STATUS REPORT
Agricultural Chemical Use and Fate in Surface Waters:
EPA Region VI States and a Texas
Case Study of the Trinity River Basin
Principal Investigator:
Dr. John A. Jackman, Extension Entomologist
Texas Agricultural Extension Service
Submitted to:
United States Environmental Protection Agency
Region 6
1445 Ross Avenue Suite 1200
Dallas, Texas 75202-2733
104 (b) (3) Grant for Evaluation of Risk
to Aquatic Life and Human Health
July 20, 1992
-------
STATUS REPORT
Agricultural Chemical Use and Fate in Surface Waters:
EPA Region VI States and a Texas
Case Study of the Trinity River Basin
Principal Investigator:
Dr. John A. Jackman, Extension Entomologist
Texas Agricultural Extension Service
Submitted to:
United States Environmental Protection Agency
Region 6
1445 Ross Avenue Suite 1200
Dallas, Texas 75202-2733
104 (b) (3) Grant for Evaluation of Risk
to Aquatic Life and Human Health
July 20, 1992
-------
HIGHLIGHTS OF ACCOMPLISHMENTS
1
TITLE: Agricultural Chemical Use and Fate in Surface Waters: EPA Region VI States and a Texas
Case Study of the Trinity River Basin
AUTHOR: John A. Jackman, Principal Investigator
PROJECT MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES
Personnel hired to assist with library search and data handling
Sun SparcStation IPX - ordered, delivered, setup and installed
ARC/INFO - ordered, delivered, installed
GIS application - learning, initial covers installed
DATA SOURCE IDENTIFICATION
Bibliography of Reports and Literature - complete for literature on-hand
Library Search - underway, continuing
Data Resources Summary - initiated, continuing, example tables included
Non Spatial Data
Pesticide Characteristics
Spatial Themes
Spatially Linked Attributes
Pesticide Use
Residue Monitoring
Ranking and Rating Techniques
Modeling and Prediction
DATABASE DESIGN
Overview Design Developed
Example Questions to be Addressed by the Database
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2
BACKGROUND AND RATIONALE
Research data, water quality monitoring projects, and accident reports, indicate that incidents
of pollution of surface water environments by pesticides can occur. Introduced control measures and
implemented best management practices over the past 25-30 years has helped in reducing the number
of incidents, but the risk of pollution to water supplies and aquatic life from point sources, accidents,
misuse, inadequate effluent controls and nonpoint sources can not be ignored. However, data is still
insufficient to completely permit a realistic assessment of the extent of the risk of pesticide
contamination to water supplies and aquatic ecosystems.
Studies triggered by environmental incidents has expanded the monitoring information on
pesticides in surface waters across the United States. While various studies examine the impact of
pesticides on the natural aquatic environment, pertinent background information on
contamination-loading into the water body is often lacking. Information on the fate and activity of
pesticides in the soil and aquatic environment, long-term effects, persistence, mobility, ultimate
human and aquatic life health effects, other water containment information, stream or water flow
rates, watershed area influences and other parameters is difficult to locate because mulitple agenices
collect data and difficult to integrate because data collection techniques vary.
Pesticides are applied for a biocidal effect, and although application techniques are fairly
sophisticated, water pollution can occur either directly or indirectly. In surface waters, direct
contamination may occur through normal use of pesticides, through misuse, through effluents from
pesticides manufacturers and industries using pesticides including agriculture. Indirect contamination
may occur through runoff with storm or irrigation water, from pesticide adsorbed onto soil particles
or inflows of contaminated ground water to rivers, streams or other water bodies.
Recently EPA completed its comparative risk project which served to rank 22 environmental
problem categories in terms of ecological and human health risk. A primary conclusion was the
finding that pesticides were among the problem categories representing the highest risk to both
ecology and human health. While it is understood that the methodology used in ranking problems is
somewhat limiting, further investigation is needed to document which pesticides are in widespread
use and which represent the greatest risk to the environment and human health.
Surveys of pesticide use and monitoring of pesticides and their breakdown products are key
methods in determination of potential risks to the environment and human health. Nevertheless,
surveys of pesticide use and monitoring of pesticides in ambient water, sediment, and fish tissue in
surface waters has been limited. Those pesticides which are monitored in the environment are
generally recognized as primary pollutants. However, most of the pesticides used in agriculture and
urban environments are non-priority pollutants and consequently are less frequently monitored than
recognized pollutants. Thus, modifications of existing monitoring approaches and programs to better
assess risk to both aquatic life and human health due to commonly used pesticides may be justified.
Considering the above challenges, a database of information from current research is
imperative. This information base would summarize current site-specific problems within the
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Region VI, would expose data gaps and would form the
foundation for a model toward risk assessments of pesticides in these States. This information would
also allow identification of needed modifications in current monitoring programs and would allow
each state and the region to better assess the risk of pesticide contamination to aquatic life and human
health.
This project will focus on data already collected for the states in EPA Region VI with specific
emphasis on the Trinity River Basin in Texas. This specific river system has been chosen because
there has been a history of pesticide studies on this river and it encompasses agricultural and urban
environments. Concentrated efforts on information from this river system will allow a focus on
parameters which are site-specific and allow identification of existing local data gaps.
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3
PROJECT OBJECTIVES
The main objective of this project is to document the pesticides in widespread use in all EPA
Region VI states and especially in the Trinity River Basin area using available information to evaluate
the potential risk to human life and the environment. The steps that support the main objective are
to identify pesticide use data for the region, to make comparisons of environmental fate and pesticide
effects by bringing together pertinent information from the dispersed monitoring projects on
pesticides and combining chemical characteristics with a variety of state and site-specific information
to make this assessment possible. Risk rating methods and pesticide fate models will be identified that
can be used in risk assessment. Finally, the feasibility of developing a database of pesticide
information for the region will be completed with a design prototype based on data for the Trinity
River.
This project relates specifically to surface water contamination, while recognizing concern
with regard to occupational exposure, drinking water exposure, and other modes of exposure. As part
of this study the biological and chemical pathways of pesticides in surface water will be outlined.
While the most significant exposure route to humans may be through worker exposure, alternative
routes like through consumption of fish which have bioaccumulated pesticides will be considered.
The most conspicuous route of exposure to ecology is direct toxicity of pesticides to aquatic life.
However, bioaccumulation of pesticide is a secondary mechanism influencing ecological risk, which
may directly affect the health of aquatic organisms.
In order to accomplish this project, data sources must be identified, data evaluated, a database
developed and ultimately a model devised to estimate potential risk to the area ecology (aquatic life)
and human health. This requires producing a report on the pertinence and reliability of existing data,
compilation of available data, devising a database design that is expandable over time, establishing
a prototype database which can be linked to other sources of geographically related data like regional,
watershed, county, and point source information. Sources of data on pesticide characteristics,
environmental influences, site-specific influences, bioaccumulation site data, relational information
on monitoring over time, general health information, specific reported health hazards and risks as well
as information on existing standards for drinking water, bioaccumulation, swimming, fishing and
other recreation activities for the water bodies must be integrated into a feasible database design.
Computer mapping will be incorporated with the database as it is linked to a geographic information
system (GIS). Incorporation of risk assessment methods with environmental fate models of pesticides
into a database linked to a GIS is the long-term goal which would allow more realistic site-specific
pesticide risk assessment. This project is a major step toward that goal.
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4
FUTURE PROJECT ACTIVITIES
1. Continue to locate sources of data on pesticides
a. use
b. environmental monitoring
c. biological monitoring, primarily fish and human tissue
d. chemical characteristics
2. Summarize data to identify data gaps
3. Identify ranking and rating systems for pesticide risk assessment
a. rank products with available procedures
b. select specific products for discussion
4. Incorporate currently available models
a. use for ranking
b. use with site-specific database
c. identify limitations
5. Further define database design
a. overview design refinements
b. attempt a site-specific prototype database for the Trinity River
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5
MECHANISMS OF SURFACE WATER CONTAMINATION BY PESTICIDES
(modified from Muirhead-Thomson 1989)
Contamination as a Direct Consequence of Pest Control Measures
Direct application of pesticides to the water body
Aerial spraying against terrestrial pests
Pesticide application to adjacent static waters
Contamination Not Clearly Attributable to Local Pest Control Measures
Contamination by accident or spillage
Contamination by pesticides from industrial sources
Persistance of organochlorine residues in running water
Significance of very low pesticide levels
Contamination by drainage from agricultural or forest land
Contamination by autumn-shed leaves
Contamination by aerial transport
Contamination by more than one toxic chemical
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6
NON SPATIAL DATA
(Pesticide Reference Information)
PESTICIDE INFORMATION AND CHEMISTRY
TOXICOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF PESTICIDES
REGULATORY STATUS
PESTICIDE NAMES
Common name
Chemical name
Trade Names
Code #
LABORATORY AND FIELD TECHNIQUES FOR MONITORING
List of techniques
Conversions between techniques
ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY CRITERIA FOR WATER (LEGAL STANDARDS)
Recreation
Aquatic life
Domestic Water Supply
Other
Source: Texas Register. 1991. 16(48): 3379-3524. TWC standards.
-------
PESTICIDE PROPERTIES TABLE
INFORMATION
NOAA
OL DBASE
EXTOXNET
FARM CHEMICALS
HANDBOOK
&
NPURG
Accumulation
X
X
Action Type
X
X
X
Aquatic Metabolism
X
Aquatic life at risk
X
Aqueous LC 50
X
Bioaccumulation
X
X
Bioconcentration
X
Bioconcentration factor
X
CAS#
X
X
X
Caswell #
X
Coeff. of relative toxicity
X
Comments
X
Common/Trade name
X
X
X
X
X
Dissipation
X
Ecological effects
X
Effects on soil
X
X
Environmental Fate
X
X
Environmental Hazard
X
X
Formulation
X
X
Hydrolysis
X
X
PC Code
X
Persistance
X
Photolysis
X
Physical Properties
X
X
X
Physical State
X
X
Runoff
X
Smiles Code
X
Soil Metabolism
X
Solubility
X
X
Spray Drift
X
X
Toxicity
X
X
X
Use Pattern
X
X
Volatility
X
0 W
Sc^t "
<25«-^
-------
PESTICIDE INFORMATION
COMPOUND
NOAA
EXTOXNET
FARM CHEMCALS
HANDBOOK
NPURG
2,4-D
X
X
X
X
4-Aminopyridine
X
X
Acifluorfen
X
X
X
X
Alachor
X
X
X
X
Atrazine
X
X
X
X
Bensulide
X
X
X
X
Captafol
X
X
Carbaryl
X
X
X
X
Carbofuran
X
X
X
X
Chlordane
X
Chlorobenzilate
X
X
X
Chlorothalonil
X
X
X
X
Chlorpyrifos
X
X
Cyanazine
X
X
X
X
Diazinon
X
X
X
X
Dinoseb
X
X
X
Disulfoton
X
X
X
X
Diuron
X
X
Endosulfan
X
X
Ethoprop
X
X
X
Fluometuron
X
X
X
X
Heptachlor
X
Malathion
X
X
X
X
Methamidophos
X
X
X
Methyl parathion
X
X
X
X
Metiram
X
X
X
X
Metolachlor
X
X
X
X
PCNB
X
X
X
X
Parathion
X
X
X
X
Phorate
X
X
X
X
Propanil
X
X
X
X
Simazine
X
X
X
Thiobencarb
X
X
X
Trichlorfon
X
X
Trifluralin
X
X
X
X
Vernolate
X
X
X
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9
SPATIAL THEMES
(Supporting Data)
GEOGRAPHICAL THEMES
(generally keyed by longitude/latitude)
State
Ecoregion
County/Parish
Watersheds, Estuarine Drainage Area - with segment number
Town
Rivers
Lakes
Topography (elevation)
Cities
Population Density
Source: Department of Forestry, TAMU; EPA
ENVIRONMENTAL THEMES
Rainfall
Temperature
Soil type
Surface water areas
Flow rates of water
Source: Soil Conservation Service Soil Survey Database,
NWS, NOAA, TWC, ASCS, SCS, etc.
CROPPING PATTERN THEMES
Land use patterns
Nearness to water sheds
Mean use in region
Best management practices
Crops in area
Source: Department of Forestry, TAMU
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10
SPATIALLY REFERENCED PESTICIDE DATA
(Use and Monitoring Data)
PESTICIDE USE
Agricultural pesticide use by crop
Urban use
Industrial uses
PESTICIDE SOURCES IN ESTUAINE DRAINAGE AREAS
Wastewater treatment plants
Upstream sources
Urban nonpoint source
Nonurban Nonpoint source
Direct industrial discharges
Sources: RFF National Herbicide Use Database
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING DATA (by location and date)
soil
water
air
bioassays
human tissue
plant tissue
wildlife tissue
NONTARGET ORGANISMS (aquatic and terrestrial)
Species
reaction
toxicity
Bioaccumulation potential
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AGRICULTURAL PESTICIDE USE DATA
REFERENCE
TITLE
YEA
TRINITY
TX
NM
LA
AR
OK
INSECTICIDE
HERBICIDE
FUNGICIDE
STATE
COUNTY
HYD. UNIT
CROP
ACRES
POUNDS
Resources for the future
Herb, use
1991
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Gianessi Leonard P. et al.
The use
1990
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
U.S. Dept of Agriculture
Veg. Summ
1991
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
U.S. Dept of Agriculture
Ag. chem.
1990
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
1987 Census of Agricultur
1907
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
U.S Dept of Agriculture
1980 pest.
1980
X
X
X
X
X
X
-------
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING DATA
AUTHORS
YEAR
TITLE
TRINITY
TX
OK
NM
LA
AR
SOIL
WATER
AIR
BIOASSAY5
PLANT TISSUE
ANIMAL TISSUE
BIRDS
FISH
FAUNA
Buekner M. D.et aL
1947
Water Resources Data Texa* Water Year 1947 Volume 2
i
X
BuefcaerN. 0. efai
19*7
Water Rwwww Data Texa* Water Year 1947 Volume 3
s
X
Buekoer H. D. etaL
1947
Water Reaoureea Data Texa* Water Year 1947 Volume )
«
X
Buekner H. D.et eL
1947
Water Reeoureea Data Toa* Water Year 1947 Volume 1
i
¦
Buekner H. D.et el
1944
Water Resources Data Texa* Water Year 1944 Volume 2
x
*
Buck net H. D. el el
1944
Water Reaoureea Data Texa* Water Year 1944 Volume 1
i
X
Buekner H. D. et aL
19U
Water Resources Date Texa* Water Year 1944 Volume J
i
Buekoer H. D.««aL
1949
Water Reaoureea Data Texa* Water Year 1949 Volume )
i
Buckner H. D. el aL
19W
Water Reeourccs Data Texa* Water Year 1949 Volume 2
t
Buekoer H. D. d eL
1949
Water Reaoureea Data Water Year 1949 Volume 1
a
s
Buekoer H. D.; Shelby W.J.
1990
Water Reaoureea Data Texa* Water Year 1990 Volume 2
t
1
Buekner H. D.; Shelby W. 1.
1990
Water Reaoureea Data Teaaa Water Year 1990 Volume J
X
X
Buekoer H. D : Shetbv W. 1.
1990
Water Reeouees Data Ten* Water Year 1990 Volume 1
i
X
Crocker P. A. el aL
1991 Jun
Diazinonin Municipal Effluent* A Ambient Water (or the Upper Trinity River. TX
«
X
X
«
X
Crocker fA el eL
1992 Feb
Diaxmoo in Municipal Effluent* A Ambient Water for the Upper Trinity R«r. TX
1
X
X
X
>
Davit). R.
1991 Jan
Analysis of Fith KiOs and Associated Water Quality Condition* in the Trinity River,
Texa* IV. Aaestment of Biotic integrity
*
X
1
1
*
X
Federal Water PoIL Control Adraitv
l9WApr
Water Quality Criteria
X
Fleming W J; et aL
1945 Oct
PCB*. organochlorine pesticide*. and reproduction ia river ctter* from Lou:*iana.
X
X
«
X
GieseJ.eteL
1944
Arkansas Water Quabty Inventory Report 1944
X
X
Hoagland K. 0.; Drenner R_ W.
1991 Aug
Freshwater Coenmumty Response* To Matures Of Agricultural Pesticide*
Synergistic Effect* Of Atrwine and Bifenthrin
'
Irwin R J
!9t*
Impact* of tori? cbemwal* ort the trinity rh*r fitft »nd wildlife 12pp.
,
X
X
lenses R.
How Healthy i* the Upper Trinity River? Biological and Water QualityPetspectrvea
•
s
X
X
X
X
«
M A E-Dib; el al
1949 Aug
Response ci freshwater alga Scenedesmu* to triazine herbicide*
Murrey H & Beek 1N
1990
Coocentraticftsof teleeted chlorinated pesticide* in ihrimp collected from the
Calcasieu river-lake complex louiaana USA
*
1
X
NM Sure. Water Quality Control Comm.
1944
Water Quality And Water Pollution Control In New Mexico 1944
X
NM Stare, Water Quality Control Comm.
1941 Sep
Sew Mexico Nonpoint Source Pollution Water Quality Assessment
,
X
Oklahoma Sate Department of Health
1942 Apr
toy b) Technical Report For Oklahoma
.
X
X
Plefkin 1.1- el eL
1949 May
Rapid Bioasaeasaest Protocol* For Use In Stream* And Rivera
I
Rawaon 1.
1974 Jul
The Quality of Surface Waters in Texa*
X
,
I
Siade R. M. et aL
19*4
Hydrology and Water Quality of the Edwards Aquifer
Aquifer Associated with Barton Springs in the Austin Area, Texas
s
»
Smith Richard A.; et *L
1947 Mar
Water Quality trend* in the Nation* riven
s
I
Texas Depart meal o( Water Resource*
1942 Mar
Trinity-San Jacinto Eouaty: AnAnalyasof Bay Segment Boundaries,
Physical Characteristic* and Nutrient Processes
B
¦
I
Texas Water Commtwion
1991lun
Texas Surface Water Quality Standard*
I
X
Trebatoeki B.
1991 Jan
Guadalupe River Toxicity At mew
X
X
I
>
s
U J. GeoLSuray, Wtter-Su^y Paper C'l
194$ Sep
Pesticides is the Nation's River, 1975-1940, and Imobcation* for Future Monitoring
s
X
,
X
s
X
X
Water Resources Committee
1972 Jul
Control Of Agricultural-Related Pollution in The Great Plaint
s
WcBiF.C
1944
Staistiea] Summary of Water-Quality Data collected From Selected Well* and
Springs in the Edwards Aquifer Near San Anionic Texa*
X
X
Welti F. C et al
1944
Area! and Temporal Variation* in the Quality of Surface Water in
fydrotogie Accounting Unit 120)01, Upper Trinity River Basin, Texa*
*
I
X
WelbF.CetaL
1944
Keooonaitaance Investigation of Water Quality, Bottom Sediment, and Biota
with Irrigation Drainage in the Lower Rio Grande Valley and Laguna Ata*oo*a
\ftecm NaMoai Widlife Refuse. Tun 194*47
a
X
B
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13
PESTICIDE CALCULATION UTILITIES
(Ranking, Rating and Modeling Tools)
HAZARD RATING AND RANKING SYSTEMS
carcinogenic estimates
toxic hazards
exposure parameters - average, RME cases
Chemical properties relevant to exposure and environmental fate
State and federal regulatory standards
air
water
Sanctioned quantitation limits for sampling environmental chemicals
Uncertainty associated with exposure and risk
MODELS & FLOW RATES
Project objectives
Input Parameters
Soil
Air
Water
Output Parameters
-------
FEATURES OF WATEK QUALITY MODEIS
(SUMMARIZED FRDM GREG'S 1990)
AUTHORS
y««f BA «
Mr
OUAMf
•
•
•
'
CREAMS
WM r*4ts«M 1
Hi«ni11 m4RJ.Wih»<
MP
LCAOttl
.
•
~
lowj*ni< wm
fttftw MJ.
KLEAP
.
~
Rtaiuag
H
PUAf
•
•
•
•
•
QLEAMS
|(iHM| MNily (iiwifty
DiNNy.DmMW.
3UAL2EU
.
•
*
•
*
P*mt M«t<* • m« —mm
Ar»*WJ.O
1990
rcto
•
•
•
*
Lh» w«*k 41VHRB « EPtC-WO
D«mJ.D.
1M»
RUJTK
•
•
•
•
•
•
*
CREAMS
FmmmVPRZM
Hi(im
-------
DATABASE DESIGN OVERVIEW
Spatial • Attribute
Reports
Spatial
Spatial
Reports
Spatially - linked
Attributes
Spatial
Themes
Spatially sensitive
Spatially
Sensitive
Predictions
Non Spatial pesticide Information
Ratings
Hazard Rating
& Ranking
Procedure
Prediction &
Extrapolation
Spatially
Sensitive
Rating
Non-spatial
Rating predictions
non-spatial
Procedure
ratings
-------
16
EXAMPLE SUMMARIES ADDRESSED BY THE COMPONENTS OF THE DATABASE
Non-Spatial Pesticide Information
Toxicity
Compound class
Chemical characteristics
Legal limits
Spatial Themes
State boundaries
County boundaries
Soil types
Land use
Hydrological units
Watersheds
Meterology
Water gauging stations
Urban centers
Endangered species habitat
Spatially-Linked Attributes
Crop irrigation by county
Land use by county
Erosion levels by county
Hazard Rating and Ranking Procedures
Rating by volume
Rating by toxicity
Rating by land area
Rating by combination
Prediction and Extrapolation
Hydrological models
Water runoff models
Product breakdown models
Soil models
Spatial-Spatial Reports
Counties by river basin
Landuse by category
River basins by hydrologic units
Spatial-Attribute Reports
Irrigation use by county by hydrological unit
Land capability map
Erosion rates by hydrological units and county
Pollution sources
Hydrological units by counties with high pesticide use
Arsenic and diazinon by hydrological unit
Brush inventory by hydrological unit
Brush categoires by precipitation zones
-------
17
Spatially Sensitive Predictions
Predictions of volume by county
Predictions of pesticide use by watershed
Non-Spatial Ratings
Rating by volume
Rating by toxicity
Rating by land area
Rating by combination
Spatially Sensitive Ratings
Rating by volume by county
Rating by land area by watershed
Rating Predictions (Non-Spatial)
Predicted rating by volume
Predicted rating by land area
Spatially Sensitive Rating Predictions
Predicted rating by volume by county
Predicted rating by land area by watershed
-------
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF INFORMATION CATALOGED
Aller, L., T. Bennett, J. H. Lehr, and R. J. Petty. 1985. DRASTIC: A Standardized System for
Evaluating Groundwater Pollution Potential Using Hydrogeologic Settings. U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency. Washington, DC. EPA 600/2-85/018.
American Farm Bureau Federation, et al. Protecting our Groundwater A Grower's Guide. 8 pp.
American Medical Association, et al. 1964. Environmental Health Problems.
Arnold, J. G. 1990. ROTO - A Continuous Water and Sediment Routing Model. ASCE Proceedings
of the Watershed Managment Symposium. Durango, CO.
Arnold, J. G., J. R. Williams, A. D. Nicks, and N. B. Sammons. 1990. SWRRB - A Basin Scale
Simulation Model for Soil and Water Resources Management. Texas A&M University Press, College
Station, TX, 255 p.
Aurelius, L. A. 1989. Testing For Pesticide Residues in Texas Well Water. 188 pp.
Bassett, R. L., et al. 1980. Preliminary Data Describing the Distribution of Fluoride and Silica in the
Ogallala Aquifer on the High Plains of Texas. 109 pp.
Brown, R. M. 1966. The Dynamic Spectrum: Man, Health and Environment. 116 pp.
Brown, K. W., et al. 1978. Development of Management Guidelines to Prevent Pollution by Irrigation
Return Flow from Rice Fields. 570 pp.
Bird, J. C., and J. Edmond. 1990. The 1990 Farm Bill: Opportunities For Groundwater Protection. 29
PP.
Bordner, R., and J. Winter. 1978. Microbiological Methods For Monitoring The Environment. 338
pp.
Buckner, H. D., et al. 1988. Water Resources Data Texas Water Year 1988. Vol. 3 425 pp.
Buckner, H. D., et al. 1988. Water Resources Data Texas Water Year 1988. Vol. 2. 425 pp.
Buckner, H. D. et al. 1988. Water Resources Data Texas Water Year 1988. Vol. 1. 467 pp.
Buckner, H. D., et al. 1987. Water Resources Data Texas Water Year 1987. Vol. 3.
Buckner, H. D., et al. 1987. Water Resources Data Texas Water Year 1987. Vol. 3 417 pp.
Buckner, H. D., et al. 1987. Water Resources Data Texas Water Year 1987. Vol. 2. 419 pp.
Buckner, H. D., et al. 1987. Water Resources Data Texas Water Year 1987. Vol. 1 443 pp.
Buckner, H. D., and W. J. Shelby. 1990. Water Resources Data Texas Water Year 1990. vol. 3. 443 pp.
Buckner, H. D., and W. J. Shelby. 1990. Water Resources Data Texas Water Year 1990. Vol. 2. 367 pp.
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19
Buckner, H. D., and W. J. Shelby. 1990. Water Resouces Data Texas Water Year 1990. Vol. 1. 453 pp.
Buckner, H. D. et al. 1989. Water Resources Data Texas Water Year 1989. Vol. 3. 425 pp.
Buckner, H. D. et al. 1989. Water Recources Data Texas Water Year 1989. Vol. 2. 412 pp.
Buckner, H. D. et al. 1989. Water Resouces Data Water Year 1989. Vol. 1. 499 pp.
College of Agriculture, Texas A&M University. 1966. Agricultural Aspects of Environmental
Pollution. 123 pp.
Cooperative Extension Offices of Cornell University, et al. EXTOXNET Extension Toxicology
Network.
Congress. 1973. A Citizen's Guide to Clean Water. 95 pp.
Crocker, P. A., et al. 1991. Diazinon in Municipal Effluents and Ambient Water for the Upper Trinity
River, Texas. 16 pp. + Appendices.
Crocker, P. A., et al. 1992. Diazinon In Municipal Effluents and Ambient Waters for the Upper
Trinity River, Texas. 16 pp. Appendicies.
Das Gupta, A., et al. 1991. Groundwater Basin Response: Simulation with Mathematical Model Water
International, 17-26 pp.
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