AMBIENT WATER QUALITY ADVISORY
PYRIDINE
OFFICE OF WATER REGULATIONS AND STANDARDS
CRITERIA AND STANDARDS DIVISION
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
WASHINGTON D.C. 20460
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AMBIENT WATER QUALITY ADVISORY
PYRIDINE
OFFICE OF WATER REGULATIONS AND STANDARDS
CRITERIA AND STANDARDS DIVISION
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
WASHINGTON D.C. 20460
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NOTICES
This document has been reviewed by the Criteria and Standards
Division, Office of Water Regulations and Standards, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, and approved for distribution.
Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute
endorsement or recommendation for use.
This document is available to the public through the Criteria and
Standards Division, Office of Water Regulations and Standards,
U.S. EPA, Washington, DC.
ii
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FOREWORD
The Criteria and Standards Division of the Office of Water
Regulations and Standards has instituted water quality advisories
as a vehicle for transmitting the best available scientific
information concerning the aquatic life and human health effects
of selected chemicals in surface waters. Advisories are prepared
for chemicals for which information is needed quickly, but for
which sufficient data, resources, or time are not available to
allow derivation of national ambient water quality criteria.
Data supporting advisories are usually not as extensive as
required for derivation of national ambient water quality
criteria, and the strength of an advisory will depend upon the
source, type, and reliability of the data available. We feel,
however, that it is in the best interest of all concerned to make
the enclosed information available to those who need it.
. Users of advisories should take into account the basis for
their derivation and their intended uses. Anyone who has
additional information that will supplement or substantially
change an advisory is requested to make the information known to
us. An advisory for an individual chemical will be revised if any
significant and valid new data make it necessary.
We invite comments to help improve this product.
Edmund M. Notzon, Director
Criteria and Standards Division
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
AQUATIC LIFE
Loren J. Larson, author
University of Wisconsin-Superior, Superior, WI
iv
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CONTENTS
Page
Notices ii
Foreword iii
Acknowledgments iv
I. Advisories 1-1
II. Biological, Chemical, and Physical Properties II-l
III. Aquatic Life Data 111-1
IV. References IV-1
V. EPA Contacts V-l
v
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SECTION I. ADVISORIES
AQUATIC LIFE
If the measured or estimated ambient concentration of
pyridine exceeds 116 ug/L in fresh or salt water, one or more of
the following options must be completed within a reasonable
period of time:
1. Obtain more measurements of the concentration.
2. Improve the estimate of the concentration.
3. Reduce the concentration.
4. Obtain additional laboratory and/or field data on the
effect of pyridine on aquatic life so that a new
aquatic life advisory or a water quality criterion can
be derived.
After a reasonable period of time, unless a consideration of all
the available data concerning the ambient concentration and the
effects of pyridine on aquatic life demonstrates that the ambient
concentration is low enough, it must be reduced.
1-1
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SECTION II. GENERAL INFORMATION
A. Biological. Chemical and Physical Properties
The following information on the properties of pyridine and
its persistence in the aquatic environment was obtained from the
QSAR System~ha~s on April 28, 1987, or from the CRC Handbook of
Chemistry and Physics~hb~s. Some of the values were calculated using
structure-activity relationships.
Property
Molecular Weight
Relative Density (20 C)
Log P
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Vapor Pressure
Heat of Vaporization
pKa
Solubility in Water
BCF
Absorption Coef.[Log (Koc)]
Value
79.10 g/mole
0.9819
0.665
-42.00 C
97.00 C
48.00 mm Hg
8,120.00 cal/mole
5.25
233.35 mg/L
1.33
1.70
Source
Calculated
Measured
Calculated
Measured
Measured
Calculated
Calculated
Calculated
Calculated
Calculated
Calculated
Hydrolysis Half-life = > 1000 days
Hydrolysis is not likely to be an important transformation
mechanism for this chemical.
Biodegradation Half-life Analysis
This chemical is grouped with 10 aromatic chemicals that
contain only carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen. QSAR
did not find any functional groups that appear to prohibit
degradation. The range of half-life values for chemicals in
this group is from 3 to 17 days.
3
Log 10 (Henry's Constant) = -4.67 atmm /mole
It could be concluded that a chemical with these properties
will volatilize at significant rates from open water.
Neely 100-day Partitioning Pattern
Air = 0.94%
Water = 98.96%
Ground = 0.05%
Hydrosoil = 0.05%
a For information on the QSAR system, see: Hunter, R., L.
Faulkner, F. Culver and J. Hill. Draft user manual for the
QSAR system. Center for Data Systems and Analysis, Montana
State University. November, 1985.
Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 67th Ed., CRC Press, Boca
Raton,
FL.1986-1987.
II-l
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SECTION III. AQUATIC TOXICITY
Introduction
Aquatic life advisory concentrations are conceptually
different from national aquatic life water quality criteria.
Aquatic life criteria are based on toxicity and bioconcentration
data for a sufficiently diverse group of animals and plants to
provide reasonable confidence in the appropriateness of the
criteria. Advisories are issued for selected chemicals for which
sufficient data are not available to allow derivation of national
water quality criteria for aquatic life. Because aquatic life
advisories are intended to be used to identify situations where
there is cause for concern and where appropriate action should be
taken, the advisory concentration for a chemical is derived to be
equal to or lower than what the Criterion Continuous
Concentration (Stephan et al. 1985) would be if a national water
quality criterion for aquatic life could be derived for the
chemical. If the concentration of a chemical in a variety of
surface waters is found to exceed the aquatic life advisory
concentration, this may indicate that the U.S. EPA should
consider deriving aquatic life water quality criteria for that
chemical.
The literature searching and data evaluation procedures used
in the derivation of aquatic life advisories are identical to
those used in the derivation of water quality criteria for
aquatic life (Stephan et al. 1985). However, advisories do not
contain a section on "Unused Data" as in a criteria document.
This aquatic life advisory concentration for pyridine was derived
using the procedures described in the "Guidelines for Deriving
Ambient Aquatic Life Advisory Concentrations" (Stephan et al.
1986). A knowledge of these guidelines is necessary in order to
understand the following text, tables, and calculations. The
latest comprehensive search for information for this aquatic life
advisory was conducted in February, 1987.
Based upon the low rates of hydrolysis, biodegradation, and
volatilization of pyridine (see Section III), it is assumed that
the concentration in static, acute exposure systems should not
decrease by more than 50% in 96 hr. This was verified
experimentally by Brooke (1987). Therefore, no adjusted values
were calculated to interpret results from static tests.
Effects on Freshwater Organisms
Acceptable data on the acute toxicity of pyridine to
freshwater organisms are available for two species of
cladocerans, two species of fish, and an amphibian (Table 1).'
III-l
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Three researchers have reported 48-hr EC50s for the
cladoceran, Daphnia magna, in eight separate tests (Canton and
Adema 1978; Dowden and Bennett 1965; Slooff et al. 1983). Results
compare favorably and the Species Mean Acute Value (SMAV) for D.
magna is 1,234,000 ug/L. Daphnia pulex appeared to be more
sensitive to pyridine with a SMAV of 577,000 ug/L, based upon
data from Canton and Adema (1978) and Slooff et al. (1983).
The carp, Cyprinus carpio. was the most acutely sensitive
organism to pyridine. Juveniles of this species had a 96-hr LC50
of 26,000 ug/L (Rao et al. 1975). The fathead minnow (Pimephales
promelas) was about four times less sensitive to pyridine, with a
SMAV of 99,700 ug/L, based upon data from Brooke (1987) and
Geiger et al. (1986). Davis et al. (1981) exposed several
different life stages of an amphibian, Xenopus laevis. to
pyridine. The embryo appeared to be a less sensitive stage,
therefore data on embryo toxicity was not included in the
calculation of its SMAV. The 96-hr LC50 and SMAV for the larva of
Xenopus laevis was 1,090,000 ug/L. The ranked Genus Mean Acute
Values are presented in Table 2.
No acceptable data are available on the chronic toxicity of
pyridine to any freshwater organism. Gorbi (1984) did report a
30-day life-cycle test with the cladoceran Daphnia magna (Table
3), although he neither reported an acceptable acute value from
which to calculate an acute-chronic ratio, nor did he measure the
concentrations of pyridine in the test chambers. He reported
reductions in survival, growth, and reproduction at a
concentration of 50,000 ug/L. No significant adverse effects were
observed at 25,000 ug/L. This resulted in a chronic value of
35,400 ug/L, based upon nominal concentrations. This value is
about 35 times lower than the SMAV for Daphnia magna (Table 1).
Other data on the effects of pyridine on freshwater organisms
are found in Table 3. Several investigators have reported on
effects in microorganisms (Bringmann 1973,1978; Bringmann and
Kuhn 1959, 1977a,b, 1980a,b; Bringmann et al. 1980; Schultz and
Allison 1979; Schultz and Moultan 1984, 1985a,b; Schultz et al.
1980). Generally, these organisms appeared to be insensitive to
pyridine, with the exception of two protozoa tested by Bringmann
et al. (1980) in which incipient effects on cell replication
occurred at 3,500 to 3,900 ug/L.
Slooff et al. (1983) and Slooff (1983) reported 48-hr LC50s
for ten species, including a hydra, planarian, snail, insects,
fish and an amphibian. The most sensitive fish was the fathead
minnow (Pimephales promelas) which had a 48-hr LC50 of 115,000
ug/L. The mosquito, Culex pjpiens. was the most sensitive
invertebrate tested, with a 48-hr EC50 (immobility) of 66,000
ug/L.
111-2
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Shumway and Palensky (1973) studied the effect of pyridine
exposure on the quality of fish as a human food stuff. A 48-hr
exposure of bluegills (Lepomis macrochirus) to 100,000 ug/L
resulted in a significant reduction in the flavor quality of
fish. No flavor impairment was noted when fish were exposed to
10,000 ug/L for 48 hrs.
Effects on Saltwater Organisms
The acute toxicity of pryidine to saltwater organisms has
been studied for a single species, a mysid shrimp. Carr (1987)
reported a 96-hr LC50 for Mysidopsis bahia of 232,380 ug/L (Table
1).
No acceptable data are available on the chronic toxicity of
pyridine to any saltwater organisms.
Calculation of Advisory Concentration
A total of six Species Mean Acute Values (SMAV) and five
Genus Mean Acute Values (GMAV) are available for freshwater and
saltwater organisms (Table 2). Values range from 26,000 ug/L for
Cyprinus to 1,090,000 ug/L for Xenopus. Based upon a total of
five GMAVs, the lowest GMAV (26,000 ug/L) is divided by a factor
of 9.0, in accordance with the guidelines, resulting in an
Advisory Acute Value (AAV) of 2,890 ug/L. In the absence of any
experimentally determined acute-chronic ratios, an Advisory
Acute-Chronic Ratio (AACR) of 25 is assumed. Dividing the AAV
(2,890 ug/L) by the AACR (25) results in an Advisory
Concentration of 116 ug/L.
111-3
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Table 1.
Acute Itaodcity of Pyridine to Aquatic Aoimls
Species Mattaf fl—lcal
Hn»hiwBn
{wg/L as
USD
or BC50
^d_
Sfeecies
Acute Vbloe
fg/L)
Cladoceran
(<24 hr).
Daphnla magna
Cladoceran
(<24 hr),
Daphnla magna
Cladoceran
(<24 hr),
Daphnla magna
Cladoceran
(<24 hr),
Daphnla magna
Cladoceran
(<24 hr),
Daphnla magna
Cladoceran
(<24 hr),
Daphnla magna
Cladoceran
(<24 hr),
Daphnla magna
S, U
S, U
S, U
S, U
S, U
S, U
S, U
EHBSaBfflBR SPECIES
1,210,000
1,120,000
1,570,000
1,940,000
1,120,000
1,140,000
1,080,000
References
Canton and Adema 1978
Canton and Adema 1978
Canton and Adeoa 1978
Canton and Adema 1978
Canton and Adema 1978
Canton and Adema 1978
Slooff et al. 1983
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Mile 1. (continued)
Species Method8
Cladoceran, S, U
Daphnla magna
Cladoceran S, U
(<24 hr),
Daphnla pulex
Cladoceran S, U
(<24 hr),
Daphnla pulex
Cladoceran S, U
(<24 hr),
Daphnla pulex
Carp (juvenile), S, U
Cyprlnus carpio
Fathead minnow S, U
(juvenile).
Pimephales
proaelas
Fathead minnow S, M*3
(juvenile),
Pimephales
prcroelas
Fathead minnow F, N
(juvenile),
Pimephales
promelas
Harness
fag/L as
Chadcal CaCO^)
75-90
LC50 Sfrectes Mean
or EC50 Acute \blue
/fg/L) AbAm) References
944,000 1,234,000 Dowden and Bennett
1965
530,000 - Canton and Adema 1978
630,000 - Canton and Aderaa 1978
575,000 57jfi000 Slooff et al. 1983
26,000 26,000 Rao et al. 1975
91,510 - Brooke 1987
94,810 - Brooke 1987
93,800
Brooke 1987;
Geiger et al. 1986
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Ibhle 1. (oantinied)
Species Mattof
Fathead minnow F, N
(juvenile),
Pimephales
pranelas
African clawed R, U
frog
(mld-blastula
embryo),
Xenopus laevls
African clawed R, U
frog
(tailbud embryo),
Xenopus laevls
African clawed R, U
frog
(larva),
Xenopus laevls
Uartem
(wg/L as
Qwical Cam.)
LC50 Species Mean
or HC5D Acute Vblue
Ab/L) Az/L) References
106,000 99,700 Brooke 1987;
Geigjer et al. 1986
1,200,000° - Davis et al. 1981
2,460,000° - Davis et al. 1981
1,090,000
1,090,000
Davis et al. 1981
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Tbhle 1. (oGDtiiuBd)
SftUWMBR SPECIES
LOO Species
Salinity or BC90 Acute Value
Species MatbotT Chemical (g/kg) Ae/L) AbAA
References
Mysid (<96 hr), S, U - 32.0 232,380 232,380 Carr 1987
Mysidopsis bahia (>99%)
® S = Static; R = Renewal; F = Flow-through; M = Measured; U = Unmeasured.
Based upon 0-hr measurement only.
Values for insensitive life-stages were not used in calculation of Species Mean Acute Value.
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Table 2. Ranted Genus Mean Acute \blues with Species Mean teute-Orailc Ratios
Genus Hbbd Species Mean £fcecles Mean
Acuje Value Acute Value Acute-Chronic
Rwk Az/L) Species /fc/L) Ratio
5. 1,090,000 African clawed toad, 1,090,000
Xenopus laevls
4 834,800 Cladoceran, 1,234,000
Daphnla mapna
Cladoceran, 577,000
Daphnla pulex
3 232,380 Nysld, 232,380
Mvsldopsls bahla
2 99,700 Fathead minnow, 99,700
Plmephales promelas
1 26,000 Carp, 26,000
Cvprlnus carplo
. Ranked from most resistant to most sensitive based on Genus Mean Acute Value.
Fran Tbble 1.
Advisory Acute Value = (26,00^eg/L)/ 9.0 = 2,89(^e/L.
Advisory Acute-Chronic Ratio = 25
Advisory Concentration = (2,89(Jt
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Itahle 3. Other Data an Effects af tyridine on /Iquatic O^nian
Haanfeiess
(¦g/L SB rwl Im
Clwlcal CaGDj) Duration Effect y^L) Reference
HCSatUER SPECIES
Bacterium.
Pseudommnas
putlda
Blue-green
alga,
Microcystis
aeruginosa
16 hr
8 days
Incipient
Inhibition
340.000
It
Incipient $S, 000
inhibition
Bringmaim 1973;
Bringmarm and Kuhn
1977a.1980b
Bringmaim and Kuhn
1978a. b
Green alga,
Selenastrun
caprlcornutun
Green alga,
Scenedesmus
quadricauda
Protozoan,
Chilomcnas
paramaeciim
4 hr
8 days
48 hr
No effect on 1,000,000
photosynthesis
Incipient
inhibition
Incipient
inhibition
120,000
3,900
Giddings 1979
Bringnaim and Kuhn
1977a; 1978a,b; 1980b
Rringnann et al. 1980
Protozoan,
Entosiphon
sulcatim
72 hr
Incipient
inhibition
3,500
Bringmaim 1978;
Brintpann and Kuhn
1980b; Bringnaim et al.
1980
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"fable 3. (antimed)
Suedes i—
Protozoan,
Tetrahymena
pyrlformis
Protozoan,
Tetrahymena
pyriformis
Protozoan,
Uronema
parduczi
Hydra,
Hydra
oligactis
Planarian,
Dueesia
luguhrls
Snail,
Lymnaea
staenalls
Cladoceran,
Daphnla magna
Cladoceran,
Daphnia magna
1
ttarctaess
(m/L as
OaCPj) Duration
72 hr
60 hr
20 hr
48 hr
48 hr
48 hr
24 hr
30 days
(VmihiIiwI Inn
Effect AsAm) Reference
EC50 1,211,800 Sctuiltz et al. 1980;
(growth) Schultz and Allison
1979
GC50 1,678,580 Schultz and Moulton
(growth) 1984,1985a,b
Incipient 183,000
inhibition
LC50
1,150,000
LC50
1,900,000
LC50
350,000
EC50 495,000
(immobility)
Bringmann and Kuhn
1980a; Bringmann et al.
1980
Slooff 1983; Slooff
et al. 1983
Slooff 1983
Slooff 1983; Slooff
et al. 1983
Gorbi 1984
Reduction in 50,000
reproduction
Gorbi 1984
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Tfebie 3. (cantimed)
Chadcal
Cladoceran,
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran,
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran,
Daphnia magna
Cladoceran,
Daphnia magna
Mayfly (larva),
Cloeon dipteran
Mosquito (larva),
Aedes aegypti
Mosquito (larva)
Culex pipiens
Rainbow trout,
Salmo gairdneri
Fathead minnow,
Pimephales
prooelas
Guppy,
Poecllla
reticulata
Hankiess
(mg/L as
CaODj) Duration
30 day
30 day
30 day
30 day
48 hr
48 hr
48 hr
48 hr
48 hr
48 hr
rwl im
Effect Ate/L) Reference
Reduction in 50,000 Gorbi 1984
survival
Reduction in 50,000
growth
Gorbi 1984
No significant 25,000
effects
Gorbi 1984
Chronic value 35,400
Gorbi 1984
LC50
165,000
Slooff 1983
EC50 130,000
(iomobility)
Slooff et al. 1983
EC50 66,000
(iiinobllity)
Slooff et al. 1983
LC50
560,000
Slooff et al. 1983
LC50
115,000
Slooff et al. 1983
LC50
1,390,000
Slooff et al. 1983
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Ibble 3. (continued)
HarAwan
(mg/L as
aesia. SsslsL _cfi%L
Bluegill, - - 48 hr
Lepomls
macrochinis
Bluegill, - - 48 hr
Lepcmis
macrochlrus
Clawed-toad - - 48 hr
(larva),
Xenopus laevls
Effect
No
effect
on flavor
Concentratim
/tftfr)
10,000
Reference
Shunway and Palensky
1973
Reduced
flavor
quality
100,000
Shunway and Palensky
1973
LC50
1,400,000
Slooff and Baerselman
1980; Slooff et al. 1983
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SECTION IV. REFERENCES
Bringmann, G. 1973. Determination of the biological damage from
water pollutants from the inhibition of glucose assimilation in
the bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens. Gesundh. Ingen. 94:366-
369.
Bringmann, G. 1978. Determination of the biological effect of
water pollutants in protozoa. I. Bacteriovorous flagellates.
(Model orgamism*. Entosiphon sulcatum Stein). Z. Wasser Abwasser
Forsch. 11:210-215.
Bringmann, G. and R. Kuhn. 1977a. Limiting values for the
damaging action of water pollutants to bacteria (Pseudomonas
putida) and green algae (Scenedesmus guadricauda) in the cell
multiplication inhibition test. Z. Wasser Abwasser Forsch. 10:87-
98.
Bringmann, G. and R. Kuhn. 1978a. Testing of substances for their
toxicity threshold: Model organisms Microcystis (Diplocystis)
aeruginosa and Scenedesmus guadricauda. Mitt. Int. Ver. Theor.
Angew. Limnol. 21:275-284.
Bringmann, G. and R. Kuhn. 1978b. The effect of water pollutants
on blue-green algae (Microcystis aeruginosa) and green algae
(Scenedesmus guadricauda) in the cell multiplication inhibition
test. Vom Wasser 50:45-60.
Bringmann, G. and R. Kuhn. 1980a. Determination of the biological
effect of water pollutants in protozoa. II. Bacteriovorous
ciliates. Z. Wasser Abwasser Forsch. 13:26-31.
Bringmann, G. and R. Kuhn. 1980b. Comparison of the toxicity
thresholds of water pollutants to bacteria, algae, and protozoa
in the cell multiplication inhibition test. Water Res. 14:231-
241.
Bringmann, G., R. Kuhn and A. Winter. 1980. Determination of the
biological effect of water pollutants in protozoa. III. Saprozoic
flagellates. Z. Wasser Abwasser Forsch. 13:170-173.
Brooke, L.T. 1987. University of Wisconsin-Superior, Superior,
WI. (Memorandum to L.J. Larsen, University of Wisconsin-Superior,
Superior, WI, August 30).
Canton, J.H. and D.M.M. Adema. 1978. Reproducibility of short-
term and reproduction toxicity experiments with Daphnia magna and
comparison of the sensitivity of Daphnia magna with Daphnia pulex
and Daphnia cucullata in short-term experiments. Hydrobiologia
59:135-140.
IV-1
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Carr, R.S. 1987. Battelle - Ocean Sciences, Duxbury, MA.
(Memorandum to G.M. DeGraeve, Battelle - Columbus Laboratories,
Columbus, OH. May 12).
Davis, K.R., T.W. Schultz and J.N. Dumont. 1981. Toxic and
teratogenic effects of selected aromatic amines on embryos of the
amphibian Xenopus laevis. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 10:371-
391.
Dowden, B.F. and H.J. Bennett. 1965. Toxicity of selected
chemicals to certain animals. J. Water Pollut. Control Fed.
37:1308-1316.
Geiger, D.L., S.H. Poirier, L.T. Brooke and D.J. Call (Eds.).
1986. Acute toxicities of organic chemicals to fathead minnows
(Pimephales promelas). Vol. III. Center for Lake Superior
Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin-Superior,
Superior, WI.
Giddings, J.M. 1979. Acute toxicity to Selenastrum capricornutum
to aromatic compounds from coal conversion. Bull. Environ.
Contam. Toxicol. 23:360-364.
Gorbi, G. 1984. Effects of pyridine on the demographic
characteristics of Daphnia magna. Environ. Toxicol. Lett. 5:475-
482.
Rao, T.S., M.S. Rao and S.B.S.K. Prasad. 1975. Median tolerance
limits of some chemicals to the freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio.
Indian J. Environ. Health. 17:140-146.
Schultz, T.W. and T.C. Allison. 1979. Toxicity and toxic
interaction of aniline and pyridine. Bull. Environ. Contam.
Toxicol. 23:814-819.
Schultz, T.W. and B.A. Moulton. 1984. Structure-activity
correlations of selected azaarenes, aromatic amines and nitro
aromatics. In: QSAR in environmental toxicology. Kaiser, K.L.E.
(Ed.). D.Reidel Publishing Co. pp. 337-357.
Schultz, T.W. and B.A. Moulton. 1985a. Structure-activity
relationships of selected pyridines. I. Substituent constant
analysis. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety 10:97-111.
Schultz, T.W. and B.A. Moulton. 1985b. Structure-activity
relationships for nitrogen-containing aromatic molecules.
Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 4:353-359.
Schultz, T.W., M. Cajina-Quezada and J.N. Dumont. 1980.
Structure-toxicity relationships of selected nitrogenous
heterocyclic compounds. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 9:591-
598.
IV-2
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Shumway, D.L. and J.R. Palensky. 1973. Impairment of the flavor
of fish by water pollutants. EPA-R3-73-010. National Technical
Information Service, Springfield, VA.
Slooff, W. 1983. Benthic macroinvertebrates and water quality
assessment: Some toxicological considerations. Aquat. Toxicol.
4:73-82.
Slooff, W. and R. Baerselman. 1980. Comparison of the usefulness
of the Mexican axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) and the clawed toad
(Xenopus laevis) in toxicological bioassays. Bull. Environ.
Contam. Toxicol. 24:439-443.
Slooff, W., J. H. Canton and J.L.M. Hermans. 1983. Comparison of
the susceptibility of 22 freshwater species to 15 chemical
compounds. I. (Sub) Acute toxicity test. Aquat. Toxicol. 4:113-
128.
Stephan, C.E., D.I. Mount, D.J. Hansen, J.H. Gentile, G.A.
Chapman and W.A. Brungs. 1985. Guidelines for deriving numerical
national water quality criteria for the protection of aquatic
organisms and their uses. PB85-227049. National Technical
Information Service, Springfield, VA.
Stephan, C.E., G.A. Chapman, D.J. Hansen and T.W. Purcell. 1986.
Guidelines for deriving ambient aquatic life advisory
concentrations. Dec. II draft. U.S. EPA, Duluth, MN.
IV-3
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SECTION V. EPA CONTACTS
AQUATIC LIFE ADVISORIES
For further information regarding the aquatic life and fish and
water exposure advisories contact:
FTS 382-7144 (202)382-7144
FTS 475-7315 (202)475-7315
V-l
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