AMBIENT WATER QUALITY ADVISORY
FURFURAL
OFFICE OF WATER REGULATIONS AND STANDARDS
CRITERIA AND STANDARDS DIVISION
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460
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NOTICES
This document has been reviewed by the Criteria and Standards
Division, Office of Water Regulations and Standards, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, and approved for distribution.
Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute
endorsement or recommendation for use.
This document is available to the public through the Criteria and
Standards Division, Office of Water Regulations and Standards,
U.S. EPA, Washington, DC.
ii
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FOREWORD
The Criteria and Standards Division of the Office of Water
Regulations and Standards has instituted water quality advisories
as a vehicle for transmitting the best available scientific
information concerning the aquatic life and human health effects
of selected chemicals in surface waters. Advisories are prepared
for chemicals for which information is needed quickly, but for
which sufficient data, resources, or time are not available to
allow derivation of national ambient water quality criteria.
Data supporting advisories are usually not as extensive as
required for derivation of national ambient water quality
criteria, and the strength of an advisory will depend upon the
source, type, and reliability of the data available. We feel,
however, that it is in the best interest of all concerned to make
the enclosed information available to those who need it.
Users of advisories should take into account the basis for
their derivation and their intended uses. Anyone who has
additional information that will supplement or substantially
change an advisory is requested to make the information known to
us. An advisory for an individual chemical will be revised if any
significant and valid new data make it necessary.
We invite comments to help improve this product.
Edmund M. Notzon, Director
Criteria and Standards Division
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
AQUATIC LIFE
Loren J. Larson, author
University of Wisconsin-Superior, Superior, WI
iv
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CONTENTS
Page
Notices ii
Foreword iii
Acknowledgments iv
I. Advisories II-l
II. General Information II-l
A. Biological, Chemical and Physical Properties II-l
B. Occurrence I1-2
C. Environmental Fate 11-3
D. Analytical Methods I1-4
E. Treatment 11-4
F. Human Exposure I1-4
III. Aquatic Toxicity III-l
IV. Referances IV-1
V. EPA Contacts V-l
v
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SECTION I. Advisories
AQUATIC LIFE
If the measured or estimated ambient concentration of furfural
exceeds 33 ug/L in fresh or saltwater, one or more ofthe
following options must be completed within a reasonable period of
time:
1. Obtain more measurements of the concentration.
2. Improve the estimate of the concentration.
3. Reduce the concentration.
4. Obtain additional laboratory and/or field data on the
effect of furfural on aquatic life so that a new aquatic
life advisory or a water quality criterion can be
derived.
After a reasonable period of time, unless a consideration of all
the available data concerning the ambient concentration and the
effects of furfural on aquatic life demonstrates that the ambient
concentration is low enough, it must be reduced.
1-1
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SECTION II. GENERAL INFORMATION
A. Biological. Chemical. and Physical Properties
The following information on the properties of furfural
(furaldehyde, 4-furancarbozaldehyde) and its persistence in the
aquatic environment was obtained from the QSAR System on May 1,
1987, or from the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics . Some of
the values were calculated using structure-activity
relationships.
Property
Molecular Weight
Relative Density(20°C)
Log P
Melting Point
Boiling Point
Vapor Pressure
Heat of Vaporization
pKa
Solubility in Water
BCF
Absorption Coef.[Log (Koc)]
Value
96.09g/mole
1.6227
0. "1
-37.00 C
162.00°C
2.08 mm Hg
10,000.00 cal/mole
(not applicable)
34.50 g/L
2.41
1.88
Source
Calculated
Measured
Calculated
Measured
Measured
Calculated
Calculated
Calculated
Calculated
Calculated
Hydrolysis Half-life = > 1000 days
Hydrolysis is not likely to be an important
mechanism for this chemical.
transformation
Biodegradation Half-life Analysis
This chemical has an aldehyde group. All 14 aldehydes in the
degradation data base have half-lives between 2 and 11 days.
Log 10 (Henry's Constant) = -5.12 atmm /mole
It could be concluded that a chemical with these
will volatilaize slowly in open water.
properties
Neely 100-day Partitioning Pattern
Air = 0.28%
Water = 99.51%
Ground = 0.11%
Hydrosoil = 0.11%
For information on the QSAR system, see: Hunter, R., L.
Faulkner, F. Culver and J. Hill. Draft user manual for the QSAR
system. Center for Data Systems and Analysis, Montana State
University. November, 1985.
Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 67th Ed., CRC
Raton, FL.1986-1987.
Press, Boca
II-l
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Synonyms
2-formylfuran, 2-furaldehyde, 2-furanaldehyde, 2-furancarbonal,
2-furancarboxaldehyde, 2-furfural, 2-furfuraldehyde, 2-furyl-
methanal, 2-furylaldehyde, alpha-furaldehyde, alpha-furole,
artificial ant oil, artificial oil of ants, Bran oil, fural,
furaldehyde, furale, furancarbonal, furfuraldehyde, furfurol,
furfurole, furfurylaldehyde, furol, furole, NCI-C56177, pyromucic
aldehyde, Quakeral, AI3-04466, Caswell No. 466, EPA Pesticide
Chemical Code 043301, HSDB 542, RCRA Waste Number U125, UN 1199
CAS #
CAS Name
Chemical formula
Molecular weight
Physical state
Melting point
Boiling point (760 mm Hg)
Vapor pressure (20 deg C)
Specific gravity (25 C)
(20°C)
Water solubility (25°C)
Octanol/water partition
coefficient (log P)
Taste threshold (water)
Odor threshold (water)
Odor threshold (air)
Conversion factor (air
at 25 deg C, 760 mm Hg)
Bioconcentration factor
Chemical structure
98-01-1 (HSDB, 1987)
2-furancarboxaldehyde
C5H402 (HSDB, 1987)
96.08 (HSDB, 1987)
oily liquid (Windholz, 1983)
-36.5
161.8°C
1 mm Hg
,563
. 16
86,000 ppm(w/v)
4 mg/L
1 mg/L
3.0 ppm
3.5 ppm; w/v
0.008 mg^m
1.0 mg/m
0.078 ppm (v/v) ,
1 ppm = 3.991 mg/mw
(HSDB, 1987)
(Windholz, 1983)
(Verschueren, 1983)
(ACGIH, 1986)
(Verschueren, 1983)
(Amoore and Hautala, 1983)
(Verschueren,
(Verschueren,
(Maga, 1979)
(Amoore and Hautala, 1983)
1983)
1983)
(Verschueren, 1983)
(Amoore and Hautala, 1983)
(Verschueren, 1983)
B. Occurrence
The principal uses of furfural are: (1) chemical
intermediate to derive furan and tetrahydrofuran types of
compounds, nitrofurans, pyrrole, pyrrolidine, pyridine, and
piperidine, the amino acid lysine, methylfuran and methyltetrahy-
drofuran, dihydropyran and tetrahydropyran, levulinic acid,
gamma-valerolactone, and 5-methyl-2-pyrrolidone; (2) selective
refining solvent for separating the undesirable aromatic and
olefinic components of lubricating oil, gas oil, and diesel oil
from the desired paraffinic and naphthenic components; (3)
extractive distillation medium in the process for purification of
butadiene and isoprene in the manufacture of synthetic rubber;
(4) decolorizing agent for wood rosin used in the soap, varnish,
II-2
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and paper industries in place of gum rosin; (5) solvent and
processing aid for anthracene; (6) ingredient in resins,
especially of the phenol-aldehyde types, useful in making foundry
sand binders for molding large or complicated parts, useful as
varnishes and as resin binders, which results in the resistance
of the resin toward acids and moisture; and (7) reactive solvent
and wetting agent in the manufacture of abrasive wheels and brake
linings. It can be used in the binders of particleboard (QO
Chemicals, Inc., 1980).
Furfural is also used in the preparation of pyromucic (2-
furancarboxylic) acid; as a solvent for nitrated cotton,
cellulose acid and gums; for accelerating vulcanization; as
insecticide, fungicide, germicide, and as a reagent in analytical
chemistry (Windholz et al., 1983).
Furfural is a constituent of rubber cements, used as a
synthetic flavoring ingredient, and in the furfural spot test for
meprobamate and other carbamates (HSDB, 1987).
Furfural is also used as a reactive solvent in cold-blending
of pitch, producing curing and carbonization characteristics
superior to hot processing; as organic concrete when reacted with
ketones; and in production of high quality carbon filters from a
viscous copolymer of furfuryl and pyrole (McKillip and Sherman,
1978).
Furfural is used as a quality deterioration index of orange
juice (Kanner et al., 1981).
Furfural is found in essential oils from the leaves of
clover, Trifolium pratense and T. incarnatum. in distillate of
ambrette and angelica seeds, in Ceylon cinnamon essential oil, in
petitgram oil, and in oils of ylang-ylang, lavender, lemongrass,
calamus, eucalyptus, neroli, sandalwood and tobacco leaves
(Opdyke, 1978).
Furfural is a major volatile component of baldcypress
heartwood, Taxodium distichum (Jones et al., 1981).
C. Environmental Fate
Furfural is degraded by anaerobic decomposition and by some
bacteria. Pseudomonas fluorescens can utilize 0.03% furfural as
a sole carbon source with forced aeration but is killed by >0.1%
(HSDB, 1987).
If furfural is used as a sole carbon source, adapted
activated sludge at 20 deg C can remove 96.3% of the furfural at
a rate of 37 mg chemical oxygen demand (or organic carbon)
11-3
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removed by a gram of dry matter of the activated sludge per hr.
This is considered to be biologically readily decomposable
(Pitter, 1976).
Furfural is stable in distilled water. It took four days to
degrade 0.6 mg/L as determined spectrophotometrically. Concen-
trations of 0.5 to 1.0 mg/L have no effect on the mineralization
of organic substances, but stimulate the growth of saprophytic
microflora (Kuznetsov, 1967).
D. Analytical Methods
A quick qualitative test involves adding a few drops of a
solution of aniline in glacial acetic acid to an aqueous solution
suspected of containing furfural. A red color develops if
furfural is present (as well as 5-methylfurfural and 5-
hydroxymethyl furfural) (QO Chemicals, Inc., 1980).
Two quantitative methods are (1) the determination of
pentosans by distillation in the presence of hydrochloric acid
followed by precipitation of the aldehyde with phloroglucinol; 2)
a volumetric procedure based on the reaction of furfural with
sodium bisulfite (QO Chemicals, Inc., 1980).
Gas chromatography and UV spectroscopy measuring absorbance
at 276 nm are also used for determination of furfural in water.
There will be less interference using gas chromatography (Q0
Chemicals, Inc., 1980).
E. Treatment
Furfural can be recovered from aqueous solution by steam
stripping and by solvent extraction. A 15- to 20-plate column is
used to strip furfural from the aqueous solution and concentrate
the vapors. A condenser and decanter separate the furfural from
the water. The concentration of furfural in the water leaving
the base of a commercial column is from 0.02 to 0.05 wt % (QO
Chemicals, Inc., 1980).
F. Human Exposure
Furfural is used as a flavor in the following concentrations
in non-alcoholic beverages - 4.0 ppm, alcoholic beverages - 10
ppm, ice cream - 13 ppm, candy - 12 ppm, baked goods - 17 ppm,
gelatins and puddings - 0.80 ppm, chewing gum - 45 ppm, and
syrups - 30 ppm (HSDB, 1987).
Furfural has been identified in drinking water (Kool et al.,
1982).
11-4
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Furfural is present in the vapor phase of cigarette smoke at
a range of 45 to 110 ug per cigarette (Elmenhorst and Schultz,
1968).
Furfural is present in caramel flavorings (Stich et al.,
1981b). It is also found in soy oil (Sessa and Platter, 1979),
coffee, popcorn (Shibamato, 1977), and wines, especially in
Spanish sherry. In Japanese white wines, furfural was found in
concentrations of up to 1.2 mg/L, in Japanese reds - 0.1 to 0.5
mg/L, in German whites - up to 4.2 mg/L, in French reds - 0.2 to
0.4 mg/L, in American whites - up to 2.1 mg/L, in American fruit
wines - 0.2 to 4.5 mg/L, in Spanish sherries - Fino type up to
0.4 mg/L, Amontillado type 1.4 to 2.0 mg/L, and Oloroso type 3.1
mg/L (Shimizu and Watanabe, 1979).
Furfural has been identified in such non-alcoholic beverages
as cocoa products, coffee, and tea; in such alcoholic beverages
as beer, Tokaj Aszu wines, and rum (at a concentration of 25
ppm); in fruits such as cloudberry, mango, orange powder,
tamarind, raspberry and arctic bramble hybrid, and cranberry; in
such meat products as cooked pork liver, boiled beef, and canned
beef; in such milk products as dry whole milk, butter culture,
whey powder, stale nonfat dry milk, and casein; in such nut
products as peanuts, filberts, pecans, and macadamia; in such
oilseed products as hydrolyzed soy proteins, deep fat-fried
soybeans, and soy sauce; in such vegetables as asparagus, carrot
oil, celery, leek, peppers, tomato, baked and cooked potato,
potato chips, and dehydrated potatoes; and in such other food
products as barley, rye crispbread, bread vapor, bread, cod,
grape leaves, dried mushrooms, wood smoke, maple syrup, licorice,
and ascorbic acid (Maga, 1979; Opdyke, 1978).
Furfural is produced from the thermal degradation of glucose
(a product of sugar caramelization) and sugar-amino acid
mixtures, and carbohydrates (Maga, 1979).
Furfural is found in citrus juice as a result of the
decomposition of ascorbic acid. Its concentration is directly
proportional to the level of juice concentration and storage
temperature (Kanner et al., 1981). With canned orange juice, the
levels of furfural after 16 weeks at 30, 21, 16, 10, and 5 deg C
were 533, 131, 66, 32, and 19 ug/L, respectively; with chilled
juice, the levels were 859, 173, 80, 25, and 12 ug/L, respec-
tively (Nagy and Randall, 1973).
11-5
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SECTION III. AQUATIC TOXICITY
Introduction
Aquatic life advisory concentrations are conceptually
different from national aquatic life water quality criteria.
Because aquatic life advisories are intended to be used to
identify situations where there is cause for concern and where
appropriate action should be taken, the advisory concentration
for a chemical is derived to be equal to or lower than what the
Criterion Continuous Concentration (Stephan et al. 1985) would be
if a national water quality criterion for aquatic life could be
derived for the chemical. If the concentration of a chemical in a
variety of surface waters is found to exceed the aquatic life
advisory concentration, this may indicate that the U.S. EPA
should consider deriving aquatic life water quality criteria for
that chemical.
The literature searching and data evaluation procedures used
in the derivation of aquatic life advisories are identical to
those used in the derivation of water quality criteria for
aquatic life (Stephan et al. 1985). However, advisories do not
contain a section on "Unused Data" as in a criteria document.
This aquatic life advisory concentration for furfural was derived
using the procedures described in the "Guidelines for Deriving
Ambient Aquatic Life Advisory Concentrations" (Stephan et al.
1986). A knowledge of these guidelines is necessary in order to
understand the following text, tables, and calculations. The
latest comprehensive search for information for this aquatic life
advisory was conducted in February, 1987.
Furfural is not volatile (see Section III—A) although
biodegradation may occur at a high enough rate to influence the
results of static tests. Brooke (1987) reported a half-life of 46
hours for furfural in static exposure systems. Concentrations
remained stable during the initial 24-hr period, after which they
dropped rapidly. This observation is consistent with that
predicted for biodegradation. Therefore, the 46-hr half-life
reported might be considered equivalent to the biodegradation
half-life for furfural in water at the temperature tested (22C).
Furfural was also found to significantly reduce pH and alkalinity
of water in static exposures. Due to the rapid biodegradation of
furfural, an adjustment factor was necessary for interpretation
of results from static tests. Brooke (1987) conducted comparable
flow-through measured exposure and a static, measured (based upon
0-hr measurement) exposure with the fathead minnow (Pimephales
promelas) (Table 1). The ratio of the flow-through - static 96-hr
LC50s was 0.7033. Therefore results from static exposures in
which the concentrations of furfural were not measured were
multiplied by 0.7033 to obtain an adjusted LC50. Only the
III-l
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adjusted values are used in the calculation of the Advisory
Concentration and only results in Table 1 were adjusted.
Effects on Freshwater Organisms . *. > —
Acceptable data on^the acute toxicity of furfural to
freshwater organisms/ffre summarized in Table 1. Hessov (1975)
tested adults—o-£*"tire
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Table I. Acute Toxicity of Furfural to Aquatic Animals
Spec i es
Method
Chemicol
Hardness
(mg/L as
CaCOj)
LC50
or EC5Q
lunlL)
Adj usted
LC50 or EC50
fW-)b
Species Mean
Acute Value
(ua/L) Reference
FRESHWATER SPECIES
CIadoceran
(adu11) „
Daphnia magna
S, U
13,000
9,143
9,143 Hessov I 975
Amph ipod
(adult),
Gammarus
pseudolimneous
r. M
(98*)
51 .2
II,890
,890
11,890 Brooke 1987
Fathead minnow
(j uveniIe),
Pi mephoIes
promeI as
S. U
32,000
(Lake Superior
water)
22,507
Mattson et al 1976
Fathead minnow
(juven iIe),
Pimephales
promelas
S, U
32,000 22,507
(Reconst i tuted
water)
Mattson et al . 1976
Fathead minnow
(juveniIe),
Pimephales
S, U
(982)
52.6
41,600
29,259
Brooke 1987
promelos
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Table I. (conti nued)
Hardness LC50
(mg/L as or EC5L
Spec i es Method0 Chemi col CaCO,) (tio/L)
FRESHWATER SPECIES
Fathead minnow S. Uc - 52.6 29,900
(juvenile), (98Z)
Pimepholes
promelas
Fathead minnow S, U - 52.6 16,100
(juvenile), (98Z)
Pimeohales
promelas
Fathead minnow F, U - 51.2 21,030
(juveni le), (98X)
Pimephales
promelas
Mosquitofish, S. U - - 24,000
Gambus i a of f i n i s
Adj usted
LC50 or EC50
(WLlb
Spec i es Uean
Acute Value
(«q/L)
Ref erence
29,900
16,100
21,030
Brooke 1987
Brooke 1987
21,030 Brooke 1987
16,880
16,880 Wallen et ol. 1957
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TabIe I. (cont i nued)
Spec i es
Method"
Chemi col
Sali n i ty
(q/kq)
LC5Q
or EC50
Adjusted
LC50 or EC50
(iiq/L)l>
Species Uean
Acute Value
Qifl/k)
Reference
SALTWATER SPECIES
Mysid (<96 hr), S, U - 31 5 10,570 7,434 7,434 Corr 1987
Mvs i dops i s boh i o (99!?)
0 S = Static; R = Renewal; F = Dow-through, U = Measured; U = Unmeasured.
Results of static tests in which the concentration of furfural was not measured were multiplied by
a factor of 0.7033 (see text).
c Based upon 0-hr measurement only.
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Table 2. Ranked Genus Mean Acute Values with Species Mean Acute-Chronic Ratios
Genus Mean Species Mean Species Mean
Acute Volue Acute Value Acute-Chronic
Rank0 («q/L) Spec i es f xio/L)b Rat i o
S 21,030 Fathead minnow, 21,030
Pimepholes promelas
4 16,100 Mosquitofish, 16,100
Combus i a a f f i n i s
3 11,890 Amphipod, 11,890
Gammarus pseudolimneous
2 9,143 Cladoceran, 9,143
Dophn i a rooqna
I 7,434 Uysid, 7,434
Mvs i dops i s bohi o
Ranked from most resistant to most sensitive based on Genus Mean Acute Value.
** From Toble I.
Advisory Acute Value = (7,434 fitq/l)/ 9.0 = 826.0 /jg/L.
Advisory Acute-Chronic Ratio = 25
Advisory Concentration = (826.0 /jg/L)/ 25 = 33.04 /jg/L
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Table 3. Other Data on Effects of furfural on Aquatic Organisms
Spec i es
Chemi coI
Hardness
(mg/L as
CoCOjl
Durot i on Ef f ec t
FRESHWATER SPECIES
Concent rat i on
Ltia/D
Ref erence
Bacteri urn,
Pseudomonos
put i da
Blue-green
alga,
Mi crocvst i s
oeruq inosa
Green alga,
Scenedesmus
auadr i caudo
Protozoa,
Ch iIomonos
paramaeci um
Protozoa,
Entos i phon
sulcotum
I 6 hr
8 day
8 day
48 hr
72 hr
Incipient
inhibition
Inc i p i ent
inhibition
I nci pient
inhibition
I nc i p i ent
inhibition
I nc i pi ent
inhibition
I 6,000
2,700
31 ,000
3,900
590
Bringmann 1973;
Br i ngmann and Kuhn
I 977a,1980b
Br i ngmann and Kuhn
1978a,b
Br i ngmann and Kuhn
I977a,l978a,b;l980b
Bringmann et al. 1980
Bringmann 1978;
Bringmann and Kuhn
1980b; Bringmann
et a I. 1980
Protozoa,
Uronema
porducz i
Bluegi11,
Lepomi s
mocrochi rus
84-163
20 hr
48 hr
I nc i p i ent
inhibition
LC50
II,000
16,000
Bringmann and Kuhn
1980a; Bringmann et
a I 1980
Turnbull et al. 1954
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Table 3 (cont i nued)
So Ii n i t y
Spec i es Chemical (q/Ko)
Herr ing,
CIupea
horenqus
Concentroti on
Durot i on Ef fect (uo/L) Reference
SALTWATER SPECIES
65 mi n
No avoi dance I,I 60
Wi Idish et al
1977
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SECTION IV.REFERENCES
Bringmann, G. 1973. Determination of the biological damage from
water pollutants from the inhibition of glucose assimilation in
the bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens. Gesundh. Ingen. 94:366-
369.
Bringmann, G. 1978. Determination of the biological effect of
water pollutants in protozoa. I. Bacteriovorous flagellates.
(Model organism: Entosiphon sulcatum Stein). Z. Wasser Abwasser
Forsch. 11:210-215.
Bringmann, G. and R. Kuhn. 1977a. Limiting values for the
damaging action of water pollutants to bacteria (Pseudomonas
putida) and green algae (Scenedesmus quadricauda) in the cell
multiplication inhibition test. Z. Wasser Abwasser Forsch.
10:87-98.
Bringmann, G. and R. Kuhn. 1977b. The toxicity of waterborne
contaminants towards Daphnia magna. Z. Wasser Abwasser Forsch.
10:161-166.
Bringmann, G. and R. Kuhn. 1978a. Testing of substances for their
toxicity threshold: Model organisms Microcystis (Diplocystis)
aeruginosa and Scenedesmus quadricauda. Mitt. Int. Ver. Theor.
Angew. Limnol. 21:275-284.
Bringmann, G. and R. Kuhn. 1978b. The effect of water pollutants
on blue-green algae (Microcystis aeruginosa) and green algae
(Scenedesmus quadricauda) in the cell multiplication test. Vom
Wasser 50:45-60.
Bringmann, G. and R. Kuhn. 1980a. Determination of the biological
effect of water pollutants in protozoa. II. Bacteriovorous
cilliates. Z. Wasser Abwasser Forsch. 13:26-31.
Bringmann, G. and R. Kuhn. 1980b. Comparison of the toxicity
thresholds of water pollutants to bacteria, algae, and protozoa
in the cell multiplication inhibition test. Water Res. 14:231-
241.
Bringmann, G., R. Kuhn and A. Winter. 1980. Determination of the
biological effect of water pollutants in protozoa. III.
Saprozoic flagellates. Z. Wasser Abwasser Forsch. 13:170-173.
Brooke, L.T. 1987. Center for Lake Superior Environmental
Studies. University of Wisconsin - Superior, Superior, WI.
(Memorandum to L.J. Larson, Center for Lake Superior
Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin - Superior,
Superior, WI. August 31).
IV-1
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Carr, R.S. 1987. Battelle-Ocean Sciences, Duxbury, MA.
(Memorandum to G.M. DeGraeve, Battelle-Columbus Laboratories,
Columbus, OH. May 12).
Hessov, I. 1975. Toxicity of 5 - hydroxymethylfurfural and
furfural to Daphnia magna. Acta Pharmacol. Toxicol. 37:94-96.
Mattson, V.R., J.W. Arthur and C.T. Walbridge. 1976. Acute
toxicity of selected organic compounds to fathead minnows. EPA-
600/3-76-097. National Technical Information Service,
Springfield, VA.
Stephan, C.E., D.I. Mount, D.J. Hansen, J.H. Gentile, G.A.
Chapman and W.A. Brungs. 1985. Guidelines for deriving
numerical national water quality criteria for the protection of
aquatic organisms and their uses. PB85-227049. National
Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA.
Stephan, C.E., G.A. Chapman, D.J. Hansen and T.W. Purcell. 1986.
Guidelines for deriving ambient aquatic life advisory
concentrations. December 11 draft. U.S. EPA Environmental
Research Laboratory, Duluth, MN.
Turnbull, H., J.G. DeMann and R.F. Weston. 1954. Toxicity of
various refinery materials to freshwater fish. Ind. Eng. Chem.
46:324-333.
Wallen, I.E., W.C. Greer and R. Lasater. 1957. Toxicity of
GambuBia affinis of certain pure chemicals in turbid waters.
Sewage Ind. Wastes 29:695-711.
Wildish, D.J., H. Akagi and N.J. Poole. 1977. Avoidance by
herring of dissolved components in pulp mill effluents. Bull.
Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 18:521-525.
IV-2
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SECTION V. EPA CONTACTS
AQUATIC LIFE ADVISORIES
For further information regarding the aquatic life and fish and
water exposure advisories contact:
FTS 382-7144 (202)382-7144
FTS 475-7315 (202)475-7315
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