CLEAN
WATER
NATIONAL ESTUARINE POLLUTION STUDY
PROCEEDINGS OF THE
PUBLIC MEETING HELD AT
WILMINGTON, DELAWARE
JUNE 27, 1968
and
WRITTEN STATEMENTS CONCERNING
TIDAL WATERS OF THE DELAWARE COAST
AND THE DELAWARE RIVER ESTUARY
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION • U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
NORTHEAST REGION BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS
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NATIONAL ESTUARINE POLLUTION STUDY
Proceedings of the
Public Meeting held at
Wilmington, Delaware
June 27, 1968
and
Written Statements Concerning
Tidal Waters of the Delaware Coast
and the Delaware River Estuary
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
U. S. Department of the Interior
Northeast Region J. F. Kennedy Bldg. Boston, Massachusetts 02203
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PART I - ORAL STATEMENTS PRESENTED AT HOTEL DUPONT, WILMINGTON,
DELAWARE, JUNE 27, 1968.
PAGE
Call to Order by Lester M. Klashman 3
Introduction of Panel Members . . . 3
Remarks by Chairman Klashman 3-6
Speakers:
John H. McDonald (Legislative Assistant for
Representative William V. Roth) . , 8
Hon. John E. Babiarz, Mayor, City of Wilmington .... 11
Carmen F. Guarin© (Deputy Commissioner, Water Dept.,
City of Philadelphia, Pa.) 12
John T. Carson, Jr., (Director, Division of Natural
Resources, Bucks County, Pa.) , 13
Questions by Panel 18
Morris B. Smith (Vice Chairman, Water Resources Com-
mission, Chemical Industry Council, New Jersey). . 20
Questions by Panel 25
Mrs. R. J. Kallal (Delaware Delegate, League of Women
Voters, Interleague Council of the Delaware) ... 29
Questions by Panel 31
Ralph L. Dodge, Executive Vice President, Upper Chesa-
peake Watershed Association, Inc 34
Questions by Panel 38
W. R. Roach (Industrial Subcommittee of Technical
Committee, Delaware Estuary Comprehensive Study) . 39
Questions by Panel 51
Mrs. Eleanor M. Webster (Conservation Foundation) ... 57
Questions by Panel 60
(Conti nued)
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PART I (Cont'd) Page
Dr. Wm. S. Gaither, Associate Professor of Civil
Engineering, University of Delaware 62
Questions by Panel 64
Remarks by Dr. Banerji 65
Jess M. Malcolm (Executive Director, Chesapeake
Bay Foundation) 67
Questions by Panel 73
Mrs. Robert Roop (Gloucester County Citizens Assn.). . 77
Questions by Panel 85
Adjournment 87
PART II - Written Statements.
Mrs. Robert E. Barrett
220 Washington Ave., Haddenfield, N. J. 08033 . . 89
Delaware Nature Education Center
Box 3900, Greenville, Del. 19807 90
Outboard Boating Club of America
333 N. Michigan Ave., Chicago, 111. 60601 .... 91
Delaware Board of Game & Fish Commissioners 99
American Association of University Women, Camden
County Branch, Camden, N. J 103
Brandywine Valley Association, Inc.
406 Farmers & Mechanics Bldg., Westchester, Pa. . 105
National Boating Federation
P. 0. Box 8, Jenkintown, Pa. 19046 . 106
Delaware Wild Lands, Inc.
1014 Washington St., Wilmington, Del. 19801 . . . 109
Philadelphia Port Corporation
1105 Mall Bldg., Philadelphia, Pa. 19106. .... 112
City of Philadelphia Water Dept.
1160 Municipal Services Bldg., Philadelphia,Pa. . 113
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PART II (Cont'd)
Page
American Association of University Women, Jersey
Shore Branch, 76 Darlington Rd., Deal, N.J. 07723. . 118
University of Delaware, Dept. of Civil Engineering
134 Du Pont Hall, Newark, Del. 19711 . . 119
The Garden Club of Wilmington, Delaware
P. 0. Box 3626 Greenville, Wilmington, Del. 19807 . 128
The Philadelphia Maritime Exchange
Exchange Floor, The Bourse, Phil., Pa. 19106. . . . 129
Wissahickon Valley Watershed Association, Inc.
473 Bethlehem Pike, Fort Washington, Pa. 19034 . . . 130
APPENDICES
List of Participants at Wilmington, Delaware Public
Meeting . .
List of Other Attendees at Wilmington, Delaware
Public Meeting
INDEX (by Speaker, Author, and Organization) . . . .
135
136
141
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PART I
Oral Statements Presented at the
Hotel Du Pont, Wilmington, Delaware
June 27, 1968
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PROCEEDINGS
(The public hearing held by the Federal Water
Pollution Control Administration was called to order 1n the
Ballroom of the Du Pont Hotel, Wilmington, Delaware, on
Thursday, June 27, 1968, at 9:30 o'clock A.M., Lester M.
K1ashman presiding.)
CHAIRMAN KLASHMAN: May I have your attention,
please.
My name 1s Lester Klashman. I am the Regional
Director for the Northeast Region of the Federal Water
Pollution Control Administration.
To my extreme left 1s Mr. Gene Jensen, who 1s 1n
charge of the National Estuarlne Study being carried out by
the Department of the Interior.
Mr. John Bryson, who 1s 1n charge of the Water
Pollution Control Program, also the Air Program, for the
State of Delaware.
To my right, Mr. Robert Shaw for the State of
New Jersey.
Mr. Howard Luley, for the State of Pennsylvania.
And Mr. Herbert Howlett from the Delaware River
Basin Commission.
We are all here because we feel our coastal and
estuarlne waters are among our most precious resources.
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The purpose of this public meeting 1s to hive your
views on Delaware coastal waters and the Delaware River
Estuary.
If for any reason any of you wish to speak about
other estuaries and 1t 1s more convenient for you to present
your statement here* we will of course receive 1t because
this 1s one of many meetings which we are having all over the
country 1n an attempt to obtain the views of the public to
help us 1n preparing a final report for the Congress.
What we are Interested in knowing 1s: What do you
think about the values of an estuary, the aesthetic, recre-
ational, dollar value? Have estuaries been damaged by pol-
lution? Where? How much? What should the future of the
coastal zone be? What are the best uses? What system of
management will best provide for development of our coastal
resources?
This public meeting 1s the first of five 1n the
Northeast Region. We will be holding others 1n New York City
on July 23t Hartford, Connecticut on August 19, Portland,
Maine, on September 10 and in Boston, Massachusetts on
October 8. These meetings are being held 1n accordance with
the Clean Water Restoration Act of 1966.
The Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
1s charged by the Congress of the United States to prepare a
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comprehensive report on the status of water pollution 1n the
nation's coastal waters. The report will Identify the actions
needed to assure wise use of the total resources of our
coastal zones so that not only will degradation of our
valuable coastal waters be avoided, but also the quality of
our waters may be enhanced. This effort 1s known as the
National Estuarlne Pollution Study. The report 1s scheduled
for completion and submittal to the Congress on November 1,
1969. It will provide the Congress with the Information It
needs to draft legislation bearing on prevention and abate-
ment of pollution 1n the nation's coastal waters.
When we talk about pollution, we talk about 1t
In a very broad sense, meaning anything that 1s going to
degrade the waters, which will Include, of course, filling
or the abuse of the resource in any way.
Because they feel our estuarlne and coastal
waters are so Important, the States of Delaware, New Jersey
and Pennsylvania and the commissions have joined the Federal
Water Pollution Control Administration 1n co-sponsoring this
meetlng.
The men who I Introduced to you previously are
channeling information from the various agencies 1n their
states directly to the FWPCA's Office of Estuarlne Studies.
Their chief is Mr. Eugene Jensen, whom I Introduced to you
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previously. This is also true for other federal agencies and
for the Delaware River Basin Commission, which is represented
by Mr. Howlett, who was also introduced to you previously.
We have sent out over 300 invitations to all the
organizations we thought had an interest. However, we want
to assure you that this Is a public meeting and statements
from all are welcome.
Those of you wishing to speak should so indicate
on the registration cards that you made out when you entered.
You will be asked to come to the rostrum 1n turn. The panel
members may wish to ask clarifying questions, but we are not
prepared to entertain questions from the floor. Our purpose
is to collect Information and not to provide a forum for
debate. If you decide to make a statement and have not yet
so indicated on your registration card, please inform the
secretary at the registration table so that we can schedule
you.
Those of you wishing to submit written statements
either now or in the next few weeks are welcome to do so.
The secretary will take them or tell you where to mall them.
We have also received written statements or
promises of statements from the Outboard Boating Club of
America, the Delaware Nature Education Center, the Gloucester
County Citizen's Association, and Mrs. Robert Barrett of
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Haddonfleld, New Jersey.
We have a 35-m1l1Imeter slide projector and an
overhead projector. If you wish to use these, would you
please Inform Mr. Farlow, who will be located down here, that
you wish to use this equipment. Or 1f you have any other
equipment, any other projection equipment, that you wish to
use, 1f you would notify him, we will arrange to see that
assistance 1s given.
These proceedings are being taken by a reporter
and will be published and sent to you. That 1s why we need
your address on the registration card. The written submis-
sions will be 1ncluded1n the record. If you are planning to
speak and have a written copy or outline, 1t would greatly
aid the reporter 1f you would let our secretary make a Xerox
copy of 1t In advance. We have a Xerox machine outside.
It would also be of help to the panel 1f you provided the
statement ahead so that copies-could be made and we could
follow you more easily.
Our first speaker will be--
FROM THE FLOOR: May I Interrupt, please.
The acoustics In here are terrible. Can we have
the air conditioning shut off so we can hear these speakers
and you and the other gentlemen?
CHAIRMAN KLASHMAN: We will try to improve the
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volume of sound. May we have the sound turned up, please?
Can you hear me In the back of the room now?
FROM THE FLOOR: Much better.
CHAIRMAN KLASHMAN: I am afraid we cannot turn
off the air conditioner 1n an Inside room like this because of
other problems.
The first speaker will be John H. McDonald,
Legislative Assistant for Representative William Roth.
Mr. McDonald.
MR. JOHN H. McDONALD: Thank you, M.r. Klashman.
Distinguished members of the panel:
I am delighted to have this opportunity to speak
to you briefly on behalf of Congressman Roth who, unfortu-
nately, 1s unable to attend today because of committee
meetings in Washington. As most of you know, Bill Is a member
of the House Merchant Marine and Fisheries Commission and sits
on the Fisheries and Wildlife Conservation Subcommittee,
which earlier this year held extensive hearings on HR-25,
popularly called the Estuarlne Bill.
Delaware, because of Its small size and proximity
to the huge population and Industrial concentrations of the
Northeast, 1s confronted with especially great challenges In
preserving and developing our estuaries. The rewards for
successfully accomplishing this are many: More tourist trade
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from Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington and beyond; Improved
recreational opportunities for Delawareans and people from
neighboring states; better hunting and fishing for sportsmen;
more jobs and Increased prosperity for our people; and a more
productive and beautiful state. The penalties for failure to
reconcile the competing demands of man and his environment
are, 1f anything, harsh in the extreme.
The National Estuarlne Pollution Study called for
by the Clean Water Restoration Act of 1966, the reason for
this meeting, 1s a meaningful first step toward reclaiming
the Irreplaceable natural resources that are 1n our estuarlne
areas.
The Estuarlne Bill passed by the House earlier
this year and now pending before the Senate Commerce
Subcommittee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries, represents a
significant and needed extension of a far-reaching national
effort, marshaling the resources of Federal, State and Local
Governments, private organizations and Individual citizens
to reclaim, preserve and develop our nation's estuaries.
For too long Americans have taken for granted the
beauty and bountifulness of our nation's greatest resources.
Only 1n this century have we accepted and begun to act upon
the realization that 1f future generations are to have these
natural wonders to enjoy, we must adapt man to his environment
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now.
Moreover, it is only in the last decade or so
that public awareness of the financial, social and other costs
of water and air pollution has become widespread, and recent
Congresses have been responsive to this serious and growing
problem.
Your interest in coming to this meeting and the
initiative of the Department of Interior's Federal Water
Pollution Control Administration in holding it are indicative
of high degree of public concern -and the commitment of the
people of Delaware working with the people of neighboring
states and the Federal Government to deal effectively with
this problem.
I know that Bill is disappointed at being unable
to attend this morning, but I know, too, that he shares your
interest and concern and is anxious to work with Delaware and
Federal Pollution Control Agencies and private organizations
to meet this challenge.
Thank you.
CHAIRMAN KLASHMAN: Thank you Very much, Mr.
McDonald.
I should now like to call on Mayor Babiarz.
Mayor, if I have mispronounced your name, please excuse a
Bostonian.
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HON. JOHN E. BABIARZ (Mayor, City of Wilmington):
Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
I want to welcome, you and the members of the
panel and those who are attending the meeting here to the
City of Wilmington, especially those who are visitors.
The City of Wilmington supports the National
Estuarlne Pollution Study for the following reasons: The work
done to date by the Delaware River Basin Commission has
essentially been restricted to the effect that water-borne
domestic and Industrial discharge Into the river on the river
itself. The results of this study combined with the planned
usages of the river have been used to establish some very
stringent water pollution control standards. It 1s essential
that when the ultimate goals of these regulations are
achieved, they are not wasted by ignoring other factors which
affect the river.
Two, the study 1s also needed to determine the
effect on the river of the Inter-coastal and ocean-going
vessels which navigate these waters. Many of these vessels
have been long-time violators by pumping tanks, bilges, and
their sanitary wastes overboard without treatment. Should a
study of these reveal significant detrimental effects from
these sources, a strong federal enforcement program should be
1n1tiated.
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Three, Wilmington and other cities are planning
and constructing water pollution control facilities which will
benefit the lower river and bay. A study 1s needed to deter-
mine what conservation programs are necessary to preserve and
Improve the adjacent marshlands and other tidal water, wild
life areas.
Thank you very much.
CHAIRMAN KLASHMAN: Thank you.
I should now like "to call on Mr. Carmen Guarlno
from the City of Philadelphia, representing the City and
Sam Baxter, Commissioner of Public Works.
MR. CARMEN F. GUARINO (Deputy Commissioner, Water
Department, City of Philadelphia): To begin, Mr. Baxter 1s
sorry he could not be here today. He haa a very Important
engagement which he could not break.
As Mr. K1ashman stated and for the record my name
1s Carmen F. Guarlno. I am Deputy Commissioner of the City
of Philadelphia Water Department. We are vitally Interested
1n the Delaware Estuary since 1t 1s our water supply and 1t
also receives the wastes from our water pollution control
pi ants.
We would like to submit a statement within the
specified time. We are not prepared today to do so.
Thank you.
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CHAIRMAN KLASHMAN: Thank you very much, Mr.
Guarlno.
I should now like to call on Mr. John T. Carson,
Jr., Director of the Division of Natural Resources, Bucks
County, Pennsylvania.
MR. JOHN T. CARSON: Mr. Chairman, my name is
John T. Carson, Jr., Director of Natural Resources for
Bucks County, Pennsylvania. I am speaking today on behalf of
the Commissioners of Bucks County regarding the impact of
pollution on the waters of the tidal portions of the Delaware
River.
I believe that Bucks County has a longer shore
line on the tidal portion of the Delaware River than any
other county 1n the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. In fact,
Bucks County's 23 miles from Morrlsvllle to the mouth of the
Poquesslng Creek Is 41 percent of the total Pennsylvania
frontage. Therefore, we feel that we have as vital a stake
1n the future of this portion of the river as does anyone In
the Commonwealth.
The water supply for Levlttown, Bucks County,
with a population of approximately 80,000, comes almost
entirely from the Delaware Estuary, as does the supply for
the Borough of Bristol and a portion of Bristol Township.
Bensalem Township Is supplied with water from the City of
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IA
Philadelphia's Torresdale plant, also located In the tidal
estuary. In addition to the domestic and commercial users,
Industrial firms, such as Rohm & Haas and the Falrless plant
of U.S. Steel, obtain their water from the Delaware Estuary.
While much of Bucks County's shore line has been
permanently altered by deep dredglngand piling the spoils on
the river bank, there are still some unspoiled stretches of
true estuarlne habitat. Also, there 1s considerable recre-
ational development of marinas, beaches and a new State Park
1n this reach of river. An extremely attractive apartment
complex has been recently built adjacent to the river, taking
full advantage of the view, breezes, and boating access.
The Delaware Estuary Comprehensive Study, which
has been 1n progress for several years, has developed a
tremendous amount of technical factual data about the present
and probable future condition of these waters. There 1s no
need to review this now familiar Information here. However,
two facts brought out In the study are rather startling:
(1) The "overall removal of all waste discharges along the
estuary Is about 50 percent of the raw load"; and (2) "Over-
all, the total municipal and Industrial waste load, prior to
reduction, 1s expected to more than double by 1975."
Putting these two points together would seem to
Indicate that we would have to achieve an overall removal of
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better than 100 percent of the organic pollution load just 1n
order to maintain the present quality. While this conclusion
1s not entirely justified, 1t does serve to emphasize the need
for drastic and Immediate action.
I think we all recognize that the Delaware
Estuary must continue to serve a multitude of uses: Com-
mercial navigation and recreational boating and swimming;
water supply and municipal and Industrial waste dilution and
assimilation; and yet must st'll serve as a food base and
habitat for fish, shellfish and other aquatic organisms.
The key point 1n all this, however, 1s that no one use should
be permitted to damage, reduce or eliminate the other equally
Important uses.
I would like to look for a moment at the basic
structure of estuarlne ecology. As a biologist, I see this
as basic to the future existence of anything viable 1n this
region.
In the Department of the Interior's publication,
"Man, An Endangered Species?", 1s the statement, "Nowhere 1s
man's battle to preserve and utilize his environment more
Important than 1n the nation's estuaries." I would add that
nowhere Is the problem more complex. An infinite variety of
combinations of fresh and salt, and warm and cold water are
being mixed and swirled together with the changing tides and
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currents. The only thing constant is change. As we add to
the natural mix, man's contributions 1n the form of municipal
and industrial waste discharge; silt particles from upstream
farms and developments; insecticides and fertilizers from
land runoff; heat from electric generating plants--we have a
mix which 1s equaled nowhere else 1n nature.
The food chain on which the entire ecology of the
Atlantic Coastal shelf 1s based has Its origin 1n large part
In the photosynthetlc process carried on by the algae that
form the greenish slime on the mud banks of our tidal flats.
Here 1s where the nitrogen, phosphorus, carbon dioxide and
water are put together to form the protein food which, through
a long chain of small protozoa, crustaceans and other Inverte-
brates, finally becomes the meat and energy of clams, oysters,
fish and duck.
In turn, the excretions of these organisms, being
broken down by bacteria, are wafted by the tides back to the
algae factories to renew the cycle. Sunlight energy 1s really
the only thing consumed In this Intricately balanced cycle.
The complex Is vast enough and varied enough to
absorb tremendous shocks, which It surely has had. But it
cannot take much more?
But you people don't need a lecture on estuarlne
ecology. Just keep In mind that 65 percent of all commercial
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f1sh harvested 1n the United States spend all or part of
their lives 1n estuaries.
In short, I'm saying that some basic decisions on
conflicting uses must be resolved. We now have enough tech-
nical knowledge to predict the probable outcome of various
decisions. In my opinion, preserving the ecological habitat
so that 1t 1s not completely destroyed takes priority over
all other considerations. The organisms living 1n these
waters are the purifiers and filtering systems which make 1t
possible for us to exist adjacent to the estuary.
Beyond this we must weigh the needs of Industry,
recreation, water supply and waste disposal against the
ecological background and against each other.
Since the fresh water streams and rivers contri-
bute so much to the estuary 1n the form of fresh water, silt
and pollution, 1t 1s essential to consider the entire drainage
area in any planning for the estuary. I would suggest that
serious consideration be given to developing a comprehensive
land use plan for those portions of Pennsylvania, New Jersey
and Delaware which border the estuary. Certainly there
should be industrial development along the estuary, but the
recreational potential 1s also tremendous. To lose one at the
expense of the other would be very shortsighted.
So what is needed, I believe, is a plan which will
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encourage development 1n a manner planned to be compatible
with other beneficial uses. Such a plan must, of course,
provide for effective pollution control measures.
As to the agency capable of doing this planning,
the Delaware River Basin Commission seems to be Ideally suited
for this gigantic undertaking. Certainly the states cannot
do 1t by themselves. While the Commission, as a partnership
of States and Federal Government, could bring together all
levels of thinking to produce such a comprehensive land use
plan or plan of development, 1f you will.
Thank you for your patience and for the oppor-
tunity to make this statement.
CHAIRMAN KLASHMAN: Thank you, Mr. Carson. Would
you wait one moment to see If there are any questions?
Mr. Jensen, do you have any questions?
MR. JENSEN: You mentioned the need for a com-
prehensive land use plan. Do you have any Ideas or thoughts
on the problems of physical modification, dredging, filling,
the other changes that may physically change the shape of the
estuary? Should this be part of this comprehensive plan?
MR. CARSON: Very definitely in my estimation,
yes. Land doesn't end at the banks of the river.
MR. HOWLETT: Mr. Carson, that was a very nice
statement that you presented.
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MR. CARSON: Thank you, Mr. Hewlett.
MR. HOWLETT: I wonder If the Commissioners of
Bucks County would go so far 1n proposing this thing If In
the Interests of time It was necessary financially support
part of this study?
MR. CARSON: I think the financial support of
Bucks County would be represented by the Interests of the
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.
CHAIRMAN KLASHMAN: Mr. Bryson, do you have any
questions?
MR. BRYSON: No.
CHAIRMAN KLASHMAN: Mr. Shaw?
MR. SHAW: No.
CHAIRMAN KLASHMAN: Mr. Luley?
MR. LULEY: No.
CHAIRMAN KLASHMAN: Thank you very much, Mr.
Carson.
Mr. Howlett, 1s this proposal on the part of Mr.
Carson tied In at all with the thoughts which the Commission
has on regional planning?
MR. HOWLETT: The answer to that 1s yes, 1t 1s,
but as my question might Indicate, the timing of when 1t can
be completed 1s of some concern, and the study of the scope
that was suggested here will take some time and will take some
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£0—
money. We have already undertaken certain studies of land
uses within the entire Delaware River Basin. They were basic
data type of studies, and they would be the beginning of what
Mr. Carson 1s asking for but not the end of what he 1s asking
for. But they are certainly within our line of thinking.
CHAIRMAN KLASHMAN: Thank you very much.
Mr. Morris B. Smith, Vice Chairman, Water
Resources Commission, Chemical Industry Council of New Jersey.
MR. MORRIS B. SMITH: Thank you, Mr. Klashman.
Ladles and gentlemen:
My name Is Morris B. Smith, and I am here to
present the views of the Chemical Industry Councils of
Delaware and New Jersey.
Each council 1s an organization representing the
chemical manufacturers 1n their respective states. The
chemical Industry 1s an Important contributor to the wealth
of the Delaware Estuary and neighboring states. For example,
1n New Jersey, the state with the largest chemical Industry
1n the country, we pay over one million dollars to employ
100,000 people 1n over 1100 establishments, producing about
four billion dollars 1n products. As major users of water,
both fresh and brackish, our companies are and have been
concerned and active participants 1n water resources manage-
ment. It 1s from this experience 1n the past, our problems
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of today and our planning and concern for the future, that we
offer our comments.
Our main thesis is simple. The wise use of our
total water resources, Including estuarlne and coastal zones,
depends necessarily on, one, obtaining the facts and recog-
nizing the fancy. Two, continually updating our knowledge.
And, three, balancing these values to achieve a sound program.
These must be emphasized to keep our goals continually 1n
tune with reality. Our Industry has publicly supported broad
objectives to Improve water quality where such Improvements
are necessary.
In the Delaware Basin and 1n the upper reaches
of the estuary pollution control 1s a highly complex aspect
of water resource management. We support water pollution
control agencies 1n both of our states In their efforts to
classify streams and establish water quality standards.
In this supporting role, the New Jersey Council,
for example, has actively participated 1n all stream classi-
fication hearings held by the New Jersey Department of Health
and the Delaware River Basin Commission bearing on the
astuarlan water quality standards. In addition, many of our
Individual member companies participated directly 1n these
hearings as well as 1n the Advisory Committee of the
Delaware Estuary Comprehensive Study of the Federal Water
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Pollution Control Administration.
There are three circumstances which make the
Delaware River Estuary especially worthy of consideration 1n
formulating your report to Congress. They are, one, the heavy
demands which have and will be placed on this water resource;
two, the unique study which has been made of the pollution
problem; and, three, the Institutional arrangement which
exists and 1s carrying out action programs.
The first circumstance I am sure you are aware of
and can be documented most effectively by others.
The second circumstance, the Delaware Estuary
Comprehensive Study, you are also well aware of, as 1t 1s the
result of your own labors. However, let me mention a few
points which are outstanding 1n our minds. The study was a
federal undertaking at the request of local governmental
agencies. It was carried out 1n a manner which evolved a
real spirit of cooperation among those who are Interested and
who participated. Industry's contribution through use of
manpower to gather data, review material submitted by study
personnel, and to make suggestions, has been conservatively
estimated at a quarter of a million dollars. The federal
contribution has been well over a million dollars. The study
began 1n 1961 and will hopefully have Its final report
released to the public this year--a time span of seven years.
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A technical uniqueness of the study was the
development and use of computerized mathematical models to
simulate the effects of pollution control 1n the estuary
under many given sets of conditions.
Finally, a serious attempt was made to estimate
the economic balance at several levels of pollution control.
As with most pioneering efforts, the mathematical models and
economic balances, although only approximately accurate, were
real steps forward and of great value. It should be under-
stood, however, that the model merely represents a first
approximation of the complex Interrelationships actually
existing 1n the total estuary, subject to our best present
technical capabilities. Consequently, some of the projections
based on the model may not In fact be achieved.
This major federal study of the estuary using
advanced, although at present imperfect technical competence,
gives us a wealth of historical data from which to work.
Continuous effort 1s needed to keep the basic data current
and the conclusions drawn therefrom timely.
The third circumstance, our existing Institutional
arrangement, the Delaware R1vyr Basin Commission, gives us
the mechanism whereby theplltlcal realities of any control
program can be evolved and implementing action taken. With
almost seven years of functioning, the Commission is detnon-
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strating Its effectiveness 1n basin-wide water resources
control.
We recommend that In your report to Congress this
concept of basin-wide water management be stressed as the
proper direction to take for estuarlne as well as non-
estuarine areas of any basin. That management should be
regional to best reflect the needs and desires of the people
who live 1n and use that basin.
It 1s not generally recognized and appreciated
that the expected water quality Improvements in the estuary
may not be obtained or achieved as planned. While the very
best technical knowledge available 1s being used, 1t may
prove Insufficient as a basis for forecasting the complexities
and uncertainties encountered. Conversely, the current gloom
about the probable availability of financial aid for the
public projects Involved Is widely recognized. The harsh
realities of relative priorities among the various demands
placed on government and its resources may cause delay, hope-
fully of only a temporary nature.
In conclusion, we wish to reiterate the fact that
the upper Delaware Estuary has been and will continue to be a
complex urban area. The population will grow. Jobs must be
provided for many more people. Thus commerce and Industry,
Including the chemical Industry, must also grow. It Is 1n
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25
this area that the principal value of the upper Delaware
Estuary area lies.
On the other hand, In the bay portion of the
estuary, by tradition and probably by needs and desires of
the people in the basin, the principal values are fishing,
shellflshlng, wild life propagation, recreation, and allied
uses. By careful management of the heavy demands which we
place on this water resource, the growth of all of these
values can be maintained.
CHAIRMAN KLASHMAN: Thank you, Mr. Smith. Would
you wait just a moment.
Mr. Jensen, do you have any questions?
MR. JENSEN: You have spoken about the need for
applying a regional concept, regional management concepts,
for water quality. Do you think that this same regional con-
cept should apply for, as Mr. Carson suggested, development
of a broad use plan?
MR. SMITH: Yes. Integration of multiple uses
can only be accomplished through a single agency.
MR. JENSEN: This would be land use as well as
water use?
MR. SMITH: Well, the Council has not studied It
through the Implications of land use completely. It would
appear that this would be a necessary accompaniment.
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?s
MR. JENSEN: In terms of the estuarlan studies,
this 1s about the twelfth of these state meetings that we
have held. In almost every one of them thus far several of
the speakers have pointed to the need for the development of
regional land use plans as a necessary adjunct to the long-
term management of this estuarlne resource. I think what I am
asking here Is, do you believe that this same regional
approach then should be used for land planning and for
physical modification as you have suggested for water quality?
MR. SMITH: I cannot see how It can be avoided,
sir.
MR. JENSEN: How could such a plan be developed?
How would one go about this?
MR. SMITH: I am not prepared to answer this
completely. As I say, the Implications with regard to
regional land development has not been explored fully by the
Council, and I would prefer not to make any additional com-
ments at the present time on this.
MR. JENSEN: Well, what do you think might be the
best course of action then to get the Ideas of the Council?
Would they like to consider this sort of a problem?
MR. SMITH: Yes; I think since 1t will Influence
Industrial development on the land regions surrounding our
estuaries, Inevitably they will be involved and therefore will
,
II
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2X.
be considering this.
MR. JENSEN: So that the same general approach
then might over the long term be taken that you have taken 1n
the past with water quality?
MR. SMITH: Yes, precisely.
MR. JENSEN: Thank you very much.
CHAIRMAN KLASHMAN: Hr. Bryson?
MR. BRYSON: You mentioned that certain projections
would not be met or could not be met. I assume you are
talking about the water quality goals. Which particular
goals do you feel cannot be met and why?
MR. SMITH: S1r» I think 1f you will read the
statement, the statement was not that they will not be met
but that they may not be met, and this 1s simply an estimate
based upon the areas of uncertainty and the Incompleteness
Insofar as the background Information. We are dealing with
areas of probability rather than certainty here, and there
are certain ecological factors which have not been completely
defined as yet, the whole role of algal growth that the pre-
vious speaker referred to, the question of eutrophlcatlon,
not 1n Its complete sense, as It applies to lakes, what effect
removal of certain Ingredients from the aquatic environment
will have on the end result 1s an estimate rather than a
certainty, and It 1s 1n this sense that we are simply raising
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23
the prospect that goals which have been defined on the basis
\
of the Information available, that the setting of the goals
might not be achievable simply by accomplishment of the
aspects of a specific program.
It 1s In this sense that we have Indicated the
need for dynamics for a re-evaluat1on, continual re-evaluat1on
based upon the accumulation of additional Information, addi-
tional data.
MR. BRYSON: I certainly agree with you that we
need more studies--
MR. SMITH: Continuing studies, sir.
MR. BRYSON: I hope 1f you can be more specific--
and 1f you don't care to at this time, would you do 1t later
for the benefit of those who have to guide such programs and
be more specific as to exactly the point you are trying to
approach. I think 1t Is Important 1f we want to reach these
goals for you to state not generalities but to a specific
point.
MR. SMITH: Again I will emphasize that we are
not stating that goals will not be reached. We are simply
drawing attention to the fact that these goals may not be
reached because of the uncertainties that associate with the
basic Information upon which achievement of objectives was
based and formulated.
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29
At the bottom of Page 2 the statement 1s that the
expected water quality Improvements 1n theestuary may not be
obtained as planned. It 1s not that they will not be obtained
as planned.
CHAIRMAN KLASHMAN: Mr. Shaw, do you have any
questlons?
MR. SHAW: No.
CHAIRMAN KLASHMAN: Mr. Luley?
MR. LULEY: No, I haven't.
CHAIRMAN KLASHMAN: Mr. Howlett?
MR. HOWLETT: No.
CHAIRMAN KLASHMAN: Thank you very much, Mr.
Smlth.
I should now like to call on Mrs. R. J. Kallal,
Delaware Delegate to the League of Women Voters.
MRS. R. J. KALLAL: I am Mrs. Robert Kallal of
Wilmington, Delaware, representing the Interleague Council
of the Delaware, which Is made up of the League of Women
Voters of Delaware, New Jersey, New York and Pennsylvania.
The Interleague Council was formed 1n 1958, and
1t represents 23,000 league members 1n the Delaware River
service area. One of Its first undertakings was the study of
and subsequently support for the compact which established the
Delaware River Basin Commission.
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an
As a citizens group,known to be Interested 1n
long-range planning for water resources development, and as a
group organized on a bas1n-w1de basis, the Interleague Council
was asked to participate 1n the activities of the Water Use
Advisory Committee of the Delaware Estuary Study 1n 1961 to
1966. In order that an Interleague Council representative
might take part 1n the deliberations of th1,s committee, mem-
bers from a number of local leagues 1n the basin were con-
sulted on what they believed were reasonable and desirable
uses for various sections of the Delaware Estuary.
Speaking 1n broad terms, league members believe
that present uses of the estuary should be continued and
enhanced, Including navigation, pleasure boating, sport and
t
commercial fishing, swimming, protection of wild life, In-
dustrial water supply, and carefully regulated waste dis-
posal .
The League feels 1t 1s Important to stress the
need for water based recreation and would like to see water 1n
the estuary of sufficiently high quality that swimming and
boating couldbe enjoyed, at least below Mston Point, but
hopefully even above that point closer to the more densely
populated areas. With the Increasing amount of leisure time
for all citizens, Is 1t not sensible to plan for more attrac-
tive waterfront areas for active and passive recreation?
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11
At the O.R.B.C. hearing on Water Quality for the
Delaware River Basin, the Interleague Council of the Delaware
testified 1n support of objective set 2. It was our belief
then, and 1t 1s now, that the highest standard technically
possible and financially feasible should beour ultimate goal.
We believe the public Is willing to pay for
pollution abatement and the upgrading of our environment 1f
properly Informed of the undesirable alternatives and lead
by reasonable men and women. The emphasis should be on the
kind of environment we want for ourselves and for our future
generations.
Thank you.
CHAIRMAN KLASHMAN: Thank you very much, Mrs.
Kallal.
MRS. KALLAL: Any questions?
MR. JENSEN: Just one question about the League's
position or the League's past Interest 1n the development of
a comprehensive land use plan, such as Mr. Carson has sug-
gested. Has this been discussed?
MRS. KALLAL: This has not been a study on a
national basis. We have favored planning which would be
reasonable 1n nature, yes. I can state that 1n a general
sort of way.
Does that answer 1t or not?
-------
MR. JENSEN: Thank you.
CHAIRMAN KLASHMAN: Mr. Bryson, do you have any
questlons?
MR. BRYSON: Not a question but thank you very
much for your statement, and we would like to have your con-
tinued cooperation 1n the study and want to thank you for
your past efforts.
MRS. KALLAL: Thank you.
CHAIRMAN KLASHMAN: Mr. Shaw?
MR. SHAW: I wou-ld like to add to that that we In
New Jersey have always appreciated the cooperation and sup-
port of the League.
MRS. KALLAL: Thank you.
CHAIRMAN KLASHMAN: Mr. Luley?
MR. LULEY: No.
CHAIRMAN KLASHMAN: Mr. Howlett?
MR. HOWLETT: Yes, I have a question. I, too,
like the League, but I have a question on It.
MRS. KALLAL: That 1s all right.
MR. HOWLETT: I wonder If the League has ever
made a study of this matter of land zoning or zoning of
private property and, 1f so, what position 1t may have taken
In regard to at what level of government It would see this
desirable objective.
-------
MRS. KALLAL: We study things on three levels as
we have three levels of government. We have on the local
area studied planning and zoning, yes, and of local positions.
We have also 1n our study of the Delaware favored
considering regions Individually, but we don't have any--
posslbly one of my colleagues can answer this better than I--
but we don't have any position that I know of as to whether
the planning should be done, I assume you mean on state,
national or local level--1s this 1t?
MR. HOWLETT: Yes, that was the question.
MRS. KALLAL: No, we don't, except that we support
the concept of the D.R.B.C. of cooperation between the states.
That 1s about as far as I can go.
MR. HOWLETT: Thank you.
CHAIRMAN KLASHMAN: Again we thank you and the
25,000 members of the League 1n this area.
I would like again to ask that 1f any of you have
prepared statements and you do not have copies, 1f you would
let the secretary at the entrance to this room borrow your
copy just briefly, we would like to make some Xerox copies
before you make your statement, 1f this Is possible.
I should now like to call on Mr* Ralph L. Dodge,
Executive Vice President, Upper Chesapeake Watershed Associa-
tion, Inc.
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31
MR. RALPH L. DODGE: Mr. K1ashman, ladles and
gentlemen:
You have heard my position. I want to apologize
and explain first briefly why an outsider like myself should
be crashing a meeting of the Middle Atlantic Division of the
Water Pollution Control Administration which represents the
Northeast section of the country, four states here, and the
subject of my short paper today will be the Upper Chesapeake
Bay, which Is not even In the region. But there are three
reasons for doing that.
The donors and members of our association, most
of them live 1n the State of Delaware permanently and get
their recreation on the waters of the Upper Chesapeake Bay,
perhaps In part because of the present condition of the
Delaware Bay, which Is the subject of today's talks.
The second reason Is that most of the recreational
users of those waters come not from Maryland but from
Pennsylvania, Delaware, New York and New Jersey, for perhaps
the same reason.
And, thirdly, the proposed pilot project which I
will discuss briefly this morning may be of interest to pri-
vate organizations In the Northeastern Region of the Federal
Water Pollution Control and perhaps might 1n part be modified
or copied by them. It 1s Intended to be a contribution, con-
1
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trolled contribution, to the Federal Mater Pollution Control
Administration's excellent work that 1s now going on.
I will read the short paper.
The Upper Chesapeake Watershed Association, Inc.,
"UCWA", established In 1950, 1s a non-profit association of
178 residents and property owners of Cecil, Harford and Kent
Counties of Maryland. Its primary aim 1s to encourage
conservation and beneficial use of the natural resources of
the watershed.
The UCWA, with the help and approval of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, the Maryland
Department of Water Resources, the Maryland Department of
Chesapeake Bay Affairs, the Maryland Department of Health,
the Maryland Natural Resources Institute, and the Chesapeake
Bay Institute, has completed plans for a pilot project to
assemble available data, both published and unpublished, on
the water quality, (chemical, physical, bacteriological and
biological) of six estuaries of the Upper Chesapeake Bay.
The Wye Institute of Cheston-on-Wye, Queenstown, Maryland,
has agreed to share the costs of this pilot project with the
UCWA.
The Wye Institute 1s a non-profit organization
chartered by the State of Maryland In 1963 to work with the
people and Institutions of the nine counties of the Eastern
1
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3fi
Shore of Maryland 1n their efforts to strengthen and expand
educational, cultural and economic opportunities.
The six estuaries to be Includedln this project
are: (1) the Susquehanna River, from Conowlngo Dam to the
mouth; (2) Furnace Bay; (3) the North East River, from the
Town of North East to the mouth; (4) the Elk River, from
Route 40 to Turkey Point, Including the C & D Canal from the
Maryland-Delaware line to Welch Point; (5) the Bohemia River
from "fresh" (as the biologists or ecologlsts call 1t) to
Town Point; and (6) the Sassafras River, from "fresh" to
Grove Point.
The literature and files of state, federal, county
municipal, and private agencies that have worked 1n this field
will be diligently searched for records of water quality
measurements of the past.
I will depart from the text for a moment to say
that Mr. Smith's very apt phrase, to obtain the facts and
recognizing the fancy 1n present water quality opinions, 1s
pertinent here. We hope to dig the facts out of the hidden
records.
To come back to the text now, the search will be
made under contract with the Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia. Scientists from the staff of Dr. Ruth Patrick,
Chairman of the Limnology Department of the Academy, will
>
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37
collect the data and transpose them Into the form required
for storage In the Federal Water Pollution Control Administra-
tion's (FWPCA) "STORET" system. This Is a trade name. The
STORET Is a system of using electronic computers for the
storage and retrieval of data for water quality control.
When the search has been completed, Dr. Patrick
will prepare a report written 1n laymen's terms that will
present the relative condition of specified sections of the
six estuaries. Particular attention will be called to the
Indications from past measurements as to the relative degree
of pollution at specific locations. Significant trends 1n
water quality data taken over periods of time will also be
displayed. Those sections where reliable Information about
water quality 1s lacking will be clearly Indicated.
Dr. Patrick's report will aid 1n showing the
future actions that will be needed If Cecil County's estuaries
are to be made or kept suitable for the uses designated in
our Maryland Mater Quality Standards.
If the results of this first part of the pilot
project seem to warrant 1t, the work will be continued on the
waters of Cecil County's fresh water streams (B1g Elk Creek,
Prlnclplo Creek, Octoraro Creek, Bohemia River, above "fresh",
and Sassafras River, above "fresh").
If this project works out as well as we believe 1t
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3a
will, other citizens' groups Interested In the waters of
Chesapeake Bay can contribute 1n a like manner. Such Infor-
mation 1s not now readily available. If assembled 1n usable
form 1t will serve the needs of the many state, county,
municipal and private agencies working 1n the fields of water
quality control, Industrial plant location, or sanitary
eng1neerlng.
CHAIRMAN KLASHMAN: Thank you, Mr. Dodge. Mr.
Jensen, do you have any questions?
MR. JENSEN: I have no questions.
CHAIRMAN KLASHMAN: Mr. Bryson?
MR. BRYSON: No.
CHAIRMAN KLASHMAN: Mr. Shaw?
MR. SHAW: No.
CHAIRMAN KLASHMAN: Mr. Luley?
MR. LULEY: No.
CHAIRMAN KLASHMAN: Mr. Howlett?
MR. HOWLETT: I didn't get at the opening of your
remarks whether you are a professional man or are presenting
this on behalf of a professional group.
MR. DODGE: I am presenting 1t as Executive Vice
President of the Upper Chesapeake Watershed Association, a
citizens organization, as 1t is stated, Interested 1n
encouraging conservation and beneficial use of the natural
i
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39
resources of that watershed.
MR. HOWLETT: I have some Interest 1n some
biological overtones. Are you a biologist?
MR. DODGE: No. I am a chem1st--an ex-chem1st;
put 1t that way.
MR. HOWLETT: Thank you.
CHAIRMAN KLASHMAN: Thank you very much, Mr. Dodge.
We would now like to call on Mr. W. H. Roach,
MR. W. H. ROACH: Mr. Klashman, members of the
commlttee:
My name 1s W. H. Roach and I ^appear here today on
behalf of the Industrial Subcommittee of the Technical
Advisory Committee. (TAC) of the Delaware Estuary Comprehensive
Study (DECS)-Federal Water Pollution Control Administration.
On our Subcommittee are representatives of 44 Industrial
companies with plants located on or near the estuary and
dependent on 1t for water supply or waste disposal or both.
We wish to express our views on the problems and opportunities
you have 1n dealing with water quality management in the
estuarlne areas of our country. First of all, however, we
wish to commend FWPCA for searching out the views of all who
have a concern for the use of our estuaries. These are,
perhaps, among the least understood of our many national
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40
resources.
As you know, our Subcommittee was formed by DECS
over four years ago to participate 1n providing technical
assistance to the federal study of water quality problems 1n
the upper portion of the Delaware Estuary. The TAC Itself
contained, In addition, representation from the technical
staffs of the Delaware River Basin Commission, the pollution
control agencies of Delaware, New Jersey and Pennsylvania,
the City of Philadelphia as well as from such federal agencies
as the Bureau of Outdoor Recreation and the F1sh and Wildlife
Service. DECS also established a Water Use Advisory Committee
to obtain Indications of and specific recommendations on the
needs and desires of a broad cross-section of the people 1n
this area on what water quality 1s needed for various water
uses. That committee, Incidentally, was set up by DECS with
representation from about 90 groups. There were 11 groups on
the Recreation, Conservation, F1sh and Wildlife Subcommittee,
17 on the General Public Subcommittee, 21 on the Local
Governments and Planning Agencies Subcommittee, and 41
Industrial companies and associations representing 8 broad
categories of products manufacture on the Industry Subcom-
mittee. The Water Use Subcommittees were asked to find out
from their member organizations what uses, needs and objec-
tives they sought for the waters of the estuary. These
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41
!
organizations had to state what uses they now make of the
waters and what they hope to make 1n the future. They were
asked to state, qualitatively, how water quality affects these
uses and then, quantitatively, what levels of various water
quality Indicators would be needed to attain these uses and,
hopefully, what could be feasibly attained.
Both the TAC and WUAC Industrial' subcommittees
worked with DECS 1n obtaining cooperation with Industrial
plants 1n developing such Information as waste loadings, waste
reduction cost data, estimates of the effects of Improved
water quality on Industry and gave several suggestions on
the technical aspects of the DECS program. For example, our
Industrial Subcommittees proposed, during the DECS work, that
economic comparisons of costs and benefits for water quality
Improvement programs should consider, not only capital costs,
but also operating and maintenance costs. We assisted DECS
1n getting such Information from Industrial plants along the
estuary. Another concept we suggested was that of uniform
treatment by zones 1n the estuary.
We engaged Dr. D. J. O'Connor of Manhattan
College, an Internationally recognized expert on pollution
of estuaries, to make an independent review of the DECS
mathematical approach to gain better understanding of Its
findings on the part of the astvary^ While he agreed that the
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42
basic mathematical model of DECS was valid, there were still
many unknowns about the technical aspects of pollution 1n the
Delaware. O'Connor concluded* for example, that the existing
zone of active nitrification 1n the Delaware might shift after
future waste treatment steps. This could significantly alter
the dissolved oxygen pattern expected. For your further
Information, I attach to my statement a copy of Dr. O'Connor's
report.
CHAIRMAN KLASHMAN: Mr. Roach, the copy of Dr.
O'Connor's report will be placed 1n our files and used by the
group that Is preparing the report, but we will not Include
1t In this writing.
MR. ROACH: That Is satisfactory.
CHAIRMAN KLASHMAN: It will be attached as an
exhibit.
MR. ROACH: That 1s satisfactory, yes.
Our TAC continues to work with DECS 1n the
carrying out of Its program and we are, even now, providing
an avenue whereby the final DECS report can be discussed from
a technical viewpoint before final Issue.
I have dwelt at length on the roles and functions
of advisory groups 1n the conduct of the DECS program. I
have done this because such advisory groups have played a
significant and useful role 1n helping DECS develop a factual
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43
understanding of many of the water quality problems and their
solution 1n the Delaware. Ue believe that this was the first
such intimate large-scale association of the many members of
the water users community with those responsible for seeking
and developing the technical solutions to estuarlne water
quality management programs.
We urge that, In its final report to Congress of
the National Estuarlne Pollution Study, FWPCA Include a
section on how to sound out the views and opinions of the
users of those estuaries receiving individual study. We sug-
gest that the advisory committee concept of the DECS program
be recommended a* the basic pattern for seeking such views
and opinions. After all, no two estuaries are alike, not
only 1n their physical, chemical and biological structure,
but each 1s different from the standpoint of usage by man.
Each estuary contributes to our national resources 1n a unique
way. Some contribute most by acting as recreational resources
some by acting as fisheries resources, while still others by
providing the broad backbone of large, complex urban areas
with large populations dependent on the commerce and industry
that grew up on those particular estuaries.
In the Guidelines for this meeting, you sought
views and positions on specific types of questions. While
our Subcommittee 1s not 1n a position to comment 1n detail on
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44
any of these, we wish to speak 1n general terms about some.
1. Values of an Estuary: As we pointed out
earlier, each estuary 1s unique as a national resource.
Putting this another way, the distribution of Its values
among aesthetic, recreational, fisheries, wildlife development,
commercial or Industrial usage varies tremendously. Some of
those usages are well established, some are 1n process of
development, while still others await the future. To try to
place a value on each usage for any estuary without detailed
study would be the height of misguidance, not only to
political leaders but to the public.
Turning to the Delaware, we can see how that
distribution of usage values varies as we proceed downriver
from Trenton to the sea. The upper reaches, for example, are
beyond the reach of salt water Intrusion except during the
severest droughts. Thus, public water supply, either by
direct Intake or by natural recharge of groundwater, 1s a
highly significant use. On the other hand, the summertime
saltiness 1n the stretch from Philadelphia to the Chesapeake
and Delaware Canal does not prevent commercial and Industrial
use from contributing to the health and well-being of about
4.5 million people. The population 1s expected to double
within the next five decades. The productivity of the upper
estuary, according to DRBC figures, is expected to grow five
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45
times 1n the 50-year period, from the year 1960 to 2010.
It 1s obvious to a traveler In this stretch of
the estuary that commercial and industrial use 1s the most
significant here. It 1s important to recognize that the
present and future values and uses of estuaries are deter-
mined by past development. The upper Delaware Estuary has
grown because of its attractiveness to people and commerce.
To try to change that pattern of development to conform to
new uses requiring very costly changes 1n water quality should
be given careful and searching thought. For example, the
upper estuary does not provide extensive bathing facilities.
Bathing and swimming are not done, not primarily because of
water quality, but because signiflcantfaclHties along the
shores to serve the population involved do not exist, nor are
likely to be created.
Below the canal stretch the large tidal marshes
on both sides of the estuary. Here the values are not well
established, nor even well understood. We know that many
commercially significant fisheries depend on these marshes.
The aesthetic enjoyment of these unique marshes is highly
significant. The shellfIsheries industry 1s 1n this portion
of the estuary.
The above 1s but the briefest of looks at the many
uses of the Delaware Estuary. But it 1s obvious that the
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46
distribution of uses 1s un1que--1t cannot be applied to any
other estuary. Thus, we recommend that this sense of unique-
ness of each Individual estuary be highlighted 1n your report
to Congress and your reports to the public.
2. Damage by Pollution: The Sport Fishing
Institute, 1n Its Bulletin of January-February, 1968, defines
pollution as the Impairment of water quality to a degree that
adversely affects any beneficial use. In other words, If a
desired use 1s not Impaired, pollution does not exist. This
concept was also touched upon by President Johnson In his
Conservation message to Congress, March 8, 1968. In a section
on pollution problems andwater quality standards, he stated:
"Water quality standards must be set for entire
bodies of water, varying from place to place depending
on the water's use."
The Delaware River Basin Commission used essen-
tially the same Idea In Its Regulations adopted last March
and approved by the Secretary of the Interior. It established
that assimilative capacities for various water quality para-
meters be allocated among dischargers when necessary. This
Idea of what constitutes pollution should be Included as a
basic cornerstone of your report to Congress.
How to use our estuaries and minimize pollution.
In the above sense, will require large expenditures of public
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47
funds. This was shown by the DECS group In their work. They
also answered, to a degree, the question you raise on the
damage by pollution. They did this by stating the benefits
to be gained from raising water quality levels, dissolved
oxygen In particular. In their preliminary report, they found
that the value of benefits was relatively Insensitive to water
quality Improvement once a fairly small Improvement was made.
For example, for the four Improvement sets of water quality
objectives, the benefits Increased about 30 percent from the
lowest to the highest set. On the other hand, costs to ac-
complish the water quality Improvement rose almost 500 percent
from the lowest to highest Improvement set.
These figures are from the DECS preliminary report
of 1966. While we understand that new figures have been
developed, showing higher costs as well as benefits, the
decision on the water quality criteria adopted was made at the
time when the stated costs exceeded benefits.
We urge, 1n your report to Congress, that you
acquaint the legislators with the problem of costs, 1n some
cases, exceeding benefits 1n unnecessarily raising water
quality of highly urbanized estuaries such as the upper
Delaware.
We wish, also, to sound a note of warning, however,
on improvement of water quality 1n the Delaware Estuary.
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48
The Delaware River Basin Commission and the States of
Delaware, New Jersey and Pennsylvania are embarking on a
program of water quality Improvement on a scale never before
tried 1n one geographic area. The timetable envisioned today
will not be the one we look at tomorrow. Events 1n the
world far beyond the shores of the Delaware will affect that
timetable. Even as the program progresses, water quality
Improvement will be slow.
There are many unknown factors of a technical
nature which could adversely affect the results expected.
For these reasons then, you must not lead Congress and the
general public to expect rapid and miraculous Improvement.
No vast recreational areas will open up along the river
between Philadelphia and Wilmington which 1s where most of
the people are. This is an urban, commercial and Industrial
area. Its use pattern 1s set. Therefore, from a technical
point of view, so Is Its water quality pattern. To drasticall
change that pattern would really mean moving the people away
and relocating the commerce and Industry. This 1s not likely
to happen. So, for this reason, 1t would be the height of
misguidance and cruelty to lead the public to expect something
from present water quality Improvement programs which 1s not
likely to materialize.
3. System of Management: As pointed out earlier,
r
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49
the Delaware 1s a multi-use estuary, varying from place to
place. To set one use paramount at all times and places would
be highly undesirable. Somehow, you must first find out how
and where the many uses are, and how they can be protected
and nourished. Some uses Impinge on one another and you
must define the boundaries of Infringement. Decisions are
then needed on how these uses can be accommodated or preserved.
This Is the task of the system of management. Obviously, the
system must Include a close relationship between managers
and users. And since the spectrum of users varies widely
among estuaries, the systems of management should, perhaps,
also vary widely. From the pollution point of view, this
will depend also on the location of the estuary. Some are
wholly Intrastate, other interstate. Here on the Delaware,
our system of water quality management consists of a State-
Federal partnership. Other estuaries need only State control,
as for example, along portions of the coastal areas of New
Jersey and Delaware.
But regardless of the system of management adopted,
one of the fundamental requirements for all estuaries 1s tills:
Management must be based on facts. Facts, unfortunately, are
not always available. A case In point exists here on the
Delaware. The upper portion of the estuary has been well
studied by DECS. Obviously, we do not know all the technical
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50
factors and economic forces 1n the detail we wish. But DECS
has made considerable strides 1n the proper direction. The
Delaware Bay, on the other hand, 1s not as well known from
the water quality and water uses viewpoint. The DECS group
has plans to study the Bay 1n a manner similar to the way the
upper estuary was studied. We understand that this study has
not been funded sufficiently to be fruitful. We recommend
that such fundings be provided.
In conclusion, our Subcommittee wishes to re-
emphasize several points.
1. In managing estuarlne water quality, the need
to recognize all uses and patterns of uses 1s essential. No
two estuaries are alike or are used alike.
2. For all estuaries, and particularly for com-
plex, Intensely used estuaries, formation and use of advisory
groups of water users offers an excellent opportunity to seek
out the needs and desires of the area people,
3. Technical and economic facts are needed before
any estuarlne water quality management program can be
effectively carried out. The management program should be in
conformity with the facts, not the fantasies, of the situation
4. Estuaries are national resources that must be
protected for the maximum benefits that can be derived, whethe
they be creative of wealth for large urban populations or
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51
places of beauty where the chief value 1s aesthetic enjoyment.
5. Water quality improvement programs for large
urbanized estuaries such as the Delaware will be slow to
produce results. Care must be exercised not to promise
results which, because of factors little understood or Insuf-
ficiently studied, will not materialize. It 1s better to
promise stepwise Improvement with constant reassessment of
position, than miraculous abundance of fishes and recreation
once the stated program 1s completed.
For your Information, we are attaching hereto a
copy of all statements made by the Industrial Subcommittees of
the Delaware Estuary Comprehensive Study at all hearings on
the water quality standards and regulations pertaining to the
Delaware Estuary that have been held within the past two
years by the Delaware River Basin Commission, the State of
Delaware and the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.
CHAIRMAN KLASHMAN: Mr. Roach, these statements
agalnwlll be Included as exhibits.
MR. ROACH: Yes, sir. Thank you. That was the
purpose of them, for your guidance, not the reproduction*
CHAIRMAN KLASHMAN: Thank you very much. Mr.
Jensen?
MR. JENSEN: At one place in your paper you sort
of suggest that recreational areas are not needed in urban
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ENDORSEMENT
(Mr. Roach's Statement)
The statement before the public meeting on the National
Estuarine Pollution Study, June 27, 1968, in Wilmington, Delaware
on behalf of the Industrial Subcommittee, Technical Advisory
Committee, Delaware Estuary Comprehensive Study, is endorsed by
the following members of that Subcommittee:
Allied Chemical Corporation
Atlantic City Electric Company
Atlantic Richfield Company
Atlas Chemical Industries, Inc.
Avisun Corporation
Campbell Soup Corporation
Delmarvo Power and Light Company
E. I. duPont de Nemours Company
FMC Corporation - American Viscose Division
General Aniline and Film Corporation
Getty Oil Company
Gulf Oil Corporation
Hercules, Inc.
Mobile Oil Corporation
Monsanto Company
New Jersey Zinc Company
Patterson Parchment Paper Company
Pennsylvania Industrial Chemical Company
Pennsylvania Manufacturers Association
Philadelphia Electric Company
Publicker Industries, Inc.
Radio Corporation of America
Rohm and Haas Company
Scott Paper Company
Sinclair Refining Company
Sun Oil Company
Texaco Inc.
United States Steel Corporation
Westinghouse Electric Corporation
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52
areas. As a resident of a large urban area I am not sure I
quite agree.
MR. ROACH: Well, we were specifically speaking
of the Industrial urban complex from Philadelphia to
Wilmington where the rlverbanks are pretty well taken up by
Industrial establishments and there Is less room or facilities
there, nor do they think 1t will be developed, for recreation
along those stretches of the estuary. We don't mean to Imply
that estuaries cannot be used for recreation where facilities
are available or could be made available, but In this partic-
ular Industrial area and shipping area we think that recre-
ational benefits are not apt to materialize.
MR. JENSEN: You have mentioned the desirability
of establishing advisory groups for water uses. Would you
think that 1t might also be advantageous to establish advisor)
groups for land uses?
MR. ROACH: Oh, I think that they have to go hand
In hand, yes, sir. It was not done In this area because I
believe that the land use 1s pretty well established along
this particular stretch of the estuary, of this entire
estuary, but certainly 1n the development of future water
quality management programs on estuaries where land has to be
programmed, land use has to be programmed as well. Yes, I
should think that would be a very vital part of your entire
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53.
study and your entire program.
MR. JENSEN: Thank) you.
CHAIRMAN KLASHMAN: Mr. Bryson?
MR. BRYSON: No.
CHAIRMAN KLASHMAN: Mr. Shaw?
MR. SHAW: No.
CHAIRMAN KLASHMAN: Mr. Luley?
MR. LULEY: No.
CHAIRMAN KLASHMAN: Mr. Howlett?
MR. HOWLETT: Mr. Roach, I, too, wanted to pick
up your point on the possibility of use or development of
recreation 1n the future. My understanding of that 1s--and
I have seen the plans which the City of Philadelphia Itself
has for waterfront development for recreational purposes.
As spokesman for the Industrial Subcommittee, I wonder 1f
for the record you would mine' answering a few questions beyond
the scope of your paper, but I will limit them--
MR. ROACH: I trust you will, sir.
MR. HOWLETT: In your judgment do modern waste
treatment facilities, when properly operated, remove all
traces of petroleum from waste water?
MR. ROACH: Yes, sir. A wel1-designed plant
would--you are speaking now of hydrocarbons Included 1n the
water--a well-designed treatment plant properly operated woulc
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54
reduce the hydrocarbon content down In the order of very few
parts per ml 111on.
MR. HOWLETT: Enough to reduce a film?
MR. ROACH: Oh, yes.
MR. HOWLETT: We have heard a lot lately about
facilities locally for recapturing accidental spills of oil.
Again speaking for the Industry, not just your own facility,
Mr. Roach, do you know whether most of the refineries that
presently exist 1n this estuary are equipped with facilities
to first lock In o11 that might be accidentally spilled and
then mop 1t up?
MR. ROACH: Yes, sir, I would say thatmost of us
are equipped to handle spills of the ordinary type that might
occur. You understand, of course, that 1n general a spill
would not become a major one at a refinery unless something
really was of a catastrophic set of conditions. You can have
minor spills that could be easily contained. The oil
refineries are all prepared to contain such spills at their
own docks and areas there and to contain such spills as may
occur on land to prevent them from reaching In the river,
and I think I can say, without giving away any State secrets
amon,<| the oil Industry, we have a cooperative committee
working with the Coast Guard on cooperative efforts to work
for large scale spills or what we would Include unattached
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55
spills. Occasionally there Is oil on the river that Is not
traceable to any refinery or terminal operation but may come
from the pumping of a bilge tank, leaky barge, or something
like that, and the Coast Guard, I understand, Is taking steps
to become the Initiating agency to ask for help 1n cleaning
up such spills.
But there Is a large movement in all areas of
coastal and estuarlan waters for the Coast Guard to be the
Initiating agency 1n asking for the cooperation of oil
companies and shipping companies to assist In that.
There 1s a program 1n the harbor of Portland,
Maine. There 1s one, I believe, 1n Massachusetts. There 1s
one out 1n Hawaii. I understand the San Francisco Bay 1s
being studied along these lines of maintaining spills and
not Just letting them get away.
Now, 1n all justification, without being too
lengthy, I would like to point out that 1n the estuary we have
a considerable problem because of the fairly rapid current
movement of water with the Incoming and outgoing tides, and
the fact that we have the wind which causes the water to be
choppy, 1t 1s not a simple matter to goout and surround a
small spill and pick It up. Speed 1s of the essence, and 1t
takes a lot of work and a lot of things, but we hope to work
out a program 1n conjunction with the toast Guard 1n all
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; 56
probability to do all we can to pick up oil that 1s spilled
regardless of Its source.
MR. HOWLETT: Thank you very much.
CHAIRMAN KLASHMAN: Mr. Roach, to amplify your
statement about the work at Portland and Boston, all of our
FWPCA regional offices are 1n the process of establishing con-
tingency plans for containing oil spills on all major
estuarlan waters.
You talked 1n your statement about the water uses
and about the utilization of the assimilative capacity of the
stream. Is 1t your view that the full assimilative capacity
of the stream should be allocated?
MR. ROACH: Well, no, sir, I don't think so. It
1s like a savings account. You shouldn't draw it down to
nothing. I think that some reserve should be there for
future expansion. I think that we have to provide for other
Industries may be coming Into the area; a plant wants to
expand a little bit, 1f he 1s already up to the limits of his
treatment of the known technology at that time.
I think that the concept of a reserve assimilative
capacity In an area such as the Delaware Basin Commission
established for the estuary 1s feasible. I may not agree
with all the figures, but I think the concept 1s quite
feasible*
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5i
CHAIRMAN KLASHMAN: T ank you very much.
Mrs. Eleanor M. Webster, Conservation Foundation,
Philadelphia.
MRS. ELEANOR M. WEBSTER: Mr. Chairman, members
of the panel:
I would like to address myself first to the five
points which you made, Mr. Klashman, this morning and then to
explain briefly what the Conservation Foundation 1s doing 1n
the Delaware River Estuary.
F1 st, what do you think Is the value of the
estuary? The Conservation Foundation several years ago got
Or. Lionel Walker, who Is the Director of the Marine Laboratory
of the Department of the Interior, F1sh and Wildlife Service
at Sandy Hook, to begin a study of the Atlantic Estuarlan
Zone. This study 1s overwhelmingly showing that the great
value of the Atlantic Estuarlan Zone 1s Its continuity, and Its
continuity Is essential to the preservation of the major
commercial fishing species.
It Is a fallacy that the ocean 1s the area which
has the great productivity. The shallow estuarlan zone Is
the area which has the productivity of marine resources.
Whether or not this region Is damaged--it 1s now damaged; the
question 1s how badly Is 1t damaged and whether or not we can
restore 1t.
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Rft
Secondly, what 1s Its future? Its future depends
very heavily on the relationship of the different Federal,
State and Local Governments and how they use the Information
available. Over and over again throughout the eastern
seacoast we found that when you really got down to It,
scientists did have some pretty good Ideas of what was hap-
pening, but the degree between the Implementation of what
they have learned and the actual practice 1s too great.
Fourth, what are the best uses of the estuarlan
zone? Certainly the major use and criterion which we would
recommend 1s that the burden of proof for the destruction of
the natural productivity of the estuarlan zone be placed upon
the person or activity which would destroy such productivity.
Finally, what sort of a management system?
Certainly a comprehensive land use design 1s Important, but a
land use plan which 1s Ignored 1s of little value. We would,
recommend that there be some way that government would
Implement the plan and have the authority to do so.
Next we think that there needs to be a stronger
assertion of federal jurisdiction. In the Tldeland 011 cases
the government asserted that the government did have juris-
diction over this area, only to have the Submerged Land Acts
of 1952 give the jurisdiction of the area back to the states.
In a sense I think the Federal Government needs to say, "This
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59
Is what we feel now 1s Important," and It 1s important for the
entire country, not just the states bordering on the estuarlan
zone.
Finally, I would like to discuss what the
Conservation Foundation Is doing In the estuarlan zone.
The Foundation believes very strongly that there 1s going to
be continued development, Industrial, residential, 1n the
estuarlan zone. Therefore we have to have ways to preserve
and protect the productivity and the continuity of the zone
while allowing for this development, for an ever-Increasing
population.
Therefore we have chosen approximately a thousand-
acre marsh outside Philadelphia, the Tlnlcum Marsn In
Delaware County, and are studying it first to determine how
badly damaged the marsh area 1s. These studies are being
done by the Academy of Natural Sciences 1n Philadelphia.
Secondly, we are trying to determine the local
attitudes and work with the local people to make them realize
the Value of estuarlan areas. At present a lot of people
simply have no feeling whatsoever or just have a real dis-
taste for the marsh because they view it as something which
breathes mosquitoes and rats.
Finally we are trying to analyze the Industrial
and the governmental pressures against preservation and
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60
trying to see 1f there Is a way that a plan can be worked out
which will preserve and renew the productivity of this
thousand-acre marsh, at the same time allowing for certain
development to create the desperately needed tax base that
these local communities demand.
This program 1s 1n Its preliminary stages, and I
think will offer new directions 1n a positive manner for other
groups who may seek to preserve the continuity of the
estuarlan zone.
CHAIRMAN KLASHMAN: Thank you very much, Mrs.
Webster. Mr. Jensen?
MR. JENSEN: You mentioned that there needed to
be a strong government role 1n the development and application
of a land use plan. Do you have any specific suggestions on
that?
MRS. WEBSTER: Well, not at the moment, but I
certainly think, just from your own booklet, there are 18
federal agencies Involved In the estuarlan zone. There are
10 commissions for regional commissions. There are Innumerabl
state agencies and local agencies. The result 1s that too
frequently there 1s no action because there Is no agency that
1s willing to accept the responsibility for making what may
be a politically unpleasant decision.
MR. JENSEN: You also mentioned at some point that
i
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61
there should be a stronger assertion of federal Interest. Are
you using the terms "federal" and "national" more or less
Interchangeably?
MRS. WEBSTER: Yes, I would be, but I think that
the Federal Government needs to assert a much stronger role
1n the estuarlan zone. I think simply because of national
Interests that this Is Important because the estuarlan zone
1s a national heritage and a national asset.
MR. JENSEN: Thank you very much.
CHAIRMAN KLASHMAN: Mr. Bryson?
MR. BRYSON: No.
CHAIRMAN KLASHMAN: Mr. Shaw?
MR. SHAW: No.
CHAIRMAN KLASHMAN: Other members of the panel?
MR. HOWLETT: Mrs. Webster, does your study
attack the question of how much marshlands and what Intervals
would be needed tc maintain the flyway there and whether small
Isolated areas which may be surrounded by Industries are
beneficial 1n the maintenance of that flyway?
MRS. WEBSTER: No, 1t does not go Into this 1n
detail, although I understand that New Jersey has done some
studies In which It finds that they lose a tremendous portion
of the birds on the flyway 1f the marshes are destroyed.
What Is more serious, I think, 1s the destruction of the
-¦
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62
value of the marsh for the fish which are dependent on It
because the birds have a tendency to find other sites, and thej
do. They are more adaptable. This does not seem to be true
of the fish. They simply decline and decline a great deal.
MR. HOWLETT: Thank you.
CHAIRMAN KLASHMAN: Thank you very much, Mrs.
Webster.
Dr. William S. Galther, Associate Professor of
C1v1l Engineering, University of Delaware.
DR. WILLIAM S. GAITHER: Thank you, Mr. Chairman.
Members of the panel, ladles and gentlemen:
This statement 1s offered by the Department of
Civil Engineering at the University of Delaware. C1v11
engineers have historically been concerned with the concep-
tion* planning and design of works for the control of water
and water quality and for marine, harbor and coastal
facilities. The Department of C1v11 Engineering at the
University of Delaware continues this professional tradition
and shares the concern of all interested people 1n the threat
which domestic and Industrial pollution poses to our
estuarlan and coastal areas.
In addition to our academic duties as teachers
and researchers, our C1v1l Engineering faculty welcomes the
opportunity to work with governmental, commercial or private
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63
groups In preventing or solving pollution, coastal and oceano-
graphlc problems.
Several civil engineering faculty members have
special Interests directly related to pollution and water
resource management as well as to coastal and estuarlan
processes. Or. Shank K. Banerjl, who, by the way, 1s 1n the
front row this morning, specializes 1n sanitary and environ-
mental engineering and mlcrology.
Dr. Gerald P. Rasmeson, who will join the faculty
this fall, will strengthen the area of environmental engineer-
ing as well as offering special competence In the fields of
water resource system design and water resource management.
Dr. Robert D. Varon, Director of the Water
Resources Center at the University of Delaware, offers special
competence in the areas of groundwater hydrology, water
resources, and engineering geology.
Substantial laboratory facilities are available
at the university for research 1n these areas.
In the areas of coastal and ocean engineering,
marine structures, sediment transport and hydraulic model
studies, both Dr. William S. Gaither and Dr. Jan M. Jordan,
who will join our faculty here In the fall, offer both pro-
fessional and academic experience.
Some of the specialized areas Involving estuarlan
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64
waters 1n which we have a current Interest are, one, dissolved
oxygen balance In connection with nitrification problems in an
estuarlan system, that Is, the rates ana kinetics of nitrifi-
cation in saline waters in the presence of complex organic
matter.
Two, a feasibility study for the disposing of
treated effluent by means of a neoprene and nylon pipeline
from the Wilmington area out Into the estuary and beyond.
Three, an analogue model analysis of the brush
water-salt-water balance between the DelMarVa Peninsula and
the Delaware Estuary. The effect of changing fresh water
discharge on encroachment of salt-water Is being studied.
The Department of Civil Engineering also works
closely with the Marine Biological Laboratories at the
University and at Lewes to understand more fully the effects
of engineered works on biological life.
The university stands ready to work with any
organization, either public or private, who seeks to control
pollution and permit man to live 1n harmony with nature.
Thank you.
CHAIRMAN kLASHMAN: Thank you. Do any members
of the panel have any questions?
MR. HOWLETT: Again I am picking on you because
according to my 11st you are the only one speaking for a
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university here. If this 1s put of your field, don't
hesitate to say so.
Have you conducted any research at the University
of Delaware on toxicity of chemicals?
OR. GAITHER: None that I am aware of. Perhaps
Dr. Shank Banerjl has some Information on that?
DR. BANERJI: I think we have done some work on
the effect of boron—
CHAIRMAN KLASHMAN: Would you mind Identifying
yourself?
DR. BANERJI: My name 1s Shank K. Banerjl. I am
1n the Civil Engineering Department at the University of
Delaware, as Bill pointed out, and we are doing work on the
effect of boron on the activity of sludge or bacteria. There
has been a paper published recently on this. We did find
effect of boron on the levels of beyond 25 milligrams per
liter. Actually boron 1s Important from the point of view of
detergents. There 1s a lot of boron present 1n detergents.
So we are looking Into those aspects, and we might look Into
other aspects of toxic problems.
MR. HOWLETT: Secondly, have you conducted any
research at your university on the effects, good or bad, of
the so-called thermal pollution or thermal discharges?
DR. GAITHER: As far as the formal studies are
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66
concerned, I know of none* and I see Dr. Banerji nods his
concurrence. We are, however, Interested In this area and 1t
Is a point of considerable discussion among faculty members,
even though we have no formal study underway.
MR. HOWLETT: Do you have the capability for It?
DR. GAITHER: Yes, I believe we do.
CHAIRMAN KLASHMAN: Thank you very much, Dr.
Ga1ther.
I should now like to call on Jess W. Malcolm,
Executive Director, Chesapeake Bay Foundation.
While Mr. Malcolm 1s coming up, I should like to
explain that 1t Is certainly very appropriate, or I should
say 1t 1s not Inappropriate for someone from the Chesapeake
Bay to talk even though we are essentially talking about the
Delaware. We have set up these meetings 1n various parts of
the country merely to make 1t easier for Individuals to appear
But there 1s no reason why, 1f anybody who has not appeared
here, for example, prefers to appear at one of our later
meetings In New York, Hartford, Portland or Boston, they
should not do so.
In addition, It 1s also appropriate, because Mr.
Jensen 1s leaving us on Monday from his present position 1n
charge of this National Estuarlan Study, to take a position
as Regional Director for the Federal Water Pollution Control
>
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&2
Administration 1n our Charlottesville, Virginia, office. So
he, too, Is very much Interested 1n anything you have to say
about the Chesapeake.
MR. JESS W. MALCOLM: Thank you very much, Mr.
Klashman.
I am Jess W. Malcolm, Executive Director, the
Chesapeake Bay Foundation, and I am happy to have the
opportunity to testify at this hearing on the Impact of pol-
lution on the coastal and estuarlne waters, since this topic
1s one of primary concern to the citizens of the Chesapeake
Bay country. The Chesapeake Bay Foundation, created to act
as an agent for the public, 1s a privately supported, non-
profit charitable, educational and scientific organization
concerned solely with the welfare of Chesapeake Bay, including
the tidal tributaries, and Its existing and potential resource
values.
Estuaries provide us with another example of
nature's paradoxes. Because they constitute the Inland travel
lanes for the world's maritime commerce, they are, by nature,
focal points of heavy population and Industrial centers.
Also, because they are the terminal point of fresh water dis-
charges, they are the ultimate Inland recipient for virtually
all of man's water borne waste products, Including both the
B.O.D. active materials originating on adjacent land areas, as
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II 68
well as the biodegradable organic detrltls, produced as a
result of excessive water enrichment, that is washed in from
upstream sources. Furthermore, since estuaries serve as the
transition zone between Inland fresh waters and the salt
waters of the ocean, they are unique ecosystems which produce
many of the world's most valuable and sought after biological
products. As we can see from this brief example, the paradox
is clear, but what of the alternatives?
As a former employee of the Delaware River Basin
Commission, 1 had occasion to analyze predictive data on
waste loads entering the Delaware Estuary, as well as to
evaluate the five alternative levels of treatment (Objectives
Sets I through V), provided by the Federal Water Pollution
Control Administration as a part of their DECS study.
When plotted graphically (see attached) these data
show a tremendous spread 1n treatment requirements between
OS V, which 1s the lowest level of treatment that was pre-
sented, which was designed to maintain present level condi-
tions, and OS I, which 1s the highest level of treatment to be
given. The range was about 47 to 95 percent UOD removal--
under present conditions. However, the plottlngs also show
that as the load Increases with time, the degree of treatment
required to maintain the established untreated discharge rate
also Increases sharply. For example, with the B.O.D. discharg
i
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69
held constant, by 1975 the degree of treatment will have been
Increased to about 74 percent for OS V, and 97 percent for
OS I.
By carrying the projection to the year 2010 the
degree of treatment would have to be Increased to about 90
percent for OS V, and 98 percent for OS I, simply to maintain
the water quality status quo. As we move forward 1n time,
the five lines continue to merge Into a single line with no
discernible difference regardless of the water quality standarl
adopted. Of course this analogy presupposes that the polluted
segment of the estuary would be maintained at some stage short
of septic conditions, and that the waste would not be trans-
ported elsewhere for Instream treatment. While somewhat
different values might be used, I believe this trend would
apply equally to the other estuaries of the nation.
Thus having gone through the exercise of plotting
these data, I became convinced that there can be no long term
alternative to es-tuarlne management short of virtually com-
plete UOD and nutrient removal, for to do otherwise 1t will
become necessary, within the foreseeable future, to remove
about nine parts of B.O.D. for the privilege of releasing one
part, and then do so at the expense of a quality environment.
While our nation has developed, grown and pros-
pered by encouraging virtually unregulated use of our natural
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70
resources, we have now matured sufficiently to realize that
we are at the end of this era. Economic trade-offs notwith-
standing, the alternatives are clear. As a nation we must
now begin repairing and restoring past damages or accept, as
Inevitable, the environmental slum which mankind for centuries
has worked so diligently to escape.
I am well aware that there are those who advocate
the building of swimming pools and fishing ponds as alterna-
tives to water quality restoration in the Delaware River
Estuary; arguing on the grounds that this course of1 action 1s
economically more feasible. But is it really? This near-
sighted view merely postpones environmental restoration until
some future date when the costs will be many times greater,
than it would be were the problem fully recognized and a
solution sought now. Besides, if the FWPCA predictions are
correct, where is the economy 1n removing nine parts of UOD
and discharging one? It certainly cannot be found 1n a
polluted estuary that 1s unavailable to the many thousands of
recreatlonists who now spend millions annually to travel to
other areas of the country and world to enjoy a refreshing
swim 1n the ever diminishing supply of clean water.
Unlike the upper portion of the Delaware River
Estuary, which has one of the most severely polluted segments
1n the nation, Chesapeake Bay Is fortunate in having retained
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71
much of Its original charm and beauty. However, the telltale
signs of water quality degradation here, too, are becoming
evident. You are all aware of the greatly publicized pollu-
tion problem 1n the Potomac within the shadow of the Nation's
Capitol, and of the pollution problem 1n Baltimore Harbor.
However, in addition to these obvious problems, the upper end
of the Bay and many of the tidal tributaries are no longer
graced with sparkling blue waters, but with the brown-green
coloration of heavy algal blooms. Surveys show that nitrates
and phosphates are increasing 1n many parts of the Bay, and
that a zone of oxygenless water occurs at depths greater than
30 feet throughout much of the Bay during the summer months.
These indices of eutrophlcatlon lead experts to predict that
we are heading for a serious problem in Chesapeake Bay within
the next two decades.
While the FWPCA and other public and private
agencies have conducted a number of water quality studies in
various parts of Chesapeake Bay, the Information they have
obtained 1s not generally known to a wide segment of the
public. It 1s for this reason that we are most anxious to
suggest that similar hearings on water quality, dealing more
directly with the Chesapeake, be held in Maryland and Virginia
The Chesapeake Bay Foundation would be most happy
to assist you 1n sponsoring such hearings 1n order that we
»
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72
might come to grips with our problem before 1t Increases In
magnitude to that of the Delaware Estuary, where the funda-
mental question Is not: "Shall we have clean water?" but
"How clean shall the water be?"
Thank you.
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100
OS-I
OS-II
90
OS-Ill
OS-IV
80
DC
OS-V
60
DEGREE OF TREATMENT REQUIRED
TO MAINTAIN WATER QUALITY
IN THE ESTUARY OVER TIME
50
45
1964
1975
2010
00
TIME-YEARS
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CHAIRMAN KLASHMAN: Thank you very much, Mr.
Malcolm.
Mr. Jensen, any questions?
MR. JENSEN: Yes.
CHAIRMAN KLASHMAN: Are you talking now as
Regional Dlrector--
MR. JENSEN: I am listening as Regional Director.
Thank you very much, Mr. Malcolm. We do Intend to
have hearings of this kind or meetings of this kind 1n all of
the coastal zones of the United States. Specific plans have
not yet been made for the Chesapeake area. Presumably this
will be discussed 1n the relatively near future to develop
plans for this.
You have talked about water quality quite a bit,
but you have not said much, 1f anything, about dredging or
filling or long-term community planning, so that these
things can be related one to the other. Do you have any
thoughts on those?
MR. MALCOLM: Well, I have, of course, thoughts
on them as I do on most everything that pertains to the
Chesapeake Bay and estuarlan systems.
This question, of course, of the hearing today
is directed toward that of the question of pollution. We are
altering, drastically altering, estuarlan systems by a number
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74
of activities* not the least of which Is dredging which you
mentioned and the subsequent filling of marshes and overboard
depositions, changing the configuration of bay bottoms. A
plan to that effect 1s now being developed 1n the Chesapeake
Bay.
I think the position I would have to take with
respect to that question 1s that every major environmental
change proposed must be accompanied by substantial Investi-
gations of the effects on the estuarlan system. I don't
think all alterations are necessarily bad or evil. I think
1f we study them sufficiently to understand them, we are then
faced with alternatives, some of which might be quite useful
and quite beneficial.
MR. JENSEN: Thank you.
CHAIRMAN KLASHMAN: Mr. Bryson?
MR. BRYSON: No.
CHAIRMAN KLASHMAN: Any other members of the
panel?
MR. HOWLETT: Mr. Malcolm, for the record are you
a biologist?
MR. MALCOLM: Yes.
MR, HOWLETT: How long have you worked in the
Delaware River?
MR. MALCOLM: A total of 12 years, Fish and
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Zi
Wildlife Service.
MR. HOWLETT: In your capacity may I ask a couple
of questions that go beyond your statement.
Picking up with what Mr. Jensen asked, 1n your
opinion would selective spoil sites or islands be created In
the Delaware Bay to dispose of dredged material without
destroying or having a very heavy effect upon the algal
system?
MR. MALCOLM: I think it 1s quite possible that
this might be done, yes.
MR. HOWLETT: I have it, on the basis of Infor-
mation given to me by a former employee, that these marshy
lands are very productive 1n terms of food for the fish and
other biochemical lands. In your opinion is there a good way
of measuring at the present time what the food production of
these marshy lands 1s on any unit basis that you know of?
MR. MALCOLM: Studies have been made which have
shown what 1s contributed by marshes 1n terms of the nutrient
input into the estuarian system. One, as a matter of fact,
was undertaken by the State of Delaware that I know of.
I believe 1t was Canary Creek down in the southern part of
the state. So there are studies of this kind.
However, I think we are singling out one area
for special treatment, and I think rather than do that we
-------
should consider the whole. What 1s the ecological system?
What are we talking about In terms of the usefulness of that
facility for the system as opposed to a single aspect such as
enrichment or the nutrients provided because I think now that
some of the enrichment that 1s coming about artificially Is
perhaps over-enr1ch1ng, 1f you will. The marshes 1n this
case may be providing some ameliorating effect to this load.
So 1t might be a nutrient withdrawal as opposed to a nutrient
addition.
MR. HOWLETT: Do you think 1t 1s possible to
undertake research of a segment of the marshlands to actually
measure what they are producing and to determine whether
there are ways of Increasing the production?
MR. MALCOLM: Well, this 1s of course an area
that has received a great deal of attention In recent years,
and not everything 1s known about It, of course. I would
encourage one to Investigate further, yes, but to set out to
attain results next year or five years or ten years hence I
don't think necessarily 1t would be attainable. But certainly
I would encourage all the study possible on things of that
type.
MR. HOWLETT: Finally, 1n your opinion what has
been the effect or what Is the effect of broad scale spraying
for mosquitoes over these marshes as they relate to this
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77
productivity that you are talking about to the fish, et
cetera?
MR. MALCOLM: The question was spraying?
MR. HOWLETT: Spraying.
MR. MALCOLM: Mosquito control?
MR. HOWLETT: Yes.
MR. MALCOLM: I think that 1s a very shortsighted
and potentially dangerous practice that we find ourselves
getting Into.
MR. HOWLETT: Thank you.
CHAIRMAN KLASHMAN: Thank you, Mr. Malcolm.
I should now like to call on Mrs. Robert Roop
of the Gloucester County Citizens Association.
MRS. ROBERT ROOP: My name is Mrs. Robert Roop.
I am a member of the Gloucester County Citizens Association
and the Woodbury League of Women Voters. I have been an
active observer of the small streams of Southern New Jersey
for the last 10 years and have recently gone back to school
to do graduate work 1n the field of limnology under Dr. Ruth
Patrick.
I want to talk about the small estuaries of
Gloucester County because 1t 1s an area 1n transition and I
believe the problems are common to many areas.
Gloucester County borders on the Delaware River
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: 78
below Camden, and with each rising tide the water of the
Delaware flows Into the New Jersey streams for about five or
six miles. Above the head tide the streams are small, ex-
tending Inland for perhaps only another five or ten miles.
At the northern edge of this county the upland 1s suburban
development; at the lower edge of the county 1t Is rural.
Below the tide line the streams are broad and rather Impres-
sive at high tide. Coal barges ran up to the head tide In
many cases as late as the 1940's. Now fixed bridges with
clearance only enough for a launch or a rowboat prevent 1t.
Gloucester County has only 16 or 17 miles of
riverfront but with 10 tidal creeks 1t has about 100 linear
miles of estuary, for each one doubles back and forth 1n a
meandering pattern. All streams curl. The winding brook of
poetry 1s 1n fact correct. And according to Dr. Luna Leopold,
chief hydrologlst of the Department of the Interior, meandering
1s the line of least resistance of flowing water, so that the
meanders will always reassert themselves even when the channels
are straightened.
The acreage flooded at high tide is only five or
six thousand acres, mud flats, beds of spatterdock and bull-
rushes, of no apparent use to the naked eye, yet serving two
purposes: First as a marine estuary and second as part of a
huge water-purification system. These two are Inseparable.
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; 79
I have to apologize here because so many people
have already done a sketch of the ecological system, and I
propose to do the same thing, but those of you who already
know 1t will appreciate that 1t 1s a hard thing to do, and
some of you may find a new angle.
To the marine biologist, the organic nutrients,
whether 1t 1s organic sewage or rich topsoll washed from the
farmland, are the bases of fish food. The dissolved nitrates,
phosphates, calcium and silicon are absorbed by the diatoms
and filamentous green algae which capture the energy of the
sun and convert minerals Into living matter, giving off
oxygen In the process. These microscopic plants are eaten by
protozoa--the still microscopic but lightly larger paramoecla,
Euglena, Stentor, Volvox, et cetera, as you remember from
Biology I. T1ny crystacea and clam-Uke copepods, perhaps a
half millimeter 1n length, feed on protozoa and In turn are
fed on by the hydra, crayfish, mussels and the fish.
This 1s a crude sketch of the food web, so
Intricately Intertwined that no part of the system can fall
without affecting some other part. The food web 1s not only
to feed the fish, but 1t keeps the water clean.
Pollutants cause death 1n some part of the food
web. Hot water from a steel refinery may not kill any great
number of fish but may continuously kill diatoms and algae.
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80
The result Is three-fold:
1. There are no organisms to absorb the nutrients
from the water.
2. There are no organisms to produce oxygen 1n
the water.
3. The decaying organisms themselves use oxygen
as they fall to the bottom.
This 1s a measurable phenomenon. The oxygen
content of the water drops whenever the diatoms are Inter-
fered with, and of course 1t 1s especially obvious with the
setting of the sun.
011 floating on the water surface keeps oxygen
from the air out of the water and coats the surface of the
water plants. It 1s on the stems and leaves of these water
plants that so many of the microorganisms grow, and 1t 1s
here that the fish spawn and where the young hatch and feed
on the microorganisms. The oil again may not kill the fish
but 1t destroys the microorganisms which are the basis of the
food chain.
Dumping and landfill are a triple threat because
they destroy the spawning grounds of fish, they Introduce
organic material which use up oxygen from the water, and they
cut down on the flood plain so that on any summer day any
thunderstorm may produce flash floods, swamping highways, and
t
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R1
housing developments simply because the normal floodplaln has
been filled In. This happens several times each summer on
some of the Camden County creeks.
New Jersey has a Sanitary Landfill Law which
further complicates the problem. When trash Is dumped It
must be covered with earth. This Is done by bulldozers which
carve away solid ground and push 1t out over the trash In
thin layers. Much of this loose dirt 1s washed Into the water
with each rain. The sand settles out fairly quickly, filling
In the river channels, butthe s11t 1s carried far downstream,
settling more slowly, smothering water plants and all
organisms which live on the stream bottom. The crayfish,
clams and mussels which live 1n sandy stream bottoms are killed
by silt. These are filter-feeders, living on dead and
decaying matter, so that where there 1s s11t we are deprived
of their clean-up function.
Silt 1s one of the most Insidious pollutants,
perhaps because 1t 1s not evident to everyone that it 1s
harmful. The building of the New Jersey Turnpike 15 years
ago created swamps upstream and downstream of the roadbed on
almost every creek. In many cases the silt settled out so
far downstream that 1t was not evident that highway construc-
tion was the source. And of course It was not the only
source. There was a lot of bulldozing for housing development
B
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a2
at the same time. DOT was being used for mosquito control
along the creeks, and an Increasing number of pesticides were
being used on the farms; and 1t was before the biodegradable
detergents. It seems to me there was a very rapid degradation
1n the streams of our area just about 15 years ago, and it
hasn't Improved since. But the changes do not occur hour by
hour or day by day, and 1t 1s very difficult to spot which
pollutant creates any given problem.
It 1s evident that the conditions of the estuaries
are not Independent of the poisons In the Delaware River
water, and they are not Independent of the quality of the
water that 1s flowing downstream and 1n the creeks.
In Gloucester County we are at a moment of crisis
1n time and 1n space. At the most populous end of the
county B1g Umber Creek has a film of oil which coats the
water and the plants for about two miles upstream. There 1s
a dump at almost every bend. In the mud at the water's edge
you will find only bule-green algae and a great many worms.
The hardy spatterdock, which Is a kind of water Uly, per-
sists and there are a great many black flies. It seems
?
Impossible that fish should live there, but a few days ago I
saw a bull-head minnow gasping for air at the water's edge.
The next creek down 1s Woodbury Creek and Is not
much better. Dumping Is justified as good practice because 1t
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ft 3
makes land. Mantua Creek 1s the next one down and 1s one of
the longest and most beautiful In the county, but Its days are
numbered because a regional sewage system 1s proposed which
will use the right-of-way of the stream and dig up with drag-
line* and bulldozer the entire length 1n order to put down the
main drainage pipes. The water then will be taken down to
the Delaware, given secondary treatment, and discharged direct
ly Into the Delaware. In this connection the tidal waters of
the county have been zoned Tide-Water III. That 1s, as I
understand 1t, water In which fish can live but not neces-
sarily spawn. This 1s about the condition of Big Timber, I
guess, since I saw that minnow there.
It Is not until you get down to Old Man's Creek,
15 miles downstream from B1g Timber, that you find healthy
waters. This stream drains farmland and probably still con-
tributes a dollop of healthy water to the Delaware, as all
our streams must have done once.
Well, what 1s the crisis? The condition of the
estuaries has become steadily worse 1n the last 15 years and
1s still getting worse. The urban population Is moving out
In concentric rings from the urban centers at the rate of
one mile a year. Our county gains about 10,000 people a
year. That 1s 10,000 pounds of sewage a day and 10,000 pounds
of trash.
-
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84
i
It seems almost impossible to dream of ever
restoring the original ecological productivity of the
Gloucester County estuaries, but it 1s essential to restore
and maintain conditions in which the natural water-purifica-
tion process can maintain itself--that 1s, good enough to
support a variety of algae to absorb the dissolved nutrients
and produce oxygen, a variety of protozoa to eat the algae,
and fish to eat the protozoa and the Insect larvae, even 1f
it is only minnows and catfish.
We need a certain specific kind of help I think
probably from the Federal Government:
Control of siltation in the construction of high-
ways. Settling basins could be built, constructed wherever
silt might reach the streams.
The prohibition of dumping and landfill on the
estuaries.
Support of research and development of sewage
disposal systems which put the nutrients back on the land.
Support of research and development of biological
control of Insects, such as killlfish, which could be Intro-
duced Into the streams to eatmosqulto larvae and eliminate the
use of pesticides in your streams.
Discontinuation of the dredging and straightening
of the estuaries.
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85
Perhaps clear-cut action on the part of the
Federal Government could set an example for the states and
for our County Governments to follow.
Thank you.
CHAIRMAN KLASHMAN: Mr. Jensen?
MR. JENSEN: Does your county have any kind of a
sediment control ordinance on construction?
MRS. ROOP: Not that I know of.
MR. JENSEN: Do you have soil conservation dis-
tricts In the county?
MRS. ROOP: We do have a soil conservation
officer, but as the area grows more and more suburban, his
work 1s reduced a great deal and he says that there Isn't any
contouring being done any more. There Is very little activity
1n that line.
MR. JENSEN: In many urban counties the principal
cause of sedimentation 1s now construction rather than
farming, and I think this 1s a problem that I have heard
several people mention 1n other parts of the country. Does
your county have any kind of a county-wide planning or zoning
system?
MRS. ROOP: There 1s a county-wide plan which 1s
on file. One of the provisions of that county plan Is that
all the streams should be held as open space, and this was one
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a*
of the provisions that we were tremendously Interested In when
the plan was put forth about 12 years ago. However, 1t was no
an aspect of the plan which was really adopted at all by any
of the county officials nor recognized as Important. So
nothing has happened 1n that connection.
MR. JENSEN: So you must have the plan and you
must have some way to make 1t work then?
MRS. ROOP: We find difficulty 1n making it work.
MR. JENSEN: Thank you.
CHAIRMAN KLASHMAN: Are there any other questions
by the panel?
(There was no response.)
CHAIRMAN KLASHMAN: Thank you very much, Mrs.
Roop.
Is there anybody else who has not made a statement
who wishes to do so?
(There was no response from the audience.)
CHAIRMAN KLASHMAN: If not, may I just ask 1f you
have not made out a registration card, may I suggest that you
do so for two reasons: First, we would like to know you are
here, and second, we would like to send you each a copy of
these proceedings If you want one.
Lastly, 1f you have not picked up one of these
pins, we would like to have you pick one up, wear It, perhaps
•
9
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87
take one for a friend.
Thank you all very much for coming. We have
appreciated your participation. The meeting stands adjourned.
(Whereupon, at 11:30 o'clock A.M., Thursday,
June 27, 1968, the meeting of the Federal Water Pollution
Control Administration was adjourned.)
i
i
i
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PART II
WRITTEN STATEMENTS
88
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Mrs. Robert E. Barrett
220 Washington Ave.
Haddonkeld, N. J. 06033
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-------
DELAWARE NATURE EDUCATION CENTER
BOX 3900, GREENVILLE, DEL. 19807 • PHONE (302) 658-O204
PRESIDENT
MRS. RICHMOND D. WILLIAMS
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR
CHARLES E. MOHR
June 14» 1968
Mr. John S. Farlow
Regional Coordinator) National Estuarine Pollution Study
North Atlantic Water Quality Management Center
Edison, Ndw Jersey 08817
Dear Mr. Farlow:
The Delaware Nature Education Center appreciates this opportunity
to make its views known to the Federal Water Pollution Control Adminis-
tration.
We support the work of the Delaware River Basin Commission and
our State Agencies concerned, and we feel that this region is ahead
because of the standards and controls already set. We concur with
most of the findings of previous Delaware Estuary studies, and with
the assumptions made in conducting your present study.
The only points I wish to add are in regard to your assumption
#2. Both for the protection of water quality and land use "restriction"
we urges
1. Protection and promotion of the natural processes of keeping a
body of water clean and healthy.
For example, "preservation" of estuarine and shore line areas
which a) produce life for bacterial decomposition, oxygen production,
etc.; b) produce and harbour life (shell and fin fish; for food;
c) provide natural habitats for those species of life limited to
shore environments to help maintain the natural balance of species;
and d) act as catchment basins for sediments t r.& nutrients.
We feel that it is necessary to work aature to assure the
future availability of the estuarine natural reso urces that needs
and wants.
2. DNEC also favors further research to consider both natural values
and the effects of human use (economic and soci?l values) on the
various estuarine shore areas. We are interested in the establishment
of criteria for "land use restriction" based on a priority of values
ranging from sensitive natural areasvwith no human use to no*. .• sasitive
areas for multi-purpose human uses. ,
Yours sincerely,
DIRECTORS
WILLIAM H. AMOS
J. SELLERS BANCROFT
DALE F. BRAY . .
MRS. M. DANIEL DAUDON
WALTER A. DEW
MRS. EDMOND DU PONT
CLARENCE A FULMER
EDMUND H. HARVEY
CLAYTON M. HOFF
MAURICE OU PONT LEE
CARROLL F. POOLE
J. EDGAR RHOADS
.PHILIP O. RHOADS
-MRS. MILTON J. ROE DEL
MRS. C. HAfiWIN SMITH
Mrs. Richmond D. Williams
MRS. RODMAN WARD
F. A. C. WARDENBURG "
MRS. JONATHAN W. WILLIAMS
MRS. RICHMOND D. WILLIAMS
90
THE DELAWARE NATURE EDUCATION CENTER'S OFFICE 18 LOCATED AT
INDIAN SPRING NATURE CENTER, BRANDYWINE CREEK STATE PARK, ADAMS DAM ROAD, ROCKLAND
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FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION HEARING
WILMINGTON, DELAWARE
JUNE 27, 1968
STATEMENT OF JEFF W. NAPIER - OUTBOARD BOATING CLUB OF AMERICA
The purpose of this hearing, to my understanding, is to obtain contributions
from interested parties in order to help the Department of the Interior in
its management of the nation's estuarine areas. An obvious concern in managing
estuarine areas, and our primary concern here today, is pollution control.
Other concerns are making optimum use of estuarine areas and determining how
this natural resource should be managed generally.
What is the optimum use of an estuarine area?' What should be the goal or goals
in management of these areas by the Department of the Interior? There are
possibly some who would still like to consider estuaries as a handy disposal
area for industrial or municipal wastes. Boaters do not share these views.
There are many who feel that a natural resource such as an estuary should be
used for the greatest benefit to the greatest number of people - an old demo-
cratic concept. This use concept is generally otherwise known as the multi-use
concept in recreational circles.
Boaters would largely endorse the multi-use idea for estuarine management as
a realistic program to meet the demands for a limited natural resource. We
would add one condition, however, ilie qualification is that we do not feel
that the multi-use concept should prevail if such use will destroy tht estuary.
An estuary is destroyed if some unique and valuable facet of its existence is
destroyed. Similarly, we do not think the multi-purpose concept should pre-
vail if it permits one of the uses to so degrade the estuary that the other
uses are no longer possible.
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The biggest spoiler of unique and valuable estuarine assets is water pollution.
The estuarine use most likely to push other users of an estuary out of the
picture is the waste disposal or pollution use. Therefore, we boaters favor a
multi-use concept for estuarine management - as long as one of the uses is not
pollution.
A survey of OBC members on their boating activities was made about a year ago.
A nation-wide sampling of about 20% of the membership or about 4,000 persons was
taken. The results are informative for our consideration of estuarine management.
Forty-three percent of us indicated that we use rivers and coastal waters as
our primary boating areas. In many cases, if not most, these areas were
estuaries.
Estuarine areas are popular for recreational boating because they offer sheltered
waters and a generally good variety of fishing with the close proximity of both salt
and "Presh water species. Most major estuaries have major cities located nearby
which means the estuary is handy for the urban boater. Often they are an enjoyable
route to scenic or historical sites, Our concern about estuary management is
obvious.
What do boaters use an estuary for? Boating, of course, bu+- that term includes
many related activities. Again according to the member survey, ninety-five
percent of our members said they spent an average of fifty percent of their
boating time just cruising. Sixty-eight percent spent one-third of their rime
fishing. Sixty-seven percent spent forty percent of their time involved in
water skiing. Other boat uses included hunting, swipnming, racing and scuba diving.
These activities, then, are what should be considered when talking about boating
in relationship to estuary management.
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What the value of recreational boating is in terms of the health, relaxation and
enjoyment of our nation's people is hard to measure like all intangibles. Perhaps
an indication can be gained from the fact that there are 8 million recreational
craft of all types in use in the U.Sf An estimated 40 million people go boating
every year. Boat owners are estimated to spend $3 billion on all types of new
and used boating equipment, fuel and services every year. And finally, boating has
been growing at an annual rate of more than five percent in the last several years.
It is safe to say that boating is one of the more popular forms of outdoor recrea-
tion and is likely to become more popular.
I could provide many more statistics indicating the value of estuarine areas to
recreational boating. For the sake of brevity I will not, but rather trust that
the general facts and figures given have indicated the great interest of boaters
in estuary management. It naturally follows that we are also greatly concerned
with problems of pollution of all waters, including estaurine areas.
Probably boaters have observed first hand more of the damages of pollution and
littering of more of this country's waters than any other recognizable group of
persons - including IWPCA employees. Few groups have a bigger stake in clean
water than boaters. Pollution takes the fish out of our fishing, the health
from our water contact sports and the beauty from our shores and beaches. It
puts scum on our hulls, the stench of oil, chemicals and garbage in the sea air
and substitutes a spectrum of bilious colors for blue water. You don't have to
sell boaters on fighting pollution.
We cannot make detailed or technical recommendations on how the massive volume
of vile liquids from industrial and municipal sewers can be stopped from
entering our boating waters. It is unrealistic to think that all of these pollu-
tants can be stopped tomorrow. Federal grants to municipalities and tax concessions
to industry for pollution treatment is one answer over the long haul. Will it
be enough before some of our waters are beyond redemption?
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Consider, for example, my home area of Chicago on Lake Michigan. Just one
steel plant in the huge industrial complex at the south end of Lake Michigan
pours 440,000,000 gallons of pollutants into the lake every day according to
the Illinois Sanitary Water Board. This amount would fill a receptacle a
block square and twenty stories high - every day, Since the south end of the
lake is not twenty stories deep, the net result is that several square blocks
of water area axe thoroughly polluted, surface to bottom, every day from this
one plant, I'm sure there are similar examples in the estuaries of this part
of the country.
It is almost impossible even to imagine how all the recreational boats in the
country could equal the spectacular pollution achievement of this one industrial
plant on one body of water. Every one of the 8 million recreational vessels in
the country would have to be a veritable floating bathroom all year around to do
what this one plant - typical of many industrial and municipal polluters - does
in only a day, For example, eacn of the 8 million motorboats, sailboats, canoes
and rowboats, regardless of size, wpuld have to be equipped with a toilet. Each
toilet would have to flush 2 gallons of liquid, 3 times an hour, 24 hours a day
all.year long to equal the 440,(300,000 of effluent of this one,plant on one
body of water. Needless to say, this is not the case,
As a matter of fact, four years age the National Association of State Boating
Law Administrators appointed a Pollution Committee to investigate how shipshape
boaters were maintaining our nation's waterways. After an exhaustive nationwide
survey, the NASBLA Pollution Committee concluded that pollution from recreational
boats was negligible in virtually all waters, A few specific areas of heavy
mooring in stagnant water areas were the only exceptions, The Committee further
found that less than 10% of the nation's recreational fleet is equipped with
marine toilets.
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Although pollutipn from pleasure craft was not found to be a problem, the
Committee realized that it could become one in some areas and that the lack
of a problem would not necessarily forestall a host of non-uniform legislative
"solutions." As a result, the Committee recommended and NASBLA adopted a
Model Act on Sewage Disposal and Littering from Vessels as a guide for juris-
dictions which felt regulation necessary. The recarmended Model Act has since
been followed by several key boating states.
The Act prohibits untreated sewage discharges into the waters but allows toilet
use with chemical treatment devices meeting certain effluent standards, incinera-
tion or holding tanks, Just what a minimum treatment standard should be is now
in final stages of a study by the National Sanitation Foundation of Ann Arbor,
Michigan. This non-profit testing laboratory is being assisted in this work by
state and Federal health officers, the people who have the final say on accept-
ability of treatment devices in their respective jurisdictions.
Endorsement of the NASBLA Model Act implemented by the Sanitation Foundation's
uniform performance standards for watercraft sewage treatment devices has come
from many quarters. In addition to endorsement by the Outboard Boating Club
of Americai the National Boating Federation, a national organization of state
boating clubs, is in favor of the approach. So is the National Conference of
State Sanitary Engineers,
Granting that regulation of discharges from pleasure craft is inevitable, al-
though not generally warranted at this tine, the most ideal solution from the
boater's standpoint would be adoption of the NASBLA Model Act by all states -
covering both waters of exclusive state jurisdiction and waters of concurrent
state-Federal jurisdiction. How can we get all states to do this on a uniform
and peciprqcal basis?
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In the final analysis, Federal legislation setting forth guidelines which the
states will be obliged to follow may be necessary in order to secure uniformity.
There is precedent for this in the Federal Boating Act of 1958 under which 47
states have complied with Federal standards in exchange for the privilege of
numbering pleasure craft on all waters within their territorial limits. In the
same manner, NASBLA's model act on waste discharge from boats might be made
Federal law. Whether state or Federally administered, boaters would have only
one basic law governing them in pollution and littering matters. This answer
seems very reasonable, logical, workable and in accord with various Federal
water quality control laws which set guidelines but leave primary responsibi-
lities of administration and enforcement to the states. "Creative Federalism,"
I believe it's called.
Regrettably, this is not the approach being taken by the Federal government.
Two study reports of vessel discharges were recently prepared by the Secretary
of the Interior through the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration - one
for the Congress and one for the President. Boaters feel that both the data
presented and the recgnimendations made by these studies are highly unrealistic.
For example, the studies say that 1.3 million pleasure boats out of the 8 million
motprboats, sailboats, canoes and rowboats in the country are equipped with
marine toilets. That's one out of every six boats{ Yet, a recent survey asking
all marine toilet manufacturers how many units they had produced since they were
in business indicated total production of all marine toilet manufacturers com-
bined tq be only 500,OQO to 700,000 units. Even if every unit were still in use,
total produption over the years has amounted to only half of what the IWPCA re-
ppr(: claims are in use.
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Clearly the researchers of the. report did not consult the National Association
of State Boating Law Administrators or the NASBLA Pollution Carnmittee or even
knowledgeable boatmen when they came up with further breakdowns on the number
and types of recreational craft equipped with marine toilets. The report says
that 90 percent of all inboard boats, 80 percent of all outboard boats over
16.5 feet in length and 50 percent of all sailboats without auxiliary power
have toilets. For 1966, inline industry sales records show that 81 percent of
all sailboats sold without auxiliary power were 15 feet or under and about one
third of these the surf-board-with-a-sail type. Yet, according to the report,
50 percent of these sailboats under 15 feet in length have toilets. If this
were the case boaters should worry more about indecent exposure than pollution.
In view of the inaccuracy of the FWPCA's impression as to the magnitude of
discharges frcm pleasure craft, we would suggest that closer liaison with
boating groups should be developed where none has existed heretofore. As a
matter of fact, the National Association of State Boating Law Administrators
suggested just that by resolution at their annual meeting in San Francisco last
November,
We all want to clean up pollution in our nation's waters and we want estuaries
to be unpolluted. Boaters are now and have been for years in the forefront of
the fight against pollution. We are and have been supporting legislation which
would require us to undertake substantial expenses on our boats to insure that
they do not contribute to the pollution of our waters. This legislation, notably
the NASBLA It>del Act or similar provisions is on the books in several states and
will be effective in many others within the next two years.
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Yet, on the basis of unsupportable facts, the FWPCA steamrollers ahead ignoring
the work that has been done to stop even the minimal discharges contributed by
boaters. All boaters throughout the country can't even discharge in a year the
equivalent volume produced daily by one industrial plant on one body of water.
In conclusion, I submit, that the JY/PCA.should more effectively direct its
efforts by supporting adoption of the NASBLA Model Act and National Sanitation
Foundation standards into Federal law enabling greater devotion to the over-
whelming task of cleaning up the major sources of pollution. Only by concen-
trating on the major sources of pollution will our actions be timely enough
and of sufficient magnitude to protect and preserve the waters of our nation's
estuaries for all who may wish to use them.
JWN/bhm
1/12/68
98
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STATEMENT FOR THE FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION'S
PUBLIC HEARING ON THE NATIONAL ESTUARINE POLLUTION STUDY
WILMINGTON, DELAWARE JUNE 27, 1968
Name: Norman G. Wilder
Title: Director
Representing:Delaware Board of Game and Fish Commissioners
Gentlemen:
The Delaware Board of Game and Fish Commissioners is charged with
the protection, conservation and propagation of all forms of protected
finfish and wildlife within the State of Delaware. The Board is also
authorized to operate recreational areas where the public may hunt,
fish or camp. Some of these areas are on Delaware River and Bay and
are desirable sites for water contact sports including bathing and
water skiing. Within the framework of the above duties and authoriz-
ations, the Board has a vital interest in the water quality of the
Delaware River and Bay and surrounding coastal areas.
Looking to the years ahead, it is now becoming evident that protein
from the sea will be relied upon as never before to meet food require-
ments for a world whose population is increasing at an unprecedented
rate. People of this country will be called upon to develop food
sources that heretofore have been largely neglected or under-harvested.
With the amount of productive land being farmed at close to top predict-
able yields, it seems logical that the great frontier for new food
sources will be marine waters.
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It is my purpose here today to emphasize the importance of those
parts of the Atlantic Coastal waters known as "estuaries". Most of
our domestic marine fisheries harvest in the United States is taken in
estuarine waters. Well over half of our domestic fish catch is based
on estuarine-dependent species. It is also important for us to under-
stand that the estuaries of the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts are among
the most productive in the world, revealed only by somewhat similar
areas off the eastern coast of Asia. Long Island Sound, Delaware and
Chesapeake Bays, and the sounds of North Carolina are important examples
of the type of estuary to which I refer.
It is important to understand that the fisheries productivity of
estuaries is brought about because of the blending of fresh and salt
waters that occurs, the shelter that they afford, the presence of
surrounding marsh lands which are especially efficient food generating
areas.
The role that the estuary plays can best be described by references
to the Delaware estuary — one of the bodies of water with which we
are concerned today. Let me give examples that explain three important
functions which are involved here.
First, the Delaware River and Bay is host to a wide variety of
finfish that begin their lives south of Cape Hatteras, and as young
fish migrate northward with portions of their populations entering
various estuaries, including the Delaware, in the early spring and
summer. Here these fish grow rapidly and in some cases are harvested
within Delaware River and Bay. In other instances they leave in the
100
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late summer and fall to continue their lives in the Atlantic where
they become an important part of the coastal fisheries. These fish
include sea trout, menhaden, flounders and croaker.
A second example involves fish that enter the Delaware estuary
to spawn in the upper reaches of the basin. These are the anadromous
fishes such as shad, herring and striped bass. Water of sufficient
quality to permit both the passage of spawning adults and the juveniles
making their return to the sea is essential for the enhancement of
these fisheries which have become severely affected for more than 50
years by pollution in the Delaware.
A third example is oysters, crabs and clams that spend their
lives within the Delaware estuary. This group of shellfishes have
become tremendously important to the local economy, and I have every
reason to believe that despite fluctuations in their numbers they
have a great future.
My purpose in outlining the above is to illustrate the significance
of the Delaware River Basin to both local inhabitants and to those who
make their living from the harvest of fish along other portions of the
Atlantic Coast. The water quality that you gentlemen are able to achieve
has significance far beyond the four states that are immediately concerned
Up to this point X have emphasized the role of water quality in
the production of marine sources of protein. Not to be overlooked,
however, is the need to protect the whole estuarine environment which
includes the wetlands bordering tne Delaware Bay and similar areas.
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These areas serve as the food producing and nursery sites for organisms
which, in many instances, find their way into Delaware Bay. A vigorous
program of acquisition at federal, state, and private levels together
with strong zoning for conservation purposes will be necessary if these
estuarine resources are to be protected.
I am confident that you will make every effort to see that the
resources of the Delaware River Basin are managed, hot only for our
local fisheries interest, but as an important part of the total coastal
management program.
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AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF UNIVERSITY WOMEN
NEW JERSEY STATE DIVISION
Camden County Branch
June 26, 1968*
Mr. John 3. Parlow,
Hegional (Bbordlnator,
National Estuaring Pollution Study
N. Atlantic Water Quality Management Center
Edison, N. J.08817
Dear Mr, Parlow1
It does not appear that our membership will have repre-
sentation at your June 27 open meeting on water pollution.
However, our organization does feel great concern about
the impact of water pollution on our rivers and coastal
waters•
Our membership urges the adoptloi and implementation of
clean water standards for our rivers and coastal waters.
We believe that these standards should be designed to
preserve our rivers and coastal waters for multiple uses.
We favor regional cooperation among communities, states
and industries in the adoption and implementation of
olean water standards.
Camden County Branch, AAUW, has just completed a year-
long study of water pollution problems in Camden County
and in the Delaware River Estuary. I served as chairman
3f the study group which submitted the enclosed resolution
to our membership. The resolution was adopted at our
May meeting.
Mrs. Prank Long,
Sincerely,
Recording Secretary,
Camden County Branch
American Association of
University Women
Enc. 2
103
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AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF UNIVERSITY WOMEN
NEW JERSEY STATE DIVISION
Camden County Branch
RESOLUTION ON WATER POLLUTION
Action taken May 7» 19&8 following a year-long study
in Camden County and in the Delaware River Estuary
I. Whereas we the membership of the Camden County Branch, American
Association of University Women, recognize the urgency of water
pollution as a community problem
And whereas as a matter of policy we endorse and support:
— continuing scientific study in the field of water
pollution research;
— the adoption of clean water standards for our
streams, rivers and coastal waters;
¦— the implementation of clean water standards by
communities, counties, states and industries;
-- we endorse and urge regional cooperation among
communities, counties and states in the imple-
mentation of cleam water standards.
II. Be it resolved that we the membership of the Camden Cousity
Branch, AAUW, endorse and commend the scientific studies and
research techniques pioneered by the Delaware River Estuary
Study of the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration.
And further be it resolved that we urge the implementation
of the water quality standards proposed by the Delaware River
Estuary Study and adopted by the Delaware River Basic Com-
mission on March 7, 1963.
III. Be it also resolved th^t we the of the Camden County
Branch, AAUW, urge that the common tiea and industries of
Camden County cooperate with state and federal water pollution
control agencies in the adoption and implementation of clean
water standards for Camden County's streams and rivers. We urge
that the communities and industries of Camden County adopt a pol-
icy of regional coopsation and implementation to insure that
Camden County's streams and rivers are brought up to desirable
standards of water quality and are preserved from further
pollution.
104
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Honeybrootv\
Dowmngtowrj
Coaficsville VhMtai
Brandywine\
Watcrsha d
Wi Imington
BRANDYWINE VALLEY ASSOCIATION, INC.
In reply, please address
West Chester Office
406 Farmers and Mechanics Building
West Chester, Pa. 19380
Phone: 215-696-0475
June 2k, 1968
P. O. Box 3700
Greenville, Del. 1980'
OFFICERS
Rusbll B. Jones
President
Eldkow Reeve
Vice-President
Vbrnon L. Hoffman, Jr.
Secretary
Philip G. Rhoads
Treasurer
DIRECTORS
Mrs. E. Page Allinson
Ross E. Anderson, Jr.
Thomas F. Bayard, 3rd
Samuel B. Bird
James L. Cox
George R.*Cressman, Ph.D.
Edward A. Daylor
Mrs. Thomas P. Harney
Everett G. Henderson
Vernon L. Hoffman, Jr.
Russell B. Jones
G. Gibbs Kane, Jr.
Max R. Karrer
Alvin S. Kelnard, Ph.D.
Harold O. Ladd
William A. Limberger, M.D.
F. Huston Mcllvaln
J. Deweea Mosteller
W. Ellis Preston
Eldrow Reeve, Ph.D.
Philip G. Rhoads
Raymond F. Schlaanstine
Peter J. Short, Jr.
N. Harlan Slack, Sr.
Samuel L. Smedley, Jr.
F. A. C. Vosters, Jr.
Frank M. Whiteside
William J. Wiley
Harvey C. Worthington
STAFF
Robert G. Strubus
Executive Vice-President
Mrs. Matilda B. Fralick
Executive Secretary
Mrs. Esther F. Wegman
Accountant
Mr. Lester M. Klashman, Regional Director
U.3. Department of the Interior
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
John F. Kennedy Federal Building
Boston, Massachusetts 02203
Dear Mr. Klashman:
The Brandywine Valley Association board
of directors recommends that your department and
the cooperating agencies establish standards
which will improve and protect the quality of
water in the Delaware estuary.
The estuary is a very vital part of the
water resources of the Delaware Basin.
As you may know, our association has been
working actively for twenty-two years to improve
the quality of water going into the Delaware Bay.
We urge strongly that adequate steps be taken to
eliminate pollution from other sources and other
tributaries.
We believe that the Local-State-Federal
system of management will best provide for de-
velopment and protection of our estuarine resour-
ces .
Sincerely yours,
Qj
Robert G. Struble
Executive Vice-President
RGS:mas
105
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¦¥¦ The National Federation of State & Regional Boating Organizatic
-M
NATIONAL BOATING FEDERATION
P. 0. BOX 8, JENKINTOWN, PA. 19046
July 3, 1968
Mr. Lester Klashman, Reg. Dir.
National Estuarine Pollution Study-
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, Northeast Region
U. S. Department of the Interior
John F. Kennedy Federal Building
Boston, Mass. 02203
Dear Mr. Klashman:
In response to your kind invitation, we submit herewith our state-
ment for the record of your meeting in Wilmington, Delaware* held
27 June 1968.
Thank you for including this in the record.
Sincerely,
t/
s r t>
RES:bms Robert E. Synnestvedt
Enclosure President
106
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^ The National Federation of State & Regional Boating Organizati
BP — ¦
ifft NATIONAL boat/ng federation
P. 0. BOX 8, JENKINTOWN, PA. 19046
STATEMENT OF ROBERT E. SYNNESTVEDT
President, National Boating Federation
For the Record of the Public Meeting on
Impact of Pollution on Our Coastal Waters
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
United States Department of the Interior
Held at Wilmington, Delaware, June 27, 1968
Among the member organizations of the National Boating Federation are the
following: Pennsylvania' Boating Association, Federated Boatmen of New
Jersey and the Chesapeake Bay Yacht Clubs Association. With these and our
many other state and regional boating organizations, we believe we are the
largest broad-based, purely amateur (non-commercial) boating organization
in the country. Incorporated in Washington, D. C. , we are non-profit in the
strictest seiise of the word. As an elected officer, I bring you a concensus
of the boating public.
No segment of the American public is more vitally concerned with water qual-
ity, especially in our estuarine and coastal waters, than America's boatmen.
We must have clean water for enjoyment of our pastime, for cruising, swim-
ming, fishing and all the boating-related activities that make our sport the
greatest outdoor family recreation in the world. It follows naturally that we
have been examining the problem of estuarine pollution over many years. It
is not something new to us. Our findings however, indicate that boats do not
contribute even a measurable amount to the pollution existing today, and that
all of the boats equipped with toilets could not in one season contribute the
equivalent of the outfall of a single small city during a heavy rain.
Nevertheless, we are willing to play our part in any reasonable and practical
plan to clean up our precious waters, even to set an example. If the pollution
from municipal sewage and industrial wastes can be reduced by fifty percent,
we will go the additional mile and reduce ours by sixty percent.
107
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Statement of Robert E. Synnestvedt -2
President, National Boating Federation
June 27, 1968
What we fear are impractical regulations based upon assumptions and
theories that will not work afloat. One must remember that only a tiny-
fraction of the eight million boats plying our nation's waters today have toi-
lets aboard. In fact, all of the marine toilets produced by the industry since
1936 total only about 700, 000 units. This means that if there really is a pro-
blem of pollution from boats, it rests with the tiny little boats that do not have
toilets aboardj and not with the very few that Even if Congress should
outlaw the bucket, we do not believe any restriction placed upon these little
boats would prove practical or enforcable. When the laws of nature clash with
the laws of man, the laws of nature will prevail.
The National Boating Federation feels that much more study of water pollution
is required to pin point responsibility and then set a priority list for eliminat-
ing the major offenders. We do not feel that the tiniest offender --boating--
should be placed at the top of the list simply because it is more vulnerable to
attack.
At our Spring meeting in the Chicago Yacht Club, the NBF voted unanimously
the following recommendation:
"That no legislative or administrative action be taken that would
force upon the boating public devices which have not been proved
practical in marine use, or which do not conform to the safety
and performance standards of the American Boat and Yacht Coun-
cil and the National Sanitation Foundation. "
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DELAWARE WILD LANDS, INC.
1014 WASHINGTON STREET
WILMINGTON, DELAWARE 1S801
EDMUND H. HARVEY. PRB0IDBNT
MRS. GEORGE P. EDMONDS. VICE PRESIDENT
RODMAN WARD. VICK PRESIDENT TELEPHONE)
EDWARD W. COOCH, JR. ESQ., ¦RCRKTAflr AREA CODE SOS
J. SELLERS BANCROFT. TREASURER 684*1290
HOLOER H. HARVEY* ASSISTANT TO THE PRESIDENT
DIRECTORS
MRS. JOHN L. BRILL
MRS. HBNRY B. DuPONT
MRS. GEORGE P. EDMONDS
MRS. 0. BURTON PEARSON, JR.
MRS. P. SAMUEL WILCOX. JR.
J. SELLERS BANCROFT
HENRY P. CANNON, II
EDWARD W. COOCH. JR. ESQ. JliLU 2, 1968
A. FELIX DUPONT. JR.
WILLIAM H. FREDRICK. JR.
EDMUND H. HARVEY
ANTHONY HIOOINS
HON. CALEB R. LAYTON. Ill
JAMES E. MARVIL, M. D.
WILLIAM 8. POTTER. ESQ.
ROBERT W. TUNNELL, ESQ.
RODMAN WARD
ilk. LzitzA. M. KJtaAlman, Regional VVie.cX.oti
U. S. 0ztt6 02203
VzaA M*. Kla&hman:
I am zncloAlng a Atatzmznt which I izquz&t bz madz paxt ofa thz o^^icial
tuzcond oi thz public hzaning ofi thz Fzdztal Wcutzsi Pollution Control
Admint&t/iation on thz National EituaAlnz Pollution Study o$ Junz 27,
1968 In thz Hotzl duFont.
Vzny ttuily yousu,
l\f~
Edmund H.
P/iz&ldznt
EHH/mtb
EncloAutz
Edmund H. Hanuzy
109
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STATEMENT FOR THE FEPERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION'S PUBLIC
HEARING ON THE NATIONAL ESTUARINE POLLUTION STUVV
WILMINGTON, DELAWARE JUNE 27, 1968
Name.: Edmund H, Harvey
Title'- President
Re.p>i&A entcng •• Delaware Wild Lands, Inc.
Gentlemen:
Delaware Wild Lands, Inc. is a non-profit tax exempt conservation organization
which purchases land consi.den.ed to be essential to the conservation o& natural
resources -in Delmarva. Organized in 1961, uie now own approximately 8,000 acres
0({ wetlands, adjoining farmland and cypress .swamps and forests. We own con-
siderable acreage on the Delaware estuary. One o{ our main goals is to acquiJie
lands which, in conjunction with those dedicated to conservation by state and
federal agencies, will attain a good balance between lands set aside \\ok their
natural resource values and those which can be developed {or other purposes. We
cooperate with the State ami federal conservation agencies in their land
acquisition programs.
We believe that the water quality standards adopted by the Delaware River Basin
Commission and approved by the states o£ New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and
Delaware to be realistic and that the next step is implementation these
standards faor the area covered by the Delaware River Basin Commission. The
water quality o& the lower estuary and bay is, in some cases, higher than the
standards adopted by the Commission. Therefore, we believe that higher standards
should be adopted for the lower estuary and bay.
110
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-2-
The VehuoaAe State, Planning Ofifiice'i Comprehensive Shoh.tli.YiQ. Plan fan. the.
State. 0$ VelawaA-e calls fan. most all ntven. and bay faxwt tooth oft the.
Chesapeake and Velawa/ie Canal to be. used fan. conservation and tiecJieation.
Otken. land use .studies mofie. on. less advocate the. same uses as the. above, plan.
Therefare, it mold seem that more land use studies Mould be superfluous. and
time-Mat ting. Obviously, the VeJtawaJie River Basin Commission and the faux
states plus the. Federal Government represented on that Commission are satisfied
that sufi&icient land use studies have, been made 4-twee they have, established
Mater quality standards far the waters under their juAisdiction.
Velaware Wild Lands, Inc. urges that the highest water quality standards be
adopted fan. the lower estuary without further delay.
Edmund H. Harvey
President
VelawaAe Wild Lands, Inc.
tHH/mlb
111
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President
FREDERIC A. POTTS
Vice-President
JOHN P. BRACKEN
Vice-President
JAMES H. J. TATE
Treasurer
, CHARLES E. BERTRAND
harryTfisher PHILADELPHIA PORT CORPORATION
1105 MALL BUILDING, PHILADELPHIA, PA. 19108 (215) WALNUT 5-9301
- Executive Vice-President
ALLEN F.CLARK, JR. July 15j 1968
Mr. John. S. Farlow, Regional Coordinator
National Estuarine Pollution Study
North Atlantic Water Quality Management Center
Edison, New Jersey 08817
Dear Mr. Farlow:
The Philadelphia Port Corporation desires to include this statement in the
record of public meetings which were conducted on the impact of pollution
on coastal and estuarine waters on June 27, 1968, in the Grand Ballroom,
DuPont Hotel, Wilmington, Delaware.
As a matter of policy, the Port Corporation endorses the control of pollution
within the Delaware River estuary and is cooperating with the appropriate
agencies with the goal of producing realistic port oriented controls. The
Delaware River Port from Trenton to the Sea has been for nearly 300 years
a leading ocean port in world commerce. The port is the area's most valuable
economic asset, returning some $6,000,000 daily in direct and indirect benefits.
Much progress has been made toward the reduction and control of pollution within
the port area and its tributary streams over the past 20 years. Additional
measures on the part of municipalities, industries and shipping interests
generally will produce further progress over the future.
Our prime concern is:
1) That realistic goals and controls in keeping with the nature of
of the port be adopted.
2) That the controls be administered uniformly in all the nation's leading
ports.
We very much appreciate the opportunity of registering our comments. We will
be pleased to answp.r any questions or to
may propose.
REBlJAK /
er into anyydTI^ussions which you
Yours^ery^t^u, y,
*
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C I T Y O F* F» M I Iv A D
SAMua s. BAXTER WATER DEPARTMENT
COMMISSIONER
1160 MUNICIPAL SERVICES BUILDING
PHILADELPHIA, PA. 19107
August 5, 1968
Mr. Lester Klashman, Regional Director
Water Pollution Control Administration
2303 J. F. Kennedy Federal Building
Boston, Massachusetts 02104
Dear Mr. Klashman:
I trust that I am not too late in submitting to you some comments in
connection with the .National Estuarine Pollution Study.
Our knowledge and comments will be restricted for the most part to
the Delaware Estuary with which we are familiar. Because of the
tremendous population and part activity in the immediate vicinity of
Philadelphia, we suggest that uses of the estuary at Philadelphia are
decidedly different from those uses where the estuary approaches
the bay. We do, however, have interest in coastal waters since we
now use them for disposal of sludge, and intend to do so in the future.
In your notice of the Wilmington meeting you suggested several
questions which might be answered. I am repeating the questions
in order to direct my comments at specific points.
1. What are the values "aesthetic, personal, recreational, dollar,
etc.11 of an estuary?
Aesthetically, the estuary can be considered of great value to
those who have occasion to look at the river and use it for certain forms
of recreation, such as boating, within the Philadelphia area. On the
other hand, where the estuarine waters are in an intimate contact with
coastal areas, the recreational aspects would seem of great importance
for water contact sports such as swimming and water skiing and other
water associated activities such as boating and fishing.
113
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Page No. 2
Establishing a dollar value to the estuary is somewhat
difficult. During the course of the Delaware Estuary Comprehen-
sive Study, a dollar value was fixed to the estuary. This had its
basis, for the most part, en the recreational value and possible
increase in fish life, but as the DECS did indicate, the cost-benefit
ratio was not favorable to a large expenditure of funds which is now
contemplated under the existing regulations for the Delaware Estuary.
We believe that the concept of zoning estuarine and coastal
waters for beneficial uses should be looked at from not only the
viewpoint of recreational and fish life, but from the idea that some
areas may be used for waste disposal or for such things as treatment
plant effluents.
If the estuary is not available or if the estuary will have limited
availability for use to assimilate liquid waste, then the cost for treat-
ment for municipalities will, of course, increase.
We recognize that the National Estuarine Pollution Study will
pose certain economic problems. We would like to identify an economic
problem where we feel further research and study is required. Due to
the all encompassing nature of the estuarine propo-sal, it is obvious that
it will have its impact on all resources: land, water, air and humans.
Heretofore, economic studies have been restricted to the confines of the
study project usually resolving in cost-benefit ratios for the justification
of the project. In our opinion, economic evaluations for the National
Estuarine Pollution Study must recognize the monetary needs of other
national and regional resources. This procedure will tend to inhibit
improper pricing policies which can only result in inefficient utilization
of the water resources or of other resources.
2. How have they been damaged by pollution, and how much?
The answer to this question depends on one's viewpoint. As it
is with many things in life, decisions are required as to what is most
beneficial to the individual or agencies concerned.
The Delaware River - as it is today - serves as a good source
of water for the City of Philadelphia, and also as a receiving stream for
the effluent from the City's treatment facilities. It is also one of the
largest ports in the United States, and from the viewpoint of tonnage
handled, we believe it is the greatest in the United States. So from one
viewpoint, pollution has not damaged the river. This would be the
objective point of view from our standpoint as engineers.
114
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Page No. 3
From the viewpoint of the individual who is interested in
fishing, the absence of a minimum quantity of oxygen reduces the
number of fish and, on occasions, has caused fish kills. This, of
course, is not to be desired by him and should be corrected.
There is no doubt that the ecology of an estuary is affected
by pollution. The ecology of an estuary because of its complexity
is not clearly understood. After all, the water itself varies in
composition and in temperature as it mixes with the fresh water and
progresses seaward. Living organisms have certain environmental
requirements. Nature has a way of acclimating or changing itself
to meet changes in environment. There is no doubt that pollution
alters the ecology of an estuary. There is evidence in current liter-
ature that indicates because of this influence by pollution, estuaries
do not respond to recovery in the same manner as ordinary streams.
We would like to comment on your idea that certain estuaries
should be reserved as wild undespoiled things of nature. Your idea
was also that certain estuaries should be used in a manner to recog-
nize the needs and wants of man and the industries that he has to have
to support these things. For prosperity, industries are required. It
is industry that creates jobs; it is jobs that furnish the money required
to purchase the things we need and make a community prosperous,
including payment for those measures that control pollution. What we
should strive for is a happy medium. That is, a level of quality in the
estuary which we can afford.
Can you have millions of people inhabiting the banks of an estu-
ary and yet have the estuary itself devoid of some pollution? Perhaps
some day as our treatment technology advances, this could be econ-
omically feasible. As it is today, to accomplish this will require
tremendous expenditures and the technology to do this is, at best,
doubtful.
3. What do you think the fate of our coastal zones should be?
The answer to this question has been partially considered in
previous paragraphs. A summary statement would be this, that we
would all like our coastal zones to be as they were visualized before
being polluted by man and industry, but man and industry are part of
the prosperity which we are now experiencing. The future of our
coastal zones depends on the amount of money we can afford to spend.
115
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Page No. 4
4. What are the best uses of our estuaries?
This also has been covered in some of the statements above,
but from an engineering standpoint, it is an economic decision. What
is of paramount importance is that the uses must be ascertained with
deliberateness and justified. The uses should not depend on whims and
fanciful thinking. The uses should depend on a realistic point of view.
We say this because decisions on the uses will then decide the water
quality criteria that are necessary to establish and support these uses
and, in turn, determine the rules and regulations that have to be prom-
ulgated, and the monies that have to be spent.
5. What system of management, local, state and federal, will best
provide for development and protection of our estuarine resources ?
There is no doubt that some agency similar to the DRBC, which
is the coalition of states and federal government, will have to be formed
for a successful and workable project of this nature. The only comment
we have here is that large municipalities that have a considerable stake
in the future use of estuaries should have some authority in the decisions
that are made concerning the use of estuaries.
Theoretically, the municipality is represented by the state but
in practice, the state may not give the municipality adequate and proper
representation. There should be some sort of a legal device which would
establish rapport between municipalities and industry with the regulatory
agency.
We may be repeating ourselves, but quite a few higher echelon
personnel in the Water Department have assisted in the DECS. Some of
us were actually chairmen of important committees. Since this is the
case, we know that recommendations made by municipalities, industries
and many public groups were discarded. A good example of this would
be the recommendation by the Water Use Advisory Committee that
Objective Set III be adopted for the Delaware Estuary.
Of the four committees that composed the Water Use Advisory
Committee, three of the committees representing, in essence, the
population and industry of the estuary, recommended Objective Set III
and yet the decision was made by the DECS and the state to adopt Objective
Set Q. An examination of the DECS Report will verify this and a review
of the estimated cost will also verify that the cost for implementing
Objective Set II was appreciably greater than Objective Set III, with the
only increased benefit being a possible 10% increase in fish every 25
years.
1T6
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Page No. 5
It is still unbelievable that the DRBC and the states involved
would adopt Objective Set II oyer Objective Set III even though various
committees determined that Objective Set III would be satisfactory at
this time.
It is suggested that the composition of the work force which
would make the estuarine studies be augmented to include such people
as public relation advisors in addition to administrators, engineers
and technicians. The business of a public relation agency would not
only disseminate items for publicity, but also the raw data and the
results of the studies to interested researchers and individuals or
agencies concerned with the study.
General Comment
The difficult part of deciding what should be done with polluted
estuaries is that we do not know enough about them to formulate cor-
rective action which might not be a waste of money. The most important
thing that should be done and done immediately would be to embark on an
intensive study to determine what the proper ecological balance should
be in an estuary. To simply require the construction of hundreds of
treatment plants not knowing whether this will really solve the problem
is not the right way to proceed. Until one knows the source of the
problem, his chances of solving the problem are minimal.
Requirements for secondary removal is a reasonable request.
To require tertiary treatment before we understand what is going on in
an estuary is unnecessary and should await the availability of more
information concerning the biology of an estuary.
There is much information in literature concerning the Hudson
River, the Delaware River, and the Thames which supports the feeling
by many people experienced in the field of water pollution control that
increasing the treatment removals does not necessarily improve the
condition of an estuary. There are factors involved which, as yet, have
not been adequately explained.
Very truly yours,
SAMUEL S, BAXTER
Commissioner
117
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Jersey Shore Branch
American Association of University Women
76 Dcuilinoton r.oad
Deal, N. rj. o77s3
$uly 12, 1<]68
'John Fanlow
Hecpianal Qoondinr'tion, National ^Atuanlne Pollution Study.
No/vth. Atlantic. Wat en. Quality. f'lanaaement (j&vten.
[diAon., New ^ensey. O0817
Dec/a. SJa,
We, the cJensey S/w/ie. Bnanch, AmeAican nAAociation of Univ entity
Women, have received invitations to public meetinnA fon the. National.
^tnnnJ_n.e foliation Study* the fiJiAt of., these was held in
WjJirunoton, Delawajie on june 27, 1*}68 and the othen. (at whJuch we
plan. £o have two nepn.esentatives J to be held ot (as pony. Auditorium,
tlockelellen UnivenAity, N. $/. We would, like to Aubmit the pjllowino.
wnitten Atatement applicable to both pub-Lie meetings.
We a/ie. in ann.eem.ent. with 110 un Hepont on foliation Of, The.
Navigable Wat ens of ^jastenn New ffeAAey, Shank il^ve/i to ^ajpetlay,
dated September lyo?, as ne/joAcls valued of an estuanjy^ extent of
damane by. pollution, the futu/ie and beAt uAeA of oun. coaAtal zones
and. estuanies. We one basically in agreement with ujoua pAopoAals
fon the Aystem of manao.ement to beAt develop and pnote&c oun.
estua/iies. However, we feel that pn.es entatJ on. of the problems oun.
area now fac.e/> with water pollution, economically and aesthetically,
needA to be AtnesAed. /none emphajticalljy to encounaoe gAeater concerm
on the pant of the penenal public AO that it in turn will Auppont
leojslrttons in favor of pn.om.pt action toward pollution abatement,
and will UAo.e the. incumbents to review their poAitions and take more
afyofl-eAAive rn.eaAun.eA.
Sincerely,
f(A0- ^
fllna. /. B. BlaiAdell
Community Problems Anea Representative
118
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STATEMENT
by the
DEPARTtJENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF DELAWARE
Civil Engineers have historically been concerned with the
conception, planning, and design of works for the control of water
and water quality and for marine, harbor and coastal facilities.
The Department of Civil Engineering at the University of Delaware
continues this professional tradition and shares the concern of all
interested people in the threat which domestic and industrial pollution
poses to our estuarine and coastal areas.
In addition to our academic duties as teachers and researchers,
our civil engineering faculty welcomes the opportunity to work with
governmental, commercial, or private groups in preventing or solving
pollution, coastal and oceanographic problems. Several civil engineering
faculty members have special interests directly related to pollution
and water resource management as well as to coastal and estuarine processes.
Dr. Shankha K. Banerji specializes in sanitary and environmental
engineering and microbiology. Dr. Gerald P. Rasmussen, who will join
119
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Statement
FWFCA Public Record
June 27 3 1968
Page 2
the faculty this fall, will strengthen the area of environmental
engineering as well as offering special competence in the fields
of water resource system design and water resource management.
Dr. Robert D. Varrin, Director of the Water Resources Center
at the University of Delaware, offers special competence in the
areas of ground water hydrology, water resources, and engineering
geology. Substantial laboratory facilities are available at the
University for research in these areas.
In the areas of coastal and ocean engineering, marine structures,
sediment transport, and hydraulic model studies, both Dr. William S.
Gaither and Dr. Jan M. Jordaan, who will join our faculty here in the
fall, offer both professional and academic experience.
Some of the specialized areas involving estuarine waters in which
we have a current interest are:
I. dissolved oxygen balance in connection
with nitrification problems in an
estuarine system (i.e., rates and
kinetics of nitrification in saline
waters in the presence of complex
organic matter).
120
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Statement
FWPCA Public Record
June 27^ 1968
Page 3
2. A feasibility study for disposing of
treated effluent by means of a neoprene
and nylon pipeline from the Wilmington
area out into the estuary and beyond.
3. An analog model analysis of the fresh-
watery salt-water balance between the
Delmarva Peninsula and the Delaware
estuary. The effect of changing fresh
water discharge on encroachment of salt
water is being studied.
The Department of Civil Engineering also works closely with the
Marine Biological Laboratories at the Un i vers i ty^ and at Lewes^to
understand more fully the effects of engineered works on biological
life. The University stands ready to work with any organization, either
public or private, who seeks to control pollution and permit man to live
in harmony with nature.
121
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FACULTY AND FACILITIES DATA OF SPECIFIC INTEREST
The Water Resources and Environmental Engineering Facilities occupy
two separate rooms. The largest room is equipped for the chemical and
biological analysis of water and contains as permanent equipment laboratory
tables, exhaust hood, balance and microscope tables, autoclave, ovens,
incubators, etc. A 20° centigrade walk-in room and refrigerator are also
available. The total space available is approximately 2000 square feet
of which 830 square feet is a research laboratory. A unique feature of
that lab is an exhaust duct to the roof which may be utilized during
air cleaning studies. This research laboratory is located over the
chemical area and is provided with a removable floor for experimental
arrangements of unusual height. The principal laboratory is air conditioned.
Equipment for these laboratories includes most of the conventional equip-
ment such as balances, microscope, constant temperature bath, pH meters,
etc. together with a good selection of specialized water and wastewater
analysis equipment such as stability indicator, turbidimeter, conducto-
bridge, COD apparatus, Kieldahl N apparatus. Also available are research
pieces such as a spectrophotometer, polarograph, rotary viscometer, Warburg
respirometer, and a D.O. probe which measures up to one part per billion
of dissolved oxygen.
The Fluid Mechanics Laboratory covers over 3Q0Q square feet and has
500 square feet of storage area for special equipment. The three main
faci.lities of this lab area free surface hydrodynamic tank with flows to
4000 gpm, a sub-sonic wind tunnel with speeds up to 130 ft,/sec. and
122
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having a test section of 12' x 18" x 18", and a 4' x 20' ripple-tow tank
for studies of wave and coastal processes as well as towed body studies.
In addition of these facilities, there are wave tanks and smaller flumes
as well as an area of 1700 square feet including a tow tank 120 feet long.
This tow tank is adaptable for other fluid mechanics research. Excellent
facilities for flow visualization studies, including appropriate high speed
cameras, hydrogen bubble method, etc. are in use in these facilities.
SHANKHA K. BANERJI
Assistant Professor, Department of CiviI Engineering; B.S.C.E. Calcutta
University 1957; M.S. 1962 and Ph.D. 1965, University
of 111inois.
Specialty: Sanitary engineering, environmental engineering, micro-
biology and water resources.
Experience: Worked as Assistant Engineer with Hindustan Steel, Ltd.
India, in the Public Health Engineering Design Division
1957-1960, concerned mainly with design and installation
of water supply and waste disposal facilities; Research
Assistant on researcn projects of Sanitary Engineering
Department, University of Illinois 1960-1965; Assistant
Professor, Sanitary Engineering Department, University
of Illinois 1965-1966; Assistant Professor, University
of Delaware 1966—. Membership in ASCE, Water Pollution
Control Federation, American Water Works Association,
National WPCF Research Committee, Kent County Sewer
Study Board. Registration as a professional engineer
in Delaware. Consultant to various industrial groups.
123
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Awards-Honors:
Pub 11 cat ions:
Sigma Xi
Author of one
the fields of
dozen reports and publications in
his specialization.
WILLIAM S. GAITHER
Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering; B.S.C.E. Rose Poly-
technic Institute 1956; M.S.E. Princeton University
1962; M.A. Princeton University 1963; Ph.D. Prince-
ton University 1964.
Specialty: Structures, coastal structures, harbor hydraulics, heavy
construction, marine construction, systems analysis.
Experience: Ayrshire Col Iieries Corporation, Indianapolis, Indiana,
Chief of party 1954-1956- Dravo Corporation, Pittsburgh,
Pa., Design Field and Research Engineer 1956-1960; Meyer
Corporation, Neenan, Wisconsin, Design and field engineer
and field superintendant 1960-1961; Princeton University,
lecturer, teaching assistant and research assistant 1962-
1964; Associate Professor, University of Florida 1964—
1965; Supervising Engineer and Chief Engineer for Port
and coastal Development, Bechtel Corporation, San
Francisco, California 1965-1967; Associate Professor,
Civil Engineering Department. University of Delaware
1967—. Professional engineer jn Delaware, Pennsylvania,
California, Alaska, Wisconsin, and Florida.
Member ASCE, ASEE,- AAUP, MTS.
Awards-Honors: Arthur LeGrand Doty FeI low 1961-1962; Ford Foundation
Fellow 1962-1964, Princeton University.
-------
Publications: Author of many publications and lectures in his fields.
JAN M. JORDAAN, JR.
Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering; B.S.C.E. University of
Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, S. Africa 1952; M.S. Uni-
versity of Wisconsin 1953; C.E. Massachusetts Institute
of Technology 1955; Sc.D. Massachusetts Institute of
Technology 1958.
Specialty: Ocean and coastal engineering, sediment transport,
coastal hydraulics, oceanography.
Experience: Assistant Hydraulic Engineer with South African Depart-
ment of Irrigation and Water Affairs 1952 and 1958-1959
concerned with hydraulic structures and model testing;
Research Assistant on unsteady flow resistance and turbu-
lent diffusion at Massachusetts Institute of Technology
1953-1955 and 1957-1958; Junior Project Engineer on water
distribution system and water supply design and network
analysis with Metcalf and Eddy, Consulting Engineers of
Boston 1956; Senior Research Officer and Head of Hydraulics
Section in charge of research projects on marine disposal
of effluents, beach erosion and harbor siltation, in-
cluding large scale-model studies, South African Council
for Scientific and Industrial Research 1959-1963; Re-
search Hydraulic Engineer on kinematics and run-up of
impulsively generated waves on beaches and waterfront
structures, 1963-1965; Associate Professor & Director of
Look Oceanographic Engineering Laboratory concerned with
125
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teaching and research In hydraulic and ocean engineering
at the University of Hawaii, 1965-1968; Associate Pro
fessor concerned with teaching and research in ocean engi-
neering at the University of Delaware I968-. Member of
South African Institution of Civil Engineers, Marine
Technology Society, International Association for Hy-
draulic Research, RESA, ASCE, Internationa! Oceanographrc
Foundation, Hawaiian Academy of Sciences.
Awards-Honors: Sigma Xi
Publications: Author of many publications in his field.
GERALD P. RASMUSSEN
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering; B.S.C.E. University of
Washington 1958; Ph.D. Oregon State University 1968.
Specialty: Water resources system design and management, environ-
mental engineering.
Experience: Worked as an Engineering Assistant in the materials
testing laboratory of Boeing Co. 1956-1957; Draftsman
and Inspector with Phillip M. Botch, Consulting Engi-
neer, 1957-1958: Junior Mechanical Engineer and then
Mechanical Engineer concerned with oiIf IeId surface
facilities, drilling, and as staff advisor to the op-
erating department of Shell Oil Company 1958-1964;
Teaching Assistant Oregon State University 1964-1965;
Assistant Professor of Civil Engineering, University
of Delaware 1968-.
126
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Awards-Honors:
Boeing Company Scholarship 1954, U.S.
Service Traineeship Award 1965-1968.
Pub Ii c HeaIth
ROBERT D. VARRIN
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering and Director, Water
Resources Center;B,S.E.Princeton University 1956,
M.S.E. Princeton University 1957, Ph.D. University
of Delaware 1968,
Specjalty: Ground water hydrology, geo-hydrology, water resources.
Experience: 1957-1959, Hydrologist, UhI, Hall & Rich, Consulting
Engineers Niagara Falls N,Y, 1959-1962, Lecturer,
Department of Geologv Columbia University; 1960-1962,
tiyaroiog i st, U.S. Geological Survey; 1962-1967,
Assistant Research Professor of Geology, University of
Delaware. 1962-1966, Hydrologist, Delaware Geological
Survey; I965-Director, Water Resources Center, University
of Delaware, Consulting: Ground Water consultant for
State Highway Department, City of Newark and Geraghty &
Miller, 1968 Assistant Professor of Civil Engineering,
University of Delaware.
Awards-Honors: Phi- Beta Kappa, Sigma Xi .
Publications: Senior author on three papers concerning around water re-
search (one published & two in press) and Junior author on
two others (one Delaware Geol. Survey Publication and one
HRB Publication in press),
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«fhi
THE GARDEN CLUB OF WILMINGTON. DELAWARE
July 11, 1968
Mr. John S. Farlow, Regional Coordinator
National Estuarine Pollution Study
North Atlantic Water Quality Management Center
Edison, New Jersey 08817
Dear Sir:
The Conservation Committee of the Garden Club of Wilmington
appreciates the opportunity to go on record urging that positive steps be
taken by the state and federal authorities to control the pollution of the
estuarine system including the tidal waters of Delaware and the Delaware
River estuary, the shore and adjacent land, and the biology and ecology
of the coastal areas of the States of Delaware, Pennsylvania, and a por-
tion of New Jersey.
We believe public action is sorely needed to appropriately de-
velop, effectively manage, and wisely use and protect important coastal
water and marsh resources in the brackish zone between sea and fresh
water.
We urge that federal, state and local governments will cooperate
in insuring protection for one of this country's great natural resources.
Sincerely,
ureta B. Layton
Co-chairman, Conservation
GBL/bm
128
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pjftla&plpljta Maritime 1-xrljattg*
EXCHANGE FLOOR. THE BOURSE
WILLIAM A, HARRISON, SECRETARY
WA B-1922 (AREA CODE 215!
H. WILLIS JACKSON, President
JOHN w. PINNEL, Vice-President
W. S. OBERHOLTZER, Treasurer
REPORTING STATIONS
LESLIE C. KRUSEN. SOLICITOR
DELAWARE BREAKWATER, DEL. MARCUS HOOK, PA.
PHILADELPHIA. PA. 19106
July 11, 1968
Mr. Lester M. Klashman, Regional Director
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
United States Department of the Interior
John F. Kennedy Federal Building
Boston, Massachusetts 02203
Dear Mr. Klashman:
While this Organization, because of other business, was unable
to have representation at the Wilmington, Delaware public meeting
on the impact of pollution on our coastal waters, we should like
to assure you of our interest in the National Estuarine Pollution
Study.
The Philadelphia Maritime Exchange is a non-profit organization,
founded in 1875, and is comprised of numerous individuals and
companies concerned with maritime affairs in the Ports of Phila-
delphia* In addition to the collection and dissemination of
maritime information, the purpose of The Exchange is to encourage
and promote trade and commerce in the Delaware River Ports.
We have long recognized that clean waterways bear a direct re-
lationship to the health, growth, and prosperity of our City and
to our Port, and that they can contribute to our major interest,
which is increased trade and commerce. We should therefore be
glad to provide access to our statistical facilities to any member
of your study group in the event that this would be of assistance*
Primarily, the information which we collect is related to vessels
and their cargoes calling at the Ports of Philadelphia. Should
this information be related to your study, please feel free to call
on us*
Sincerely yours,
William A* Harrison
Secretary
ffeHsec
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STATEMENT AND RESOLUTION OF THE WISSAHICKON VALLEY
WATERSHED ASSOCIATION, INC. AND THE DELAWARE RIVER
WATERSHEDS ASSOCIATION TO THE FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION
CONTROL ADMINISTRATION IN RE ITS PUBLIC HEARING IN
WILMINGTON, DELAWARE ON JUNE 27, 1968 ON THE IMPACT
OF POLLUTION ON COASTAL AND ESTUARINE WATERS OF THE
STATES OF DELAWARE, NEW JERSEY AND PENNSYLVANIA
The Wissahickon Valley Watershed Association is a non-profit,
non-partisan corporation, organized in 1957 to promote by
educational programs and studies, and to coordinate, the
restoration, conservation and improvement of the quality of
the watershed's natural resources and environment.
Its office is located in Fort Washington, Montgomery County,
Pennsylvania. Fifty-four square miles of the rapidly urbanizing
watershed are located in Montgomery County; 10 square miles with
in the city of Philadelphia. The membership of the Association
totals approximately 700.
The Delaware River Watersheds Association, a non-profit cor-
poration, organized in 1959, is comprised of those individuals,
both professional and non-professional, who are charged with
the responsibility of carrying on and moving ahead the natural
resources management activities and projects of small watershed
associations in Delaware, New Jersey and Pennsylvania.
The objectives of the Association are to share knowledge and
experience for the mutual benefit of all watershed groups; to
analyze problems which affect watersheds in the area and to
make recommendations; to foster the watershed approach to re-
sources development; to assist, when requested, with the forma-
tion of new watershed organizations.
Of all the ways in which man alters his estuarine environments pollu-
tion is one of the most insidious. It is, at the same time, no less
sure in its ultimate effects. But these effects are often not readily
apparent, and, in many cases, these effects and their implications are
not clearly understood.
Because even pristine estuaries, unsullied by man's wastes, are highly
complex entities, the segregration of the effects of man from those
from natural sources are, more often than not, difficult at best.
130
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Estuaries are characteristically enriched situations, and for
this reason capable of supporting the many kinds and individuals
of plants and animals which spend all or parts of their lives with-
in their confines.
Thus, in attempting to deal with the effects of man's wastes upon
our estuaries, we are faced with a formidable array of variables
and unknowns. Of all the ecosystems which man would like to manage,
the estuary presents the greatest number of problems, both existing
and potential.
Certain facts are evident, however, and it is upon these facts that
the concern and position of each of these Associations are based:
1) Populations will change and continue to increase, and the
changes and increases, in many cases, can be predicted.
2) The total volume of man's wastes will increase, and to a
large extent the increase is predictable.
3) Certain new and unpredictable wasted will enter the scene.
4) Sedimentation from all types of development will increase.
5) Normal flows will decrease, as the result of urbanization
and reduced ground water recharge; low flows will become
more critical, and periods of low flow will be extended.
6) Flood peaks and occasions of heavy runoff will increase.
7) The need for flow regulation, both from the standpoint of
dilution of pollutants and manipulation of salinity within
estuaries, will intensify.
8) The demand for estuarine uses will continue to increase in
the face of a dwindling supply of habitats.
9) Without detailed studies of estuaries to establish the con-
tribution of their various segments to the overall productivity,
it is not possible to predict the damage to aquatic resources,
to evaluate it, and to plan protective measures.
10) The extent to which the successful completion of the life his-
tories of many estuarine species is dependant upon estuaries
is not known.
11) The degree to which estuarine water quality management should
be based upon the abundance at any given time of specific
aquatic organisms is unknown.
12) Each estuary represents an entirely individual situation, with
unique, contributing influences from its tributaries. For this
reason, pollution control can only be effective if carried out
on an individual watershed basis.
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13) Because public understanding and support is mandatory for
effective and prompt control of the quality of our estuaries,
strong efforts must be made to convince the public of the
importance of estuarine pollution control to the nation's
economy and to the well-being of its people.
New water quality standards and criteria, and the rules and regulations
which govern them, have already been approved for the Delaware River
Estuary in accordance with the requirements of the Federal Water Quality
Act of 1965. Undoubtedly other estuaries are similarly advanced.
The Act does provide for review and revision of standards in the light
of changing technology of waste production and waste removal and ad-
vances in knowledge of water quality requirements developed through
research. Certainly every effort should be made to take full advan-
tage of this provision.
Completion of a national estuarine pollution study prior to the
consideration of the new standards and criteria required by law
would have provided more accurate and realistic bases for the
complex decisions which had to be made in the development of the
new standards and criteria. Hopefully the National Estuarine Pollu-
tion Study, estimated for completion in 1969, will be utilized im-
mediately as the basis for a reconsideration and, in many cases, an
upgrading of the existing standards and criteria.
WHEREAS, the foregoing statement represents the views of the Wissa-
hickon Valley Watershed Association and the Delaware River Watersheds
Association regarding the present and potential problems which must
be faced in maintaining and improving the quality of our estuaries
and coastal waters as related to land and water uses; and
NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED that the Boards of Directors of the
Wissahickon Valley Watershed Association and the Delaware River Water-
sheds Association request that the National Estuarine Pollution Study
proceed with all due haste with its objectives of 1) documenting
and analyzing the various aspects of estuarine pollution and, follow-
ing establishment of these bases, of 2) making recommendations for
a comprehensive plan for the preservation, study, use and development
of the estuaries and coastal waters which will provide for the long-
132
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term public good, and, concomitantly, provide equitably for the
rights and practices of the many different users of these waters.
By action of the Board of Directors of the
Wissahickon Valley Watershed Association at its
regular meeting on June 12, 1968; and
By action of the Board of Directors of the
Delaware River Watersheds Association at its annual
meeting on June 27, 19 68.
Thomas Dolan
President, Wissahickon Valley Watershed Association
Treasurer, Delaware River Watersheds Association
133
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APPENDICES
List of Participants at Wilmington, Delaware
Public Meeting, June 27, 1968 135
List of Other Attendees at Wilmington, Dela-
ware Public Meeting, June 27, 1968 .... 136
134
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Name
Speakers
John H. McDonald
John E. Babiarz
Carmen F. Guarino
John T. Carson, Jr.
Morris B. Smith
Mrs. R. J. Kallal
Ralph L. Dodge
W. H. Roach
Eleanor M. Webster
Dr. William S. Gaither
Jess W. Malcolm
Mrs. Robert Roop
Address
Leg. Asst. for Rep. William V. Roth,
1628 Longworth HOB, Washington, D. C.
20515
Mayor, City of Wilmington, Public Bldg.,
Wilmington, Del.
Dep. Comm., Water Dept.
City of Phi la.
Dir., Div. of Natural Resources, Bucks
County, Pa., Administration Bldg.,
Doylestown, Pa.
V. Chairman - Water Resources Comm.
Chemical Industry Council, N. J.
94 Sun Valley Road, Toms River, N.J.
08753
Del. Delegate, LWV - Interl eagoje,
Council of the Del., 518 Kerfoot Farm
Roaa, Wilmington, Del.
Exec. Vice Pres. Upper Chesapeake Water-
shed Assoc., Inc., Box 6, Cecilton,
Md. , 21913
Sup. Pollution Control Texaco Ind.
Sub Com-TAC/DECS, P. 0. Box 98, Wood-
bury, N. J. 08096
Conservation oundation, 308 S. Issemin-
ger St., Phila., Pa. 19107
Assoc. Prof, of Civil Engineering, Univ.
of Delaware, 285 du Pont Hall, Newark,
Del.
Exec. Dir., Chesapeake Bay Foundation
P. 0. Box 209, Annapolis, Md. 21404
Gloucester Co. Citizens Assoc.
Sewel1, N. J.
135
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Name
Attendees
Ross E. Anderson, Jr.
Wanda B. Adamson
S. K. Banerji
Bruce T. Birnhak
Ashworth Burslem
Mrs. R. L. Bennett
John C. Bryson
John I. Cahalan
Margaret E. Carson
Gene A. Christian
Hal H. Clark
Leo F. Connell
James G. Deering
Robert M. Dodge
George W. Dutcher
W. G. Eckenberg
Address
Exec. V. P., Del. State Chamber of
Commerce, 1102 West Street, Wilming-
ton , Del. 19801
Water Committee, LWV, 1105 Farm (?)
Rd., Wilmington, Del. 19803
Asst. Prof., Univ. of Delaware, Newark,
Delaware 19711
Fish & Wildlife Service, 6816 Market
St., Upper Darby, Pa.
Mgr. Press Relations, Hercules, Inc.,
Wi1 mington, Del.
Sec'y. Delaware Wild Lands
1014 Washington St., Wilmington, Del. 19801
Exec. Dir., Del. Water & Air Resources
Comm. , Dover, Del.
County Engr. , New Castle County, P.O.
Box 165, Wilmington, Del.
Neshaminy Valley Watershed Assn.,
8 W. Oakland Ave. Doylestown, Pa. 18901
Du Pont Co., Wilmington, Del. 19898
Pres., Delaware Valley Protective Ass'n.
294 North Main St., Doylestown, Pa.
Sun Oil Co., 1608 Walnut St.* Phila., Pa.
Photog., WHUU-TV News, 5th & Scott St.,
Wilmi ngton , Del.
Representative Delaware House, Rehoboth,
Del. 19971
Dir., Public Works, New Castle County
2007 Foulk Rd. , Wilmington, Del. 19803
Sr. Engr., Hercules, Inc., 910 Market
St. , Wi1 mi ngton , Del.
136
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Name
Address
Attendees
Mrs. Gustave Ehrenberg
V. W. Faivre
John Farish
Dr. E. A. FTuerog
Walter L. Fritz, Jr.
John P. Gaffigan
James W. Gilson
Pa. Rep. Inter-League Council, 133
Golf Hills Rd., Havertown, Pa. 19083
Div. Mgr., General Waterworks
3219 Phila. Pike, Claymont, Del.
Sec'y. Western Salem Co. C of C
1050 Virginia, Penns Grove, N. J.
Board Member, Citizens Committee for
Parks, Inc., RD #2, Box 49, Webb Rd.,
Chadds Ford, Pa. 19317
Kent County Eng., Kent County, Del.
16 The Green, Dover, Del.
Post Planning Engr. Del. River Port
Authority Camden, N. J.
Results Engr., Delmarva Power & Light
Co., 600 Market St., Wilmington, Del.
19899
J. J. Groot
Raymond K. Grubb
Walter J. Harrison, Jr.
Edmund H. Harvey
V. Stevens Hastings
Anthony Higgins
C. G. Hoffman, Jr.
John E. Hopkins
State Geologist, Del. Geol. Survey
University of Delaware, Newark, Del.
Vice Pres., Delmarva Power & Light Co.
600 Market St., Wilmington, Del. 19899
Mfg. Rep., Getty Oil Co., Delaware
Ci ty, Del.
Pres., Del. Wild Lands, Inc.
1014 Washington St., Wilmington, Del. 19801
Asst. Hd. , Prog. Planning Br.
Del. River Basin Comm., 25 Scotch Rd.,
Trenton, N. J.
Assoc. Editor, News Journal Co., Wil-
mington, Del.
Plant Pollution Control Engr., Monsanto
Company, Bridgeport, N. J.'08014
Reporter, Delco Daily Times, 28 E. 8th
St. , Chester, Pa.
137
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Name
Address
Attendees
J. Y. Hutchison
James A. Jennings, Esq.
W. S. Jennings
Gerald L. Lamb
Richard A. Lane
Mrs. Wm. T. Laffey
P. R. Leach
Howard G. Luley
John J. McGarry
Willi am Meyer
John F. Murphy
Alvin R. Morris
Andrew J. Morrissey, Jr.
Mrs. Charles F. New
Sr. Process Engr., Mobil Oil Corp.,
Paulsboro Refinery, Paulsboro, N. J.
08066
1906 3 Penn Center, Phila., Pa.
Dir., Tech Service Field Div., Atlantic
Richfield Co., 3144 Passyunk Ave.,
Phila., Pa.
Senior Engr., Hercules, Inc., Wilming-
ton , De 1.
Ass't. to Chief Mechanical Engineer
Philadelphia Electric Co., 1000 Chestnut
St., Philadelphia, Pa. 19105
Pres., League of Women Voters of Del.
98 Colorado Ave., Wilm., Del. 19803
Public Relations, Du Pont Co., Wilming-
ton , Del .
Ass't. Reg. San. Engr.
Penna. Dept. of Health, 1400 W. Spring
Garden St., Phila., Pa. 19130
Exec. Sec., Delaware Valley Council
1614 Market St., Phila., Pa.
Chmn., Water Poll. Committee
N. J. State Fed. of Sportsmen's Clubs,
26 Franklin Ave., Beverly, N. J. 08010
Civil Engr., Corps of Engineers, 2nd &
Chestnut Sts., Phila., Pa.
Tech. Dir. - DECS, FWPCA, 321 Chestnut
St., Phi 1 a., Pa.
San. Engr., Atlas Chemical Ind., Inc.
Route 202, Wilmington, Del. 19803
Interleague Council (LWV) on Del. River
Basin, 210 E. Meade, Phila., Pa. 19118
138
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Name]
Attendees
Mrs. Wm. F. Nicholl
Address
Water Chairman, League of Women Voters
of Del., 1501 Clayton Rd., Wilm., Del. 19805
William S. Northington Qual. Cont. Mgr. Avisun Corp., New Castle,
Delaware
Robert W. O'Brien
E. E. Pratt
Planning Dir., Rent Count, Del.
Regional Planning Commission
16 The. Green, Dover, Del.
Advisor-Special Operations Projects
Gulf Oil Corp., P. 0. Box 7408,
Phi 1 a . , Pa. 19101
Hamilton G. Pedrich, Jr. Dir., Western Salem Cty. Chamber of
Commerce, Box 187, Pedricktown, N. J.
08607
Ralph Porges
R. F. Rocheleau
Robert S. Shaw
Mrs. M. B. Smith
George P. Spinner
Robert J. Staaf
J. M. Stull
Courtland Steelman
Clarence M. Tarzwell
Gerald F. Vaughn
Head - Water Qual. Br., DRBC
25 Scotch Rd., Trenton, N. J.
Waste Consultant, Du Pont Co., Wil-
mington, Del.
Ass't. Dir., N. J. State Health Dept.,
Trenton, N. J
94 Sun Valley Rd., Toms River, N. J.
08753
Proj. Dir., Marine Resources Committee
28 Wilton St., Princeton, N. J.
Research Associate, Div. of Urban Affairs
Newark, Del.
Legal Dept., Du Pont Co., 1007 Market
St., Wilmington, Del. 19898
Del. Council of Engr. Societies
103 Sunset Drive, Wilmington, Del. 19809
Dir., NMWQL, FWPCA, West Kingston, R. I.
Extension Coordinator, Community and Re-
source Development, Univ. of Delaware,
237 Agricultural Hall, Newark, Del. 19711
139
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Name
Address
Attendees
Kenneth H. Walker
R. M. Walters
Wayne E. Webb
W. B. Whitall
Director, NAWQMC, FWPCA, Edison, N. J .
Supv. Operations, Atlantic Richfield Co.
3144 Passyunk Ave., Phila., Pa. (45)
Hydrologist, U. S. Geological Survey
724 York Rd., Townson, Md. 21204
Send 2 copies of proceedings
Secretary, D. R. B. C., P. 0. Box 360
Trenton, N. J.
Mrs. Richmond D, Williams Pres., Delaware Nature Education
Center, Box 3900, Greenville, Del.
19807
Herbert Zarge
Staff Engr. for Pollution Control, Du Pont
Company, Repauno Works, Gibbstown, N. J.
08027
Mrs. Karel Van Zonneveld Water Resources Comm. LWV of Greater
Wilmington, Apt. 1507, The Dorset,
Wilmington, Del. 19806
140
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INDEX
141
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American Association of University Women, Camden
County, New Jersey Branch 103
American Association of University Women, Jersey
Shore Branch 118
Banarji, Dr. Shankha K. 65
Barbiarz, Hon. John E. 11
Barrett, Mrs. Robert E. 89
Baxter, Samuel S. 113
Beaty, Royce E. 112
Blaisdell, Mrs. T. B. 118
Brandywine Valley Association, Inc. 105
Bryson, John 27
Bucks County, Pa., Division of Natural Resources 13
Carson, John T., Jr. 13
Chemical Industry Council (New Jersey) 20
Chesapeake Bay Foundation 67
Conservation Foundation 57
Delaware Board of Fish and Game Commission 99
Delaware Estuary Comprehensive Study Technical Committee 39
Delaware Nature Education Center 90
Delaware River Watersheds Association 133
University of Delaware Civil Engineering Dept. 62, 65, 119
Delaware Wild Lands, Inc 109
Dodge, Ralph L. 34
142
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Dolan, Thomas 130
Gaither, Dr. William S. 62
The Garden Club of Wilmington, Delaware 128
Gloucester County (New Jersey) Citizens Association 77
Guarino, Carmen F. 12
Harrison, William A. 129
Harvey, Edmund H. 109
Howlett, Herbert 19, 32, 38, 53, 61, 64, 74
Jensen, Eugene T. 18, 25, 31, 51, 60, 73, 85
Kallal, Mrs. Robert J. 29
Klashman, Lester M. 3, 19, 56, 66
Layton, Greta B. 128
League of Women Voter, Interleague Council of the Delaware
Long, Mrs. Frank 103
Malcolm. Jess W. 67
McDonald, John H. 8
Napier, Jeff W. 91
National Boating Federation 106
143
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Outboard Boating Club of America 91
The Philadelphia Maritime Exchange 129
Philadelphia Port Corporation 112
Philadelphia Water Department 12. 113
Roach, W. R. 39
Roop, Mrs. Robert 77
Roth, Representative William V. 8
Smith, Morris B. 20
Struble, Robert G. 105
Synnestvelt, Robert E. 106
Upper Chesapeake Watershed Association, Inc. 34
Webster, Mrs. Eleanor M. 57
Wilder, Norman G. 99
Williams, Mrs. Richmond 0. 90
Wilmington, Delaware: Mayor 11
Wissahickon Valley Watershed Association 133
144
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