wwsan
MEMORANDUM
TO:	Monica Chatmon-McEaddy	cc: J. Strauss
S. Shwartz
FROM:	Laura Fargo	5254 File
Scott Wolff
DATE: November 8, 1989
SUBJECT: Treatment Standards for Nonwastewater and Wastewater Forms of
K100
This memorandum presents the technical support and rationale for the
development of treatment standards for nonwastewater and wastewater forms
of K100.
INTRODUCTION
According to 40 CFR Part 261.32 (hazardous wastes from specific
sources), waste code K100 is listed as waste leaching solution from acid
leaching of emission control dust/sludge from secondary lead smelting.
Treatment standards for K100 wastes were originally scheduled to be
promulgated as jpart of the Third Third rulemaking. However, a treatment
standard of "No Land Disposal Based on No Generation" for K100
nonwastewaters was promulgated on August 8, 1988, and was subsequently
revised on May 1, 1989, (54 FR 18836) to be applicable only to
"Nonwastewater forms of these wastes generated by the process described
in the listing description and disposed after August 17, 1988, and not
generated in the course of treating wastewater forms of these wastes
[Based on No Generation]."
In the proposal for the Second Third Wastes (54 FR 1056, January 11,
1989), EPA stated its intention to develop concentration-based treatment
standards for all forms of K100 prior to May 8, 1990, and has since
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3215S

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decided to propose to revoke the promulgated treatment standard of "No
Land Disposal Based on No Generation" for K100 nonwastewaters. EPA
prefers to set concentration-based treatment standards in lieu of this
standard and is today proposing these for K100 nonwastewaters.
Concentration-based treatment standards for all forms of K100 are
proposed today based on the transfer of performance data from other
hazardous wastes known to be similar in chemical and physical form to
K100 wastes.
INDDSTRY AFFECTED
Based on available information, the Agency believes that this waste
is no longer generated by the lead smelting industry. However, K100
treatment standards are still necessary for application to residues from
previous disposal.
WASTE CHARACTERIZATION
The Agency has determined that K100 represents a single treatability
group based on its expected physical and chemical composition. This
group consists of two subgroups -- wastewaters and nonwastewaters. For
the purpose of the land disposal restrictions mile, wastewaters are
defined as wastes containing less than 1 percent (weight basis)
filterable solids and less than 1 percent (weight basis) total organic
carbon (TOC). Wastes not meeting this definition are classified as
nonwastewaters.
The Office of Water, Effluent Guidelines Division, Effluent
Limitations Guidelines (ELG) reports on the secondary lead smelting
industry were reviewed and were found to contain no characterization data
on the K100 waste stream. The EPA Preamble on Land Disposal Restrictions
for First Third Scheduled Wastes: Final Rule (FR 31138-31222), as well
3215ft
-2-

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as Che "Response to Comments Related to the First Third Wastes Treatment
Technologies and Associated Performance," contain no data on K100 waste
and its treatability. The only characterization data available are in a
report prepared for the Waste Identification Branch of OSW (USEPA 1985).
Table 1 presents these data. It should be noted that these are
"synthetic waste" data based on emission control dust composition data
and solubility of dust metal constituents in dilute sulfuric acid.
Table 1 K100 - Waste Characterization Data
BDAT constituents
Hexavalent chromium
Lead
Cadmium
Estimated concentration
(mg/1)
20
60
110
Source: USEPA 1985.
APPLICABLE AND DEMONSTRATED TECHNOLOGIES
This section describes the applicable treatment technologies for the
treatment of K100 waste. The Agency identified the applicable treatment
technologies based on the estimated waste composition (see Table 1). The
technologies considered to be applicable are those designed to reduce the
concentration of BDAT list metals present in the treated residual and/or
reduce the leachability of BDAT list metals in the treated residual.
Chemical precipitation followed by dewatering of the precipitated
solids is an applicable technology for the removal of the dissolved metals
from K100 wastewater. Ordinarily, ion exchange would be an applicable
321Sg
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technology. However, K100 is likely to have a very high ionic strength
since it is derived from acid leaching. Ion exchange is not conducive to
solutions with very high ionic strengths. Additionally, the presence of
hexavalent chromium indicates the need for chromium reduction to convert
hexavalent chromium to trivalent chromium prior to precipitation.
Dewatering of the precipitated solids results in a nonwastewater
filter cake stream and a wastewater filtrate stream. The filtrate may be
further processed by polishing filtration, such as multimedia filtration,
to remove the remaining suspended solids. For the nonwastewater solids
that are precipitated and filtered, stabilization may be used to reduce
the leachability of the BDAT list metals.
All of the applicable technologies are demonstrated. Hexavalent
chromium reduction, chemical precipitation, and dewatering by settling
and/or filtration are widely practiced as a metals treatment technology
for aqueous wastes. In addition, polishing filtration is a
well-documented technology for removing insoluble material from wastewater
streams. Regarding treatment of the precipitated solids, stabilization of
wastewater treatment sludges is well demonstrated.
PERFORMANCE DATA BASE
Lacking specific data on treatability of K100 wastes, EPA is
considering concentration-based treatment standards for wastewater forms
of K100 based on the transfer of performance data for metals precipitation
from K062 wastewaters, and data for metals stabilization from F006 and
K061 nonwastewaters.
A. Wastewaters. The Agency has 11 data sets for treatment of metal
bearing wastewaters containing hexavalent chromium, lead, and cadmium by
the treatment methods of hexavalent chromium reduction, chemical
precipitation, and dewatering of the precipitate. These data are
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3215g

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presented in Tables 2 through 12. These metal bearing wastewaters include
waste code K062, as well as other metal containing waste streams, and
these data were previously used in the development of treatment standards
for K062 in the First Third Final Rule (USEPA 1988b). The Agency believes
that these K062 data can be used to assess the performance of these
technologies for K100 wastewaters, since the untreated K062 wastewaters
contain much higher metals concentrations than K100 wastewaters are
expected to contain.
B. Nonwastewaters. Treatment performance data are not available
for K100 nonwastewaters specifically. However, performance data are
available from stabilization tests on F006 and K061 nonwastewaters using
various pozzolonic binders in various mix ratios. The data presented in
Table 13 represent performance data developed from stabilization of F006
waste, while the data in Table 14 represent treatment of K061 wastes.
These data were previously used in the development of treatment standards
for F006 and K061 in the First Third Final Rule (USEPA a,c).
32156
-5-

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Table 2 Treatment Performance Data for K062 - EPA-Coll oc tod Data
Soaple Set #1



Untreated
Treated

Untreated
Untreated
waste
waste

K062 waste
K062 waste
coagiosite*
(wastewater)

(or/1)
(¦S/l)
(¦S/l)
(¦s/l)
Canatituant
Te»|il ¦ Ho.
*Ti»li1a lo.
"TiMiji 1 ii Ro.
S^>le Bo.

801
802
SOS
806
Arsanic
3
<1
<1
<0.1
C«UtB
<5
<5
13
<0.5
Qmnim (baxsvalmt)
I
I
893
0.011
Chromitn (total)
1800
7000
2581
0.12
Copper
865
306
138
0.21
Lead
<10
<10
64
<0.01
lickel
3200
2600
~71
0.33
Zinc
<2
<2
116
0.123
Design and Operating Data
Paiiiim value	Operating value
pB	8-10	B
I - Color interferonce.
* The uxrtraotad waste composite ia a Mixture of tha untreated K062 waste atrea
ibno oo this table, »' ""fl with other noo-KOSZ waata streams.
Source: USEPA 1888b.
3215g
-6-

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Table 3 Treatment Performance Data for K062 - EPA-Co 11 ec tad Data
Saaq>le Sat #2



Untreated
Treated

Untreated
Untreated
waste
waste

K0B2 waate
K062 waate
canqiosite*
(wastewater)

(BR/1)
(¦8/1)
(¦8/1)
(¦s/D
Constituent
TT«Hile lo.
Staple Bo.
Sasple lo.
Saaple Ho.

801
802
813
814
Arsenic
3
<1
<1
<0.1
Catfain
<5
<5
10
<0.5
Chriaia (hexavalent)
I
I
807
0.12
Chrcaiia (total)
1800
7000
2270
0.19
Copper
865
308
133
0.15
Lead
<10
<10
54
<0.01
¦ickel
3200
2600
470
0.33
Zinc
<2
<2
4
0.115
Design and Operating Data
Daslicn value	02«rating_valuo
pB	8-10	0
I • Color interference.
4 The untreated waste composite la a mixture of the untreated K062 waste itram
shown on this table, along with other non-1062 waste streams.
Source: DSEPA 1988b.
32138
-7-

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Table 4 Treat twit Perforance Data for K062 - EPA-Collected Data
*Iiib|i1ii Sat #3



Untreated
Treated

Untreated
Untreated
waste
waste

1062 waste
K062 waste
composite"
(wastewater)

(¦K/l)
(ng/1)
(¦K/l)
(¦g/1)
Constituent
ii Bo.
Sanple Bo.
*iiw|ile Bo.
Staple Ho.

817
802
821
822
Arsenic
3
<1
<1
<0.1
CsUia
<5
<5
S
<0.5
Oralia (hexovalant)
I
I
775
I
Chranlan (total)
1700
7000
1980
0.20
Copper
425
306
133
0.21
Lead
<10
<10
<10
<0.01
¦lckel
100310
2600
16330
0.33
Zinc
7
<2
3.9
0.140
Design and Operating Data
Design value	Operat<"fi
pB	a-10	10
I • Color in tarlexones.
a Iha untreated waste co^rosito Is a mixture of the untreated 1062 waste streans
¦boa an this table, along with other nao-K062 waste streaae.
Source: DSEPA 1988b.
321Sg
-8-

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Tab la 5 Treataant Perfomance Data for K062 - EPA-CoLiected Data
Sample Sat #4




Untreated
Treated

Untreated
Untreated
Untreated
waste
waste

1062 waste
1062 waste
1062 waste
ccopoaite*
(wastewater)

(¦S/1)
(¦S/1)
(¦6/1)
(ng/1)
(¦S/1)
Coostituaot
Soqile lo.
Sample Bo.
Sample Bo.
Sample Ho.
Sample Bo.

827
802
817
829
830
Arsenic
2
<1
3
<1
<1
Cackniw
<5
<5
5
<5
<0.5
Chraim (haxaralent)
1
I
I
0.6
0.042
dumlia (total)
142
7000
1700
536
0.10
Copper
42
306
425
88
0.07
Lead
<10
<10
<10
<10
<0.01
Bickel
830
2600
41000
6610
0.33
Zinc
3
<2
7
84
1.62
Design and Operating Data
gaalQjalua	Operating value
pfl	8-10	9
I • Color interference.
a Ttaa untreated vaat* caqnsite la a aixture of the untreated K062 waste streams shown on this
table, along with other non-K062 waste struma.
Source: DSEPA 1088b.
3215g
-9-

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Tabla 6 Treatment Perfomonce Data for K0B2 - EPA-Collected Data
Ssq>le Sat #5
Constituent
Untreated
K062 waate
(¦B/l)
Sapla Bo.
801
Untreated
K0S2 waste
(os/1)
Soapla Bo.
802
Untreated
L0B2 waste
(¦B/l)
Soq>le Bo.
817
Untreated
waste
composite"
(¦B/l)
Sample Bo.
837
Treated
waste
(wastewater)
(ns/1)
Staple Bo.
838
Arsenic
3
<1
3
<1
<0.1
CaMia
<5
<5
S
<5
<0.5
Chrtmiia (hazavalsot)
I
1
I
917
0.058
Chromita (total)
1800
7000
1700
2236
0.11
Copper
865
306
*25
01
0.14
Lead
<10
<10
<10
18
0.01
lickel
3200
2600
41000
1414
0.31
Zinc
<2
<2
7
71
0.125
Daaign and Operating Data
D»»l«n value	"p*"*'"!! value
pB	8-10	8
I • Color interference.
* The untreated waste ca^oaite is a mixture of the untreated 1062 waste atreoaa shorn an thia
table, ~*B with other oon-KD62 waate itraiaa.
Source: DSEPA 1988b.
3215g
-10-

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Table 7 Treatment Perfomonce Data for K062 - EPA-Collected Data
S«ple Sat #6



Ontraatad
Treated

Untreated
Ontraatad
waata
waata

1082 waata
K062 waata
composite*
(wastewater)

(¦B/l)
(¦ft/1)
(¦8/1)
(¦S/I)
Cooatituant
Saqila Bo.
Sople Bo.
Staple Ho.
Sample Bo.

801
802
845
846
Arsonic
3
<1
<1
<0.1
CadBloa
<5
<5
<5
<0.5
amnios (heuvalant)
I
I
734
I
OuiHlia (total)
1800
7000
2548
0.10
Copper
863
308
140
0.12
Load
<10
<10
<10
<0.01
¦ickel
3200
2600
588
0.33
Zinc
<2
<2
4
0.095
Dw<1B and Operating Data
D«aiiai viU.ua	Qparat'"fi »»!¦¦«
pfl	8-10	8
I • Color inUrfsrenot.
° Tha untreated waste coqnaiU la a aixture of the untreated K062 waste atreaaa
¦bna ao thla tab la, alms with otbar noo-U62 waata atraaaa.
Source: OSEPA 1988b.
3215g
-11-

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Tab 1a 8 Treataant Parfomonce Data for K062 - EPA-Collected Data
Saq>le Sat #7



Untreated
Treated

Ontraatad
Untreated
waste
waste

K062 mate
K062 waste
coaqnaite"
(wastewater)

(ng/1)
(¦B/l)
(ob/1)
(ag/1)
Cooatltuant
Saapla Bo.
Staple Ho.
Soq>le Bo.
Sample Bo.

801
802
853
854
Arsenic
3
<1
<1
<0.1
Cafein
<5
<5
10
<0.5
dinalia (hazavalant)
I
I
769
0.12
Chronlia (total)
1800
7000
2314
0.12
Copper
863
306
72
0.16
Lead
<10
<10
108
<0.01
Bickel
3200
2600
426
0.40
Zinc
<2
<2
171
0.115
Design and Operating Data
Design value	value
pB	8-10	9
I ¦ Color interference.
a Tbe untreated «ast* ctafOilU la a aixtore of tbe untreated 1062 waate Dtrons
¦boa on thli table, along witb other non-K062 waata itnoi.
Source: DSEFA 1988b.
3215g
-12-

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Table 0 Treatment Fubnmc* Data for K062 - KPA-Collected Data
"*f 1 ° Sat #8



Untreated
Treated

Untreated
Untreated
waate
waate

K062 waate
K062 waste
canpoaite*
(wastewater)

(>8/1)
(¦8/1)
(¦g/1)
(¦s/l)
Constitoant
ImjiI ¦ lo.
Simple Bo.
Sample Bo.
Saopla Ho.

839
801
861
862
Arsenic
<1
3
<1
<0.1
Caitaiia
<5
<3
<3
<0.3
Chroniiai (hazovalent)
0.220
I
0.13
<0.01
Chroalia (total)
13
1800
831
0.13
Copper
131
883
217
0.16
Load
<10
<10
212
<0.01
¦ickel
90
3200
669
0.36
Zinc
7
9
131
0.13

Design at
td Operating Data


Dealm value	Operation value
pB	8-10	9
I - Color interference.
* The untraatad waate ccnposlta la a Mixture of the untreated K082 waste streans
abon an this table, along with other noo-K062 waste stress.
Source: OSEPA 1988b.
3213g
-13-

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Table
10 Treatment
Performance Data
for K062 -
EFA-Collected Data



Sample Set #8






Qntreated
Treated

Ontraated
Untreated
Untreated
waste
waste

K062 waata
1062 waste
K062 waste
composite"
(wastewater)

(og/1)
(¦g/1)
(¦g/1)
(ng/1)
(og/1)
Constituent
Sapl* Bo.
Saq>le So.
Tiwjil ii Bo.
Tmijil ii Bo.
Simple Bo.

867
801
802
868
870
Afeae&ic
<0.1
3
<1
<1
<0.1
Cadaiia
<0.3
<5
<5
<5
<0.5
Qraaiia (hexavalent)
0.078
I
I
0.07
0.041
Chroaita (total)
6
1800
7000
838
0.10
Copper
5
863
306
225
0.08
Lead
<1
<10
<10
<10
<0.01
Bickel
4
3200
2600
840
0.33
Zinc
0.4
<2
<2
5
0.06
Design and Operating Data
DegiKn value	Operation value
pfl	8-10	10
I • Color interference.
" lb* untreated waste caefwaite is a mixture of the untreated K062 waste itruas sbown on
tbia table, along with otbar non-K0B2 waste atreaaa.
Source: OSEPA 1888b.
3215g
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Table 11 Treatment Performance Data for K062 - EPA-Collected Data
Simple Sat #10


Ontreatad
Treated

On treated
waste
waste

1062 waste
cnposite*
(wastewater)

(*/l)
tas/1)
(¦B/l)
Constituent
TTiMjil n Bo.
S^>Le Ho.
Ssople Bo.

801
883
862
Arsenic
<3
<1
<0.10
Cactoita
<5
<5
<0.5
Chroeiia (hexovalant)
I
0.08
0.106
Chrcmitza (total)
1800
393
0.12
Copper
863
191
0.14
Lead
<10
<10
<0.01
¦ickel
3200
712
0.33
Zinc
<2
3
0.070
Design and Operating Data

Desisn value

Ooeratinjc value
PB
8-10

9
I » Color interference.
8 The untreated waste cmpoaita la a aixture of the untreated K062 waste stress
shown an this table, along with other mm-K0B2 waste strains.
Source: DSEPA 1988b.
3215g
-15-

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Table 12 Treatment Performance Data for K062 - EPA-Co 11 acted Data
Soople Set #11



Untreated
Treated

Dntreatod
Untreated
waste
waste

K062 waste
K062 waste
cn^iuiilte*
(wastewater)

(¦B/l)
(¦B/l)
(¦B/l)
(¦B/l)
Constituent
SwrlT Bo.
Staple So.
Staple Wo.
Saqile So.

801
839
893
894
Arsenic
3
<1
<1
<0.10
Cadsiia
<5
<5
23
<5
Chraaita (haxavalent)
I
0.220
0.30
<0.01
Chrcoiia (total)
1800
IS
617
0.18
Copper
865
151
137
0.24
Lead
<10
<10
136
<0.01
¦ickel
3200
90
382
0.39
Zinc
<2
7
135
0.100
Design and Operating Data
Den lien value	Operate "fi »»1"»
pH	8-10	9
I - Color Interference.
a The untreated waste co^nsite la a mixture of the untreated K082 waste s trams
shown on this table, along with other non-K0B2 waste streone.
Source: DSEFA 1088b.
3215g
-16-

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326ag
Table 13 Treatment Perforaance Data for Stabilization of F006 Nonwastewater
Source
Mix
rat1ob
Metal concentrations (new)
Bar inn
CacfaluB
Chrtmiua
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Silver
Zinc
Unknown
Unstablllzed
As received
Tap
Stabilized
Tap
0.2
435
0.71
0.05
1560
0.16
0.03
Auto part Manufacturing
Unstablllzed
As received
TCLP
Stabilized
TCLP
0.5
31.3
2.21
0.01
755
0.76
0.45
7030
638
0.27
409
10.7
0.39
989
22.7
0.03
6.62
0.14
0.06
4020
219
0.01
Aircraft overhauling
Unstablllzed
As received
Tap
Stabilized
TCLP
0.2
85.5
1.41
0.34
67.3
1.13
0.06
716
0.43
0.09
259
1.1
0.27
631
5.41
0.03
Zinc plating
Unstabilized
As received
Tap
Stabilized
TCLP
0.5
17.2
0.84
0.25
1.30
0.22
0.01
1510
4.6
0.21
37
0.52
0.02
9.05
0.16
0.05
90.200
2050
0.04
Unknown
Unstabilized
As received
Tap
Stabilized
Tap
0.5
14.3
0.38
0.21
720
23.6
0.01
12,200
25.3
0.44
160
1.14
0.31
701
9.78
0.04
25.900
867
0.03

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3265g
Table 13 (continued)
Source
Nix
ratio"
Bariua
Cadniua
Metal concentrations (pan)
Chroniun
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Silver
Zinc
Snail engine nanufacturlng
llnstabilized
As received
TCLP
Stabilized
TCLP
0.5
7.28
0.3
0.01
3100
38.7
0.89
1220
31.7
0.31
113
3.37
0.39
19.400
730
0.06
4.08
0.12
0.06
27.800
1200
0.040
Circuit board Manufacturing
Unstabilized
As received
TCLP
Stabilized
TCLP	0.5
5.39
0.60
0.01
42,900
360
1.41
10.600
8.69
0.45
156
1.0
0.41
13.000
152
0.11
120
0.62
0.020
Unknown
Unstabilized
As received
Tap
Stabilized
TCLP
0.5
15.3
0.53
0.294
5.81
0.1B
0.01
17.600
483
0.35
169
4.22
0.40
23,700
644
0.04
8.11 15,700
0.31	650
0.06
0.020
Unknown
Unstabilized
As received
TCLP
Stabilized
Tap
0.5
19.2
0.28
0.087
27,400
16.9
0.50
24,500
50.2
0.29
5,730
16.1
<0.02
322
1.29
<0.01
aAdjusted analytical results (referred to as accuracy-corrected concentrations) used for comparing the performance of one technology to that of another
and for calculating treatment standards for those constituents to be regulated (USEPA 1988a).
b	weight of reagent
Nix ratio = .
weight of waste
Source: USEPA 1988a.

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Table 14 Summary of Treatment Performance Data for Stabilization
of K061 Nonwastewater Using a Lime/Flyash Binder
(EPA Collected Data)
Untreated waste	Treated waste
Constituents
Total
(ppm)

TCLP
(mg/1)
TCLP
(mg/1)

Antimony
294

0.040
<0.050

Arsenic
36

<0.010
<0.010

Barium
238

0.733
0.431 -
0.500
Beryllium
0.
15
<0.001
<0.001

Cadmium
481

12.8
0.033 -
0.073
Chromium
1,370

<0.007
0.053 -
0.093
Copper
2,240

0.066
<0.004 -
0.015
Lead
20,300

45.1
0.066 -
0.150
Mercury
3.
,8
0.0026
0.0016
- o.oo:
Nickel
243

0.027
<0.012

Selenium
<5.
0
<0.050
<0.025

Silver
59

0.021
<0.003

Thallium
<1.
0
0.038
0.011 -
0.014
Vanadium
25

<0.006
0.080 -
0.089
Zinc
244,000

445
0.179 -
0.592
Oil and grease
282




Sulfates
8,440




Chlorides
19,300




TOC
4,430




Source: USEPA 1988c.
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IDENTIFICATION OF BEST DEMONSTRATED AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGY (BOAT')
This section presents the rationale for the determination of best
demonstrated available technology (BDAT) for nonwastewater and wastewater
forms of K100. The Agency examined all the available treatment
performance data for the demonstrated technologies to determine which is
best. Treatment performance data are available for metal bearing
wastewaters containing K062 waste that is believed to be similar to K100
wastewaters. For K100 nonwastewaters, performance data are available
from stabilization tests on F006 and K061 nonwastewaters.
A.	Vastevater. Available treatment performance data presented in
Tables 2-12 for treatment of K062 wastewaters by chromium reduction,
chemical precipitation, and filtration show that this treatment is
effective. Total chromium was reduced from 2,581 mg/1 to 0.12 mg/1;
cadmium from 13 mg/1 to <0.5 mg/1; nickel from 471 mg/1 to 0.33; and lead
from 64 mg/1 to <0.01 mg/1. The Agency has determined that the data
collected from treatment of K062 wastewaters represents a well-designed
and well-operated system and therefore may be used to compare treatment
performance of demonstrated technologies.
Based on the evaluation of the available treatment performance data
and other information, the Agency believes that the treatment train
consisting of hexavalent chromium reduction, chemical precipitation, and
settling and/or filtration represents BDAT for K100 wastewaters.
B.	Nonwastewaters. EPA compared the F006 wastes and K061 wastes
with regard to metals concentrations. In general, both K061 nonwaste-
waters and F006 nonwastewaters contain similar metal constituents but
F006 has several BDAT list metals at higher concentrations. Specifically,
chromium is present in the untreated F006 wastes at concentrations as
high as 42,900 ppm and in K061 wastes as high as 1,370 ppm; lead is
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present in F006 in concentrations as high as 24,500 ppm and in K061
wastes at 20,300 ppm; and cadmium is present in F006 wastes at
concentrations as high as 720 ppm and in K061 wastes as high as 481 ppm.
Additional characterization of the wastes (USEPA 1988a,c) show that F006
wastes have higher concentrations of organics than K061, which would tend
to make the F006 waste more difficult to treat by stabilization
techniques based on waste characteristics that affect the stabilization
process. Importantly, K100 nonwastewaters would be formed by chemical
precipitation processes similar to the processes that form F006
nonwastewaters. K061 nonwastewaters generally do not result from
chemical precipitation. Therefore, K100 nonwastewaters are expected to
be more similar to F006 than K061.
Although no waste characterization data for K100 nonwastewaters are
available, based on the above reasons, the Agency believes that the
treatment levels achieved for cadmium, lead, and chromium in the F006
wastes can also be achieved for K100. Accordingly, EPA is using F006
performance data to establish treatment standards for K100 nonwastewaters.
The performance data that EPA used in assessing substantial treatment
are shown in Table 13. As shown, stabilization achieved substantial
reductions in the leachate value for all of the metals selected for
regulation. (The next Section presents a discussion of constituents
selected for regulation.) Specifically, TCLP leachate concentrations in
the treated waste were no more than 0.06 mg/1 for cadmium, 1.41 mg/1 for
chromium, and 0.41 mg/1 for lead.
The Agency believes the reduction in the range and magnitude of the
various hazardous constituents to be substantial. Stabilization has been
determined to be demonstrated and best, has provided substantial
treatment, and is commercially available; therefore, stabilization
represents BDAT for K100 nonwastewaters.
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Selection of Regulated Constituents
The previous section explained the Agency's selection of the best
demonstrated and available treatment technology for treating K100
wastes. The constituents chosen by the Agency for regulation are those
expected to be found in untreated wastes at treatable concentrations for
the selected BDAT. The metals expected to be found in treatable
concentrations in the untreated K100 waste are chromium, lead, and
cadmium (based on Table 1 data). Each of these three metals is chosen
for regulation in K100 wastes.
Development of Treatment Standards
This section presents the treatment standards for the regulated
constituents described previously. A description of the rationale and
procedures for calculating treatment standards for wastewaters is
presented in the K062 background document (1988b). For nonwastewaters,
the rationale for the chosen standards is presented in the F006
background document (1988a). The BDAT treatment standards presented in
this section (1) are reflective of treatment performance data from a
well-designed and well-operated treatment system, (2) are adjusted for
analytical accuracy, and (3) have been adjusted for variability caused by
treatment, sampling, and analytical techniques and procedures.
A. Wastewaters. EPA compared the K062 wastewaters and K100 waste
stream shown in Table 1 with regard to concentrations of metals. In
general, both K100 wastewaters and K062 wastewaters contain similar metal
constituents. As noted earlier though, K062 wastewaters have BDAT list
metals at higher concentrations than do K100 wastewaters. Therefore, EPA
would expect the K062 wastewaters to be more difficult to treat
effectively by the treatment system consisting of hexavalent chromium
reduction, chemical precipitation, settling, and/or filtration.
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Further, based on the available data relative to waste
characteristics, the Agency has no reason to believe that the treatment
levels achieved for K062 wastewaters cannot be achieved for K100
wastewaters. Accordingly, EPA is using the K062 wastewater performance
data for hexavalent chromium reduction, chemical precipitation, and
settling and/or filtration to establish treatment standards for K100
wastewaters. Therefore, the Agency is transferring the treatment
performance data from the treatment train for K062 wastewaters to K100
wastewaters.
The 11 data sets for treatment of K062 wastewaters by hexavalent
chromium reduction, chemical precipitation, and dewatering of the
precipitate were determined to represent treatment by a well-designed and
well-operated treatment system (USEPA 1988b). One treatment data set for
cadmium was rejected (Sample Set #11) because of an artificially high
detection limit of 5 mg/1, which deviated from the other 10 data points'
detection limits of 0.5 mg/1.
The remaining analytical data sets for this treatment system were
corrected for analytical recovery by multiplying the data by their
respective correction factors. An arithmetic average of concentration
levels for each regulated constituent and a variability factor for each
regulated constituent were then calculated. The treatment standard for
each regulated constituent was calculated by multiplying the average
accuracy corrected data by the appropriate variability factor. An
expanded description of the calculation of these treatment standards is
presented in the K062 background document (USEPA 1988b).
Table 15 shows the calculations for the three metals regulated for
K100 wastewaters. For the BDAT list metal constituents, treatment
standards in the wastewater reflect the total constituent concentration.
The units for the total constituent concentration are mg/1 (parts per
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Table 15 Calculation of the Treatment Standards for the
Regulated Constituents - Treated Wastewater
Regulated
constituent
(correction factor)
Average
corrected
concentration
(mg/1)
Number	Varia- Treatment
of	bility standard
samples Average factor	(mg/1)
Cadmium
(1.15)
<0.575
<0.575
<0.575
<0.575
<0.575
<0.575
<0.575
<0.575
<0.575
<0.575
10
0.575
2. 8C
1.61
Chromium (total)
(1.47)
0.1765
0.1765
0.2941
0.1471
0.1618
0.1471
0.1765
0.2206
0.1471
0.1765
0.2647
11
.1898
1.69
0.32
Lead
(1.316)
<0.0132
<0.0132
<0.0132
<0.0132
0.0132
<0.0132
<0.0132
<0.0132
<0.0132
<0.0132
<0.0132
11
0.0132
2.8*
0.04
aFor cases in which all values are at or below the detection limit, the
variability factor is taken as 2.8.
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million on a weight-by-volume basis) for the wastewater. If the
concentrations of the regulated constituents in the K100, as generated,
are lower than or equal to the concentration limits established in BDAT
treatment standards, then treatment is not necessary as a prerequisite to
land disposal.
B. Nonwastewaters. Specifically, EPA believes that the data on
stabilization of F006 waste can be used to assess treatment performance
for chromium, cadmium, and lead in K100 nonwastewaters.
The data presented for stabilization of F006 nonwastewaters (see
Table 13) has been evaluated by EPA to ensure that any data representing
poor design and poor operation were deleted and that all data were
adjusted for analytical accuracy. Using the accuracy corrected data, EPA
developed treatment standards by averaging the performance data for each
constituent and then multiplying the average value by a variability
factor that accounts for variations in technology performance, waste
characteristics, and laboratory analysis. An expanded description of the
calculation of these treatment standards is presented in the K062
background document.
Table 16 shows the calculations for the three metals regulated for
K100 nonwastewaters. For the BDAT list metal constituents, treatment
standards in nonwastewater reflect the concentration of constituents in
the leachate from the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP).
The units for the leachate concentration are mg/1 (parts per million on a
weight-by-volume basis). If the concentrations of the regulated
constituents in K100 TCLP leachate, as generated, are lower than or equal
to the limits set by the BDAT treatment standards, then treatment is not
necessary as a prerequisite to land disposal.
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Table 16 Calculation of the Treatment Standards for the Regulated
Constituents -- Treated Nonwastewater
Cadmium	Chromium	Lead
Concentration	0.01	0.45	0.39
(mg/1)	0.06	0.09	0.39
0.01	0.44	0.41
0.01	0.89	0.40
0.01	1.41	0.29
0.01
0.01
Average	0.018	0.66	0.37
Number of samples
Variability factor
Treatment standard
(mg/1)
3.72	7.94	1.37
0.066	5.2	0.51
32138
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References
USEPA. 1985. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Characterization
of Waste Streams Listed in 40 CFR Section 261 Waste Profiles.
Vol. 11. Prepared by Environ Corporation for Waste Identification
Branch, Characterization and Assessment Division, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency.
USEPA. 1988a. Final Best Demonstrated Available Technology (BDAT)
Background Document for F006. August 1988. Washington, D.C.: U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency. EPA/530-SW-88-031L.
USEPA. 1988b. Final Best Demonstrated Available Technology (BDAT)
Background Document for K062. August 1988. Washington, D.C.: U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency. EPA/530-SW-88-031E.
USEPA. 1988c. Final Best Demonstrated Available Technology (BDAT)
Background Document for K061. August 1988. Washington, D.C.: U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency. EPA/530-SW-88-031D.
USEPA. 1989. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid
Waste. Treatment Technology Background Document. Washington, D.C.:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
321Sg
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