NATICH Newsletter, September 1993


United States	Air and Radiation	September 1993
Environmental Protection Research Triangle Park, NC 22711 EPA 453/N-93-005
Agency	(MD-13)
v>EPA MATICH
I Newsletter
National Air Toxics Information Clearinghouse
In This Issue...
State/I,ocal Spotlight: Expanded
Emissions Reporting Underway in
Wisconsin	
EPA Studies Motor Vehicle-Related
Air Toxics	
Report to Congress and Regulatory
Agenda Underway for Consumer and
Commercial Products	
EPA Provides Assistance to Small
Businesses	
EPA Enhancing AIRS to Meet User
Data Needs	
Frequently Used
Acronyms
CAA Clean Air Act Amendments of
1990
FT	Fiscal Year
HAPs Hazardous Air Pollutants
MACT Maximum Achievable Control
Technology
OAQPS Office of Air Quality Planning
and Standards
ORD Office of Research and
Development
SIP State Implementation Plan
TRI Toxic Release Inventory
TTN Technology Transfer Network
VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds
EPA's Urban Area Source Program
Continues Data Collection Efforts*
By Tom Lahre, EPA Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
EPA is continuing activities under
the Urban Area Source Program (UASP)
to develop a strategy for control of haz-
ardous air pollutants (HAPs). The main
thrust of activities to date (for back-
ground, see box) has focused on prob-
lem definition: identifying the 30 or more
HAPs presenting the greatest threat in
heavily populated urban areas, and char-
acterizing the area sources of these 30
HAPs. This article summarizes the major
activities to date and their status. None of
these activities alone will be sufficient to
define the entire list of 30 or more UASP
HAPs, but all together should accom-
plish the goal.
EPA is now investigating information
resources on HAPs and area sources.
EPA has completed an analysis of the
Agency's Toxic Release Inventory (TRI)
to sort and rank area sources and HAPs.
A draft analysis of about 10 good quality
ambient air monitoring data bases com-
bined with cancer and noncancer bench-
marks to rank HAPs has been completed
and is undergoing review within EPA.
Also, EPA teams developing maximum
achievable control technology (MACT)
standards have begun a long-term pro-
ject to compile source and emission data
bases containing baseline and projection
data on major and area sources. The
results will vary depending on the extent
of data collected for each MACT stan-
dard. All MACT teams will consider area
sources to determine if any should be
listed and regulated with major sources
in each category.
State and local air agencies were sur-
veyed to rank area sources according to
priority for control and expected difficulty
(continued on page 2)
Attention Readers
There will not be a November issue of the NATICH Newsletter. Instead, the EPA
staff will devote this time to evaluating cost cutting options. Check the NATICH
Bulletin Board System (BBS) on EPA's TTN for announcements regarding the News-
letter. For information on accessing the TTN, call the TTN hotline at (919) 541-5384.
Any questions or comments regarding the Newsletter can be addressed to Laurel
Driver, EPA OAQPS, MD-13, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711.
Laurel Driver
Editor
Produced in S1WPA / ^\[y^n)(£(Q)
conjunction State and Territorial Air Pollution Program Administrators
with Association of Local Air Pollution Control Officials

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EPA's Urban Area (continued from page 1)
Table 1.
Section 112(c)(6)-Specific Pollutants
Alkylated lead compounds
Polycyclic organic matter (POM)
Hexachlorobenzene
Mercury
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzofuran (2,3,7,8-TCI)F)
2,'5,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD)
of compliance. National source and emis-
sion surveys of the seven Section 112(c)
(G)-specific pollutants and probable
urban area source HAPs are underway
(see Fable 1). KPA is using a "top-down"
approach for identifying source cate-
gories associated with these HAPs. EPA
surveys for other probable area source
HAPs are scheduled to begin in Fiscal
Year 1994 (FT 94).
To build on existing data bases, EPA
is beginning targeted urban studies in
Baltimore, Houston, and Chicago that
are basically emission/exposure/risk
assessments. The Chicago effort, coordi-
nated by the Great I^kes Commission,
will also emphasize the development of a
client-server data base for improved data
handling and the development of an air
toxics emission factor data base. EPA's
Air and Energy Engineering Research
laboratory (AEERE) is helping design
and evaluate air toxics emission invento-
ries for general use by State and local
agencies as part of this study. The
Baltimore effort, by the Maryland
Department of the Environment, will also
emphasize the study of co-control bene-
fits of ozone and air toxics, and may per-
form augmented toxics monitoring at an
existing Photochemical Assessment
Monitoring Station (PAMS)** site. The
Houston effort, by the Texas Air Control
Board, will also perform cluster analyses
of existing ambient air monitoring data
bases to help refine source/receptor rela-
tionships established through conven-
tional dispersion modeling techniques.
EPA's Office of Research and
Development (ORD) is continuing a
series of efforts that sup-
port the UASP. 'Hie
Integrated Air Cancer
Project is finishing up
studies in Boise, Idaho,
and Roanoke, Virginia, to
assess risks from complex
mixtures of incomplete
combustion (i.e., poly-
cyclic organic matter or
POM), with emphasis on
wood smoke, diesel and
gasoline exhaust, and res-
idential oil combustion.
These studies have quan-
titatively apportioned
mutagenicity and tumori-
genicity by relative potency to POM from
specific source categories, and have
developed the tools to conduct this kind
of study in other urban airsheds. In addi-
tion, ORD is continuing to evaluate muta-
genic products of the photochemical
atmospheric transformation of various
organic precursor compounds including
many volatile organic compounds
(VOCs) commonly found in ambient air.
Initial research indicates that some of
these transformation products might be
a public health concern. The goal of this
transformation research is to isolate and
identify specific mutagenic products,
with the possibility of extending the
results to mammalian systems to help
gain a better understanding of the signifi-
cance of these transformation products
to human health, and then study the sig-
nificance in actual urban airsheds.
Another important offshoot of this
research is a comparative potency
method for assessing risks (e.g., cancer
potency estimates) from various complex
mixtures of POM.
In the longer term, as part of a pro-
posed initiative for FY 95, EPA plans to
augment the PAMS network with toxic
monitoring capabilities to further assist
in problem definition and to help demon-
strate that the goals of the national strat-
egy are being met. PAMS sites are being
established in FT 93 and 94, with aug-
mented toxics monitoring to be initiated
in FT 95 by adding capabilities to PAMS
to monitor for chlorinated VOCs, metals,
POM, and selected tracer compounds to
allow for source/receptor modeling and
risk apportionment, as was done in EPA's
Integrated Air Cancer Project. EPA
hopes to start this augmented monitor-
ing in Baltimore in FT 94 as part of the
urban study initiative mentioned above.
For more information, contact Tom
Uhre, U.S. EPA, OAQPS, MD-Ki,
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
27711, (919) 541-5668.
*See related article in the March 1992
Newsletter.
* *See related article in the March 1993
Newsletter.
UASP Background and Goals
The UASP is mandated under Sections 112(c) and (k) of Title III of the Clean Air
Act Amendments of 1990 (CAA) and addresses reduction of HAPs from urban area
sources. Area sources are defined as stationary sources that emit less than 10 tons per year
(tpy) of any single HAP or less than 25 tpy in aggregate of any combination of HAPs. This
is a long-range program with the primary goals of reducing emissions of certain targeted
HAPs and achieving a 75 percent reduction of cancer incidence attributable to these
HAPs. EPA has until 1995 to conduct a research program to develop a list of these HAPs
and design a control strategy, and an additional 5 years to implement the control strategy.
A key element in the UASP control strategy, as CAA Section 112(k) specifies, is the
identification of "not less than 30 HAPs which, as the result of emissions from area
sources, present the greatest threat to public health in the largest number of urban areas."
As part of this, EPA must consider health effects that include, but are not limited to, car-
cinogenicity, mutagenicity, teratogenicity, neurotoxicity, reproductive dysfunction, and
other acute and chronic effects such as the role of HAPs as precursors of ozone or acid
aerosol formation. Once the 30 or more HAPs are identified, sources that account for
90 percent of each of these HAPs must be regulated.
2

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State/Local Spotlight:
Expanded Emissions Reporting Underway in Wisconsin
by John Slienol, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources
Wisconsin recently adopted new air
toxics regulations that changed funding
of the Department of Natural Resources
(I)NR) air management program from
one partially funded through Stale general
purpose revenues to one partially funded
(roughly 50 percent) through air emis-
sion fees for their 1994 fiscal year Only 1,
199:5, to June 30, 1994). Imple-
menting this change required a
complete overhaul of existing
emissions reporting and fee
assessment regulations. Prior to
1993, Wisconsin charged emis-
sion fees for the 6 criteria pollu-
tants* and 33 air toxics. Under
the new regulations now in place,
that number has expanded to
nearly 550 pollutants covering all
of the hazardous air pollutants
(HAPs), criteria pollutants, and
ozone-depleting substances regu-
lated by State and Federal law.
The DNR established an
annual threshold value lor each
air toxic compound, and a facility
is required to report emissions
exceeding this value. Generally
speaking, the threshold values
are set at 50 percent of the level
that would require a facility to file
an air toxics compliance plan
under State law. For HAPs regu-
lated under the Clean Air Act as
amended in 1990 (CAA) but not
yet incorporated into the State air
toxics law, a threshold of 3 tons
per year was established. In no
case is the reporting threshold
for a HAP any higher than 3 tons
per year.
Each December, DNR dis-
tributes an instruction booklet
and forms (paper and electronic) to
facilities for completing the annu-
al emissions inventory update.
The State encourages facilities to
file their inventories on floppy
diskette using an electronic format. Data
from the previous reporting year are sup-
plied so that sources that had few or no
changes can easily update their emis-
sions information. Reports are due to
DNR by March 1, but a 15-day extension
may be granted when reasonable. The
data are entered into the State computer
system and several measures are taken
for quality assurance including checks
for valid codes, values, and ranges.
According to the new rules, DNR
must send each facility a summary of
their calculated emissions and fees by
May 31 of each year. If the facility is
required to obtain a Title V operating
permit or if it emits NOx or VOCs in a
nonattainment area, a certification form
for the level of emissions is mailed with
the summary; the responsible official at
the facility must then certify in writing by
June 30 that the summary of emissions is
correct and pay any assessed fees. Pro-
visions exist in the regulations that allow
facilities to dispute the emissions and
fees and that provide a schedule and pro-
cedure to resolve these disputes.
Fees are only charged to
Wisconsin facilities that will
require a Title V operating permit
and that emit a combined total of
5 tons or more of all pollutants
(including criteria pollutants). In
1993, facilities are paying Sl« per
ton of actual 1992 air emissions if
those emissions exceed the
reporting threshold. In future
years, the cost will increase to
$25 per ton, plus an adjustment
for inflation (expected to total
roughly $30 per ton in 1994). As
specified under State statutes and
the CAA, fees are not assessed for
emissions that exceed a maximum
of 4000 tons per pollutant per
year at a single facility, and car-
bon monoxide emissions are
completely exempt from fees.
Thus, fees are assessed per ton of
pollutant per year up to this maxi-
mum cap at Wisconsin facilities.
DNR's emission fees are not
based on risk. The fee for one ton
of carcinogenic pollutant emis-
sions is the same as the fee for
emitting one ton of NOx. Also,
because air toxics are usually
emitted as a particulate or VOC,
Wisconsin requires separate
reporting of emissions in both
categories (as a toxic, and as a
particulate or VOC), but assesses
fees only once and does not dou-
ble charge for any emission.
Collection of 1992 emissions
information and fees under the
new regulations is nearing completion,
and it is now possible to examine some
preliminary results from Wisconsin's first
year of expanded toxics reporting.
(continued on page 4)
Table 1.
Wisconsin's Top 20 1992 Air Toxic Emissions
Pollutant
Actual
Emissions
(pounds)
Formaldehyde
12,712,797
Chlorine
10,992,307
Hydrogen chloride
9,811,174
Xylene
3,908,377
Mineral spirits (Stoddard solvent)
3,823,473
Toluene
3,('>73,228
Methyl ethyl ketone (2-Butanone) (MFK)
2,(575, 163
Methyl chloroform (1,1,1-Trichloroethane)
2,104,002
Methanol
1,695,646
2-Butoxyethanol
(Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, EGBE)
1,516,089
Sulfuric acid
1,333,130
n-Butyl alcohol
1,296,632
Total reduced sulfur and reduced sulfur
compounds
1,229,752
Phenol
1,129,132
Methyl isobutyl ketone
848,878
Methylene chloride
816,537
Chloroform
787,712
Styrene, monomer
743,246
n-Hexane
530,204
Glycol ethers
526,397
3

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Wisconsin (continued from page 3)
Emissions of 224 different air toxics were
reported from 951 facilities. The 1992
Statewide total of reported air toxic
emissions was over [{4,000 tons.
Approximately $550,000 in fees were
assessed for air toxic emissions, consti-
tuting about 10 percent of total fees col-
lected. Three HAPs (forrnal-dehyde,
chlorine, and hydrochloric acid) account
for nearly half of this sum. Table 1 lists
the top 20 air toxics in terms of reported
1992 emissions in Wisconsin.
This fall, I)NR plans to compare data
from the State air emissions inventory
and EPA's 1991 Toxic Release Inventory
(TRI).** (liven the differences between
the two data sources in terms of applica-
ble pollutants, facilities covered, and
reporting thresholds, and because TRI
data tend to lag behind emissions inven-
tory data by one calendar year, the State
intends only to identify large discrepan-
cies and resolve such differences where
actual errors exist. For example, if a facil-
ity reported several tons of emissions for
a toxic in the TRI and did not report
emissions for that toxic on the State inven-
tory, I)NR will follow up to determine
why. A preliminary comparison of this
type using 1991 TRI data :
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Motor Vehicle (continued from page 4)
risk estimates presented are not meant
to be representative of actual risk, but
instead are meant to be used in a relative
manner to compare risks among pollu-
tants and scenarios and to assess trends.
EPA's Office of Research and Develop-
ment (ORD) is currently reevaluating the
overall health data for benzene, formal-
dehyde, and 1,3-butadiene. An EPA risk
assessment for diesel particulate matter
is also in progress. Although only limited
information is available on how atmos-
pheric reactions affect carcinogenic
potencies, photochemical transformation
of motor vehicle emissions probably has
a major effect on carcinogenic activity.
The uncertainties associated with this
study are likely to result in both underes-
timates and overestimates of risk.
A printed or microfiche copy of the
Motor Vehicle-Related Air Toxics Study
can be obtained for $77 or $27, respec-
tively, by contacting the Department of
Commerce, National Technical
Information Service (NTIS), 5285 Port
Royal Road, Springfield, Virginia 22161,
(703) 487-4650. The order number is
PB93 182590. A copy has also been
placed in the public docket located at the
U.S. EPA Air Docket Section (LE-131),
401 M Street S.W., Washington, D.C.
20460, in room M-1500 at Waterside
Mall. The docket number is A-91-19. The
study is also available for the price of the
call from the EPA OAQPS Technology
Transfer Network (TTN) Clean Air Act
Amendments electronic bulletin board
system by calling (919) 541-5742.
Report to Congress and Regulatory Agenda Underway
for Consumer and Commercial Products
by Bruce Moore, EPA Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Section 183(e) of the 1990 Clean Air
Act Amendments (CAA) requires EPA to
conduct a study of emissions of volatile
organic compounds (VOCs) from con-
sumer and commercial products (CCPs).
This source, which involves the use of
many diverse types of products (personal
care products, architectural coatings,
automotive aftermarket products,
cleanup solvents, etc.), is presently the
single largest stationary area source of
unregulated VOC emissions. The study
objectives are to determine the potential
of CCP VOC emissions to contribute to
ozone levels that violate the ozone
National Ambient Air Quality Standard
(NAAQS) and to establish criteria for
regulating CCPs under Section 183(e).
On completion of the study, EPA
must submit a report to Congress docu-
menting the study results. When the
report is submitted, EPA must also list
those product categories that account for
at least 80 percent of the VOC emissions,
on a reactivity-adjusted (see box) basis,
from CCPs in ozone nonattainment
areas. EPA must divide the list into
four groups by priority and regulate one
group of categories every 2 years follow-
ing promulgation of the list. Pursuant to
Section 183(e), this proposed regulatory
agenda will be published in the Federal
Register when the final report to
Congress is submitted.
The report to Congress will consist
of 18 volumes-an executive summary
supported by 17 reports that document
the results of 11 individual product cate-
gory studies and 6 generic studies (see
Table 1). To date, drafts of 12 reports
have been distributed for review to an
(continued on page 6)
Table 1.
The Volumes of the CCP Report to Congress
The 11 Individual Product Categories
Underarm Deodorants and Antiperspirants
Aerosol Spray Paints
Household Cleaners
Hair Care Products
Room Deodorants and Disinfectants
Automotive Products
Consumer and Commercial Adhesives and Sealants
Consumer and Commercial Pesticides and Antimicrobials
Architectural and Industrial Maintenance Coatings3
Commercial and Industrial Cleanup Solvents^
Autobody Refinishing Products'1
The 6 Generic Studies
National Inventory of VOC Emissions from CCPs
Fate of Consumer Product VOCs - Disposal in Landfills
Fate of Consumer Product VOCs in Wastewater Treatment Systems
Aerosol Products and Packaging Systems
Market-Based Systems of Regulation
Development of Criteria for Regulating Categories of Products
aRegulatory negotiation in progress (see related article in the May 1993 Newsletter).
^Control Technology Guidelines (CTG) in progress.
5
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Report to Congress (continued from page 5)
industry consortium that consists of
major CCP trade associations and indivi-
dual companies including Procter &
Gamble, S.C.Johnson Wax and
Sherwin-Williams), an EPA workgroup
consisting of representatives from the
relevant offices, and two States. Copies of
the individual volumes will be available
to the public upon submission of the
report to Congress.
The primary remaining activity is
completion of the survey of 3600
CCP manufacturers being conducted
under Section 114 authority. The survey
will provide speciated VOC content data
for virtually all categories of traditional
consumer products as well as institution-
al/industrial products. Examples of the
latter include cleaning supplies used by
hospitals and schools, industrial mold-
release agents, and solvents used to clean
equipment and tools. The questionnaire
for the survey was developed jointly by
EPA and the industry consortium. To
date, all questionnaires have been mailed,
and a draft report presenting survey
results, emissions estimates by product
category, and estimates for other nonsur-
vey categories, is being completed.
Criteria for identifying categories for
regulation have been drafted and art-
undergoing review by the industry con-
sortium, EPA workgroup, and States.
When completed, the criteria will be
applied to the broad inventory of products
classified as CCPs and used to identify
specific product categories to be regulated
and draft the schedule (regulatory agen-
da) for development of regulations. The
report to Congress and proposed regula-
tory agenda are required by the CAA to
be submitted ';y November 15, 1993.
For more information, contact Bruce
Moore, U.S. EPA, OAQPS, Emission
Standards Division, MD-13, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711.
Photochemical Reactivity
Relative reactivity has been subject
to continuing scientific investigation
since well before the mid-1970s when the
EPA adopted its present scheme of classi-
fying compounds as reactive or negligibly
reactive. Although there has been much
discussion recently among atmospheric
scientists, there has been no b> <,,,/ accep-
tance, within either the scientific or regu-
latory communities, of any relative activ-
ity scale which could be used to adjust
inventory data.
EPA Provides Assistance to Small Businesses
by Deb Elmore, OAQPS Control Technology Center
Implementing the provisions of the
1990 Clean Air Act Amendments (CAA)
will require regulation of many small
businesses, most of which have never
been subject to environmental regulations
before. These small businesses frequently
lack the technical expertise and financial
resources necessary to evaluate complex
regulations and determine how to com-
ply. Congress recognized that many
small businesses would have problems
dealing with the CAA's complex require-
ments. To address this, they mandated
through Section 507 that States establish
a small business assistance program
(SBAP) and that the EPA provide guid-
ance on the development and implemen-
tation of these programs, including tech-
nical assistance. EPA issued the
"Guidelines for Implementation of
Section 507 of the 1990 Clean Air Act
Amendments" in January 1992.
Monitoring of the overall effectiveness of
this entire program will be carried out by
the existing EPA Small Business
Ombudsman's office.
Section 507 requires each State to
submit for EPA approval a revision to
their State Implementation Plan (SIP)
establishing a SBAP. The SIP revisions
were due by November 15, 1992, and
more than two-thirds of the submittals
were received at that time. The programs
must be fully operational by November
1994. Each State's program must:
(continued on page 7)
Table 1.
SBAP Service Centers
Service Center/Hotline/Telephone
Subjects Addressed
Control Technology Center (CTC)
(919) 541-0800
•General technical assistance questions
•Information on CAA requirements
• Federal air pollution standards
•Air pollution control technologies
Emission Measurement Technical
Information Center (EMTIC)
(919) 541-5543
•Air emissions testing methods
• Emission monitoring methods
• Federal testing and monitoring requirements
Emergency Planning and Community
Right-to-Know Information Hotline
(800) 535-0202
•Accidental chemical release prevention
• Hazardous chemical emergency planning
•SARATitle III requirements
Office of Pollution Prevention
•Pollution Prevention Information
Clearinghouse (PPIC)
(202) 260-1023
•Pollution Prevention Information
Exchange Systems (PIES)
(703) 821-4800
• Pollution prevention information
• Reference and referral service
• Computerized information network
• Literature searches, calendar of events,
case studies, news and documents
Small Business Ombudsman Hotline
(800) 368-5888
•General assistance to small businesses
6
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Small Businesses (continued from page 6)
1. Designate a State office where the
small business ombudsman will be
located;
2. Establish the actual SBAP; and
3. Appoint a seven-member State
Compliance Advisory Panel (CAP).
The ombudsman will act as the small
business community's representative on
matters that affect them under the CAA.
The State SBAP will respond to ques-
tions as well as establish an outreach pro-
gram to notify small businesses of any
requirements in a timely manner. The
CAP will monitor the overall effective-
ness of the State program.
EPA has also established the Federal
Small Business Technical Assistance
Program (Federal SBAP), which provides
technical assistance and information to
State and local air pollution control agen-
cies and the general public through four
service centers (see Table 1). EPA's
Control Technology Center (CTC) serves
as the contact point for general small
business technical assistance questions
and the focal point for coordination of
efforts among the four participating cen-
ters. Services specifically focus on pro-
viding support to State and local agencies
as they develop SBAPs and expanding
support to provide services on a continu-
ing basis as these programs get up and
running. The centers will also be able to
assist small businesses in understanding
and complying with CAA requirements.
Some planned activities of the Federal
SBAP include development of easy-to-
understand materials that explain Federal
requirements to small businesses, and
establishment of an information exchange
network. This network will consist of an
electronic bulletin board, to be located
on the OAQPS Technology Transfer
Network (TTN), dedicated to communi-
cation among the State SBAPs and EPA
offices involved in small business activi-
ties, as well as an annual conference for
State SBAP personnel. In addition, EPA's
Small Business Ombu Oman's Office has
run a long-term program of providing
assistance on environmental issues
directly to small businesses.
The CTC is also preparing "A
Guidebook for Explaining Environmental
Regulations to Small Businesses." This
guidebook is designed to help develop
materials that present technical and legal
information in easy-to-understand terms.
This guide will include many examples of
actual materials that have been prepared
to help small businesses. There will also
be a discussion on how to simplify com-
plex calculations.
For additional information, call the
CTC Hotline at (919) 541-0800.
EPA Enhancing AIRS to Meet User Data Needs
by Susan Fairchild-Zapata, OAQPS Emissions Standards Division
Since January 1992, EPA's Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards
(OAQPS) scientists, engineers, and com-
puter specialists have discussed users'
data system needs in setting maximum
achievable control technology (MACT)
standards. These MACT standards
would address specific sources of HAPs
from the CAA Section 112 source cate-
gories (see box). All States have some
sort of data handling system currently in
place; most are set up to handle only
in-State data. Although all States can
access a national data system either
directly or via modem, typically State sys-
tems are not designed to directly access
other States' systems. For States to set
MACT standards under CAA Section 112,
they need to be able to access a national
data base that can be used by all States,
can handle a high volume of national
data, can disaggregate emissions to the
point at which emissions are released,
and can perform specific search, sort,
and calculation procedures.
To meet these needs, OAQPS engi-
neers and programming specialists will
be enhancing the Aerometric Information
Retrieval System (AIRS)/AIRS Facility
Subsystem (AFS), or AIRS/AFS.
AIRS/AFS is a national data system avail-
able through EPA's National Computer
Center accessible to all users with a
modem, an account, and a user identifica-
tion. AIRS/AFS has most of the capabili-
ties needed for the work under Section
112, currently houses the State Imple-
mentation Plan (SIP) inventories and
emission statements, and will house the
national Title V Operating Permits System.
Several enhancements have been
made to make AIRS/AFS more user
friendly such as an on-line help feature
and HAPs identification support using
Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) num-
bers. A pilot test of the system is sched-
uled for late FY 93 to better define exist-
ing capabilities and enhancements need-
ed for case-by-case MACT determina-
tions. EPA has scheduled additional
enhancements for completion by the end
of FT 93 as well as completion of the
MACT data base by the end of FT 94.
For quality assurance and quality
control (QA/QC) of MACT data base
entries into AIRS/AFS, one of the planned
highlights is the reference feature, which
may include industry-supplied documen-
tation on emission estimation tech-
niques, reports, industry-specific emis-
sion factors, and other data to support
emission estimates. Although references
will initially be available at a designated
comment field, future enhancements
may improve this feature.
Several Emissions Standards
Division (ESD) projects exist or are
planned to collect HAP data similar to
the data needed to determine MACT.
Most of these are to support MACT stan-
dards ESD is now developing, but addi-
tional toxics data collection work is
underway. EPA plans for as much data as
possible to be available in the MACT
data base for all EPA and State users.
For more information, contact Susan
Fairchild-Zapata at the U.S. EPA OAQPS,
MD-13, Research Triangle Park, North
Carolina 27'", or call (919) 541-5167.
7
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Background on Regulatory Mandate
CAA Section 112 addresses hazardous air pollutant (HAP) emission reductions. Specifically, Section 112(d), (g), and (j) all contain simi-
lar requirements for emission standards that provide for establishing MACT for specific sources of HAPs from Section 112 source cate-
gories.* Section 112(d) requires that MACT standards developed by EPA be promulgated according to a schedule now being drafted.**
If EPA misses a scheduled deadline by more than 18 months, and beginning on the effective date of a State permit program established
pursuant to Title V, Section 112(j) requires that the State use its Title V operating permit application process to determine MACT on a
case-by-case basis as an interim measure for the overdue MACT standard. The CAA requires that the State standard set under Section 1120)
be at least as stringent as the Federal standard would have been had the standard been set on time. In addition, if, after the State has an
approved Title V operating permit program, a major HAP source undergoes a modification and the MACT standard under either Section
112(d) or (j) has not been set, that source is subject to a case-by-case MACT determination under Section 112(g).
Case-by-case MACT standards under Section 112(g) could be required as early as May 1994. The earliest MACT standards under
Section 112(d) are nearing promulgation now, and the standard-setting process will continue as standards scheduled for promulgation in
1994,1997, and 2000 are developed. Also, overdue MACT standards set under Section 1120) could be required as early as April 1996. To
meet these deadlines, the timely availability of the MACT data base is a priority issue to both State and EPA users.
EPA's ESD is responsible both for promulgating the Section 112 standards and for providing the data to State authorities in the event a
standard is not ready on time. Any MACT determination set by the States pursuant to Section 112(g) or 0) should be consistent with the
Federal standard set under Section 112(d), should document the standard with national data, and should be consistent among States. In addi-
tion, EPA must manage implementation of the case-by-case MACT determination process under Sections 112(g) and 0).
* Initial List of Categories of Sources Under CAA Section 112(c)(1), 57 FR 31576, July 16,1992,
* *National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants; Draft Schedule for the Promulgation of Emission Standards, Notice of Availability;
57FR 44147, September 24,1992.
Hie NA'IICH Newsletter is published six times a year by the National Air Toxics Information Clearinghouse. The Newsletter is prepared by Radian Corporation under EPA
Contract Number 1-0125, Work Assignment 2-14. Hie EPA Editor is Laurel Driver, KI'A Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
27711, Telephone (9 HI) 541-28,r>9. Hie Radian Project Director is Linda Cooper, Radian Corporation, P.O. Box KiOOO, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, (919) 541-9100.
Comments, articles, and ideas for articles are welcome and should be sent to laurel Driver or Linda Cooper.
The Newsletter is distributed free of charge. To report address changes or to be added to the mailing list, write Meredith Haley, Radian Corporation, P.O. Box 1H000, Research
'Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709.
Hie views expressed in the NATICH Newsletter do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Environmental Protection Agency. Mention of trade names or commericial
products does not constitute any endorsement or recommendation for use by EPA.
Cfiy Recycled/Recyclable
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>~(7 contains at least 50% recycled fiber
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EPA 453/N-93-005
September 1993
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