PRELIMINARY
AIR POLLUTION SURVEY
OF IRON
AND ITS COMPOUNDS
A LITERATURE REVIEW
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
Public Health Service
Consumer Protection and Environmental Health Service
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PREFACE
This document represents a preliminary literature review which is being used as a basis for
further evaluation, both internally by the National Air Pollution Control Administration
(NAPCA) and by contractors. This document further delineates present knowledge of the
subject pollutant, excluding any specific conclusions based on this knowledge.
This series of reports was made available through a NAPCA contractual agreement with
Litton Industries. Preliminary surveys include all material reported by Litton Industries as
a result of the subject literature review. Except for section 7 (Summary and Conclusions),
which is undergoing further evaluation, the survey contains all information as reported by
Litton Industries. The complete survey, including section 7 (Summary and Conclusions)
is available from:
U. S. Department of Commerce
National Bureau of Standards
Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific
and Technical Information
Springfield, Virginia 22151
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PRELIMINARY
AIR POLLUTION SURVEY
OF
IRON AND ITS COMPOUNDS
A LITERATURE REVIEW
Ralph 0. Sullivan
Litton Systems, Incorporated
Environmental Systems Division
Prepared under Contract No. PH 22-68-25
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
Public Health Service
Consumer Protection and Environmental Health Service
National Air Pollution Control Administration
Raleigh, North Carolina
October 1969
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The APTD series of reports is issued by the National Air Pollution Control
Administration to report technical data of interest to a limited readership.
Copies of flPTC reports may be obtained upon request, as supplies permit,
from the Office of Technical Information and Publications, National Air
Pollution Control Administration, U.S. department of Health, Education, and
Welfare, 1033 Wade Avenue, Raleigh, North Carolina 27605.
National Air Pollution Control Administration Publication Mo. APTD 69-38
1i
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FOREWORD
As the concern for air quality grows, so does the con-
cern over the less ubiquitous but potentially harmful contami-
nants that are in our atmosphere. Thirty such pollutants have
been identified, and available information has been summarized
in a series of reports describing their sources, distribution,
effects, and control technology for their abatement.
A total of 27 reports have been prepared covering the
30 pollutants. These reports were developed under contract
for the National Air Pollution Control Administration (NAPCA) by
Litton Systems, Inc. The complete listing is as follows:
Aeroallergens (pollens) Ethylene
Aldehydes (includes acrolein Hydrochloric Acid
and formaldehyde) Hydrogen Sulfide
Ammonia Iron and Its Compounds
Arsenic and Its Compounds Manganese and Its Compounds
Asbestos Mercury and Its Compounds
Barium and Its Compounds NicXel and Its Compounds
Beryllium and Its Compounds Odorous Compounds
Biological Aerosols Organic Carcinogens
(microorganisms) Pesticides
Boron and Its Compounds Phosphorus and Its Compounds
Cadmium and Its Compounds Radioactive Substances
Chlorine Gas Selenium and Its Compounds
Chromium and Its Compounds Vanadium and Its Compounds
(includes chromic acid) Zinc and Its Compounds
These reports represent current state-of-the-art
literature reviews supplemented by discussions with selected
knowledgeable individuals both within and outside the Federal
Government, They do not however presume to be a synthesis of
available information but rather a summary without an attempt
to interpret or reconcile conflicting data. The reports are
¦f fi
-------
necessarily limited in their discussion of health effects for
some pollutants to descriptions of occupational health expo-
sures and animal laboratory studies since only a few epidemio-
logic studies were available.
Initially these reports were generally intended as
internal documents within NAPCA to provide a basis for sound
decision-making on program guidance for future research
activities and to allow ranking of future activities relating
to the development of criteria and control technology docu-
ments. However, it is apparent that these reports may also
be of significant value to many others in air pollution control,
such as State or local air pollution control officials, as a
library of information on which to base informed decisions on
pollutants to be controlled in their geographic areas. Addi-
tionally, these reports may stimulate scientific investigators
to pursue research in needed areas. They also provide for the
interested citizen readily available information about a given
pollutant. Therefore, they are being given wide distribution
with the assumption that they will be used with full knowledge
of their value and limitations.
This series of reports was compiled and prepared by the
Litton personnel listed below:
Ralph J. Sullivan
Quade R. Stahl, Ph.D.
Norman L. Durocher
Yanis C. Athanassiadis
Sydney Miner
Harold Finkelstein, Ph.D.
Douglas A. Olsen, PhoD.
James L. Haynes
1v
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The NAPCA project officer for the contract was Ronald C.
Campbell, assisted by Dr. Emanuel Landau and Gerald Chapman.
Appreciation is expressed to the many individuals both
outside and within NAPCA who provided information and reviewed
draft copies of these reports. Appreciation is also expressed
to the NAPCA Office of Technical Information and Publications
for their support in providing a significant portion of the
technical literature.
V
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ABSTRACT
Iron and its compounds present as pollutants in the
atmosphere can cause deleterious effects to humans, animals,
and materials. Iron and iron oxide are "known to produce a
benign siderosis, iron oxides have "been implicated as a
vehicle for transporting high concentrations of both carcin-
ogens and sulfur dioxide deep into the lungs thereby enhanc-
ing the activity of these pollutants* Iron oxide also cau&es
damage hy staining materials.
Analyses of urban air samples show that the iron con-
tent averages 1.6 ug/m3, with the iron and steel industry
probably the most liKely source of emission. Pollution by
iron emission can be reduced by use of particulate control
equipment. No information has been found on the economic
costs of iron air pollution? costs of pollution abatement for
basic oxygen furnaces run between 14 to 19 percent of total
industrial plant costs. Adequate methods exist for the de-
termination of iron in the ambient air.
*11
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LIST OF FIGURES
1. Location of Basic Steel Industry Capacity by State
and Steel Product Imports by Port of Entry 18
LIST OF TABLES
1. Air Quality Criteria for Iron Oxide Recommended by
AIHA in 1968 12
2. Suggested Exposure Limit to Iron Pentacarbonyl ... 12
3. Crude Iron Ore Mined in the U. S. by Districts/
States/ and Mining Methods 54
4. Iron and Steel Producing and Finishing Works of the
United States/ 1967 55
5. Production of Pig Iron and Ferroalloys 76
6. Raw Steel Production 77
7. Iron Emissions from Metallurgical Processes .... 78
8. Iron Emissions from Coal-Fired Power Plants .... 79
9. Concentration of Iron in the Air 80
10. Emissions from Steel Mills ............. 82
11. Papers Relating to Control Methods in the Iron and
Steel Industry 84
12. Expenditures for Pollution Control by the Steel
Industry 35
13. Number of Blast Furnaces on Jan. 1, 1968 Producing
Pig Iron and Ferroalloys 86
!4o U. S. Capacity for Steel Production/ Jan. 1, 1960 . 87
15. Properties, Toxicity, and Uses of Some Iron
Compounds 88
ix
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CONTENTS
FOREWORD
ABSTRACT
1. INTRODUCTION 1
2. EFFECTS . 2
2.1 Effects on Humans a . . . . 2
2.1.1 Carcinogenesis 4
2.1.2 Synergism 7
2.1.3 Nutrition 8
2.1.4 Iron Pentacarbonyl 8
2.2 Effects on Animals 9
202ol Commercial and Domestic Animals 9
2.2.2 Experimental Animals . . a . ...... 9
2.3 Effects on Plants 9
2.4 Effects on Materials 9
205 Environmental Air Standards • 11
3 o SOURCES . . . . - 15
3.1 Natural Occurrence 15
3.2 Production Sources. .............. 15
3.2.1 Iron and Steel Industry 15
3.2.1.1 Sintering Plants 20
3.2.1.2 Blast Furnaces 20
3.2.1.3 Ferromanganese Blast Furnaces . 21
3.2.1.4 Open-Hearth Furnaces 21
3.2.1.5 Electric-Arc Furnaces . . . » . 22
3.2.1.6 Basic Oxygen Furnaces 22
3.2.1.7 Gray Iron Cupola 23
3.2.2 Coal „ 23
3.2.3 Fuel Oil 24
3.3 Product Sources ...oo... 24
3.3.1 Incineration ..... 24
3.3.2 Welding Rods . ... a ..... . 24
3.3.3 Antiknock Compounds. 25
3.4 Environmental Air Concentrations. ....... 25
4. ABATEMENT . . . 26
4.1 Iron and Steel Industry 26
5. ECONOMICS 28
xi
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CONTENTS (Continued)
6. METHODS OF ANALYSIS 29
6.1 Sampling Methods 29
6.2 Quantitative Methods. ... a ... 29
REFERENCES 33
APPENDIX 53
xi 1
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1
1. INTRODUCTION
Although inhalation of iron or iron oxide is believed
1 2ft
to cause a benign pneumoconiosis, there is growing concern
about its synergistic effects with sulfur dioxide and carcin-
129 .
ogens. Iron may also reduce visibility-"1 and cause materi-
al damage by staining paint.49
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2
2 - EFFECT S
Because of the sparsity of known effects of iron air
pollution at the concentrations found in the anibient air, in-
dustrial and experimental observations "have been reviewed to
indicate the effects which might be expected from iron pollu-'
tion.
2.1 Effects on Humans
Inhalation of iron or iron oxide fumes or dust by
workers in the iron and steel industry has caused siderosis,
128
an iron pigmentation of the lungs, a benign condition
recognizable by X-ray.51 Pendergrass and Leopold96 described
the condition as a benign pneumoconiosis. More recent liter-
ature has indicated a possible symptomatic pneumoconiosis.
Kleinfeld _et al..69 cited the work of Sadoul et al,.109 in
Lorraine, France, where 575 iron-ore miners after long ex-
posure* (50 percent for over 25 years) frequently developed
chronic bronchitis and emphysema. However, the correlation
between these symptoms and the X-ray findings of pneumoconi-
osis was low.
69
Kleinfeld et ajL. in a comparison of 41 magnetite
miners, 16 sinterers (exposed predominantly to iron oxide
dust), and 18 healthy unexposed men found pneumoconiosis in
*Thereader should bear in mind that in this study
and most of the others, iron oxide, although comprising a
high percentage of the concentration, is not the only dust
present. It is accompanied by small amounts of metals, sili-
cates, and free silica.
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3
one sinterer and six miners. Respiratory symptoms of cough
and dyspnea were present, but the sinterers showed no sig-
nificant difference from the control group. Although the
average exposure in both groups was greater than 27 years,
there was no consistent correlation between the clinical,
radiologic, and pulmonary-function findings and duration of
exposure.
. 107
Roshchin. investigated the health, of 41 -workers in
a Bessemer sliop. These workers were exposed to dust contain-
ing 85 to 93 percent iron oxides, associated with silica and
oxides of chromium, manganese, and vanadium. The -dust con-
centration. ranged between 10,000 and 100,000 [ig/ma , with the
average about 30,000-50,000 ug/m3. He found seven cases of
pneumoconiosis and three cases of suspected pneumoconiosis.
A.11 of these workers had been exposed for 12 to 18 years.
Re concluded that exposure to iron dust produces a variety
of pneumoconiosis that, develops and progresses at. a relative-
ly slow rate.
Exposure to mixed industrial dusts containing mostly
iron oxide produces siderosis,75 metal-fume fever,®'77 sili-
cosis. 39'14 pneutnocon^os^s, etc. It appears that iron alone
will not cause fibrosis, but small amounts of other pollutants—
such as zinc, silicon, sulfur dioxide, car-cinogens, e-tc.—
may produce this condition.
The clearance of iron ore—especially henxatite (Fe2c,3l~-
from the lung has been studied^9'14 by use of radioactive
iron-59.^ Bronchial clearance occurs in two distinct
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4
phases. The first phase is completed in 2 to 4 hours, and
the second phase requires about 10 to 18 hours. These
clearances are also a function of particle size: iron oxide
particles 3 (i* in diameter (which deposit largely in the
deeper part of the lung and a relatively small amount in the
bronchial tree) are cleared almost entirely in the 10- to 18-
77 .
hour phase. The iron oxide is phagocytized by the so-called
"dust cells" and eliminated via the bronchi and lymphatic
channels. Lung saturation with iron oxide dust causes an
accumulation at the peribronchial and perivascular lymphatic
spaces, in the lymphatic channels under the pleura, and at
73
the lymph nodes.
2.1.1 Carcinogenesis
A carcinogenic role of iron oxide has been suggested,
Faulds46 reported progressive, massive fibrosis among Cumber-
land iron-ore miners. This was accompanied by a high inci-
dence of lung tumors: out of 238 necropsies there were 24
cases of carcinoma, compared to one-third of this number in
non-miners. However, the exact role of iron oxide is diffi-
cult to assess in exposure to a complex environment where
silica and other dusts are sure to be present. Bonser et al.21
suggest that iron oxide may be synergistic in converting the
fibrosis caused by silica into a carcinogenic process.
129
Stokinger and Coffin have discussed the importance
*u: micron(s),
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5
of the enhancement of carcinogenic action of organic carcin-
ogens, such as benzo(a)pyrene, by seemingly inert particles.
Iron oxide in particular appears to have properties which con-
tribute to cancer production. These authors cite the work of
110,111,112
Saff iotti ejt al., who have produced a variety of
malignant tumors in the lungs of hamsters. Iron oxide was
used as an inert carrier to transport adsorbed benzo(a)pyrene
deep into the lung. The animals were intratracheally in-
jected with a saline suspension of benzo(a)pyrene adsorbed
on hematite (Fe203)a in amounts equivalent to 3,000 |J.g of each
chemical. Fifteen weekly injections were given. Two impor-
b
tant facts were revealed in this study: (1) a high incidence
of lung cancer was produced—in as many as 100 percent of the
animals in some experiments; and (2) these lung cancers mim-
icked all the cell types seen in human lung cancers, such as
squamous cell carcinoma, anaplastic carcinoma, adenocarcinoma,
and even tracheal cancers. Dose response effects were in-
dicated, as were possibilities that a single high dose could
. . HI
induce cancers m the system. According to Saffiotti £t al..
the increased carcinogenic action of benzo(a)pyrene is due to the
iron oxide, which penetrates the bronchial and alveolar walls
aIron oxide was chosen as the carrier dust because it
does not have any extremely irritating or toxic effects.
Saffiotti believes that in order to carry the carcinogen in
high concentrations to healthy cells, an inert carrier is
required—that is, a carrier which does not destroy the cells.
^Benzo(a)pyrene alone has induced cancer in the lungs of
experimental animals, but usually with some difficulty and in
low yield.
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6
and enters into the lung tissues without extensive damage or
destruction of the ciliary and mucous barrier; the iron ox-
ide thus acts as a vehicle to transport the carcinogen to
the lung tissues. The carcinogen is then eluted from the
particulates and diffuses through the tissue. Saffiotti et al.^^
surmise that the rate of removal of benzo(a)pyrene from
the respiratory tract is slowed by action of the inert dust
as it is stored in macrophages. Thus the carcinogen remains
in the lung unmetabolized in high local concentrations, an
129
important factor in producing cancer with benzo(a)pyrene.
Saffiotti et. al..111 suggest that this mechanism is a realistic ap-
proach to what actually occurs in nature as man breathes the
polluted air: that is carcinogens adsorb on ferric oxide or
other "inert" particles that act as vehicles to transport
the carcinogens into the lungs through the respiratory tract
lining to the lung tissues, where the carcinogens are eluted
by the cell plasma.
54
Haddow and Horning suggest a possible role of iron
in cancer produced with the complex of iron-dextran. However,
91
Neukomm has tested organic iron complexes for carcinogenic
power on mice. He was unable to induce cancer with iron
complexes of polysomaltosate, plymaltosate, or iron-dextran.
However, he did induce sarcoma in 6 percent of the mice with
a ferric hydroxide (FetOH)^) complex of nitrilo-tri-propionic
acid that decomposed at the point of injection and did not
reabsorb for more than one year.
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7
2.1.2 Synergism
The synergistic effects of iron compounds with certain
gases may be important when considering iron as an air pollu-
129
tant. Stokmger and Coffin have discussed the possible
enhancement of effects when particulate material adsorbs a
substance such as sulfur dioxide and carries it deep into
the lung in a high local concentration.
10
Amdur and Underhill studied the effect of various
aerosols on the response of guinea pigs to sulfur dioxide.
Iron oxide fumes or open-hearth dust alone produced no al-
teration in pulmonary flow resistance, nor were there any
synergistic effects with sulfur dioxide. However, soluble
iron such as ferrous sulfate did prove to be synergistic
with sulfur dioxide. The ferrous ion probably catalyzes
the oxidation of sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide, which
forms sulfuric acid. (See Section 2.4.)
119 ...
Smith et _al. m a joint effort by the National Air
Pollution Control Administration and Oak Ridge National Lab-
oratory studied the adsorption of sulfur dioxide (labeled
with radioactive sulfur-35) on iron oxide (Fe304) and alum-
inum oxide (AI2O3) aerosols at ambient conditions. Prefer-
ential chemisorption was observed at low sulfur dioxide con-
centrations, and physical adsorption of multilayers was ob-
served at higher concentrations. The data show that mono-
layer coverage on iron oxide is achieved at 2 ppm sulfur
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8
dioxide; and at 66 ppm, 75 monolayers of sulfur dioxide are
adsorbed on the iron oxide.
The carcinogenic effects described above are also syn-
ergistic.
2.1.3 Nutrition
The nutritional requirements for iron are small and
55
vary somewhat with sex and age. The human adult absorbs
less than 5 mg of iron per day. Excess iron is stored in
the liver and spleen in the form of ferritin, a trace ele-
ment that is a vital constituent of every mammalian cell.
Iron is closely associated with hemoglobin in transporting
oxygen from the lung to tissue cells and plays a role in
the oxidation mechanism in body processes. Iron is frequent-
ly spoken of as a "one-way" substance. Once it is absorbed
by the body, usually in the ferrous state, there is no ef-
ficient way of excreting it. Ferrous iron as the sulfate
or gluconate is frequently administered to treat iron-defi-
ciency anemia. Most acute cases of iron poisoning result
142
from children's taking ferrous sulfate tablets.
2.1.4 Iron Pentacarbonyl
23
Iron pentacarbonyl, a yellow-brown flammable liquid,
boils at 102.5°C and has a vapor pressure of 40 mm mercury
at 30.3°C. It may be present where high partial pressures
of carbon monoxide come into contact with iron and steel.
This substance has also been used as an antiknock agent.
Brief al.2^ have summarized the toxicity studies and
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9
recommended that the concentration for industrial workers
be maintained at less than 0.1 ppm (800 ug/m3),
2.2 Effects on Animals
202.1 Commercial and Domestic Animals
No evidence of lung damage was found in three horses
which had "been exposed to iron oxide dust during a lifetime
of work in a coal mine.4^
2.2.2 Experimental Animals
The data obtained from experimental animals has been
discussed in Section 2.1.
2.3 Effects on Plants
No information has been found on plant damage by iron
air pollution. However, iron is an essential element in
plant nutrition.
2.4 Effects on Materials
Iron or iron oxide air pollution may cause soiling of
textiles or staining of buildings and paints. It may also
reduce visibility or combine chemically with other materials.
Damage to automobile paint was observed by Fochtman
49
and Langer in a Chicago parking lot. Iron particles from
a steel spring grinding operation were airborne to the near-
by parking lot where they were deposited and produced brown
stains. Many of the cars had to be repainted. The exact
mechanism for the paint damage was not determined. However,
the authors postulate that the iron is oxidized either in
the air or after it is deposited, and forms ferrous hydroxide
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10
upon absorbing water from rain or dew. This ferrous hydrox-
ide, in the form of a colloid, penetrates the paint surface,
loses water, and oxidizes to become a stable iron oxide.
Upon examination, material from the stain was found to be
magnetic and to contain small particles of iron. The air
concentrations of iron which caused the damage ranged between
11 and 63 ug/m3.
Small quantities of soluble iron and other metals have
been observed in rainwater. These water-soluble particulates
are potential sources of osmatic blistering. In one labor-
atory study, the presence of 0.1 ppm iron in water in an ac-
celerated weathering apparatus produced yellow staining.
Iron catalyzes the oxidation of sulfur dioxide to
sulfur trioxide, which in the presence of water will form
sulfuric acid. The ferric oxide also reacts with the sulfur
trioxide to produce ferric sulfate. At room temperature,
the reaction proceeds almost to completion before equilibrium
is reached.
2S02 + 02 Fe2°3 °L-££^>3 2SO 3
FeoOo or Fe+3
Fe203 + 3S03 « ¦» > Fe2( S04)3
22
Bracewell and Gall have studied the rate of oxidation of
sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide catalyzed by ferric ion.
Assuming a typical fog with a water concentration of 200,000
Ug/m3, a ferric ion concentration of 3 iag/m3 , and a sulfur
dioxide concentration of 1/750 ng/m3 (0.5 ppm), the rate of
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11
i 3 * 1
oxidation would be about 7.7 [lq/m per hour. Smith e_t al.
studied the adsorption of gases on aerosols. Of 17 metals
tested, iron ranked 14th in decreasing adsorption capacity.
Certain physical properties of iron oxide fumes are
114,24
characteristic of emissions from steel melting processes.
Specifically, these particles have a strong tendency to adhere
to both natural and synthetic fabric surfaces and a high re-
.... 32,10
fractive index, which enhances the reduction of visibility.
They are also difficult to wet and possess a high electrical
resistivity. Furthermore, the particle-size distributions
show that the particles are predominantly (approximately
70 percent by weight) less than 5 (i in diameter. Electron
photomicrographs indicate that about 95 percent of the parti-
cles are less than 0.5 |i in diameter. Thus, the small parti-
cle size and high refractive index may cause such light
scattering that the reduction in visibility may be the limit-
32
ing effect when criteria are established. The larger
particles are undoubtedly due to the high agglomeration
tendency of these particles.
2.5 Environmental Air Standards
The American Industrial Hygiene Association has set
32
air quality criteria for iron oxides. These criteria are
"based on the annoyance effects of visibility reduction and
soiling inasmuch as no health effects can be demonstrated...
the iron oxide concentration should not exceed 50 percent
of the air quality criteria for total suspended particulate."
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12
TABLE 1
AIR QUALITY CRITERIA FOR IRON OXIDE
RECOMMENDED BY AIHA IN 1968
24-Hour
30-Day
Maximum
Maximum
Location
( Jiq/m3 )
(l-Lcr/m3 )
Rural
100
Residential
150
Commercial
200
Industrial
250
100
The American Conference of Governmental Industrial
Hygienists reduced their recommended value from 15,000 \iq/ms
to 10,000 ug/m3 in 1967. This, of course, is an 8-hour
136
limit for industrial workers.
23
Brief et _al. suggested the following iron penta-
cartoonyl exposure limits for industrial workers.
TABLE 2
23
SUGGESTED EXPOSURE LIMIT TO IRON PENTACARBONYL
Concentration of Fe(ao)g
Criterion ppm Ug/m3
Target value
Require respiratory protection
Shut-down operation
0.1
0.5-5
> 5
800
4,000-40,000
> 40,000
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13
The National Air Pollution Control Administration
has issued a document, Air Quality Criteria for Particulate
Matter. This document gives criteria data which can be
used as guidelines in developing ambient air quality stan-
dards for total particulate matter.
Although no State criteria for ambient air concentra-
tions of iron were found, some States have laws to control
the particulate emissions from the iron and steel industry. ^
The Illinois law appears to be most specific:
"3-3.2112 All new blast furnaces shall be equipped
with gas cleaning devices and so operated as
to reduce the particulate matter in gases
discharged to the atmosphere after burning
to contain no more than 0.05 grains of
particulate matter per standard cubic
foot (0.11 g/ma).
"3-3.2113 Excess blast furnace gases being bled
to the atmosphere shall contain no more
than 0.10 grains of particulate matter
per standard cubic foot (0.23 g/m3) and
gases shall be burned as bled to the at-
mosphere.
"3-3.2114 The provisions of Rule 3-3.2112 shall
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14
not apply during irregular movements of the
furnace burden when it is necessary to open
relief valves at the top of the furnace for
safe operation. . . .
"3-3 . 2132 All new sintering plants, open-hearth
furnaces, electric furnaces, and basic
oxygen furnaces shall be equipped with
gas cleaning devices as necessary to re-
duce the particulate matter in the gas
discharged to the atmosphere so that it
does not exceed 0.10 grains per standard
cubic foot (0.23 g/m3 ) of exhaust gas.
"3-3.2133 The provisions of Rule 3-3.2132
shall not apply to electric furnaces and
basic oxygen furnaces when the gas col-
lection system must be disconnected from
the furnace as in charging and pouring."
After investigating the health of workers in a Besse-
, 107
mer shop in the USSR, Roshchin recommended that dust con-
centration (approximately 90 percent iron oxides) should
not exceed 6,000 ug/m3.
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15
3. SOURCES
3.1 Natural Occurrence
Iron abounds in nature and is an essential element
for both animals and plants. The iron content of the earth's
8 3
crust has been calculated at 5.6 percent. A fractional
part of this has been concentrated, under varying geologic
conditions, in widely distributed deposits formed in many
rock types. Of the various commercial deposits, the most
productive to date have been the following: (1) sedimentary
hematitic deposits of primary ore enriched by weathering
processes, (2) hematite and magnetite deposits of complex
origin in metamorphic rocks, and (3) replacement and vein
deposits. The locations of deposits in the U.S. are shown
in Table 3 in the Appendix.
Open-pit mines produce approximately 90 percent of
the iron ore in the United States. The trend has been to-
ward more open-pit mining and less underground mining.
3.2 Production Sources
3.2.1 Iron and Steel Industry
Measurements of particulate concentrations in the
area downwind of iron and steel plants have shown that these
emissions can contribute significantly to air pollution. In
64 . ...
a report of a study in Ironton, Ohio, during the period
September 1965 to August 1967, particulates measured down-
wind from two iron and steel plants ranged between 190 and
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16
212 M-g/m3 . The iron content of one sample was 16 percent
by weight. Estimates of the dust concentrations from open-
hearth furnaces indicated that the concentration might ex-
ceed 1,000 ug/m13 at a distance of 4 km from the source, if
the wind conditions were right. Dust emission rates from
the Dayton Malleable Iron Plant were 935 tons per year and
from the Armco Steel Corporation, 7,926 tons per year.
114
Schueneman, High, and Bye, in an excellent review
of the air pollution aspects of the iron and steel industry,
have reported a significant difference in the air pollutants
when steel mills are shut down during strikes. In their
report, four steel-producing areas were studied during the
1956 steel strike.
Comparison of analytical results during and after the
strike showed that (1) suspended particulate concentrations
were higher by 44 to 171 percent in the post-strike period,
(2) the soiling index was higher by 200 percent, and (3)
the concentration of iron was higher by 2.6 to 10.8 times.
In the upper Ohio River Valley where two major steel
mills, two large coke plants, and a steam-powered electric-
generating plant were located, the suspended particulate con-
centration was 383 P-g/m3 and 186 |jg/m3 in two nearby cities.
A maximum of 1,238 iag/m3 was measured in one city. One par-
ticulate sample from that city had an iron concentration of
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17
30.8 M-g/m3 . The soiling index averaged 5.5 to 5.3 cohs*
per 1,000 linear feet.
In a Pennsylvania town where the industry consisted
of steel mills with two blast furnaces, 11 open-hearth fur-
naces, a sintering plant and other equipment, and a zinc
plant, the particulate concentration near the furnaces fre-
quently exceeded 500 ug/m3 at a distance of 0.25 to 0.5
mile from the furnaces after the strike.
In a Michigan community, the iron concentration mea-
sured near two coke plants was 5.8 ng/m3 compared to a value
of 0.6 ng/m3 in a residential area.
In another small community {500 population) the pro-
cessing of blast furnace slag was found to be a major source
of pollution. Particulate concentrations downwind from the
slag processing plant 0.4 and 0.8 miles measured an average
of 411,000 ng/m3 and 477,000 ug/m3 respectively. While
other pollution sources could have contributed to the parti-
culate air pollution, chemical analyses indicated that
from 35 to nearly 100 percent of the dust came from the
slag processing plant.
These community studies indicate that the iron and
steel industry may be a significant source of iron air pollu-
tion. The distribution of the steel industry is shown in
Pigure 1 and listed in Table 4 in the Appendix. Although
*Cohjcoefficient of haze
-------
• Capacity — each dot represents 1,000,000 tons
imports — each dot represents S0.000 tons
FIGURE 1
i—'
oo
Location of Basic Steel Industry Capacity by State and
Steel Product Imports by Port of Entry
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19
the production of iron and steel in the United States is
increasing, as shown in Table 5 and 6 in the Appendix, the
air pollution trend by steel production is uncertain. The
main reason for the uncertain pollution trend is the remark-
able change in steel processing. The Bessemer process has
almost entirely been discontinued while the relatively new
basic oxygen process has become increasingly important.11
This has an impact on the air pollution aspects of the iron
and steel industry since old furnaces without dust control
are being replaced with new furnaces with such control.
While every basic oxygen furnace constructed in the U.S.
114
has been equipped with dust control devices, Vincent and
140
McGinnity have indicated that there are several factors
which have tended to increase air pollution from oxygen
processes:
1) Fume generation rates in basic oxygen furnaces
are approximately six times those of open-hearth furnaces
without oxygen lancing.
2) The oxygen-blowing rates of many basic oxygen
furnaces have been increased considerably beyond the original
design rate. As a result, the control systems have become
overloaded, resulting in the emission of copious amounts of
fumes.
3) Oxygen lancing has been used to increase the
production rate (See Section 3.2.1.4) in open-hearth
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20
furnaces. Because many of the open-hearth furnaces lack
dust control, oxygen lancing has resulted in increased emis-
sions from these sources.
Typical emissions from various types of metallurgical
furnaces are given in Table 7 in the Appendix.
3.2.1.1 Sintering Plants
From U.S. sintering plants, 20 pounds of dust per
ton of sinter is likely in a waste gas of 160 scfm.a This
gas ranges in temperature from 160° to 390°F, and contains
1.1 to 6.8 g/m3 (0.5 to 3 grains/scf ). Dust from a plant
in Germany is reported to contain 50 percent iron.42
3.2.1.2 Blast Furnaces
The average blast furnace produces approximately
1,000 tons of pig iron per day, during which about 100 tons
of dust are produced. The input to the furnace is approxi-
mately 2,000 tons of ore, 900 tons of coke, 400 tons of lime-
stone and dolomite, and 3,5 70 tons of air. The normal emis-
sions are 16,000,000 to 22,800,000 \ig/m3 . Approximately 32
percent of the dust is fine particulates containing 30 per-
114
cent iron. ^
"Slips" are the principal factors in pollution arising
from modern blast furnaces having typical air pollution con-
trol equipment. A slip occurs when the crust of a furnace
ascfm - standard cubic feet per minute.
^scf - standard cubic feet.
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21
charge breaks and slips into a void. This produces a sudden
rush of gas which automatically bypasses the control equip-
ment (to avoid high pressures in the system), thus releasing
a large black or red cloud of dust to the atmosphere. In
recent years automation has helped to reduce the number of
114
si ips.
3.2.1.3 Ferromanganese Blast Furnaces
Uncontrolled emissions from a ferromanganese blast
furnace in 1951 produced as much as 8.2 to 15.5 g/m3 of
exhaust gas, with an average of 13.7 g/m3. Two 350-ton
furnaces produced approximately 142 tons of dust per day con-
taining 0.3 to 0.5 percent iron. The particle size of the
fume is extremely small, 0.1 to 1.0 p. in diameter.114
3.2.1.4 Open-Hearth Furnaces
For economic reasons, oxygen injection is used to in-
crease the yield of steel from open-hearth furnaces. How-
ever, it also increases the air pollution."*""*"4 In 1960, the
fume loading was reported to increase from approximately 0.9
g/m3 (7.5 lb/ton) to 1.4 g/m3 (9.3 lb/ton) using oxygen in-
jection. This represents about a 50 percent increase in
emissions per unit time, but only about a 25 percent increase
in emissions per ton."'""'"4 More recent evidence, according to
Vincent and McGinnity,14® indicates the emission rates range
from 15 to 40 lb/ton of steel. When the heat time is short
(3 hours) the emission rates would be 30 to 40 lb/ton.
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22
The average open-hearth furnace in the U.S. has a capacity
of about 175 tons of steel per heat. A heat takes about 11
hours without oxygen injection, but only 3 hours (in short
heats) with oxygen injection.
Most of the dust is made up of iron oxide, predomi-
nantly Pe2C>3- If the heat contains a large fraction of
galvanized steel, zinc oxides may predominate. Studies^'*
have shown that the iron oxide content averages about 50
percent of the total particulates with oxygen lancing.
These particles are small, 93 percent of them less than 40 u
in diameter and 46 percent less than 5 n.
3.2.1.5 Electric-Arc Furnaces
Dust and fume emissions from an electric-arc furnace
average 10.5 lb/ton of steel melted, ranging from 4.5 to 29.
lb/ton. These particulates contain 40 to 50 percent Fe203
with 70 percent of the particles less than 5 n in diameter.
3.2.1.6 Basic Oxvcren Furnaces
The basic oxygen furnace appears to be the most impor
tant furnace for the future. (See Sections 3.2.1 and 4.1)
Fortunately, all of the basic oxygen furnaces operating in
this country in 1960 were equipped with either wet scrubbers
114
or electrostatic precipitators. Emissions from these
control devices range between 55,000 ug/m3 and 220,000 ug/m3
emission rates of 0.5 to 1 ton/hr have been reduced to
about 10 to 20 lb/hr. However, uncontrolled emissions range
from 20 to 60 lb/ton of steel with an average of 40 lb/ton.1
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23
3.2.1.7 Gray Iron Cupola
19 7.
The gray iron cupola is still used to melt over 93
percent of the gray iron produced in the U.S. There are
over 6,000 foundries which use over 3,300 cupolas. These
cupolas range in capacity from 1 to over 50 tons/hr. While
the quantity and concentration of iron in the dust and fume
emitted is dependent on the quality of scrap melted, tests
indicate that emissions range from 10-45 pounds of dust per
ton of melt. From 15 to 55 percent of the particles from
these emissions measure less than 50 p., and 6 to 25 percent
less than 10 u.
3.2.2 Coal
In general, the fly ash in coal contains 2 to 26.8
percent iron as Fe2C>3 or Fe3C>4, while the average concentra-
tion in West Virginia coal ash is 15.9 percent. The fly
123
ash may range from 1 to 10 percent of the coal burned.
Cuffe and Gerstle^G have reported emissions of iron ranging
from 2 to 37 lb/ton (0.1 to 1.8 percent) before fly-ash
collection and 0.09 to 4 lb/ton (0.004 to 0.2 percent) after
collection, depending on the type of equipment. These data
are given in Table 8 in the Appendix. Pursglove101 has es-
timated that 6,000,000 tons/year of coal fly ash will be
produced in the Ohio River Valley by 1971. This fly ash
would yield 1,200,000 tons of iron oxide which could make
1,000,000 tons/year of good, high-grade iron pellets for use
in blast furnaces.
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24
Iron usually occurs in coal as pyrite, FeS2- Recov-
ery of sulfur and iron from pyrite concentrates requires
crushing and grinding, which results in suspension of fine
71,152
dusts.
3.2.3 Fuel Oil
Fly ash from burning fuel oil* is most commonly about
69,000 to 80,000 M-g/m3 or approximately 2 g/lb of oil fired.
The concentration of Fe2C>3 in the fly ash is about 3.5 per-
cent. This would result in an emission of 50,000 |jg of
Fe203 per pound of fuel oil burned. A boiler burning 1,000
pounds of oil per hour would be discharging about 50 g of
122
Fe2C>3 per hour into the air.
3.3 Product Sources
3.3.1 Incineration
Incineration of municipal wastes may produce some
iron pollution in the air. Burning such as this is reported
44 67
to produce 17 pounds of particulate per ton. Kaiser
has averaged the emissions from three incinerators in New
York City and found that the collected fly ash contains 6.3
percent iron, while the fly ash passing through the control
equipment contains 2.1 percent iron.
3.3.2 Welding Rods
Welding rods contribute some iron pollution to the
air. In one study, the dust contained 25 to 30 percent of
~These data are based on residual oil.
-------
25
9ft
iron as Fe^O^ and gamma-Fe203. °
3.3.3 Antiknock Compounds
Ferrocene (dicyclopentadienyl iron) and iron carbonyl
68
(Fe(CO) ) have been studied as antiknock agents. Since
5
use of these compounds results in excessive engine deposits,
they have not been commercially used as antiknock agents.
Rose^*"^ does not think automobile exhaust emissions are an
important source of iron pollution.
3.4 Environmental Air Concentrations
Air quality data obtained from the National Air Samp-
ling Network are shown in Table 9 in the Appendix. The
national average concentration in 1964 was 1.58 M-g/m3 and
13 5 6
the national maximum was 22.0 \iq/m3 . ' ' '
72
Lee _et a^l. determined the particle size distribution
of iron particulates from samples collected from ambient air
in downtown Cincinnati, Ohio, and Fairfax, a suburb of Cin-
cinnati. The concentrations and mass median diameters were
significantly higher in downtown Cincinnati than in suburban
Fairfax. The concentrations were 3.12 and 1.15 ug/m3 re-
spectively for Cincinnati and Fairfax, and the mass median
diameters were 3.7 and 1.4 p. respectively.
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26
4. ABATEMENT
Particulate control for the emission sources should
be adequate to remove iron.
4.1 Iron and Steel Industry
Control of emissions from the iron and steel industry
is being accomplished through improvements in steel process-
ing.114'37 In 1955 the basic oxygen process was initiated
as an economical process of producing steel. Every basic
oxygen furnace constructed in this country has been equipped
with control equipment. In 1966, 28 percent of the steel
made in the U.S. was refined in these new furnaces. Wheel-
144
er anticipates that this method of steel production will
soon account for 60 percent or more of total steel production.
Dust removal is accomplished by high-efficiency elec-
37
trostatic precipitators, venturi type scrubbers, or
filters. However, filters have not been used on basic oxygen
furnaces in the U.S. Table 10 in the Appendix gives a sum-
mary of the relative efficiency of the various types of con-
trol equipment. Additional information can be found in the
references listed in Table 11 in the Appendix.
The quantity of dust collected averages 35 lb/ton of
steel or 35,000 tons/year for two 200-ton furnaces producing
2,000,000 tons of steel per year. Some of this dust (con-
taining about 65 percent iron) is reclaimed by compacting it
in a sintering plant or modulizer. Dust which contains a
large quantity of zinc oxide (produced from galvanized scrap)
-------
114
cannot be reused.
The cost of fume control is given in Section
-------
28
5. ECONOMICS
Economic losses due to iron pollution arise from
soiling. For example, a Chicago parking lot owner noted
that one parking lot was not being used even though it was
in a good location. Investigation revealed that cars parked
there were being stained by iron particles emitted from a
nearby grinding operation. Some cars required repainting
because the stains could not be removed by cleaning and
polishing. Thus, both the parking lot owner and the automo-
bile owners suffered economic losses due to iron pollution.49
However, no information has been found on the magnitude of
losses resulting from material damage.
The cost of fume control equipment for basic oxygen
furnaces ranges between $3,000,000 and $7,500,000 and repre-
sents 14 to 19 percent of the total plant cost. Operating
costs usually range from $0.15 to $0.25 per ton of steel,
or $300,000 to $500,000 per year for a plant with two 200-
ton furnaces.114 The American Iron and Steel Institute has
published the Expenditures for Pollution Control in the Iron
and Steel Industry as given in Table 12 in the Appendix.
Data on the production and consumption of iron and
steel are presented in Section 3.
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29
6. METHODS OF ANALYSIS
6.1 Sampling Methods
Dusts and fumes of iron compounds may be collected
by any method suitable for collection of other dusts and
fumes; the impinger, electrostatic precipitator, and filter
are commonly used. The National Air Sampling Network uses
135
a high volume filtration sampler.
6.2 Quantitative Methods
Emission spectroscopy has been used by the National
Air Pollution Control Administration for iron analysis of
135,2
samples from the National Air Sampling Network. The
samples are ashed and extracted to eliminate interfering
elements. The minimum detectable iron concentration by emis-
sion spectroscopy is 0.084 ug/m3 for urban samples and 0.006
ug/m3 for nonurban samples. The different sensitivities re-
sult from the different extraction procedures required for
urban sample s.7
135
Thompson jet al_. have reported that the National
Air Pollution Control Administration uses atomic absorption
to supplement analyses obtained by emission spectroscopy.
The method has a minimum detectable limit of 0.01 ug/m3
based on a 2,000 m3 air sample.
Atomic absorption spectroscopy has been applied to
the analysis of iron in air by Sachdev, Robinson, and West.^
The sensitivity is 50 ug/m3 of solution.
-------
30
A method for determining iron in the ambient air
143
has been described by West _et a_l. The dust sample is
collected on filter paper with a high volume sampler and
analyzed by the ring oven technique, using ferrocyanide.
The limit of detection is 0.015 ug, or approximately 2 ug/ma.
A flame emission spectrophotometry method for deter-
mining mass concentration of Fe203 aerosol in exposure
chambers is reported by Crider, Strong, and Barkley."^ This
is a continuous monitoring system sensitive to 3 ug of
Fe203/m". At the 100 to 1,000 ug/m3 level, the precision
was +.12 percent.
A procedure for determining the iron concentration in
plant tissue and soil extracts was set forth by Paul.^ in
this procedure the ferrous ion forms a complex compound with
1,10-phenanthroline, which is then determined colorimetri-
cally.
131
Strackee has measured the iron content of air by
electron spin resonance spectrometry.
29 • .
Butt et al. has recorded an emission spectrographic
method for determining the trace metal content (including
iron) in the human liver, kidney, lung, brain, spleen, and
heart.
23
Brief et a_l. has described a method for collecting
and determining the air concentration of iron pentacarbonyl.
The method has a sensitivity of lu of iron or 71 ug/m3.
-------
31
28
Bulba and Silverman have developed a method of pro-
ducing aerosols of iron oxides. A stream of nitrogen is
passed through iron pentacarbonyl, after which it is mixed
with an oxygen stream. This mixture is passed through a
furnace which causes the oxidation of iron carbonyl to iron
oxide.
Mallik and Buddhadev^ have reported two spot-test
methods for the determination of iron. Both methods use
phenyl-2-pyridylketoxine with color development with (1)
sodium carbonate and (2) ammonia. Interfering ions are
copper, cobalt, and cyanide. The limit of identification
is about 0.05 ng.
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33
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Miners in an Iron Mine and a Manganese Ore Mine in
South Africa, Ned. Tvdschr. Geneesk 110(10):473 (1966);
Translated from Dutch, Joint Publications Research
Service, Washington, D.C., R-9047-D (1968).
Walker, F. E., and F. E. Hartner, Forms of Sulphur
in U.S. Coals, U.S. Bureau of Mines, Washington, D.C.,
Information Circular 8301 (1966).
Washington, D.C., Metropolitan Area Air Pollution
Abatement Activity, Public Health Service, Cincinnati,
Ohio, National Center for Air Pollution Control (1967).
Williams, J. D., et al., Interstate Air Pollution Study,
Phase II, Project Report. VI. Effects of Air Pollution,
Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio, National Center
for Air Pollution Control (1966).
Yocom, J. E., The Deterioration of Materials in Polluted
Atmospheres, J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. 8.( 3): 203
(1958). ~~
Zenz, C., J. P. Bartlett, arid W. H. Thiede, Analysis of
Ventilation in Older Workers in Foundry, Machine Shop,
and Office, J. Occupational Med. 7(9) :443 (1965).
-------
APPENDIX
-------
APPENDIX
TABLE 3
QA
CRUDE IRON ORE WINED IN THE UNITED STATES BY DISTRICTS, STATES, AND MINING METHODS
(Thousand long tons and exclusive of ore containing 5 percent, or more manganese)
1965 1966 ~~
Under- Under-
District and State Open Pit ground Total Open Pit ground Total
Lake Superior
Michigan
Minnesota . . . .
Wisconsin . . . ,
Total
Southeastern States
Alabama . . . . .
Georgia
Total
17,342
112.664
130,006
3,444
1.697
5,141
6,562
1,263
56
659
659
23,904
113,927
56
4,103
1.697
5f 800
18,24S
114,851
7,881 137,887 133,099
3, 390
1,-645
5, 035
6,572
11 227
778
778
24,820
115,078
7,799 140,898
4,168
1.645
5,813
Northeastern States
New Jersey, New York,
Pennsylvania . .
12.206
11.355
Western States
Airizmici •«¦•••
California .....
*
*
*
*
Colorado
115
115
163
163
Idaho
*
•k
*
*
Mississippi ....
*
*
*
*
Missouri
299
2,532
2,831
264
2,605
2, 869
Montana
9
9
12
12
Nevada
*
*
1, 301
*
*
1, 224
New Mexico .....
17
17
15
15
Texas
*
*
*
*
Utah ........
2,303
2, 303
2,064
2, 064
Wyoming ......
3,720
815
4,535
4,265
742
5, 007
Undistributed . . .
*
*
10,937
*
*
12,959
Total
Grand Total
*
*
22,048
*
*
24,313
160,355
17,586
177,941
164,165
18,214
182,379
'Withheld to avoid disclosing individual confidential data; included with "Undistributed.
-------
APPENDIX
TABLE 4
IRON AND STEEL PRODUCING AND FINISHING WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES, 196763
State & City
County
Company
Major Furnaces
Grades of
Steel*
ALABAMA
Birmingham
Jefferson
Do than
Fairfield
Gadsden
Haleyville
No. Birmingham
It ll
Sheffield
Woodward
ARIZONA
Tempe
ARKANSAS
Magnolia
CALIFORNIA
Azusa
II
City Industry
Emeryville
Etiwanda
Fontana
Houston
Jefferson
Etowah
Winston
Jefferson
••
Colbert
Jefferson
Maricopa
Columbia
Los Angeles
II II
II II
Alameda
San Bernardino
American Cast Iron Pipe Co.
American Steel Pipe Div.
H. K. Porter Co., Inc.
Connors Steel Div.
Republic Steel Corp.
Southern Electric Steel Co.
United States Pipe & Foundry Co,
Southern Fabricating Co., Inc.
Dixie Tube & Steel, Inc.
United States Steel Corp.
Sheet & Tin Products Oprs.
Republic Steel Corp.
Formed Tubes Southern, Inc.
Southeastern Metals Co., Inc.
United States Pipe & Foundry
Southern Fabricating Co., Inc.
Vfoodward Corp.
Allison Steel Mfg. Co.
Rolling Mill Div.
Kalmar Steel Corp.
Metalcraft Products Co.
Southern Pipe & Casing Co.
Techalloy Co., Inc.
Judson Steel Corp.
Etiwanda Steel Products, Inc.
Kaiser Steel Corp.
Elec.
Coke-B/F
Elec.
B/F
Coke—B/F-OH-Bess
Coke-B/F-Bop-Elec
Coke-B/F
Coke-B/F
Elec.
Elec.
OH
Elec.
Coke-B/F-OH-Bop
CA
CA
C
CA
CA
C
C
C
C
C
C
CA
CA
cn
CJT
(continued)
-------
)IX
TABLE 4
63
IRON AND STEEL PRODUCING AND FINISHING WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1967 (Continued)
State & City
County
Company
Manor Furnaces
Grades of
Steel*
CALIFORNIA (Cont'd.)
Hayward Alameda
Long Beach
Los Angeles
Los Angeles
Napa
Perris
Pittsburg
Napa
Riverside
Contra Costa
So. San Francisco San Mateo
Torrance
Union City
Los Angeles
• i it
Alameda
Davis Wire Corp.
Soule Steel Co. Elec.
Bethlehem Steel Corp. Elec.
California Steel & Tube
Calstrip Steel Corp.
(Washington Steel Corp.)
Davis Wire & Cable Corp., K.H.
Harris Tube, Inc.
Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp.
Stainless & Strip Div.
National-Standard Co.
Pacific Tube Co.
Pittsburgh Steel Co.
Johnson Steel & Wire Co.,Inc.
Republic Steel Corp.
Bliss & Laughlin Steel Co.
Southwest Steel Rolling Mills Elec.
Kaiser Steel Corp.
Techalloy Ca, Inc.
United States Steel Corp.
Sheet & Tin Products Oprs.
Bethlehem Steel Corp.
Edwards Co., E. H.
Armco Steel Corp.
National Supply Div. Elec.
United States Steel Corp.
Sheet & Tin Products Oprs. OH
Cal-Metal Corp.
Columbia Steel & Shafting Co.
(Columbia-Summerill)
Pacific States Steel Corp. OH
C
C
CA
C
CAS
C
C
CA
C
CAS
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
CAS
CA
C
CA
CA
(continued J
-------
APPENDIX
TABLE 4
63
IRON AND STEEL PRODUCING AND FINISHING WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1967 (Continued)
State & City
County
Company
Grades of
Major Furnaces Steel*
COLORADO
Pueblo
Fort Collins
CONNECTICUT
Branford
Bridgeport
Bristol
E. Hartford
Georgetown
New Britain
New Haven
Putnam
She 1 ton
Wallingford
Willimantic
nirT.awaPTi!
Clayroont
FLORIDA
Jacksonville
••
Tampa
Pueblo
Larimer
New Haven
Fairfield
Hartford
II
Fairfield
Hartford
New Haven
Windham
Fairfield
New Haven
Windham
New Castle
Duval
tl
Hillsborough
CF&I Steel Corp.
Southwest Pipe, Inc.
Atlantic Wire Co.
Carpenter Steel Co.,
New England Div.
Heppenstall Co.
Wallace Barnes Steel Div.
Republic Steel Corp.
Gilbert & Bennett Mfg. Co.,Inc.
Stein ley Works
Detroit Steel Corp.
United States Steel Corp.
Wire Products Operations
Screw and Bolt Corp. Of America
Wyckoff Steel Div.
Driscoll Wire Co.
Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp.
Wallingford Steel Co.
Ulbrich Stainless Steels, Inc.
Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp.
Phoenix Steel Corp.
Mid-States Steel & Wire Co,
Ivy Steel & Wire Co.
Florida Steel Corp.
Coke-B/F-OH-Bop
Elec -
OH
CA
C
CAS
C
CA
C
C
C
C
C
C
CAS
S
C
CA
Elec.
C
C
C
(continued)
-------
APPENDIX
TABLE 4
/• ^
IRON AND STEEL PRODUCING AND FINISHING WORKS OF THE UNITEO STATES, 1967 (Continued)
State & City
County
Company
Major Furnaces
Grades of
Steel*
GEORGIA
Atlanta
Hartwell
Norcross
Tallapoosa
Fulton
Hart
Gwinnett
Haralson
Atlantic Steel Co.
Monroe Auto Equipment Co.
Tull Allied Metal Products Co
Atlantic Steel Co.
Dixisteel Buildings, Inc.
Elec.
CA
C
C
CA
HAWAII
Ewa
Honolulu
Hawaiian Western Steel Ltd.
Elec.
ILLINOIS
Alton
Blue Island
II II
Chicago
Madison
Cook
Chicago Heights
Laclede Steel Co. Elec.
Enterprise Wire Co.
Gilbert & Bennett Mfg. Co.,Inc.
Borg-Warner Corp.
Ingersoll Products Div.
Chicago Steel & Wire Co.
Finkl & Sons Co., A. Elec.
Interlake Steel Corp. Coke-B/F
Naylor Pipe Co.
Regal Tube Co. (Lear-Siegler,Ina)
Valley Mould & Iron Corp.
Wilson Steel & Wire Co.
Wire Sales Co.
Screw and Bolt Corp. of America
Wyckoff Steel Div.
Alco Products, Inc.
Borg-Warner Corp.
Calumet Steel Div. Elec.
Columbia Tool Steel Co. Elec.
Inland Steel Co.
C
C
C
CA
C
CA
C
c
c
c
c
c
c
A
c
cn
CO
(continued)
-------
APPENDIX
TABLE 4
IRON AND STEEL PRODUCING AND FINISHING WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES, 196763 (Continued)
Grades of
State & City County Company Major Furnaces Steel*
ILLINOIS (Cont'd.)
Cicero
Cook
Taylor Forge & Pipe Works
C
II
II
Corey Steel Co.
CS
Dixon
Lee
National-Standard Co.
C
Evanston
Cook
Mark & Co., Clayton
C
Fairbury
Livingston
International Tube Corp.
C
Franklin Park
Cook
Nelsen Steel & Wire Co.
CA
II II
ii
Thompson Wire Co.
C
Granite City
Madison
Granite City Steel Co.
Coke-B/F-OH-Bop
CA
Harvey
Cook
Bliss & Laughlin Steel Co.
CA
Joliet
Will
Phoenix Manufacturing Co.
Div, Union Tank Car Co.
C
II
11
United States Steel Corp.
Wire Products Oprs.
CAS
Kankakee
Kankakee
Kankakee Electric Steel Co.
Elec.
C
Lemont
Will
Ceco Corp.
Lemont Mfg. Corp.
Elec.
C
Madison
Madison
Laclede Steel Co.
C
Morton Grove
Cook
Harper Co., H. M.
Elec.
S
Peoria
Peoria
Keystone Consolidated Industries
OH
CA
Riverdale
Cook
Interlake Steel Corp.
Bop
C
South Chicago
Cook
Republic Steel Corp.
Coke-B/F-OH-Elec.
CA
ii n
II
United States Steel Corp.
Heavy Products Oprs.
B/F-OH-Bess-Elec.
CAS
it "
II
International Harvester Co.
Wisconsin Steel Div.
Coke-B/F-Bop
CA
Sterling
Whiteside
Northwestern Steel & Wire Co.
Elec.
C
Union
McHenry
Techalloy Co., Inc.
C
Waukegan
Lake
United States Steel Corp.
Wire Products Oprs.
C
(continued)
-------
PPENDIX
TABLE 4
63
IRON AND STEEL PRODUCING AND FINISHING WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1967 (Continued)
State & City
County
Company
Major Furnaces
Grades of
Steel*
INDIANA
West Chester Twp.
Crawfordsville
East Chicago
East Chicago
Fort Wayne
Gary
Hammond
II
Indiana Harbor
Indianapolis
Kokomo
Muncie
New Castle
Portage
IOWA
Clinton
KENTUCKY
Ashland
Coal ton
Porter
Montgomery
Lake
Lake
Allen
Lake
Marion
Howard
Delaware
Henry
Porter
Clinton
Boyd
Bethlehem Steel Corp.
Mid-States Steel & Wire Co.
Inland Steel Co.
Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co.
Joslyn Stainless Steels Div.
Republic Steel Corp.
Taylor Forge & Pipe Works
United States Steel Corp.
Heavy Products Oprs.
Sheet and Tin Products Oprs.
Tubular Products Oprs.
Western Cold Drawn Steel
Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp.
La Salle Steel Co.
Standard Alliance Industries ,Inci
Standard Forgings Div.
Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp.
Stainless & Strip Div.
Continental Steel Corp.
Indiana Steel & Wire Co.
Borg-Warner Corp.
Ingersoll Steel Div.
National Steel Corp.
Midwest Steel Div.
Coke-B/F-OH-Bop
Coke-B/F-OH
Elec.
Coke-B/F-OH-Bop
OH-Elec.
Elec.
Central Steel Tube Co.
Armco Steel Corp.
Kentucky Electric Steel Co.
B/F-OH-Bop
Elec.
CA
C
CA
CA
S
CA
C
CAS
CA
C
CA
CAS
CA
C
C
CAS
C
CA
C
(continued)
-------
APPENDIX
TABLE 4
63
IRON AND STEEL PRODUCING AND FINISHING WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1967 (Continued)
State & City
County
Company
Grades of
Major Furnaces Steel*
KENTUCKY (Cont'd.)
Cynthiana
Henderson
Wilder
Owensboro
LOUISIANA
Baton Rouge
MARYLAND
Baltimore
Cockeysville
Cumberland
Sparrows Point
MASSACHUSETTS
Boston
Fairhaven
Mansfield
Medford
Millbury
New Bedford
Palmer
Readville
Harrison
Henderson
Campbell
Davies
E. Baton Rouge
Baltimore
Allegheany
Baltimore
Suffolk
Bristol
Bristol
Suffolk
Worcester
Bristol
Hampden
Suffolk
Bundy Corp.
Atlas Tack Corp.
Interlake Steel Corp.
Green River Steel Corp.
(Jessop Steel Co.)
Stupp Corporation
Armco Steel Corp.
Eastern Stainless Steel Corp.
Reid-Avery Co., Inc.
Maryland Specialty Wire, Inc.
Cumberland Steel Co.
Bethlehem Steel Corp.
Thompson Wire Co.
Thompson Wire Co.
Atlas Tack Corp.
Bliss & Laughlin Steel Co.
Northern Steel, Inc.
New England High Carbon
Wire Corp.
Rodney Metals, Inc.
CF&I Steel Corp.
Compressed Steel Shafting Co,
Elec.
Elec.
Elec.
Elec.
Coke-B/F-OH-Bop
C
C
CA
CAS
CAS
AS
C
AS
C
CA
C
C
C
CA
C
C
CAS
C
C
cn
(continued)
-------
APPENDIX
TABLE 4
63
XROS AND STEEL PRODUCING AND FINISHING WORKS OP THE UNITED STATES, 1967 (Continued)
State & Citv
County
Company
Maior Furnaces
Grades of
Steel*
MASSACHUSETTS
Worcester
Worcester
National-Standard Co.
C
II
II
Pittsburgh Steel Co.
Johnson Steel & Wire Co.,Inc.
C
II
II
Thompson Wire Co,
c
II
il
United States Steel Corp.
Wire Products Oprs.
c
II
41
Wright Steel & Wire Co., G. P.
c
MICHIGAN
Dearborn
Wayne
Ford Motor Co.
Cok e-B/F-Bop
CA
II
11
Sharon Steel Corp.
cs
Detroit
it
Barry Universal Corp.
c
tl
ll
Bliss & Laughlin Steel Co.
CA
II
il
Bundy Tubing Co.
c
I*
ll
Detroit Steel Corp.
c
II
II
Hercules Drawn Steel Corp.
CA
It
tl
Lear Siegler, Inc.
c
II
ll
McLouth Steel Corp.
CAS
jj
i*
Plymouth Steel Corp.
c
II
tl
Production Steel Strip Corp.
CA
It
11
Standard Tube Co.
(Michigan Seamless Tube Co.)
C
Eoorse
ll
National Steel Corp.
Great Lakes Steel Corp.
OH-Bop-Elec.
CA
Ferndale
ll
Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp.
Elec.
CAS
II
II
Greer Steel Co.
C
11
n
Republic Steel Corp.
C
Gibraltar
•i
Mclouth Steel Corp.
C
Jackson
Jackson
Walker Mfg. Co.
CAS
(continued)
-------
APPENDIX
TABLE 4
6 3
IRON AND STEEL PRODUCING AND FINISHING WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1967 (Cbntinued)
State & City
County
Company
Major Furnaces
Grades of
Steel*
MICHIGAN
Ludington
Madison Heights
Niles
Plymouth
River Rouge
South Lyon
Sturgis
Trenton
Warren (Detroit)
MINNESOTA
Duluth
St. Paul
MISSISSIPPI
Aberdeen
Flowood
Biloxi
Mason
Oakland
Berrien
Wayne
Oakland
St. Joseph
Wayne
Macomb
St. Louis
Ramsey
Monroe
J ackson
Harrison
Motyka Metal Products Tubing
Div., Inc.
James Steel & Tube Co.
National-Standard Co.
Screw and Bolt Corp. of America
Pilgrim Drawn Works
(Wyckoff Steel Div.)
National Steel Corp.
Great Lakes Steel Corp.
Michigan Seamless Tube Co.
Formed Tubes, Inc.
McLouth Steel Corp.
Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp.
Stainless & Strip Div.
United States Steel Corp.
Wire Products Oprs.
North Star Steel Co.
Walker Mfg. Co.
Mississippi Steel Corp.
Southern Precision Steel Co.
(Precision Drawn Steel Co.)
Coke-B/F
B/F-Elec.-Bop
Elec.
Coke-B/F-OH
Elec.
Elec,
C
C
C
CAS
C
CAS
CAS
CA
CA
CAS
C
CA
(continued)
CT)
OJ
-------
APPENDIX
TABLE 4
63
IRON AMD STEEL P3J3DUCT5G RED FlKISrIItf'j WORKS 3F THE UUITED SrATES, 1957 (Continued)
State & City
County
Company
Major Furnaces
Grades of
Steel*
MISSOURI
Kansas City
St. Louis
NEBRASKA
Cozad
Valley
NEW JERSEY
Camden
Clifton
Harrison
Metuchen
y«v Bruaxswi-ck.
Hevr Harlcet
Newark
Roebling
Trenton
Union
MEW YORK
Brooklyn
Buffalo
Jaclcscm
St. Lou i s
Dawson
Douglas
Camden
Passaic
Hudson
Middlesex
Essex
Burlington
Mercer
Union
Kings
Erie
it
ti
Arraco Steel Corp. Elec.
Missouri Rolling Mill Corp.
Monroe Auto Equipment Co.
Valiaont Industries, Inc.
Precision Drawn Steel Co.
National-Standard Co.
Crucible Steel Corp,
Berger Industries
Carpenter Steel Co.
Union Steel Corp.
{Sharon Steel Corp - 3
Wilbur B. Driv-er Co.
Igo© Brothers, Inc.
Screw and; Bolt Corp. of America
W/ckoff Steel Div.
CFs
-------
APPEJDIX
TABLE 4
IRON AND STEEL PRODUCING AND FINISHING WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES, 196763 (Continued)
Grades of
State & City County Company Major Furnaces Steel*
NEW YORK (Cont'd.)
Buffalo
Erie
Madison Wire Co., Inc.
c
II
ti
National Steel Corp.
Hanna Furnace Corp.
B/F
(1
ll
Republic Steel Corp.
B/F-OH
CA
Cortland
Cortland
Wickwire Brothers, Inc.
Elec.
C
Dunkirk
Chautauqua
Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp.
Elec.
CAS
II
II
Roblin Steel Corp.
Elec.
CA
Lackawanna
Erie
Bethlehem Steel Corp.
Coke-B/F-OH-Bop
CA
Lockport
Niagara
Wallace Murray Corp.
Simonds Steel Div.
Elec.
CAS
New Hartford
Oneida
Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp.
Special Metals Corp.
Elec.
C
New York
New York
Washburn Wire Co.
C
No. Tonawanda
Niagara
Roblin Steel Corp.
CA
ll »
it
Tonawanda Iron Div.
(Am. Rad. & Std. Corp.)
B/F
Rome
Oneida
Rome Manufacturing Co.
CAS
II
Rome Strip Steel Co., Inc.
CA
Syracuse
Onondaga
Crucible Steel Corp.
Elec.
CAS
Tonawanda
Erie
Lake Erie Rolling Mill, Inc.
CA
Troy
Rensselaer
Poor & Co.
C
11
II
Republic Steel Corp.
B/F
Watervliet
Albany
Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp.
Elec.
AS
NORTH CAROLINA
Monroe
Union
Vasco Metals Corp.
Allvac
Elec.
CA
Croft
Mecklenburg
Florida Steel Corp.
Elec.
C
(continued)
-------
APPENDIX
TABLE 4
63
IRON AND STEEL PRODUCING AND FINISHING WORKS OP THE UNITED STATES, 1967 (Continued)
State & City
County
Company
Major Furnaces
Grades of
Steel*
OHIO
Akron
Alliance
Campbell
Canton
Cincinnati
Cleveland
Coshocton
Dover
II
Summit
Stark
Mahoning
Stark
Hamilton
Cuyahoga
Fostoria
Coshocton
Tuscarawas
II
Lorain
II
Seneca
National-Standard Co.
Pittsburgh Steel Co.
Johnson Steel & Wire Co., Inc.
Babcock & Wilcox Co.
Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co.
Poor & Co.
Republic Steel Corp.
Timken Roller Bearing Co.
United States Steel Corp.
Sheet & Tin Products Oprs.
American Compressed Steel Corp.
Angell Nail & Chaplet Co.
Cuyahoga Steel & Wire Co.
(Div. Hoover Ball & Bearing CcO
Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp.
Republic Steel Corp.
Solar Steel Corp.
United States Steel Corp.
Wire Products Oprs.
Tubular Products Oprs.
United Tube Corp. of Ohio
Un iver s al-Cyclop s
Specialty Steel Div.
(Cyclops Corp.)
Greer Steel Co.
Cyclops Corp.
Empire-Reeves Steel Div.
Republic Steel Corp.
Western Cold Drawn Steel
(Standard Screw Co.)
Seneca Wire & Manufacturing Co,
Coke-B/F-OH
B/F-OH-Elec.
Elec.
Elec.
B/F-Bop-Elec.
Coke-B/F-OH-Bop
B/F
OH-Elec.
C
C
CA
CA
CAS
CAS
C
C
C
CA
CA
CA
CA
CA
S
CA
CAS
C
CA
C
cn
cy*
(continued)
-------
APPENDIX
TABLE 4
IRON AND STEEL PRODUCING AND FINISHING WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES, 196763 (Continued)
State & City
County
Company
Grades of
Major Furnaces Steel*
OHIO (Cont'd.)
Hubbard
Jackson
Lorain
Louisville
Mansfield
Marion
Martins Perry
Massillon
Medina
Middletown
Orwell
Piqua
Portsmouth
Shelby
Steubenville
Toledo
at
Trumbull
Jackson
Lorain
Stark
Richland
Marion
Belmont
Stark
Medina
Butler
Ashtabula
Miami
Scioto
Richland
Jefferson
•I
Lucas
Warren
Trumbull
Valley Mould & Iron Corp.
Jackson Iron & Steel Co.
United States Steel Corp.
Tubular Products Oprs.
Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp.
Stainless and Strip Div.
Cyclops Corp.
Empire-Reeves Steel Div.
Pollak Steel Co.
Wheeling Steel Corp.
Republic Steel Corp.
Bliss & Laughlin Steel Co.
Armco Steel Corp.
Welded Tubes, Inc.
Miami Industries Div.
(MSL Industries, Inc.)
Detroit Steel Corp.
Copperweld Steel Co.
Ohio Seamless Tube Div.
Standard Tube Co.
(Michigan Seamless Tube Co.)
National Steel Corp.
Weirton Steel Div.
Wheeling Steel Corp.
AP Parts Corp.
Baron Drawn Steel Corp.
Interlake Steel Corp.
Kaiser Jeep Corp.
Toledo Steel Tube Co.
Copperweld Steel Co.
Pittsburgh Steel Co.
Thomas Strip Div.
B/F
B/F
Coke-B/F-OH-Bess
OH-Elec.
Coke-B/F
Coke-B/F-OH
Coke-B/F-OH
Coke-B/F-OH-Bop
Coke-B/F
Elec.
CA
S
CAS
c
c
CA
C
C
C
C
CA
C
CA
C
CA
C
C
CAS
CT\
(continued)
-------
APPENDIX
TABLE 4
63
IRON AND STEEL PRODUCING AND FINISHING WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1967 (Continued)
State & City
County
Company
Major Furnaces
Grades of
Steel*
OHIO (Cont'd.)
Warren
Wooster
Yorkville
Youngstown
Zanesville
New Miami
Trumbull
II
Wayne
Jefferson
Mahoning
II
• I
Muskingum
Butler
Republic Steel Corp.
Sharon Steel Corp.
Brainard Steel Strapping Div.
Van Huffel Tube Corp.
(Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co.)
Timken Roller Bearing Co.
Wheeling Steel Corp.
Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp.
Stainless & Strip Div.
Fitzsimons Steel Co., Inc.
Republic Steel Corp.
United States Steel Corp.
Tubular Products Oprs.
Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co.
Armco Steel Corp.
Armco Steel Corp.
Coke-B/F-Bop-Elec; CA
Coke—B/F-OH
B/F-OH
Coke-B/F-OH
Coke-B/F
CAS
CAS
C
CAS
CA
CA
CA
CA
A
OKLAHOMA
Oklahoma City
Sand Springs
Oklahoma
Tulsa
Hoster Investment Co.
Armco Steel Corp.
Elec.
C
C
OREGON
Portland
Multnomah
Oregon Steel Mills
Elec.
PENNSYLVANIA
Aliquippa
Allenport
Ambridge
Beaver
Washington
Beaver
Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp.
Pittsburgh Steel Co.
A. M. Byers Co.
Armco Steel Corp.
Coke-B/F-OH-Bess-
Bop
CAS
CAS
CA
cr>
CO
(continued)
-------
APPENDIX
TABLE 4
6 3
IRON AND STEEL PRODUCING AND FINISHING WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1967 (Continued)
State & City
Ccunty
Company
Ma-jor Furnaces
Grades of
Steel*
PENNSYLVANIA (Cont'd.)
Ambridge Beaver
Avis
Beaver Falls
Bethlehem
Brackenridge
Braddock
Braeburn
Bridgeville
Burham
Butler
Carnegie
Catasauqua
Clairton
Coatesville
Corry
Dr avo sburgh
Duguesne
Ellwood
Erie
Clinton
Beaver
Northampton
Allegheny
Westmoreland
Allegheny
Mifflin
Butler
Allegheny
Lehigh
Allegheny
Chester
Erie
Allegheny
Lawrence
Erie
Screw & Bolt Corp.
Wyckoff Steel Div.
Jersey Shore Steel Co.
Babcock & Wilcox Co.
Moltrup Steel Products Co.
Republic Steel Corp.
Bethlehem Steel Corp.
Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp.
United States Steel Corp.
Heavy Products Oprs.
Braeburn Alloy Steel Corp.
Universal-Cyclops
Specialty Steel Div.
(Cyclops Corp.)
Baldwin-Lima-Hamilton Corp.
Standard Steel Works Div.
Armco Steel Corp.
Columbia Steel & Shafting Co.
(Co lurrib ia^-Stammer i 11)
Union Electric Steel Corp.
Phoenix Manufacturing Co.
United States Steel Corp.
Heavy Products Oprs.
Lukens Steel Co.
Mclnnes Steel Co.
United States Steel Corp.
Sheet & Tin Products Oprs.
Heavy Products Oprs.
United States Steel Corp.
Tubular Products Oprs.
Erie Forge & Steel Corp.
Interlace Steel Corp.
Elec.
Coke-B/F-OH-Elec.
Bop-Elec.
B/F-OH
Elec.
Elec.
Elec.
Coke-B/F
OH-Elec.
B/F-Bop-Elec.
Elec.
Coke-B/F
C
C
CAS
CA
CA
CAS
CAS
CA
CAS
CAS
CAS
CAS
A
C
CA
CA
CAS
CAS
CAS
CA
CA
CTl
(continued)
-------
APPENDIX
TABLE 4
63
IRON AND STEEL PRODUCING AND FINISHING WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1967 (Continued)
State & City
County
Company
Major Furnaces
Grades of
Steel*
PENNSYLVANIA (Cont'd.)
Fairless Hills
Farrell
Franklin
Glassport
Greenville
Harrisburg
Hometown
Houston
Irvine
Ivy Rock
Johnstown
Latrobe
Lebanon
McKeesport
Midland
Milton
Bucks
Mercer
Venango
Allegheny
Mercer
Dauphin
Schuylkill
Washington
Warren
Mantgomery
Cambria
Westmoreland
Lebanon
Allegheny
Beaver
Northumberland
United States Steel Corp.
Sheet & Tin Products Oprs,
Tubular Products Oprs.
Sharon Steel Corp.
Borg-Warner Corp.
Franklin Steel Div.
Copperweld Steel Co.
Damascus Tube Co.
Harsco Corp.
Harrisburg Steel Co.
Bundy Corp.
Washington Steel Corp.
National Forge Co.
Alan Wbod Steel Co.
Bethlehem Steel Corp.
United States Steel Corp.
Heavy Products Oprs.
Alco Products, Inc.
Latrobe Steel Co.
Vanadium-Alloys Steel Co.
Vanadium Plant
Bethlehem Steel Corp.
United States Steel Corp.
Tubular Products Oprs.
(Christy Park Wks.)
(National Wks.)
United States Steel Corp.
Heavy Products Oprs.
Crucible Steel Corp.
Ceco Corp.
Milton Mfg. Co.
Coke-B/F-OH
B/F-OH—Bop-Elec,
OH
Elec.
Elec.
OH
Coke-B/F-OH
Elec.
OH
Elec.
Elec.
B/F-OH-Bess
Coke-B/F-OH-Elec.
Elec.
CAS
C
CAS
C
CA
S
CA
C
CAS
CA
CA
CAS
CA
CAS
CA
CA
CA
CA
C
CAS
CA
O
(continued)
-------
APPENDIX
TABLE 4
6 3
IRON AND STEEL PRODUCING AND FINISHING WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1967 (Continued)
State & City
County
Company
Grades of
Major Furnaces Steel*
PENNSYLVANIA (Cont'd.)
Monaca
II
Monessen
b-.aver
Muncy
Munhall
Neville Island
New Brighton
New Castle
» ii
New Kensington
Norristown
Oakmont
Oil City
Philadelphia
Phoenixville
Pittsburgh
Westmoreland
Lycoming
Allegheny
Beaver
Lawrence
II
Westmoreland
Montgomery
Allegheny
Venango
Philadelphia
Chester
Allegheny
II
II
Pittsburgh Tube Co.
Superior Drawn Steel Co.
Vanadium-Alloys Steel Co.
Colonial Steel Plant
Pittsburgh Plant
American Chain & Cable Co.,Inc.
Page Steel & Wire Div.
Pittsburgh Steel Co.
Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp.
United States Steel Corp.
Heavy Products Oprs.
Shenango Furnace Co.
Townsend Co.
Blair Strip Steel Co.
Mesta Machine Co.
American Shim Steel Co.
Superior Tube Co.
Edgewater Corp.
Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp.
Philadelphia Steel & Wire Corp.
Heppenstall Co.
Midvale-Heppenstall Co.
Phoenix Steel Corp.
Cyclops Corp.
Universal-Cyclops Specialty
Stl. Div.
Crucible Steel Corp.
Heppenstall Co.
Elec.
Coke-B/F-OH-Bop
OH
Coke/BF
OH
Elec.
Elec.
OH
OH
C
C
CAS
C
CAS
CA
C
CA
CA
C
C
C
CAS
CA
C
c
CAS
CA
CAS
C
CA
(continued)
-------
APPENDIX
TABLE 4
S3
IRON AND STEEL PRODUCING AND FINISHING WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1967 (Continued)
State St City
County
Company
Grades of
Manor Furnaces Steel*
PENNSYLVANIA (Cont'd.)
Pittsburgh Allegheny
Rahns
Rankin
Reading
Scottdale
Sharon
Sharpsville
Sheridan
Sinking Springs
South Avis
Spring City
Steelton
Svedeland
Templeton
Titvisville
Uniontovn
Vandergrift
Washington
West Homestead
Montgomery
Allegheny
Berks
Westmoreland
Mercer
Allegheny
Lebanon
Berks
Clinton
Chester
Dauphin
Montgomery
Armstrong
Crawford
Fayette
Westmoreland
Washington
If
Allegheny
Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp.
Techalloy Co., Inc.
United States Steel Corp.
Heavy Products Oprs.
Carpenter Steel Co.
Columbia Steel & Shafting Co.
(Co lumb i a-Surraner il 1}
Sairfiill Tubular Div.
(Cyclops Corp.)
Sharon Tube Co.
Shenango Furnace Co.
E. J. Lavino & Co.
Hofmaim Industriese Inc.
Jersey Shore Steel Co.
Keystone Dravai Steel Co.
(La Salle Steel Co.)
Bethlehem Steel Corp.
Alan Wood Steel Co.
Carpenter Coal & Coke Co.
Cyclops Carp.
Universal-Cyclops Specialty
Stl. Div.
Cavert Wire Co., Inc.
United States Steel Corp.
Sheet and Tin Products Oprs.
Jessop Steel Co.
Washington Steel Corp.
Mesta Machine Co.
Coke-B/F-OH-Elec.
B/F
Elec.
B/F
B/F
OH-Elec.
Coke—B/F
Elec.
OH-Elec.
CA
C
CAS
S
C
C
c
c
CA
CA
AS
C
CAS
CAS
S
CA
(continued)
-------
APPENDIX
TABLE 4
63
IRON AND STEEL PRODUCING AND FINISHING WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1967 (Continued)
State & City
County
Company
Major Furnaces
Grades of
Steel*
PENNSYLVANIA (Cont'd)
West Leechburg Westmoreland
Wheatland
Williamsport
RHODE ISLAND
Pawtucket
Phillipsdale
SOUTH CAROLINA
Cayce
TENNESSEE
Chattanooga
Counce
Knoxville
Lyles-Wrigley
Memphis
Murfreesboro
Harriman
TEXAS
Fort. Kbrth
Galveston
Houston
»l
M
II
Mercer
Lycoming
Providence
II
Lexington
Hamilton
Hardin
Knox
Hickman
Shelby
Rutherford
Roane
Tarrant
Galveston
Harris
Allegheny Ludlum Steel Corp.
Sawhill Tubular Div.
(Cyclops Corp.)
Wheatland Tube Co.
Bethlehem Steel Corp.
Newman-Crosby Steel Co.
Washburn Wire Co.
OH
Owen Electric Steel Co. of S.C. Elec.
Woodward Corp. Coke
Cal-Metal Corp.
Knoxville Iron Co. Elec.
Merritt-Chapman & Scott Corp.
Tenn. Products & Chemical Corp. B/F
Poor and Co.
Samsonite Corp.
Tennessee Forging Steel Corp. Elec.
Texas Steel Co.
Kane Boiler Works, Inc.
Armco Steel Corp.
Bliss & Laugh1in Steel Co.
Cameron Iron Works, Inc.
Detroit Steel Corp.
Tex Tube Div.
Elec.
Coke-B/F-OH-Elec.
Elec.
CAS
C
c
c
CAS
CA
C
CA
CA
C
c
c
c
CAS
CA
CA
U>
(continued)
-------
'PENDIX
TABLE 4
6 3
IRON AND STEEL PRODUCING AND FINISHING WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1967 (Continued)
State & City
County
Company
Major Furnaces
Grades of
Steel*
TEXAS (Cont'd.)
Houston
II
Lone Star
Longview
Pampa
Rosenberg
Seguin
Sherman
Vinton
UTAH
Geneva
VIRGINIA
Chesapeake
Har ri sonburg
Lynchburg
Newport News
Richmond
Roanoke
WASHINGTON
Seattle
Harris
|»
Morris
Gregg
Gray
Fort Bend
Guadalupe
Grayson
El Paso
Utah
Northampton
Rockingham
Campbell
Chesterfield
Roanoke
King
A. O. Smith Corp. of Texas
Southwestern Pipe/ Inc.
Lone Star Steel Co.
R. G. Le Tourneau, Inc.
Cabot Corp.
Michigan Seamless Tube Co.
Gulf States Tube Corp.
Structural Metals, Inc.
Mid-States Steel & Wire Co.
(Keystone Consl- Industries)
Border Steel Rolling Mills
United States Steel Corp.
Sheet and Tin Products Oprs.
Intercoastal Steel Corp.
Walker Manufacturing Co.
E. J. Lavino & Co.
Newport News Shipbuilding &
Drydock Co.
Tredegar Co.
Roanoke Electric Steel Corp.
Bethlehem Steel Corp.
Bliss & Laughlin Steel Co.
Davis Wire Corp,
Jorgensen Co./ E. M.
Coke-B/F-OH
Elec.
Elec.
Elec.
Elec.
Coke-B/F-OH
Elec.
B/F
Elec.
Elec.
Elec.
Elec.
C
C
c
CA
A
CAS
C
C
CA
CA
CA
CAS
CAS
C
C
CA
C
c
CAS
(continued)
-------
APPENDIX
TABLE 4
63 ,
IRON AND STEEL PRODUCING AND FINISHING WORKS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1967 (Continued)
State & City
County
Company
Grades of
Major Furnaces Steel*
WASHINGTON (Cont'd.)
Seattle King
Northwest Steel Rolling Mills,
Inc.
Elec.
WEST VIRGINIA
Fairmont Marion
Follansbee Brooke
Huntington Cabell
Weirton Hancock
Wheeling Ohio
WISCONSIN
Cedarburg Ozaukee
East Troy Walworth
Green Bay Brown
Keno sha Kenosha
Milwaukee Milwaukee
II «l
Racine Racine
Sharon Steel Corp.
Wheeling Steel Corp.
H. K. Porter Co., Inc.
Connors Steel Div.
National Steel Corp.
Weirton Steel Div.
Wheeling Steel Corp.
Cedarburg Wire, Wire Nail &
Screw Co.
Crucible Steel Corp.
Trent Tube Div-
Fort Howard Steel & Wire Div.
Macwhyte Co.
Babcock & Wilcox Co.
A. 0. Smith Corp.
Walker Mfg. Co.
Coke
Elec.
Coke-B/F-OH-Bop
C
CA
CA
CA
S
C
CS
CAS
CA
CAS
it
Grades of Steel - C - Carbon, A - Alloy, S — Stainless
B/F - Blast Furnace.
OH - Open Hearth.
Bop - Basic Oxygen Process.
Elec - Electric Furnace.
-------
APP ENDIX
76
TABLE 5
PRODUCTION OF PIG IRON AND FERROALLOYS
BY STATES, 1967, I96011
State
PIG IRON
Thousands of Short Tons
1967 1960
New York
Pennsylvania
Maryland, West Virginia, Kentucky,
Tennessee, Texas
A1abama
Ohio
Indiana
Illinois
Michigan, Minnesota
Colorado, Utah, California
Total
6,172
20,542
10,824
4,290
14,485
12,167
6,309
7,439
4.756
86,756
4,205
16,533
7,987
3,541
11,788
8,404
5,307
4,981
3,735
66,481
FERROALLOYS
New York
Pennsylvania
Virginia, West Virginia,
Carolina, Tennessee
Ohio
Other States
Total
Grand Total
South
109
468
559
734
618
2,488
89,472
153
510
345
658
419
2,085
68,566
-------
APPENDIX
77
TABliE 6
RAW STEEL PRODUCTION11
Thousands of Short Tons
Basic
Open- Oxygen
Year
Hearth
Bessemer
Process
Electric
Total
1967
70,690
*
41,434
15,089
127,213
1966
85,025
278
33,928
15,870
134,161
1965
94,193
586
22,879
13,804
131,462
1964
98,098
858
15,442
12,678
127,076
1963
88,834
963
8,544
10,920
109,261
1962
82,957
805
5,553
9,013
98,328
1961
84,502
881
3,967
8,664
98,014
1960
86,368
1,189
3,346
8,379
99,282
1959
81,669
1,380
1,864
8,533
93,446
1958
75,880
1,396
1,323
6,656
85,255
1957
101,658
2,475
611
7,971
112,715
1956
102,840
3,228
506
8,641
115,216
1955
105,359
3, 320
307
8,050
117,036
1954
80,328
2,548
5,436
88,312
1953
100,474
3,856
7,280
111,610
~Included in open-hearth figures.
-------
APPENDIX
TABLE 7
IRON EMISSIONS FROM METALLURGICAL PROCESSES114
Furnace
Iron (Fe20-j)
in Particulate
(Percent)
Dust
Emission Rate
(pounds dust/ton ore)
No Control Control
Iron (Fe203>
Emission Rate
(pounds/ton ore)
No Control Control
F erromanganese
blast furnace 0.3-0.5
Open-hearth furnace 5 0-90
Electric-arc
steel furnace 40-50
Basic oxygen furnace 90
Blast furnace 30
Sintering plant
50
360
9.3
11
2 0-40
100
20
60
1.7
1.2
0.2-0.4
0.4-0.2
2-4
1.1-1.8
4.6-8-3
4.4-5.5
18-36
30
10
0.18-0.30
0.85-1.5
0.48-0.60
0.18-0.36
0.12-0. 06
1-2
-------
APPENDIX
TABLE 8
IRON EMISSIONS FROM COAL-FIRED POWER PLANTS36
Coal Ash in Flue Gas Iron Emissions
Type of Rate Coal (as Volume 3
Boiler Firing ton/hr fired) % scfm x 10 ug/m Kg/min kg/ton
BA B ABABA
Vertical
65.6
20.2
397.4
409.9
110,000
3,900
1.2
.045
1.1
.041
Corner
56.1
14.9
362.9
351.0
433,000
23,000
4.4
.23
4.7
.25
Front-wall
52.2
10.3
329.0
328.0
110,000
13,000
1.0
.12
1.1
.14
Spreader-stoker
9.2
8.4
53.9
59.6
250,000
87,000
.38
.15
2.4
.98
Cyclone
64.4
7.7
553.6
500.8
310,000
87,000
4.9
1.2
4.6
1.1
Horizontally
opposed
9.6
8.2
62.2
62.2
1,550,000
166,000
2.7
.29
17.
1.8
A: After fly-ash collection.
B: Before fly-ash collection.
-------
APPENDIX 13 5 6
TABLE 9. CONCENTRATION OF IRON IN THE AIR
(iag/m3 )
—
1954-59
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
Location
Max
Avq
Max
Avq
Max
Avq
Max
Avq
Max
Avq
Max
Avq
Alabama
Birmingham
11.0
2.3
Arizona
Phoenix
41.0
13.5
8.1
2.9
16.0
2.5
California
Los Angeles
11.4
6.2
8.8
3.2
8.4
2.6
12.0
4.7
4.3
1.3
San Francisco
0.8
0.2
2.8
0.7
3.7
0.6
Colorado
Denver
5.3
1.8
7.2
2.6
5.5
1.9
2.4
1.2
District of Columbia
Washington
10.1
3.9
2.8
1.4
3.1
1.1
2.6
1.0
Georgia
3.0
Atlanta
7.3
2.6
1. 2
Idaho
Boise
2.2
1.2
2.5
1.1
1.3
0.7
Illinois
Chicago
15.5
4.0
8.7
4.0
8.0
1.8
3.3
1.6
Cicero
9.6
2.8
East St. Louis
10.0
2.8
13.0
3.0
Indiana
22.0
East Chicago
30.0
3.6
5.5
Indianapolis
5.8
2.8
2.8
1.4
Iowa
Des Moines
7.9
2.7
6.0
1.4
2.0
0.9
Louisiana
New Orleans
4.0
3.6
2.6
0.7
2.5
0.7
Maryland
16.0
Baltimore
13.0
3.0
5.4
2.9
4.8
1.6
2.2
Mas sachusetts
Boston
1.7
0.5
1.7
0.9
Michigan
8.2
1.8
Detroit
3.5
1.3
6.9
1.5
Missouri
St. Louis
2.9
1.4
8.6
2.2
3.0
1.1
3.0
1.1
j Montana
J Helena
1
i
2.1
0.5
(continued)
-------
APPENDIX
TABLE 9. CONCENTRATION OP IRON IN THE AIR1'3'5'6 (Continued)
(ug/m3)
Location
1954-
-59
1<
j)60
1961
1962
1
p63
1964
Max
Aver
Max
Aver
Max
Aver
Max
Avq
Max
Aver
Max
Avq
Nevada
Las Vegas
18.0
2.8
5.1
1.4
4.4
1.5
New Jersey
Newark
17.0
2.2
4.1
1.8
3.1
1.3
Nebraska
Omaha
29.0
4.8
3.7
1.5
New York
Buffalo
10.0
1.8
New York
10.7
3.3
14.0
3.3
6.2
2.8
4.1
1.5
1.9
0.9
North Carolina
Charlotte
8.6
1.0
Ohio
Cincinnati
12.7
4.5
26.0
5.4
30.0
5.0
23.0
4.7
13.0
1.9
13.0
2.5
Cleveland
9.8
2.8
5.2
2.4
4.0
1.5
Pennsylvania
Allentown
6.9
2.6
Philadelphia
15.7
1.2
11.0
4.5
8.6
3.7
6.6
3.4
4.3
1.8
3.2
1.7
Pittsburgh
16.0
3.5
11.0
3.4
19.0
3.0
12.0
2.8
Scranton
15.0
3.9
Tennessee
Chattanooga
3.3
0.9
9.6
4.2
3.6
1.6
Texas
£1 Paso
3.9
1.9
4.2
1.3
Washington
1.8
Seattle
10.0
3.8
2.3
1.0
0.7
Tacoma
1.2
0.5
1.3
0.4
West Virginia
Charleston
8.1
2.8
33.0
8.3
5.3
1.7
Wisconsin
Milwaukee
14.0
3.2
7.7
1.9
Wyoming
0.8
0.3
Cheyenne
United States
22.0*
1.58*
~Average 1962-1964.
-------
APPENDIX
TABLE lfr, EMISSIONS FROM STEEL MILLS82,78
Operation
Before Control
Emission with Control
StacX
Load inq
(g/m3)
lb/ton
of Product3
Control
Usedc
Stack
Load ing
(g/m3)
lb/ton
of Product
Approx.
Effi-
ciency
(percent!
Approx. Value
of Gases Handled
Blast furnace
16-22.8
200
Preliminary
cleaner
(settling
chamber or
dry cyclone)*3
Primary
cleaner (wet
scrubber)b
Secondary
cleaner
(E.S.P. or
V.S. )b
7-14
0.11-0.7-
1.6
0.009-0.018
5.4
0.1-1.4
60
90
90
87,000 scfm for
a 1, 000-ton/day
furnace
Sintering
machine
1.1-6.9
5-20-100
Dry cyclone
E.S.P. (in
series with
dry cyclone)
0.45-1.3
0.02-0.11
2.0
1.0
90
95
120,000-160, 000
scfm for a
1,000-ton/day
machine
Sinter machine
discharge -
crusher,
screener, and
cooler
13
22
Dry cyclone
0.9
1.5
93
17,500 scfm for
a 1,000-ton/day
machine
Open-hearth
(not oxygen-
lanced )
0.22-0.9-
4.5
1.5-7.5-20.0
i
E.S.P.
V.S.
Baghouse
0.02-0.11
0.02-0.14
0.02
0.15
0.15-1.1
0.07
98
85-98
99
35,000 scfm for
a 17 5-ton
furnace
(continued)
-------
APPENDIX
82 78
TABLE 10. EMISSIONS PROM STEEL MILLS ' (Continued)
Operation
Before Control
Emission with Control
Approx. Value
of Gases Handled
Stack
Loading
(g/m3)a
lb/ton
of Product3
Control
Usedc
Stack
Loading
(g/m3)
lb/ton
of Product
Approx.
Effi-
ciency
(percent)
Open-hearth
(with oxygen
lance)
0.2-1.4-5.7
9.3
E.S.P.
V.S.
0.02-0.013
0.02-0.14
0.2
0.2-1.4
98
85-98
35,000 scfm for
a 175-ton
furnace
Electric-arc
furnace
0.22-0.91-13
4.5-10.6-37.8
High
efficiency
scrubber
E.S.P.
Baahouse
0.02
0.02-0.09
0.02
0.2
0.3-0.8
0.1-0.2
Up to 98
92-97
Qfi-qq
Highly variable
depending on
type of hood.
May be about
30,000 scfm for
a 50-ton furnace
Bessemer
converter
1.8->23
15-17-44
No practi-
cal method
of control
Basic oxygen
furnace
11-18
20-40-60
V.S.
E.S.P.
0.06-0.27
0.11
0.4
0.4
99
99
Varies with
amount of oxygen
blown.
20 to 25 scfm
per cfm of
oxygen blown
Scarfing
machine
0.4-1.8
3 lb/ton of
steel
processed
Settling
chamber
No data
No data
No data
85,000 scfm for
a 45-inch, 4-
side machine
aWhen three values are given, such as 5-20—100, the center value is the approximate average and
values at either end are the lowest and highest values reported. All data are highly variable
depending on nature of a specific piece of equipment, materials being processed, and operating
procedure.
bused in series. Data on that basis.
CV.S.i venturi scrubber.
E.S.P.: electrostatic precipitator.
-------
APPENDIX
84
TABLE 11
PAPERS RELATING TO CONTROL METHODS IN THE
IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY
Process
Reference
Basic oxygen furnace
Electric furnace
Open-Hearth furnace
Blast furnace
Cupo1a
General
20, 30, 37, 52, 58, 59, 70, 80, 86,
83-90, 94, 97, 118, 137, 138, 146,
147
16-18, 24, 27, 37, 33, 43, 48, 60,
61, 65, 66, 92, 115, 149
12, 19, 26, 37, 70, 113, 116, 117,
121, 134, 150, 151
37, 45, 53, 79, 104, 148
13, 37, 50, 127, 133, 139, 147
25, 37, 41, 42, 45, 47, 56, 57, 62,
74, 81, 85, 87, 93, 99, 102, 103,
118, 121, 124, 125, 130, 141, 145
-------
APPENDIX
85
TABLE 12
EXPENDITURES FOR POLLUTION CONTROL BY THE STEEL INDUSTRY126
Year
Millions of Dollars
Air
Water
Total
1968*
102
120
222
1967
39.4
54.7
94.1
1966
37.7
18.8
56.5
1951-67
-600
* Includes committed funds for control equipment that may not
have been completed and placed in operation in 1968.
-------
20
4
4
22
23
3
10
9
2
16
49
60
3
5
4
TABLE 13
NUMBER OF BLAST FURNACES ON JANUARY 1, 1968
PRODUCING PIG IRON AND FERROALLOYS83
1968 1967 1966 1965
In
Blast
Total
In
Blast
In
Total Blast
Total
In
Blast
Tot
PIG
IRON
9
17
10
17
8
18
15
18
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
3
4
14
18
12
19
12
22
16
22
22
24
20
23
21
23
21
23
2
3
2
3
2
3
2
3
10
10
7
10
7
10
10
10
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
1
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
12
15
12
15
11
15
12
15
33
47
29
48
26
49
36
49
39
58
38
59
34
56
45
58
0
3
0
3
0
3
0
3
3
3
3
3
2
5
3
5
4
4
4
4
3
4
4
4
FERROALLOYS
5
7
6
7
5
7
7
8
73
230
164
232
151
236
191
239
-------
APPENDIX
TABLE 14
84
U.S. CAPACITY FOR STEEL PRODUCTION, JAN. 1, 1960
Basic Oxygen Steel
Electric Furnace
Blast Furnace
Open-Hearth Furnace
Furnace
No. of
Annual
No. of
Annual
No. of
Annual
No. of
Annual
Plants/
Capacity
Plants/
Capacity
Plants/
Capacity
Plants/
Capacity
State
Furnaces
(net tons)
Furnaces
(net tons)
Furnaces
(net tons)
Furnaces
(net tons)
Ohio
8/36
3,078,600
22/52
18,734,500
17/169
22,688,280
Pennsylvania
31/105
2,888,780
23/76
26,381,750
30/283
34,944,350
1/2
880,000
Illinois
8/28
2,400,400
6/22
7,955,200
6/62
9,842,000
V2
452,000
Michigan
4/20
1,178,600
3/9
5,290,250
2/27
5,420,000
1/5
1,385,400
Texas
5/12
699,080
2/2
925,000
2/13
1,825,000
Alabama
4/8
670,020
7/22
5,817,440
3/31
4,786,000
California
3/8
628,000
1/4
1,997,800
6/30
2,727,500
1/3
1,440,000
Kentucky
2/5
466,190
1/3
1,058,000
2/15
1,363,000
Missouri
1/2
420,000
1/4
420,000
Washington
3/6
401,000
Georgia
1/2
325,000
New YorK
6/28
225,010
6/17
5,947,000
3/47
7,195,000
Maryland
2/11
180,960
1/10
5,480,000
1/35
7,864,000
Oregon
1/3
150,000
Oklahoma
1/1
140,000
West Virginia
1/1
117,000
2/5
2,646,000
1/14
3,300,000
Indiana
2/7
101,500
3/23
10,324,350
4/120
18,339,000
Connecticut
1/2
84,000
Arizona
1/2
60,000
Florida
1/1
51,000
Mississippi
1/1
45,000
Virginia
2/4
40,000
1/2
128,000
Tennessee
1/2
38,000
2/3
217,740
New Jersey
1/6
7,800
1/9
23S,000
Colorado
1/4
922,400
1/17
1,800,000
Minnesota
2/3
696,000
1/9
973,000
Massachusetts
1/1
195,000
Utah
2/5
1,804,200
1/10
2,300,000
Rhode Island
1/4
93,000
Delaware
1/7
506,500
Total
91/301
14,395,940
86/263
96, 520,6301
84/906
126,621,630
4/12
4,157,400
•includes 877,500 tons ferroalloys capacity
-------
APPENDIX
TABLE 15. PROPERTIES, TOXICITY, AND USES OF SOME IRON COMPOUNDS82
Compound
Properties
Toxicity
Uses
Dextran iron
complex
Med. use: in iron-deflciency anemia
when parenteral (im) administration
is indicated. Vet. use: for iron-
deficiency anemia, particularly in
baby-pig anemia
Ferric acetate,
basic
FE(OH)(CH3COO)2
In textile industry as a mordant in
dyeing and printing, and for the
weighting of silk and felt; as wood
preservative; in leather dyes; as
medicament
Ferric bromide
FeBr3
Decomposes
Irritant.
Liberates
irritating
fumes of
bromine
As catalyst for organic reactions,
particularly in brommation of
aromatic compounds
Ferric chloride
FeCl 3
Melts and
volatilizes
about 300°C
bp 316°C
Anhydrous
form is ir-
ritant,
astringent
In photoengraving, photography, manu-
facture of other Fe salts, pigments,
ink; as a catalyst in organic re-
actions; purifying factory effluents
and deodorizing sewage; chlormation
of Ag and Cu ores; as mordant m
dyeing and printing textiles; oxidi-
zing agent in dye manufacture. Med.
use: hexahydrate topically as
astringent, styptic; in test for
phenylketonuria. Vet. user styptic,
astringent in skin diseases, stoma-
titis pharyngitis. Rarely used
internally
(continued)
-------
APPENDIX
1KBL.5 15. PWOrereriES, TOXICITY, JOTO USES OF SOME IRGH COMPOUNDS (Continued)
Compound
Properties
Toxicxtv
Uses
Ferric
i chromate VI
te2(=r04]3
As pigment. fo£ ceramics, glass, and
enamels
Feme
ferrccvan^de
Fe4(Pe{CH)6J3
As pigment in printing inks, paints, J
alXyd resm enamels, linoleum, leather/
cloth, carbon papers, typewriter rib- 1
ions, rufcTX'tris, plastics, artists'
colors; in re»soval of H^S from gases
Ferric
fluoride
FeF3
Sublimes at
1000°C
As catalyst in organic reactions
Feme
formate
Fe(HCOO)3
For preservation of silage
Ferrichromes
C27H42FeN9°12
Shrink and
blacken at
24G-242°C
v/ithoui
melting
As grov/th-promo ting agents (iron
chelates produced "by rust tvmgus}
Feme
hydroxide
... ,
Practically
ncn toxic
In purifying water; as absorbent in
chemical processing; as pigment; as
catalyst
Ferric nitrate
Fe(HQO,
i
nip 4?°C
As rorda-t in dy-sing^ weight uu; silks,
tanning; as reagent in analytical
chemistry: as corrosion mhatutor 1
l
(^crriiniwdl;
-------
APPENDIX
TABLE 15. PROPERTIES, TOXICITY, AND USES OF SOME IRON COMPOUNDS (Continued)
Compound
Properties
Toxicity
Uses
Ferric oxide
hematite
Fe2°3
mp 1565°C
Hematite dust
causes a benign
pneumo con io s i s
As pigment for rubber, paints,
paper, linoleum, ceramics,
glass; in paint for ironwork, ship
hulls; as polishing agent for glass,
precious metals, diamonds; in
electrical resistors; as semicon-
ductor in magnetic tapes, magnets;
as catalyst
Ferric phosphate
FeP04
As food and feed supplement, par-
ticularly in bread enrichment; as
fertilizer
Ferric subsulfate
solution
Fe4(0H)2(S04)5
Practically non-
toxic. A mild
local irritant.
Large doses
orally can cause
diarrhea
As mordant in dyeing textiles.
Med. use: styptic for local use on
skin. Vet. use: locally as styptic.
Diluted for oral use in gastroin-
testinal tract hemorrhages
Ferric sulfate
Fe2(SO4)3
Decomposes
at 480°C
In preparation of iron alums, other
iron salts and pigments; as coagu-
lant in water purification and
sewage treatment; in etching alu-
minum; in pickling stainless steel
and copper; as mordant in textile
dyeing and calico printing; in
soil conditioners; as polymeriza-
tion catalyst
Ferric
thiocyanate
Fe(SCN)3
As analytical reagent
(continued)
-------
APPENDIX
TABLE 15. PROPERTIES, TOXICITY, AND USES OP SOME IRON COMPOUNDS (Continued)
Compound
Properties
Toxicity
Uses
Ferrite
Fe2°3
The dust can
cause pulmonary
irritation
For radio and television coil cores,
slug tuners, loop-stick antennas
Ferrocene
c10H10Fe
mp 173-174°C
No specific data.
Animal feeding
experiments show
almost complete
absence of
toxicity
As antiknock additive for gasoline,
catalyst
F er ro so f er r i c
oxide
magnetite
Fe3°4
mp 1538UC
As pigment in paints, linoleum,
ceramic glazes; in coloring glass;
as polishing compound; in textile
industry; in cathodes; as catalyst
Ferrous bromide
FeBr2
mp 684°C
As polymerization catalyst. Med.
use: formerly in chorea, tuber-
culous cervical adenitis
Ferrous carbonate
mass
FeC03
Med. use: has been used in iron-
deficiency anemia. Vet. use: in
iron deficiency. Dose: for cattle
and horses 6 g; for dogs 200-500 mg
Ferrous chloride
FeCl2
Mild irritant
In metallurgy; as reducing agent;
in pharmaceutical preparations; as
mordant in dyeing
Ferrous
hydroxide
Fe(OH) 2
(continued)
-------
APPENDIX
TABLE 15. PROPERTIES, TOXICITY, AND USES OF SOME IRON COMPOUNDS (Continued)
Compound
Properties
Toxicity
Uses
Ferrous iodide
Fel2
As catalyst for organic reactions.
Med. use: formerly in chronic
tuberculosis. Vet. use: source of
iron and iodine
Ferrous oxalate
FeC204
Decomposes
at 150-160°C
As photographic developer for silver
bromide-gelatin plates; to impart a
greenish-brown tint to optical glass
(sunglasses, windshields, railroad
car windows); for decorative glass-
ware; as pigment for plastics, paints,
lacquers
Ferrous oxide
FeO
mp 1360UC
In manufacture of green, heat-absor-
bing glass; in steel manufacture; in
enamels; as catalyst
Ferrous
pho sphate
Pe3(P04)2
In ceramics; as catalyst
Ferrous
phosphide
Fe2p
Ferrous sulfide
FeS
mp 1194°C
As laboratory source of I^S; in cera-
mics industry; as paint pigment; in
anodes; in lubricant coatings
(continued)
-------
APPENDIX
TABLE 15. PROPERTIES, TOXICITY, AND USES OP SOME IRON COMPOUNDS (Continued)
Compound
Properties
Toxicity
Uses
Ferrous sulfate
FeS04
Side effects:
G.I. disturbances
(e.g. gastric dis-
tress, colic, con-
stipation, diar-
rhea) may occur.
In children, inges-
tion of large
quantities may
cause vomiting,
hematemesis, hepa-
tic damage, tachy-
cardia, peripheral
vascular collapse.
(Iron medicaments
render the feces
black or tar-
colored and may
interfere with
tests for occult
blood)
In manufacture of Fe, Fe com-
pounds, other sulfates; in Fe
electroplating baths; in ferti-
lizer; as food and feed supple-
ment; in radiation dosimeters;
as reducing agent in chemical
processes; as wood preserva-
tive; as weed killers; in pre-
vention of chlorosis in plants;
in other pesticides; in writing
ink; in process engraving and
lithography; as dye for leather;
in etching aluminum; in water
treatment; in qualitative analysis
("brown ring" test for nitrates);
as polymerization catalyst. Med.
use: in iron-deficiency anemia,
dose 300 mg orally. Vet. use:
as source of iron in anemias of
livestock. Topically used as
astringent
Ferrous
thiocyanate
Fe(SCN)2*3H20
As indicator for peroxides in
organic solutions
Iron
Fe
mp pure
1535°C
bp 3000°C
Supplied as ingots, powder, wire,
sheets, etc.
(continued)
10
CO
-------
APPENDIX
TABLE 15. PROPERTIES, TOXICITY, AND USES OF SOME IRON COMPOUNDS (Continued)
Compound
Properties
Toxicity
Uses
Iron
pentacarbony1
Fe(CO)5
bp 103UC
Pyrophoric
in air? burns
to Fe20g
Decomposes readily
to produce carbon
monoxide. Inhala-
tion may cause
headache, nausea,
vertigo. Prolonged
exposure may cause
asphyxia. May be
irritating to lung^
but less toxic than
nickel carbonyl
To make finely divided iron,
so-called carbonyl iron, which
is used in manufacture of
powdered iron cores for high-
frequency coils used in radio
and television industry; as
antiknock agent in motor
fuels; as catalyst in organic
reactions
------- |