United States Air and Radiation November 1992
Environmental Protection Research Triangle Park, NC 22711 EPA 453/N-92-015
Agency (MD-13)
oEPA NIATICH
I Newsletter
National Air Toxics Information Clearinghouse
In This Issue...
CARB's 1807 Program Identifies
and Controls Air Toxics 3
Guidance for State Air Toxics
Programs under Development 4
New Models to Assess Air Toxics
Impacts 5
Minnesota Studies Urban Air
^^cer Risk 6
Air RISC Resources Now
Available 7
Frequently Used
Acronyms
CAA - Clean Air Act Amend-
ments of 1990
HAPs - Hazardous Air
Pollutants
MACT - Maximum Achievable
Control Technology
OAQPS - Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards
Clean Air Act Activities:
EPA Receives First HAP List Petition*
by Dr. Nancy Pate, EPA Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
On October 16, 1991, the Chemical
Manufacturers Association (CMA)
Glycol Ethers Panel filed the first peti-
tion under Section 112(b)(3) of the 1990
Clean Air Act Amendments (CAA) to
delete five specific glycol ethers (Table
1) from those listed as a class of com-
pounds on the Section 112(b)(1) list of
hazardous air pollutants (HAPs). The
Glycol Ethers Panel is composed of the
following producers: Dow Chemical,
U.S.A.; Eastman Chemical Company;
Olin Corporation; Occidental Chemical
Corporation (OxyChem); Shell Chemical
Company; and Union Carbide Corporation.
The petition states that major uses
of these glycol ethers include solvent
cleaning operations, paint/varnish/paint
remover formulations, latex paints, floor
polishes, lacquers and other coatings,
stamp pads, and printing inks. The tri-
ethylene glycol ethers are used primarily
in hydraulic brake fluids, but also in
paint stripping formulations and as dye
carriers for textile dye processes. 'Hie
initial source category list proposed July
16, 1992, also identifies general surface
coating operations, paint stripper uses,
and synthetic organic chemical manufac-
(continued on page 2)
State/Local Spotlight:
Indoor Pistol Range Poses
Lead Contamination Hazard
by Matt McCann and Gary Robbins, Air Toxics Section, Pinellas County, Florida
In December 1991, the Air Toxics
Section of the Pinellas County, Florida,
Department of Environmental Manage-
ment (DEM) responded to an employee
concern about the proximity of a day
care center to what appeared to be lead
9
contamination from an indoor pistol
range. A DEM employee had observed
gray dust on buildings near the pistol
range and also noticed that the range
exhaust fans faced the day care center
(continued on page 2)
Produced in
Conjunction State and Territorial Air Pollution Program Administrators
with Association of Local Air Polution Control Officials
-------
First HAP List Petition
(continued)
turing, among others, as known or poten-
tial glycol ether sources.
Based on its initial review of the
CMA petition, EPA determined that the
petition contained insufficient data on
exposure to emissions from the manufac-
ture and use of the five glycol ethers to
make the substantive determination con-
cerning public health and environmental
risks required under Section 112(b)(3).
National emissions of these compounds
could be substantial. Available U.S. trade
information indicates an annual con-
sumption of glycol ethers of over 140
million pounds and a general trend
toward greater usage.
After determining that the CMA
petition was deficient, EPA offered CMA
the opportunity to withdraw its petition,
develop additional emission and expo-
sure information, and resubmit it at a
later time. CMA declined to withdraw
the petition. However, CMA agreed that
any additional information would be sub-
mitted in a new petition. On June 17,
1992, EPA met with CMA represen-
tatives to discuss the substantive defi-
ciencies in the petition. EPA is consider-
ing its options and will publish a notice
of its decision within the 18-month
period established by Section 112(b)(3).
This action complies with Section
112(b)(4), which states that if a petition
to delete a substance is filed prior to
November 15, 1991, EPA must grant or
Table 1.
Glycol Ethers Cited in CMA Petition
Pollutant
Acronym
CAS Number
Diethylene glycol
monobutyl ether
DGBE
112-34-5
Diethylene glycol
monobutyl ether acetate
DGBEA
112-17-4
Triethylene glycol
monomethyl ether
TGME
112-35-6
Triethylene glycol
monoethyl ether
TGEE
112-50-5
Triethylene glycol
monobutyl ether
TGBE
143-22-6
deny the petition prior to promulgating
emission standards lor affected source
categories. In the future, EPA expects to
return petitions with material deficien-
cies to the petitioner with a description
of the additional information required.
To date, one or more pre-petition
conferences have been held with poten-
tial petitioners to discuss technical data
and information resources for glycol
ethers, cumene, 2,2,4-trimethylpentane,
eaprolactam, and styrene. Potential peti-
tioners are strongly encouraged to
request pre-petition conferences to dis-
cuss general technical data needs and
for the Agency to identify resources and
tools to assist petitioners in filing com
plete petitions.
For further information, contact Dr
Nancy Pate at U. S. EPA, OAQPS,
MD-13, Research Triangle Park, North
Carolina 27711, or (919) 541-5347,
*See related article in the November 1991
Newsletter.
Lead Contamination Hazard (continued)
40 feet away. Upon inspection of the
pistol range, the DEM found the facility
was also operating a small lead smelter
outside the building. Dust and soil samples
were collected for analysis. The results
showed that dust from the exhaust fans
contained 60 percent lead, and soil at the
property boundary and central parking
lot contained 30 percent and 40 percent
lead, respectively. Subsequent lab analysis
qualified the sampled material as hazard-
ous waste. Additional samples collected
by the Sheriff's Office corroborated the
results.
Following two meetings, the day
care center and the firing range closed
voluntarily in January 1992. Further
sampling at the day care center showed
that lead levels in the playground soil
ranged from 10 to 5503 ppm, a sample of
dust from a vacuum cleaner contained
804 ppm, and a wipe sample from a wall
had a lead level of 40 |x/sq.in. Blood lead
levels in four children exceeded the
Center for Disease Control's recom-
mended level of 10 (xg/dl. The highest
level (14 (xg/dl) was from a child who
lived nearby and had played with and
collected bullet fragments left in con-
tainers outside the firing range.
Measures to clean up the contami-
nated soil and pavement included vac-
uuming, followed by soil and pavement
removal from the day care playground
and pistol-range parking lot. Neither the
day care nor the indoor pistol range has
reopened to date. The pistol range was
granted approval for a permit submitted
for exhaust controls; however, the
owners are now considering using paint
balls instead of bullets. The day care
center has permanently relocated.
This case initiated inspections of the
other five indoor ranges in the county.
(continued on page 3)
2
-------
Lead Contamination Hazard
(continued)
DEM found that only two of these
had any controls - one used high effi-
ciency particulate air (HEPA) filtration,
the other had an electrostatic precipitator
(ESP). One of the three remaining
facilities has recently switched to using
pellet rifles. The DEM also determined
that lead waste was potentially entering
the sewer system when the ESP was
cleaned or when any of the facilities
washed down the interior walls and
floors.
'Hie DEM recognizes there are
other potential impacts. Erom an inhala-
tion hazard viewpoint, indoor gun ranges
that are uncontrolled may exceed Oc-
cupational Safety and Health Administra-
tion (OSHA) and EPA limits. Further-
more, these facilities are a source of
material for recyclers who conduct
secondary smelting and may not be per-
mitted. The indoor gun ranges also pro-
duce lead waste that is not recycled and
may be hazardous waste.
The Pinellas County DEM has formed
a task force with members of its Air
Quality and Small Quantity Generators
Divisions to assess the environmental
impacts of the indoor pistol ranges. Plans
include analyzing the results of a hazard-
ous waste assessment on the soil and
pavement removed from the day care
site, and conducting soil sampling at the
other indoor ranges in the county. Mean-
while, the other five pistol ranges remain
open, pending the findings of the task
force.
For additional information, contact
Matt McCann or Gary Robbins, Air Tox-
ics Section, Pinellas County DEM, 300
South (iarden Ave., Clearwater, Florida
34616, (813) 462-4422.
* *On December 30, 1991, members of
Pinellas County's air, water, public health,
and small quantities generators divisions,
met with representatives of the Sheriff's
Department and the State hazardous
waste and air quality sections. The County
Attorney, the owners of the day care facility
and the pistol range, and representatives of
the Day Care Licensing Board joined these
groups in a second meeting the next day.
* *The OSHA exposure limit is 50 g/m:i
(8-hour time-weighted average). The EPA
Reference Air Concentration is 0.09 g/m*
(annual average) and the National
Ambient Air Quality Standard is 1.5 g/m:i
(quarterly average).
CARB's 1807 Program Identifies and Controls Air Toxics*
im Lombard, California Air Resources Board
California implemented Assembly
Bill 1807 (AB 1807) in 1984 to identify
and control toxic air contaminants
(TACs), defined as air pollutants "which
may cause or contribute to an increase
in mortality or an increase in serious ill-
ness, or which may pose a present or
potential hazard to human health."
Under the 1807 Program, the California
I^nvironmental Protection Agency's Air
Resources Board (CARB) set up a two-
phase process that separates the assess-
ment of risk (the identification of a
substance as a TAC) from the manage-
ment of that risk (the control of the
emissions of a TAC). As part of this pro-
gram, CARB has compiled a list of 232
substances from which pollutants are
selected for review as potential TACs.
This list contains the 189 Federal hazard-
ous air pollutants (HAPs), which are
required by California law to be iden-
t^ed as TACs. In the risk assessment
^Bse, the 1807 program requires that
GlRB prepare an exposure assessment
while the California EPA's Office of
Environmental Health Hazard Assess-
(continued on page 4)
Table 1.
TAC Identification List
Substances Identified by CARB as TACs
Asbestos
Ethylene dichloride
Benzene
Ethylene oxide
1,3-Butadiene
Formaldehyde
Cadmium and cadmium compounds
Inorganic arsenic
Carbon tetrachloride
Methylene chloride
Chlorinated dioxins and dibenzofurans
Nickel and nickel compounds
Chloroform
Perchloroethylene
Chromium VI
Trichloroethylene
Ethylene dibromide
Vinyl chloride
Substances in CARB Review Process
Acetaldehyde
Inorganic lead
Benzo(a)pyrene
Styrene
Diesel exhaust
Substances Nominated for Review
Acrylamide
Hexachlorobenzene
Acrylonitrile
Hydrazine
Beryllium compounds
Mercury compounds
Dialkylnitrosamines
4,4'-Methylenedianiline
p-Dichlorobenzene
N-Nitrosomorpholine
1,1 ,-Dimethylhydrazine
PoiycycBc aromatic hydrocarbons
Di (2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
Polychlorinated biphenyla
1,4-Dioxane
Propylene oxide
Dimethyl sulfate
Radionuclides
Environmental tobacco smote
Toluene diisocyanate
Ethyl acrylate
2,4,6-Trtehlorophenol
3
-------
CARB's 1807 Program
(continued)
Table 2.
Control Measures Adopted to Date
Source Category
Benzene Control for
(iysoline Service
Stations
Number of
Facilities Controlled
Statewide
Description of Control Measure
:«)o
I lexavalent Chromium for
I'laliiiK and Anodizing
Shops
Hexavalent Chromium lor
I oolinjf l owers
Ethylene Oxide for
Sterilizers and Aerators
I'ioxiit Control for Medical
Waste Incinerators
1000
450
Asbestos Control for
Serpentine Rock in Surl'ac-
i"K Applications
Reciuires vapor recovery for hijjh-volume sta-
tions. old stations making major modifica-
tions, and all new service stations.
Requires plating or anodizinj* shops to
reduce euiissiotis by 95 to 99.X percent.
I-ow-Kinission Vehicle/
Clean lucks Regulations
NA
Unpaved Surface:
Prohibits the use of hexavalent chromium in
the circulating water.
Requires 95 to 99 percent control of ethylene
oxide from sterilizers and aerators.
Requires source tests and 99 percent reduc-
tion of dioxins.
NA
Kliminates the use of serpentine rock con-
taining greater than 5 percent asbestos for
use in surfacing unpaved areas.
Requires production of vehicles 50 to 85 per-
cent cleaner than current regulation*. and re-
quires cleaner fuels to be available to
consumers.
ment evaluates the health effects. The
results of these two evaluations form the
risk assessment report that serves as the
technical basis for determining if a com-
pound should be identified as aTAC. This
process has taken 2 to 3 years to complete
due to the thorough evaluation of the
substances by the staff, full public partici-
pation, and review by an independent
group of scientists. Once a substance is
identified as aTAC, the risk management
(control) phase begins. The goal of this
phase is to reduce TAC emissions to pro-
tect public health. The sources that emit a
TAC are evaluated by assessing the car-
cinogenic potency and quantity of toxic
compounds emitted as well as their loca-
tion and proximity to high population
areas. Those sources presenting the
highest cancer risk are selected for con-
trol measure development. Available
technology, cost to industry, and the re-
maining risk after implementation of con-
trol are all considered to ensure imple-
mentation of the best available control
strategy.
To dale, CARB has identified 18
substances (Table 1) as TACs. Another
five compounds are undergoing formal
risk assessment, and 22 more have been
nominated for review as potential TACs
(see Table 1).
Control measures have been adopted
for benzene, hexavalent chromium,
ethylene oxide, dioxins, and asbestos
(Fable 2) and cover more than 2,000
facilities statewide. Adopted control
measures arc aimed at reducing the 1 AC
exposure and affect many facilities such
as hospitals with sterilizers, medical
waste incinerators, and service stations,
all of which may be located in residential
neighborhoods. Also, CARB has adopted
low emission vehicle (LEV) regulations**
to help reduce TACs. CAKB estimates
that between 2,000 and 7,000 cancer
cases have been avoided in the State by
all regulations adopted. The Board is now
drafting regulations that will reduce emis-
sions of perchloroethylene from dry
cleaners, and emissions of nickel, arsenic,
and cadmium from metal melting °P<>r
tions. Also, industry has phased out the
use of ethylene dibromide and ethylene
dichloride, and emissions of carbon
tetrachloride have been voluntarily con-
trolled, making regulatory action on
these substances unnecessary.
For further information, contact Jim
Lombard at the CARB Stationary Source
Division, P.O. Box 2816, Sacramento,
California 95812, (916) 327-5617.
* * See related articles in the December
1984 and May 1985 Newsletters.
* *See related article in the January 1992
Newsletter.
Guidance for State Air Toxics Programs under Development
by Nadine Shear, EPA Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Section 112(1) of the 1990 Clean Air
Act Amendments requires the EPA to
develop guidance for State air toxics
rules and programs to receive EPA
approval to implement and enforce
emission standards and other require-
ments under Section 112, as well as the
accidental release provisions set forth in
Section 112(r). Although State program
submittal is voluntary, it provides the
mechanism by which States may get
their air toxic rules and programs
approved and deemed Federally enforce-
able by the EPA. This helps States
(continued on page 5)
4
-------
Guidance for State Programs (continued)
industry avoid a dual permitting
situation to ensure that a permitted facili-
ty complies with both Federal find State
regulations. It also can help States main-
tain their existing air toxics programs. In
many cases, approval of State programs
will be relatively simple and allow a State
to easily adopt the Federal program
through the Title V permitting process.
In other cases, determining that the
Stale regulation or infrastructure
program* is no less stringent than the
I'ederal regulation or program may be
necessary. Phis determination may occur
as:
1. a rule-by-rule approval, where the
State demonstrates that each State
standard is no less stringent than the
Federal rule, or
2. a one-time program approval, where
the State would commit to a process
that would result in no less stringent
controls at the permit level.
For the rule-by-rule approval, KPA would
delegate Federal authority at the rule
el and not require any evaluation of
. . /mils issued under this authority. FPA
envisions that States with MACT-like
rules that differ slightly from Federal
rules will prefer this option. Under the
one-time program approval, FPA would
delegate Federal authority if States could
guarantee that the permits for each facili-
ty would be in the same form required
by the Federal rule and would be no less
stringent. Following this process, FPA
would not need to further evaluate State
stringency at the permit level. FPA has
designed this option for those States with
facility-specific regulations, such as risk-
or health-based standards. Under addi-
tional provisions in Subsection 112(1) ('i)
relating to technical assistance, FPA will
work to expand assistance to States in
the areas of control technology, health
and ecological risk assessment, risk
analysis, ambient monitoring and model-
ing, and emissions measurement and
monitoring. When appropriate, F1PA will
also work with not-for-profit organiza-
tions to provide similar assistance. The
FPA is also examining a cost recovery
system for technical assistance programs
for parties other than State and local
agencies. Through Section 112®, EPA
hopes to ease the regulatory compliance
burden for both State and local agencies
as well as the regulated community, and
ensure that the Federal and State air tox-
ic programs can be implemented con-
sistently. This will allow States that have
taken the lead in regulating HAP emis-
sions to continue to implement their pro-
grams in conjunction with the EPA's. As
IT'A develops both emission standards
and infrastructure programs over the
next 10 years, Section 112(1) will need to
provide an effective and efficient, yet
flexible, means to review and approve
State programs and no less stringent
standards.
For more information, contact
Nadine Shear or Tim Ream at U.S. FPA,
OAQPS, MD-13, Research Triangle Park,
North Carolina 27711.
* Infrastructure programs refer to provi-
sions other than emission standard
development, such as early reductions,
modifications, and case-by-case MACT.
New Models to Assess Air Toxics Impacts
by Dave Guinnup, EPA Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
FPA will release two new models
this fall to help assess impacts from sta-
tionary sources of HAPs (air toxics). The
two models, TOXST and TOXLT (for
I'OXics modeling system Short-Term
and TOXics modeling system Long-Term,
respectively) are designed around EPA's
Industrial Source Complex (ISC) disper-
sion models, ISCST (Short-Term) and
ISCLT (Umg-Term). The models incor-
porate new features to assist analysts in
quantifying air toxics risks to establish
control levels or compliance with new
Clean Air Act requirements. Both
models will use the new version of ISC,
ISC2,* as a part of the simulation soft-
ware. The ISC2 program is a user-
§endly version of the ISC, a program
th long-standing application in the
regulatory assessment of stationary
sources of criteria air pollutants.
The TOXST modeling system is
designed to facilitate the investigation of
short-term (hourly) ambient concentra-
tion impacts that might exceed user-
specified threshold values. It allows the
user to simulate both continuous and in-
termittent emission sources (such as
batch process operations) in the same
analysis. With TOXST1, users can quan-
tify combined ambient impacts from a
mixture of air toxics by calculating
hazard index value exceedances.
With the TOXLT modeling system,
users can develop annual concentration
values and calculate location-specific
cancer risks using user-specified unit
risk estimates for each pollutant included
in the analysis. The distribution of
cancer risks within the receptor grid can
be presented with a series of output
tables that can assist in estimating in-
dividual source contributions and
developing control strategies to reduce
risk estimates. The model can also
calculate chronic hazard index values
based on user-specified, long-term
threshold levels. These can be useful in
assessing chronic noncancer impacts.
Both modeling systems are written
in FORTRAN and designed for execution
on a personal computer. The source
codes and directly executable programs,
as well as example input and output files,
will be made available on the bulletin
board system of the Support Center for
Regulatory Air Models (SCRAM) of the
Office of Air Quality Planning and Stan-
dards' Technology Transfer Network
(OAQPS TTN).
For more information, contact Dave
Guinnup, U.S. EPA, Technical Support
Division (MD-14), OAQPS, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711,
(919) 5415368.
*See related article in the March 1992
Newsletter.
5
-------
Minnesota Studies Urban Air Cancer Risk
In March of this year, the Minnesota
Pollution Control Agency (MPCA)
released the results of a study of the
emissions of known and suspected car-
cinogens in the seven-county metro-
politan area that includes Minneapolis
and St. Paul, which has a population of
nearly 2 million. 'Hie study considered
the impact of those emissions on the
smaller central city area including Min-
neapolis and St. Paul and surrounding
areas, which has a population of approx-
imately 1.2 million (see Figure l).The
study showed that the most significant
impacts were those from motor vehicles,
woodstoves, and fireplaces. The results
generally agree with EPA studies in
other urban areas. 'Hie MPCA inven-
toried emissions of carcinogens from
large point sources such as industrial
manufacturing facilities and utilities, area
sources such as dry cleaners and gas
stations, and mobile sources in the
seven-county metropolitan area. The
pollutants of concern included par-
ticulate matter (I'M) from diesel fuel,
gasoline, and woodstove burning, as well
as 1,3-butadiene, hexavalent chromium,
polycyclic organic matter (POM), for-
maldehyde, and benzene. The MPCA
used computer models to estimate the
pollutant levels present in the Twin
Cities' ambient air and then to determine
the health effects of long-term exposure
to such concentrations of the pollutants
in the central city area. The results of
the study showed that the urban
exposure to the pollutants of interest
resulted in an additional 2.26 cancer
cases per year for each million residents
of the central city area, which adds up to
222 additional cases over a 70-year
period (2.26 cancer cases x population x
70 years --- 222). 'Oiese results are in the
same range as the 2 to 10 excess cases
per million per year calculated by the
EPA in similar studies in five other
urban areas. 1'he MPCA did not
calculate maximum individual risks,
so their results represent the average
cancer risks over the entire receptor
area defined for the study. As shown in
Figure 2, of the individual pollutants con-
tributing to the additional cancer cases,
the greatest contribution is from diesel PM
(continued on page 7)
Figure 1.
Source and Receptor Areas Examined in the Minnesota Study
Figure 2.
Estimated Excess Cancer Incidence by Pollutant
99.7% of this excess
incidence is from
6
-------
Minnesota Studies .
-------
Air RISC Resources (continued)
tory function and the measurement of
odor thresholds. Section 2 provides a
critical review of published odor
threshold values for HAPs listed under
Title III of the 1990 Clean Air Act
Amendments. Section 3 lists over a
dozen pages of sources for the odor
threshold values.
The Directory of Information
Resources Related to Health, Exposure,
and Risk Assessment of Air Pollutants:
1992 Update revises the first edition,
published in 1989. The directory helps
State and local agencies and EPA
Regional Office personnel locate EPA
and non-EPA information resources
regarding health, exposure, and risk
assessments of toxic and criteria air
pollutants. The 1992 directory (EPA
450/H-92-G14, July 1992) consists of four
sections. Section 1 describes 21 sources
(e.g., clearinghouses and hotlines); Sec-
tion 2 discusses key EPA offices and
their functions; Section 3 lists the 10
EPA Regional Offices and key contacts;
and Section 4 lists several key reference
materials (such as health, exposure,
risk assessment documents), occupa-
tional safety and health references, and
chemical-specific profile documents.
Because of printing delays. Air
RISC has only recently begun to
distribute these documents and
apologizes for (he del;!}'. To request a
copy of the directories, call the Air RISC
Hotline, (919) 541-0888.
*See article in the November 1991 issue.
The NATICH Newsletter is published six times a year by the National Air Toxics Information Clearinghouse. The Newsletter
is prepared by Radian Corporation under EPA Contract Number 68-1)1-0125, Work Assignment 2-11. 'Hie EPA Editor is Carol
Jones, EPA Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, Telephone; (919) 541-5341.
The Radian Project Director is Ijnda Cooper, Radian Corporation, P. 0. Box 13(X)0, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709.
(919)541-9100.
The Newsletter is distributed free of charge. To report address changes, write Meredith Haley, Radian Corporation, P O.
Box 13000, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709. ^
The views expressed in the NATICH Newsletter do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Environmental Pro-
tection Agency. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute any endorsement or recommendation fot
use by EPA.
/XV Rscycled/Recyclable
fy
------- |