Main®
Hampshire?^/
n
*&
Massachusetts
Connecticut ] '
A Rhode Island
Trend Analysis of Ozone
in EPA Region 1
Using 1983-1997 Ozone Data
a epa
Region 1, New England
-------
October 1998
This document was prepared by:
David Conroy
John Graham
Further inquiries may be directed to:
David Conroy
United States Environmental Protection Agency
Region 1, CAQ
JFK Building
One Congress Street
Boston, MA 02203
1
-------
Table of Contents"
I. Introduction 3
II. Sources of Data 5
III. Discussion of Trends 6
Appendices
A. Procedure for Calculating Maximum 8-hour Ozone Averages 8
B. Exceedance Day Trends in 8-hour Ozone 9
C. Comparison of the 8-hour and 1-hour Ozone Exceedance Day Trends 16
D. Regional Temperature and Exceedance Day Correlation 23
E. County Design Value Trends 30
F. Exceedance Day by Month 69
G. Exceedance Day by Day of the Week 76
H. Geographic Area Maps 83
I. Tabulated Exceedance Day Data by State 85
2
-------
I. Introduction
In the past several decades, the public has shown concern about air quality,
focusing on ground-level ozone or smog. Ozone results from the combination in the
atmosphere of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). These
primary pollutants have a variety of sources including automobiles and industrial plants.
In a warm, sunny atmosphere, chemical reactions of these pollutants produce ozone.
Research has determined that inhalation of ozone causes harm to the human
respiratory system. Four groups of people are particularly sensitive to ozone. These
groups become sensitive to ozone when they are active outdoors because physical
activity (such as jogging or outdoor work) causes people to breathe faster and more
deeply. During activity, ozone penetrates deeper into the parts of the lungs that are more
vulnerable to injury. Sensitive groups include: 1) Children, 2) Adults who are active
outdoors, 3) People with respiratory diseases, such as asthma, and 4) People with
unusual susceptibility to ozone.
Scientists have been studying the effects of ozone on human health for many
years. So far, they have found that ozone can cause several types of short-term health
effects in the lungs: 1) Ozone can irritate the respiratory system, 2) Ozone can reduce
lung function, 3) Ozone can aggravate asthma, and 4) Ozone can inflame and
temporarily damage the lining of the lung. Scientists suspect that ozone may have other
effects on people's health. Ozone may aggravate chronic lung diseases, such as
emphysema and bronchitis. Also, studies in animals suggest that ozone may reduce the
immune system's ability to fight off bacterial respiratory infections.
In addition to the direct effects on human health, the environment at large suffers
effects from poor air quality. Ozone interferes with a plant's ability to produce and store
food. This can result in decreased crop yield and over the long term, may disrupt entire
ecosystems. Vegetation may be more prone to disease, pests and other environmental
stress when exposed to ozone. The dangers of poor air quality led to the passage of the
Clean Air Act in 1970.
3
-------
OCLC Connexion
Page 1 of 1
OCLC 1141742205 Held by EHA - no other holdings
Rec stat n
Entered 20200224
Replaced
20200224
Type a
ELvl K
Srce d
Audn
Ctrl
Lang eng
BLvl m
Form
Conf 0
Biog
MRec
Ctry mau
Cont
GPubf
LitF 0
Indx 0
Desc i
Ills ab
Fest 0
DtSt s
Dates 1998 ,
040 EHA *b eng *e rda *c EHA
088 EPA 901-R-98-006
099 EPA 901-R-98-006
049 EHAD
100 1 Conroy, David, *e author.
245 1 0 Trend analysis of ozone in EPA Region 1 using 1983-1997 ozone data I *c prepared by David
Conroy, John Graham.
264 1 Boston, MA : *b United States Environmental Protection Agency, Region I, *c 1998.
300 86 leaves : *b color illustrations, color maps ; *c 28 cm
336 text *b txt +2 rdacontent
337 unmediated *b n *2 rdamedia
338 volume *b nc #2 rdacarrier
500 Cover title.
500 "October 1998."
650 0 Atmospheric ozone *x Environmental aspects *z New England.
700 1 Graham, John, *e author.
710 1 United States. +b Environmental Protection Agency. *b Region I. *e issuing body.
Delete Holdings- Export- Label- Produce- Submit- Replace- Report Error- Update Holdings- ya|jdate q
Workflow-In
Process
about:blank
2/24/2020
-------
In the 1970's the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA)
implemented a national ambient air quality standard (NAAQS) for ozone to help protect the
environment and human health. Hourly averaged values of 0.125 parts per million (ppm) and
above were considered exceedances of the standard. Regions experiencing more than one
exceedance per year averaged over three years were determined to be in non-attainment.
These non-attainment areas were classified as marginal, moderate, serious, severe or extreme
depending on the extent of the air quality problem in 1990. Southern New England and
coastal northern New England as of 1997 are non-attainment for ozone based on the one-hour
standard.
In July of 1997, the EPA issued a new standard set at 0.08 ppm averaged over eight
hours. To be in attainment for this more stringent standard, the 3-year average of the annual
fourth highest daily maximum 8-hour ozone concentration must not exceed 0.08 ppm. The
EPA will designate areas as non-attainment for this new standard based in 2000 based on the
years 1997-1999. Areas in non-attainment of the one-hour standard will remain as such until
they average 1 or fewer 1-hour exceedances over three years.
This document provides a summary of the ozone data in New England over the
fifteen-year period 1983-1997. The number of ozone-monitoring sites operated in New
England during this period ranged from 39 to 66 sites. Data available for the ozone season
(until recently April 1 to October 31 in each New England state) for these years are used to
determine exceedances of both the old and new National Ambient Air Quality Standards
(NAAQS). The data used in this report were collected from eighty-eight distinct stations,
though only eighteen operated throughout the entire period.
^Trends in both one and eight hour average ozone are compared for Region 1 and each
individual state. In general, air quality as measured by average ozone concentrations has
improved from the 1980's to the 1990'£}rhe trend in both the old and new standards shows
decreasing ozone in the troposphere. In addition, temperature data from seven meteorological
stations is analyzed and plotted along with 8-hour ozone averages for the regions surrounding
each site. These plots provide evidence for the positive correlation between high temperature
and high ozone. A final set of graphs displays 8-hour design value trends for counties
throughout New England covering the years 1985-1997. A tabulated data summary is
supplied at the end of the report.
4
-------
n. Sources of Data
US EPA Region 1 includes the six New England states: Connecticut, Maine,
Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island and Vermont. Ozone monitors exist in
each state, though only eighteen have existed for the entire 1983-97 period. The year to
year changes of monitor numbers and location may have some influence on the reported
results. When results are given for an individual state, the values are based upon all
operating monitors for each year within the state. For the purposes of temperature based
analysis, seven geographical regions were chosen as follows:
Coastal Connecticut (meteorological station: Bridgeport Sikorsky Memorial AP)
Data from Fairfield (excluding Danbury), New Haven and New London counties in
Connecticut. Sites include Greenwich, Westport, Bridgeport, Stratford, New Haven,
Madison and Groton.
Interior Connecticut (meteorological station: Bradley International AP)
Data from Fairfield (Danbury only), Hartford, Litchfield, Middlesex, Tolland and
Windham counties in Connecticut. Sites include Danbury, East Hartford, Middletown,
Stafford and Torrington.
Interior/Coastal Maine (meteorological station: Portland International Jetport)
Data from Cumberland, Franklin, Hancock, Kennebec, Knox, Sagadahoc, Somerset,
Waldo, Washington and York counties in Maine and Rockingham County in New
Hampshire. Sites include MacFarland Hill, Gardiner, Port Clyde, Phippsburg, Cape
Elizabeth, Kennebunkport, Hollis, Kittery, Rye and Portsmouth.
Metropolitan Boston-Coastal NH (meteorological station: Logan International AP)
Data from Essex (excluding Lawrence), Middlesex, Norfolk, and Suffolk counties in
Massachusetts and Rockingham county in New Hampshire. Sites include Newburyport,
Lynn, Chelsea, Sudbury, Waltham, Rye and Portsmouth.
Western Massachusetts (meteorological station: Worcester Municipal AP)
Data from Berkshire, Hampden, Hampshire and Worcester counties in Massachusetts.
Sites include Adams, Amherst, Agawam, Chicopee, Ware and Worcester.
Southern New Hampshire (meteorological station: Concord Municipal AP)
Data from Belknap, Cheshire, Hillsborough, Merrimack, Strafford and Sullivan counties
in New Hampshire and Essex (Lawrence only) county in Massachusetts. Sites include
Claremont, Keene, Laconia, Concord, Manchester, Nashua, Rochester and Lawrence.
Rhode Island-SE Massachusetts (meteorological station: Providence T F Green State AP)
Data from Kent, Providence and Washington counties in Rhode Island and Barnstable,
Bristol and Plymouth counties in Massachusetts. Sites include Alton Jones, Narragansett,
Providence, Easton, Fairhaven, Scituate and Truro.
5
-------
ID. Discussion of Trends
From the 1985 to 1997, the three-year moving average of exceedance days in
New England has dropped over 60%. The average number of exceedance days for the
region was in the forties for the second half of the last decade and now hovers around
thirty exceedances per year. Connecticut and Massachusetts dominate this trend while
Vermont and New Hampshire have relatively little impact. It is rare for an 8-hour
exceedance to occur in Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire or Rhode Island if no
exceedance was observed in Massachusetts or Connecticut. Graphs of these trends are
given in Appendix B.
In Appendix C, exceedance days of the old and new ozone standard are
compared. The trends are well correlated, having an r-squared value greater than 0.88 for
those areas having more than one exceedance day of each standard per year. As would be
expected, the shapes of the curves are very similar. Roughly, Region 1 states exceed the
8-hour standard on fifteen to twenty more days than they exceed the 1-hour standard.
The graphs in Appendix D compare 8-hour exceedance days and number of days
the air temperature was above 85 °F. Seven meteorological stations were used for
temperature data. Ozone stations located near each of the seven sites were grouped
together, making the assumption that the meteorological conditions were similar. In
general, areas were represented as coastal or inland. Reasonable correlations exist
between the two curves with increased numbers of exceedances corresponding to an
increased number of days of high temperature. From the graphs, more recent years
require higher temperatures for 8-hour exceedances to occur.
In Appendix E, the 8-hour design value for counties in New England with
monitors operating since 1985/1986 are plotted. The design value for each site is
calculated as the 3-year average of the annual fourth highest daily maximum 8-hour
ozone concentration. For a county with multiple monitoring sites, the design value is the
same as the highest design value of an individual site in the county. The general features
of the graphs show a maximum design value for years including the high ozone season in
1988. In the 1990's, the trend in design values level off to values significantly below
6
-------
those seen in the 1980's. Contoured maps clearly show improving air quality from 1983
to 1997. At the start of the period, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, coastal
Maine and part of southern New Hampshire suffered from poor air quality, with coastal
Connecticut having a design value above 125 ppb. By the middle of the period, the area
covered by design values above 105 ppb was significantly reduced. Some regions in the
most recent 3-year period have design values below 65 ppb and very few are above 105
ppb.
The next set of figures in Appendix F track exceedances in Region 1 and
individual states therein by month and year. At the beginning of the period, exceedances
could potentially occur in any month. During June, July and August, the likelihood of
exceeding the standard was often better than fifty-fifty. In the nineties, the distribution of
exceedances has changed. The months of April, September and October are much less
likely to experience high levels of ozone. The frequency of exceedances in the central
summer months has declined to roughly one day in three. It should be noted that the
ozone season changed in 1997, no longer extending into October. This change is justified
since the period of 1983-1997 had only five exceedances in the month of October, with
the last one occurring in 1990.
Weekday is used to partition exceedances in the next set of graphs (Appendix
G). In Region 1, no obvious trend is apparent. Each weekday has at least one year in
which the most exceedances occurred on that weekday. Similar results were found for
average and median ozone concentration. For thirteen of the fifteen years, the weekday
with the most days over 85 °F at Bradley AP also had the most exceedances.
7
-------
Appendix A
Procedure for calculating the 8-hour ozone standard
The following computations were performed on ozone data residing in the
Aerometric Information Retrieval System to determine the maximum daily 8-hour ozone
average. First, running 8-hour averages are computed from the hourly ozone
concentration data for each hour of the year and the result is stored in the first, or start,
hour of the 8-hour period. In the event that only 6 (or 7) hourly averages are available,
the 8-hour average is computed using 6 (or 7) as the divisor. (Note: 8-hour periods with
three or more missing hours will be counted as missing unless, after substituting one-half
the minimum detectable limit for the missing hourly concentrations, the 8-hour average
concentration is greater than the level of the standard). If fewer than 18 hours of valid
ozone concentration measurements are available for the day, then the day is not counted
as a valid day and the daily maximum 8-hour average is not determined. The computed
8-hour average ozone concentration is reported in parts per million (ppm) to three
decimal places (the insignificant digits to the right of the third decimal place are
truncated). By comparing the running 8-hour average ozone values over the course of a
24-hour period, a maximum is determined for each day.
8
-------
Days Exceeding the 8-hour Ozone Standard in Region 1
3-year moving average
i.
I
L, 1
1
L
l
—i.
CD
CO
CD
CD
CD
CD
CD
CD
00
oo
00
00
00
00
00
CD
CO
cn
CD
¦vl
00
CD
O
Year
-------
Days Exceeding the 8-hour Ozone Standard in Connecticut
3-year moving average
-------
Days Exceeding the 8-hour Ozone Standard in Maine
3-year moving average
-------
Days Exceeding the 8-hour Ozone Standard in Massachusetts
3-year moving average
-------
Days Exceeding the 8-hour Ozone Standard in New Hampshire
3-year moving average
o 20
Year
-------
Days Exceeding the 8-hour Ozone Standard in Rhode Island
3-year moving average
Year
-------
Days Exceeding the 8-hour Ozone Standard in Vermont
16 -r
14
14
12 --
m
X An
O 10
(D
s
a
u
8 3
o
B
•<
(A
6 --
4 4
2 --
3-year moving average
10
CO
-------
1-Hour and 8-Hour Exceedance Day Trends in
Region 1
100
90
8-Hour Exceedance
Days
80
70
1-Hour Exceedance
60
Days
50
40
30
20
10
0
(O
-------
1-Hour and 8-Hour Exceedance Day Trends in
Connecticut
90
8-Hour Exceedance Days
80
70
1-Hour Exceedance Days
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
co
CO
co
co
CD
CO
co
IV)
CO
CO
CO
CO
co
co
00
CO
CO
CO
o
co
CO
co
00
-vl
CO
00
oo
co
00
CO
00
cn
CO
00
CT>
co
00
00
YEAR
Source: EPA Region 1
-------
1-Hour and 8-Hour Exceedance Day Trends in
Maine
40
8-Hour Exceedance Days
35
1-Hour Exceedance Days
30
25
o 20
10
5
0
CD
CO
CD
co
en
co
co
O)
co
co
00
CD
co
CO
CO
CO
CD
CO
CD
IV)
co
00
CO
00
00
CO
00
CO
CO
CD
00
CO
00
-C*
co
oo
cn
co
00
cn
YEAR
Source: EPA Region 1
-------
1-Hour and 8-Hour Exceedance Day Trends in
Massachusetts
70
+ 8-Hour Exceedance Days
60
1-Hour Exceedance Days
40
30
20
10
0
co
co
CO
co
CO
oo
co
co
oo
co
oo
oo
CO
00
CO
CO
00
CO
oo
cn
co
oo
o>
YEAR
Source: EPA Region 1
-------
1-Hour and 8-Hour Exceedance Day Trends in
New Hampshire
30
+ 8-Hour Exceedance Days
25
1-Hour Exceedance Days
20
15
10
5
0
CO
CD
CO
co
cn
co
co
IV)
co
CO
co
oo
co
co
oo
oo
co
oo
00
CO
00
CO
00
U1
CO
00
cr>
co
oo
YEAR
Source: EPA Region 1
-------
1-Hour and 8-Hour Exceedance Day Trends in
Rhode Island
30
COCOCOCOCDCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCO
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOCO-t^cncD-*joocoo-'.r\}Co-i^oicr>-g
YEAR
Source: EPA Region 1
-------
1-Hour and 8-Hour Exceedance Day Trends in
Vermont
+ 8-Hour Exceedance Days
1 -Hour Exceedance Days
~—
CO
CO
co
co
cn
co
co
CO
co
co
co
co
cn
co
co
o
co
co
co
co
ro
co
oo
oo
co
oo
CO
co
oo
CO
CO
00
CO
oo
cn
CO
00
-------
Coastal Connecticut
80
Bridgeport T>85
70
Coastal Connecticut Exceedances
60
40
30
20
10
0
CfQ
o'
3
05
H
a>
3
3
T3
CD
-i
>
05
( |
TD
c
T3
ft)
CD
3
S3
CL.
3
>—» •
CL
X
m
X
a
o
0)
a
a
05
3
o
a>
C
05
*<
(/J
-------
Interior Connecticut
70
Bradley AP T>85
60
Interior Connecticut Exceedances
50
40
10
0
CO
CO
CO
co
CD
co
CO
CO
co
CJ1
CO
CO
IV)
CO
CD
to
co
CO
o
CO
00
00
CO
00
co
CO
00
cr>
-------
Interior/Coastal Maine
40
Portland T>85
35
Coastal Maine Exceedances
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
co
CO
^1
CO
CO
co
co
On
CO
CO
o
CO
CO
co
CO
ro
co
co
CO
co
00
CO
CO
CO
co
oo
cn
co
oo
O)
co
oo
co
00
CO
YEAR
-------
Metropolitan Boston-Coastal New Hampshire
60
^ Logan T>85
Coastal Massachusetts Exceedance
50
Days
40
30
20
10
"W
0
CDCDCD
-------
Western Massachusetts
60
Worcester T>85
Interior Massachusetts Exceedance
50
Days
40
30
20
10
0
co
co
-j
co
co
cn
co
co
o>
co
co
o
co
co
ro
co
co
co
CO
oo
oo
co
oo
co
co
CO
Gl>
co
oo
cn
co
oo
05
CO
oo
YEAR
-------
Southern New Hampshire
50
Concord T>85
45
Interior New Hampshire Exceedance Days
35
-n
3 30
_a
c
I
O 25
20
CO
CO
^1
CD
CD
cn
CD
CD
CO
CD
CD
-Pi-
co
CD
CD
CD
r\D
CO
oo
CO
oo
oo
CD
CO
CD
CO
00
GO
CD
00
YEAR
-------
Rhode Island-SE Massachusetts
Providence T>85
Rhode Island/SE Massachusetts
YEAR
-------
o
Burlington
Augusta*
Rutland
Manchester
Nashua
Bangor •
New Haven
8-hour Design Values for 1983-1985
n
o
c
3
D >
CD
T3
C/5
>0
era
a>
3
3
<
&
P
><*
C
o>
tfl
H
CD
3
C.
C/5
-------
Bangor •
Burlington
Augusta *
Rutland /
Manchester
Nashua.
Springfield. i^orcesfer
Pro Wcfence
New Haven
8-hour Design Values for 1984-1986
-------
OJ
n>
Bangor •
Augusta *
/?uf/anc/
Manchester
Nashua
Springfield
Worcester
Hartford
New
8-hour Design Values for 1985-1987
-------
u>
Burlington
Rutland
Sfiringfioh
'orcester
Bangor
Augusta *
Manchester
Nashua.
8-hour Desian Values for 1986-1988
-------
Bangor
* Burlington
Augusta *
M
Rutland
Manchester
Nashua.
Springfield,
Providence
artfora
New Haven
8-hour Design Values for 1987-1989
-------
Augusts*
Springfiefd
forcester
Providence
artford
Bangor
Burlington
Rut ana
Manchester
Nashua.
CT
r New Haven
8-hour Design Values for 1988-1990
-------
ON
Bangor •
Burlington
Augusta *
Rutland {
Manchester
Nashua
Springfield
Providence
Hartford
New Haven
8-hour Design Values for 1989-1991
-------
Bangor *
Burlington
Augusta *
Rutland
Manchester
Nashua
Sprmgfwid, Worcester
Providence
Hartford*
8-hour Design Values for 1990-1992
-------
oo
Bangor •
Burlington
Augusta *
Rutland
Manchester
Nashua
Springfield
Worcester
Providence
Hartford
8-hour Design Values for 1991 -1993
-------
u>
vo
¦ Burlington
Augusta *
Rutland t
Manchester
«
Nashua»
MA
Springfield i Worcester
Providence
Hartford*
CT
New Haven
8-hour Design Values for 1992-1994
-------
4^
O
Burlington
Augusta *
Rutland /
• Nashua
Hartford
New Haven
Bangor
Manchester
Springfield ^ Worcester
8-hour Design Values for 1993-1995
-------
'Burlington
Augusta *
l /> • /
Rutland
Manchester
Nashua#
IVIA
Sori/)0fieWt Worcester
Hartford*
New Haven
8-hour Design Values for 1994-1996
-------
4^
to
Burlington
Augusta *
Rutland
Manchester
Nashua
Springfield
Worcester
dence
Hartford
Bangor
CT
New
8-hour design values for 1995-1997
-------
8-Hour Design Value Trend for Fairfield Co., CT
135
~ 130
o. 125
5 120
j; 115
> 110
6 105
S 100
Q 95
g 90
*r 85
75
r---
00
CO
o
t;—
c-\
CO
LO
CO
h-
co
CO
CO
CO
1
CD
CO
CD
1
CO
1
CO
1
in
CO
1
r--
CO
CO
o
CM
CO
1
LO
CO
CO
oo
CO
CO
CD
CD
CO
CT>
CO
0)
3-Year Period
-------
8-Hour Design Value Trend for New Haven Co., CT
120
S 110
a>
(0
>
c
a)
"w
a>
Q
V—
3
0
1
CO
105
100
95
90
85
80
75
r--
CO
CD
o
t—
-------
8-Hour Design Value Trend for New London Co., CT
125
~ 120
S 115
* 110
£ 105
§, 100
S 95
a
o
¦
00
r-
00
CD
o
T—
CM
CO
if)
CO
r--
oo
Oj
00
CO
CO
CO
1
CO
1
co
1
(J)
CO
1
co
1
in
co
r^-
00
CO
o
1
CM
CO
1
LO
OO
00
oo
00
oo
CO
CO
CO
CO
co
CO
3-Year Period
-------
s
8-Hour Design Value Trend for Hartford Co., CT
CL
Q.
a>
115
110
105
75 100
>
95
90
85
80
m
c/>
a>
Q
o
¦
00
75
h-
00
a>
o
TT—
OJ
CO
LO
CO
r---
00
CO
00
CD
a>
CD
a>
cr>
•
CO
1
(J)
1
co
i
in
CO
r---
00
CO
I
o
1
CM
CO
1
^J-
LO
00
00
oo
00
00
CD
CO
CO
co
O)
3-Year Period
-------
8-Hour Design Value Trend for Middlesex Co., CT
120
S 115
£ 110
0>
J3
CG
>
£=
O)
CO
a>
Q
¦
CO
105
100
95
90
85
80
75
r--
00
CD
o
T—
CN
CO
LO
CO
r---
00
00
00
CD
CD
o
CD
CD
¦
CD
I
CD
1
cd
ir>
r^-
00
CD
1
o
tA"
-------
-p-
00
8-Hour Design Value Trend for Tolland Co., CT
115
110
I 105
a>
is 100
c
m
to
a>
a
L_
3
O
CO
95
90
85
80
75
r--
00
CD
o
T—
-------
VC
8-Hour Design Value Trend for Cumberland Co., ME
115
[q 110
i 105
a>
¦i 100
>
£ 95
W
s 90
| 85
co 80
75
r---
CO
CO
o
t:—
CM
co
LO
CO
r---
co
CO
OO
CO
CO
1
CO
1
CO
1
co
1
CO
1
CO
1
co
1
LO
<0
r---
00
CO
1
o
1
CM
CO
1
LO
oo
00
00
oo
oo
CO
s
CO
CO
co
CO
3-Year Period
-------
8-Hour Design Value Trend for Hancock Co., ME
105
-9 100
95
90
85
80
70
r--
CO
cr>
o
T—
CN
co
LO
<0
r---
00
CO
CO
CO
CO
1
CO
1
CO
1
1
CO
1
co
¦
l h
CO
r---
00
CO
1
o
1
CM
CO
1
LO
CO
CO
co
CO
CO
o>
CO
CO
cr>
CO
3-Year Period
-------
8-Hour Design Value Trend for Kennebec Co., ME
105
-2 100
Q.
Q.
CD
h-
OO
O)
o
T—
r---
OO
OO
OO
O)
CD
1
co
1
CD
1
CD
1
CD
1
LO
(£>
r---
OO
CJ>
o
1
CM
co
1
LO
OO
OO
00
00
OO
CO
CD
co
CO
CT>
ct>
3-Year Period
-------
8-Hour Design Value Trend for Knox Co., ME
115
110
.Q
Q.
— 105
a>
¦i 100
c
O)
"w
o
CM
CO
LO
CO
r---
oo
CO
¦
CO
CO
CO
1
CO
1
CO
1
co
1
CO
CO
1
co
LO
CO
hi-
CO
CO
o
1
CM
CO
1
LO
oo
00
00
00
00
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
3-Year Period
-------
8-Hour Design Value Trend for York Co., ME
120
2 115
B 110
a>
3 105
CO
> 100
? 95
a>
Q 90
i_
o 85
sz
80
75
I-—
oo
OJ
o
t—
CM
CO
T^
uo
CO
r---
00
00
oo
CO
1
CD
CO
1
CO
1
CD
1
05
in
-------
L/i
JQ
Ql
Q.
a>
c
O)
"co
a>
a
i_
3
O
i
00
75
8-Hour Design Value Trend Essex Co., MA
115
110
105
« 100
>
95
90
85
80
r--
CO
cd
o
T
CN
CO
LO
r--
oo
CO
oo
CD
CD
I
CD
I
CD
¦
CD
I
CD
1
CD
¦
CD
LO
-------
8-Hour Design Value Trend Middlesex Co., MA
120
S 115
3 110
4>
3 105
nt
> 100
~ 95
a>
Q 90
o 85
* 80
75
I--
CO
CD
o
T
CN
CO
LO
CO
I--
oo
00
CO
CD
cd
CD
CD
CD
CD
CD
CD
LO
(O
1
r--
00
CD
1
o
1
CN
CO
1
LO
OO
00
00
00
oo
CD
CD
CD
CD
CD
CD
3-Year Period
-------
Lh
o\
8-Hour Design Value Trend for Suffolk Co., MA
105
A 100
Q.
— 95
90
80
75
70
65
h-
CO
CD
o
r—
-------
8-Hour Design Value Trend for Rockingham Co., NH
110
-9 105
*> 100
95
O)
90
h= 85
00 °'-J
75
r--
00
CD
o
T—
CM
CO
UO
(Q
r---
co
CO
CO
CD
CD
CD
CD
CD
CD
l
CD
1
LO
co
1
r---
00
CD
1
o
1
c'-j
co
1
LO
00
oo
00
00
CO
CD
CD
CD
CD
CD
CD
3-Year Period
-------
00
n
Q.
Q.
a>
D)
CO
a>
Q
v_
o
CO
75
8-Hour Design Value Trend Hampden Co., MA
115
110
105
75 100
>
95
90
85
80
r-
CO
co
o
TT-
-------
8-Hour Design Value Trend Hampshire Co., MA
110
r--
CO
CO
o
T
CM
CO
^1"
uo
CO
r--
co
CO
oo
CO
CO
CO
CO
1
'CO
1
CO
1
1
co
1
LO
CO
1
r--
CO
1
o
1
CM
CO
1
kO
oo
oo
co
00
CO
CO
CO
CD
CO
co
0)
3-Year Period
-------
8-Hour Design Value Trend Worcester Co., MA
115
[q 110
1,05
a>
¦i 100
c
DJ
CO
0)
Q
i_
13
O
95
90
85
co 80
75
r---
CO
o
T—
CN
CO
LO
¦jC1
i--
oo
CO
CO
CD
CD
I
1
CD
1
CD
1
CD
I
CD
|
CD
lo
1
i--
00
o
1
CN
CO
1
LO
CO
CO
00
00
oo
CTj
CO
CXI
CD
CD
CD
3-Year Period
-------
O
8-Hour Design Value Trend for Bennington Co., VT
-Q
Q.
Cl
0L>
115
110
105
* 100
>
95
90
85
80
c
D)
Ui
a>
Q
i_
3
0
1
CO
75
r---
00
o
T—
CN
CO
LO
CO
r--
00
00
oo
CO
CO
¦
CO
l
a;
CD
i
CO
1
CO
1
co
<
in
CD
1
r--
00
CT>
1
o
rA
CN
CO
1
to
00
00
00
00
oo
O)
co
CO
CO
co
0)
Year
-------
N>
8-Hour Design Value Trend for Chittenden Co., VT
90
.Q
£ 85
80
a>
>
c
O)
OT 7c;
a> {0
Q
~
0
1
CO
70
65
r-
oo
Cm
o
T—
CM
CO
LO
CO
r---
00
00
OO
co
CD
en
1
CD
1
co
1
CO
1
co
LO
CO
1
r---
00
CD
o
J-
CM
CO
1
LO
CO
oo
oo
oo
00
go
C0
CT>
Cm
CO
CO
3-Year Period
-------
L#J
8-Hour Design Value Trend for Hillsborough Co., NH
105
Q. 100
95
85
80
CO
75
r-
00
CO
o
T—
CM
CO
LO
CO
r---
oo
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
1
CO
1
CO
¦
co
1
lO
CD
1
r---
00
co
i
o
1
CN
CO
1
LO
00
00
00
CO
00
CO
CO
CO
CO
co
CXI
3-Year Period
-------
O
4^
8-Hour Design Value Trend for Barnstable Co., MA
15
2* 110
*105
75 100
g 95
90
85
75
CO
CO
o
t;—
CM
CO
LD
CO
r---
oo
oo
CO
CT)
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
1
CD
1
r---
OO
cb
1
o
1
CN
CO
LO
CO
oo
OO
oo
(J)
CO
co
co
CO
3-Year Period
-------
o
LA
8-Hour Design Value Trend for Bristol Co., MA
115
S 110
4 105
a>
"i 100
>
U)
CO
a>
Q
i_
0
1
CO
95
90
85
80
75
h-
CO
o
TT—
CM
CO
m
CO
r--
00
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
1
CO
1
co
1
LO
3-Year Period
-------
o
8-Hour Design Value Trend for Plymouth Co., MA
105
S 100
Q.
Q.
a>
>
c
O)
GO
a>
a
o
¦
00
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
00
(J)
o
^—
CM
CO
LO
CD
I-—
oo
oo
CO
CD
CD
CD
I
CD
I
CD
1
CD
CD
(O
1
h-
CO
cb
o
1
CM
CO
4
LO
oo
oo
CO
oo
CD
CXI
CXI
cd
ex
CD
3-Year Period
-------
On
—I
8-Hour Design Value Trend for Kent Co., Rl
115
110
S105
a>
¦S 100
>
.1 95
£ 90
g 85
00 80
75
h-
00
CO
0
y—
C-J
CO
LO
CO
h-
CO
CO
CO
co
CD
CO
CD
l
CO
1
CO
1
0
LO
1
CO
r^-
CO
d)
1
0
1
CM
CO
1
LO
OO
CO
00
00
CO
05
O)
CO
CO
CO
3-Year Period
-------
8-Hour Design Value Trend for Providence Co., Rl
105
o. 100
Q.
A
>
C
m
CO
a>
Q
L_
3
O
00
r--
00
CD
o
t—
CN
CO
'Si-
UO
CO
r--
oo
CO
00
cd
CD
CO
1
CD
¦
CD
l
CD
1
CD
i
O)
LO
(£>
r---
00
CD
1
o
1
CM
CO
1
LlD
co
oo
oo
00
OO
CD
CD
CD
CD
CD
CD
3-Year Period
-------
Region 1 Exceedance Days by Month
c
3
cr
3 ~a
8 3
a 3
03 CL
^ 5"
cr
^ T1
o
3
-------
Connecticut Exceedance Days by Month
30
ill
| April
~ May
(-] June
_ July
~ August
g September
m October
Ld
LJ
CD
00
CO
CO CO CD CD CD CD CD
00 00 00 00 00 00 CO
-C*. Ol CD --4 00 CO O
CO
CD
CO
CO
IV)
CD CO
CO CO
00 4^
CD CO
CO CO
cn G)
co
CO
-Nl
-------
Maine Exceedance Days by Month
q August
September
October
I
1
CO
co
CO
CD
00
CD
00
cn
co co
oo oo
CD -vj
CO
oo
oo
co
oo
co
CO
CO
o
co
CO
CO
CO
ro
co
co
co
co
co
CO
co
cn
co
co
cr>
co
co
-J
-------
Massachusetts Exceedance Days by Month
II
~ August
September
October
CO
oo
CO
CD
oo
CD
oo
cn
CO
oo
CD
CD
00
¦Vl
CD
00
00
CD
00
co
co
CO
o
co
CD
CO
CO
co
CD
CO
CD
CD
CO
CO
cn
co
co
CD
co
CD
-vl
-------
New Hampshire Exceedance Days by Month
g April
~ May
~ June
gj July
~ August
g September
¦ October
CD
CO
o
co
co
co
co
ro
co
co
co
co
co
CO
CO
en
co
co
CD
co
co
-si
-------
-J
Rhode Island Exceedance Days by Month
c
3
o-
m
x
o
a>
(D
a
a>
3
O
(D
o
fi)
•<
M
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
h April
~ May
~ June
g July
~ August
g September
h October
i
CD
00
CO
CD
00
-&•
CO
00
01
CO
00
CT>
CO
00
CO
00
00
CO
00
CO
CO
CO
o
co
CO
CO
CO
ro
CO
CD
CO
CD
CD
CO
CO
CJ1
CD
CD
CD
CD
CO
-J
-------
Vermont Exceedance Days by Month
LLJ
LI
g April
~ May
n June
g July
~ August
g September
ei October
T
CO CD CD
CD CD CD
co cn
CD
00
00
CD
oo
CD
00
CD
co
00
CD
CO
00
-J
CD
00
00
CD
00
CD
co
CD
o
CO
CD
CD
CO
t\3
CO
CD
CD
CO
CO
-------
Region 1 Exceedance Days by Day of the week 1983-1997
g Sunday g Monday g Tuesday g Wednesday g Thursday g Friday g Saturday
Year
-------
-J
-J
Connecticut Exceedance Days by Day of the week 1983-1997
16
14
Sunday j-j Monday j-j Tuesday j-j Wednesday g Thursday g Friday [-[Saturday
m
X
o
3
O
(D
a
0)
«<
w
12
10
8
0
CD CD CD
00 00 00
CO Ol
CD CD CO
CD CD CO
oo cn
Year
-------
Maine Exceedance Days by Day of the week 1983-1997
¦ Sunday j-j Monday q Tuesday g Wednesday g Thursday ^ Friday g Saturday
Year
-------
Massachusetts Exceedance Days by Day of the week 1983-1997
¦ Sunday j-j Monday q Tuesday q Wednesday g Thursday g Friday [-[Saturday
Year
-------
oo
o
New Hampshire Exceedance Days by Day of the week 1983-
1997
g Sunday q Monday j-j Tuesday [-] Wednesday
g Thursday g Friday p Saturday
Year
-------
oo
Rhode Island Exceedance Days by Day of the week 1983-1997
8
Sunday q Monday g Tuesday g Wednesday g Thursday g Friday g Saturday
m
x
o
(D
(D
Q.
fi>
3
O
«
2
0
1
Year
-------
oo
to
Vermont Exceedance Days by Day of the week 1983-1997
5
gj Sunday [-] Monday g Tuesday q Wednesday
j Thursday g Friday q Saturday
m
x
o
CO
(t>
Q.
0)
3
O
<0
a
o>
•<
CO
0
~ r
CD CD CD
00 00 00
co cn
CD CD
oo oo
a> -j
CO CD
00 00
00 CD
CD CO
CO CO
CT> -vl
Year
-------
Appendix H
Geographical Area Maps
Ozone Monitoring Locations
Operating Any Time
During 1983 through 1997
Coastal
Connecticut
Geographic
Area
Ozone Monitoring Locations
Operating Any Time
During 1983 through 1997
Interior
Connecticut
Geographic
Area
^ cA
Ozone Monitoring Locations
Operating Any Time
During 1983 through 1997 /
Interior/
Coastal Maine
Geographic
Area
Ozone Monitoring Locations
Operating Any Time
During 1983 through 1997
&
-
Metropolitan
Boston -
Coastal New
Hampshire
Geographic
Area
83
-------
Ozone Monitoring Locations
Operating Any Time
During 1983 through 1997
Western
Massachusetts
Geographic
Area
&
Ozone Monitoring Locations
Operating Any Time
During 1983 through 1997
Southern New
Hampshire
Geographic
Area
Ozone Monitoring Locations
Operating Any Time
During 1983 through 1997
Rhode Island -
Southeastern
Massachusetts
Geographic Area
a
84
-------
Appendix I
Tabulated Exceedance Day Data by State
Tables 1-7. Each table includes data covering the fifteen-year period 1983-1997. The number of monitors
in operation for each geographical area is shown as changing the number of monitors could influence the
number of days where ozone exceeded the standard. Temperature data from seven meteorological sites are
displayed. The temperature cut off was chosen such that a reasonable chance for an exceedance existed in
the 1980's when the air temperature for that region was as listed in the table. Exceedance days are those
where at least one site in the given geographical area exceeds the standard.
Table 1. Region 1
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
# of monitors
40
39
41
39
44
43
48
50
53
58
58
63
65
66
62
# of 1-hour exceedance days
65
43
30
17
30
38
14
15
25
9
17
12
13
5
13
# of 8-hour exceedance days
90
60
50
35
45
56
31
31
40
27
30
33
29
20
30
# of days with T>85 ®F
66
45
34
33
41
52
35
48
61
31
53
60
60
37
37
from 7 Region 1 sites
Table 2. Connecticut
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
# of monitors
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
11
11
11
13
13
14
13
# of 1-hour exceedance days
61
37
22
11
27
34
13
13
24
8
15
9
13
4
13
# of 8-hour exceedance days
84
54
41
28
37
50
26
24
34
19
27
28
24
16
27
# of days with T> 85 ®F
33
23
8
16
21
35
17
23
35
10
34
32
29
8
19
at Bridgeport
# of days with T> 85 ®F
58
37
25
27
38
47
32
42
56
20
44
42
51
26
32
at Bradley AP
Table 3. Maine
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
# of monitors
6
6 ,
8
9
10
9
11
11
13
16
16
16
18
16
13
# of 1-hour exceedance days
10
12
6
2
5
19
4
5
7
2
4
1
4
0
3
# of 8-hour exceedance days
21
25
21
9
10
35
11
15
17
12
14
10
14
5
11
# of days with T>85 ®F
22
18
8
4
12
27
13
16
31
7
19
13
15
1
18
at Portland
Table 4. Massachusetts
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
# of monitors
15
14
14
11
14
15
16
16
16
17
17
17
17
17
16
# of 1-hour exceedance days
38
21
14
8
9
30
8
6
9
4
9
6
8
2
4
# of 8-hour exceedance days
62
44
39
25
23
43
22
22
26
20
23
20
20
15
24
# of days with T> 85 ®F
52
34
17
21
16
37
19
28
42
15
32
44
40
15
27
at Logan AP
# of days with T>85 ®F
34
13
4
5
15
35
12
8
16
4
12
11
12
2
8
at Worcester AP
85
-------
Table 5. New Hampshire
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
# of monitors
5
5
5
5
6
5
7
9
9
10
10
10
10
14
13
# of 1-hour exceedance days
4
2
2
3
4
13
2
2
4
0
3
1
3
0
1
# of 8-hour exceedance days
10
10
8
9
13
27
11
9
13
7
8
9
9
6
10
# of days with T> 85 ®F
47
20
25
15
27
38
23
34
38
20
36
34
44
22
30
at Concord
Table 6. Rhode Island
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
# of monitors
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
4
# of 1-hour exceedance days
7
16
6
4
8
7
2
6
9
1
1
1
4
0
1
# of 8-hour exceedance days
24
28
16
12
18
19
9
13
20
5
7
8
11
4
11
# of days with T> 85 ®F
50
15
15
14
27
34
24
22
47
15
35
22
36
16
25
at Providence
Table 7. Vermont
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
# of monitors
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
4
4
2
3
# of 1-hour exceedance days
0
1
0
0
0
2
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
# of 8-hour exceedance days
4
4
6
1
3
14
2
5
10
6
4
2
3
3
2
86
------- |