DRAFT
COMPATIBILITY OF WASTES
IN HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT FACILITIES
A Technical Resource Document for Permit Writers
This document (SW-XXX) was prepared by Fred C. Hart
Associates, Inc., under contract to EPA's Office of
Solid Waste and Theodore P. Senger of the Hazardous
and Industrial Waste Division, OSW.
This document has not been peer and administratively
reviewed within EPA and is for internal Agency use/
distribution only.
Authori 2^
id signature and c#te
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY/198 2
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PREFACE
This is one of a series of technical resource documents that
provides information on standards for facilities that treat, store,
or dispose of hazardous waste.
The documents are being developed to assist permit writers in
evaluating facilities against standards (40 Code of Federal Regu-
lations , Part 264) issued under Subtitle C of the Resource Conserva-
tion and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976, as amended. Included in these
documents is detailed information about design, equipment, and
specific procedures for evaluating data submitted by the permit
applicant, as well as bibliographies that can be used to locate
additional information.
The series, which is being produced by the Technology Branch
of EPA's Office of Solid Waste, includes guidance on:
0 containers
0 tanks
° compatibility of wastes
° incineration
Permit writers should keep in mind when using this material
that the regulations are subject to change through amendments
and modifications and should incorporate any changes into their
evaluations of facilities.
The material contained herein is fop guidance purposes only
and- is not'enforceable. ' The technical resource documents are not
to' be- interpreted; as amending the, facility standards in 40 CFR
Part 26.4.
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CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION 1
WASTE-TO-WASTE CCMPATI3TT JTf 2
Determining Compatibility through Binary
Comparison of Chsnical Constituents 3
Qvemical classes and incaipatihility tables 4
Determining canpatibility? an example 8
Determining Coipatibility through Trial
Miring of Wastes 9
Bench-scale tests 9
Precautions concerning trial tests 9
COMPATIBILITY OF THE WASTE WITH. THE aDNEAINMENT STRUCTURE 11
Corrosion of Metals 1L
General corrosion 11
Localized corrosion 11
factors- influencing corrosion 12
Protection Against Corrosion 13
Soluble inhibitors 13
Paints, coatings, and linings 14
C&thodic protection 14
Evaluating and Selecting Structural and Lining'
teterial 14
Corrosion tests 14
Structural materials 15
Lining materials 17
Corrosion-resistant piping 17
REFERENCES 20
BIBLIOGRAPHY" 20
APPENDIX 1: wm.M'i'Ki) MATERIALS FRCM OORROSICM DATA SURVEY 21
APPENDIX 2: MATERIALS ON CORROSION FROM CHEMICAL
ENGINEERS' HANDBOOK 32
iii
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tables
1-1 Incompatible Wastes: Reactivity Group Nuribers (BGTs) 5-7
of Chemical Classes and Incompatible HQTs
1-2 Vfeste-to-Waste Carparisons 10
2-1 Canpar, ihility Oiart: Chemicals versus Structural
ffeterials 16
2-2 Canpatibility Qiartr Chemicals versus Lining
Materials 13
2-3 Physical Characteristics of Major Hose Stock Types 19
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introduction
This manual provides information on how to determine the carpatibility of
hazardous wastes with other wastes and with the various types of structures—
tanks, piles, and containers—in which they are stored or treated.
"Incanpatible waste" is defined in EPA's regulations (40 GFR Section 260.10)
as "a hazardous waste which is unsuitable for: (1) placement in a particular
device or facility because it may cause corrosion or decay of containment materials
(e.g., container-inner Liners or tank walls); or (2) cardrsgling with another waste
or listeria] under uncontrolled conditions because the caningling might produce
heat or pressure, fire or explosion, violent reaction, toxic dusts, mists, fumes
or gases, or fXarranable funes or gases."
Wastes are not necessarily incaipatible whenever they react with each other..
Reactions involving neutralization or dissolution of one substance by another,
such as metals dissolved in acid, are not generally considered to toe incompatible.
If, however, such reactions result in fires or explosions or generate toxic
substances in amounts that are sufficient to endanger public health and safety
and the environment, they are regarded as inccnpatible -
The standards for containers, tanks, and piles (40 GFR Part 264, Subparts I,
J, and L) contain special requirements for nanaging wastes that are incaipatible
with other wastes (Sections 264.177, 264.199, and 264.257). Methods for deter-
mining carpatibility of waste through analysis of waste and trial tests are dis-
cussed in Chapter 2. These standards also require- that- containment structures
be corpatible with the waste stored in or on than (Sections 264.172 , 264.192(a),
and 264.253). Several major sources, of information on corrosion and canpatibility
between wastes and containment' materials are referenced in Chapter 3.
This manual will assist permit writers in deciding whether adequate procedures
are used at a facility for detecting inccnpatiile wastes. It will *T help the
permit writer to determine if the facility owner or operator is taking proper pre-
cautions to avoid inadvertent mixing of incaipatible wastes and treating- or staring
wastes in vessels or equipment with which the wastes are incompatible. Owners
and operators of waste treatment, storage, and disposal facilities will find the
manual useful in preparing waste analysis plans and determining the carpatibility
of wastes.
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CHAPTER 1
WASTE-TO-WASTE COMPATIBILITY
Standards for facilities that treat, store, or dispose of hazardous waste
require that inconpatible wastes be separated unless precautions are taken to
prevent reactions that:
(1) generate extreme heat or pressure, fire or explosions, or violent
reactions?
(2) produce uncontrolled toxic mists, fanes, dusts, or gases in sufficient
quantities to threaten huitan health or the environment?
(3) produce uncontrolled flamable fumes or gases in sufficient quantities
to pose a risk of fire or explosions r
(4) damage the structural integrity of the device or facility: or
(5) through other like means threaten human health or the environment.
Owners and operators must document the fact that they have complied with
these requirements. Such documentation may be based on references to published
scientific or engineering literature, data fran trial tests (e.g., bench-scale
or pilot-scale tests), waste analyses (as specified in Section 264.13), or the
results of the treatment of similar wastes ty similar treatment processes under
similar' operating conditions-.
Compatibility of wastes must be determined before treatment or storage to
avoid uncontrolled reactions such as fires, explosions, or releases of toxic
vapors. If a known waste has not previously been treated at a facility or if
there ic insufficient infornation to establish the identity of the waste, the
owner or operator should test it for- canpatibility
A combination of sources of information can be used to determine the ccnco-
sition of a waste. Among these sources are:
° a description of the waste provided by the generator,
" information of similar' wastes, contained in the facility operating
record, and
* results of detailed analysis of the waste.
Using this infornation, the owner or operator should consult available references
on compatibilities between waste constituents. (One valuable source of such infor-
nation is discussed in this chapter.) If conclusive information is net available
on the compatibility of two wastes, a trial mixing of the wastes .in small amounts
can be used to determine potential consequences. (Trial mixing of wastes is also
discussed in this chapter.)
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While the procedures described above are useful in determining the compati-
bilities of wastes, carmen sense is also important in avoiding inadvertent mixing
of incanpatible wastes. All wastes entering a facility should be checked for
color, pfl, texture, and viscosity to ensure that the waste being received is the
same as the waste described on the nanifest. Once the identity of the waste is
confirmed, previously acquired information on the waste can be used to ensure safe
managanent of it.
The following steps can be used to determine waste-to-^ste canpatiiilitiesi
1. Request frcm the generator as much information as possible about the
waste to be shipped, since the information required on the waste mani-
fest is very general and of little use in determining compatibilities.
2. If that waste has not been handled previously at the facility, analyze
a representative sample of the waste.. Hie information obtained through
waste analysis substantiates the generator's information and determines
if additional information is needed.
3. Use the information on waste caroosition gathered in the first and
second steps in conjunction with other available information on
chemical constituents to determine waste-to-waste canpatibilities
(as described later in this chapter). If the indentation is not
conclusive, potential consequences of mixing the wastes should be
determined through trial tests.
4. Check the waste when it arrives at the facility.. Should this- cheek"
show apparent discrepancies with the information provided by the
generator, further tests should be made in an attempt to resolve
the discrepancies. If the particular waste is handled on a regular
basis at the facility, checking the waste may be simplified.
Based on all the information gathered, the waste shipment is either refused
(if discrepancies are not resolved) or accepted and managed properly. The
information collected and results of testing must be kept in the operating
record of the facility~
DETERMINING CCMEATIBILnY THROUGH BINARY COMPARISON
CP CHEMICAL CONSTRAINTS
H.K. Hatayama, et al., of the California Department of Health Services,
developed a method for determining hazardous waste caipatihility (A Method for
Determining the Canpati^"' ^ty of Hazardous wastes, EPA-600/2/8Q/76, April 1980)".^
Hie method described in this document, which is sunnsrized here, provides a
detailed, straightforward procedure for determining hazardous waste compatibility.
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Hie method presented is based on a study of the chemical reactions that are
likely to produce significant hazards to health or the environment. .In this
method, incaiioatibili.ty is determined by identifying chemical classes occurring
in specific waste streams. The possibility of mixing incompatible 'wastes in the
same storage vessel or of uncontrolled reactions during chenical treatment can
be reduced by using this, information. This method, which represents a generalized
approach, should serve as a guide; it should not replace the services of qualified
chemists and analytical lafcoratoriss.
In the Hatayama report, the method for determining carpatibility is based an
the assignment of reactivity group numbers (K27s) to chemicals typically found in
waste streams. Reactivity group members are, basically, related to molecular
structure and reactivity of the chemicals—information that is used to predict
the carpatibility of the vsastes.
Hie method has sane limitations because it is based on binary (fc*c-way)
canbinations of wastes. Ternary (three-way) caribinations and catalytic effects
are not considered. Wastes, of course, typically contain several or many of the
groups presented.
Clerical Classes and Inconpatibility Tables
A list of chemical classes, the reactivity group nunb^rs assigned to each
chenical class, and examples of chemicals carmonly found in wastes that are listed
for each chenical class are shown in Table 1-1.. The table also includes predictions
concerning incorpatibility of the RGNs- Porty-one reactivity group numbers are
assigned. Nutters 1-34 are based on molecular structure, while nunbers 101-107
are based* on reaction classifications. Binary canbinations of wastes are con-
sidered to be incompatible if mixing the '*ostes results in one or- more of the
following hazardous consequences:
0 generation of heat fran chenical reaction;
a fire resulting from extremely exothermic reaction;
* generation- of toxic or flannable gases;
' explosion fran detonation of unstable reaction products;
* violent polymerization reaction resulting in generation of extreme
heat and, possibly, toxic and flannable gases;
dissolution of toxic substances, including some metals.*
* This reaction is not currently defined as incompatible in EPA.'s hazardous
waste regulations.
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TABLE 1-1
INCOMPATIBLE WASTES
REALTIVI'IY GROUP NUMBERS (RC2Ts) OF CHEKECAL
CLASSES AND INCOMPATIBLE RGNs
Chemical Class
Exancles
Mineral acids, nonoxidizing chlorcsiiLfonic acid,
difluorcphcsphoric acid
Mineral acids, oxidizing
Acids, organic
Alcohols and glycols
Aldehydes
Amides
Amines
Hydrazines
Carbamates
Caustics
Cyanides
Dithiocarbairates
nitric acid, sulfuric acid
benzoic acid, acetic acid
ethylene glycol, ethyl
alcohol
benzaldeh^de, acetaldehyde?
acetamide,. fbrmairri.de
aniline, propanolantLne
pheiylhyirazine
armoniun carfcairats
lya
potassiun cyanide, fsrro-
and ferricyanides
CDBC
Inccmpati'ole
RGNs
4-15, 17-26, 28, 30-107
All except 104
2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 11,
12, IS, 18, 21, 22, 24,
25, 26, 33, 34, 102,
103, 104, 105, 107
1, 2, 3, 8, 18, 21, 25,
30, 34, 104, 105, 107
1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 10, 12,
21, 25, 27, 28, 30, 33,
34, 104, 105, 107
1, 2, 21, 24, 104, 105,
107
1, 2, 3, 5, 12, 17, 18,
21, 24, 30, 34, 104, 105,
107
1-5, 9, 11, 12, 13, 17-23,
25, 30-34, 102-107
1, 2,-8, 10, 21, 22, 25,
30, 104, 107
1, 2, 3, 5, 9, 13, 17,
18, 19, 21, 22, 24-27,
32, 34, 102, 103, 107
1, 2, 3, 8, 17, 18, 19,
21, 25, 30, 34, 103, 104,
107
1,- 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 18, 21,
25, 30, 34, 103, 104, 105,
107
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Chendcal Class
Exairoles
IncQiipatible
RGNs
Esters
others
Fluorides, inorganics
Hydrocarbons, aranatic
Ealogenated organics
Isocyanates
Ketones
Mercaptans
Matals, alkali and alkaline
earth
Metals, other elements acd
alleys as vapors and powders
Mstals, other elemental and
alleys as sheets, rods
Metals and metal compounds,
toxic
nitrides
Nitriles
ffitrocanpounds, organic
ethyl acetate, methyl
butyrate
diethyl ether/ diphenyl
ether
sodiurt fluoride, potassium
fluoride
benzene, toluene, cymene
chloroacetic acid, chloro-
benzenes, brancbutyric acid
ethyl isocyanate
acetone, MEK, benzephenone
ethyl mercaptan, butyl
mercaptan
sodium, potassium, lithium,
calciun, bariuti
cobalt,- zinc
cotter, bronze, cobalt
cadnriun, mercury, beryl l.iun,
lead
silver nitride
acetonitrile, prcpionitrile
nitrobenzene, TNT, nitro-
aniline
1, 2, 8, 10, 21, 25,
102, 104, 105, 107
1, 2, 104, 107
1, 2, 3, 107
2, 104, 107
1, 2, 7, 8, 10, 11,
20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 30,
104., 105, 107
1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 3, 10, 11
12, 20, 21, 22, 25, 30,
31, 33, 104, 105, 106, H
1, 2, S, 10, 11, 20, 21,
25, 30, 104, 105, 107
1, 2, 8, 17, 18, 19, 21,
22, 25, 30, 34,*104, 105
107
1-13, 17-20, 25, 26, 27,
30, 31, 32, 34, 101-104,
106, 107
1, 2, 3r 8, 9, 10, 17, 1
20, 28, 30, 34, 102, 103
104, 106, 107
1, 2, 8, 17, 102, 103,
104, 107
1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 10, 26, 3
34, 102, 103, 106, 107
1-5, 3-13, 17-21, 26, 27
30, 31, 34, 101, 102, 10
104, 106, 107
1, 2, 3, 10, 21, 24, 25,
30, 104, 105, 107
2, 5, 10, 21, 25, 104,
105, 107
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Chemical Class
Hydrocarbons, aliphatic,
unsaturated
ffydrocarbons, aliphatic,
saturated
Peroxides, organic
Phenols and cresols
Organcphosphatas
Sulfides, inorganic
Epoxides
Cantustable and fLanmable
materials, miscellaneous
Explosives
Polymerizable compounds
Oxidizing agents, strong
Seducing agents, strong
Vfetsr and mixtures contain-
ing vater
Water reactive substances
Exaroles
ethylene, propylene
octane, butane
benzoyl peroxide
phenol (carbolic acid)
trinitrophenol {picric acid)
chlorothion, raalathion
mercuric sulfide, zinc
sulfide, copoer sulfide
ethylene oxide,- cresyl
diglycyl ether
cellulose, canchor oil
TNT, picric acid, mercury
and silver fulminates
ethylene oxide, ethyl
acxylate
chronic acid, potassiun
pecnanganate
copper sulfide, diethyl
aluminum chloride, diethyl
zinc
lithium aluminum hydride,
sodiun, potassiun, alurrdnun
chloride
Incompatible
SQTs
1, 2, 5, 22, 30, 104, 10
2, 104, 107
1, 2, 4, 5, 7, S, 9, 11,
12, 17-22, 24, 25, 26,
28, 31-34, 101-105, 107
1, 2, 8, 1.8, 21, 25, 30,
34, 102, 104, 105, 107
1, 2, 8, 10, 21, 30, 34,
104, 105, 107
1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 18, 30,
34, 102, 103, 104, 106,
107
1-5, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12,
20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 30,
31, 32, 33, 102, 104,
105, 107
1, 2, 21, 25, 30, 102,
104, 105, 107
1, 2, 3, 8, 10, 13, 21-2S
30, 31, 33, 34, 101, 103
104r 105, 107
1, 2, 3, 3, 10, 11, 12,
21-25, 30, 31, 33, 102,
104, 105, 107
1, 3-9, 11-14, 16-23,
25-34, 101, 102, 103,
105, 107
1-3, 12, 13, 17-20, 26,
27, 30, 31, 32, 34,
101-104, 106, 107
1, 2, 8, 18, 21, 22, 24,
25, 33, 105, 107
All
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The table lists for each reactivity group number (SGSJ) all &2Js incanpatible
with that particular BGN. For PET 1, for example, the inccnpatible 3GNs are 4-15,
17-26, 28, and 30-107. This means that a waste containing any chemical to which
FGN 1 is assigned should probably not be mixed with any other waste containing
chemicals in the RGTs listed in the "Incanpatible JOT" column. The analyses were
conducted independent of quantity and therefore the results should be regarded
as precautions rather than prohibitions. The table, of course, does not apply
when incarcatible wastes are intentionally mixed, such as in neutralization or
other treatment processes, under controlled conditions. The Hatayama report
includes a color-coded chart that gives the specific reactions that result when
these wastes are mixed.
Determining Caipatibility: An Example
The caipatibility of four different wastes arriving at a facility must be
determined in this example. The generators provided the following infbrrration
concerning the processes generating the wastes:
T/feste A: wastewater treatment sluige fran electroplating operations
Waste B: distillation bottoms fran production of acetaldehyde fran
ethylene
Waste C: still bottoms fran distillation of benzyl chloride
Vfeste D: spent pickle liquor fran steel finishing operations
Representative samples of the wastes were analyzed with the following results:
vfeste A: cadmiun, chrcnaim, and nickel were detected through atonic
absorption spectrophotometry. Cyanide was detected through
titration or the use of a specific ion electrode.
Waste 3; chloroform, fonnaldehyde, methylene chloride, methyl chloride,
paraldehyde, and formic acid were detected through gas chrarato-
graphy.
Waste C: benzyl chloride, chlorobenzene, toluene, and benzotrichloride were
detected through gas chromatography.
Waste D: pH was measured at 1.8. Iron was detected through atonic absorp-
tion- Chloride was detected through use of a specific ion electrode.
The following reactivity group numbers were assigned by using Table 1-1.
Vfeste A: 11, 24
Waste B: 17, 5, 3
Vfeste C: 16, 17
Waste D: 2
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At this point, Table 1-1 (or the more carpiete compatibility chart included
in the Hatayama report) is employed to determining canpatibility of all possible
pairs of vastes. The results of this comparison, which are provided in Table 1-2
shew that only vastes B and C are ccnpatible.
DETERMINING CCMPATI3ILITY THROUGH TRIAL MIXING OF WASTES
Bench^Scale Tests
A bench-scale test involving trial mixing of representative samples of
hazardous vastes is often the least costly method for determining the canpatibility
of waste. A trial test, when carried cut with proper safety precautions and in
a controlled and monitored environment, can often determine the nature (extent
and violence) of the reactions that occur between- two or more vastes.
Seme prior knowledge of the waste (background information or- Limited analysis)
is necessary before trial mixing. With this information one can determine the
potential consequences of the reaction.
The quantity of a sample to be used for trial mixing depends upor; individual
circumstances. Samples should be of sufficient size to produce clearly discernible
effects of the mixing. The sanples must, however, be sufficiently snail to assure
that any reaction can be controlled. '
One can determine the extent of upper and lower explosive Limits for flanmable
gases by carefully observing upward flame propagation through a. cylindrical tube.
The amounts of toxic" gases produced as a. result of reaction may be discovered by
gas chromatography for orgarri.es and by specific ion electrodes for many inorganic
gases in solution.
One method for quickly detecting the evolution of- toxic gases involves the
use of detector tubes, a variety of which are ccmmercially available. To determine
if toxic gases are produced by the reaction being tested, the gas is aspirated
through a detector tube for the specific gas. A change of color in the tube
indicates the presence of the particular gas, the concentration of which is
proportional to the length of the change of color in the tube. A single tube can
detect the presence of more than 20 gases.
Precautions Concerning Trial Tests
The mixing of two wastes for which only limited information is available can
result in highly violent and dangerous reactions. Safety precautions mist
therefore be taken to protect laboratory personnel. They should wear explosion-
proof hoods and safety glasses and the surroundings should be fire resistant.
Safety showers, eyewash stations, and first-aid kits should be available. All
personnel should, of course, be fanrililar with fire and emergency procedures.
The reactions between two wastes in a snail-scale test may-not accurately
reflect the results of large-scale mixing. In large-scale operations, reactions
that appeared insignificant or were undetectable in the laboratory can have sig-
nificant consequences (such as generation of large amounts of heat or toxic fumes).
It is obvious, therefore, that extrene care and adequate safety precautions should
always be used when mixing or treating large quantities of hazardous waste.
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TABLE 1-2
Wastes A and B
S<_iL
WASTE-TO-WASTE COMPARISONS
Using Reactivity Group Numbers
Wastes A and C
3 16 17
11
I
I
A
11
I
24
CI)
24
Wastes A and D
^ 2
A<
11
24
CI)
Wastes S and C
C
16 , F
IT
Wastes 3 and D
17
Pastes C and 0
\D
16
17
I - Incompatible
(X) - Consequence is the solubilization of toxic models which is not
currently defined by EPA as an incompatible reaction.
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CHAPTER 2
COMPATIBILITY OF THE WASTE WITH TEE CONTAINMENT STRICTURE
The standards for treatment, storage, and disposal facilities (40 CFR* Part
264) require that 'testes be ccnpatible with their containment structure. In this
context, "canpatible" means that the waste will not cause accelerated corrosion
or deterioration of the contairment structure and will not impair the ability of
the structure to contain the vaste. "Contairment structure" includes containers,
tanks, pile bases and liners, and surface impoundment liners. Hone of these struc-
tures, of course, has an infinite lifetime and seme corrosion and deterioration are
expected over time. Consequently/ only wastes that significantly accelerate corro-
sion or deterioration are considered incompatible with the containment material.
General information on corrosion, corrosion rates, inner liners used to
prevent corrosion, and the resistance of liners to chemical attack is provided
in this chapter. Also included are references to valuable sources on rates of
corrosion and on liners. Corrosion inhibitors, used to protect structures and
equipment, are also discussed, and seme examples of cam en inhibitors are provided.
Cathodic protection which is primarily used to protect a tank fran reaction with
surrounding soil is discussed briefly.
CORROSION OP METALS
General Corrosion
Corrosion is a canplex phenanenon that is usually confined to" the metal
surface. The complete corrosion reaction is divided into an anodic (positive)
portion and a cathodic (negative) portion, occurring simultaneously at discrete
points on metallic surfaces. Plow of electricity fran the anodic to the cathodic
areas may be generated by local cells set up either on a single metallic surface
(because of local point-to-point differences on the surface) or between dissimilar
metals. Corrosion cells, which derive their driving voltage frcm the interaction
of two different metals, are called bimetallic cells. Such cells are created
when two dissimilar metals are connected.
Localized Corrosion2
Intergranular Corrosion. Selected corrosion in the grain boundaries of a
metal or alley without appreciable attack on the grains or crystals themselves
is called intergranular corrosion. When severe, tills attack causes a loss of
strength and ductility out of proportion to the anount of metal actually destroyed
by corrosion. Alloys such as the austenitic stainless steels and same aluminura-
ccpper allays, when improperly heated, beccre susceptible to inter granular corro-
sion because of the precipitation of intergranular canpunds.
The austenitic stainless steels that are not stabilized or that are not of
the extra-low carbon types, when heated in the temperature range of 850°-1550°F,
have chromium-rich compounds (chrcttduti carbides) precipitated in the grain bound-
aries. This leads to susceptibility to intergranular corrosion in many environnents.
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When improperly heat treated, sane aluminum-copper alleys become susceptible
to selective grain-boundary attack. This attadc is attributed to precipitation
of relatively large particles of the CuAl2 constituent at the grain boundaries,
which results in depletion of copper fran the grain boundaries of' adjacent
aluminum-copper solid-solution materials. Depletion of copper in the grain-
boundary material causes the affected metal to bee one anodic to both the CUAI2
precipitate and the Al-Cu solid solution, and intergranular corrosion will
progress in sane environnents by galvanic behavior.
Pitting Corrosion. Pitting- is a fbnn of corrosion that develops in highly
localized areas on a metal surface. Chloride ions enhance pitting corrosion of
stainless allays.
Stress-Corrosion Cracking. Corrosion can be accelerated by stress, either
by an internal or external force.
Galvanic Corrosion. Galvanic corrosion is the excess corrosion rate that is
associated with electrons flowing from an anode to a cathode in the same environ-
ment. Galvanic corrosion is an important consequence of coupling two metals that
are widely separated in the galvanic series. The result is an accelerated attack
on the more active metal.
Crevice Corrosion. Crevice corrosion occurs within or adjacent to a crevice
formed by contact with another piece of metal. This phenomenon is associated
with a deficiency of oxygen in the crevice, acidity changes in the crevice, or
buildup of ions in the crevice.
Factors. Influencing- Corrosion.
pH. Acid solutions are, in general, more corrosive than neutral or alkaline
solutions. With amphoteric metals, however, such as aluminun and zinc, highly
alkaline solutions may also be quite corrosive.
Oxidizing Agents. Most of the corrosion observed in practice occurs under
conditions where the oxidation of hydrogen (to foua water) is an unavoidable part
of the corrosion process. Fbr this reason, oxidizing agents are often powerful
accelerators of corrosion. The oxidizing potential of a solution is therefore an
important property affecting corrosion.
Temperature. The rate of corrosion tends to increase with rising temperature,
since chemical reaction rates always increase with increases in temperature.
Chlorides. Chlorides generally accelerate corrosion of iron and steel,
since even snail amounts of chlorides can break dowi the passive oxide film on
stainless steels.
Stray Currents. Stray electrical currents that cane fran power lines or
fran improperly constructed electrical systems and travel through the soil before
returning to the source cause differentials in electrical potential leading to
rapid corrosion.
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PROTECTION AGAINST CORROSION
Soluble Inhibitors
Soluble inhibitors are substances that can be added to the contents of a
waste storage tank to inhibit corrosive reactions. The choice of a particular
chemical to be used as an inhibitor is highly dependent on the composition of the
tank contents.
In order to understand' the- action of soluble inhibitors, it is important to
know the mechanisn by which corrosion is created. Corrosion occurs at anodic
points on the surface where iron goes into a solution:
Fe ¦¦¦ ) Fe"4"*" + 2e~ (anodic)
At the nearest cathodic point, the reaction usually occurring is:
2H+ +- 2e~— y ("hydrogen evaluation in acidic solution,
cathodic)
or 1/2 O2 +¦ H^O + 2e~ > %H~ (oxygen reduction in alkaline
solution,, cathodic)
Since the anodic and cathodic reactions occurring during corrosion are
mutually dependent, it is possible to reduce corrosion by~ reducing the rates of
either reaction. Corrosion inhibitors function by interfering with either the
anodic or cathodic reactions, or both.
Certain organic canpounds can function as inhibitors by forming an impervious
film on the metal surface or by interfering with either the anodic or cathodic
reactions. High molecular weight amines retard the cathodic hydrogen evolution
reaction (2J+ +• 2e Hj) and therefore reduce the corrosion rate. Arsenic
and antimony ions specifically retard the hydrogen evolution reaction. They are
therefore effective in acid solutions but are ineffective in environments where
other reduction processes, such as oxygen reduction, are the controlling cathodic
reactions. Conversely, sane inhibitors work effectively in solutions where oxygen
reduction is the controlling cathodic reaction. These inhibitors (such as sodium
sulfite or hydrazine) act by removing oxygen frcm the solution; they are not,
hcwever, effective in strong acid solutions.
Chrarate and nitrite are prinarily used to inhibit the corrosion of metals
and alleys that demonstrate active-passive transitions, such as iron and its
alloys and stainless steels. (Passivity refers to the loss of chemical reactivity
of certain metals and alloys under particular envirormental conditions. Metals
that possess an active-passive transition became corrosion resistant in moderate-
to-strong-oxidizing environnents.)
13
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Paints, Coatings, and Linings
Paints and coatings are widely used as corrosion inhibitors, particularly
for the prevention of corrosion owing to exposure to the elenents. Paint helps
to exclude uater and oxygen frcm the metal surface, thus preventing formation of
rust. Paint and varnish films are not, however, entirely impervious to water and
oxygen.
Inhibitive pigments, such as chranates or red lead, are cantonly used in
paints for protection of metal frcm corrosion. Inhibition of corrosion occurs
because of several factors: the pigment neutralizes acids, catalyzes the formation
of protective ferric oxide films at the iron surface, and (in the case of red
lead) serves to destroy sulfur dioxide, vAaich is a very corrosive constituent in
the ambient air of urban and industrial areas.
A superior alternative to coating the tank with paint is lining it with a
highly inpervious naterial. Linings are applied to the walls of the tank or
container and serve to protect the wall fran contact with the liquid contents.
Examples of cannon lining materials are rubbers, epoxies, and silicones. (A
discussion of the resistance of lining to chemical attack is included in the
following section on evaluating and selecting structural and lining rraterials.)
Cathodic Protection
Cathodic protection minimizes corrosion by establishing an electrochemical
cell in 'which the metal to "be protected is the cathode. Two-methods are:
1. The sacrificial anode method uses zinc, magnesiun, or aluminum as anodes
in electrical contact with the metal. The required current is generated
by corrosion of the sacrificial anode material.
2. The impressed electromotive force method provides direct current by
external sources, which is passed through the systen by use of anodes
(such as carbon, noncorrodible allays, or platinum) buried in the ground
or suspended in the electrolyte in an aqueous system.
EVALUATING AND SELECTING STRUCTURAL AND LINING MATERIAL
Corrosion Tests
When information on experience with similar wastes and material (structural
naterial and linings) is not available, corrosion tests are highly recanmended.
* For additional material on coatings and liners, see EPA's Lining of Waste
Impoundment and Disposal Facilities (SW-870) and the permit writers' guidance
manual on storage of hazardous waste in containers (SW-XXX).
14
-------
Exposure time is very important in testing of metal samples. In a batch-
treatment process, test time should equal the expected batch time. In continuous
treatment processes, test time can be determined as a function of the corrosion
rate as follows:
Minimum exposure time = 2000
(hours) Corrosion rate in
mils per year
(1 mil = .001 in)
In addition to sighing, the corrosion rate can be determined by inspecting
samples for pitting, crevice corrosion, or stress-corrosion cracking. A corrosion
rate of over 20 mils per year is generally considered poor and is only justified
in special circumstances. (Ebr additional information on corrosion tests see
reference 4.).
With polymers, long-term effects may'be accelerated by testing at elevated
temperatures. Solvent attack of polymers is measured in terms of swelling, loss
of strength, change in color, and deterioration. In a 1-month test, a IS percent
loss of tensile strength or 1.5 percent change in weight indicates poor resistance.
For rubber, a 5 percent change in weight or 25 percent change in volume after 30
days indicates poor resistance.
Structural Materials
Since steels are the principal construction material for tanks and containers,.
this discussion of-resistance to corrosion of structural materials is limited to
steels. Information on sane other materials is suranarized in Table 2-1. (Addi-
tional infonration can be obtained froti the National Association of Corrosion
Engineers, the American Concrete Institute, and the Chenical Engineers' Handbook,
(cited in reference 2). Examples of the types of information available are
provided in Appendices 1 and 2.
Carbon Steel.2 Carton steel is a lew alley or mild steel. Carbon steel
should not be used in contact with dilute acids. It can be used effectively as
construction material for tanks holding organic solvents. In addition, carbon
steel is relatively inexpensive, and it exhibits excellent ductility.
Sinless Steel.2 There are more than 70 standard types of stainless steel
and many special alloys. Stainless steels are iron-based, with 12 to 30 percent,
chrcmium, 0 to 22 percent nickel, and minor amounts of carbon, niobium, ccpper,
molybdenum, selenium, tantalum, and titaniun. Stainless steels are divided into
the following three groups:
a. Martensitic alloys contain 12 to 30 percent chraniun with small amounts
of carbon and other additives. Cbrrcsion resistance is inferior to
other groups of stainless steel. Martensitic steels can be exposed to
organic naterials.
b. Ferritic stainless steel contains 15 to 30 percent chraniun, with low
carbon content. Corrosion resistance is good, although ferritic alloys
are attacked by hydrochloric acid. Ferritic alloys can be used with
mildly corrosive acids and sane oxidizing media.
15
-------
TABLE 2-1
COMPATIBILITY CHART: CHEMICALS VS
STRUCTURAL MATERIALS
Construction Material
Steel
Aluminum
Magnesium
Lead
Copper
Nickel
Zinc
Tin
Titanium.
Incompatible Chemicals
Mineral acids; nitric* hydrochloric,
sulfuric acids
Alkalies; potassium hydroxide, sodium
hydroxide, mineral acids
Mineral acids
Acetic acid, nitric acid
Nitric acid, ammonia
Nitric acid, ammonia
Hydrochloric acid, nitric acid
Organic acids, alkalies
Sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid
16
-------
c. Austenitic stainless steels are the most corrosion-resistant stainless
steels. These steels contain 16 to 26 percent chromium and 16 to 22
percent nickel. Carton content is very lew. Austenitic stainless
steels have excellent resistance to nitric acid. Chloride ions,
"however/ will cause significant corrosion.
Lining f-fetsrials
A. brief sunrrary of information on the compatibility of lining rratarials is
presented in Table 2-2. Additional information is available fron the National
Association of Corrosion Engineers and the Chemical Engineers' Handbook (reference
2). Information on lining materials used for pile bases and surface impoundments
is contained in EEA's Lining of Waste Impoundment and Disposal Facilities.^
Corrosion-Resistant Piping
A. brief sunmary of information on the durability of "rubber" hose is contained
in Table 2-3 and the article "Beat Corrosion with Rubber Hose.
17
-------
TABLE 2-2
COMPATIBILITY CHART: CHEMICALS
VERSUS LINING MATERIALS
Lining Materials
Alkyda
Vinyls (polyvinyl-
chloride-PVC)
Chlorinated Rubbers
Epoxy? (amine-cured,
polyamide cured, or
esters)
Coal Tar Epoxy
Latex
Polyesters
Silicones
¦ Incompatible Chemicals
Strong mineral acids, strong alkalies, alcohols,
ketones, esters, aromatic hydrocarbons
Ketones,, esters, aromatic hydrocarbons
Organic solvents
Oxidizing acids (nitric acid), ketones
Strong organic solvents
Oxidizing acids, ketones, esters
Oxidizing acidsstrong alkalies, mineral
acids, ketones, aromatic hydrocarbons
Strong mineral acids, strong alkalies,
alcohols, ketones, aromatic hydrocarbons
18
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TABLE 2-3
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MAJOR IIOSE STOCK TYPES
\ llose
Compound
trength \
nd
les 1 stance \
Natural
Rubber
(and Styrene
Butadiene*)
Butyl
(I1R)
Ethylene
Propylene
(EPDM)
llypalon
(CSM)
Ncoprene
(C.R)
Buna N
(HUH)
Tufflex*
Catron^
Fluoro-
clostomer
(FPM)
Epl-
cliloro-
hydrln
Polyester
Elastomer
My lor
'ensile
trength
Excellent
Fair to
good
Cood
Cood
Good
Fair to
good
Cood
Good
Fair
Good
Cood
Cood
earing
Good to
excellent
Cood
Good
Fair
Cood
Fair to
good
Good
Fair
Fair
Good
Good
Cood
braslon
Excellent
Fair to
good
Good
Good
Good to
excellent
Fair to
good
Cood
Fair
Cood
Fair to
good
Cood
Cood
lams
Poor
Poor
Poor
Cood
Very
good
Poor
Fair to
good
Poor
Cood
Poor
Poor
Cood
etroleua, oil
nd commercial
asollne
Poor
Poor
Poor
Good
Cood
Cood to
excellent
Fair
Excellent
Excellent
Excellent
Cood
Excel
as permeation
Fair
Out-
standing
Fair to
good
Good to
excellent
Cood
Cood
Good
Cood
Cood
Good
Cood
Excel
gathering
Poor
Excellent
Excellent
Very
good
Good to
excellent
Cood**
to poor
Excellent
Excellent
Excellent
Very
good
Cood
Excel
cone
Poor
Excellent
Out-
atandlng
Very
good
Cood to
excellent
Cood**
to poor
Excellent
Excellent
Excellent
Very
good
Cood
Excel
sat
Poor
Excellent
Excellent
Very
good
Cood
Cood
Fair
Fair
Out-
standing
Excellent
Excellent
Cood
iw temperature
Good
Very
good
Good to
excellent
Poor
Fair to
good
Poor to
fair
Excellent
Fair to
good
Cood
Excellent
Excellent
ExceL
:neral
Good
Good
Good
Good
Cood
Fair to
gqod
Good
Excellent
Excellent
Fair to
good
Good
Excel!
'Styrene butadiene polymer (SDR) has properties very similar to natural rubber.
'Good to poor depending on requirements and compounding.
Trademarks of Cates Rubber Co.
>urce< Reprinted by special p^rmisoion from Chemical Engineering, R. Galiapher, Sept. 8, 1980
McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York, NY 10020.
19
-------
REFERENCES
1. Municipal Environmental Research Laboratory, A Method for Determining the
Copt^i'"bilitv of Hazardous Waste (EPA-600/2-30-076) (Cincinnati, CH: MEPL,
1980). (Copies are available fraii the National Technical Information Service,
Springfield, VA 22161.)
2. Robert H. Perry and Cecil H. Chilton, Chemical Enaineers1 Handbook, 5th Ed.
(New York: McGraw Hill, 1973).
3. U.S. Envirormental Protection Agency, Office of Solid waste, Lining of Waste
Impoundment, and Disposal Facilities (SW-370) (Jfeshington, EC: U.S. EPA, 1980).
4. Ebr additional Information on the selection of structural and lining materials
for containment structures used to store or treat liquid hazardous vaste see
Gary N. Kir by, "Bcw to Select Materials," Chemical Engineering, November 1980:
86-131. (Order nxirtoer: reprint 046)
5. R- Gallagher, "Beat Corrosion with Rubber Hose," Chemical Engineering (New
York: M=Graw Hill, 1980).
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ST.E. Haimer, Corrosion Data Survey—Metals Section: Corrosion Data Survey—
Nonmetals Section, 5th Ed. (Houston, TX: National Association of Corrosion
Engineers, 1974;1975).
ACI Canmittee 515, "Guide for the Protection of Concrete Against Chemical
Attack by Means of Coatings and Other Gorrosion-Resistant f-feterials," ACI Journal,
Proceedinas, 63(1966):1305-1392.
20
-------
APPENDIX 1
Selected Pages from Corrosion Data Survey, 5th Edition (Houston,
Texas: National Association of Corrosion Engineers, 1974). Pages 22-31
are reprinted with permission of the National Association of Corrosion
Engineers-
21
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INIKUUUUIUN
In the development of new chemical processes, questions invaria-
bly ore raised concerning the choice of materials for certain equip-
ment. However, as available corrosion information is scattered
widely through the technical literature, these questions frequently
are not easy to answer.
This survey summarizes published data in a group of charts for
reedy reference in order that passible materials for use may be
recognized quickJy and unsuitable ones rapidly eliminated; These
charts act only as a guide and it is to be expected that in mast
cases additional corrosion testing and pilot plant experience may
be necessary. The charts have been checked against actual plant
conditions and a good correlation has been found. In cases of
doubt, representatives of metal and other material suppliers often
can bet. helpful in supplying additional information. In any event,
.the services of a Corrosion Engineer for a precise interpretation
of the data, combined with supplemental information will be mast
beneficial.
References on rhe graphs have not been acknowledged. They
have been collected from a wide variety of sources,1 but have
been taken for the mast part from the following publications!
grouping of corrosion rates by similar compounds is helpful. When
information on the particular corrosive under consideration is
meager or lacking, there may be others in rhe same general group
which could be expected to react with materials in a similar
manner.
Materials of CmmimlliMi
Materials of construction available at reasonable cost and in
a wide variety of forms have been lelected for general corrosion
rating. In special cases, other materials also are platted.
This schedule of materials and their analyses illustrates one of
rhe drawbacks of a collection of data tuch as this. It would be
difficult, if not impossible, to accommodate information laboriously
compiled over the years to changed allays. Far example. Carpen-
ter 20 Alloy, formerly with 29 percent nickel, was changed to 34
percent nickel Ave years ago. Thus data relating to this allay
compiled before 1962 obviously cannot be used with confidence
17H«
Beak of Stainless Steels
Chemical Engineering
Cambattlng Corrosion in Process Industries
Cwmiimi
Corrosion Quide
Cmtuiiun Handbook
Cartesian Catalog
OedMmu Werfcsteff-Tabeile
Durban Catalog
industrial end Engineering Chemistry
Interstate Commerce Commission Regulations.
Konesienstubailen metailischer Werksteffe
lead
Materials ai Construction for Chemical Process
Materials Protect lew
Meehanite Catalog
Metals and Alleys
Metals and Alloys Data Book
- I - U II L
mran nuivuooM-
Nidnl and Nickel Alleys
Oil and Gas Journal
Silver in Industry
Author
E. E. Thum
McGraw Hill Publishing Company
Crane Company
Motional Association of Corrosion Engineers
E Babald
H. H. Uhiig
Pacific foundry Company
E. Aabold and H. Bratwhnetder
Duriron Company
American Oiemicai Society
I.CC
F. Hitter
lead Industrie
James A. Loe
Motional Association of Corrosion Engineers
Meehanite Corporation
Reinhold Publishing Company
S. L rtoyt
American Saciaty for Metals
International NicJcei Company
Petroleum Publishing Comoany
L Addicks, A. Butts, J. M. Thomas
In using the charts, reference should be made to the- code- on
Pag* x. This illustrates the method by which concentration and
temperature are compared against corrosion rates.
The fallowing comments enlarge on the means used to present
the data and emphasize the importance of many additional
facial's in determining the corrosion resistance of a material.
All factors involved in the proper selection of a material for a given
service cannot be expressed in such a simple, graphical form.
Consequently, IT IS IMPORTANT THAT THE FOLLOWING NUM-
BERED SECTIONS BE BEAD CAREFULLY.
1. Csimsines
Although the major arrangement of corrosives is alphabetical,
a series of charts listed in the Table of Contents present additional
information on special topics and on certain generally encountered
corrosives. Experience with previous reports has revealed that a
in considering rhe alloy currently bearing this designation. Simi-
larly^ a whole host .of new data has been accumulated since 1960
on such metals as gold, platinum and tantalum, now grouped
under one heading in the tables. The new data permit precise
discrimination among these materials which cannot be displayed
in the tables as now arrayed.
Materials have been grouped under general classification head-
ings according fa the major base metal. Within each classification
are a number of materials frequently considered to have com-
parably similar corrosion resistances. For example!
a. In carbon steels, carbon content up to 0.30 is not considered to
alter appreciably the corrosion rate..
b. Copper, red brass, silicon bronze, aluminum bronze, tin bronze
and the cupronickeis are- considered to have similar corrosion
22
-------
resistances in mo«t media, but it is recognizee th«y con differ
markedly in specific environments.
c. In 'stainless steels, Typos 302, 304; 3041, 321 and 347 are ex-
pected to Have similar corrosion resistance and are grouped
as 1 M stainless in rhe corrosion tables.
d. in aluminum alloys, the fallowing types are expected to have
f equivalent corrosion resistance: 1100, 3003, 3004, 2052, 6061,
6062; and cost 44. B214, 356 and 406. No aluminum alloy
containing over TO copper should be considered to havecorro-
' sion resistance equal to those previously listed.
Thus, where data on any of rhe above ar« shown an the charts,
other materials in the same group usually can be expected to per-
form in a like manner.
3. Concentration of CanoeyM
Concentration in ail cases (except in certain solutions and gases
either desiccated or essentially so) are considered to be water
dilutions of pure compounds. Although it is fully understood that
small quantities of contaminants may have a profound effect on
corrosion rates, this factor is not ordinarily taken into account,
usually (but not always) because the specific contaminants are not
reported in the references from which data are taken, tn instances
when a metal was designated as being unaffected by a chemical
and no mention was made of concentration or temperature, the
charts show the metal as satisfactory at the 100 percent line at
roam temperature. This indicates rhar t+ie mortal has a possible
use and cauid be tried.
Ratings for dry, or essentially dry, material also have been
noted because, among other uses, such notations are helpful in
selecting materials to be used as shipping or storage containers.
4. Temperature
The effect of temperature on corrosion reactions does not satis-
factorily fit the usual rate equations. The temperature effect is
rarefy exponential, as it would be for mast chemical reactions and
it is rarely linear as it would be if influenced by physical changes
alone. Sate increases of iOO to 200-percenf-per-IO C increments
are typical of chemical reactions and rate increases of 20 to 30
percent per !0 degree rise are typical of diffusion-controlled
processes. Some experimental corrosion rates Increase with tem-
perature whereas arhers decrease and irr some cases maxima are
observed. In general, rhe effect of temperature on the corrosion
rat» depends on its influence on the factors controlling the corro-
sion reaction and the electrochemical potential of the metal.
Temperature may affect the corrosion rate through- its effect
on oxygen solubility and availability. Av. temperature rises oxygen
solubility in an aqueous solution decreases and at the boiling point
all oxygen is removed. Opposed to this is the fact that rhe diffusion
rate of oxygen increases with temperature. It is rather common,
therefore, to find that the corrosion rate increases with temperature
to some maximum and then decreases to some low value at the
boiling paint.
Temperature may affect corrosion through its effect on pH.
Because dissociation of water increases with temperature, pH de-
creases with temperature. At 60 C, the- "neutral" pH is 6.4. The
corrosion rate of steel in.water at 22 C is constant from pH 4 ta pH
10 but it rises on the acidic side and decreases on the alkaline side.
At 40 r the plateau is narrower, extending from pH 43 to 3w. This
reflects the enhanced activity of the hydrogen ion in increasing
the corrosion rate on the law pH side and the increased activity
of the hydroxy! ion in passivoting the steel on the alkaline side.
Temperature- also may affect corrosion rates through its effect
an fHms. It may increase rhe solubility of protective corrosion prod-
ucts, as in the case of lead in hydrochloric acid. Lead chloride is
insoluble and protective' in cold, but is soluble and non-protective
in hat acid. A change in temperature also may bring about changes
in the physical nature or the chemical composition of corrosion
products which may make them considerably mare, or less, pro-
tective. The behavior of zinc in water is an example. Another effect
of rising temperatures on films is caused by precipitation of pro-
tective coatings'an metallic surfaces, as in waters containing cai-
eium sulfate and calcium carbonote.
In solutions under pressure ot temperatures above their normal
boiling points, corrosion rates may increase quite rapidly with tem-
perature, possibly because many of the factors (such as diffusion,
which normally .acts to iimit corrosion) are no longer controlling.
The limiting effect of diffusion also con be overcome by rapid
movement.
The effect of heat flux on the corrosion rate must be recognized.
Maintaining a liquid at a bulk temperature of 120 C in a vessel can
produce no corrosion, whereas the same temperature on rhe Keat-
ing side of a metal surface can result in catastrophic corrosion.
Also, certain materials may Have chemical stability in an environ-
ment beyond the remperoture at which they are structurally sta-
ble. The physical and mechanical properties of the material then
need to be fully appraised before making a choice.
Temperatures ore plotted in degrees Fahrenheit from 75 to 800
degrees on rhe left and in the corresponding degrees Centigrade
on the right. Where information is available at temperatures above
425 C, a figure indicating this datum is added to rhe graph. This
method permits evaluation of information in rhe mast commonly
used range below the bailing point and also permits plotting of
high temperature data.
S. Conation Rates
An arbitrary set of corrosion rates has been established to meet
the requirements of instrument, design and maintenance engi-
neers. While it is desirable that chemical plants be constructed
of materials which will be free from corrosion, this is not always
passible nor economically attractive so it is recognized that rhe
most economical overqll procedure is to provide for a small losses
of metal and keep the plant maintained by cansianr inspection
and repair of corroded and wornout parrs.
The ideal rating (a solid circle) has been assigned when corro-
sion is. less than 0.002-in (2 mils) per year, representing materials
that would suffer essentially no dimensional change during rhe
life of the process. Many materials have this property and may be
used far same pieces of equipment, although rhey may be ruled
out for others because of other failings, such as contamination of
product, brittfeness, temperature limitations, or unavailability in
suitable Form.
When this highest degree of corrosion resistance cannot be in-
dicated, a second rating (an open circle) representing less than
0.020-in per year corrosion rate is used. In rhe development of
this category, considerable difficulty has been encountered owing
to rhe various methods of reporting corrosion data. It has been
found that many excellent materials will be reported as "Recom-
mended" or "Completely Resistant". It is believed that some of
rhese materials may have- corrosion rates less than 0.002-in per
year. However, without actual Figures, they have been placed in
the second category rather than rhe ideal one. For rhe majority,
corrosion rates probably will be below 0.005-in per year. The rating
of 0-020-in per year indicates those materials which normally would
be specified where a corrosion allowance of Via to '/s-in is added
for protection against passible mild corrosion.
A third classification (an open square) is provided ta indicate a
corrosion rat* between Q.020 and 0.050-in per year. These male-
rials can be used only in special coses where such a rate can be
tolerated, but are not considered adequate far general plant con-
struction.
The Anal rating (a cross) is given wtiere the corrosion rate is
probably roe high to merit consideration (over 0.050-in per year).
It is conceded that deterioration of most non-metallic materials
should not be expressed in rhe sqme mantw as the corrosion of
metals. However, rhe same rating code has been used in this pub-
lication to allow presentation of the data in compact form. When
reviewing rhe data far rhe nan-metallic materials, consider the
solid dot to indicate fully satisfactory resistance, the unshaded
-------
circle to indicate useful resistonce with tome loss of properties,
the square to signify doubtful utility of the material with testing
definitely required, and the X to show severe attack of the mate-
rial.
6. Additional Factors Influencing Oronn Sate*
There are many factors besides concentration and temperature
which influence corrosion rates and. while they are often extremely
important, it is impossible to list them oil in a survey of This type.
For example, velocity, aeration, heat flux, the presence of oxidizing
agents and other chemical contaminants can either increose or
decrease the corrosion rate, so where possible, rates have been
added to graphs indicating these effects.
The effect of galvanic coupling is aiso important in assessing
the- useful life of a piece of equipment and Table* 1 and 2 are
expositions of the galvanic series in sea water. While minor shifts
in the position of alloys may be expected in other electrolytes, the
sea water series is a good guide to the behavior of alloy groups
when coupled. Normally when alloys dose together in the series
are in contact they will not causea significant increase in corrosion
rate of the metal higher in the series.
TA81E 1— Galvanic Series in Sea Woter I"
between that side of a material under compressive stress and me
one under extension.
The whole subject of corrosion of materials under stress is
exceedingly complex, so no brief explanation can be adequate.
The engineer seeking data on corrosion performance needs to be
aware of the fact fhat stresses on materials ore important factors
in performance. If any indecision exists concerning the behavior of
a given material under stress, the services of a competent corro-
sion metallurgist will prove helpful.
There are very important instances when stress and corrosion,
operating simultaneously will nor cause increased general arrack
but will produce fracture. These are called corrosion fatigue and
(tress corrosion cracking. WhiJe corrosion fatigue may occur in any
corrosive medium, stress corrosion cracking requires a specific
combination of alloy and environment.
Quite often the stress which causes stress corrosion cracking is
due not only to operating conditions.but also to locked-in stress due
to fabrication. Welding, in particular, often induces stresses suffi-
cient to cause failure. For this reason, past-fabrication heat treat-
ments often are specified.
While stress cracking is indicated an the graphs, the materials
definitely should be stress relieved after fabrication, or a metal not
susceptible to stress cracking should be selected. For stress re-
lieving times and temperatures, the manufacturer of the allay
should be consulted.
—¦ __ J. Intergranuiar Coiraton
Hi «M-
"¦ £*?!'_.- Intergranuiar corrosion attacks grain boundaries of material*
¦ ' ' and can be particularly aggressive when in certain chemical solu-
¦¦¦¦nM — tions are in contact with austenitic stainless steels which have pre-
-------
The following pages have been designated "main" data
pages mainly for convenience in identification and not to
denote that the information they contain is different from
that appearing in tables elsewhere. The data displayed is of
the same kind and reliability and comes from the same
sources as other data.
It is advisable t.o examine the matrix below before
attempting to use the tables. A replica of this matrix
appears on all left hand pages. Note that both Fahrenheit
and Centigrade scales are used in the ordinate while the
abscissa scale denotes concentration percent in water.
"Concentration percent" in this scale is not necessarily the
same as "percent solution" because in many instances data
are given for mixtures which exceed the solubility limits of
the chemicals in water. Although the original sources do
not always make it clear, it can be assumed that when
solubility limits are exceeded, a mixture or slurry is
inferred.
Likewise, in many instances, reactions are given at tempera-
tures wluch exceed those at which the solutions at the
concentrations posted usually boil. Because there are few
pressure data in the sources from which the information is
taken, it ha* been assumed that pressures exist which
permit reactions at the temperatures posted. Vapor phase
attack may or may not be assumed except in those
instances when this factor has been noted in the original
source and posted as a footnote in the matrix.
Intervals in the Centrigrade temperature scale used in the
ordinate are as given below:
Degrees
Centigrade
No. at Degrees
In Interval
25 to 75 50
75 to 125 JO
125 to 175 .50
175 to 250 . . 75
250 to 350 100
A table of penetration rates showing the meaning of the
indicia used in the matrix in English and metric units also
appears on every left hand page. A conversion table which
permits a rough approximation of weight loss in some
commonly used ynits to the penetration rates in the
matrices appears on every left hand page also.
Right hand pages contain two schedules of footnotes. That
in the left box pertains to the corrosives, while that in the
right box pertains to data posted in the squares.
250 662
300
250 482
212
175 347
150
125 257
100 212
75 167
50
25 77
2
0 4
0 6
o
0 100
2
] 4
3 6
3 a
0 100
F PERCENT CONCENTRATION IN WATER
25
-------
AUSTCNmC SMJNIiSS STHLS
COPPER BASE ALLOYS
FERROUS ALLOYS
_ I Q4.20 1 Shwi««i
3M. 3T7 I I <05-110
CORROSIVE
CAST IKON
Csooar
13-99.9
MM SImI
S9*93Cu
*1.1* —A*
321.347
: 11*33
A8IET1C ACID
ACETALDEHYDE
®2P
ACETALDEHYDE
+ ACETIC ACID
ACETAMIDE
ACETANALIDE
rm
ACETIC ACID
Afi rated
(5)®6
SHuls!
rm
u_u
m ii
ACETIC ACID
no air
ACETIC ACID «*
ACETALDEHYDE"
8
ACETIC ACID +
ETHYL ALCOHOL
9
ACETIC ACID
¦h FORMIC ACID
10
ACETIC ACID +
HYDRG8ROMIC
ACETIC ACID +
HYDROCHLORIC
12
17B 30
m mi
ioa ra
78 i«J
a
a t»
e r
3
1 4
1 fl
1 •
1 100
:
1 *
» fl
1 (
9 100
—
-
s
—
•
<
I
Q.doi
511.1
0
<
29
OJHO
508.0
Q
I
20-
50
1020
1050
508.0
1270.0
X
>j
$0
11)50
1270.0
sue j«j
tTBJMz{lI]l44+ dMMV • T*f
I
¦ -100I ifiUm
Avaiui nwTiunov uti/vn commco to wesaiT un
H
OM
uuiiaoH
If AO
•
<3.7*
<1»
WJ0
>0.71
X
>m.n
>14.400
>LM
comm. iicsil «r inaa
•
CIJ
<4U
WJ
>10*73
>U«
X
>S74J
>11.079
XJ
26
-------
MISCELLANEOUS METALS ANO ALLOYS
NICKEL BASE ALLOYS
N*C/-Mo
$4-15-14
w
32-47-70
rm
rm
mm i i it i rm
i i i l mi i
I | i | | h|
ITS I
iTti ^11 •#>!>{
!_LiU
ffigysss:1 i
g
mm
1 1 * i i i '
imi
M I I I 11 i
FOOTNOTES FOR CORROSIVES
1. Poison 11. Fuming liquid
2. Toxic
3. Explosive
4. Flammable
5. Ingestion poison
6. Inhalant poison
7. Attacks skin
8. Irritant
9. Vapor harmful
10. Ignites organic:
12. Hygroscopic
FOOTNOTES FOR DATA SQUARES
1. No water
2. No air, oxygen
3. Low air, oxygen
4. Pits
5. Stress cracks
6. Stress corrosion
7. Discolors
8. Crevice attack
21. ~7pH
22. < 7 pH
23. > 7 pH
24. No acetylides
26. No HC1, H^SO*,
11. May discolor
12. May catalyze
13. May pit
14. May stress crack
15. Transgranular attacl Nad 27. Dealloys
16. Vapor 28. No ferric chloride
17. Aerated 29. No Cu, Sn, Pb
18. Catalyze; ,n . , . . ,
9. Intergranular attack 19. Static 30. <_% anhydride
10. No chlorides 20. Agitated 31. Up to 390 C.
27
-------
FERROUS ALLOYS
COPPER BASE ALLOYS
CORROSIVE
v«u
59-93 Cu
AL Zi«f Aa
CAST IRON
302 204.
316. 317
S(mI
403-410
371. 347
20G-30M
W.995
ACETIC ACID
VAPOR
PCFT1C ANHYCR
IN ACC77C AGIO
000 2
1 M ' ' ' I ' I * I I I > l
ACETONE
ACETOACETC
ACID
iii —rm
iSl&M
ACETONE
CYANOHYDR1N
05
i ; j i h 1 i i i i i ! i i I i I i i i
R+FFH
ACETONITRILE
iXU-l-LUllJ-U.
aCETOPARA-
TOIUIDINE
i i : ¦ i i : t i i
i i i i i i i i i i i i i
i i iii4i i i n-u i i i i i
ACETIC ACID +
MERCURY SALTS
-r-4™I—i—i-H-
TTTi i I 11t
ACETIC ACID 4-
SAL1CYL1C ACID
VAPORS 10
ACETIC ACID +
SULFURIC ACID
11
iJ_Li_U-U-U-L|5E
ACETO -
PHENETIDIN
P
»—
ro ya
138 2S7
iaa rn
7S 1(7
3D——
a 77
6 *
3
a 4
i a
a i
1 100
J
> 4
> «
i i
* 100
—
MM
s
•
<
t
0.002
0
<
fl
0.020
so8.a
a
i
20-
sa
1020
ao50
508.9
1270.0
*
>
5Q
ao50
I27M
r-%fQ*ryi*4«4
r9ri«9Cl4wlv*n«
gt*H k QjOI*** I ¦! | - yf
I mooa a
Avrna rmnuTre* iwn/m camunoto *oa*r ua
_w
CM
IkW I MT1!*
uuiiiuh
If AO
•
<179
•
<3J.7J
mw
>(4,403
>tM
m. ncxi l »e iros
TJHTAIOM
•
<11.9
OJJ
«zu»m
#
o.o*
9TJ
>I0V7S
>U4
X
>JT4J
>31.075
XI
28
-------
book. A supoiy of worksheets can oe ooiaineu LP/ rtnuny
w: Corrosion Data Survey — Nonmetals Section
NACE
P. 0. Box 1499
Houston, TX 77001
Miscellaneous
Additional useful information will be found in
Appendix 9—Trade Names of Materials Rated in Book.
References
1. Corrosion Data Survey—Metals Section. Fifth Edition. N. E.
Hamner, compiler. NACE, Houston, TX.
2. Chemical Resistant Oata Sheets. I— T. Nun. J. Pacicri, and J. R.
Scott, editors. Rubber and Plastics Research Association of Great
Britain, Sfiewtwry, Shrewsbury. Shropshire, England.
Hawley, reviser. VanNostrand Reinhold Co., Now York, N. Y.
Bibliography
Testing and Evaluation of Reinforced Polyester for Corrosion
Control Applications. NACS Liberty Sell Corrosion Course.
1966. Walter A. Siymanski, Hooker Chemical Corp., N.
Tanawanda, N. Y.
N8S Voluntary Standard PS-15-39. Custom Contact-Maided
Reinforced Polyester Chemical-Resistant Process Equipment.
U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington, 0. C. 20402. No.
CI 3-20 2:15-69. 30 cents.
Standard Method of Test for Resistance of Plastics to Chemical
Reagents. ASTM 0543-07. Per copy. 31.50.
Standard Method of Test for Environmental Stress-Cracking of
Ethylene Plastics. ASTM-01693-70. Per copy, $1.50.
APPENDIX 1
Explanation of conventions, notations, and footnotes for
bar graphs:
CODE
Recommended
9 £3 ES Questionable
Not Recommended
Not recommended from
21 to 38 C
Questionable from
16 to 21 C
X C
121
100 -
33*
73.5-
2 = <7 pH
33 = Embrinled
2p 40 \ 60 30 1I}0
I
Hi
212
54244
-20
H75
-ISO
JJ1
67 " 10% or less*
'footnotes specific for this graph. Remainder are from standing
footnotes.
7.1 'J . & 9
c m a « so it m f
j CONCJflTWAnON * (« WATER \
EXPOSURE TIME
A < 1 month
3 < 6 months
C < 12 months
Q 12 months
D = >12 months
¦ 42 => Not recommended
J~=— C—4
55 = Questionable
C = <12 months
41 = Recommended
60-120 psia'
47 =» Stressed
29
-------
APPENDIX 2
Standing Footnotes
STANDING FOOTNOTES FOR ALL PAGES
ENVIRONMENTAL
MATERIALS' FACTORS
FACTORS
35. Compressed
36. Discolored
1. ~7pH
37. Disintegrated
2. < 7 pH
38. Embrittled
3. > 7 pH
39. Flex. str. loss
4. Aerated
40. Leached
5. Agitated
4U Recommended
6. Brief exposure
42. Not recommended
7. Cyclic immersion
43. Liquid-gas interface
3. Immersed
44. Perforated
9. Intermittent exposure
45. Softened
10. No air, oxygen
46. May stress crack
11. Splash zone
47. Stressed 53. Strength loss
12. Static
48. Stretched 54. Blistered
13. Pressure
49. Swollen 55. Questionable
14. Vacuum
50. Weight gain 56. May dissolve
15. Vapor
51. Weight loss
16. Velocity
52. Permeable
17. Vibration
18. No water
19. Wet
24. Dilute
20. Aquebus solution
21. Gas
25. Crystals, powders, solids
26. < 134 C (275 F)
22. Saturated
27. < 148 C (300 F) 29. Poison
23. Liquid
28. Explosive 30. % conc. in air
Footnotes specific to a page are located at the bottom of the page
to which they refer.
30
STANDING FOOTNOTES
FOR ALL PAGES
ENVIRONMENTAL
factors
1. ~7pH
2. < 7 pH
3. > 7pH
4. Aeraced
5. Agitated
6. Brief exposure
7. Cyclic immersion
8. Immersed
9. Intermittent exposure
10. No air, oxygen
11. Splash zone
12. Static
13. Pressure
14. Vacuum
15. Vapor
16. Velocity
17. Vibration
18. No water
19. Wet
20. Aqueous solution
21. Gas
22. Saturated
23. Liquid
24. Dilute
25. Crystals, powders, solids
26. < 134 C (275 F)
27. < 148 C (300 F)
28. Explosive
29. Poison
30. % conc. in air
MATERIALS' FACTORS
35. Compressed
36. Discolored
37. Disintegrated
38. Embrittled
39. Flex. str. loss
40. Leached
41. Recommended
42. Not recommended
43. Liquid-gas interface
44. Perforated
45. Softened
46. May stress crack
47. Stressed
48. Stretched
49. Swollen
50. Weight gain
51. Weight loss
52. Permeable
53. Strength loss
54. Blistered
55. Questionable
56. May dissolve
-------
Acetic Acid
reflFOftMAMCf COOi
iraiWtl nuawiwin^i
OVOSUASTIMe
A'< 1 maud*
¦ ¦¦
B (1 ffwnOH
C " 12 rmwtfa
ACflYLSMITRlLE
3UTA0teV€
STYftW*
4CST&L
COPOtYMW
CHLORfffe
SUlfOftVl
COUYTHBHe
Mil
a : s 1
nil!!
liiiii
iilii!
M
to 42
53113
SI I O 45
64 85
i * u M i hi
CONCnCTB
I I I I
aoxY-AsassTOft
glasc
i ?7rr~^
ePQXY FIBIRGLASS
) I II
"35"
10
H.UQROCA«BCNS
rnp m t* K)
ftJflAN LAMINATCS
I I
12
NjAPUftYl ALCOHOL
* AS8E5TOS
\\
I!..
h 21 i
173
1ST
!!
MIM
III
90
40
"55"
18
:13 [w
13_
ACRYlONlTtilL£
BUTA01BN8
STYRfiNB
I (
U
FU8FUAVI ALCOHOL
* GLASS
; I I I
13
QLASS, CHBMfCAL
I I '
QLASSaOZTttL
n
NYLON
18
ttftFLUOROALXOXY
I
I
:0
i
79J
~ar
2:
99 yf
71
«
Tar
41
IF"
69
36
MS
50
S3 j
FOOTNOTES
SB, Afleydrtdsereradfc
42. <9% iwttnmndad.
SL :
68. RamMMA4Mtorcrud*4maft40C
87. WC
QL Rntnq for FBP aMp.
7a
-------
APPENDIX 2
Selected pages from Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 5th Edition,
Robert H. Perry and Cecil H. Chilton, Copyright, 1973 (New York, NY:
McGraw-Hill, 1973). Pages 33-38 are used with permission of McGraw-Hill
Bock Ccmpany.
32
-------
TABLE 1
GENERAL CORROSION PROPERTIES OP SOME METALS AND ALLOYS
lUlinpi 0 untulliblc. Not available In foim resulted or nut mlublo far luliikKlon requirements or not lulublc fur conation conJllloot.
I uoor lu lair.
S lair. For mild coiuUlloiu or wbcio periodic replacement It poulblo. llciUltled uio.
3 fair lo good.
4 guml. Soluble when medlar illcriullvci iro uneconomic.
5 gitotl lo cutlUikl.
CI imimally i'lullcit).
SmimII vmulloiki |q icrvlco condition* may ippiccUhtif ilfecl couoilou fciUlanco. Choice of material* Is t!
•nil tile lead.
refore pililc4 wbeiovor potiiblo by i combination of o|wrlcmi anil lalwir^iory
MaUilU
Cm! iroa, fill tripllil, plUi
«r low tlluy.
Dtinili iiu fUabct |lini(ik
tiuj uiiy U iliiihd
by c/VDfWnilioo *oJ hcai-
(lalmtal at UlL).,,.
Hill'i'i'4 brf1»^b(nu4i«|
u«l uoa.lvi*! (14 Hi; JCV
ifikjui. ly.
«k.4 iioA. lyi«o ) On tic
(10 10 Hi; 1-1 Ci; Ul Ft)
(0/l(O|<4
cut If oa, duciiU ()l Hi; litl.
M
|4r/» tilicou |roo
liiM •lc«l. jUiy l/aua
UhJ ilccU
filtirJui iU(l, fuiilu 17.% Ci
fiufnlcu iitel. *u«itftil*U i 6 iu;
I Hi typ*
6t«iutni ttctl, *u«UailU IB Cr;
12 Hi; }.S Mo lyt*
li Nis2.iMoi)SCg|y|4
Ni-fr pel t4Cc«
fiU
do
TuiUn*
Icq!
6ca
vaUf
BuiW
or
•low-
Uovioi
Taib
Uul
Qlwk
Commoo Mmtritl m»du
Moitl,
I)iy
•1 LUfc
Ump.,
piOIQiiiiBf
iliiht
-------
TAULR 1 (Continued)
ll.ilimih. 0 iwiutliulilc. No| nv^il.ililo la (uiiu ictjojitul m «uj| Miilalil*: fof ic«|iiJic«iicikU or nol miJI^Mq for voiroiiuit tuiMlillwu.
1 |HMir l«» l^i«.
2 hit. iW »uiM iiuMlilluui os ftcflutlk ic|)hctMkcul U pukiililc. jUtlilclcJ Mka.
?l Mi In
¦4 pMni Smulilg wlicu tfllcfiulUci no uneconomic.
5 k«mm| la ciicllriil.
II iutiuully ciidIIcuI.
SiimII VdiUlimti in uiivit-0 imulllitHti uuiy B|»jH«^:ialiiulini« of f ajtfrirfti'6 )ih( |j|wiirfloi|f
tintl kilt: |t»lt.
Noo-ttUlUoi * a*lu4ag oicJi*
IJquiib
(1dm
OilJiiUi inidli
Nitiuil ««l«<
Comma* iaJatlilil awJi*
AcU
•ululibu\
•i(1ugr
tl M|W
Itup..
Bcautullof
.U(U
JiuoctiUaa
1UiIii4b|i
• I.
linlwiiil
(uia»c«
|UM
OtlJliiaf.
lut
tin
JUntiiAl
til,
otf
u
lajailiul
Capru-BlcVtl tltoyi up la M %
4
S
1
0
0
4
1
4
4
4
4
4
J.
1
2
J
Mmtcl 400 uUktlccii|wr tlloy
<44 Hi; i0 Ca; 2 W| . . -
1
i
4
1
0
i
1
4
4
4
4
4
4
2
}
1
Alloy SOS itldid cotum cm!
tlluy {U Hi; M du; 4 &k
1
i
4
1
0
S
1
4
4
4
4
4
4
2
1
»
MmiwI K')U) i|t tMiikaftlilr
Nifiu slUiy (41 Hi; W Cu;
1 All
%
4
*
1
0
1
1
4
4
4
4
4
4
2
I
i
A nickel—cuauacfdftl (99.4 Hi)
i
i
4
1
0
J
0
4
4
1
I
4
4
2
2
4
Co|l|XI tuJ *Uc4tl ttfVBIt
i
4
4
0
0
i
a
4
1
4
1
4
1
2
1
1
Aluuiinun In m« (76 Cu; 312u;
no ;
1
4
4
1
1
1
0
0
j
0
4
4
%
4
I
j
2
*
2
4
1
1
i
1
tljcfctl «lonjjuuu»-|tfot>»* 100
(Ki; |U il; S Ni; 5 f«)
Uiooi*. Irp+ A (41 Cit; i &i;
s Hi itiuY.;.
iluu4Qioa *0(1 |u iQoy*
4
t
2
4
0
0
0
4
0
0
0-1
%
4
M
0
0
«
4
4
4
4
4
1
4
}
0-4
J
i
4
4
\
1
S
2
2
2
S
I«*J, diciuUtl of ftollmoUU...
i
t
1
2
0
i
0
4
J
S
)
I
0
4
>
i
4
4
4
0
o
2
0
4
4
J
j
L
•
4
4
)
4
1
4
4
4
4
4
4
I
)
i
}
i
4
4
ZticobUim.
1
4
1
4
4
4
I
4
4
4
4
4
4
-------
TABLE 1 (Continued)
llallngfc 0 uiiMillelde. Not ivilhhlo |q form required or not lulleUle loi M>ilc*lJoii icqulrcmcnli or ao| ruilallo lor corrosion conditions.
I poof lo fulr.
t Uir. j-or wild corulllloru or yttero periodic ifpleceuicat b KlctiikuJ uie.
3 Mr lo ffuoti
4 (ouiL SoJulJe wlien superior illcinallvci in uneconomic.
5 C•)
Ni-lt'tial (irirmioA rcdilinl cm! Irge,
t,.« 2 Cu lire <20 )0 Hi; 2-J Cr;
Ul. f t)
Hl-llrniti (Miotjuft-iAiilial cm! lute,
duclili |i4 Hi; in), h)
11% »il«coo m on
Mil*l «tcc|4 ftUo luw-alluy |(om *ed
•UtU
fiuiblcM tied, fcriitU IIX Ci type...
filiinlea ilttl, ibtUnilli |ft Cr; I Hi
ljr|>ce
SIjIiJcm «Ur|. iwliAilii IA Crj 12 HI;
2.1 Mo lyj*
fiuinlfM alul, luiitiiiilt 20 Cr; 29 HI;
2 1 M«»; I 1 Cu «r»ve
Hi o-toflnifWl iruntUatitlntn »lt>y (40
Hi; 21 Cr; )Mo; I S Co; Ul. >0
llMl'U«y alloy O lIMe; IftCr.
llc;4U'|
ll^Ulluy alloy (61 HI;20 Me;6
HuUlloy alloy D (Ai Hi; 9 Si; )Cu)
lectncl eUt
llftle|tu eiul JciintivM
lllJo|MI
IMid*
• ci'U.
llyjioicn
fctliiia.
diy
kjrJfOfiR
•K.
Mailt,
»»-.
ibUiu
Uluw
JcW
n.,.
<«-.
4ium1u«
•lw»
dt* |«iul
itt-iijl, t f ,
bv'liirfMuiio
£> ilitily.is
|Nl>luUl U
u*
Ljiidc4
0
0
2
2
0
0
1 < 400
1 <)U
1<<00
1 <750
0
2
}
1 < <00
2 < JJO
•
2
J
1 < 400
KJ5Q
0
0
2
•
I
i
) < 400
KI50
1 < 400
e
)
0
J < 4(10
KM
0
2
0
2 <400
•
)
9
1 < 400
0
>
2
4 <400
J O50
1
2
J
»
1
)
4 < 400
i
4 <150
J < too
4 < J10
1 |
Cold
foruulilitr
U WOU|tii
i»4
'd»J louq
Ne
He
Ne
He
No
H«
Good
Good
Good
Good
Oood
Good
Kiir
Fair
He
Weld-
eLUity
Felil
Oood |
Got*) |
Gocdl
Good |
He
Good
OouJ|
Good
Good
Oood
Good
Good
Good
Good
Mm. ttupclb
anocaM
(OflJllioA
X 1000 lb./
•?. la.
V
47
22-31
22-21
54
22
47
n
90
90
90
100
Ml
1)1
90-110
90
Cot II. tt
Ucrmil
cipsosioa,
tnillioMbi p*t*f,
w-urt.
ft.2
7.1
10.)
9.4
10 4
7.4
ft.7
ft.O
9.ft
0.9
9.4
7.1
6.)
1.4
4.1
0.9
fUauVif
Typ* ) Ni-Raiil kn ume mioiIm MiUm
Very briltlt, luictpiiUi le by ntdieiul
iud Uffiotl rborfc
llitia| ptttla.
S( J>tlii^| oi IXC l/pfi um| (gt ¦dJioj
A.I S I. |)(K )|6
A.3.T.M. rAirikiioa- aod bnl-i(ili||«| a|r*|. KU3
inv uwd l«>r wldjet
A I .1 I'll-1\| t •««*! !•» #ull«»»w, |'hi«
I'kixir, *qJ fall)* iciji il final"! |r,i»|«nal,&c»
£j*ci)| allay «lib («kxI iUuc»* lo "ll (Moiie« |M ao
-------
TAIILE 1 (Concluded)
llrfllit^t: l| miMiiluMu. N<*l »v*i|jI»Iu In ftMjttjfutJ ity uikl t<»i Mtiiulimi ivtftilicmciil* Of im| U*t tiimuluu mulillnuk,
I lUHrf li» hir.
St Mr. |'«»f miltl immIiIIuiu w Mfliu(« |imluiliti fcj>Ut:ci(kci4 It |KMl)ik llvali itlcil me.
'I kMt Id
I k«mmI Suil^l'tu «lwiii klliifiuiltvvk i|t> |tiicc«MHHulc.
5 i;ihm) |u ctnilrul.
A iMiiiiully mi'llcut.
IuImII V.IIMlliDtt Ilk M'»V|4 ti i *114 )f 4ll('l I 14ll |4l\|lll| (Jlltktl III ItuHl'lfaL U IIm'O ll|i|i; |*y J) |-4Hh|i|ImIIjU« »4 41
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TABLE 2
PROPERTIES AND CHEMICAL RESISTANCE OF ORGANIC COATINGS®
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Chilton, McGraw-Hill, 1973, pg. 23-64. Used by permission,McGraw-Hill
Book Co.
-------
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TABLE 2
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