453N89008
NATIONAL AIR TOXICS INFORMATION
CLEARINGHOUSE NEWSLETTER
CDA Office of Air Qual'ty Planning and Standards	September 1989
\7trM Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
I
State and Territorial Air Pollution Program Administrators
Association of Local Air Pollution Control Officials
IN THIS ISSUE...
NCC ANNOUNCES NEW PASSWORD PROCEDURES, NATICH READIES TRIS ACCESS	1
STATE/LOCAL AGENCY SPOTLIGHT* NEBRASKA SURVEYS INDUSTRY, REQUIRES
BACT IN REGULATIONS	2
PRESIDENT BUSH PROPOSES NEW SECTION 112	3
NEW YORK REQUIRES SIGNIFICANT METHYLENE CHLORIDE EMISSIONS REDUCTION	4
IACP STUDIES WIND FLOW AND PLUME DISPERSION IN BOISE	5
NORTH CAROLINA MAKES POLLUTION PREVENTION PAY	6
THE REGIONAL AIR POLLUTION CONTROL AGENCY SHARES ITS INDOOR
AIR PROGRAM	7
THE CONTROL TECHNOLOGY CENTER HAS IMPROVED RESPONSE THROUGH
COMPUTERS AND MODELS	9
OAQPS PUBLISHES REPORTS ON EMISSIONS ESTIMATES, URBAN AIR TOXICS	9
RISK ASSESSMENT GLOSSARY AND DIRECTORY NOW AVAILABLE	10
EPA'S SECTION 313 RISK SCREENING GUIDE AVAILABLE	10
CALL IRM MANAGERS FOR HELP WITH MAINFRAME, PC USE	11
NCC ANNOUNCES NEW PASSWORD PROCEDURES,
NATICH READIES TRIS ACCESS
Changes to User ID and
Password Procedures Outlined
To strengthen IBM mainframe security at the Na-
tional Computer Center (NCC) where the Clearinghouse
is maintained, the NCC has modified the user ID and
password procedures. These changes went into effect
on September 5,1989. For user IDs the following rules
apply:
-	At logon, any user ID that has not been used to
access the system within 99 days preceding the
attempt will be disabled. To enable a user ID,
contact EPA User Support at (800) 334-2405
(FTS 629-7862).
-	A user ID will be purged from the system if it
has not been used within one year. Once a user
ID has been purged, the State or local agency,
or EPA user will be required to obtain a new
user ID by contacting his Region's Information
Resources Manager (see listing in this issue).
Other users will be required to contact the
National Technical Information Service at (703)
487-4807.
For passwords changed after the effective date, the
following rules apply:
-	The new password must be at least six charac-
ters long instead of the current four characters.
-	The new password must contain at least one
alpha and one numeric character. If it does not,
the system will issue a Password Syntax Error
notice and request an acceptable password.
-	The new password cannot be the same as any
of the 10 passwords previously used for the
user ID.
-	The maximum number of failed logon attempts
will be reduced from 10 to 4. The user ID will be
revoked upon the fifth unsuccessful attempt. To
reactivate a revoked user ID, contact EPA User
Support at the above number.
OCT G1989

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NATICH Offers Gateway to the Toxic Release
Inventory System
Users of the NATICH on-line data base will have ac-
cess this fall to the Toxic Release Inventory System
(TRIS). (See related article in May 1988 issue, pp 1-2.)
TRIS contains information that was submitted to EPA by
facilities reporting under Section 313 of the Superfund
Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 on emis-
sions of over 300 chemicals and groups of chemicals.
For releases to the air this includes estimates of stack
emissions and fugitive releases. Over 70,000 facilities
nationwide provided information for the 1987 reporting
year, with additional facilities expected to report in 1988.
(The 1988 data are expected to be available this winter.)
Both the TRIS data and the NATICH data base are
stored at the National Computer Center; the same data
base management system is used on both. This enables
EPA to link the two data bases, permitting easy access
to much more information than is contained in either
system alone. In addition, NATICH users can use com-
puter programs developed by both the EPA Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards to address the needs
of air quality control programs, and those developed by
the EPA Office of Toxic Substances to view the TRIS
data.
For additional information regarding the NATICH
gateway to the TRIS data or to suggest reporting pro-
grams that State and local air programs would like to
have developed, call John Vandenberg, U.S. EPA,
OAQPS, (919) 541-5352 or (FTS) 629-5352.
Clearinghouse Reports Now Available
Several Clearinghouse reports have recently been
published and distributed. These include updates to the
Bibliography, Ongoing Research, and associated index,
and the "NATICH Data Base Report on State, Local and
EPA Air Toxics Activities."
These documents are distributed free of charge to
governmental and nonprofit organizations. To be includ-
ed on the mailing list and to receive these and other
documents, call Nancy Riley at the Clearinghouse
number.
The private sector may obtain copies from Radian
Corporation by sending a written request and advance
payment to Barbara Maxey, Radian Corporation, Post
Office Box 201088, Austin, Texas 78720-1088. Docu-
ment prices are listed below. The reports will also be
available through the National Technical Information
Service later this fall.
RECENT NATIONAL AIR TOXICS
INFORMATION CLEARINGHOUSE REPORTS
Report Title Price
Ongoing Research and Regulatory
Development Projects
(EPA-450/3-89-26, July 1989) $21.55
Bibliography of Selected Reports
and Federal Register Notices Related
to Air Toxics - Volume 3: Citations -
1989 (EPA-450/3-89-25, July 1989) $15.15
Bibliography of Selected Reports and
Federal Register Notices Related to Air
Toxics - Index 1989
(EPA-450/3-89-25a, July 1989) $42.75
NATICH Data Base Report on State,
Local and EPA Air Toxics Activities
(EPA-450/3-89-29, July 1989) $60.75
STATE/LOCAL AGENCY SP<
NEBRASKA SURVEYS INDl
REQUIRES BACT IN REGUL
by Gene Robinson, Chief of Air Programs, and G
Nebraska Air Quality Division
As a part of its Multiyear Development Plan for
FY88, Nebraska adopted regulations on emissions of
toxic air pollutants. The regulations, which became ef-
fective in 1988, apply to the permitting of new, modified,
or reconstructed sources with the potential to emit 2.5
tons per year or more of any toxic air pollutant and re-
quire the use of Best Available Control Technology
(BACT). The list of toxic air pollutants included is the
same as the SARA Title III Section 313 Toxic Chemicals
List. The BACT requirement gives the Department of En-
vironmental Control some flexibility: it may regulate toxic
JTLIGHTb
ISTRY,
ATIONS
lenn Dlvely, Air Quality Engineer,
air pollutant emissions, while keeping emission limits in
balance with such considerations as energy, public
health, environmental and economic impacts.
The Nebraska regulations also address existing
sources. Although not required to implement BACT,
sources with the potential to emit 2.5 tons per year of tox-
ic air pollutants are required to report air emissions
annually.
To establish the current status of industrially
generated toxic air pollutants in Nebraska, the Air Quality
Division of the Department of Environmental Control
2

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sent a survey in 1987 to 95 of the State's larger facilities
requesting information on their use of 40 chemicals
(Table 1) and resulting emissions. All but six facilities
responded; however, most of the data were specific to
use rather than emissions. The Division divided
responses into three areas of the State for analysis:
Omaha, Lincoln and "outstate" that included the rest of
the State. Omaha and Lincoln both have local Air Quality
Divisions; and therefore, could make use of the location-
specific information for their own activities.
Omaha has a number of surface coating industries,
the largest of which is estimated to emit 1450 tons of
volatile organic compounds (VOCs) per year. Solvents
reported by the facility included xylene, toluene, methyl
benzenes, hexane, and cyclohexane. Some progress
toward emission control had been made by the facility
in response to past opacity violations and odor
complaints.
The primary concern in the Lincoln area is a rub-
ber belts and hoses manufacturer. Not only is it a large
VOC source, emitting approximately 1200 tons per year
of toluene, hexane and 1,1,1-trichloroethane, but it is
located near a residential area. Two other significant
sources, a surface coater and a soybean processor, are
also in close proximity to the residential area. Therefore,
the Division plans to collect additional data from the
companies to perform dispersion modeling for the sur-
rounding area.
In the outstate area, the highest emission sources
identified are two ammonia manufacturers releasing an
estimated 3300 tons per year of ammonia. The Division
is proposing to determine the impact on neighboring
populations. A third source that is significant from a tox-
icity standpoint is an ethylene oxide sterilizer. Follow-up
by the Division revealed that the company is in the pro-
cess of replacing the operation with an alternate
technique.
To help industry adjust to the new regulations, the
Division sent forms to 80 facilities Statewide that meet
the facility reporting requirements. The form emphasizes
reporting emissions information and modeling
parameter data. The Division will use the data to perform
dispersion modeling on "hot spots" identified in the in-
ventory and to make decisions on monitoring. To date
only five responses are outstanding.
Preliminary analysis indicates results similar to
those of the 1987 survey, despite the longer list of
chemicals for which data were to be supplied. One dif-
ference is the reduction in emissions from the surface
coater in Omaha as control implementation continues.
Three other sources, two surface coaters and one facility
that has several degreasers, are now higher sources.
Once the data are complete, the Division will compare
the responses to SARA 313 data submittals and to
resolve any inconsistencies. Finally, the Division will ad-
dress any larger emitters to determine air quality impacts
and to assess the need to implement controls.
For further information, contact Gene Robinson at
(402) 471-2189.
TABLE 1.
TOXIC POLLUTANTS INVENTORIED IN 1989"
Industrial Gases
Ammonia (18)
Butadiene (0)
Chlorine (5)
Ethylene oxide (1)
Formaldehyde (9)
Acids
Chromic acid (20)
Hydrochloric acid (32)
Hydrogen fluoride (6)
Nitric acid (18)
Sulfuric acid (40)
Miscellaneous
Chemicals
Carbon disulfide (1)
Chloroform (5)
Hydrogen cyanide (2)
Pentachlorophenol (0)
Metals
Cadmium (4)
Chromium (6)
Nickel (11)
Zinc/zinc oxide (25)
Solvents
Acetone (21)
Acetonitrile (2)
Aniline (0)
Benzene (1)
Chlorinated benzenes (0)
Chlorinated ethanol (0)
Cresylic acid (0)
Cyclohexane (1)
Ethylene dichloride (1)
Hexane (7)
Methanol (24)
Naphtha, VM & P (8)
o-Cresol (0)
Pentachloroethane (0)
Phenol (3)
Tetrachloroethane (0)
Tetrachloroethylene (6)
Toluene (36)
1,1,1-Trichloroethane (23)
Trichloroethylene (5)
Trimethyl benzenes (2)
Xylene (33)
" Number in parentheses is the number of facilities
reporting use of the chemical.
PRESIDENT BUSH PROPOSES
NEW SECTION 112
On June 12, President Bush proposed comprehen-
sive revisions to the Clean Air Act, the first an Administra-
tion has put forward since 1977. On July 21, the Presi-
dent submitted to the Congress a bill implementing the
revisions. Title III of this bill, entitled "Hazardous Air
Pollutants," would replace the current Section 112. Ti-
tle III calls for accelerating progress in controlling
major sources of toxic air pollutants by requiring stan-
dards based on the use of best control technologies to
be developed on a set schedule.
Title ill would list 191 toxic air pollutants under Sec-
tion 112. Within 12 months of the bill's passage, EPA
would publish a list of major source categories. A major
source is defined as a plant that emits 10 tons per year
3

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or more of any one listed pollutant or 25 tons or more per
year of any combination of listed pollutants. Categories
of smaller sources such as degreasers and dry cleaners
may also be listed if, due to their large numbers, they
pose significant risk in the aggregate. The bill sets forth
two phases for regulating toxic air emissions. In the first
phase, standards based on maximum achievable con-
trol technology (MACT) would be developed for these
source categories. The MACT is defined for new sources
as the best emissions control achieved in practice by a
similar source. For existing sources, MACT would be at
least as stringent as emissions control achieved in prac-
tice by the best performing similar sources.
The bill requires that EPA regulate the list of major
source categories on the following schedule:
-	10 categories within 2 years;
-	25 percent of the categories within 4 years;
-	50 percent of the categories within 7 years;
and
-	All remaining categories as determined
necessary by the EPA Administrator within 10
years of enactment.
In the second phase, 7 years after issuance of the
requirements for MACT the EPA Administrator will
evaluate the risks to public health that remain after ap-
plying MACT. If the Administrator finds that the residual
risk from a given source category poses an
"unreasonable risk" to public health, he must then pro-
mulgate a standard within 2 years to further control that
source category.
NEW YORK REQUIRES SIGI
CHLORIDE EMISSION REDl
by Matthew J. Rels, Senior Sanitary Engineer, Olvl
of Environmental Conservation
The New York State Department of Environmental
Conservation (NYSDEC) recently completed negotia-
tions that will result in a 70 percent reduction of
methylene chloride or dichloromethane (DCM) emis-
sions from the Eastman Kodak facility in Rochester.
Eastman Kodak is one of the world's largest users of this
solvent.
In February 1987, New York State reduced the ac-
ceptable ambient level (AAL) for DCM from 1167 ug/m3,
a value derived from occupational health guidelines
(TLV), to 0.37 ug/m3, a concentration based on risk
assessment. Dispersion modeling and limited ambient
sampling conducted for the Eastman Kodak Company
had indicated that the 1167 ug/m3 AAL would not be ex-
ceeded. However, ambient levels were expected to be
higher than the new lower value.
Early in 1988, Kodak indicated that they would soon
apply for a permit to construct an additional film produc-
tion line. This expansion would add an estimated 75 tons
per year (TRY) to existing DCM emissions of 4600 TPY
in an area where an exceedance of the AAL was already
predicted. Therefore, Kodak agreed to conduct a Best
Available Control Technology (BACT) evaluation and risk
assessment for all DCM sources operating at their facili-
ty. The emissions and health impacts of other con-
taminants associated with film manufacture were also
to be considered. These analyses were incorporated into
a State-required Environmental Impact Statement (EIS)
prepared by Kodak.
The NYSDEC contacted EPA's Control Technology
Center (CTC) for technical information to apply in assess-
ing Kodak's BACT evaluation. The CTC responded by re-
taining a contractor to visit the site, categorize the
MIFICANT METHYLENE
JCTIONS
slon of Air Resources, New York State Department
emission sources, recommend potential control
strategies, and compare their conclusions to the BACT
measures recommended by Kodak.
The types of DCM sources in operation at the
Eastman Kodak facility vary widely. Exhaust flows from
some processes are of short duration, low volume, and
high concentration, primarily from storage tanks and
batch mixers. Other emissions occur continuously under
high flow and low concentration conditions.
BACT assessment incorporated the considerations
of technical feasibility, cost (on a total capital and dollar
per ton basis) and air quality benefit. Approximately 180
sources were evaluated.
BACT for many sources was determined to be the
installation of controls such as carbon adsorption.
Several were already fitted with controls, and requiring
additional emission reduction measures would not yield
sufficient environmental benefit to justify further controls.
In these cases, existing equipment was determined to
be BACT. A few were able to reduce emissions by modi-
fying process controls. For most of the smallest sources,
BACT was determined to be no control.
New York State's regulations require that either 99
percent or greater control, or BACT, be installed on
sources emitting contaminants placed in the highest en-
vironmental rating category. This was the case for DCM
emissions at this facility. Kodak submitted a proposal by
which the recovery rate of DCM entering the film mak-
ing processes associated with the three largest sources
would be increased from 97 percent to at least 99 per-
cent. This action was determined to have met New York's
statutory requirements.
Assessment of the toxicity of DCM during the
4

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course of the EIS review culminated in an additional
change in the AAL for DCM. Acceptance of estimates
yielded by pharmacokinetic modeling by the NYSDEC
and NYS Department of Health resulted in the increase
of the AAL from 0.37 ug/m3 to 27 ug/m3.
As a result of these efforts, a program was
negotiated that is expected to reduce emissions by 3200
TPY that includes:
-	recovery of at least 99 percent of the DCM
entering the film making process,
-	application of BACT to sources not attaining 99
percent reductions,
-	construction of "Good Engineering Practice"
height stacks for the most significant DCM
sources,
-	implementation of a fugitive emissions reduc-
tion program,
-	hiring of an on-site environmental monitor to
oversee air pollution control activities,
-	development and implementation of an ambient
air quality monitoring program for DCM and
several other contaminants, and
- development of an emergency preparedness
plan for hazardous materials handling.
After all emission reduction steps have been taken,
concentrations measured through ambient monitoring
and/or projected by dispersion modeling will be com-
pared to the AAL. If control measures have not reduced
impacts to this level, further health studies may be re-
quired to assess their effects. Additional reductions
could be mandated if unacceptable health risks are
predicted.
All parties involved in this project, including the
public, have viewed this agreement favorably. It resulted
from a comprehensive assessment of all feasible con-
trol technologies potentially applicable to air toxic
sources at this facility. Both point and fugitive emissions
were considered in a permitting approach that includes
the installation of controls, fugitive emissions reduction,
ambient monitoring, and risk assessment. The NYSDEC
anticipates following similar courses of action for other
sources of toxic air contaminants.
For further information, call Matthew Reis at
(518) 457-7688.
IACP STUDIES WIND FLOW
PLUME DISPERSION IN BO
by Robert E. Eskrldge, Atmospheric Research am
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA)
Integrated Air Cancer Project (IACP) is a long-term
research program of three EPA research laboratories
located at Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. The
goals of the IACP are: first, to identify the principal car-
cinogens in the urban/suburban atmosphere; second,
to determine which emission sources are the major con-
tributors of atmospheric carcinogens; and finally, to im-
prove the capability for estimating human exposure and
human cancer risk arising from exposure to airborne
carcinogens.
The third goal requires a knowledge of how pol-
lutants are transported and dispersed in the nighttime
urban/suburban environment. In order to better under-
stand the transport and dispersion of wood smoke in
Boise, a series of meteorological and tracer experiments
were conducted in December 1986. The purpose of
these measurements was to document the wind flow and
turbulence conditions in the surface boundary layer and
to investigate plume dispersion under wintertime, night-
time conditions in an urban valley. The tracer data were
also used to determine the relative impact of nearby and
distant sources upon air quality monitoring sites.
Dispersion of wood smoke plumes released during
stable nighttime conditions in Boise was anticipated to
be quite different from daytime dispersion because of
drainage flows from the mountains. A 30-meter tower
AND
ISE
d Exposure Assessment Laboratory,
was equipped at two levels with two three-dimensional
sonic anemometers and two propeller bivanes to
measure wind speed and direction. A AT-temperature
system was used to determine atmospheric stability in
the drainage flows. A tethersonde was operated during
the tracer experiments yielding vertical profiles of
temperature, wind speed, and direction, and a
monostatic acoustic sounder provided information on
the temperature structure of the lower atmosphere.
Dispersion patterns were mapped by releasing tracer
gases from woodstove or fireplace chimneys. Release
sites were located 100 to 3000 meters from the primary
residential sampling site (Elm Grove Park). Arrays of
automatic bag syringe samplers were deployed down-
wind of the release points and the primary sampling site.
Six tracer experiments were conducted during a three-
week period in December 1986.
The tracer tests were conducted at night in a stable
atmosphere with a shallow drainage flow down the Boise
River valley. Mathematical analysis of the velocity time
series showed that the velocity components are
dominated by an oscillation with a period of approximate-
ly 1000 seconds or a wave length of between 500 to 1000
meters. Analysis of the time series showed that there
were other wave-like oscillations of shorter duration. It
should be noted that turbulence does not contain wave-
like features. The mathematical analysis of the velocity
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data is supported by the tracer sampling data. A con-
tinuous SF6 analyzer, which was mounted in a truck,
showed narrow "instantaneous" plumes, while data
from the time-averaged sampling array showed that the
plume widened rapidly initially and then increased very
slowly further downwind. This plume behavior is in keep-
ing with the idea that a wave-like oscillation is the cause
of the observed plume dispersion. The observed tracer
distribution is primarily due to meander associated with
the 1000 second wave and very little turbulent diffusion
was observed other than the initial mixing in the wake
of the source house.
For the very light wind, stable conditions during
these tests, the hourly averaged horizontal dispersion
rate was considerably larger than even unstable rural
dispersion rates. However, estimates of plume dispersion
from horizontal velocity data were in reasonably good
agreement with the measured plume dispersion rate.
Comparison of short-term plume widths obtained from
the mobile analyzer with the long-term plume widths
derived from the fixed samplers showed that the instan-
taneous plume was quite narrow. In turn, the movement
of the instantaneous plume centerline coupled with the
evidence for strong wave-like motion in the velocity
record indicate that the broad long-term plume widths
were the result of large plume meander across the
neighborhood. Actual plume diffusion about the plume
centerline was quite small.
The results of the multiple tracer tests provided data
for estimating the relative impact of various sources
upon the central air quality monitoring site used in the
study. Wood smoke emissions from an upwind tributary
to the main Boise valley are carried across the
neighborhood. The tracer data from one test indicate
that the contribution of these upwind sources is approx-
imately 10 percent of that from houses in the local
neighborhood. For one house located approximately 200
meters upwind of a second house, the tracer data show
that emissions from the first house can contribute be-
tween 15 percent to 30 percent of the concentration
caused by emissions from the downwind house aver-
aged over the highest ten nearby receptors.
In conclusion, this study found that dispersion was
dominated by wave-like oscillation in the wind, and that
the sampling sites collected chemical samples that were
representative of the whole neighborhood.
For further information on the Integrated Air Cancer
Program, call Barbara Andon, (919) 541-7532,
(FTS) 629-7532.
NORTH CAROLINA MAKES
POLLUTION PREVENTION
Pollution prevention is preferable to dealing with
waste after the fact. Environmentalists realize that, once
waste is generated, treatment often merely moves it to
a different place in the environment. Industrialists have
learned that increasing regulation, higher waste treat-
ment costs, and increased liabilities have made pollu-
tion prevention an attractive alternative.
On the Federal level, EPA has established the Pollu-
tant Prevention Office; on the State level at least 35
States have, or plan to have, programs in this field. While
most of the States focus primarily on hazardous waste,
the program in North Carolina is multi-media in
coverage, and includes a strong emphasis on the reduc-
tion or elimination of air toxics.
The North Carolina Pollution Prevention Program,
instituted in 1983, is nonregulatory in nature and is in-
tended as an effective and attractive alternative to the
negative incentives of government regulation, which
often place the regulators and the regulated in an adver-
sarial relationship. The purpose of this program is to
work toward environmental quality without imposing ma-
jor economic impacts. With an annual budget of
$650,000 and a professional staff of three, the program
offers technical assistance to industry, research and
education, and matching financial grants.
The technical assistance aspect of the program
1
PAY
includes an information clearinghouse containing more
than 2500 references on waste reduction methods.
Customized computer searches of literature data bases
are available as well. The clearinghouse also has access
to a network of universities, trade associations, in-
dustries, research laboratories, and government agen-
cies that can provide additional information. The results
of research projects and workshops on waste reduction
are also available. The staff responds to a monthly
average of 200 telephone and letter requests for infor-
mation and assistance.
On-site technical assistance and preparation of
industry-specific reports are also available. During an on-
site visit, program staff collect information, consult with
plant personnel, and identify management options in-
cluding the potential for waste reduction and the pro-
jected economics of these options.
Industry-specific reports are based on telephone in-
terviews and literature reviews specific to the waste pro-
blem. Since 1984, this level of assistance has been pro-
vided to approximately 350 clients. In addition, the staff
offers presentations to technical groups, industrial
workshops, and professional organizations on various
aspects of pollution prevention and the State resources
available.
A second aspect of the program is research and
6

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education. Research projects have included in-plant
demonstration projects; applied research on new
technologies for such varied industries as wood preser-
ving, chemicals, electroplating, textiles, food processing
and fiberglass molding; workshops on pollution preven-
tion techniques for specific industries; and the develop-
ment of a pollution prevention curriculum suitable for
engineering and industrial technology programs.
Recently, the program sponsored a 2-day conference on
waste reduction options for industrial air toxic emissions.
An engineering intern program places graduate level
engineering students with individual firms to help
develop waste reduction programs.
Financial assistance is the third aspect of the pro-
gram. Matching grants provide funds for the cost of per-
sonnel, materials, or consultants needed to undertake
pollution prevention programs. Since 1984 this program
has funded 68 such projects at a total cost to the State
of $370,000 with another $620,000 supplied by the
private sector.
In the reduction of air toxics, the program has em-
phasized the reduction of the emission of volatile organic
compounds (VOCs) in such industries as furniture
finishing, metal parts cleaning, textile processing,
graphic arts, and fiberglass and plastics molding. Pro-
cess modifications have included the substitution of
water-based systems, the adoption of newer, more effi-
cient process equipment, and improvements in opera-
tion and maintenance of the production process.
Where aqueous systems cannot be used, methods
of recovering and reusing VOCs not only reduce toxic
air emissions but also reduce the quantity of these
materials required. This has frequently led to actual net
cost savings, providing a rapid payback of investment
and a continuing reduction in manufacturing costs while
reducing worker exposure as well as emissions of air
pollutants to the environment.
Two new initiatives are the result of a grant from EPA
and recent State legislation. The Multi-Media Waste
Reduction Data Assessment Project involves the use of
existing data reporting formats for air and water permits
and hazardous waste reports to assess waste reduction
efforts. The legislature has passed the Hazardous Waste
Management Bill, which, among other provisions, re-
quires annual reports of current and projected waste
reduction for all water and air permit holders and
generators of hazardous waste.
For further information, please contact Roger
Schecter or Gary Hunt, North Carolina Department of
Environment, Health, and Natural Resources, Post Of-
fice Box 27687, Raleigh, North Carolina 27611-7687,
telephone: (919) 733-7015.
THE REGIONAL AIR POLLl
CONTROL AGENCY SHARE
INDOOR AIR PROGRAM
by Andy Llndstrom, Regional Air Pollution Cont
The Regional Air Pollution Control Agency (RAPCA)
of Dayton, Ohio, has been responding to inquiries about
indoor air pollution since its inception in 1970. Since
then, RAPCA has received an ever-increasing number
of questions about indoor air quality. In response to the
large volume of inquiries in recent years, RAPCA has
developed procedures for effective agency response.
The following article outlines these procedures which
other agencies may be able to adapt for their own needs.
The overall goal of RAPCA's program is to protect
public health by minimizing exposures to harmful air
pollutants found inside buildings. RAPCA feels that it can
accomplish this goal by serving as a clearinghouse for
indoor air quality information and by conducting indoor
air quality investigations. To date, most inquiries from
private citizens have involved formaldehyde, radon,
chlordane and other pesticides, and woodstoves and
unvented combustion appliances. The majority of institu-
tional concerns (e.g., businesses, schools) relate to sick
building syndrome (SBS). The complaints center on in-
adequate ventilation, passive smoking, or inappropriate
use of solvents or cleaning compounds. The agency
JTION
S ITS
rol Agency, Dayton, Ohio
currently receives about four requests for indoor air
assistance per day; of these, three are radon-related and
the fourth is most often a private residence or an SBS
question.
Public Information Is Important to Community
All citizens' inquiries concerning indoor air pollution
are recorded in the Agency's Indoor Air Log on a stan-
dard form developed for indoor air cases. After the in-
quirer's name, address, and telephone are recorded, in-
formation concerning symptoms, number of people in-
volved, period of exposure, and related medical condi-
tions is noted. The form summarizes each case and
facilitates tracking of the number and types of calls it
receives.
After this preliminary information is obtained,
RAPCA refers the caller to an agency specializing in the
particular subject of the complaint. For example, in-
quiries about formaldehyde testing are forwarded to the
Ohio Department of Health, questions about pesticide
application are directed to the Department of Agriculture,
and problems with hazardous waste are turned over to
7

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Ohio EPA's Emergency Response Hotline. As a result of
this referral process, RAPCA has been able to establish
many contacts with local, State, and national sources of
important indoor air pollution information.
When a citizen is interested in written information,
guidance or published reports, RAPCA sends material
from its library. Detailed up-to-date information is
available on the following topics:
Allergies
Asbestos
Carbon monoxide
Chlordane and other termiticides
Fiberglass insulation
Formaldehyde
Groundwater as a source of indoor air pollution
Hazardous waste disposal
High voltage power lines
Insecticides
Kerosene heaters
Molds
Nitrogen oxides
Pesticides
Pollen
Radon detection, health effects, and mitigation
Sick building syndrome
Tobacco smoke
Ventilation
Woodstoves
No citizen is turned away without help. If the infor-
mation requested is not at hand, RAPCA will search for
reports or for appropriate referral agencies and report
back to the caller when the information is found.
How Investigations Are Handled
If it is determined that a specific situation requires
an on-site investigation, the agency follows this inspec-
tion procedure:
-	All relevant information on the complaint is
recorded in the Indoor Air Log.
-	If time allows, the complainant is sent a
building evaluation form and a set of personnel
evaluation questionnaires developed from
NIOSH guidelines.
-	When the questionnaires are returned, they are
evaluated and hypotheses about the situation
are developed.
-	Finally, a full-scale site inspection is performed.
RAPCA believes that a good site investigation
should contain the following five elements:
1.	A pre-inspection discussion with the highest
available ranking member of the organization
(e.g., company president, school principal, unit
supervisor). It is important that this person
understand what will be done during the in-
spection so he will be able to work with the in-
vestigator and help coordinate the entire visit.
2.	Interviews with those who have experienced
problems in the building. Questions that have
arisen during the review of personnel question-
naires can be answered and other individuals
who did not fill out questionnaires will have the
opportunity to relate their problems during the
interviews.
3.	A discussion of the heating, ventilation, and air
conditioning system (HVAC) with the service
person responsible. A detailed description of
the building's HVAC system is crucial because
both NIOSH and RAPCA personnel have
observed that the majority of all indoor air com-
plaints are related to inadequate or faulty ven-
tilation. Dirty air filters, blocked or sealed fresh
air intakes, or inoperative ventilation equipment
contribute to most buildings' problems. Conse-
quently, many of the agency's investigations
have concluded that a ventilation-related prob-
lem needs to be addressed before a more ex-
tensive analysis is attempted. Citizens are ad-
vised that HVAC systems should conform to
guidelines established by the American Society
of Heating Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
Engineers (ASHRAE).
4.	A post-inspection discussion with the highest
ranking person available. This allows the in-
vestigator to share any conclusions, recommen-
dations, or referrals that can be made. A more
complete description of the situation is given in
the final written report.
5.	A final report on the investigation, including
sections concerning data analysis, health ef-
fects, and suggested mitigation strategies. The
report may also include a list of appropriate
referral agencies if another agency could help
solve the problem.
The Agency Outlines Its Current
Capabilities and Needs
RAPCA now frequently uses the Directory of State
Indoor Air Contacts (September 1988) to obtain expert
information about specific indoor air-related problems.
The agency looks forward to continued State and
Federal program development in this important area of
public concern, expecting that the number of indoor air
inquiries will increase as public awareness of indoor air
pollution grows.
RAPCA believes an indoor air program provides a
vital service that is best implemented at the local air
pollution control agency level. While the program helps
many people within the community, it is clear that much
more can be done in this critical area.
Due to lack of funding, RAPCA's current testing
capabilities are limited to a set of simple gas detection
tubes and a continuous radon monitor. The agency plans
to buy monitors for carbon dioxide, formaldehyde,
asbestos, pollen and mold, and combustibles if funding
becomes available.
8

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At present, when a situation is encountered where
sophisticated monitors are crucial to an investigation,
other agencies with known testing capabilities are con-
tacted and asked to participate in the investigation.
Although the agency has been able to develop good
working relationships with the Ohio Department of
Health, the Industrial Commission of Ohio, NIOSH, and
OSHA, these agencies are often unable to respond to
the agency's requests for monitoring due to their own
backlog of cases.
For more information on RAPCA's indoor air pro-
gram, call Jeff Cooper at (513) 225-4898.
THE CONTROL TECHNOLO
IMPROVED RESPONSE THI
COMPUTERS AND MODEL!
In conjunction with the Control Technology Center
(CTC), EPA's Air and Energy Engineering Research
Laboratory's Air Toxics Research Division has assem-
bled state-of-the-art air pollution control computer
models in a central location called the Situation Room
(SR). The SR has a variety of personal computer hard-
ware, as well as access to VAX and IBM mainframe com-
puters. The SR includes on-site model capabilities which
EPA staff can access from their desks to respond to CTC
requests for assistance.
The capabilities provided by the SR will continue to
expand as existing models are updated and new ones
are added. The SR currently has more than 15 models,
including electrostatic precipitator (ESP) models for
determining electrical conditions and removal efficien-
cies for ESPs, and the Control of Air Toxics (CAT) Ad-
visory System for evaluation of alternate control tech-
niques by regulatory agencies when considering permit
applications.
>GY CENTER HAS
lOUGH
I
The CTC will issue a technical guidance document
entitled "Procedures for Estimating Air Emissions from
Surface Impoundments" and an associated computer-
based program later this fall. These are expected to be
of greatest use to State and local air pollution agencies
in estimating volatile organic compound and air toxic
emissions from surface impoundments. Three estima-
tion methodologies will be available depending on the
degree of given site-specific data. For example, when
limited information is available on a source, equations
and default parameters may be substituted to arrive at
an emission estimate.
These and many other resources are available to
regulatory agencies through the Hotline, which may be
reached by calling (919) 541-0800 or (FTS) 629-0800.
Bob Blaszczak, the Hotline contact, will initiate an ap-
propriate response depending on the degree of
assistance required.
OAQPS PUBLISHES REPOff
EMISSIONS ESTIMATES, UR
Five Documents Cover Point and Area Sources
The EPA's Office of Air Quality Planning and Stan-
dards (OAQPS) has recently published five reports that
provide information on estimating emissions of air tox-
ics from selected sources. These reports are:
"Estimating Air Toxics Emissions from Coal and Oil
Combustion Sources" (EPA-450/2-90-001), "Locating
and Estimating Air Toxics Emissions from Municipal
Waste Combustors" (EPA-450/2-89-006), "Locating
and Estimating Air Emissions from Sources of
Chromium, Supplement" (EPA-450/2-89-002),
"Locating and Estimating Air Emissions from Sources
of Perchloroethylene and Trichloroethylene"
(EPA-450/2-89-013), and "Procedures for Estimating and
Allocating Area Source Emissions of Air Toxics, Work-
ing Draft" (EPA Contract No. 68-02-4254, Work Assign-
ment No. 105). The purpose of these reports is to assist
air pollution control agencies and others who are in-
terested in locating potential sources of air toxics and
TS ON
BAN AIR TOXICS
making preliminary estimates of the emissions resulting
from these sources.
The first four reports contain available process
descriptions for the sources, information on the
pollutants typically emitted from the sources, and emis-
sions data including emission factor estimates that in-
dicate the potential for air toxic compounds to be re-
leased from operations within the sources described in
each of the reports. Overviews of procedures for source
sampling and analysis of air toxic emissions from these
sources are also provided.
The chromium report updates technical information
presented in a previous EPA document entitled
"Locating and Estimating Air Emissions from Sources
of Chromium," EPA-450/4/84-007g. The supplement
presents new emission data upon which emission fac-
tors are based for chromium emissions from cooling
towers and chromium electroplating operations. The
document for perchloroethylene and trichloroethylene
9

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gives new degreasing emission factors that EPA has
developed.
The Area Source document presents methodolo-
gies, techniques, procedures, and emission factors for
estimating and allocating area source emissions of tox-
ic air pollutants in a given area. This document is being
distributed as a working draft document and will be up-
dated as new procedures become available. In order to
update and expand this document, comments from the
users are welcomed and encouraged.
For a listing of other air toxics emissions reports,
order the brochure "Tools for Estimating Emissions of
Air Toxics." This brochure provides an overview of the
EPA's air toxics emissions estimating tools and can be
obtained by writing the Pollutant Characterization Sec-
tion, NPPB, MD-15, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711.
Single copies of the five reports are available by
writing the EPA library at MD-35, Research Triangle Park,
NC 27711 or by calling (919) 541-2777 or (FTS) 629-2777.
The process to make the reports available through the
National Technical Information Service (NTIS) for a fee
has been initiated, but NTIS order numbers have not yet
been assigned. For further information on the Municipal
Waste Combustion report, contact Bill Kuykendal, EPA,
OAQPS, Noncriteria Pollutant Programs Branch (NPPB),
MD-15, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711. For more in-
formation on the coal and oil combustion, chromium,
and area source reports, contact Dallas Safreit, EPA,
OAQPS, NPPB, MD-15, Research Triangle Park, NC
27711.
Urban Air Toxics Document Focuses
on Cancer Risk
The Pollutant Characterization Section of NPPB
recently released a report, "Assessing Multiple Pollutant
Multiple Source Cancer Risks from Urban Air Toxics."
The report is a summary of approaches and insights
from completed and ongoing urban air toxics assess-
ment studies undertaken over the past several years.
The similarities and differences in methods and ap-
proaches of the various studies are explored with some
indications of the effect of these procedures on the
results. This 237-page report will soon be available from
NTIS and can be ordered in limited number by State and
local agencies by writing Tom Lahre, U.S. EPA, AQMD,
MD-15, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711.
RISK ASSESSMENT GLOSSA
DIRECTORY NOW AVAILAE
The Air Risk Information Support Center (Air RISC)
announces the availability of two new resource
documents designed to aid in the development of risk
assessments. The reports "Glossary of Terms Related
to Health, Exposure, and Risk Assessment" (EPA
450/3-88-016) and "Directory of Information Resources
Related to Health, Exposure, and Risk Assessment of
Air Toxics" (EPA 450/3-88-015) were prepared by the Air
RISC in order to assist State and local air pollution con-
trol personnel and EPA Regional Office personnel in
their work in health, exposure, and risk assessment of
air toxics.
The Glossary contains definitions of terms that are
commonly used in risk assessment and more detailed
comparative discussions of related terms. For example,
the definitions of the following terms are compared:
benign and malignant, exposure and dose, and
epidemiology and toxicology. A list of key references that
iRY AND
iLE
includes general texts in toxicology and risk assessment
and selected U.S. EPA documents relating to health, ex-
posure, and risk assessment is also provided.
The Directory helps to identify useful sources of in-
formation related to health, exposure, and risk assess-
ment of air toxics. It lists various resources including sup-
port centers, clearinghouses, hotlines, and data bases.
Contacts, addresses, and/or telephone numbers are pro-
vided along with a description of the information or ser-
vices provided. Key U.S. EPA offices are listed with a
short description of the office's function, address, and
telephone number. Contacts at EPA Regional Offices are
also listed for several programs.
State and local agency and EPA Regional Office
staff may obtain copies of these documents by calling
the Air RISC Hotline at (919) 541-0888. The documents
are also available through the National Technical Infor-
mation Service, (703) 487-4807.
EPA'S SECTION 313 RISK
SCREENING GUIDE AVAIL/
In July, EPA published a guidance manual, "Toxic
Chemical Release Inventory Risk Screening Guide (Ver-
sion 1.0)." This document describes some of the
challenges raised by the Toxic Release Inventory (TRI)
data and suggests ways of addressing them (see the
UBLE
September 1988 issue, pages 7-8 for details).
The Guide suggests ways to tackle two key issues:
- setting risk-based priorities for follow-up in-
vestigation of TRI facilities and chemicals within
geographic areas of interest, and
10

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- identifying data needs and approaches for col-
lecting information necessary to respond to
health and environmental questions from the
public.
The Guide should be useful to those involved in in-
terpreting and explaining environmental pollution, ex-
posures, and health risks to the general public, especial-
ly at the local or sub-State level. Even those already
well versed in evaluating risk and/or in helping the public
understand toxic chemicals should find this document
useful.
For further information on the Guide, write Jim Darr,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, (TS-778), 401 M
Street S.W., Washington, D.C. 20460, or call (202)
382-3628, (FTS) 382-3628.
CALL IRM MANAGERS FOfl
WITH MAINFRAME, PC US
The Information Resources Management (IRM)
managers* in the 10 EPA Regional Offices are respon-
sible for the planning, implementation, and operation of
Regional information processing and services. As
managers with a good grasp of how the software and
hardware systems work across all the Regions, these in-
dividuals are initial contacts for State and local agencies
with questions or problems concerning mainframe or PC
use, word processing, or data base access. IRM
managers can answer questions using nontechnical
terms or make referrals if necessary.
IRM managers are also responsible for supporting
the processing and sharing of information between
Regional EPA and State offices. The IRM services in-
clude libraries, records centers, computer centers, infor-
mation/PC support centers, systems development, and
voice and data communication.
Following is a list of IRM managers by Region. This
list updates the Newsletter's previous lists.
*Formerly called Automated Data Processing (ADP)
Coordinators
1 HELP
E
Region I Michael MacDougall
(617) 565-3377 (FTS) 835-3377
Region II Robert Messina
(212) 264-9850 (FTS) 264-9850
Region III Joseph Hamilton
(215) 597-8046 (FTS) 597-8046
Region IV Jack Sweeney
(404) 347-2316 (FTS) 257-2316
Region V Stephen Goranson
(312) 886-3445 (FTS) 886-3445
Region VI Fred Woods
(214) 655-6540 (FTS) 255-6540
Region VII David Flora
(816) 774-2827 (FTS) 757-2827
Region VIII Alfred R. Vigil
(303) 293-1423 (FTS) 564-1423
Region IX Dave Henderson
(415) 974-7414 (FTS) 454-7414
Region X James Peterson
(206) 442-1580 (FTS) 399-1580
NEED HELP?
If your agency needs help in finding information on
a specific air toxics question, you can announce that
need in the National Air Toxics Information Clear-
inghouse Newsletter. Your colleagues from other State
or local agencies who have such information will be able
to contact you with assistance. In addition, the Clear-
inghouse staff would like to receive your ideas for future
Newsletter articles. To list an information need in the next
issue or to submit an article or a suggestion for a future
Newsletter article, please call either Scott Voorhees of
the Clearinghouse staff, (919) 541-0850, (FTS) 629-0850,
or Susan Buchanan, Radian Corporation (919)
541-9100.
HELPFUL NUMBERS
Air Risk Information Support Center (Air RISC Hotllne|:	(919/ 541-0088
	/FTSJ 629-0888
Control Technology Center (Hotline):	££ 25
	(FTSJ 629-0800
NATICH Clearinghouse Staff:	JJ
11

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The National Air Toxics Information Clearinghouse Newsletter is published six times a year
by the National Air Toxics Information Cfcraringhouse to assist State and local agencies mak-
ing decisions on noncriteria pollutant emissions. The first issue appeared in December 1983.
The Clearinghouse is being implem^tted by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Emis-
sion Standards Division, Pollutant Assessment Branch as part of a joint effort with the State
and Local Air Pollution Control Officials (ALAPCO). The National Air Toxics Information Clear-
inghouse Newsletter is prepared by Radian Corporation under EPA Contract Number
68-D8-0065, Work Assignment 6. The EPA Project Officer is Scott Voorhees, EPA Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, Telephone:
(919)541-5348. The Radian Project Director is Susan Buchanan, P. O. Box 13000, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, (919)541-9100.
The Newsletter is prepared primarily for State and local air pollution control agencies and
is distributed free of charge. Those wishing to report address changes may do so by writing
Meredith Haley, Radian Corporation, P. O. Box 13000, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
27709. Please contact the Project Officer either with any comments you might have pertaining
to this newsletter or with suggestions for future newsletters. Articles in the newsletter are writ-
ten by Radian Corporation or EPA staff unless otherwise indicated.
The views expressed in the National Air Toxics Information Clearinghouse Newsletter do
not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Environmental Protection Agency. Men-
tion of trade names or commercial products does not constitute any endorsement or recom-
mendation for use by EPA.
Scott Voorhees
Pollutant Assessment Branch
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
MD-13
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
FIRST CLASS MAIL
U.S. Postage Paid
E.P.A.
Permit No. G-35

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