condition. For
special structures or conditions and for velocities greater than ten
feet per second, a more detailed analysis and evaluation should be
made utilizing basic concepts of fluid mechanics and/or hydraulic
models.
Either the designer/manufacturer of the tank, container,
incinerator, or treatment unit or an engineer experienced in design
for flood hazards should be consulted about the structure's ability
to maintain integrity in the event of a 100-year flood at the
facility. A hydrologist may have to be consulted at the same time if
characteristics of the flood flow need to be elaborated upon in order
to design or retrofit structures at a facility.
Sources for design and construction specifications for 55-gallon
drums and tanks are Chemical Engineers Handbook (Perry and Chilton,
1973) and Mechanical Engineers Handbook (Baumeister et al., 1978).
These do not give the hydrodynamic or hydrostatic pressures that
various kinds of drums and tanks are capable of withstanding;
however, these values can be calculated by an engineer from the
information given.
A major concern in flood proofing of tanks is hydrostatic loads
acting to uplift the tank and/or its base, thus causing flotation.
As there is a possibility that tanks will be empty or partially
1-67
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filled when a flood stage Is reached, an effort should be made to
design the tank to be stable when empty. Listed below are methods
that are commonly used to increase the stability of tanks (Wood,
1981):
• Drawdown piling may be attached to the perimeter of the
tank's base (provided that the base is attached to the tank)
or the perimeter of the tank bottom.
• The base of the tank may be extended (usually only
practicable for smaller tanks due to cost).
• Dead weight of tank may be increased (usually only
practicable for tanks with low cost construction materials
such as concrete).
• Rock or soil may be piled, compacted, and graded around
bottom of tank
4.3 Flood Protection
Flood protection strategies prevent flood waters from reaching
the facility or portions thereof. Flood protection can take the form
of diversion structures, such as levees and floodwalls, or elevation
of portions of the facility above the 100-year flood elevation (plus
a few feet for safety).
Although flood protection measures will be needed to prevent
washout at most facilities that are located in a 100-year floodplain,
flood protection measures are probably the only way to prevent
washout of surface impoundments, landfills, waste piles, and waste
applied to the land (land treatment).
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4.3.1 Diversion Structures
Diversion structures can be levees (or dikes), floodwalls, or
ditches. Levees are the most commonly used diversion structures for
protection against flooding. If a site is diked so that it will no
longer be inundated by the 100-year flood, it is in fact no longer
within the 100-year floodplain and is in compliance with the location
standards.
4.3.1.1 Levees. For purposes of this document, a levee is
defined as an embankment whose primary purpose is to furnish flood
protection from seasonal highwater. Generally, levees are saturated
for only short periods beyond the limits of capillary action; their
alignment and height are dictated by flood protection requirements
and space available for the foundation. This section addresses urban
levees, i.e., levees that provide protection from flooding in
communities, including all community associated industrial (such as a
hazardous waste management facility), commercial, and residential
activities. Agricultural levees are those used to protect farmland;
they generally have a broader base and require more areas than do
urban levees (Department of the Army, 1978).
Before a levee is designed for an area, a basic field
investigation should be made to determine the suitability and
feasibility of levee construction. The investigation should include
a general geological reconnaissance, limited subsurface exploration,
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and soil tests. Based on this information, best engineering
judgement should be used to determine if a levee can be feasibly
constructed (Department of the Army, 1978). If it is determined that
a levee will be used, a more extensive field investigation should be
made that includes extensive geological reconnaissance, borings, test
pits, geographical studies, vane shear tests, groundwater
observations, and field pumping tests. This kind of extensive
investigation is of particular importance if any one of the following
conditions exists at the site:
• There is little or no previous experience with levee
performance in the area or with similar soil or other
foundation conditions.
• Levee heights will be great.
• Foundation soils are weak and compressible, highly variable
along the projected alignment, or susceptible to
liquefaction.
• Potential severe seepage problems exist.
• High water levels exist for long periods of time.
• Borrow is of low quality, has a high water content, or is
variable along the projected alignment (Department of the
Army, 1978).
The extensive reconnaissance of the site should Include data
regarding riverbank slopes, rock outcrops, earth and rock cuts and
fills, surface materials, poorly drained areas, evidence of
instability of foundations and slopes, emerging seepage, and natural
and manmade physiographic features. Much of this information can be
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obtained from existing topographic, soil, and geologic maps, aerial
photographs, boring logs and well data, and other engineering
projects in the area. The geophysical analyses for shear strength,
permeability, density, compaction, seismic activity, water content,
and gradation should be conducted by experienced professionals.
Prior to emplacement of any fill or embankment materials, the
area upon which fill is to be placed, generally including a five-foot
strip measured horizontally beyond and contiguous to the toe line of
the fill, should be cleared of standing trees and snags, stumps,
brush, downed timber, logs and other growth, and all objects
including structures on and above the ground surface or partially
buried. The area should be stripped of topsoil and all other
material that is considered unsuitable as foundation material. In
cases where the foundation materials are highly pervious, it may be
necessary to provide impervious cutoffs.
In most cases, a levee will be constructed of material located
on-site. The material, usually earth, is excavated from areas called
borrows that are located either in a large centralized area reserved
expressly for this purpose or along either side of the alignment of
the levee itself. Soils that are least suitable for levee
construction are very wet, fine grained soils and high organic
soils. Wet soils can be used, but the costs of drying are high. If
wet soils are used, and the moisture content varies with seasonal
1-71
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changes, the soil data should be based on samples taken during the
season in which the levee will be constructed. The optimum soils for
use in levee construction are those that have low moisture content
and high compaction characteristics.
One of the most common causes of levee failure is underseepage.
Underseepage can result in excessive hydrostatic pressures beneath an
impervious top stratum on the land side of a levee (see Figure 4), in
sand boils, or in internal erosion. Methods for preventing levee
failure due to seepage include the following:
• Cutoff trenches are the most effective means of seepage
control and consist of excavated trenches backfilled with
compacted earth or slurry located at the riverside levee toe.
• Seepage berms are primarily used with agricultural levees.
They are constructed of layered earth and vary in length and
weight for purposes of reducing uplift pressures at the levee
landside toe.
• Pervious toe trenches control shallow underseepage at the
landside toe and are usually used in conjunction with
pressure relief wells.
• Pressure relief wells are used where cutoffs or trenches
cannot be used (e.g., pervious stratum is too thick). Relief
wells reduce uplife pressure and Intercept and control
seepage outlets.
• Riverside lapervious blankets are natural fine-grained,
impervious to semi-pervious soils underlying pervious sand
and gravels. The effectiveness of this straum depends upon
its thickness, length, and permeability. A large amount of
space is needed for this seepage control method.
Levee height and slope depend upon the degree of soil compaction
achievable, limitations of available space for construction, and
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LEVEE CROWN
FIGURE 4
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF A LEVEE
-------
expected flood velocities and elevation. The levee should be built
higher than the 100-year flood level to ensure a safety margin and to
protect against wave action, when applicable, and to provide for
levee settlement (Department of the Army, 1978).
The primary sources to aid in the design of levees and diversion
structures is Design and Construction of Levees (Department of the
Army, 1978). Additonal information can be found in Design of Small
Dams (U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, 1973).
4.3.1.2 Floodwalls. A floodwall is a wall constructed
specifically to prevent inundation of adjacent land. Floodwalls may
be constructed of concrete, steel sheet piping, or other suitable
structural materials (Department of the Army, 1948).
The method of seepage control for floodwalls Include those
described for levees, pumps, and pump sumps. Adequate expansion and
contraction joints should be provided in the walls. Steel sheet
pilings may be encased in concrete for corrosion protection, or they
should be coated with a coal tar epoxy coating system (Department of
the Army, 1972). The different kinds of floodwalls are (see
Figure 5):
• Inverted T-type reinforced concrete cantilever wall bearing
on a soil foundation
• Cantilever I-type sheet piling vertical wall deeply embedded
and stabilized by the passive resistance of earth (should be
limited to a maximum height of ten feet above final ground
surface)
• Cellular wall filled with earth
1-74
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t
Type 1
>WW?
Type 2
CANTILEVER 1-TYPE SHEET PILING
Type 3
r
CELLULAR
FLAT DAM
BUTTRESS AND COUNTERFORT
»¦ -\
¦i •*.>
GRAVITY
urm^t
* m »
n
«.¦ i
FIGURE 5
VARIOUS TYPES OF FLOODWALLS
Source: Department of the Army, 1972. Flood-Proofing Regulations.
EP 1165-2-314. June.
1-75
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• Flat deck dam type wall (costly and has a bulkly outline)
• Buttress and counterfort wall (should be considered for high
walls; may be more economical than other types in this case)
• Gravity wall (may be most economical for low walls; should
be considered whenever rock foundations are available)
(De^ -'•-lent of the Army, 1948)
A primary source to aid in the design of floodwalls is Wall
Design: Floodwalls (Department of the Army, 1948*).
4.3.2 Pnit Elevation
It is possible to protect surface impoundments, piles, tanks,
incinerators, and storage areas for containers from inundation by the
100-year flood by constructing these units on earth fill that would
place them at least a few feet above the 100-year flood elevation.
The selection and placement of fill should be based on the effects of
saturation from flood waters, on slope stability, on whether
settlement is uniform or differential, and on scour potential.
Vegetation will provide adequate scour protection for slopes exposed
to flood velocities less than five feet per second; otherwise, stone
or rock slope protection should be provided.
Incinerators and tanks could also be placed on columns, piers,
or walls. These supporting structures should not restrict free
passage of debris during a flood. If walls are used as elevating
^This reference is being updated. The new edition should be
available in the fall of 1981.
1-76
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structures, the longest side of each wall should be positioned
parallel to the expected flood flow. The design of the foundation
supports for elevated structures should be based on effects of soil
submergence and flood water related loads. Protective measures
should also be taken against potential surface scour on the structure
(Department of the Army, 1972).
4.4 General Design Manuals
General design, construction and operation practices for
landfills can be found in Solid Wastes: Engineering Principles and
Management Issues by Tchobanoglous et al. and in Landfill Disposal of
Hazardous Wastes and Sludges by Sittig (see Section 6.0 for full
citation). The second source also contains practices for land
spreading and incineration. Another sources of aid in this regard is
Elements of Hydraulic Engineering by Linsley and Franzini, 1955. No
one source exists that gives flood control design and construction
specifications for hazardous waste management facilities.
1-77
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1-78
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5.0 OTHER FEDERAL AND STATE FLOODPLAIN MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS
The annual losses of life and property throughout the United
States due to floods and mudslides have increased as a result of
development and population growth in areas subject to such hazards.
Legislation has been passed to help mitigate these losses and to
provide for the expeditious identification and mapping of floodplains
and the dissemination of information concerning floodplains. The
reader is referred to Chapter 2 for a review of the National Flood
Insurance Program administered by the Federal Insurance
Administration, and the activities of the Corps of Engineers, the
Soil Conservation Service, and the United States Geological Survey
with regard to floodplain maps and data and consultative services
that these agencies provide to EPA permitting officials.
This chapter provides a brief discussion of the most significant
Federal legislation related to floodplain management and state
floodplain management regulations. The remainder, and the most
lengthy portion, of this chapter is devoted to a discussion of the
Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972 and state coastal zone management
programs. This information is presented for owners or operators to
increase their awareness of laws and regulations other than RCRA that
might impact siting and operation of a facility in a floodplain.
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5.1 The 100-Year Flood As A Regulatory Standard
The 100-year flood is the most widely used standard in
flood-related legislation and regulation. Many of the states that
regulate land-use, building, and construction in floodplains use the
100-year flood as the regulatory standard. The Federal Insurance
Administration (FIA) of the Federal Emergency Management Agency
(FD1A) and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (COE) have adopted the
100-year flood as a standard on which to base floodplain management
measures.
Common use of the 100-year flood has resulted in a data base
that is larger than that for any other flood period of significant
magnitude. This is one of the reasons that EPA chose the 100-year
flood as its regulatory standard for location of hazardous waste
facilities.
5.2 Federal Legislation
A variety of Federal laws deal directly with specific and
general aspects of flood control management. They focus on flood
damage abatement, run-off and water retention, various aspects of
flood control, and flood insurance. The Federal laws that
specifically pertain to the mitigation of flood hazards and their
subsequent effects are the National Flood Insurance Act of 1968, as
amended, and the Flood Disaster Protection Act of 1973 (Department of
Housing and Urban Development, 1974). The requirements of these acts
1-80
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were reemphasized in 197 7 by Executive Order 11988. The Order
directs all Federal agencies to take actions to reduce the risk of
flood loss; to minimize the impacts of floods on human safety, health
and welfare; and to restore and preserve the natural and beneficial
values served by floodplains. An owner or operator of a hazardous
waste management facility located in a floodplain may be affected by
these statutes as well as others pertaining to flood control and
management.
The responsibility for implementing Federal flood control
policies is dispersed among different government agencies. The
principal agencies are the Department of Agriculture, Department of
the Army, Department of Commerce, Department of Health and Human
Services, Federal Emergency Management Agency, Department of the
Interior, Department of Transportation, Federal Power Commission,
Small Business Administration, Tennessee Valley Authority, and the
Water Resources Council (Hart et al., 1978).
Coastal zone management programs have become necessary to
protect the coastal zones of the United States from degradation and
destruction and to prevent or minimize costly damage to life and
property caused by water level fluctuations and wave hazards in
coastal regions. The vehicle used to meet these goals is the Coastal
Zone Management Act of 1972, as amended (CZMA, Public Law 94-370).
The CZMA will be discussed separately in Section 5.4.
1-81
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5.3 Floodplain Management at the State Level
As of 1978, 24 states had statutory or administrative provisions
for regulating development in floodplains, and there were substantial
differences in the extent and nature of these state programs. State
floodplain regulation has taken two principal routes: (1) direct
regulation through land-use control and construction permit systems;
and (2) development of standards for local regulations, with direct
state regulation in the event of local failure to adopt and
administer the state standards. Owners or operators are advised to
consult state officials to determine if there are regulations or
ordinances which they are required to comply with.
State coastal zone management programs are discussed in Section
5.4.
5.4 Coastal Zone Management
All coastal high hazard areas are within the 100-year
floodplain, and, therefore, location of hazardous waste facilities in
coastal areas subject to flooding at the 100-year frequency is
subject to the floodplain location standard. To the extent that
information is available on wave action, this factor must be
considered when designing, constructing, maintaining and operating a
facility to protect against washout (see 46 FR 2817).
1-82
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The Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA) of 1972, as amended,
encourages states to develop comprehensive coastal resource
management programs that balance conflicting development, protection,
and recreation needs. The CZMA seeks to accomplish these goals
primarily through a program of Federal planning grants to help the
states better manage their coastal resources.
Under the CZMA, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration's (NOAA) Assistant Administrator for Coastal Zone
Management authorizes federal grants-in-aid for coastal states to
develop and implement land management programs for their coastal
areas. Once the Office of Coastal Zone Management (OCZM) approves a
state's plan, facilities in that state must be sited and operated in
a manner consistent with the state's CZM program. In accordance with
the CZMA and with 40 CFR 122.12, EPA may not issue a permit for any
activity affecting land or water use in the coastal zone until the
applicant certifies that the proposed activity complies with the
appropriate state's Coastal Zone Management Program, and the state or
its designated agency concurs with the certification (or the
Secretary of 'Commerce overrides the state's nonconcurrence). State
CZM agencies use "consistency procedures," per the CZMA (15 CFR 930,
Subpart B), to determine whether the permitted activity is consistent
with the policies are procedures of their CZM program.
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If the facility is in one of the coastal states covered by the
CZMA (see Table 6), the permit applicant should determine if a CZM
plan for the particular state has been approved by the U.S. Secretary
of Commerce. The status of state coastal zone management programs as
of January 30, 1981 is provided in Table 6. The state CZM agencies
listed in Table 7 can be contacted for more up-to-date information.
If there is an approved plan, the state CZM program office vill help
to make the initial determination as to whether the building of a
facility on a proposed site is consistent vith the CZM plan.
Applicants for an EPA permit can correspond directly with the
appropriate state coastal zone management agency to secure a
consistency determination, or they can request that EPA secure the
determination.
A consistency determination is not required until the time of
permit application. However, applicants are encouraged to consult
the state CZM agency throughout planning and design of the facility
in order to avoid any conflicts that may arise during the consistency
review process.
Once a state CZM agency receives a request for a consistency
determination, the state agency has 45 days to comment on the site
selected for the hazardous waste facility. The response may take
several forms, including:
• No comment (presumed to mean no objection)
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• Support of the project (i.e., the project is consistent)
• Object to the project because of inconsistency
• Object to the project because there is unsufficient
information
When a CZM office chooses to comment, the response is usually in
the form of a letter or memorandum citing applicable coastal
.policies. In the event of an objection, the CZM agency's statement
must describe how siting the hazardous waste facility would be
inconsistent with elements of the CZM program for the state and must
recommend modifications that would eliminate the inconsistency.
Objections based on insufficent information must include a
description of the information necessary to complete the state
agency's review. Applicants may accept suggestions of the state CZM
agency and revise plans or designs, or if so directed, supplement the
previously deficient information. However, if there is serious
disagreement, the applicant may personally request the Secretary of
Commerce to mediate in the dispute or he may ask EPA to request a
mediation for him. In the latter case, the Regional Administrator
will make a determination that there is a sufficient basis for
mediation before proceeding.
The Secretary of Commerce may waive the consistency requirement
if (a) the proposed facility achieves other Important objectives, (b)
if there are no reasonable alternatives, or (c) it is in the public
interest to do so.
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TABLE 6
STATUS OF STATE COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS
Actual or Estimated
Federal Approval Data
Comments and Status
State
By Fiscal Year fends 9/80)
1/30/81
Washington
1976
Approved
Oregon
1977
i jproved
California
1978
< -p. jved
Massachusetts
1978
.jproved
Wisconsin
1978
Approved
Rhode Island
1978
Approved
Michigan
1978
App roved
North Carolina
1978
Approved
Puerto Rico
1978
Approved
Hawaii
1978
Approved
Maine
1978
Approved
Maryland
1978
Approved
New Jersey
1978
Approved
(Bay and Ocean Shore Segment)
Virgin Islands
1979
Approved
Alaska
1979
Approved
Guam
1979
Approved
Delaware
1979
Approved
Alabama
1979
/ proved
South Carolina
1979
Approved
Louisiana
1980
Approved
Mississippi
1980
Approved
Connecticut
1980
Approved
Pennsylvania
1980
Approved
New Jersey
1980
Approved
(Remaining Section)
Northern Marianas
1980
Approved
American Samoa
1980
Approved
Florida
1981
DEIS in Preparation
New Hampshire
1982
Legislation Needed
Texas
1982
Public Hearing Held
in October on Pub]
Hearing Draft
New York
1982
Legislation Pending
Ohio
9
Legislation Pending
Indiana
?
Legislation/Execut ii
Order Needed
Georgia
Probably Not
Virginia
Probably Not
Minnesota
Probably Not
Illinois
Probably Not
Source: Office of Coastal Zone Management, 1981. Program Status. National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce,
Washington, D.C.
T-86
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TABLE 7
STATE COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM MANAGERS
NORTH ATLANTIC REGION
Connecticut
Art Rocque
Director, Coastal Area Management Program
Department of Environmental Protection
71 Capitol Avenue
Hartford, Connecticut 06115
(203) 566-7404
Maine
Alec Giffin
State Planning Office
Resource Planning Division
189 State Street
Augusta, Maine 04333
(207) 289-3155
Massachusetts
Edward Reilly
Program Manager
Executive Office of Environmental Affairs
100 Cambridge Street
Boston, Massachusetts 02202
(617) 727-9530
New Hampshire
Jack Mettee
Office of State Planning
2h Beacon Street
Concord, New Hampshire 03301
(603) 271-2155
1-87
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New Jersev
TABLE 7 (Continued)
John Weingart
Bureau of Coastal Planning and Development
Department of Environmental Protection
P.O. Box 1889
Trenton, New Jersey 08625
(609) 292-9762
New York
Robert Hansen
Coastal Management Unit
Department of State
162 Washington Street
Albany, New York 12231
(518) 474-8834
Rhode Island
Leo McAloon, Jr.
Coastal Resources Management Program
Washington County Government Center
Tower Hill Road
South Kingstown, Rhode Island 02879
(401) 789-3048
SOUTH ATLANTIC REGION
Delaware
David Hugg Coastal Management Program
Office of Management, Budget and Planning
James Townsend Building
Dover, Delaware 19901
(302) 736-4271
Georgia
Bob Reimold
Coastal Resources Division
Department of Natural Resources
1200 Glynn Avenue
Brunswick, Georgia 31520
(912) 264-4771
1-88
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TABLE 7 (Continued)
Maryland
Sarah Taylor
Department of Natural Resources
Tidewater Administration
Taves State Office Building
Annapolis, Maryland 21401
(301) 269-2784
North Carolina
Ken Stewart
Department of Natural Resources and Community Development
Box 27687
Raleigh, Nortlj Carolina 27611
(919) 733-2293
South Carolina
Wayne Beam
Wildlife and Marine Resources Department
1116 Bankers Trust Tower
Columbia, South Carolina 29201
(803) 758-8442
Virginia
J. B. Jackson, Administrator
Council on the Environment
Ninth Floor, Ninth Street Office Building
Richmond, Virginia 23219
(804) 786-4500
GULF/ISLANDS REGION
Alabama
Dr. Bruce Trickey
Executive Director
Coastal 'Area Board
General Delivery
Daphne, Alabama 36526
(205) 626-1880
1-89
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TABLE 7 (Continued)
Florida
David Worley
Office of Coastal Zone Management
Department of Environmental Regulation
Twin Towers Office Building
2600 Blair Stone Road
Tallahassee, Florida 32301
(904) 488-8614
Louisiana
Joel Lindsey
Coastal Management Section
Department of Natural Resources
P.O. Box 44245, Capitol Station
Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70804
(504) 342-7898
Mississippi
Victor Frankievicz
Mississippi Bureau of Marine Resources
Department of Wildlife Conservation
P.O. Box Drawer 959
Long Beach, Mississippi 39560
(601) 864-4602
Puerto Rico
Frank A. Molther, Special Assistant
Department of Natural Resources
P.O. Box 5887
Puerto De Tierra, Puerto Rico 00906
(809) 725-2769
Texas
Mark Lawless
TENRAC
Natural Resources Division
E.R.S. Building
200 E. 18th Street
Austin, Texas 78701
(512) 475-0773
1-90
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TABLE 7 (Continued)
Virgin Islands
Darlan Brin, Commissioner
Virgin Islands Dept. of Conservation and Cultural Affairs
P.O. Box 4340
Charlotte Amalie, St. Thomas
U.S. Virgin Islands 00801
(809) 744-3320
GREAT LAKES REGION
Illinois
Frank Rupp
Illinois Coastal Zone Management Program
300 N. State Street, Room 1010
Chicago, Illinois 60610
(312) 793-3126
Indiana
Betty Krebes
State Planning Services Agency
143 West Market Street, Harrison Building
Indianapolis, Indiana 46204
Michigan
Chris Shafer
Department of Natural Resources
Division of Land Use Programs
Stephens T. Mason Building
Lansing, Michigan 48926
(517) 373-1950
Minnesota
Roger Williams
State Planning Agency
Capitol Square Building
550 Cedar Street, Room 100
St. Paul, Minnesota 55155
(612) 296-2633
1-91
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TABLE 7 (Continued)
Ohio
Richard Bartz
Department of Natural Resources
Division of Water
1930 Belcher Drive, Fountain Square
Columbus, Ohio 43224
(614) 466-6557
Pennsylvania
Jim Tabor
Department of Environmental Resources
Third and Reily Streets
P.O. Box 1467
Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 17120
(717) 783-9500
Wisconsin
A1 Miller
Office of Coastal Management
Department of Administration
General Executive Facility 2
101 South Webster Street
Madison, Wisconsin 53702
(608) 266-3687
PACIFIC REGION
Alaska
Murray Walsh
Division of Policy Development and Planning
Office of the Governor
Pouch AP
Juneau, Alaska 99801
(via Seattle Op. 8-399-0150)
(907) 465-3541
1-92
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TABLE 7 (Continued)
American Samoa
Tini Lam Yuen, Jr.
Development Planning Office
Government of American Samoa
Pago Pago, American Samoa 96799
(684) 633-5155
California
William Travis
California Coastal Commission
631 Howard Street, Fourth Floor
San Francisco, California 94105
(415) 543-8555
Guam
Ronald Maben
Bureau of Planning
Government of Guam
P.O. Box 2950
Agana, Guam 96910
(via Overseas Operator)
477-9502
Hawaii
Richard Poirier
Dept. of Planning and Economic Development
P.O. Box 2359
Honolulu, Hawaii 96804
(via S.F. Op. 8-556-0220)
(808) 548-4609
Northern Marianas
Ivan Groom
Coastal Resources Management Office
Office of the Governor
Saipan, CM 96950
(via Overseas Operator 6623)
1-93
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TABLE 7 (Concluded)
Oregon
Dick Mathews
Land Conservation and Development Commission
1175 Court Street, N.E.
Salem, Oregon 97310
(503) 378-4097
Washington
Duane Wegner
Deparment of Ecology
PV-11
State of Washington
Olympia, Washington 98504
(206) 753-4348
Source: Office of Coastal Zone Management, 1981. Program Status.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department
of Commerce, Washington, D.C.
1-94
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6.0 REFERENCES
Avallone, Eugene E., Eugene H. Avallone, and Theodore Baumeister,
III, eds., 1978. Marks' Standard Handbook for Mechanical Engineers,
Eighth Edition. McGraw Hill, Inc., New York.
Bureau of Reclamation, 1973. Design of Small Dams, Second Edition.
Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C.
Department of the Army, 1948. Wall Design: Floodwalls. EM
1110-2-2501. Office of the Chief of Engineers, Washington, D.C.
Department of the Army, 1972. Flood-Proofing Regulations. EP
1165-2-314. Office of the Chief of Engineers, Washington, D.C.
Department of the Army, 1978. Design and Construction of Levees. EM
1110-2-1913. Office of the Chief of Engineers, Washington, D.C.
Department of Housing and Urban Development, 1974. National Flood
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